Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 8 799 921975 921883 2026-08-24T09:25:38Z CiphriusKane 74958 Dichtin aa content frae page 921975 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 4 1063 921938 921893 2026-08-23T22:57:31Z Atlantic306 30244 /* {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? */ 921938 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|Collogue]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Julie 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexico Drug War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) bi2jzn0yxtbbwu8hoc9zq9rh2rrt0g8 921940 921938 2026-08-23T22:58:27Z Atlantic306 30244 /* {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? */ typo 921940 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|Collogue]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Julie 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexican Drog War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) 06rtzqux2o8w12r8c6q2am5b4iqtjsc 921959 921940 2026-08-24T03:45:50Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* (in Inglis) WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? */ Replie 921959 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|Collogue]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Julie 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexican Drog War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :::A believe Mexican Drog War wis ae exception as there wis summat wrang wi the references, bit it is listin multiple airtins per airticle e.g. [[Daraa Destrict]]. A'v optit ti nuke Mexican Drog War as nae bein wirth the time ti fix, better ti stairt ower in aat case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 03:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) n4p6ejya3p2tptytcd9enmuswi8jygm 921969 921959 2026-08-24T08:59:04Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* (in Inglis) WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? */ Replie 921969 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|Collogue]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Julie 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :::Brilliant - yes, will add this. Thank you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:59, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexican Drog War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :::A believe Mexican Drog War wis ae exception as there wis summat wrang wi the references, bit it is listin multiple airtins per airticle e.g. [[Daraa Destrict]]. A'v optit ti nuke Mexican Drog War as nae bein wirth the time ti fix, better ti stairt ower in aat case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 03:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) cwuv0e617f0aiwfyn5zplqefi2sxnic 921970 921969 2026-08-24T09:00:02Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* (in Inglis) WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? */ Replie 921970 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|Collogue]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Julie 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :::Brilliant - yes, will add this. Thank you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:59, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexican Drog War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :::A believe Mexican Drog War wis ae exception as there wis summat wrang wi the references, bit it is listin multiple airtins per airticle e.g. [[Daraa Destrict]]. A'v optit ti nuke Mexican Drog War as nae bein wirth the time ti fix, better ti stairt ower in aat case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 03:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) ::::Grand, thanks! Can add something to the instructions too to get folks to check whether there are multiple refs on the same article, just in case there are others. :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:00, 24 August 2026 (UTC) g1nqhjfpx6qa1zpdth65kl081gh4e2f 921973 921970 2026-08-24T09:09:20Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* (in Inglis) WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? */ Replie 921973 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia. <div style="background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;"><big>Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''</big></div> * '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. *Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/4|4]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/5|5]] · {{TOC limit|2}} <!--Automatic archive configuration begins --> {{Uiser:MABot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/%(counter)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 250K |minthreadsleft = 5 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |archiveheader = }} <!-- Automatic archive configuration ends --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|Collogue]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juin 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Julie 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == {{en}} WikiBrounie draft - thoughts? == Hey folks, I've been drafting [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie|this page]] to be a new tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]], specifically to be a place and a thing that we can direct those to who want to help with the Wiki, but either don't speak Scots or who aren't confident in their written Scots. I've had some comments from @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] but would really appreciate any more feedback or suggestions before I add it. Idea would be that if folks land on the Wiki with good intentions, that we can direct those good intentions to the best place. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:58, 20 August 2026 (UTC) :(& also that I can promote on the WMUK Scotland mailing list, and keep as a regular task when folks are looking for things to edit.) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:35, 20 August 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, I think this page is very helpful, particularly the links to unreferenced articles and articles using archive today. Perhaps it could be added regarding archive today that editors should replace it with internet archive if possible and if not then just remove it if the original link is still dead, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 18:23, 21 August 2026 (UTC) :::Brilliant - yes, will add this. Thank you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:59, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :: Just found a problem with the list of archive today links which is it only lists one link for each page when there can be multiple links on a page such as [[Mexican Drog War]], [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 22:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :::A believe Mexican Drog War wis ae exception as there wis summat wrang wi the references, bit it is listin multiple airtins per airticle e.g. [[Daraa Destrict]]. A'v optit ti nuke Mexican Drog War as nae bein wirth the time ti fix, better ti stairt ower in aat case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 03:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) ::::Grand, thanks! Can add something to the instructions too to get folks to check whether there are multiple refs on the same article, just in case there are others. :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:00, 24 August 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] @[[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ok, added. One thing to note - you'll see that I've said "set URL status to dead" - I'm pretty sure that that should be "deid", but "dead" is what's in the template. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:09, 24 August 2026 (UTC) cczapgpct3zi6jstld28s65nr5t9ftq 0 2779 921968 921707 2026-08-24T06:26:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion chainel | name = Disney Channel | logofile = 2024 Disney Channel text logo.svg | launch = {{Start date and age|1983|04|18}} | owner = [[Disney Channels Worldwide]] | picture format = [[720p]] [[HDTV]]<br>{{small|(downscaled tae [[letterbox]]ed [[480i]] for [[SDTV]]s)}} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | broadcast area = Nationwide | headquarters = [[Burbank, Californie]], U.S. | former names = The Disney Channel {{small|(1983–97)}} | sister names = {{ubl|[[Disney Junior]]|[[Disney XD]]}} | timeshift names = Disney Channel East<br>Disney Channel West | web = {{url|disneychannel.disney.com}} | sat serv 1 = [[DirecTV]] | sat chan 1 = Channel 290 (East; HD/SD)<br>Channel 291 (West; SD only)<br>Channel 1290 ([[Video on Demand|VOD]]) | sat serv 2 = [[Dish Network]] | sat chan 2 = Channel 172 (east; HD/SD)<br>Channel 173 (west; SD only) | sat serv 3 = [[C band (IEEE)|C-Band]] | sat chan 3 = Galaxy 14 – Channel 107 ([[Headend in the Sky|H2H]] 4DTV)<br>Galaxy 15 – Channel 7 ([[4DTV]] Digital) | cable serv 1 = Available on every American cable provider | cable chan 1 = Channel slots vary | iptv serv 1 = [[Verizon FiOS]] | iptv chan 1 = Channel 250 (SD)<br>Channel 780 (HD) | iptv serv 2 = [[AT&T U-verse]] | iptv chan 2 = Channel 302 (East; SD)<br>Channel 303 (West; SD only)<br>Channel 1303 (HD) | iptv serv 3 = [[Google Fiber]] | iptv chan 3 = Channel 427 (SD/HD) | online serv 1 = [[Sling TV]] | online chan 1 = [[IPTV|Internet protocol television]] | online serv 2 = [[DirecTV Now]] | online chan 2 = [[IPTV|Internet Protocol television]] | online serv 3 = [[PlayStation Vue]] | online chan 3 = [[IPTV|Internet Protocol television]] | online serv 4 = [[Hulu|Hulu Live TV]] | online chan 4 = [[IPTV|Internet Protocol television]] | years_active =1983&ndash;present }} '''Disney Channel''' (oreeginally cried '''The Disney Channel''' frae 1983 tae 1997 an commonly shortent tae '''Disney''' frae 1997 tae 2002) is an American basic cable an satellite televeesion netwark that serves as the flagship property o owner Disney Channels televeesion Group, itself a unit o the Disney Media Networks division o [[The Walt Disney Company]]. Disney Channel's [[televeesion programme|programmin]] consists o oreeginal first-run [[childer's televeesion series|televeesion series]], theatrically released an oreeginal made-for-cable [[Film|movies]] an select ither third-party programmin. Disney Channel – that uised tae be operated as a premium service – oreeginally merketit its programs thewarts families durin the 1980s, an later at yunger bairns bi the 2000s. A majority o Disney Channel's oreeginal programmin is aimed at bairns ages 9–16, whiles its Disney Junior programs are targeted at bairns 8 years an unner. {{As of|2023|11}}, Disney Channel is available tae aboot 70 million pay television hoosehauds in the United States — doun frae its peak of 100 million households in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|date=May 14, 2024|title=U.S. cable network households (universe), 1990 – 2023|url=https://wrestlenomics.com/u-s-cable-network-households-universe-1990-2023-nielsen-data/|access-date=May 15, 2024|website=Wrestlenomics}}</ref> an doun frae 93.9 million in 2016.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/content/cable-network-coverage-area-household-universe-estimates-january-2016/153590|title=Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates: January 2016|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable]]|publisher=[[NewBay Media]]|date=Januar 31, 2016|accessdate=Februar 3, 2017|archive-date=2017-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202182549/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/content/cable-network-coverage-area-household-universe-estimates-january-2016/153590|url-status=dead}}</ref> The channel's internaitional fitt-dunt, at ae pynt encompassin 46 channel available in 33 leids,<ref name="dgedischan2">{{cite web|title=Disney Channels Worldwide|url=https://www.dgepress.com/disneygeneralentertainmentcontent/about-us/disney-channels/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504182054/https://www.dgepress.com/disneygeneralentertainmentcontent/about-us/disney-channels/|archive-date=4 May 2022|access-date=4 May 2022|website=[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]}}</ref> haes diminished an aw, due tae the lench of ''Disney+'' an competition frae streaming media an social media platforms. == History == [[File:2010_Disney_Channel_logo.svg|left|thumb|150x150px|The 2010 logo uised for Disney Channel.]] Disney Channel lencht in the US as a premium channel at 7:00&nbsp;a.m. Eastren US Time on the 18t Apryle 1983, unner the name '''The Disney Channel'''.<ref name="vernon">{{cite news|author=Vernon Scott|date=April 19, 1983|title=Disney invades cable TV|page=8|newspaper=[[TimesDaily]]|agency=[[United Press International]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P2YeAAAAIBAJ&pg=1920,4087795&dq=disney-channel&hl=en|url-status=live|access-date=October 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517050808/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P2YeAAAAIBAJ&pg=1920,4087795&dq=disney-channel&hl=en|archive-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Win Fanning|date=April 5, 1983|title=Mickey to star on Disney Channel|page=31|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|publisher=[[Cox Enterprises]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jsxRAAAAIBAJ&pg=7193,677930&dq=good+morning+mickey&hl=en|url-status=live|access-date=October 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518060259/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jsxRAAAAIBAJ&pg=7193,677930&dq=good+morning+mickey&hl=en|archive-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> The channel wis developed wi a haun frae its foondin preses Alan Wagner, an the launch of its faimily-orientit cable channel wis annooncit formal-like in early 1983. The channel – thit stairtit wi a 16-oor-a-day programmin schedule frae 7:00&nbsp;a.m. til 11:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren an Paceefic US Time – wad stairt tae be available on cable providers in aw 50 U.S. statesbi September 1983, an accressit a base o mair nor 611,000 subscriber bi Disember that year.<ref name="vernon" />{{sfn|Grover|1991|p=148}}<ref name="ks">{{cite news|author=Kidscreen Staff|date=April 1, 1998|title=A Salute to Disney Channel: Disney Channel time line|newspaper=KidScreen.com|url=http://kidscreen.com/1998/04/01/21442-19980401/|url-status=live|access-date=April 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630112321/http://kidscreen.com/1998/04/01/21442-19980401/|archive-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> In October 1983, the channel pit oot its first made-for-cable film, ''Tiger Town'', thit haed earned the channel a CableACE Award.<ref name="ks" /> The channel haed become profitable bi Januar 1985, wi its programmin raxin 1.75&nbsp;million subscriber bi that pynt. In September 1990, TCI's [[Montgomery, Alabama]] seestem became the first cable provider tae cairy the channel as a basic cable service.<ref name="ks" /> Atweesh 1991 an 1996, a steadily heezin nummer o cable providers stairtit shiftin The Disney Channel frae a premium eik-on offerin tae thair basic tiers, aither as an experiment or fou-time; hounaiver, Walt Disney Company executives put doun ony plans tae convert the channel intae an ad-supportit basic service, statin thit the premium-to-basic shifts on some providers wis pairt o a five-year "hybrid" strategy thit alloued providers tae offer the channel in either manner.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 25, 1991|title=Jones to offer Disney on basic tier in Fla.|periodical=[[Multichannel News]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information|Cahners Business Information]]|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-10493789.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034122/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-10493789.html|archive-date=June 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name="highbeam1991">{{cite news|date=September 30, 1991|title=More systems trying Disney on expanded basic|periodical=Multichannel News|publisher=Cahners Business Information|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-11343830.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034253/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-11343830.html|archive-date=June 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=May 27, 1996|title=Marcus moves Disney; Marcus Cable makes The Disney Channel part of its basic service; analysts wonder if Disney is planning major changes|periodical=[[Broadcasting & Cable]]|publisher=Cahners Business Information|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18333380.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034330/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18333380.html|archive-date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> On the 6t Apryle, 1997, the channel officially rebrandit as '''Disney Channel''', awtho it wis occasionally mercatit as just "'''Disney'''" frae 1997 til 2002. == Programmin == === Film leebrary === televeesion films hiv been produced for braidcast on Disney Channel an aw, frae its lench unner the ''Disney Channel Premiere Films'' banner, wi the first film lowsed bein ''Tiger Town'' in 1983, until October 1997. That wis whan thay stappit uisin the "Premiere Films" label an renamed it tae the "Disney Channel Original Movies" (DCOM; Scots: Disney Channel Oreeginal Films) efterwids. The first film to be lowsed unner the Disney Channel Original Movie category wis ''Under Wraps'', a Hallae E'en themed film thit aired for the first time on Disney Channel on the 15t October, 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Salute to Disney Channel: Disney Channel time line|url=https://kidscreen.com/1998/04/01/21442-19980401/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815213719/https://kidscreen.com/1998/04/01/21442-19980401/|archive-date=15 August 2022|access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is The Best Disney Channel Original Movie Of All Time? Vote Now|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/xyxyva/best-dcom-of-all-time-ranking-dcom|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201151928/https://www.mtv.com/news/xyxyva/best-dcom-of-all-time-ranking-dcom|archive-date=1 February 2023|access-date=2023-02-01|website=MTV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Disney Channel Premiere Films|url=https://d23.com/a-to-z/disney-channel-premiere-films/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201150424/https://d23.com/a-to-z/disney-channel-premiere-films/|archive-date=1 February 2023|access-date=2023-02-01|website=D23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Under Wraps (television)|url=https://d23.com/a-to-z/under-wraps-television/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201150427/https://d23.com/a-to-z/under-wraps-television/|archive-date=1 February 2023|access-date=2023-02-01|website=D23|language=en-US}}</ref> The maist successfu oreeginal film unner the banner in terms o popularity an accolades is ''High School Musical 2'', debuted on the 17t August, 2007, tae 17.2 million viewer an set a current langstaunin record for the heichest-ratit televeesion premiere in the history o the channel.<ref name="variety">{{cite news|author=Rick Kissell|author2=Michael Schneider|date=August 18, 2007|title='High School Musical 2' huge hit|periodical=Variety|publisher=Reed Business Information|url=https://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/high-school-musical-2-aces-test-1117970479/|url-status=live|access-date=August 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823105546/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117970479.html?categoryid=14&cs=1|archive-date=23 August 2007}}</ref> Efter ''High School Musical 2'', the film thit haed the seicont heichest-ratit Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) premiere wis ''Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie'', follaed bi ''Camp Rock'', ''[[Descendants 2]]'', ''Princess Protection Program'', ''Teen Beach Movie'', an ''Jump In!''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highest-Rated Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) Premieres|url=https://www.listchallenges.com/highest-rated-disney-channel-original-movie|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201150427/https://www.listchallenges.com/highest-rated-disney-channel-original-movie|archive-date=1 February 2023|access-date=2023-02-01|website=List Challenges}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Crupi|first=Anthony|date=August 31, 2009|title=Disney's 'Wizards' Conjures Up 11.4 Million Viewers|url=https://www.adweek.com/convergent-tv/disneys-wizards-conjures-114-million-viewers-113240/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201150427/https://www.adweek.com/convergent-tv/disneys-wizards-conjures-114-million-viewers-113240/|archive-date=1 February 2023|access-date=2023-02-01|website=www.adweek.com|language=en-US}}</ref> It set a basic cable record for the single maist-watched televeesion program an aw, until 3rd Disember, 2007, whan corporate sister channel, [[ESPN]], surpassed it wi the telecast o an [[National Football League|NFL]] gemm atweesh the [[New England Patriots]] an Baltimore Ravens on its ''Monday Night Football'' programme bi 0.3 million viewer mair (17.5 million viewer). ''The Cheetah Girls'' media franchise wis notably successfu an aw in terms o merchandise an sales for its concert tours an soondtrack albums. Its debut film frae 2003, bein the first Disney Channel oreeginal musical televeesion film, premiered tae ower 84 million global viewer an its sequel premiered tae 8.1 million American viewer an in the process became the maist successfu oot o the film series. An 86-date concert tour featurin the eponymous girl group wis rankit as ane o the top 10 concert tour in 2006, smashin the record at the Houston Rodeo previously set bi [[Elvis Presley]] in 1973, selling out with 73,500 tickets in three minutes at one point. In addeetion tae its oreeginal televeesion films, Disney Channel haes richts tae theatrically lowsed feature films, wi some film richts shared wi thair sister netwirk, Freeform. Alangside films lowsed bi [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]] (mainly made up wi lowswins frae [[Walt Disney Pictures]], Walt Disney Animation Studios an Pixar), the channel hauds the richts tae films frae ither studios an aw. Some films lowsed bi ''Bagdasarian Productions'' (sic as ''The Chipmunk Adventure'' an ''Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein'') hiv aired on Disney Channel an aw, awtho maist o thaim arnae awnt bi ony o the Walt Disney Company's diveesions the nou. === Programmin blocks === ==== Current ==== * '''Disney Jr.''' – A weekday morning block o preschool programmin frae Disney Jr. (Disney Junior prior tae Juin 2024) It debuted on the 14t Februar, 2011, efter the closure o Playhouse Disney; In Juin 2020, [[Mickey Mouse]]-hostit [[Continuity (broadcasting)|continuity]] segments brandit as "Mickey Mornings" war lencht, replacin the previous "Disney Junior on Disney Channel" brandin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deitchman|first=Beth|date=June 2020|title=How Mickey Mouse is Making Mornings More Magical for Families|url=http://www.d23.com/how-mickey-mouse-is-making-mornings-more-magical-for-families/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030190016/https://d23.com/how-mickey-mouse-is-making-mornings-more-magical-for-families/|archive-date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 October 2020|website=D23 press release}}</ref> The Mickey Mornings brandin wis quietly phased oot in November 2025, revertin back tae the Disney Jr. brandin, follaed bi the interstitials in Disember. ==== Umwhile ==== * '''Disney Nighttime''' (Disney Nichttime) – As '''The Disney Channel''' as a premium channel frae its lench until the 6t Apryle 1997, this block featurt programmin aimed at aulder parental audiences durin the evenin an owernicht oors unner the banner teetle "Disney Nighttime". The content seen in these blocks wis devoid o sexual an violent content. Programmin seen durin Disney Nighttime includit aulder featur films (seemilar tae the yins seen at the time on American Movie Classics, an Turner Classic Movies eventual-like, wi baith Disney film teetles an films frae ither film studios mixed in), alangside oreeginal concert specials (featurin airtists rangin frae [[Rick Springfield]] tae [[Jon Secada]] tae [[Elton John]]), variety specials an documentaries.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} * '''The Magical World of Disney''' (The Magical Warld o Disney) – uised as a Sunday nicht umbrella for films an specials on The Disney Channel frae the 23rd September 1990 til the 24t November 1996, oreeginally airin exclusively on Sunday evenins at 7:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific.<ref> ''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 8, no. 4 (typo in the magazine: should be "no. 5"), September/October 1990: pp. 24, 51.</ref> Frae the 1st Disember 1996, until 2001, ''The Magical World of Disney'' served as the oweraw brandin for Disney Channel's nichtly evenin lineup o films stairtin at 7:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific. * '''The American Legacy''' – ran on Tuesday evenins at 9:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific frae the 7t Januar 1992, til the 27t August 1996. Oreeginally lenched in honour o the 500t anniversary o the diskivery o the Unitit States,<ref>{{cite web|title=IN CELEBRATION OF THE 500th BIRTHDAY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, THE DISNEY CHANNEL PRESENTS 'THE AMERICAN LEGACY'|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/IN+CELEBRATION+OF+THE+500th+BIRTHDAY+OF+THE+DISCOVERY+OF+AMERICA,+THE...-a011716932|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328224735/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/IN+CELEBRATION+OF+THE+500th+BIRTHDAY+OF+THE+DISCOVERY+OF+AMERICA,+THE...-a011716932|archive-date=28 March 2014|access-date=28 March 2014|work=The Free Library}}</ref> the block featurt films, documentaries an specials aboot the contributions, history an scenic wonders o the nation. * '''Toonin' Tuesday''' – Rinnin frae the 5t October 1993, til the 27t August 1996, "Toonin' Tuesday" wis a weekly program block featurin a nummer o animatit programs. Ivery Tuesday frae 6:00 tae 9:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific,<ref name="October/November 1993">''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 11, no. 6, October/November 1993: pp. 32–33, 40.</ref> "Toonin' Tuesday" featurt primarily animatit films an specials (awtho reruns o ''The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show'' sometimes aired as pairt o the block an aw).<ref name="October/November 1993" /> The block ended on the 27t August 1996 due tae chynges tae the channel's programmin schedule.<ref name="June/July 1996">''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 14, no. 3, June/July 1996: p. 27.</ref><ref name="August/September 1996">''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 14, no. 4, August/September 1996: p. 29.</ref> * '''Bonus! Thursday''' – Frae the 7t October 1993 til the 29t August 1996, The Disney Channel ran a weekly program block cried "Bonus! Thursday" (or "Bonus!" for short), thit ran ivery Thursday frae 5:00 til 9:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific.<ref name="October/November 1993 TWO">''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 11, no. 6, October/November 1993: pp. 33, 40.</ref><ref name="December 1993/January 1994">''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 12, no. 1, December 1993/January 1994: pp. 28, 43.</ref> The block featurt programs aimed at teenagers, includin series sic as ''Kids Incorporated'', ''The All-New Mickey Mouse Club'', a nummer o ''Mickey Mouse Club'' serials (includin ''Teen Angel'' an ''Match Point''), an ''Eerie Indiana'', follaed bi films an specials.<ref name="October/November 1993 TWO" /><ref name="December 1993/January 1994" /> The block endit on the 29t August 1996 due tae chynges tae the channel's programmin schedule.<ref name="June/July 1996" /><ref name="August/September 1996" /> * '''Totally Kids Only''' ("TKO"; Scots: Totally Kids Anely) – an efternoon lineup o live-action an animated series introduced in 1992,<ref> ''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 14, no. 3 (typo in the magazine: should be "no. 2"), April/May 1996: p. 26.</ref> thit became the oweraw brandin for the channel's daytime childer's programs frae 1995 til 1996. * '''Triple Feature Friday''' (Treeple Featur Friday) – ran ivery Friday stairtin at 5:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific frae the 8t October 1993 til the 30t Mey 1997, featurt three separate films – sometimes regairdless o each film's genre – thit war tied tae a speceefic subject<ref> ''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 11, no. 6, October/November 1993: pp. 32–33, 58.</ref> * '''Disney Drive-In''' – ran ivery Saturday stairtin at 1:30&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific frae the 8t October 1994 til the 31st August 1996, featurt Disney series sic as ''Zorro'', ''Texas John Slaughter'' an ''Spin and Marty'', follaed bi Disney films an specials<ref>''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 12, no. 6, October/November 1994: pp. 36, 42.</ref> The block endit on the 31st August 1996 due tae chynges in the channel's schedule.<ref name="June/July 1996: p. 26">''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 14, no. 3, June/July 1996: p. 26.</ref><ref>''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 14, no. 4, August/September 1996: pp. 28, 40, 48–49.</ref> * '''Block Party''' (Block pairty) – Frae the 2nt October 1995 til the 28t August 1996, fower animatit series thit previously aired in syndication on ''The Disney Afternoon'' (''Darkwing Duck'', ''TaleSpin'', ''DuckTales'' an ''Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers'') war rerin thegether on The Disney Channel as a twa-oor programmin block cried "Block Party", thit aired on weekdays frae 5:00 til 7:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific.<ref>"Block Party: Four Disney Animated Series". ''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 13, no. 5, October/November 1995: p. 36.</ref> The "Block Party" brandin wis drappit on the 3rd September 1996, whan ''Darkwing Duck'' wis tawn oot as the block's lead-in an ''[[Goof Troop]]'' wis eikit on tae end the lineup.<ref name="June/July 1996: p. 26" /><ref>''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 14, no. 4, August/September 1996: pp. 25, 28, 34.</ref> This unnamed block continued tae air intae 1997.<ref>''The Disney Channel Magazine'', Vol. 14, no. 6, December 1996/January 1997: p. 28.</ref> * '''Magical World of Animals'''{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} (The Magical Warld o Animals) – an oor-lang block consisten o wildlife series aimed at childer thit ran frae August 1997 til 1999. Promotit as an affshoot o the ''Magical World of Disney'' an airin Sunday evenins frae 7:00 til 8:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren Time, the block consistit o twa series: ''Going Wild with Jeff Corwin'' an ''Omba Mokomba''.<ref name="ks2" /> * '''Vault Disney''' – premiered in September 1997,<ref name="ks2">{{cite news|author=Kidscreen Staff|title=A Salute to Disney Channel: Disney Channel time line|url=http://kidscreen.com/1998/04/01/21442-19980401/|newspaper=KidScreen.com|date=April 1, 1998|access-date=April 12, 2014|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630112321/http://kidscreen.com/1998/04/01/21442-19980401/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="highbeam1997">{{cite news|date=September 9, 1997|title=Television News & Notes|newspaper=[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]]|publisher=[[North Jersey Media Group]]|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-22405127.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034132/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-22405127.html|archive-date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> five month efter Disney Channel's first major rebrand, replacin the Disney Nighttime lineup. Oreeginally anely airin on Sunday nichts frae 9:00&nbsp;p.m. til 6:00&nbsp;a.m. Eastren/Pacific Time,<ref name="ks2" /> Vault Disney expandit til seven nicht a week in September 1998 (the Monday til Saturday edeetions o the block at this time aired frae 11:00&nbsp;p.m. til 6:00&nbsp;a.m. Eastren/Pacific; the stairt time o the block as a hale wis muived consistent-like tae midnight daily in September 1999). The vintage programmin featurt durin the late-nicht schedule chynged tae feature anenly Disney-produced televeesion series an specials (sic as ''Zorro'', ''Spin and Marty'', ''The Mickey Mouse Club'' an the Walt Disney anthology televeesion series),<ref name="highbeam1997" /> alang wi aulder Disney televeesion specials. Aulder Disney feature films war pairt o the lineup frae 1997 til 2000 an aw, but aired in a reduced capacity. The block featurt ''The Ink and Paint Club'' an aw, thit's an anthology series featurin Disney animatit shorts, thit became the anely remeenin program on the channel tae feature these shorts bi 1999, efter the remuival o ''Quack Pack'' frae the schedule. The channel discontinued the block in September 2002, in favor o rInnin rerIns o its oreeginal an acquired series durin the late evenin an owernicht oors (thit compared tae the adult-focused ''Vault Disney'', are aimed at childer an teenagers, an audience thit is teepically asleep durin that time period). * '''Zoog Disney''' – lenchit in August 1998,{{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} a program block that oreeginally anely aired on weekend efternoons frae 4:00&nbsp;p.m. til 7:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastren/Pacific. The hosts for the block war "Zoogs", whit are animatit anthropomorphic robot/ootlin creatur-hybrid chairacters wi human vyces (some o thaim acted like teenagers). The block unified televeesion and the Internet, allouin viewer comments an scores frae players o ZoogDisney.com's online gemms tae be aired on the channel durin regular programmin in a ticker format (thit the channel continued tae use efter the block was discontinued, hounaiver, the ticker haes been aw but completely drappit frae on-air usage {{as of|May 2010|lc=y}}).<ref name="highbeam1998">{{cite news|date=December 26, 1998|title=Digital L.A. : Truly It's All Happening at the Zoog|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]|publisher=[[Times Mirror Company]]|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83849759.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034114/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83849759.html|archive-date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> Frae Juin 2000 til August 2002, the efternoon an primetime lineups on Fridays, Seturdays, and Sundays war brandit under the umbrella teetle "Zoog Weekendz". The Zoogs war redesigned wi cel shading an war gieymature vyces in 2000. The hale Zoog Disney block wis phased oot bi September 2002.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blue|first=Morgan Genevieve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-FBDgAAQBAJ&q=programming+blocks+of+disney+channel&pg=PT29|title=Girlhood on Disney Channel: Branding, Celebrity, and Femininity|date=2017-03-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317365051|language=en}}</ref> * '''Disney Replay''' – "Disney Replay" wis a block that premiered on the 17t Apryle 2013, featurin episodes frae defunct Disney Channel Original Series thit premiered frae 2000 til 2007 (sic as ''Lizzie McGuire'', ''That's So Raven, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody'' an ''[[Hannah Montana]]'').<ref>{{cite magazine|title='So Weird', 'That's So Raven,' and other shows we want to see on Disney Replay|url=http://family-room.ew.com/2013/04/17/so-weird-thats-so-raven-disney-replay/|last=Caldwell|first=Sarah|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=April 17, 2013|access-date=August 7, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124020/http://family-room.ew.com/2013/04/17/so-weird-thats-so-raven-disney-replay/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Airin Wadnesday nichts/early Thursday mornins (as a nod tae the popular social media trend "Throwback Thursday"), orrrginally frae 12:00 til 1:00&nbsp;a.m. Eastren/Pacific Time, the block expandit tae sax oors (rinnin until 6:00&nbsp;a.m. Eastren/Pacific) on the 14t August 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rack|first=Lori|date=August 20, 2014|title=Disney Channel's expanded replay block here to stay|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times|Voices]]|url=http://voices.suntimes.com/arts-entertainment/the-daily-sizzle/disney-channels-expanded-replay-block-here-to-stay/|url-status=dead|access-date=August 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120422/http://voices.suntimes.com/arts-entertainment/the-daily-sizzle/disney-channels-expanded-replay-block-here-to-stay/|archive-date=August 26, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Programs featurt on Disney Replay war eikit ontae the WATCH Disney Channel service on August 16, 2014. The block wis discontinued on the 28t Apryle 2016, an muived tae Freeform wi a new name: That's So Throwback. * '''Disney XD on Disney Channel''' – "Disney XD on Disney Channel" is the umwhile brandin o twa blocks airin on Friday an Seturday nichts; an animatit block airin Fridays frae 9:00&nbsp;p.m. til 10:00&nbsp;p.m., braidcast series mainly exclusive tae Disney XD sic as ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]'', ''Star vs. the Forces of Evil'', ''Milo Murphy's Law'', an ''DuckTales'', an a live-action block airin on Seturdays frae 10:00&nbsp;p.m. til 11:00&nbsp;p.m., airin series ci as ''MECH-X4'' an ''Walk the Prank''. It wis discontinued as Disney XD's carriage became equivalent tae that o Disney Channel. === Bumpers === Atweesh ordinar scheduled programmin an advertisement breaks, Disney Channel features bumpers. The creautor o the fower-note mnemonic introducit for the channel in 2002, wis relatively unkent until being identified as Alex Lasarenko, thit haed wirked wi Tonal Sound and Elias Arts an aw, bi [[YouTube]] documentary channel ''Defunctland'' in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burlingame|first=Russ|date=2022-11-21|title=Defunctland Has Solved A Wild Disney Channel Mystery|url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/defunctland-has-solved-a-wild-disney-channel-mystery/|access-date=2025-12-03|website=ComicBook.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Sports === For a period, [[ESPN]]'s braidcasts o the Little League World Series [[basebaw]] tournament frequently featurt cross-promotion wi music-relatit Disney Channel properties, wi past editions hivin featurt collaborations wi ''High School Musical'', the [[Jonas Brothers]], ''Camp Rock'', an ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hudak|first=Kristen|date=2012-08-14|title=Band 1985's Summer Forever is Little League World Series' theme|url=https://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/08/band-1985s-summer-forever-is-little-league-world-series-theme/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315043106/https://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/08/band-1985s-summer-forever-is-little-league-world-series-theme/|archive-date=15 March 2023|access-date=2023-03-15|website=ESPN Front Row|language=en-US}}</ref> In Mairch 2023, Disney Channel braidcast a live perfaisonal sportin event for the first time, carryin a youth-orientit alternate braidcast o a [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) gemm—kent as the ''Big City Greens Classic—''as piart o ESPN's kivverage o the league. The braidcast wis themed aroond the Disney Channel animatit series ''Big City Greens'', visualisin data frae the league's player an puck trackin seestem wi 3D animatit players.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Steinberg|first=Brian|date=2023-02-14|title=Disney Will Animate ESPN Coverage for Disney Channel to Get Kids Into Hockey|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/disney-espn-animated-nhl-hockey-big-city-greens-1235522327/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320135819/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/disney-espn-animated-nhl-hockey-big-city-greens-1235522327/|archive-date=20 March 2023|access-date=2023-03-15|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rangers, Capitals in 'Big City Greens' Classic on ESPN, Disney Channel|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/new-york-washington-to-play-in-big-city-greens-classic-on-espn-disney--341043372|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315050903/https://www.nhl.com/news/new-york-washington-to-play-in-big-city-greens-classic-on-espn-disney-channel/c-341043372|archive-date=15 March 2023|access-date=2023-02-15|website=NHL.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dachman|first=Jason|date=2023-03-14|title=ESPN, Disney Take Next Tech Leap in Kids-Focused Broadcast With Live, Animated 'NHL Big City Greens Classic'|url=https://www.sportsvideo.org/2023/03/14/espn-disney-take-next-tech-leap-in-kids-focused-broadcast-with-live-animated-nhl-big-city-greens-classic/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315043058/https://www.sportsvideo.org/2023/03/14/espn-disney-take-next-tech-leap-in-kids-focused-broadcast-with-live-animated-nhl-big-city-greens-classic/|archive-date=15 March 2023|access-date=2023-03-15|website=Sports Video Group|language=en}}</ref> == Relatit channels an programs == === Current sister channels === ==== Disney Jr. ==== [[File:2024_Disney_Jr._Logo.svg|thumb|Disney Jr. logo]] Disney Jr. is a daily mornin program block aimed at fowk in nursery, spiritually succeedin ''Playhouse Disney'' thit wis pit oot on the 6t Apryle 1997, as pairt o Disney Channel's mornin lineup. On the 26t Mey 2010, Disney General Entertainment Content (at the time kent as ''Disney-ABC Television Group'') anooncit the expansion o the block intae a 24/7 cable an satellite channel thit stairtit on the 23rd Mairch 2012<ref name="dgedischan" /> The channel wad be advert-free an compete wi ither nursery-skewin cable channels sic as the ''Nick Jr. Channel'' an ''Universal Kids'' (umwhile kent as ''PBS Kids Sprout'' an than ''Sprout'').<ref name="PreSchool Programs Replace SOAPnet">{{cite news|date=27 May 2010|title=PreSchool Programs Replace SOAPnet|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/27/business/media/27disney.html?src=busln|url-status=live|access-date=24 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625221708/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/27/business/media/27disney.html?src=busln|archive-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> The channel featurs programs frae Disney Channel's existin nursery programmin leebrary an films frae the Walt Disney Pictures film leebrary. On its lench, Disney Junior haed taen ower the channel space haud bi ''Soapnet'' – a Disney-awnt cable channel featurin saip operas – due tae that genre's decline in popularity on braidcast television an the growth o video on demand, online streamin an digital video recorders negatin the need for a linear channel devotit tae the saip opera genre. Efter a period whaur cable providers warnae wantin tae drap the netwirk as a hale kept it to stap subscriber cancellations, Soapnet pit a stap tae aw operations on the 31st Disember 2013.<ref name="soapnetdrain">{{cite web|last=James|first=Meg|date=9 November 2013|title=Disney's SOAPnet channel headed for the drain|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-fi-ct-disney-soapnet-20131109,0,3311291.story|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306063407/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-fi-ct-disney-soapnet-20131109,0,3311291.story|archive-date=6 March 2014|access-date=November 10, 2013|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> The umwhile ''Playhouse Disney'' block on Disney Channel rebrandit as Disney Junior on the 14t Februar 14, alang wi the existin internaitional channels; thay haed thair names shortent tae "Disney Jr." frae the 1st Julie 2024, awtho it's spelt an pronouncit the same as afore. Disney-ABC Television Group at ae pynt planned tae pit oot a ''Playhouse Disney''-brandit channel in the [[Unitit States]] in 2001, hounaiver it niver happened in maugre o lenchin internaitionally.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 25, 2001|title=Play nice now; Walt Disney Co. plans to introduce Playhouse Disney Channel|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable]]|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76166895.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034312/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76166895.html|archive-date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> ==== Disney XD ==== [[File:2015_Disney_XD_logo.svg|thumb|Disney XD logo]] Lenched on the 13t Februar 2009,<ref>{{cite news|date=January 7, 2009|title=Disney XD Set to Launch on TV and Online|work=Targeted News Service|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1623346711.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034302/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1623346711.html|archive-date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> as the successor tae ''Toon Disney'', Disney XD is a cable an satellite television channel thit was oreeginally aimed at young male audiences aged 6 tae 14, but haes syne includit girls in its programmin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chmielewski|first=Dawn C|date=7 August 2008|title=Enough with the girls, tween boys get their own brand of Disney love|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-07-fi-disney7-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930193135/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-07-fi-disney7-story.html|archive-date=30 September 2020|access-date=October 17, 2020|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> The channel showcases action an comedy programmin frae Disney Channel an the umwhile ''Jetix'' block frae Toon Disney, alangside some first-run oreeginal programmin an aff-netwirk syndicatit programmes. Disney XD, unlike its sister channels Disney Channel an Disney Junior, operates as an ad-supportit service, seemilar tae its predecessor Toon Disney. The channel cairies the same name as an unrelatit mini-site an media player on ''Disney.com'', thit stuid for ''Disney Xtreme Digital'', tho it is said thit the "XD" in the channel's name haesnae got an actual meanin.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 January 2007|title=Disney to offer safe social site for kids|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-157749732.html|url-status=dead|access-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034420/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-157749732.html|archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> === Umwhile sister channels === * '''Toon Disney''' – Lenched on the 18t Apryle 1998, durin the 15t anniversary celebration o the lench o sister netwirk, Disney Channel,<ref>{{cite news|date=December 9, 1997|title=Disney Channel to Take Wing of Running 24 Hours of Cartoons|work=Daily News|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83894737.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034409/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83894737.html|archive-date=June 24, 2011}}</ref> this channel wis aimed at childer an teenagers atweesh the ages o 6 an 18. The netwirk's main competitors at lench war ''Turner Broadcasting System''<nowiki/>'s ''Cartoon Network'' an ''MTV Networks''<nowiki/>' ''[[Nickelodeon]]''. Toon Disney stairtit aff as a advert-free service frae its lench until September 1999 whan, unlike Disney Channel, it became ad-supportit. The channel cairied a mix of reruns o animatit productions frae ''Walt Disney Television Animation'' an Disney Channel, alangside some third-party programs frae ither distributors, animatit films an oreeginal programmin. In 2004, the channel introduced a nichttime program block aimed at childer ages 7 tae 14 cawed Jetix, thit featurt action-orientit animatit an live-action series. Durin Toon Disney's first year on the air, Disney Channel ran a sampler block o Toon Disney's programmin on Sunday nichts for interestit subscribers. The netwirk's successor, Disney XD, thit lenched on the 13t Februar 2009, is a channel aimed at childer an aw, an featurs a braider array o programmin, wi a heavier emphasis on live-action programs. * '''Jetix''' lenched as a programmin block in the Unitit States on ''Toon Disney'' on the 14t Februar 2004, tae compete wi ''Cartoon Network''<nowiki/>'s ''Toonami'' block,<ref name="amag">{{cite news|last=Ball|first=Ryan|date=13 February 2004|title=Toon Disney Launches Jetix, Live Card Game|newspaper=[[Animation Magazine]]|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/toon-disney-launches-jetix-live-card-game/|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327223510/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/toon-disney-launches-jetix-live-card-game/|archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> an in Europe in Apryle 2004.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=5 January 2005|title=Postul TV Fox Kids Romania a devenit Jetix Romania|trans-title=Fox Kids Romania TV station becomes Jetix Romania|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-rhiva-1245863-postul-fox-kids-romania-devenit-jetix-romania.htm|access-date=23 December 2014|website=HotNews|location=[[Bucharest]]|language=ro-RO}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bi the end o 2004, Jetix stairted tae completely replace global ''Fox Kids''-brandit channels, wi the first o thaim bein the French version in August 2004<ref name="brcl2">{{cite web|date=20 August 2004|title=Fox Kids Europe becomes Jetix to appeal to boys|url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/220094/Fox-Kids-Europe-becomes-Jetix-appeal-boys/?HAYILC=RELATED|access-date=23 March 2012|website=Brand Republic}}</ref> an the last yin bein the German version in Juin 2005.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 December 2006|title=Jetix Europe Financials|url=http://www.jetixeurope.com/site/pdf/financials/1046---PDF.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019095445/http://www.jetixeurope.com/site/pdf/financials/1046---PDF.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2014|access-date=11 January 2022|website=[[Jetix Europe]]}}</ref> The netwirk's successor, Disney XD, lenchit on the 13t Februar 2009, an featurs heavier emphasis on live-action programs. ** '''Jetix Play''' wis the sister channel tae Jetix an awnt bi its dedicatit company Jetix Europe thit wis braidcast in a wee nummer o regions, sic as Central and Eastern Europe an the [[Middle East]]. The channel wis offeecially pit oot on Januar 1, 2005, an wis available for 12 oor a day frae 6 A.M. til 6 P.M.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 January 2005|title=Jetix Annual Review Report and Financial Statements 2006 PDF|url=http://www.jetixeurope.com/site/investor_relations/annual_report/2006/pdf/JETIXRA2006web.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330105233/http://www.jetixeurope.com/site/investor_relations/annual_report/2006/pdf/JETIXRA2006web.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2007|access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> Jetix Play wis aimed at a younger audience nor the main Jetix channel an mainly shawed archived programmin frae the catalogues o ''BVS Entertainment'' (Umwhile kent as ''Saban Entertainment'') an Fox Kids Europe. Jetix Play wis replaced wi Playhouse Disney an later on Disney Jr. in maist regions bi 2010. * '''Radio Disney''' wis a radio netwirk aimed thewarts music programming is oriented thewarts childer, pre-teens an teenagers. Lenched on November 18, 1996, the netwirk focused mainly on current hit music an placed a heivy emphasis on talents thit signed with ''Walt Disney Records'' an/or ''Hollywood Records'', the twa record label o ''Disney Music Group''. On the 3rd Disember 2020, the Walt Disney Company annooncit its closure in first quarter o 2021 durin the company's restructurin acteevities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Porter|first=Rick|date=2020-12-03|title=Radio Disney Shutting Down Amid Restructuring|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/radio-disney-shutting-down-amid-restructuring-4099864/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114051629/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/radio-disney-shutting-down-amid-restructuring-4099864/|archive-date=14 January 2022|access-date=14 January 2022|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="variety1">{{cite web|last=Low|first=Elaine|date=2020-12-03|title=Radio Disney, Radio Disney Country to End Operations in Early 2021|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/radio-disney-shut-down-operations-early-2021-1234845630/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217182129/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/radio-disney-shut-down-operations-early-2021-1234845630/|archive-date=17 February 2021|access-date=14 January 2022|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> On the 14t Apryle 2021, its feeds ceased halely whan its last remeenin terrestrial station wis chynged tae a simulcast o KSPN.<ref name="variety1" /> === Production studios === ==== Disney Television Animation ==== Kent an aw bi its trade name, "'''Disney Channel Animation'''", it is the television animation production studio diveesion o the Walt Disney Studios an based in Glendale, California, providin oreeginal animatit programmin for the three main Disney-brandit television channels. ==== It's a Laugh Productions ==== A live-action production studio based in Studio City, Los Angeles, [[California]], thit provides oreeginal sitcoms an comedy programs mainly for Disney Channel. In magure bein the prime production soorce o Disney Channel programmss, mony o its projects are still co-produced an financed bi [[the Walt Disney Company]]. ==== Walt Disney EMEA Productions ==== '''Walt Disney EMEA Productions Limited''' is the netwirk's European production studio locatit in [[London|Lunnon]], Ingland, thit co-produces oreeginal programs ben Europe alangside ither companies. ==== Disney Original Documentary ==== '''Disney Original Documentary''' is a banner frae Disney Branded Television for documentary-based programs braidcast on Disney Channel an pit oot on Disney+ that wis lenched on the 9t Disember 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=9 December 2021|title=Disney Branded Television Acquires Doc Short 'Sophie & The Baron' As First Title Under Newly Formed Disney Original Documentary Banner|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/sophie-the-baron-disney-branded-television-acquires-documentary-short-1234887454/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901015620/https://deadline.com/2021/12/sophie-the-baron-disney-branded-television-acquires-documentary-short-1234887454/|archive-date=1 September 2022|access-date=1 September 2022|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> == Media == === Video gemmes === In 2010, ''Disney Channel All Star Party'' wis lowsed for the [[Nintendo]] [[Wii]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Disney Channel All Star Party|work=[[IGN]]|url=https://www.ign.com/games/disney-channel-all-star-party/wii-78798|url-status=live|access-date=2017-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710121326/http://www.ign.com/games/disney-channel-all-star-party/wii-78798|archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> The fower-player mascot pairty gemm, whaur the stages resemble board gemmes, featurs chairacters frae Disney Channel programs sic as ''Sonny with a Chance'', ''Wizards of Waverly Place'', an ''JONAS L.A.'' Several video gemms based on the Disney Channel animatit series ''Phineas and Ferb'' war lowsed bi ''Disney Interactive Studios''. The Disney Channel wabsteid featurt various Flash gemms an aw, incorporatin chairacters frae the channel's various program franchises, includin ''[[Kim Possible]]'' an ''[[Hannah Montana]]''. == Internaitional == Disney Channel haes established presence in various regions across the Americas, maist o Europe, the Middle East, Africa, [[Indie]], an [[Japan]]. Channel versions/feeds war available or uised tae exist in [[Austrailie|Australie]], [[New Zealand]], [[Italy]], the Breetish Isles, Sootheast Asie, [[Hong Kong]], [[Sooth Korea]], [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]], [[Turkey]], [[Spainie]] an [[Brazil]] an aw, but ceased braidcastin frae the early 2020s, wi maist content muivin tae ''Disney+'' or ''Disney+ Hotstar'' efter thair lenches in thae kintras/regions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 May 2021|title=Walt Disney to shut down 100 TV channels in 2021: Bob Chapek|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/walt-disney-to-shut-down-100-tv-channels-in-2021-bob-chapek-113153.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520041954/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/walt-disney-to-shut-down-100-tv-channels-in-2021-bob-chapek-113153.html|archive-date=20 May 2022|access-date=13 August 2022|website=Exchange4Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=2023-06-14|title=Disney to Close Remaining Linear TV Channels in Southeast Asia and Korea|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/disney-closing-tv-channels-southeast-asia-korea-1235643667/|access-date=2024-06-02|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> On the 14t Disember 2022, Disney ceased its distreebution o programs in [[Roushie|Rousie]] in respone tae the ongang Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-02|title=Disney Channel Russia To Stop Broadcasting December 14th|url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/news/2022/12/02/disney-channel-russia-shutdown/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203131141/https://www.laughingplace.com/w/news/2022/12/02/disney-channel-russia-shutdown/|archive-date=3 December 2022|access-date=2022-12-03|website=LaughingPlace.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-12-02|title=Disney Channel to stop broadcasting in Russia from Dec. 14 - Kommersant|language=en|work=Reuters|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/disney-channel-stop-broadcasting-russia-dec-14-kommersant-2022-12-02/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203050950/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/disney-channel-stop-broadcasting-russia-dec-14-kommersant-2022-12-02/|archive-date=3 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 2, 2022|title=Улетает наш ласковый Микки|trans-title=Our affectionate Mickey is flying away!|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5705386|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320182819/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5705386|archive-date=March 20, 2023|access-date=December 3, 2022|website=Kommersant|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia's Media1 and Disney Channel dissolve their joint-venture|url=https://kidscreen.com/2022/12/13/russias-media1-and-disney-channel-dissolve-their-joint-venture/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214134331/https://kidscreen.com/2022/12/13/russias-media1-and-disney-channel-dissolve-their-joint-venture/|archive-date=14 December 2022|access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref> Disney Channel licenses its programmin tae air on certain ither braidcast an cable channels ootside the Unitit States (umwhile includin ''Family Channel'' in Canada), regairdless o whather or no a localised channel feed awready exists in that kintra. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Televeesion}} [[Category:1983 establishments]] [[Category:Televeesion networks]] 2x5howfkxnewf27pz0i8fhn69vcxo4t 0 6073 921949 915665 2026-08-24T02:45:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GravityTap.jpg|thumb|[[Schlenkerla]] [[Rauchbier]] bein poured frae a [[cask]]]] '''Beer''' is an alcoholic drink brewed frae [[maut]], [[hops]] an [[baurley]]. Beer is the warld's auldest<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society|first=Richard|last=Rudgley|isbn=978-0714117362|year=1993|publisher=British Museum Press;|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/originhistoryofb0000arno|first=John P|last=Arnold|isbn=0-9662084-1-2|year=2005|publisher=Reprint Edition by BeerBooks|location=Cleveland, Ohio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SHh-4M_QxEsC&pg=PA10&dq=oldest+beverage&q=oldest%20beverage |title=World's Best Beers: One Thousand ... - Google Books |publisher=books.google.com |accessdate=2010-08-07 |isbn=9781402766947 |date=2009-10-06 }}</ref> an maist widely consumed<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volume of World Beer Production|work=European Beer Guide|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#production|accessdate=17 October 2006}}</ref> [[alcoholic drink]]; it is the third maist popular drink oweraw, efter [[watter]] an [[tea]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage |title=The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-31121-7|page=1|author= Max Nelson}}</ref> The production o beer, [[brewin]] involves the [[Brewin#Baurmin|baurmin]] o [[siccar]]s, mainly derived frae [[cereal|cereal grain]] [[stairch]]es—maist commonly frae [[maut]]it [[baurley]], awtho wheat, maize, an rice are widely uised.<ref name="Barth 2014">Barth, Roger. ''The Chemistry of Beer: The Science in the Suds'', Wiley 2013: {{ISBN|978-1-118-67497-0}}.</ref> Most beer is flavoured wi [[hops]], that add bitterness an act as a naitural [[preservative]], tho ither flavourins sic as yerbs or fruit mey occasionally be includit. The baurmin process causes a naitural [[carbonation]] effect, awtho this is eften remuived during processin, an replaced wi forced carbonation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beer.about.com/od/commercialbeers/f/fizz.htm|title=How Beer Is Carbonated and Why Is Beer Fizzy?|publisher=|accessdate=31 December 2016|archive-date=2017-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123135205/http://beer.about.com/od/commercialbeers/f/fizz.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some o humanity's earliest kent writins refer tae the production an distribution o beer: the [[Code o Hammurabi]] includit laws regulatin beer an beer parlours,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beer Before Bread|work=Alaska Science Forum #1039, Carla Helfferich|url=http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1039.html|accessdate=13 May 2008|archive-date=2008-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121452/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1039.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an "The Hime tae [[Ninkasi]]", a prayer tae the Mesopotamian goddess o beer, served as baith a prayer an as a method o rememberin the recipe for beer in a cultur wi few leeterate fowk.<ref name="Nin-kasi">{{Cite web|title=Nin-kasi: Mesopotamian Goddess of Beer|work=Matrifocus 2006, Johanna Stuckey|url=http://www.matrifocus.com/SAM06/spotlight.htm|accessdate=13 May 2008|archive-date=2008-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524231622/http://www.matrifocus.com/SAM06/spotlight.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sumer">{{Cite book |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy A. |last2=Cunningham |first2=Graham |last3=Robson |first3=Eleanor |authorlink3=Eleanor Robson |date=2004 |title=The literature of ancient Sumer |url=https://archive.org/details/literatureofanci0000unse_t7d8 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-926311-6}}</ref> Beer is sauld in bottles an cans; it mey an aa be available on [[Draucht beer|draucht]], pairteecularly in pubs an baurs. The brewin industrie is a global business, conseestin o several dominant [[Multinaitional corporation|multinaitional companies]] an mony thoosands o smawer producers rangin frae [[Microbrewery#Brewpub|brewpubs]] tae [[regional brewery|regional breweries]]. The strenth o beer is uisually aroond 4% tae 6% [[alcohol bi vollum]] (abv), awtho it mey vary atween 0.5% an 20%, wi some breweries creautin ensaumples o 40% abv an abuin.<ref name="BBC News 2010">{{cite web | title=World's strongest beer reclaimed | website=BBC News | date=2010-02-16 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/8517607.stm | accessdate=2015-08-05}}</ref> Beer forms pairt o the cultur o beer-drinkin naitions an is associatit wi social tradeetions sic as [[beer festival]]s, as well as a rich [[Public hoose|pub cultur]] involvin activities lik [[pub crawl]]in, an [[pub gemmes]] sic as [[bar billiards]]. In Canadae, the Canadian Govrenment’s Fuid an Drog Regulations states that beer shoud hae alcohol content that ranges frae 1.1% tae 8.6%. The regulation an aa includes that it coud be greater nor 8.6% an labeled accordinly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-32.html#h-64|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations|last=Branch|first=Legislative Services|website=laws.justice.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref> Beer in Sooth Korea shoud hae 25% (v/v) or less. That means that it haes tae be 25 mL o alcohol or less  per 100 mL o solution an can anerly be conseedert ‘lite’ if thay hae less nor 30 kcal per 100ml. Mair specifically, major ingredients sic as [[Maut]] (baurley an wheat), [[Hops|Hop]], Watter, Stairch ingredients hae tae be allaed bi the Sooth Korean Regulations in the brewin process.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Beer%20Market%20Report_Seoul%20ATO_Korea%20-%20Republic%20of_12-22-2016.pdf|title=Global Agriculture Information Network|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Beers an ither seemilar variations in Singapore maun hae at meenimum o 1.0% alcohol (v/v) concentration at 20°C. It is eften brewed frae a mixtur o grains lik [[maut]], succars or it's equivalent an [[hops]] or ither vegetables.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ava.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/food-regulations-2-feb-20161da0851875296bf09fdaff00009b1e7c|title=Food Regulations in Singapore|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623041652/http://www.ava.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/food-regulations-2-feb-20161da0851875296bf09fdaff00009b1e7c|archive-date=2017-06-23|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Beer]] {{Stub/Strang}} inoi8avpomp2r0icktjxa879q3ng0yn 0 7998 921966 920986 2026-08-24T04:30:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921966 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Centre for the Scots Leid''' (CSL) is a curn that wirks tae promuive the uiss o [[Scots leid|Scots]]<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2020-08-27 |last=Holmes |first=Jonathan |title=Will Siri Ever Learn Scottish? |date=5 Dec 2016 |url=https://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2016/12/will-siri-ever-learn-scottish/ |website=[[Gizmodo|Gizmodo UK]] |archive-date=2020-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908012528/https://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2016/12/will-siri-ever-learn-scottish/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an gies information an wittins aboot whit's gaun on in the Scots leid warld. ==History== The CSL wis stairtit in 1993, unner the name o The Scots Language Resource Centre.<ref>{{cite news |title=In yer ain wirds - What might we lose if we all began to speak like each other? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-19869396 |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=BBC News |date=8 October 2012}}</ref> It cam about frae an ineetiative begoud by the [[Scots Leid Associe]]. They got support frae the [[Perth]] Cooncil an a space wis fund for thaim tae hae an office in the AK Bell Librar in Perth, that wis bein biggit at thon time, the office is aye in the same steid the day. The first director o the Centre wis Stuart McHardy. The Buird Convenor wis Chairlie Jones frae the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]]. In September 2021, the Centre furthset a guide fur writin in the Scots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carmichael |first1=Hannah |title=Scots Language Centre to offer new guide in writing in the leid |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19552577.scots-language-centre-offer-new-guide-writing-leid/ |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=The National |agency=Newsquest Media Group |date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ==Wabsite== The CSL's wark is tae gaither in an pit oot information aboot Scots an maist o this wark is duin on their wabsite, that haes wittins, airticles, spoken wird recordins, blogs an ithir featurs. Maist o the site is in baith [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], tho pairts o it is juist in ane o thir leids, sic as the blogs, that's juist in Scots. Ane o the featurs is the ''Scots Wurd o the Week'', that's taen frae the Herald Newspaper, an can be heard in a wee soondclip file read by sic fowk as actress Joyce, makar [[Rab Wilson]] an [[Alasdair Allan]] MSP. Mair oot ower the CSL rins an annual programme o its ain online events an featurs. Fowk that's wantin wittins o whit's gaun on in the warld o the Scots leid can sign up tae a mailin list frae the Centre on the wabsite, that sends oot emails ilka month tellin fowk whit's comin in the near an furder aff future, sic as the SLA's Collogue, scrievin compeetitions, talks etc. ==Relationship wi ither Scots leid groups== Syne the CSL gies a space whaur fowk can gie wittins an find oot whit's gaun on, it haes richt freendly relationships wi ither groups an single bodies that's aye dargin tae gie the leid mair o a staundin in ilka day life. Mair speceefically, the CSL wirks wi a reenge o pairtners, amang them can be coontit the ''National Library of Scotland'', the ''Scottish Poetry Library'', the Herald an the Lorimer Trust. ==Staff== *Dr Jamie Fairbairn - Director<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-08-17|title=New Director appyntit |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/view/id/6898 |website=www.scotslanguage.com}}</ref> (umwhile: Michael Hance, Michael Dempster) *Dr. Dauvit Horsbroch - Language an Lair *Avril Nicol - Clerical Assistant *Andy Philip - Politics an Activism *Katrina Macleod - Eddication an Lairnin *Stuart Muddie - Volunteer Information Officer *Duncan Sneddon - Volunteer Information Officer ==References== <references /> ==Fremmit Airtins== *[http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre] [[Category:Scots leid]] dc0znk6e02qnge2azosxlew73fl5rxq 0 15856 921947 871137 2026-08-24T00:05:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Abuja |type = City |image_skyline = Abuja-collage.png |imagesize = 300px |nickname= |image_flag = |image_caption = Clockwise from top: Skyline of Abuja, [[Zuma Rock]], [[Central Bank of Nigeria|Central Bank HQ]] and [[Abuja National Mosque]] |image_seal = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Location of Abuja in Nigeria |pushpin_map=Nigeria |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Nigerie}} |subdivision_type1 = Territory |subdivision_name1 = [[Federal Caipital Territory (Nigerie)]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1828 |leader_title = Minister |leader_name =[[Bala Mohammed]] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 713 |area_land_km2 = 713 |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_urban = |population_note = <ref name="SIA">{{cite web |title=Explore Abuja City |url=http://www.stayinabuja.com/aboutfct.php?c=explore |publisher=Stay in Abuja dot com |access-date=2013-05-19 |archive-date=2011-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204213707/http://www.stayinabuja.com/aboutfct.php?c=explore |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204213707/http://www.stayinabuja.com/aboutfct.php?c=explore |date=2011-12-04 }}</ref> |population_footnotes = <ref name=plac>{{cite web|url=http://placng.org/Legal%20Notice%20on%20Publication%20of%202006%20Census%20Final%20Results.pdf|title=Legal Notice on Publication of 2006 Census Final Results|publisher=Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre|accessdate=10 June 2012|archive-date=2013-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319130952/http://placng.org/Legal%20Notice%20on%20Publication%20of%202006%20Census%20Final%20Results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_total = 979876 |population-urban = 1672000 |population_metro = 3,000,000 |population_density_km2 = auto |elevation_m = 840 |timezone = [[Wast Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|9|4|0|N|7|29|0|E|region:NG_type:city(778567)|display=inline}} |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 900211 tae 900288 |website = [http://fct.gov.ng/fcta/ fct.gov.ng/fcta] |footnotes = }} '''Abuja''' is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]] o [[Nigerie]]. It is locatit in the centre o Nigerie, athin the [[Federal Caipital Territory, Nigerie|Federal Caipital Territory]] (FCT). Abuja is a [[planned ceety]],<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6355269.stm|title=Life of poverty in Abuja's wealth|accessdate=2007-08-10 |work=news.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News, Tuesday, 13 February 2007 | date=2007-02-13}}</ref> an wis biggit mainly in the 1980s. It offeecially became Nigerie's caipital on 12 December 1991, replacin [[Lagos]]. At the 2006 census, the ceety o Abuja haed a population o 776,298. == History == In licht o the ethnic an releegious diveesions o [[Nigerie]], plans haed been devised syne Nigerie's unthirldom tae hae its caipital in a location deemed neutral tae aw pairties. The location wis eventually designated in the centre o the kintra in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality an naitional unity. Anither impetus for Abuja came acause o [[Lagos]]' population buim that made that ceety owercroudit an conditions squalid. The logic uised wis seemilar tae hou [[Brazil]] planned its caipital, [[Brasília]]. Construction broke grund an wis dedicatit in the late 1970s but, due tae economic an poleetical instability, the initial stages o the ceety wur no complete till the late 1980s. The maister plan for Abuja an the [[Federal Caipital Territory]] (FCT) wis developed bi Internaitional Planning Associates (IPA), a consortium o three American firms: Planning Research Corporation; [[Wallace Roberts & Todd|Wallace, McHarg, Roberts an Todd]]; an Archisystems, a diveesion o the Hughes Organization. The maister plan for Abuja defined the general structur an major design elements o the ceety that are visible in the ceety's current form. Mair detailed design o the central aurie o the caipital, parteecularly its monumental core, wis accomplished bi [[Kenzo Tange]], a renouned Japanese airchitect, wi his team o ceety planners at Kenzo Tange an Urtec company. Maist kintra relocatit thair [[embassy|embassies]] tae Abuja, an mony maintain thair umwhile embassies as [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] in [[Lagos]], still the commercial caipital o Nigeria. Abuja is the heidquarters o the [[ECOWAS|Economic Community o Wast African States]] (ECOWAS) an the regional heidquarters o [[OPEC]]. Abuja an the FCT hae experienced huge population growthe; it haes been reportit that some auries aroond Abuja hae been growin at 20% tae 30% per year.<ref name="WBC">{{cite web |url=http://www.citiesalliance.org/cdsdb.nsf/Attachments/South+Africa+roundtable/$File/African+Regional+Roundtable+on+Upgrading+Oct00.pdf |title=World Bank Conference: African Regional Roundtable on Upgrading Low-income Settlements |accessdate=2007-08-10 |work=www.citiesalliance.org |publisher=World Bank, 3–5 October 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa, p. 16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928045105/http://www.citiesalliance.org/cdsdb.nsf/Attachments/South+Africa+roundtable/$File/African+Regional+Roundtable+on+Upgrading+Oct00.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.citiesalliance.org/cdsdb.nsf/Attachments/South+Africa+roundtable/$File/African+Regional+Roundtable+on+Upgrading+Oct00.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-21 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928045105/http://www.citiesalliance.org/cdsdb.nsf/Attachments/South+Africa+roundtable/$File/African+Regional+Roundtable+on+Upgrading+Oct00.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Squatter settlements an towns hae spread rapidly in an ootside the ceety leemits.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="fig">{{cite web|url=http://www.fig.net/pub/accra/papers/ts18/ts18_01_jibril.pdf|title=Resettlement Issues, Squatter Settlements and the Problems of Land Administration in Abuja, Nigeria’s Federal Capital|accessdate=2007-08-10|work=fig.net|publisher=5th FIG Regional Conference Accra, Ghana, 8–11 March 2006|archive-date=2013-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726125057/http://www.fig.net/pub/accra/papers/ts18/ts18_01_jibril.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tens o thoosans o fowk hae been [[eviction|evictit]] syne umwhile FCT meenister [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]] stairtit a demolition campaign in 2003. == Sister ceeties == * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]] * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Detroit]], [[Unitit States]] * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Kanpur]], [[Indie]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Abuja| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Federal Caipital Territory (Nigerie)]] [[Category:Local Govrenment Auries in the Federal Caipital Territory (Nigerie)]] [[Category:Planned caipitals]] [[Category:Populatit places in Federal Caipital Territory, Nigerie]] [[Category:Modrenist airchitectur]] {{Stub/NigerieGeo}} 62gka1kq19j58wiuj7n3tzh0z96zjcq 0 40124 921930 886039 2026-08-23T22:17:26Z Atlantic306 30244 removed archive today 921930 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Palmira Destrict''' ({{lang-ar|منطقة تدمر}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''Minṭaqat Tadmur'') is a [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) o the [[Homs Govrenorate]] in [[Sirie]]. At the 2004 Census it haed a population o 76,942.<ref>[http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf 2004 official census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |date=2013-03-10 }}</ref> The centre o the destrict is the ceety o [[Palmira]]. ==Diveesions== The destrict o Palmyra is dividit intae twa sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 offeecial census): *[[Palmira]] nahiyah (ناحية تدمر): population 55,062.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-20-2004.htm |title=Palmyra nahiyah population |publisher=Cbssyr.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-01 |archive-date=2012-12-20}}</ref> *[[Al-Sukhnah]] nahiyah (ناحية السخنة): population 21,880.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-21-2004.htm |title=Talbiseh nahiyah population |publisher=Cbssyr.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-01 |archive-date=2012-12-20}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Sirie-destricts|Homs=yes}} {{Homs Govrenorate|Palmira}} {{coord|34|33|N|38|16|E|region:SY_type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Palmira Destrict]] myfgzjnb9cnrsmux3rqt7i3m8frlz59 921931 921930 2026-08-23T22:22:20Z Atlantic306 30244 removed unarchived dead links 921931 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Palmira Destrict''' ({{lang-ar|منطقة تدمر}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''Minṭaqat Tadmur'') is a [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) o the [[Homs Govrenorate]] in [[Sirie]]. At the 2004 Census it haed a population o 76,942.<ref>[http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf 2004 official census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |date=2013-03-10 }}</ref> The centre o the destrict is the ceety o [[Palmira]]. ==Diveesions== The destrict o Palmyra is dividit intae twa sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 offeecial census): *[[Palmira]] nahiyah (ناحية تدمر): population 55,062.{{Citation needed|date=August 2026}} *[[Al-Sukhnah]] nahiyah (ناحية السخنة): population 21,880.{{citation needed|date=August 2026}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Sirie-destricts|Homs=yes}} {{Homs Govrenorate|Palmira}} {{coord|34|33|N|38|16|E|region:SY_type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Palmira Destrict]] g6wumv5n89skfh5drman03c7fv3ydhc 0 58341 921948 636709 2026-08-24T02:30:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Barasso | official_name = Comune di Barasso | native_name = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = Barasso-Stemma.png | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|50|N|08|46|E|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[province o Varese|Varese]] (VA) | frazioni = | mayor_party = | mayor = Antonio Andrea Braida | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 4 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 1693 | population_as_of = | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = | day = | postal_code = 21020 | area_code = 0332 | website = {{official|http://www.comune.barasso.va.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Barasso''' is a toun an ''[[comune]]'' locatit in the [[province o Varese]], in the [[Lombardy]] region o northren [[Italy]]. Barasso haes a population o 1694 fowk (based on Dizember 2005 data). ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.comune.barasso.va.it http://www.comune.barasso.va.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813000901/http://www.comune.barasso.va.it/ |date=2006-08-13 }} * [http://www.oltrona.com Oltrona al Lago] <BR> {{Province o Varese}} 4qrxjl9v6oyvdpe2qt0lkcuyjolw6io 0 58530 921967 636804 2026-08-24T05:39:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Cuasso al Monte | official_name = Comune di Cuasso al Monte | native_name = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|52|N|8|52|E|type:city(3,252)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[Province o Varese]] (VA) | frazioni = | mayor_party = | mayor = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 16.4 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 3252 | population_as_of = Dec. 2004 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = | day = | postal_code = 21050 | area_code = 0332 | website = {{official website|http://www.comunecuassoalmonte.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Cuasso al Monte''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Varese]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Lombardy]], locatit aboot 50&nbsp;km northwast o [[Milan]] an aboot 6&nbsp;km northeast o [[Varese]]. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 3,252 an a aurie o 16.4&nbsp;km².<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> Cuasso al Monte borders the follaein municipalities: [[Arcisate]], [[Besano]], [[Bisuschio]], [[Brusimpiano]], [[Cugliate-Fabiasco]], [[Marchirolo]], [[Marzio]], [[Porto Ceresio]], [[Valganna]]. Amang the main industrial activities we remember : the Cava Bonomi ( red porfid stones) , Valceresio Costruzioni edili ( building industry) an the MESSEGUE fitness centre . == Demographic evolution == <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:455 height:303 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:4000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:1000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:1861 text:1861 bar:1871 text:1871 bar:1881 text:1881 bar:1901 text:1901 bar:1911 text:1911 bar:1921 text:1921 bar:1931 text:1931 bar:1936 text:1936 bar:1951 text:1951 bar:1961 text:1961 bar:1971 text:1971 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:2001 text:2001 PlotData= color:barra width:20 align:left bar:1861 from: 0 till:1528 bar:1871 from: 0 till:1514 bar:1881 from: 0 till:1582 bar:1901 from: 0 till:1443 bar:1911 from: 0 till:1680 bar:1921 from: 0 till:1795 bar:1931 from: 0 till:1749 bar:1936 from: 0 till:1683 bar:1951 from: 0 till:1865 bar:1961 from: 0 till:2108 bar:1971 from: 0 till:2387 bar:1981 from: 0 till:2691 bar:1991 from: 0 till:2779 bar:2001 from: 0 till:3065 PlotData= bar:1861 at:1528 fontsize:XS text: 1528 shift:(-8,5) bar:1871 at:1514 fontsize:XS text: 1514 shift:(-8,5) bar:1881 at:1582 fontsize:XS text: 1582 shift:(-8,5) bar:1901 at:1443 fontsize:XS text: 1443 shift:(-8,5) bar:1911 at:1680 fontsize:XS text: 1680 shift:(-8,5) bar:1921 at:1795 fontsize:XS text: 1795 shift:(-8,5) bar:1931 at:1749 fontsize:XS text: 1749 shift:(-8,5) bar:1936 at:1683 fontsize:XS text: 1683 shift:(-8,5) bar:1951 at:1865 fontsize:XS text: 1865 shift:(-8,5) bar:1961 at:2108 fontsize:XS text: 2108 shift:(-8,5) bar:1971 at:2387 fontsize:XS text: 2387 shift:(-8,5) bar:1981 at:2691 fontsize:XS text: 2691 shift:(-8,5) bar:1991 at:2779 fontsize:XS text: 2779 shift:(-8,5) bar:2001 at:3065 fontsize:XS text: 3065 shift:(-8,5) TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Data from ISTAT </timeline> ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.comune.cuassoalmonte.va.it www.comune.cuassoalmonte.va.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411124724/https://www.comune.cuassoalmonte.va.it/ |date=2021-04-11 }} {{clear}} {{Province o Varese}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cuasso Al Monte}} 4w1gt07w9gw1hcthskze3mkxinmeru5 0 62107 921928 912586 2026-08-23T22:09:58Z Atlantic306 30244 /* 2000s */ removed archive today reference 921928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Olga Tañón | image = Olga-tañon.jpg | caption = | image_size = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels --> | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|4|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Merengue muisic|Merengue]] * [[Latin pop]] }} | occupation = Recording artist | years_active = 1987–present | label = {{flatlist| * [[WEA Latina]] * [[Sony BMG]] * [[Univision Music]] }} | website = {{URL|olgatanon.com}} }} '''Olga Tañón''' (born 13 Apryle 1967), is a [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] recordin airtist. Ower the course o her career, she haes earned twa [[Grammy Award]]s, three [[Latin Grammy Awards]], an 30 [[Lo Nuestro Awards|Premios Lo Nuestro]] Awards.<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All Grammy awards]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |title=Latin Grammy awards |access-date=2013-11-14 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082016/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life an career== ===Early life an career beginnins=== Tañón (birth name: '''Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz''' <ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Tañón'''|'''Ortíz'''}}</ref>) is the youngest of four childer born Tae José Tañón and Carmen Gloria Ortíz in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico]]. She was raised in Levittown, Toa Baja, [[Puerto Rico]], where she received her primary and secondary education. Tañón's singin career began when she joined a group cried "Las Nenas de Ringo y Jossie" (Ringo and Jossie's Girls) in the 1980s. A short time later a very popular group in [[Puerto Rico]] cried "[[Chantelle]]" noticed her [[mezzo soprano]] vyce an recruited her. Thay saw in her what thay needed for their merengue style of muisic. When Tañón wis a member of Chantelle, they scored thair biggest hit, "''Aunque Tú no Quieras''" (Even If You Don't Want It). The song is popular in Latin America.<ref name="aa">[http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608003456/Olga-Ta-ntilde-oacute-n.html Tañón]</ref> ===1990s=== In 1992, Tañón signed a contract wi the WEA Latina record label tae record a solo album. Her first recordit album wis titled, "''Sola''" (Alane). Amang the sangs in the album war, "''Me Cambio por Ella''" (A chynge places wi her), an "''Quiero estar contigo''" (A Want Tae Be Wi You). In 1993, she recordit her seicont album for WEA Latina, "''Mujer de Fuego''" (Wumman o Fire). Tañón debuted as a componer wi the sang, "''Presencié tu Amor''" (A Witnessed Your Luve) an aw.<ref name="aa"/> The same year, Tañón receivit three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1993|Lo Nuestro Awards]] nominations in the Tropical/Salsa field: Album o the Year (''Sola''), Female Artist an New Artist.<ref name="billboardmag"> {{cite journal | last = Lannert | first = John | date = March 30, 1993 | title = Secada Lead Latin Noms Following Grammy Win | journal = Billboard | publisher = Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | page = 10 | url = http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=0w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=no+se+tu+luis+miguel&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=_PzlUJ3QOcKsjALfhYEQ&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=no%20se%20tu%20luis%20miguel&f=false | accessdate = January 3, 2013}}</ref> In 1994, Tañón earned her first dooble [[Gowd record|platinum record]] an in 1995, she earned three mair platinum records wi her album, "''Siente el Amor''" (Feel the Luve). This album includit anither o her compositions an aw, "''Unicornio''" (Unicorn), which wis written tae the rhythm o [[Salsa muisic|Salsa]] an includit the Unforgettable Merengue sang, "Es Mentiroso" (He's a Liar) an aw. Tañón haed gained fame an recognition throuoot Laitin Americae. Tañón recordit a [[Tejano muisic|Tex-Mex]] CD wi [[Mexican fowk|Mexican]] sangster [[Marco Antonio Solís]] cried "''Nuevos Senderos''". She wis nou bein heard internaitionally, an wi that recordin she became the first Puerto Rican muisicker tae be certifee'd bi the [[RIAA]] tae sell ower hauf a million records. The album lead single, the ballad, "''Basta Ya!''" toppit the U.S. Billboard [[Top Latin Tracks]] for several weeks, an became Tañón's first #1.<ref name="aa"/> For the album Tañón earned three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1997|Lo Nuestro Awards nominations]] for Pop Album o the Year, Pop Sang o the Year an Pop Singer o the Year.<ref name="eltiempo">{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-545706|title=Premios a Lo Mejor De La Música Latina|language=Spanish|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|publisher=Casa Editorial El Tiempo S.A.|date=April 8, 1997|accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref> In 1997, Tañón debuted as a actress in the Puerto Rican version o the popular production o "[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]", producit bi [[Rafo Muñiz]]. She played the pairt o [[Mary Magdalene]]. This version haed a tropical feel tae it an includit some o Tañón's sangs. In 1998, Tañón marriet [[:en:Juan González (baseball player)|Juan González]] a Puerto Rican major league [[basebaw]] starn. In 1999, the marriage endit in divorce. The couple haed a dochter, Gabriella Marie.<ref name="aa"/> ===2000s=== In 2000, Tañón, who wis nou kent as the "Wumman o Fire" or "Mujer de Fuego" bi her fans, recordit her first concert, titled, "''Olga Viva...Viva Olga''" in the [[House of Blues]] in [[Orlando, Florida]]. This production wis namit bi the Naitional Foundation of Popular Cultur as ane the tap 20 productions o the year. The record went platinum an Tañón earned her first [[Grammy Award]]. On August 2000, Tañón sauld oot 12 shows in the [[Antonio Paoli|Antonio Paoli Hall]] at the [[Luis A. Ferre]] Center o the Fine Airts in San Juan. Later that same month, she debuted in the [[Bass Performance Hall]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]. Her performances receivit rave reviews in the ''Fort Worth Star Telegram'' an the ''Dallas Morning News''. At the end o 2000, Tañón presentit her muisical spectacular at the Anayansi Theater in [[Panama]], an toured the sootheastren Unitit States wi Mexican sangster [[Alejandro Fernández]].<ref name="aa"/> In 2001, Tañón recordit a CD titled, "''Yo por Ti''" (Me for You), which wan baith American an Latin Grammys. The first single, ''Como Olvidar'', toppit the U.S. Billboard Tap Latin Tracks. The CD became a best-seller in Puerto Rico, Laitin Americae, an amang the Hispanic population in the Unitit States. In 2002, Tañón toured mony kintras, includin [[Venezuela]], [[Panama]] an the Unitit States. That year she became the first merengue airtist tae successfully score a chairt topper in the Middle East when her pairtnership wi [[Egyp]]tian muisic sangster [[Hakim (Egyptian sangster)|Hakim]] yieldit the heichly successfu [[Arabie]] hit, ''Ah Ya Albi''. In 2003, Tañón toured Europe an made a tot o ten recordins for WEA Latina. In 2003 she released ''Sobrevivir'' an wan her fowert Grammy. She marriet Billy Denizard, wi whom she haed twa sons, Indiana Noa an Ian Nahir.<ref name="aa"/> As pairt o a internaitional tour cried "Evolution Tour 2008", Tañón traveled tae Italy whaur she made a presentation at the ''Festival Latinoamericano'' on 5 Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| title=Olga Tañón arriba a Italia para concierto| publisher=Primera Hora| date=2008-07-01| accessdate=2008-07-06| archive-date=2009-05-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511010338/http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Tañón released her hit album, "Una Nueva Mujer", which wan Best Contemporary Tropical Album at the 2006 [[Latin Grammys]]. In support o Latin American immigrants in the U.S., in 2006 Tañón recordit, "[[Nuestro Himno]]" in collaboration wi [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Carlos Ponce]], an [[Wyclef Jean]]. On 2 Mey 2010, Tañón first performit in [[Iquitos]] a concert whaur she presentit her classic sangs. The concert wis pairt o her tour, which stairtit in [[Peru]].<ref>[http://www.rpp.com.pe/2010-02-15-olga-tanon-iniciara-su-gira-2010-en-el-peru-en-mayo-noticia_242690.html Olga Tañón iniciará su gira 2010 en el Perú en mayo] RPP. Retrieved 2010-05-23</ref> On 22 Februar 2007, Tañón wan three awairds at the 19t edition o [[Premio Lo Nuestro]].<ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/070223/20070222006224.html?.v=1 ''Intocable, Mana, RBD, Olga Tanon, Joan Sebastian, Wisin y Yandel, Monchy Y Alexandra and Aventura Biggest Winners at ''Premio Lo Nuestro'' Latin Music Awards''] last accessed February 23, 2007.</ref> Durin the [[Premio Lo Nuestro 2006|2006 show]], she wan in the categories: "Album of the Year", "Female Artist" an "Song of the Year". She haulds the record as the airtist who haes wan the maist "Premio Lo Nuestro Awards", wi a tot o 28. On Juin 2009, Tañón released a new hit single cried "Amor Entre Tres" which is the theme sang for the new soap opera in Venezuela cried "La Vida Entera." That same month, WEA Latina will be releasin "25 Exitos de Fuego Vol. 1 & Vol. 2." Each CD haes a set o greatest hits throu her entire career o merengue an Latin pop. In September 2009 she pairticipatit, next tae Juanes an ither internaitionally acclaimit airtists, in "Concierto por la Paz" at Plaza de la Revolucion in La Habana, Cuba.<ref name="aa"/> ==Social activism== Efter her pairticipation in the Concert for Peace in Havana, in 2013, Tañón, a resident an voter o the state o Florida, increased her social activism profile bi annooncin on [[Univision]] TV netwirk that she wad pairticipate in the Apryle 10 mairch in Washington, D.C. supportin immigration reform an a path tae citizenship an the right tae vote, as well as annooncin her support for the admission of her native Puerto Rico as the 51st state o the naition.<ref>http://cdn5.unicornmedia.com/now/stitched/mp4/cd348911-f595-4b05-849c-4dbc353e3a11/00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000/3a41c6e4-93a3-4108-8995-64ffca7b9106/4fe7ca98-daaa-4b0d-acef-18b96bd0b8e9/0/0/372/-617425467/content.mp4{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Discografie== {{Main|Olga Tañón discografie}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ;Studio albums *1992: Sola *1993: Mujer de Fuego *1994: Siente el Amor... *1996: Nuevos Senderos *1997: [[Llévame Contigo (album)|Llévame Contigo]] *1998: [[Te Acordarás de Mí]] *2001: Yo por Ti *2002: [[Sobrevivir]] *2005: Una Nueva Mujer *2006: Soy Como Tú *2007: Exitos en 2 Tiempos *2011: Ni Una Lagrima Más *2013: Una Mujer ;EPs *2009: 4/13 ; Compilations *1995: Éxitos y Más *2003: Puro Fuego *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga *2006: 100% Merengue *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 1 *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 2 {{Col-end}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ; Live albums *1999: Olga Viva, Viva Olga '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.1 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.2 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' ; DVDs *2002: Olga Viva, Viva Olga *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga (CD+DVD) *2005: Exitos en Video *2009: [[4/13]] (CD+DVD) ; Concerts *2010: Incomparable Tour ; Singles {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Het Latin Sangs |- | 1993 | ''Contigo O Sin Ti'' |align="center"| 20 |- |rowspan="6"| 1994 | ''Vendrás Llorando'' |align="center"| 27 |- | ''Receta De Amor'' |align="center"| 30 |- | ''Presencié Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''No Me Puedes Pedir'' |align="center"| 25 |- | ''Muchacho Malo'' |align="center"| 24 |- | ''Es Mentiroso'' |align="center"| 23 |- |rowspan="4"| 1995 | ''Ya Me Cansé'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Una Noche Más'' |align="center"| 31 |- | ''Entre La Noche Y El Día'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Aún Pienso En Ti'' |align="center"| 28 |- |rowspan="4"| 1996 | ''Mi Eterno Amor Secreto'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Me Subes, Me Bajas, Me Subes'' |align="center"| 3 |- | ''Éxitos Y Más'' |align="center"| 13 |- | ''Basta Ya'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="4"| 1997 | ''Serpiente Mala'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Porque No Te Encontré'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Llegó El Amor'' |align="center"| 22 |- | ''En Ti'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="3"| 1998 | ''Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''El Frío De Tu Adiós'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Así Es El Amor'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | ''Hielo Y Fuego'' |align="center"| 23 |- | ''Escondidos'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Engáñame'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Te Acordaras de Mi'' |align="center"| 28 |- | ''El Niño'' |align="center"| 17 |- | ''La Magia Del Ritmo'' |align="center"| 37 |- | 2001 | ''Cómo Olvidar'' |align="center"| 1 |- | 2002 | ''Miénteme'' |align="center"| 18 |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''No Podrás'' |align="center"| 10 |- | ''Cuando Tú No Estás'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Así Es La Vida'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="2"| 2005 | ''Vete Vete'' |align="center"| 15 |- | ''Bandolero'' |align="center"| 6 |- | 2006 | ''Desilusióname'' |align="center"| 4 |- |rowspan="2"| 2007 | ''Flaca O Gordita'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Maria'' |align="center"| 15 |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''Hoy Quiero Confesarme'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Cosas Del Amor'' |align="center"| 48 |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 | ''Ni Una Lagrima Más'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Sola'' |align="center"| - |- |rowspan="2"| 2012 | ''Todo Lo Que Sube Baja'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Mala'' |align="center"| - |- | 2013 | ''Una Mujer Como Yo'' |align="center"| - |- |} B.<references group=note/> {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.olgatanon.com Olga Tañón] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tanon, Olga}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Merengue muisickers]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican componers]] [[Category:Puerto Rican female sangsters]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Puerto Rican pop sangsters]] 16o2nsxsdh074ou7nbdn3kq0efn20bw 921929 921928 2026-08-23T22:13:06Z Atlantic306 30244 /* 2000s */ fixed reference 921929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Olga Tañón | image = Olga-tañon.jpg | caption = | image_size = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels --> | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|4|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Merengue muisic|Merengue]] * [[Latin pop]] }} | occupation = Recording artist | years_active = 1987–present | label = {{flatlist| * [[WEA Latina]] * [[Sony BMG]] * [[Univision Music]] }} | website = {{URL|olgatanon.com}} }} '''Olga Tañón''' (born 13 Apryle 1967), is a [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] recordin airtist. Ower the course o her career, she haes earned twa [[Grammy Award]]s, three [[Latin Grammy Awards]], an 30 [[Lo Nuestro Awards|Premios Lo Nuestro]] Awards.<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All Grammy awards]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |title=Latin Grammy awards |access-date=2013-11-14 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082016/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life an career== ===Early life an career beginnins=== Tañón (birth name: '''Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz''' <ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Tañón'''|'''Ortíz'''}}</ref>) is the youngest of four childer born Tae José Tañón and Carmen Gloria Ortíz in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico]]. She was raised in Levittown, Toa Baja, [[Puerto Rico]], where she received her primary and secondary education. Tañón's singin career began when she joined a group cried "Las Nenas de Ringo y Jossie" (Ringo and Jossie's Girls) in the 1980s. A short time later a very popular group in [[Puerto Rico]] cried "[[Chantelle]]" noticed her [[mezzo soprano]] vyce an recruited her. Thay saw in her what thay needed for their merengue style of muisic. When Tañón wis a member of Chantelle, they scored thair biggest hit, "''Aunque Tú no Quieras''" (Even If You Don't Want It). The song is popular in Latin America.<ref name="aa">[http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608003456/Olga-Ta-ntilde-oacute-n.html Tañón]</ref> ===1990s=== In 1992, Tañón signed a contract wi the WEA Latina record label tae record a solo album. Her first recordit album wis titled, "''Sola''" (Alane). Amang the sangs in the album war, "''Me Cambio por Ella''" (A chynge places wi her), an "''Quiero estar contigo''" (A Want Tae Be Wi You). In 1993, she recordit her seicont album for WEA Latina, "''Mujer de Fuego''" (Wumman o Fire). Tañón debuted as a componer wi the sang, "''Presencié tu Amor''" (A Witnessed Your Luve) an aw.<ref name="aa"/> The same year, Tañón receivit three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1993|Lo Nuestro Awards]] nominations in the Tropical/Salsa field: Album o the Year (''Sola''), Female Artist an New Artist.<ref name="billboardmag"> {{cite journal | last = Lannert | first = John | date = March 30, 1993 | title = Secada Lead Latin Noms Following Grammy Win | journal = Billboard | publisher = Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | page = 10 | url = http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=0w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=no+se+tu+luis+miguel&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=_PzlUJ3QOcKsjALfhYEQ&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=no%20se%20tu%20luis%20miguel&f=false | accessdate = January 3, 2013}}</ref> In 1994, Tañón earned her first dooble [[Gowd record|platinum record]] an in 1995, she earned three mair platinum records wi her album, "''Siente el Amor''" (Feel the Luve). This album includit anither o her compositions an aw, "''Unicornio''" (Unicorn), which wis written tae the rhythm o [[Salsa muisic|Salsa]] an includit the Unforgettable Merengue sang, "Es Mentiroso" (He's a Liar) an aw. Tañón haed gained fame an recognition throuoot Laitin Americae. Tañón recordit a [[Tejano muisic|Tex-Mex]] CD wi [[Mexican fowk|Mexican]] sangster [[Marco Antonio Solís]] cried "''Nuevos Senderos''". She wis nou bein heard internaitionally, an wi that recordin she became the first Puerto Rican muisicker tae be certifee'd bi the [[RIAA]] tae sell ower hauf a million records. The album lead single, the ballad, "''Basta Ya!''" toppit the U.S. Billboard [[Top Latin Tracks]] for several weeks, an became Tañón's first #1.<ref name="aa"/> For the album Tañón earned three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1997|Lo Nuestro Awards nominations]] for Pop Album o the Year, Pop Sang o the Year an Pop Singer o the Year.<ref name="eltiempo">{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-545706|title=Premios a Lo Mejor De La Música Latina|language=Spanish|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|publisher=Casa Editorial El Tiempo S.A.|date=April 8, 1997|accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref> In 1997, Tañón debuted as a actress in the Puerto Rican version o the popular production o "[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]", producit bi [[Rafo Muñiz]]. She played the pairt o [[Mary Magdalene]]. This version haed a tropical feel tae it an includit some o Tañón's sangs. In 1998, Tañón marriet [[:en:Juan González (baseball player)|Juan González]] a Puerto Rican major league [[basebaw]] starn. In 1999, the marriage endit in divorce. The couple haed a dochter, Gabriella Marie.<ref name="aa"/> ===2000s=== In 2000, Tañón, who wis nou kent as the "Wumman o Fire" or "Mujer de Fuego" bi her fans, recordit her first concert, titled, "''Olga Viva...Viva Olga''" in the [[House of Blues]] in [[Orlando, Florida]]. This production wis namit bi the Naitional Foundation of Popular Cultur as ane the tap 20 productions o the year. The record went platinum an Tañón earned her first [[Grammy Award]]. On August 2000, Tañón sauld oot 12 shows in the [[Antonio Paoli|Antonio Paoli Hall]] at the [[Luis A. Ferre]] Center o the Fine Airts in San Juan. Later that same month, she debuted in the [[Bass Performance Hall]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]. Her performances receivit rave reviews in the ''Fort Worth Star Telegram'' an the ''Dallas Morning News''. At the end o 2000, Tañón presentit her muisical spectacular at the Anayansi Theater in [[Panama]], an toured the sootheastren Unitit States wi Mexican sangster [[Alejandro Fernández]].<ref name="aa"/> In 2001, Tañón recordit a CD titled, "''Yo por Ti''" (Me for You), which wan baith American an Latin Grammys. The first single, ''Como Olvidar'', toppit the U.S. Billboard Tap Latin Tracks. The CD became a best-seller in Puerto Rico, Laitin Americae, an amang the Hispanic population in the Unitit States. In 2002, Tañón toured mony kintras, includin [[Venezuela]], [[Panama]] an the Unitit States. That year she became the first merengue airtist tae successfully score a chairt topper in the Middle East when her pairtnership wi [[Egyp]]tian muisic sangster [[Hakim (Egyptian sangster)|Hakim]] yieldit the heichly successfu [[Arabie]] hit, ''Ah Ya Albi''. In 2003, Tañón toured Europe an made a tot o ten recordins for WEA Latina. In 2003 she released ''Sobrevivir'' an wan her fowert Grammy. She marriet Billy Denizard, wi whom she haed twa sons, Indiana Noa an Ian Nahir.<ref name="aa"/> As pairt o a internaitional tour cried "Evolution Tour 2008", Tañón traveled tae Italy whaur she made a presentation at the ''Festival Latinoamericano'' on 5 Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| title=Olga Tañón arriba a Italia para concierto| publisher=Primera Hora| date=2008-07-01| accessdate=2008-07-06| archive-date=2009-05-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511010338/http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Tañón released her hit album, "Una Nueva Mujer", which wan Best Contemporary Tropical Album at the 2006 [[Latin Grammys]]. In support o Latin American immigrants in the U.S., in 2006 Tañón recordit, "[[Nuestro Himno]]" in collaboration wi [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Carlos Ponce]], an [[Wyclef Jean]]. On 2 Mey 2010, Tañón first performit in [[Iquitos]] a concert whaur she presentit her classic sangs. The concert wis pairt o her tour, which stairtit in [[Peru]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217191227/http://www.rpp.com.pe/2010-02-15-olga-tanon-iniciara-su-gira-2010-en-el-peru-en-mayo-noticia_242690.html Olga Tañón iniciará su gira 2010 en el Perú en mayo] RPP via internet archive Retrieved 2010-05-23</ref> On 22 Februar 2007, Tañón wan three awairds at the 19t edition o [[Premio Lo Nuestro]].<ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/070223/20070222006224.html?.v=1 ''Intocable, Mana, RBD, Olga Tanon, Joan Sebastian, Wisin y Yandel, Monchy Y Alexandra and Aventura Biggest Winners at ''Premio Lo Nuestro'' Latin Music Awards''] last accessed February 23, 2007.</ref> Durin the [[Premio Lo Nuestro 2006|2006 show]], she wan in the categories: "Album of the Year", "Female Artist" an "Song of the Year". She haulds the record as the airtist who haes wan the maist "Premio Lo Nuestro Awards", wi a tot o 28. On Juin 2009, Tañón released a new hit single cried "Amor Entre Tres" which is the theme sang for the new soap opera in Venezuela cried "La Vida Entera." That same month, WEA Latina will be releasin "25 Exitos de Fuego Vol. 1 & Vol. 2." Each CD haes a set o greatest hits throu her entire career o merengue an Latin pop. In September 2009 she pairticipatit, next tae Juanes an ither internaitionally acclaimit airtists, in "Concierto por la Paz" at Plaza de la Revolucion in La Habana, Cuba.<ref name="aa"/> ==Social activism== Efter her pairticipation in the Concert for Peace in Havana, in 2013, Tañón, a resident an voter o the state o Florida, increased her social activism profile bi annooncin on [[Univision]] TV netwirk that she wad pairticipate in the Apryle 10 mairch in Washington, D.C. supportin immigration reform an a path tae citizenship an the right tae vote, as well as annooncin her support for the admission of her native Puerto Rico as the 51st state o the naition.<ref>http://cdn5.unicornmedia.com/now/stitched/mp4/cd348911-f595-4b05-849c-4dbc353e3a11/00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000/3a41c6e4-93a3-4108-8995-64ffca7b9106/4fe7ca98-daaa-4b0d-acef-18b96bd0b8e9/0/0/372/-617425467/content.mp4{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Discografie== {{Main|Olga Tañón discografie}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ;Studio albums *1992: Sola *1993: Mujer de Fuego *1994: Siente el Amor... *1996: Nuevos Senderos *1997: [[Llévame Contigo (album)|Llévame Contigo]] *1998: [[Te Acordarás de Mí]] *2001: Yo por Ti *2002: [[Sobrevivir]] *2005: Una Nueva Mujer *2006: Soy Como Tú *2007: Exitos en 2 Tiempos *2011: Ni Una Lagrima Más *2013: Una Mujer ;EPs *2009: 4/13 ; Compilations *1995: Éxitos y Más *2003: Puro Fuego *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga *2006: 100% Merengue *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 1 *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 2 {{Col-end}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ; Live albums *1999: Olga Viva, Viva Olga '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.1 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.2 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' ; DVDs *2002: Olga Viva, Viva Olga *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga (CD+DVD) *2005: Exitos en Video *2009: [[4/13]] (CD+DVD) ; Concerts *2010: Incomparable Tour ; Singles {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Het Latin Sangs |- | 1993 | ''Contigo O Sin Ti'' |align="center"| 20 |- |rowspan="6"| 1994 | ''Vendrás Llorando'' |align="center"| 27 |- | ''Receta De Amor'' |align="center"| 30 |- | ''Presencié Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''No Me Puedes Pedir'' |align="center"| 25 |- | ''Muchacho Malo'' |align="center"| 24 |- | ''Es Mentiroso'' |align="center"| 23 |- |rowspan="4"| 1995 | ''Ya Me Cansé'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Una Noche Más'' |align="center"| 31 |- | ''Entre La Noche Y El Día'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Aún Pienso En Ti'' |align="center"| 28 |- |rowspan="4"| 1996 | ''Mi Eterno Amor Secreto'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Me Subes, Me Bajas, Me Subes'' |align="center"| 3 |- | ''Éxitos Y Más'' |align="center"| 13 |- | ''Basta Ya'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="4"| 1997 | ''Serpiente Mala'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Porque No Te Encontré'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Llegó El Amor'' |align="center"| 22 |- | ''En Ti'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="3"| 1998 | ''Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''El Frío De Tu Adiós'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Así Es El Amor'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | ''Hielo Y Fuego'' |align="center"| 23 |- | ''Escondidos'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Engáñame'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Te Acordaras de Mi'' |align="center"| 28 |- | ''El Niño'' |align="center"| 17 |- | ''La Magia Del Ritmo'' |align="center"| 37 |- | 2001 | ''Cómo Olvidar'' |align="center"| 1 |- | 2002 | ''Miénteme'' |align="center"| 18 |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''No Podrás'' |align="center"| 10 |- | ''Cuando Tú No Estás'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Así Es La Vida'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="2"| 2005 | ''Vete Vete'' |align="center"| 15 |- | ''Bandolero'' |align="center"| 6 |- | 2006 | ''Desilusióname'' |align="center"| 4 |- |rowspan="2"| 2007 | ''Flaca O Gordita'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Maria'' |align="center"| 15 |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''Hoy Quiero Confesarme'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Cosas Del Amor'' |align="center"| 48 |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 | ''Ni Una Lagrima Más'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Sola'' |align="center"| - |- |rowspan="2"| 2012 | ''Todo Lo Que Sube Baja'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Mala'' |align="center"| - |- | 2013 | ''Una Mujer Como Yo'' |align="center"| - |- |} B.<references group=note/> {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.olgatanon.com Olga Tañón] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tanon, Olga}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Merengue muisickers]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican componers]] [[Category:Puerto Rican female sangsters]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Puerto Rican pop sangsters]] 7s3zbnyq9jwtihskzjaj3j8l676hmyi 921956 921929 2026-08-24T03:35:44Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Olga Tañón | image = Olga-tañon.jpg | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|4|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Merengue muisic|Merengue]] * [[Latin pop]] }} | occupation = Recording artist | years_active = 1987–present | label = {{flatlist| * [[WEA Latina]] * [[Sony BMG]] * [[Univision Music]] }} | website = {{URL|olgatanon.com}} }} '''Olga Tañón''' (born 13 Apryle 1967), is a [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] recordin airtist. Ower the course o her career, she haes earned twa [[Grammy Award]]s, three [[Latin Grammy Awards]], an 30 [[Lo Nuestro Awards|Premios Lo Nuestro]] Awards.<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All Grammy awards]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |title=Latin Grammy awards |access-date=2013-11-14 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082016/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life an career== ===Early life an career beginnins=== Tañón (birth name: '''Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz''' <ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Tañón'''|'''Ortíz'''}}</ref>) is the youngest of four childer born Tae José Tañón and Carmen Gloria Ortíz in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico]]. She was raised in Levittown, Toa Baja, [[Puerto Rico]], where she received her primary and secondary education. Tañón's singin career began when she joined a group cried "Las Nenas de Ringo y Jossie" (Ringo and Jossie's Girls) in the 1980s. A short time later a very popular group in [[Puerto Rico]] cried "[[Chantelle]]" noticed her [[mezzo soprano]] vyce an recruited her. Thay saw in her what thay needed for their merengue style of muisic. When Tañón wis a member of Chantelle, they scored thair biggest hit, "''Aunque Tú no Quieras''" (Even If You Don't Want It). The song is popular in Latin America.<ref name="aa">[http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608003456/Olga-Ta-ntilde-oacute-n.html Tañón]</ref> ===1990s=== In 1992, Tañón signed a contract wi the WEA Latina record label tae record a solo album. Her first recordit album wis titled, "''Sola''" (Alane). Amang the sangs in the album war, "''Me Cambio por Ella''" (A chynge places wi her), an "''Quiero estar contigo''" (A Want Tae Be Wi You). In 1993, she recordit her seicont album for WEA Latina, "''Mujer de Fuego''" (Wumman o Fire). Tañón debuted as a componer wi the sang, "''Presencié tu Amor''" (A Witnessed Your Luve) an aw.<ref name="aa"/> The same year, Tañón receivit three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1993|Lo Nuestro Awards]] nominations in the Tropical/Salsa field: Album o the Year (''Sola''), Female Artist an New Artist.<ref name="billboardmag"> {{cite journal | last = Lannert | first = John | date = March 30, 1993 | title = Secada Lead Latin Noms Following Grammy Win | journal = Billboard | publisher = Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | page = 10 | url = http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=0w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=no+se+tu+luis+miguel&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=_PzlUJ3QOcKsjALfhYEQ&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=no%20se%20tu%20luis%20miguel&f=false | accessdate = January 3, 2013}}</ref> In 1994, Tañón earned her first dooble [[Gowd record|platinum record]] an in 1995, she earned three mair platinum records wi her album, "''Siente el Amor''" (Feel the Luve). This album includit anither o her compositions an aw, "''Unicornio''" (Unicorn), which wis written tae the rhythm o [[Salsa muisic|Salsa]] an includit the Unforgettable Merengue sang, "Es Mentiroso" (He's a Liar) an aw. Tañón haed gained fame an recognition throuoot Laitin Americae. Tañón recordit a [[Tejano muisic|Tex-Mex]] CD wi [[Mexican fowk|Mexican]] sangster [[Marco Antonio Solís]] cried "''Nuevos Senderos''". She wis nou bein heard internaitionally, an wi that recordin she became the first Puerto Rican muisicker tae be certifee'd bi the [[RIAA]] tae sell ower hauf a million records. The album lead single, the ballad, "''Basta Ya!''" toppit the U.S. Billboard [[Top Latin Tracks]] for several weeks, an became Tañón's first #1.<ref name="aa"/> For the album Tañón earned three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1997|Lo Nuestro Awards nominations]] for Pop Album o the Year, Pop Sang o the Year an Pop Singer o the Year.<ref name="eltiempo">{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-545706|title=Premios a Lo Mejor De La Música Latina|language=Spanish|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|publisher=Casa Editorial El Tiempo S.A.|date=April 8, 1997|accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref> In 1997, Tañón debuted as a actress in the Puerto Rican version o the popular production o "[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]", producit bi [[Rafo Muñiz]]. She played the pairt o [[Mary Magdalene]]. This version haed a tropical feel tae it an includit some o Tañón's sangs. In 1998, Tañón marriet [[:en:Juan González (baseball player)|Juan González]] a Puerto Rican major league [[basebaw]] starn. In 1999, the marriage endit in divorce. The couple haed a dochter, Gabriella Marie.<ref name="aa"/> ===2000s=== In 2000, Tañón, who wis nou kent as the "Wumman o Fire" or "Mujer de Fuego" bi her fans, recordit her first concert, titled, "''Olga Viva...Viva Olga''" in the [[House of Blues]] in [[Orlando, Florida]]. This production wis namit bi the Naitional Foundation of Popular Cultur as ane the tap 20 productions o the year. The record went platinum an Tañón earned her first [[Grammy Award]]. On August 2000, Tañón sauld oot 12 shows in the [[Antonio Paoli|Antonio Paoli Hall]] at the [[Luis A. Ferre]] Center o the Fine Airts in San Juan. Later that same month, she debuted in the [[Bass Performance Hall]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]. Her performances receivit rave reviews in the ''Fort Worth Star Telegram'' an the ''Dallas Morning News''. At the end o 2000, Tañón presentit her muisical spectacular at the Anayansi Theater in [[Panama]], an toured the sootheastren Unitit States wi Mexican sangster [[Alejandro Fernández]].<ref name="aa"/> In 2001, Tañón recordit a CD titled, "''Yo por Ti''" (Me for You), which wan baith American an Latin Grammys. The first single, ''Como Olvidar'', toppit the U.S. Billboard Tap Latin Tracks. The CD became a best-seller in Puerto Rico, Laitin Americae, an amang the Hispanic population in the Unitit States. In 2002, Tañón toured mony kintras, includin [[Venezuela]], [[Panama]] an the Unitit States. That year she became the first merengue airtist tae successfully score a chairt topper in the Middle East when her pairtnership wi [[Egyp]]tian muisic sangster [[Hakim (Egyptian sangster)|Hakim]] yieldit the heichly successfu [[Arabie]] hit, ''Ah Ya Albi''. In 2003, Tañón toured Europe an made a tot o ten recordins for WEA Latina. In 2003 she released ''Sobrevivir'' an wan her fowert Grammy. She marriet Billy Denizard, wi whom she haed twa sons, Indiana Noa an Ian Nahir.<ref name="aa"/> As pairt o a internaitional tour cried "Evolution Tour 2008", Tañón traveled tae Italy whaur she made a presentation at the ''Festival Latinoamericano'' on 5 Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| title=Olga Tañón arriba a Italia para concierto| publisher=Primera Hora| date=2008-07-01| accessdate=2008-07-06| archive-date=2009-05-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511010338/http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Tañón released her hit album, "Una Nueva Mujer", which wan Best Contemporary Tropical Album at the 2006 [[Latin Grammys]]. In support o Latin American immigrants in the U.S., in 2006 Tañón recordit, "[[Nuestro Himno]]" in collaboration wi [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Carlos Ponce]], an [[Wyclef Jean]]. On 2 Mey 2010, Tañón first performit in [[Iquitos]] a concert whaur she presentit her classic sangs. The concert wis pairt o her tour, which stairtit in [[Peru]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217191227/http://www.rpp.com.pe/2010-02-15-olga-tanon-iniciara-su-gira-2010-en-el-peru-en-mayo-noticia_242690.html Olga Tañón iniciará su gira 2010 en el Perú en mayo] RPP via internet archive Retrieved 2010-05-23</ref> On 22 Februar 2007, Tañón wan three awairds at the 19t edition o [[Premio Lo Nuestro]].<ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/070223/20070222006224.html?.v=1 ''Intocable, Mana, RBD, Olga Tanon, Joan Sebastian, Wisin y Yandel, Monchy Y Alexandra and Aventura Biggest Winners at ''Premio Lo Nuestro'' Latin Music Awards''] last accessed February 23, 2007.</ref> Durin the [[Premio Lo Nuestro 2006|2006 show]], she wan in the categories: "Album of the Year", "Female Artist" an "Song of the Year". She haulds the record as the airtist who haes wan the maist "Premio Lo Nuestro Awards", wi a tot o 28. On Juin 2009, Tañón released a new hit single cried "Amor Entre Tres" which is the theme sang for the new soap opera in Venezuela cried "La Vida Entera." That same month, WEA Latina will be releasin "25 Exitos de Fuego Vol. 1 & Vol. 2." Each CD haes a set o greatest hits throu her entire career o merengue an Latin pop. In September 2009 she pairticipatit, next tae Juanes an ither internaitionally acclaimit airtists, in "Concierto por la Paz" at Plaza de la Revolucion in La Habana, Cuba.<ref name="aa"/> ==Social activism== Efter her pairticipation in the Concert for Peace in Havana, in 2013, Tañón, a resident an voter o the state o Florida, increased her social activism profile bi annooncin on [[Univision]] TV netwirk that she wad pairticipate in the Apryle 10 mairch in Washington, D.C. supportin immigration reform an a path tae citizenship an the right tae vote, as well as annooncin her support for the admission of her native Puerto Rico as the 51st state o the naition.<ref>http://cdn5.unicornmedia.com/now/stitched/mp4/cd348911-f595-4b05-849c-4dbc353e3a11/00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000/3a41c6e4-93a3-4108-8995-64ffca7b9106/4fe7ca98-daaa-4b0d-acef-18b96bd0b8e9/0/0/372/-617425467/content.mp4{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Discografie== {{Main|Olga Tañón discografie}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ;Studio albums *1992: Sola *1993: Mujer de Fuego *1994: Siente el Amor... *1996: Nuevos Senderos *1997: [[Llévame Contigo (album)|Llévame Contigo]] *1998: [[Te Acordarás de Mí]] *2001: Yo por Ti *2002: [[Sobrevivir]] *2005: Una Nueva Mujer *2006: Soy Como Tú *2007: Exitos en 2 Tiempos *2011: Ni Una Lagrima Más *2013: Una Mujer ;EPs *2009: 4/13 ; Compilations *1995: Éxitos y Más *2003: Puro Fuego *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga *2006: 100% Merengue *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 1 *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 2 {{Col-end}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ; Live albums *1999: Olga Viva, Viva Olga '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.1 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.2 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' ; DVDs *2002: Olga Viva, Viva Olga *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga (CD+DVD) *2005: Exitos en Video *2009: [[4/13]] (CD+DVD) ; Concerts *2010: Incomparable Tour ; Singles {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Het Latin Sangs |- | 1993 | ''Contigo O Sin Ti'' |align="center"| 20 |- |rowspan="6"| 1994 | ''Vendrás Llorando'' |align="center"| 27 |- | ''Receta De Amor'' |align="center"| 30 |- | ''Presencié Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''No Me Puedes Pedir'' |align="center"| 25 |- | ''Muchacho Malo'' |align="center"| 24 |- | ''Es Mentiroso'' |align="center"| 23 |- |rowspan="4"| 1995 | ''Ya Me Cansé'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Una Noche Más'' |align="center"| 31 |- | ''Entre La Noche Y El Día'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Aún Pienso En Ti'' |align="center"| 28 |- |rowspan="4"| 1996 | ''Mi Eterno Amor Secreto'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Me Subes, Me Bajas, Me Subes'' |align="center"| 3 |- | ''Éxitos Y Más'' |align="center"| 13 |- | ''Basta Ya'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="4"| 1997 | ''Serpiente Mala'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Porque No Te Encontré'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Llegó El Amor'' |align="center"| 22 |- | ''En Ti'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="3"| 1998 | ''Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''El Frío De Tu Adiós'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Así Es El Amor'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | ''Hielo Y Fuego'' |align="center"| 23 |- | ''Escondidos'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Engáñame'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Te Acordaras de Mi'' |align="center"| 28 |- | ''El Niño'' |align="center"| 17 |- | ''La Magia Del Ritmo'' |align="center"| 37 |- | 2001 | ''Cómo Olvidar'' |align="center"| 1 |- | 2002 | ''Miénteme'' |align="center"| 18 |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''No Podrás'' |align="center"| 10 |- | ''Cuando Tú No Estás'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Así Es La Vida'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="2"| 2005 | ''Vete Vete'' |align="center"| 15 |- | ''Bandolero'' |align="center"| 6 |- | 2006 | ''Desilusióname'' |align="center"| 4 |- |rowspan="2"| 2007 | ''Flaca O Gordita'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Maria'' |align="center"| 15 |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''Hoy Quiero Confesarme'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Cosas Del Amor'' |align="center"| 48 |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 | ''Ni Una Lagrima Más'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Sola'' |align="center"| - |- |rowspan="2"| 2012 | ''Todo Lo Que Sube Baja'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Mala'' |align="center"| - |- | 2013 | ''Una Mujer Como Yo'' |align="center"| - |- |} B.<references group=note/> {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.olgatanon.com Olga Tañón] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tanon, Olga}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Merengue muisickers]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican componers]] [[Category:Puerto Rican female sangsters]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Puerto Rican pop sangsters]] 9bt85unpuj2ihvwvj2xu6jg9erw790l 921957 921956 2026-08-24T03:36:24Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 921957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Olga Tañón | image = Olga-tañon.jpg | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|4|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Merengue muisic|Merengue]] * [[Laitin pop]] }} | occupation = Recordin airtist | years_active = 1987–present | label = {{flatlist| * [[WEA Latina]] * [[Sony BMG]] * [[Univision Music]] }} | website = {{URL|olgatanon.com}} }} '''Olga Tañón''' (born 13 Apryle 1967), is a [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] recordin airtist. Ower the course o her career, she haes earned twa [[Grammy Award]]s, three [[Latin Grammy Awards]], an 30 [[Lo Nuestro Awards|Premios Lo Nuestro]] Awards.<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All Grammy awards]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |title=Latin Grammy awards |access-date=2013-11-14 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082016/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life an career== ===Early life an career beginnins=== Tañón (birth name: '''Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz''' <ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Tañón'''|'''Ortíz'''}}</ref>) is the youngest of four childer born Tae José Tañón and Carmen Gloria Ortíz in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico]]. She was raised in Levittown, Toa Baja, [[Puerto Rico]], where she received her primary and secondary education. Tañón's singin career began when she joined a group cried "Las Nenas de Ringo y Jossie" (Ringo and Jossie's Girls) in the 1980s. A short time later a very popular group in [[Puerto Rico]] cried "[[Chantelle]]" noticed her [[mezzo soprano]] vyce an recruited her. Thay saw in her what thay needed for their merengue style of muisic. When Tañón wis a member of Chantelle, they scored thair biggest hit, "''Aunque Tú no Quieras''" (Even If You Don't Want It). The song is popular in Latin America.<ref name="aa">[http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608003456/Olga-Ta-ntilde-oacute-n.html Tañón]</ref> ===1990s=== In 1992, Tañón signed a contract wi the WEA Latina record label tae record a solo album. Her first recordit album wis titled, "''Sola''" (Alane). Amang the sangs in the album war, "''Me Cambio por Ella''" (A chynge places wi her), an "''Quiero estar contigo''" (A Want Tae Be Wi You). In 1993, she recordit her seicont album for WEA Latina, "''Mujer de Fuego''" (Wumman o Fire). Tañón debuted as a componer wi the sang, "''Presencié tu Amor''" (A Witnessed Your Luve) an aw.<ref name="aa"/> The same year, Tañón receivit three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1993|Lo Nuestro Awards]] nominations in the Tropical/Salsa field: Album o the Year (''Sola''), Female Artist an New Artist.<ref name="billboardmag"> {{cite journal | last = Lannert | first = John | date = March 30, 1993 | title = Secada Lead Latin Noms Following Grammy Win | journal = Billboard | publisher = Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | page = 10 | url = http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=0w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=no+se+tu+luis+miguel&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=_PzlUJ3QOcKsjALfhYEQ&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=no%20se%20tu%20luis%20miguel&f=false | accessdate = January 3, 2013}}</ref> In 1994, Tañón earned her first dooble [[Gowd record|platinum record]] an in 1995, she earned three mair platinum records wi her album, "''Siente el Amor''" (Feel the Luve). This album includit anither o her compositions an aw, "''Unicornio''" (Unicorn), which wis written tae the rhythm o [[Salsa muisic|Salsa]] an includit the Unforgettable Merengue sang, "Es Mentiroso" (He's a Liar) an aw. Tañón haed gained fame an recognition throuoot Laitin Americae. Tañón recordit a [[Tejano muisic|Tex-Mex]] CD wi [[Mexican fowk|Mexican]] sangster [[Marco Antonio Solís]] cried "''Nuevos Senderos''". She wis nou bein heard internaitionally, an wi that recordin she became the first Puerto Rican muisicker tae be certifee'd bi the [[RIAA]] tae sell ower hauf a million records. The album lead single, the ballad, "''Basta Ya!''" toppit the U.S. Billboard [[Top Latin Tracks]] for several weeks, an became Tañón's first #1.<ref name="aa"/> For the album Tañón earned three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1997|Lo Nuestro Awards nominations]] for Pop Album o the Year, Pop Sang o the Year an Pop Singer o the Year.<ref name="eltiempo">{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-545706|title=Premios a Lo Mejor De La Música Latina|language=Spanish|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|publisher=Casa Editorial El Tiempo S.A.|date=April 8, 1997|accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref> In 1997, Tañón debuted as a actress in the Puerto Rican version o the popular production o "[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]", producit bi [[Rafo Muñiz]]. She played the pairt o [[Mary Magdalene]]. This version haed a tropical feel tae it an includit some o Tañón's sangs. In 1998, Tañón marriet [[:en:Juan González (baseball player)|Juan González]] a Puerto Rican major league [[basebaw]] starn. In 1999, the marriage endit in divorce. The couple haed a dochter, Gabriella Marie.<ref name="aa"/> ===2000s=== In 2000, Tañón, who wis nou kent as the "Wumman o Fire" or "Mujer de Fuego" bi her fans, recordit her first concert, titled, "''Olga Viva...Viva Olga''" in the [[House of Blues]] in [[Orlando, Florida]]. This production wis namit bi the Naitional Foundation of Popular Cultur as ane the tap 20 productions o the year. The record went platinum an Tañón earned her first [[Grammy Award]]. On August 2000, Tañón sauld oot 12 shows in the [[Antonio Paoli|Antonio Paoli Hall]] at the [[Luis A. Ferre]] Center o the Fine Airts in San Juan. Later that same month, she debuted in the [[Bass Performance Hall]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]. Her performances receivit rave reviews in the ''Fort Worth Star Telegram'' an the ''Dallas Morning News''. At the end o 2000, Tañón presentit her muisical spectacular at the Anayansi Theater in [[Panama]], an toured the sootheastren Unitit States wi Mexican sangster [[Alejandro Fernández]].<ref name="aa"/> In 2001, Tañón recordit a CD titled, "''Yo por Ti''" (Me for You), which wan baith American an Latin Grammys. The first single, ''Como Olvidar'', toppit the U.S. Billboard Tap Latin Tracks. The CD became a best-seller in Puerto Rico, Laitin Americae, an amang the Hispanic population in the Unitit States. In 2002, Tañón toured mony kintras, includin [[Venezuela]], [[Panama]] an the Unitit States. That year she became the first merengue airtist tae successfully score a chairt topper in the Middle East when her pairtnership wi [[Egyp]]tian muisic sangster [[Hakim (Egyptian sangster)|Hakim]] yieldit the heichly successfu [[Arabie]] hit, ''Ah Ya Albi''. In 2003, Tañón toured Europe an made a tot o ten recordins for WEA Latina. In 2003 she released ''Sobrevivir'' an wan her fowert Grammy. She marriet Billy Denizard, wi whom she haed twa sons, Indiana Noa an Ian Nahir.<ref name="aa"/> As pairt o a internaitional tour cried "Evolution Tour 2008", Tañón traveled tae Italy whaur she made a presentation at the ''Festival Latinoamericano'' on 5 Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| title=Olga Tañón arriba a Italia para concierto| publisher=Primera Hora| date=2008-07-01| accessdate=2008-07-06| archive-date=2009-05-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511010338/http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Tañón released her hit album, "Una Nueva Mujer", which wan Best Contemporary Tropical Album at the 2006 [[Latin Grammys]]. In support o Latin American immigrants in the U.S., in 2006 Tañón recordit, "[[Nuestro Himno]]" in collaboration wi [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Carlos Ponce]], an [[Wyclef Jean]]. On 2 Mey 2010, Tañón first performit in [[Iquitos]] a concert whaur she presentit her classic sangs. The concert wis pairt o her tour, which stairtit in [[Peru]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217191227/http://www.rpp.com.pe/2010-02-15-olga-tanon-iniciara-su-gira-2010-en-el-peru-en-mayo-noticia_242690.html Olga Tañón iniciará su gira 2010 en el Perú en mayo] RPP via internet archive Retrieved 2010-05-23</ref> On 22 Februar 2007, Tañón wan three awairds at the 19t edition o [[Premio Lo Nuestro]].<ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/070223/20070222006224.html?.v=1 ''Intocable, Mana, RBD, Olga Tanon, Joan Sebastian, Wisin y Yandel, Monchy Y Alexandra and Aventura Biggest Winners at ''Premio Lo Nuestro'' Latin Music Awards''] last accessed February 23, 2007.</ref> Durin the [[Premio Lo Nuestro 2006|2006 show]], she wan in the categories: "Album of the Year", "Female Artist" an "Song of the Year". She haulds the record as the airtist who haes wan the maist "Premio Lo Nuestro Awards", wi a tot o 28. On Juin 2009, Tañón released a new hit single cried "Amor Entre Tres" which is the theme sang for the new soap opera in Venezuela cried "La Vida Entera." That same month, WEA Latina will be releasin "25 Exitos de Fuego Vol. 1 & Vol. 2." Each CD haes a set o greatest hits throu her entire career o merengue an Latin pop. In September 2009 she pairticipatit, next tae Juanes an ither internaitionally acclaimit airtists, in "Concierto por la Paz" at Plaza de la Revolucion in La Habana, Cuba.<ref name="aa"/> ==Social activism== Efter her pairticipation in the Concert for Peace in Havana, in 2013, Tañón, a resident an voter o the state o Florida, increased her social activism profile bi annooncin on [[Univision]] TV netwirk that she wad pairticipate in the Apryle 10 mairch in Washington, D.C. supportin immigration reform an a path tae citizenship an the right tae vote, as well as annooncin her support for the admission of her native Puerto Rico as the 51st state o the naition.<ref>http://cdn5.unicornmedia.com/now/stitched/mp4/cd348911-f595-4b05-849c-4dbc353e3a11/00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000/3a41c6e4-93a3-4108-8995-64ffca7b9106/4fe7ca98-daaa-4b0d-acef-18b96bd0b8e9/0/0/372/-617425467/content.mp4{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Discografie== {{Main|Olga Tañón discografie}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ;Studio albums *1992: Sola *1993: Mujer de Fuego *1994: Siente el Amor... *1996: Nuevos Senderos *1997: [[Llévame Contigo (album)|Llévame Contigo]] *1998: [[Te Acordarás de Mí]] *2001: Yo por Ti *2002: [[Sobrevivir]] *2005: Una Nueva Mujer *2006: Soy Como Tú *2007: Exitos en 2 Tiempos *2011: Ni Una Lagrima Más *2013: Una Mujer ;EPs *2009: 4/13 ; Compilations *1995: Éxitos y Más *2003: Puro Fuego *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga *2006: 100% Merengue *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 1 *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 2 {{Col-end}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ; Live albums *1999: Olga Viva, Viva Olga '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.1 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.2 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' ; DVDs *2002: Olga Viva, Viva Olga *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga (CD+DVD) *2005: Exitos en Video *2009: [[4/13]] (CD+DVD) ; Concerts *2010: Incomparable Tour ; Singles {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Het Latin Sangs |- | 1993 | ''Contigo O Sin Ti'' |align="center"| 20 |- |rowspan="6"| 1994 | ''Vendrás Llorando'' |align="center"| 27 |- | ''Receta De Amor'' |align="center"| 30 |- | ''Presencié Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''No Me Puedes Pedir'' |align="center"| 25 |- | ''Muchacho Malo'' |align="center"| 24 |- | ''Es Mentiroso'' |align="center"| 23 |- |rowspan="4"| 1995 | ''Ya Me Cansé'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Una Noche Más'' |align="center"| 31 |- | ''Entre La Noche Y El Día'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Aún Pienso En Ti'' |align="center"| 28 |- |rowspan="4"| 1996 | ''Mi Eterno Amor Secreto'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Me Subes, Me Bajas, Me Subes'' |align="center"| 3 |- | ''Éxitos Y Más'' |align="center"| 13 |- | ''Basta Ya'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="4"| 1997 | ''Serpiente Mala'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Porque No Te Encontré'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Llegó El Amor'' |align="center"| 22 |- | ''En Ti'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="3"| 1998 | ''Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''El Frío De Tu Adiós'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Así Es El Amor'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | ''Hielo Y Fuego'' |align="center"| 23 |- | ''Escondidos'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Engáñame'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Te Acordaras de Mi'' |align="center"| 28 |- | ''El Niño'' |align="center"| 17 |- | ''La Magia Del Ritmo'' |align="center"| 37 |- | 2001 | ''Cómo Olvidar'' |align="center"| 1 |- | 2002 | ''Miénteme'' |align="center"| 18 |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''No Podrás'' |align="center"| 10 |- | ''Cuando Tú No Estás'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Así Es La Vida'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="2"| 2005 | ''Vete Vete'' |align="center"| 15 |- | ''Bandolero'' |align="center"| 6 |- | 2006 | ''Desilusióname'' |align="center"| 4 |- |rowspan="2"| 2007 | ''Flaca O Gordita'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Maria'' |align="center"| 15 |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''Hoy Quiero Confesarme'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Cosas Del Amor'' |align="center"| 48 |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 | ''Ni Una Lagrima Más'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Sola'' |align="center"| - |- |rowspan="2"| 2012 | ''Todo Lo Que Sube Baja'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Mala'' |align="center"| - |- | 2013 | ''Una Mujer Como Yo'' |align="center"| - |- |} B.<references group=note/> {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.olgatanon.com Olga Tañón] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tanon, Olga}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Merengue muisickers]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican componers]] [[Category:Puerto Rican female sangsters]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Puerto Rican pop sangsters]] qajfg9uhtyeajqnvlxefq6d6iy4923l 921958 921957 2026-08-24T03:44:50Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 921958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Olga Tañón | image = Olga-tañon.jpg | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|4|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Merengue muisic|Merengue]] * [[Laitin pop]] }} | occupation = Recordin airtist | years_active = 1987–present | label = {{flatlist| * [[WEA Latina]] * [[Sony BMG]] * [[Univision Music]] }} | website = {{URL|olgatanon.com}} }} '''Olga Tañón''' (born 13 Aprile 1967), is a [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] recordin airtist. Ower the coorse o her career, she haes earnt twa [[Grammy Awaird|Grammy Awairds]], three [[Laitin Grammy Awairds]], an 30 [[Lo Nuestro Awairds|Premios Lo Nuestro]] Awairds.<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All Grammy awards]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |title=Latin Grammy awards |access-date=2013-11-14 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082016/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/latin/search?artist=olga+ta%C3%B1on&title=&year=All&genre=All |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life an career== ===Early life an career beginnins=== Tañón (birth name: '''Olga Teresa Tañón Ortíz''' <ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Tañón'''|'''Ortíz'''}}</ref>) is the yungest o fower bairn born tae José Tañón an Carmen Gloria Ortíz in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico]]. She wis brocht up in Levittown, Toa Baja, [[Puerto Rico]], whaur she received her primary an secondary eddication. Tañón's singin career begoud whan she jyned a group cried "Las Nenas de Ringo y Jossie" (Ringo an Jossie's Lasses) in the 1980s. A short time later a gey popular group in [[Puerto Rico]] cried "[[Chantelle]]" noticed her [[mezzo soprano]] vyce an recruitit her. Thay saw in her whit thay needit fur thair merengue style o muisic. Whan Tañón wis a memmer o Chantelle, thay scored thair mucklest hit, "''Aunque Tú no Quieras''" (Even If You Don't Want It). The sang is popular in Laitin Americae.<ref name="aa">[http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608003456/Olga-Ta-ntilde-oacute-n.html Tañón]</ref> ===1990s=== In 1992, Tañón signed a contract wi the WEA Latina record label tae record a solo album. Her furst recordit album wis titled, "''Sola''" (Alane). Amang the sangs in the album war, "''Me Cambio por Ella''" (A chynge places wi her), an "''Quiero estar contigo''" (A Want Tae Be Wi You). In 1993, she recordit her seicont album for WEA Latina, "''Mujer de Fuego''" (Wumman o Fire). Tañón debuted as a componer wi the sang, "''Presencié tu Amor''" (A Witnessed Your Luve) an aw.<ref name="aa"/> The same year, Tañón receivit three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1993|Lo Nuestro Awairds]] nominations in the Tropical/Salsa field: Album o the Year (''Sola''), Female Airtist an New Airtist.<ref name="billboardmag"> {{cite journal | last = Lannert | first = John | date = March 30, 1993 | title = Secada Lead Latin Noms Following Grammy Win | journal = Billboard | publisher = Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | page = 10 | url = http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=0w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=no+se+tu+luis+miguel&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=_PzlUJ3QOcKsjALfhYEQ&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=no%20se%20tu%20luis%20miguel&f=false | accessdate = January 3, 2013}}</ref> In 1994, Tañón earnt her furst dooble [[Gowd record|platinum record]] an in 1995, she earnt three mair platinum records wi her album, "''Siente el Amor''" (Feel the Luve). This album includit anither o her composeetions an aw, "''Unicornio''" (Unicorn), which wis written tae the rhythm o [[Salsa muisic|Salsa]] an includit the Unforgettable Merengue sang, "Es Mentiroso" (He's a Liar) an aw. Tañón haed gained fame an recogneetion throuoot Laitin Americae. Tañón recordit a [[Tejano muisic|Tex-Mex]] CD wi [[Mexican fowk|Mexican]] sangster [[Marco Antonio Solís]] cried "''Nuevos Senderos''". She wis nou bein heard internaitionally, an wi that recordin she becam the furst Puerto Rican muisicker tae be certifee'd bi the [[RIAA]] tae sell ower hauf a million records. The album lead single, the ballad, "''Basta Ya!''" tappit the U.S. Billboard [[Tap Laitin Tracks]] fur seevral weeks, an becam Tañón's furst #1.<ref name="aa"/> Fur the album Tañón earnt three [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1997|Lo Nuestro Awairds nominations]] fur Pop Album o the Year, Pop Sang o the Year an Pop Sangster o the Year.<ref name="eltiempo">{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-545706|title=Premios a Lo Mejor De La Música Latina|language=Spanish|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|publisher=Casa Editorial El Tiempo S.A.|date=April 8, 1997|accessdate=June 10, 2013}}</ref> In 1997, Tañón debuted as a actress in the Puerto Rican version o the popular production o "[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]", producit bi [[Rafo Muñiz]]. She pleyed the pairt o [[Mary Magdalene]]. This version haed a tropical feel tae it an includit some o Tañón's sangs. In 1998, Tañón marriet [[:en:Juan González (baseball player)|Juan González]] a Puerto Rican major league [[basebaw]] starn. In 1999, the mairiage endit in divorce. The couple haed a dochter, Gabriella Marie.<ref name="aa"/> ===2000s=== In 2000, Tañón, who wis nou kent as the "Wumman o Fire" or "Mujer de Fuego" bi her fans, recordit her first concert, titled, "''Olga Viva...Viva Olga''" in the [[House of Blues]] in [[Orlando, Florida]]. This production wis namit bi the Naitional Foundation of Popular Cultur as ane the tap 20 productions o the year. The record went platinum an Tañón earned her first [[Grammy Award]]. On August 2000, Tañón sauld oot 12 shows in the [[Antonio Paoli|Antonio Paoli Hall]] at the [[Luis A. Ferre]] Center o the Fine Airts in San Juan. Later that same month, she debuted in the [[Bass Performance Hall]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]. Her performances receivit rave reviews in the ''Fort Worth Star Telegram'' an the ''Dallas Morning News''. At the end o 2000, Tañón presentit her muisical spectacular at the Anayansi Theater in [[Panama]], an toured the sootheastren Unitit States wi Mexican sangster [[Alejandro Fernández]].<ref name="aa"/> In 2001, Tañón recordit a CD titled, "''Yo por Ti''" (Me for You), which wan baith American an Latin Grammys. The first single, ''Como Olvidar'', toppit the U.S. Billboard Tap Latin Tracks. The CD became a best-seller in Puerto Rico, Laitin Americae, an amang the Hispanic population in the Unitit States. In 2002, Tañón toured mony kintras, includin [[Venezuela]], [[Panama]] an the Unitit States. That year she became the first merengue airtist tae successfully score a chairt topper in the Middle East when her pairtnership wi [[Egyp]]tian muisic sangster [[Hakim (Egyptian sangster)|Hakim]] yieldit the heichly successfu [[Arabie]] hit, ''Ah Ya Albi''. In 2003, Tañón toured Europe an made a tot o ten recordins for WEA Latina. In 2003 she released ''Sobrevivir'' an wan her fowert Grammy. She marriet Billy Denizard, wi whom she haed twa sons, Indiana Noa an Ian Nahir.<ref name="aa"/> As pairt o a internaitional tour cried "Evolution Tour 2008", Tañón traveled tae Italy whaur she made a presentation at the ''Festival Latinoamericano'' on 5 Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| title=Olga Tañón arriba a Italia para concierto| publisher=Primera Hora| date=2008-07-01| accessdate=2008-07-06| archive-date=2009-05-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511010338/http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/olga_tanon_arriba_a_italia_para_concierto/206088| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Tañón released her hit album, "Una Nueva Mujer", which wan Best Contemporary Tropical Album at the 2006 [[Latin Grammys]]. In support o Latin American immigrants in the U.S., in 2006 Tañón recordit, "[[Nuestro Himno]]" in collaboration wi [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Carlos Ponce]], an [[Wyclef Jean]]. On 2 Mey 2010, Tañón first performit in [[Iquitos]] a concert whaur she presentit her classic sangs. The concert wis pairt o her tour, which stairtit in [[Peru]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217191227/http://www.rpp.com.pe/2010-02-15-olga-tanon-iniciara-su-gira-2010-en-el-peru-en-mayo-noticia_242690.html Olga Tañón iniciará su gira 2010 en el Perú en mayo] RPP via internet archive Retrieved 2010-05-23</ref> On 22 Februar 2007, Tañón wan three awairds at the 19t edition o [[Premio Lo Nuestro]].<ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/070223/20070222006224.html?.v=1 ''Intocable, Mana, RBD, Olga Tanon, Joan Sebastian, Wisin y Yandel, Monchy Y Alexandra and Aventura Biggest Winners at ''Premio Lo Nuestro'' Latin Music Awards''] last accessed February 23, 2007.</ref> Durin the [[Premio Lo Nuestro 2006|2006 show]], she wan in the categories: "Album of the Year", "Female Artist" an "Song of the Year". She haulds the record as the airtist who haes wan the maist "Premio Lo Nuestro Awards", wi a tot o 28. On Juin 2009, Tañón released a new hit single cried "Amor Entre Tres" which is the theme sang for the new soap opera in Venezuela cried "La Vida Entera." That same month, WEA Latina will be releasin "25 Exitos de Fuego Vol. 1 & Vol. 2." Each CD haes a set o greatest hits throu her entire career o merengue an Latin pop. In September 2009 she pairticipatit, next tae Juanes an ither internaitionally acclaimit airtists, in "Concierto por la Paz" at Plaza de la Revolucion in La Habana, Cuba.<ref name="aa"/> ==Social activism== Efter her pairticipation in the Concert for Peace in Havana, in 2013, Tañón, a resident an voter o the state o Florida, increased her social activism profile bi annooncin on [[Univision]] TV netwirk that she wad pairticipate in the Apryle 10 mairch in Washington, D.C. supportin immigration reform an a path tae citizenship an the right tae vote, as well as annooncin her support for the admission of her native Puerto Rico as the 51st state o the naition.<ref>http://cdn5.unicornmedia.com/now/stitched/mp4/cd348911-f595-4b05-849c-4dbc353e3a11/00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000/3a41c6e4-93a3-4108-8995-64ffca7b9106/4fe7ca98-daaa-4b0d-acef-18b96bd0b8e9/0/0/372/-617425467/content.mp4{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Discografie== {{Main|Olga Tañón discografie}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ;Studio albums *1992: Sola *1993: Mujer de Fuego *1994: Siente el Amor... *1996: Nuevos Senderos *1997: [[Llévame Contigo (album)|Llévame Contigo]] *1998: [[Te Acordarás de Mí]] *2001: Yo por Ti *2002: [[Sobrevivir]] *2005: Una Nueva Mujer *2006: Soy Como Tú *2007: Exitos en 2 Tiempos *2011: Ni Una Lagrima Más *2013: Una Mujer ;EPs *2009: 4/13 ; Compilations *1995: Éxitos y Más *2003: Puro Fuego *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga *2006: 100% Merengue *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 1 *2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 2 {{Col-end}} {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ; Live albums *1999: Olga Viva, Viva Olga '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.1 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' *2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.2 "Solo Exitos" '''(Live)''' ; DVDs *2002: Olga Viva, Viva Olga *2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga (CD+DVD) *2005: Exitos en Video *2009: [[4/13]] (CD+DVD) ; Concerts *2010: Incomparable Tour ; Singles {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Het Latin Sangs |- | 1993 | ''Contigo O Sin Ti'' |align="center"| 20 |- |rowspan="6"| 1994 | ''Vendrás Llorando'' |align="center"| 27 |- | ''Receta De Amor'' |align="center"| 30 |- | ''Presencié Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''No Me Puedes Pedir'' |align="center"| 25 |- | ''Muchacho Malo'' |align="center"| 24 |- | ''Es Mentiroso'' |align="center"| 23 |- |rowspan="4"| 1995 | ''Ya Me Cansé'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Una Noche Más'' |align="center"| 31 |- | ''Entre La Noche Y El Día'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Aún Pienso En Ti'' |align="center"| 28 |- |rowspan="4"| 1996 | ''Mi Eterno Amor Secreto'' |align="center"| 21 |- | ''Me Subes, Me Bajas, Me Subes'' |align="center"| 3 |- | ''Éxitos Y Más'' |align="center"| 13 |- | ''Basta Ya'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="4"| 1997 | ''Serpiente Mala'' |align="center"| 9 |- | ''Porque No Te Encontré'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Llegó El Amor'' |align="center"| 22 |- | ''En Ti'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="3"| 1998 | ''Tu Amor'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''El Frío De Tu Adiós'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Así Es El Amor'' |align="center"| 34 |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | ''Hielo Y Fuego'' |align="center"| 23 |- | ''Escondidos'' |align="center"| 4 |- | ''Engáñame'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Te Acordaras de Mi'' |align="center"| 28 |- | ''El Niño'' |align="center"| 17 |- | ''La Magia Del Ritmo'' |align="center"| 37 |- | 2001 | ''Cómo Olvidar'' |align="center"| 1 |- | 2002 | ''Miénteme'' |align="center"| 18 |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''No Podrás'' |align="center"| 10 |- | ''Cuando Tú No Estás'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Así Es La Vida'' |align="center"| 1 |- |rowspan="2"| 2005 | ''Vete Vete'' |align="center"| 15 |- | ''Bandolero'' |align="center"| 6 |- | 2006 | ''Desilusióname'' |align="center"| 4 |- |rowspan="2"| 2007 | ''Flaca O Gordita'' |align="center"| 34 |- | ''Maria'' |align="center"| 15 |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''Hoy Quiero Confesarme'' |align="center"| 35 |- | ''Cosas Del Amor'' |align="center"| 48 |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 | ''Ni Una Lagrima Más'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Sola'' |align="center"| - |- |rowspan="2"| 2012 | ''Todo Lo Que Sube Baja'' |align="center"| - |- | ''Mala'' |align="center"| - |- | 2013 | ''Una Mujer Como Yo'' |align="center"| - |- |} B.<references group=note/> {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.olgatanon.com Olga Tañón] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tanon, Olga}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Merengue muisickers]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican componers]] [[Category:Puerto Rican female sangsters]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Puerto Rican pop sangsters]] e1c8kxt9cudrdqr0iuujh6x6u79qftj 0 64379 921950 637013 2026-08-24T03:11:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Bollate | official_name = Città di Bollate | native_name = | image_skyline = VillaArconatiCastellazzo.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Villa Arconati | image_shield = Bollate-Stemma.png | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|33|N|9|7|E|type:city(37,556)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[Province o Milan|Milan]] (MI) | frazioni = Cascina del Sole, Cassina Nuova, Castellazzo, Ospiate | mayor_party = [[The Fowk o Freedom|PdL]] | mayor = Stefania Clara Lorusso | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 15.9 | population_footnotes =<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[Naitional Institute o Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> | population_total = 35459 | population_as_of = 30 November 2012 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Bollatesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 156 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = | day = | postal_code = 20021 | area_code = 02 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.bollate.mi.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Bollate''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Milan]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Lombardy]], locatit aboot 10&nbsp;km northwast o [[Milan]]. Bollate borders the follaein municipalities: [[Paderno Dugnano]], [[Senago]], [[Garbagnate Milanese]], [[Arese]], [[Cormano]], [[Novate Milanese]], [[Baranzate]], [[Milan]]. Bollate receivit the honorar title o ceety wi a presidential decree on 11 October 1984. It is servit bi [[Bollate Centro railwey station]] an [[Bollate Nord railwey station]]. Sichts include the historical Villa Arconati. ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.comune.bollate.mi.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030134/https://comune.bollate.mi.it/ |date=2022-04-12 }} {{clear}} {{Province o Milan}} sleakuol2oss2ujh0c4qsjom7nsuf92 0 64398 921964 637025 2026-08-24T04:18:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Castel Madama | official_name = Comune di Castel Madama | native_name = | image_skyline = Nevicata - castel madama.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = Castel Madama-Stemma.png | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|41|58|N|12|52|E|type:city(7,033)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lazio]] | province = [[Province o Roum|Roum]] (RM) | frazioni = Colle Passero, Monitola, La Valle, Valle Caprara | mayor_party = | mayor = Giuseppe Salinetti (since May 2006) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 28.5 | population_footnotes = <ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> | population_total = 7380 | population_as_of = 2008 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Castellani | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 428 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = [[St. Michael]] Archangel | day = Mey 9 an September 29 | postal_code = 00024 | area_code = 0774 | website = {{official website|http://www.comunedicastelmadama.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Castel Madama''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Roum]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Lazio]], locatit aboot {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=off}} east o [[Roum]]. ==Internaitional relations== {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Italy}} ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Castel Madama is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: *{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Oudenaarde]], Belgium, syne 1986 *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[La Roda de Andalucía]], Spain, syne 2002 ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.comunedicastelmadama.it Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126174739/http://www.comunedicastelmadama.it/ |date=2020-11-26 }} * [http://www.tibursuperbum.it/ita/escursioni/castelmadama/index.htm Castel Madama] {{clear}} {{Province o Roum}} 7iz6v5ede7h4eoc8v5l3n7z9vmltwq6 0 70554 921939 871989 2026-08-23T22:57:50Z Cobra 3000 28371 Sortit Scots 921939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | birthname = Dokka Khamatovich Umarov<br/>Докка Хаматович Умаров | nationality=[[Chechen fowk|Chechen]] | religion=[[Islam]] | image= | caption = | imagesize=250px | order= 1st [[Caucasus Emirate|Emir o the Caucasus Emirate]] | term_start=31 October 2007 | term_end | vicepresident= | predecessor1=Poseetion creatit | successor1=[[Ali Abu-Mukhammad]] | order2=5th [[Preses o the Chechen Republic o Ichkeria]] | term_start2=17 Juin 2006 | term_end2=31 October 2007 | predecessor2=[[Sheikh Abdul Halim|Abdul Halim Sadulayev]] | successor2=Poseetion abolished<br><small>(Prime Meenister in Exile: [[Akhmed Zakayev]])</small> | birth_date={{Birth date|1964|4|13|df=y}} | birth_place= Kharsenoi, [[Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Chechen-Ingush ASSR]], Soviet Union | death_date= | death_place= | children= 6 | battles= [[First Chechen War]]<br>[[Seicont Chechen War]]<br>[[Insurgency in the North Caucasus|North Caucasus Insurgency]] |website= [[Kavkaz Center]]}} '''Doku (Dokka) Khamatovich Umarov''' ({{lang-ce|Ӏумар КӀант Докка}}; {{lang-ru|Доку Хаматович Умаров}}; cried bi the Arabized name o "Dokka Abu Usman" an aw) ([[13 Aprile]] 1964 – ''reported'' [[18 Mairch]] 2014) wis a [[Chechnya|Chechen]] Islamist militant in [[Roushie]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/03/30/f-russia-black-widow.html|title=The avenging Black Widows|publisher=CBC|date=3 September 2004|accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="Fuller2">{{cite news|author=Liz Fuller|url= http://www.rferl.org/content/News_Profile_Who_Is_Doku_Umarov/1999886.html|title=Who Is Doku Umarov?|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref> Umarov claimed responsibility for some attacks on Russian civilians. This got hissel a media nickname o "Roushie's [[Osama Bin Laden|Bin Laden]]".<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,744127,00.html Top-Terrorist bekennt sich zu Flughafen-Anschlag], ''Der Spiegel'' {{de icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/02/08/PROFILE_Chechnyas_top_terror_suspect_Umarov_Russias_bin_Lade|title=PROFILE: Chechnya's top terror suspect Umarov - Russia's "bin Laden"|publisher=Article.wn.com|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmagazineblog.com/dokka-umarov-3/29690|title=Dokka Umarov|publisher=News Magazine Blog|accessdate=12 August 2013|archive-date=2013-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228161753/http://www.newsmagazineblog.com/dokka-umarov-3/29690/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|title=news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|publisher=Earth Times|accessdate=12 August 2013|archive-date=2013-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228133321/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noows.de/tschetschenischer-terrorist-ubernimmt-verantwortung-fur-flughafen-anschlag-25914|title=Tschetschenischer Terrorist übernimmt Verantwortung für Flughafen-Anschlag|publisher=Noows.de|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> On [[18 Mairch]] 2014, the Roushie govrenment said that Umarov haed deid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/18/world/europe/chechen-rebel-killed-report/index.html|title=Report: Chechen rebel leader Doku Umarov is dead|publisher=CNN.com|date=18 March 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Ither wabsteids== * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8089996.stm Profile: Doku Umarov], [[BBC News]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Umarov, Dokka}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Caucasus Emirate members]] [[Category:Chechen field commanders]] [[Category:Chechen warlords]] [[Category:Emirs o the Caucasian Emirate]] [[Category:Individuals designatit as terrorist bi the Unitit States govrenment]] [[Category:Muslim generals]] [[Category:Fowk frae Shatoysky Destrict]] [[Category:Fowk o the Chechen wars]] [[Category:Politeecians o Ichkeria]] [[Category:Possibly livin fowk]] [[Category:Preses o Chechnya]] [[Category:Roushie Islamists]] [[Category:Fowk designatit bi the Al-Qaida an Taliban Sanctions Committee]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Chechen strynd]] {{stub/Roushie}} fxvs3jel5b11kx3ig8xxufsq2fhj9uq 921961 921939 2026-08-24T03:49:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | birthname = Dokka Khamatovich Umarov<br/>Докка Хаматович Умаров | nationality=[[Chechen fowk|Chechen]] | religion=[[Islam]] | imagesize=250px | order= 1st [[Caucasus Emirate|Emir o the Caucasus Emirate]] | term_start=31 October 2007 | predecessor1=Poseetion creatit | successor1=[[Ali Abu-Mukhammad]] | order2=5th [[Preses o the Chechen Republic o Ichkeria]] | term_start2=17 Juin 2006 | term_end2=31 October 2007 | predecessor2=[[Sheikh Abdul Halim|Abdul Halim Sadulayev]] | successor2=Poseetion abolished<br><small>(Prime Meenister in Exile: [[Akhmed Zakayev]])</small> | birth_date={{Birth date|1964|4|13|df=y}} | birth_place= Kharsenoi, [[Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Chechen-Ingush ASSR]], Soviet Union | children= 6 | battles= [[First Chechen War]]<br>[[Seicont Chechen War]]<br>[[Insurgency in the North Caucasus|North Caucasus Insurgency]] |website= [[Kavkaz Center]]}} '''Doku (Dokka) Khamatovich Umarov''' ({{lang-ce|Ӏумар КӀант Докка}}; {{lang-ru|Доку Хаматович Умаров}}; cried bi the Arabized name o "Dokka Abu Usman" an aw) ([[13 Aprile]] 1964 – ''reported'' [[18 Mairch]] 2014) wis a [[Chechnya|Chechen]] Islamist militant in [[Roushie]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/03/30/f-russia-black-widow.html|title=The avenging Black Widows|publisher=CBC|date=3 September 2004|accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="Fuller2">{{cite news|author=Liz Fuller|url= http://www.rferl.org/content/News_Profile_Who_Is_Doku_Umarov/1999886.html|title=Who Is Doku Umarov?|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref> Umarov claimed responsibility for some attacks on Russian civilians. This got hissel a media nickname o "Roushie's [[Osama Bin Laden|Bin Laden]]".<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,744127,00.html Top-Terrorist bekennt sich zu Flughafen-Anschlag], ''Der Spiegel'' {{de icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/02/08/PROFILE_Chechnyas_top_terror_suspect_Umarov_Russias_bin_Lade|title=PROFILE: Chechnya's top terror suspect Umarov - Russia's "bin Laden"|publisher=Article.wn.com|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmagazineblog.com/dokka-umarov-3/29690|title=Dokka Umarov|publisher=News Magazine Blog|accessdate=12 August 2013|archive-date=2013-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228161753/http://www.newsmagazineblog.com/dokka-umarov-3/29690/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|title=news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|publisher=Earth Times|accessdate=12 August 2013|archive-date=2013-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228133321/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noows.de/tschetschenischer-terrorist-ubernimmt-verantwortung-fur-flughafen-anschlag-25914|title=Tschetschenischer Terrorist übernimmt Verantwortung für Flughafen-Anschlag|publisher=Noows.de|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> On [[18 Mairch]] 2014, the Roushie govrenment said that Umarov haed deid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/18/world/europe/chechen-rebel-killed-report/index.html|title=Report: Chechen rebel leader Doku Umarov is dead|publisher=CNN.com|date=18 March 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Ither wabsteids== * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8089996.stm Profile: Doku Umarov], [[BBC News]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Umarov, Dokka}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Caucasus Emirate members]] [[Category:Chechen field commanders]] [[Category:Chechen warlords]] [[Category:Emirs o the Caucasian Emirate]] [[Category:Individuals designatit as terrorist bi the Unitit States govrenment]] [[Category:Muslim generals]] [[Category:Fowk frae Shatoysky Destrict]] [[Category:Fowk o the Chechen wars]] [[Category:Politeecians o Ichkeria]] [[Category:Possibly livin fowk]] [[Category:Preses o Chechnya]] [[Category:Roushie Islamists]] [[Category:Fowk designatit bi the Al-Qaida an Taliban Sanctions Committee]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Chechen strynd]] {{stub/Roushie}} 71ucnkz7ivjwm8karxg1906hf8ev9ut 921962 921961 2026-08-24T03:50:23Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | birthname = Dokka Khamatovich Umarov<br/>Докка Хаматович Умаров | nationality=[[Chechen fowk|Chechen]] | religion=[[Islam]] | imagesize=250px | order= 1st [[Caucasus Emirate|Emir o the Caucasus Emirate]] | term_start=31 October 2007 | predecessor1=Poseetion creatit | successor1=[[Ali Abu-Mukhammad]] | order2=5th [[Preses o the Chechen Republic o Ichkeria]] | term_start2=17 Juin 2006 | term_end2=31 October 2007 | predecessor2=[[Sheikh Abdul Halim|Abdul Halim Sadulayev]] | successor2=Poseetion abolished<br><small>(Prime Meenister in Exile: [[Akhmed Zakayev]])</small> | birth_date={{Birth date|1964|4|13|df=y}} | birth_place= Kharsenoi, [[Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Chechen-Ingush ASSR]], Soviet Union | children= 6 | battles= [[First Chechen War]]<br>[[Seicont Chechen War]]<br>[[Insurgency in the North Caucasus|North Caucasus Insurgency]] |website= [[Kavkaz Center]]}} '''Doku (Dokka) Khamatovich Umarov''' ({{lang-ce|Ӏумар КӀант Докка}}; {{lang-ru|Доку Хаматович Умаров}}; cried bi the Arabized name o "Dokka Abu Usman" an aw) (13 Aprile 1964 – ''reported'' 18 Mairch 2014) wis a [[Chechnya|Chechen]] Islamist militant in [[Roushie]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/03/30/f-russia-black-widow.html|title=The avenging Black Widows|publisher=CBC|date=3 September 2004|accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="Fuller2">{{cite news|author=Liz Fuller|url= http://www.rferl.org/content/News_Profile_Who_Is_Doku_Umarov/1999886.html|title=Who Is Doku Umarov?|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=1 April 2010|accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref> Umarov claimed responsibility for some attacks on Russian civilians. This got hissel a media nickname o "Roushie's [[Osama Bin Laden|Bin Laden]]".<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,744127,00.html Top-Terrorist bekennt sich zu Flughafen-Anschlag], ''Der Spiegel'' {{de icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/02/08/PROFILE_Chechnyas_top_terror_suspect_Umarov_Russias_bin_Lade|title=PROFILE: Chechnya's top terror suspect Umarov - Russia's "bin Laden"|publisher=Article.wn.com|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmagazineblog.com/dokka-umarov-3/29690|title=Dokka Umarov|publisher=News Magazine Blog|accessdate=12 August 2013|archive-date=2013-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228161753/http://www.newsmagazineblog.com/dokka-umarov-3/29690/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|title=news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|publisher=Earth Times|accessdate=12 August 2013|archive-date=2013-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228133321/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/366356,-russias-bin-laden.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noows.de/tschetschenischer-terrorist-ubernimmt-verantwortung-fur-flughafen-anschlag-25914|title=Tschetschenischer Terrorist übernimmt Verantwortung für Flughafen-Anschlag|publisher=Noows.de|accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> On 18 Mairch 2014, the Roushie govrenment said that Umarov haed deid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/18/world/europe/chechen-rebel-killed-report/index.html|title=Report: Chechen rebel leader Doku Umarov is dead|publisher=CNN.com|date=18 March 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Ither wabsteids== * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8089996.stm Profile: Doku Umarov], [[BBC News]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Umarov, Dokka}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Caucasus Emirate members]] [[Category:Chechen field commanders]] [[Category:Chechen warlords]] [[Category:Emirs o the Caucasian Emirate]] [[Category:Individuals designatit as terrorist bi the Unitit States govrenment]] [[Category:Muslim generals]] [[Category:Fowk frae Shatoysky Destrict]] [[Category:Fowk o the Chechen wars]] [[Category:Politeecians o Ichkeria]] [[Category:Possibly livin fowk]] [[Category:Preses o Chechnya]] [[Category:Roushie Islamists]] [[Category:Fowk designatit bi the Al-Qaida an Taliban Sanctions Committee]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Chechen strynd]] {{stub/Roushie}} f23ihehonsbubhuuqfddnrmh0lurx7q 0 71299 921927 881846 2026-08-23T20:35:28Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag 921927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Santiago Yaitepec |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] an toun |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o the municipality in Oaxaca |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oaxaca]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 53.58 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 3,665 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |coordinates = {{coord|16|13|N|97|16|W|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 1,840 |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Santiago Yaitepec''' is a toun an [[Municipalities o Oaxaca|municipality]] in [[Oaxaca]] in sooth-wastren [[Mexico]], twa kilometre sootheast o [[Santa Catarina Juquila]]. It is pairt o the [[Juquila Destrict]] in the centre o the [[Costa Region]]. The name "Yaitepec" means "Three hills".<ref name=INF>{{cite web |title=Santiago Yaitepec |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20497a.htm |work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal]] |accessdate=2010-07-24 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524100028/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20497a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environs== The municipality covers a aurie o 53.58&nbsp;km² at a hicht o 1,840 metre abuin sea level. The terrain is hilly, in the fuithills o the ''Sierra Madre del Sur''. The climate is temperate an humid, wi a average temperatur o 17.9°C an annual rainfaw o 1,347.6&nbsp;mm. Trees include pine, fir, pine, madrone, moral, aik, an alder. Wild fauna include opossum, skunk, armadillo, rabbit, snake an deer.<ref name=INF/> ==Fowk== As o 2005, the municipality haed 623 hoosehaulds wi a total population o 3,665, 3,137 o wham spak a hamelt leid. 90% o economic activity is relatit tae agricultur, wi coffee bein the cash crap.<ref name=INF/> Yaitepec is ane o the centres o the Chatino fowk, relatit tae the Zapotec but wi a distinct leid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mexicantextiles.com/grouppages/chatino.html |title=Chatino of Oaxaca |work=Mexican Textiles |accessdate=2010-07-24}}</ref> The municipality selects its authorities unner the Uisses an Customs seestem, whilk lets indigenous commonties hain their tradeetional poleetical structur.<ref name=elsol>{{cite web |url=http://www.soldelacosta.com/index.php?title=article&id=209 |work=El Sol de la Costa |title=Fiesta of Santiago: Annual Fair in Santiago Yaitepec |date=Jul 14, 2010 |accessdate=2010-07-24 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Awtho infrastructur is modren, the Chatino commonty haes mainteened its tradeetional cultur. Maist o the weemen wear tradeetional dress, includin colorfu skirts an the richly floorisht blouses wi lanely local designs o bricht flouers an ainimals. The claes is haun-woven uisin back strap looms an haun floorisht. The toun is "dry": nae alcohol is sauld.<ref name=elsol/> ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/OaxacaGeo}}{{Juquila Destrict}} [[Category:Municipalities o Oaxaca]] [[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]] tlelqkpkdc48es89tzaqwe8hnbc3xg1 921955 921927 2026-08-24T03:34:43Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |name =Santiago Yaitepec |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] an toun |map_caption = Location o the municipality in Oaxaca |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oaxaca]] |area_total_km2 = 53.58 |population_as_of =2005 |population_total = 3,665 |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |coordinates = {{coord|16|13|N|97|16|W|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 1,840 }} '''Santiago Yaitepec''' is a toun an [[Municipalities o Oaxaca|municipality]] in [[Oaxaca]] in sooth-wastren [[Mexico]], twa kilometre sootheast o [[Santa Catarina Juquila]]. It is pairt o the [[Juquila Destrict]] in the centre o the [[Costa Region]]. The name "Yaitepec" means "Three hills".<ref name=INF>{{cite web |title=Santiago Yaitepec |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20497a.htm |work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal]] |accessdate=2010-07-24 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524100028/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20497a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environs== The municipality covers a aurie o 53.58&nbsp;km² at a hicht o 1,840 metre abuin sea level. The terrain is hilly, in the fuithills o the ''Sierra Madre del Sur''. The climate is temperate an humid, wi a average temperatur o 17.9°C an annual rainfaw o 1,347.6&nbsp;mm. Trees include pine, fir, pine, madrone, moral, aik, an alder. Wild fauna include opossum, skunk, armadillo, rabbit, snake an deer.<ref name=INF/> ==Fowk== As o 2005, the municipality haed 623 hoosehaulds wi a total population o 3,665, 3,137 o wham spak a hamelt leid. 90% o economic activity is relatit tae agricultur, wi coffee bein the cash crap.<ref name=INF/> Yaitepec is ane o the centres o the Chatino fowk, relatit tae the Zapotec but wi a distinct leid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mexicantextiles.com/grouppages/chatino.html |title=Chatino of Oaxaca |work=Mexican Textiles |accessdate=2010-07-24}}</ref> The municipality selects its authorities unner the Uisses an Customs seestem, whilk lets indigenous commonties hain their tradeetional poleetical structur.<ref name=elsol>{{cite web |url=http://www.soldelacosta.com/index.php?title=article&id=209 |work=El Sol de la Costa |title=Fiesta of Santiago: Annual Fair in Santiago Yaitepec |date=Jul 14, 2010 |accessdate=2010-07-24 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Awtho infrastructur is modren, the Chatino commonty haes mainteened its tradeetional cultur. Maist o the weemen wear tradeetional dress, includin colorfu skirts an the richly floorisht blouses wi lanely local designs o bricht flouers an ainimals. The claes is haun-woven uisin back strap looms an haun floorisht. The toun is "dry": nae alcohol is sauld.<ref name=elsol/> ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/OaxacaGeo}}{{Juquila Destrict}} [[Category:Municipalities o Oaxaca]] [[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]] s15f3kjrzh331z9vprm1g3fh7kg4wcg 0 73403 921936 873178 2026-08-23T22:55:52Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag 921936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> |official_name = Gabrovo |subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the warld|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Bulgarie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Bulgarie|Province]]<br><small>(Oblast)</small> |timezone=[[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset=+2 |timezone_DST=[[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST=+3 |map_caption = Location of Gabrovo| |pushpin_map =Bulgaria <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption =Location o Gabrovo |pushpin_mapsize = |leader_title =Mayor |area_total_km2 =233.817 |population_density_km2 =auto |website =[http://www.gabrovo.bg/en Official website] |postal_code_type =[[Leet o postal codes in Bulgarie|Postal Code]]| | subdivision_name1=[[Gabrovo Province|Gabrovo]]| image_shield=BG Gabrovo coa.svg| image_flag=BG Gabrovo flag.svg| native_name=Габрово| | population_total= 58950|population_urban= 65268|population_footnotes=<ref name="cities census 2011">{{bg icon}}[http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=45 National Statistical Institute - Main Towns Census 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408064046/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=45 |date=2011-04-08 }}</ref>| population_as_of=<small>Census February 2011</small>| elevation_m=392| postal_code=5300| area_code=066 |coordinates = {{coord|42|52|N|25|20|E|region:BG|display=inline,title}} |leader_name=Tanya Hristova| }} '''Gabrovo''' ({{lang-bg|Габрово}}) is [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie|a ceety]] in central northren [[Bulgarie]], the admeenistrative centre o [[Gabrovo Province]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Gabrovo is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Twin Towns">{{cite web|title=Twin Towns|url=http://www.gabrovo.bg/articles/index/page:1/lang:en/p:42|work=gabrovo.bg|accessdate=27 April 2014|archive-date=2017-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114064113/http://www.gabrovo.bg/articles/index/page:1/lang:en/p:42|url-status=dead}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Thun]], [[Swisserland]] *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mytischi]], [[Roushie]] *{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Mogilev]], [[Belaroushie]] *{{flagicon|MKD}} [[Kumanovo]], [[North Macedonie]] *{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Aalst, Belgium|Aalst]], [[Belgium]] *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Chernihiv]], [[Ukraine]] || *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mittweida]], [[Germany]] *{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Panevėžys]], [[Lithuanie]]<ref>{{cite web|title=INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION|url=http://www.panevezys.lt/en/international-cooperation.html|work=panevezys.lt|accessdate=27 April 2014|archive-date=2018-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171307/http://www.panevezys.lt/en/international-cooperation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Sisak]], [[Croatia]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Nowy Sącz]], [[Poland]]<ref name="Nowy Sącz twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.nowysacz.pl/miasta_partnerskie|title=Miasta partnerskie i zaprzyjaźnione Nowego Sącza|accessdate=2013-08-01|work=Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza|language=Polish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523172036/http://www.nowysacz.pl/miasta_partnerskie|archivedate=2013-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Preshov]], [[Slovakie]] |} ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Bulgarie}}{{Geographic location | Centre = Gabrovo | North = [[Sevlievo]] | Northeast = ''[[Veliko Tarnovo]]'' | East = [[Tryavna]] | Sootheast = ''[[Sliven]]'' | Sooth = ''[[Kazanlak]]'' | Soothwast = [[Karlovo]] | Wast = [[Troyan]] | Northwast = [[Lovech]] | image = Compass_rose_pale.svg }} {{Cities in Bulgaria}} [[Category:Gabrovo| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Gabrovo Province]] teoe9vnnjq0eupzl6taau7h7iogi03w 921960 921936 2026-08-24T03:48:36Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Gabrovo |subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the warld|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Bulgarie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Bulgarie|Province]]<br><small>(Oblast)</small> |timezone=[[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset=+2 |timezone_DST=[[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST=+3 |map_caption = Location of Gabrovo| |pushpin_map =Bulgaria |pushpin_map_caption =Location o Gabrovo |leader_title =Mayor |area_total_km2 =233.817 |population_density_km2 =auto |website =[http://www.gabrovo.bg/en Official website] |postal_code_type =[[Leet o postal codes in Bulgarie|Postal Code]]| | subdivision_name1=[[Gabrovo Province|Gabrovo]]| image_shield=BG Gabrovo coa.svg| image_flag=BG Gabrovo flag.svg| native_name=Габрово| | population_total= 58950|population_urban= 65268|population_footnotes=<ref name="cities census 2011">{{bg icon}}[http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=45 National Statistical Institute - Main Towns Census 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408064046/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=45 |date=2011-04-08 }}</ref>| population_as_of=<small>Census February 2011</small>| elevation_m=392| postal_code=5300| area_code=066 |coordinates = {{coord|42|52|N|25|20|E|region:BG|display=inline,title}} |leader_name=Tanya Hristova| }} '''Gabrovo''' ({{lang-bg|Габрово}}) is [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie|a ceety]] in central northren [[Bulgarie]], the admeenistrative centre o [[Gabrovo Province]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Gabrovo is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Twin Towns">{{cite web|title=Twin Towns|url=http://www.gabrovo.bg/articles/index/page:1/lang:en/p:42|work=gabrovo.bg|accessdate=27 April 2014|archive-date=2017-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114064113/http://www.gabrovo.bg/articles/index/page:1/lang:en/p:42|url-status=dead}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Thun]], [[Swisserland]] *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mytischi]], [[Roushie]] *{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Mogilev]], [[Belaroushie]] *{{flagicon|MKD}} [[Kumanovo]], [[North Macedonie]] *{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Aalst, Belgium|Aalst]], [[Belgium]] *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Chernihiv]], [[Ukraine]] || *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mittweida]], [[Germany]] *{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Panevėžys]], [[Lithuanie]]<ref>{{cite web|title=INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION|url=http://www.panevezys.lt/en/international-cooperation.html|work=panevezys.lt|accessdate=27 April 2014|archive-date=2018-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171307/http://www.panevezys.lt/en/international-cooperation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Sisak]], [[Croatia]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Nowy Sącz]], [[Poland]]<ref name="Nowy Sącz twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.nowysacz.pl/miasta_partnerskie|title=Miasta partnerskie i zaprzyjaźnione Nowego Sącza|accessdate=2013-08-01|work=Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza|language=Polish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523172036/http://www.nowysacz.pl/miasta_partnerskie|archivedate=2013-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Preshov]], [[Slovakie]] |} ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Bulgarie}}{{Geographic location | Centre = Gabrovo | North = [[Sevlievo]] | Northeast = ''[[Veliko Tarnovo]]'' | East = [[Tryavna]] | Sootheast = ''[[Sliven]]'' | Sooth = ''[[Kazanlak]]'' | Soothwast = [[Karlovo]] | Wast = [[Troyan]] | Northwast = [[Lovech]] | image = Compass_rose_pale.svg }} {{Cities in Bulgaria}} [[Category:Gabrovo| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Gabrovo Province]] hlr6ifbm98v3250ffd9his981er2dce 0 83933 921915 830835 2026-08-23T14:18:16Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Escut_d'Alacant_02.svg wi' [[File:Escut_d'Alacant.svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)). 921915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Alicante | native_name = ''Alicante/Alacant'' | other_name = | settlement_type = Ceety | image_skyline = Puerto de Alicante.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = View o the [[Port o Alicante|harbour]] wi the [[Castle o Santa Bárbara]] in the backgrund | image_flag = Bandera d'Alacant.svg | flag_alt = | image_shield = Escut d'Alacant.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Localització d'Alacant respecte el País Valencià.png | mapsize = 150px | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o Alicante in the Valencian Commonty | coordinates = {{coord|38|20|43|N|0|28|59|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Alicante in Spain | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous Commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{nowrap|{{flag|Valencian Community}}}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Province o Alicante]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Alacantí]] | established_title = Foondit | established_date = 324 BC | leader_party = [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|PP]] | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Sonia Castedo]] | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 201.27 | elevation_footnotes = ([[AMSL]]) | elevation_m = 3 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 328648 | population_as_of = 2015 | population_rank = 11 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = ''alacantí'', ''-ina'' ([[Valencian|va]])<br>''alicantino/a'' ([[Spaingie leid|es]]) | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 03000 - 03016 | area_code = [[+34]] ([[Spain|ES]]) + 96 ([[Alicante province|A]]) | twin1 = | twin1_country = | blank_name_sec1 = Admeenistrative Diveesions | blank_info_sec1 = 8 | blank1_name_sec1 = Neighborhuids | blank1_info_sec1 = 42 | website = {{official website|http://www.alacant.es/ingles/|www.alacant.es}} | footnotes = }} {{lang|es|'''Alicante'''}} ({{IPA-es|aliˈkante|lang}}), or {{lang|ca|'''Alacant'''}} ({{IPA-ca|alaˈkant|langva}}), baith offeecial names, is a ceety an port in Spain on the [[Costa Blanca]], the caipital o the [[province o Alicante]] an o the [[comarca]] o [[Alacantí]], in the sooth o the [[Valencie Commonty]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns – sister ceeties=== Alicante is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nice]], Fraunce<ref name="Nice Jumellage">{{cite web | url = http://www.nice.fr/Collectivites/La-municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice | title = Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | publisher = Ville de Nice | language = French | archive-date = 2012-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121029114949/http://nice.fr/Collectivites/La-municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice | url-status = dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Carloforte]], Italy *{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Herzliya]], [[Israel]] *{{flagicon|NCA}} [[León, Nicaragua]] *{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Matanzas]], [[Cuba]] || *{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Oran]], [[Algerie]] *{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Riga]], [[Latvie]] *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toyooka]], Japan *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Wenzhou]], [[Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Sivas]], Turkey<ref name="Sivas twinnings">[http://www.yeniulke.net/3044/uzaklar_yakinlasti Uzaklar Yakinlaşti - Sivas Twin Towns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227151859/http://www.yeniulke.net/3044/uzaklar_yakinlasti |date=2013-12-27 }} {{in lang|tr}}</ref> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Caipitals o Provinces in Spain}} [[Category:Alicante| ]] [[Category:Auncient Greek steids in Spain]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Spain]] [[Category:Municipalities in the Province o Alicante]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Spain]] [[Category:Tourism in Spain]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Province o Alicante]] [[Category:Varsity touns]] 1wm2rwhimdgg446db77p5uw2uu4lpq6 0 84471 921965 637224 2026-08-24T04:18:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 921965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Castel di Tora | official_name = Comune di Castel di Tora | native_name = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|42|13|N|12|58|E|type:city(303)_region:IT|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lazio]] | province = [[Province o Rieti]] (RI) | frazioni = | mayor_party = | mayor = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 15.6 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 303 | population_as_of = December 2004 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Castelvecchiesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 607 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = | day = | postal_code = 02020 | area_code = 0765 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.castelditora.ri.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Castel di Tora''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Rieti]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Lazio]], locatit aboot {{convert|50|km|mi}} northeast o [[Roum]] an aboot {{convert|20|km|mi}} sootheast o [[Rieti]]. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 303 an a aurie o {{convert|15.6|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="istat">Aw demographics an ither statistics: Italian statistical institute [[Naitional Institute o Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> Castel di Tora borders the follaein municipalities: [[Ascrea]], [[Colle di Tora]], [[Pozzaglia Sabina]], [[Rocca Sinibalda]], [[Varco Sabino]]. ==Demographic evolution== <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:455 height:303 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:1000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:1861 text:1861 bar:1871 text:1871 bar:1881 text:1881 bar:1901 text:1901 bar:1911 text:1911 bar:1921 text:1921 bar:1931 text:1931 bar:1936 text:1936 bar:1951 text:1951 bar:1961 text:1961 bar:1971 text:1971 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:2001 text:2001 PlotData= color:barra width:20 align:left bar:1861 from: 0 till:1009 bar:1871 from: 0 till:1085 bar:1881 from: 0 till:1036 bar:1901 from: 0 till:1011 bar:1911 from: 0 till:1020 bar:1921 from: 0 till:964 bar:1931 from: 0 till:960 bar:1936 from: 0 till:890 bar:1951 from: 0 till:826 bar:1961 from: 0 till:584 bar:1971 from: 0 till:489 bar:1981 from: 0 till:387 bar:1991 from: 0 till:330 bar:2001 from: 0 till:286 PlotData= bar:1861 at:1009 fontsize:XS text: 1009 shift:(-8,5) bar:1871 at:1085 fontsize:XS text: 1085 shift:(-8,5) bar:1881 at:1036 fontsize:XS text: 1036 shift:(-8,5) bar:1901 at:1011 fontsize:XS text: 1011 shift:(-8,5) bar:1911 at:1020 fontsize:XS text: 1020 shift:(-8,5) bar:1921 at:964 fontsize:XS text: 964 shift:(-8,5) bar:1931 at:960 fontsize:XS text: 960 shift:(-8,5) bar:1936 at:890 fontsize:XS text: 890 shift:(-8,5) bar:1951 at:826 fontsize:XS text: 826 shift:(-8,5) bar:1961 at:584 fontsize:XS text: 584 shift:(-8,5) bar:1971 at:489 fontsize:XS text: 489 shift:(-8,5) bar:1981 at:387 fontsize:XS text: 387 shift:(-8,5) bar:1991 at:330 fontsize:XS text: 330 shift:(-8,5) bar:2001 at:286 fontsize:XS text: 286 shift:(-8,5) TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Data from ISTAT </timeline> ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.comune.castelditora.ri.it/ www.comune.castelditora.ri.it/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205014956/http://www.comune.castelditora.ri.it/ |date=2012-02-05 }} {{Province o Rieti}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Castel Di Tora}} j43ww1fuh572obwav7di29d3uwlc42v 0 129095 921937 731371 2026-08-23T22:56:31Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag 921937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Tesla Motors | logo = Tesla Motors.svg | logo_size = 160px | image = File:TeslaMotors HQ PaloAlto.jpg | image_caption = Tesla's global corporate headquarters<br>in [[Palo Alto, California]] | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{plainlist| *{{NASDAQ|TSLA}} *[[NASDAQ-100|NASDAQ-100 Component]] }} | foundation = {{start date and age|2003}} | location = [[Palo Alto, California]], U.S. | founders = {{plainlist| *[[Martin Eberhard]] *Marc Tarpenning *[[Elon Musk]] *[[JB Straubel]] *Ian Wright }} | key_people = {{ubl | [[Robyn Denholm]] | (Chairman) | Elon Musk | (CEO) | J. B. Straubel | (CTO) | [[Zach Kirkhorn]] | (CFO) }} | products = {{ubl | [[Electric vehicles]] | [[Tesla Powerwall|Tesla Energy]] }} | production = {{increase}} 245,162 vehicles | production_year = 2018 | revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|21.461&nbsp;billion|link=yes}} | revenue_year = 2018 | operating_income = {{increase}} {{US$|-0.388&nbsp;billion}} | income_year = 2018 | net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|−0.976&nbsp;billion}} | net_income_year = 2018 | assets = {{increase}} {{US$|29.740&nbsp;billion}} | assets_year = 2018 | equity = {{increase}} {{US$|4.923&nbsp;billion}} | equity_year = 2018 | num_employees = 45,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1051591623069429760|title=Thanks for recognizing the great work of the Tesla team! 45,000 people now.|first=Elon|last=Musk|date=October 14, 2018|publisher=|accessdate=December 5, 2018}}</ref> | owner = Elon Musk (21.9%)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000156459018009339/tsla-def14a_20180606.htm#OWNERSHIP_SECURITIES|title=tsla-def14a_20180606.htm|website=www.sec.gov|accessdate=December 5, 2018}}</ref> | num_employees_year = 2018 | products = {{plain list| *Electric [[luxury cars]] *Automotive components *[[Rechargeable energy storage systems]] }} | owner = Elon Musk (22.25%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/tesla-seeks-raise-500-million-share-sale-112256328--finance.html |agency=Reuters |first=Sagarika |last=Jaisinghani |first2=Arunima |last2=Banerjee |date=13 August 2015 |work=Yahoo! Finance |title=Musk to invest $20 million in Tesla's $500 million share sale }}</ref> | num_employees = 12,000 (Juin 2015)<ref name=Intervew>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nMcJxA3lto|title=Elon Musk and JB Straubel share their vision on energy|author=eei.org|publisher=Every Elon Musk Video|date=2015-06-11|accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref> | homepage = {{URL | http://www.teslamotors.com }} | footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000119312513096241/d452995d10k.htm|title=2012 Form 10-K, Tesla Motors, Inc.|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|date=2013-03-07|accessdate=2013-04-04}}</ref> }} '''Tesla Motors, Inc.''' is an American [[automotive industry|automotive]] an energy storage company<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-musk-computer-on-wheels-20150319-story.html |title=Elon Musk: Model S not a car but a 'sophisticated computer on wheels' |first=Jerry |last=Hirsch |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2015-03-19 |accessdate=2015-05-09}}</ref> that designs, manufacturs, an sells electric caurs, electric vehicle pouertrain components, an battery products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teslamotors.com/|title=Tesla Motors - Premium Electric Vehicles|work=teslamotors.com|accessdate=2015-04-12}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Caur}} [[Category:Tesla Motors| ]] [[Category:Caur manufacturers o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Battery electric vehicle manufacturers]] [[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers]] [[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Californie]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Sports caur manufacturers]] [[Category:Companies based in Palo Alto, Californie]] [[Category:Manufacturin companies based in Californie]] [[Category:2003 establishments]] [[Category:Vehicle manufacturin companies established in 2003]] [[Category:American buists]] [[Category:Companies leetit on NASDAQ]] a30thb42lyi8n0uopacbsckhkcowlgd 0 177104 921941 782378 2026-08-23T23:00:26Z Cobra 3000 28371 Stendit airticle 921941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Alpín II of the Picts|succession=[[King of the Picts]]|image=|caption=|reign=775–778|coronation=|predecessor=[[Ciniod I]]|successor=Talorc II|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=780|death_place=|burial_place=|house=|spouse=|father=Uuroid|mother=|issue=}}'''Alpín son o Uuroid''' ([[Auld Erse leid|Auld Erse]]: '''Alpín mac Feredaig''') wis king o the [[Pechts]] frae 775 till 778. On anthroponymic grounds Alpin micht hive been the brother o his predecessor [[Ciniod I|Ciniod son o Uuredach]] as baith have seemlar patronyms, the Pictish equivalent o the Auld Erse Feredach, but nae certain evidence exists for this identification, nor for an assumption that he wis a member o the Cenél Loairn thit micht follae frae it. He appears tae have reigned frae the daith o Ciniod until his ain daith in 780. This is misreportit in the Annals o Ulster as that o ''Alpin, keeng o the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxons]]'', but nae Saxon king named Ælfwine is kentwn frae this time. The Annals o Clonmacnoise name him Alpin, keeng o the Picts, an this reading is taen as the correct yin. == Sources == * Anderson, Alan Orr; ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', volume 1. Reprinted with corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}} * Bannerman, John; "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in [[Dauvit Broun]] and [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland''. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. {{ISBN|0-567-08682-8}} == External links == * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/index.html Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT]. * [https://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 Annals of Clonmacnoise at the Cornell Library:] see page 123. * [http://www.mimas.ac.uk/~zzalsaw2/pictish.html The Pictish Chronicle]. {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ciniod I o the Pechts|Ciniod]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leet o Keengs o the Pechts|Keeng o the Pechts]]|years=775-778}} {{s-aft|after=[[Talorcen II o the Pechts|Talorgan]]}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alpin II O The Pechts}} [[Category:778 daiths]] [[Category:Pecht monarchs]] [[Category:8t-century Scoth monarchs]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] fauki6ry6e112y5i3p1x12y3b6aidcq 921942 921941 2026-08-23T23:01:13Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in tags 921942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox royalty|name=Alpín II of the Picts|succession=Keeng o the Picts|image=|caption=|reign=775–778|coronation=|predecessor=[[Ciniod I]]|successor=Talorc II|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=780|death_place=|burial_place=|house=|spouse=|father=Uuroid|mother=|issue=}}'''Alpín son o Uuroid''' ([[Auld Erse leid|Auld Erse]]: '''Alpín mac Feredaig''') wis king o the [[Pechts]] frae 775 till 778. On anthroponymic grounds Alpin micht hive been the brother o his predecessor [[Ciniod I|Ciniod son o Uuredach]] as baith have seemlar patronyms, the Pictish equivalent o the Auld Erse Feredach, but nae certain evidence exists for this identification, nor for an assumption that he wis a member o the Cenél Loairn thit micht follae frae it. He appears tae have reigned frae the daith o Ciniod until his ain daith in 780. This is misreportit in the Annals o Ulster as that o ''Alpin, keeng o the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxons]]'', but nae Saxon king named Ælfwine is kentwn frae this time. The Annals o Clonmacnoise name him Alpin, keeng o the Picts, an this reading is taen as the correct yin. == Sources == * Anderson, Alan Orr; ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', volume 1. Reprinted with corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}} * Bannerman, John; "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in [[Dauvit Broun]] and [[Thomas Owen Clancy]] (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland''. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. {{ISBN|0-567-08682-8}} == External links == * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/index.html Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT]. * [https://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 Annals of Clonmacnoise at the Cornell Library:] see page 123. * [http://www.mimas.ac.uk/~zzalsaw2/pictish.html The Pictish Chronicle]. {{Stub/Ryal}}{{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ciniod I o the Pechts|Ciniod]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leet o Keengs o the Pechts|Keeng o the Pechts]]|years=775-778}} {{s-aft|after=[[Talorcen II o the Pechts|Talorgan]]}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alpin II O The Pechts}} [[Category:778 daiths]] [[Category:Pecht monarchs]] [[Category:8t-century Scoth monarchs]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] t524cy1cbtbnztlix15hfk4x1v5jnd2 921943 921942 2026-08-23T23:02:31Z Cobra 3000 28371 /* External links */ Sortit Soorces an airtins 921943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox royalty|name=Alpín II of the Picts|succession=Keeng o the Picts|image=|caption=|reign=775–778|coronation=|predecessor=[[Ciniod I]]|successor=Talorc II|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=780|death_place=|burial_place=|house=|spouse=|father=Uuroid|mother=|issue=}}'''Alpín son o Uuroid''' ([[Auld Erse leid|Auld Erse]]: '''Alpín mac Feredaig''') wis king o the [[Pechts]] frae 775 till 778. On anthroponymic grounds Alpin micht hive been the brother o his predecessor [[Ciniod I|Ciniod son o Uuredach]] as baith have seemlar patronyms, the Pictish equivalent o the Auld Erse Feredach, but nae certain evidence exists for this identification, nor for an assumption that he wis a member o the Cenél Loairn thit micht follae frae it. He appears tae have reigned frae the daith o Ciniod until his ain daith in 780. This is misreportit in the Annals o Ulster as that o ''Alpin, keeng o the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxons]]'', but nae Saxon king named Ælfwine is kentwn frae this time. The Annals o Clonmacnoise name him Alpin, keeng o the Picts, an this reading is taen as the correct yin. == Soorces == * Anderson, Alan Orr; ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', volume 1. Reprinted wi corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}} {{En}} * Bannerman, John; "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun an Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland''. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. {{ISBN|0-567-08682-8}} {{En}} == Freemit Airtins == * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/index.html Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT]. {{En}} * [https://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 Annals of Clonmacnoise at the Cornell Library:] see page 123. {{En}} {{Stub/Ryal}}{{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ciniod I o the Pechts|Ciniod]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leet o Keengs o the Pechts|Keeng o the Pechts]]|years=775-778}} {{s-aft|after=[[Talorcen II o the Pechts|Talorgan]]}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alpin II O The Pechts}} [[Category:778 daiths]] [[Category:Pecht monarchs]] [[Category:8t-century Scoth monarchs]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] too2jgvkbhe0sbiesix79ltjzkybmqh 921944 921943 2026-08-23T23:11:31Z Cobra 3000 28371 Sortit spellins 921944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox royalty|name=Alpín II of the Picts|succession=Keeng o the Picts|image=|caption=|reign=775–778|coronation=|predecessor=[[Ciniod I]]|successor=Talorc II|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=780|death_place=|burial_place=|house=|spouse=|father=Uuroid|mother=|issue=}}'''Alpín son o Uuroid''' ([[Auld Erse leid|Auld Erse]]: '''Alpín mac Feredaig''') wis king o the [[Pechts]] frae 775 till 778. On anthroponymic grounds Alpin micht hive been the brother o his predecessor [[Ciniod I|Ciniod son o Uuredach]] as baith have seemlar patronyms, the Pictish equivalent o the Auld Erse Feredach, but nae certain evidence exists for this identification, nor for an assumption that he wis a member o the Cenél Loairn thit micht follae frae it. He appears tae have reigned frae the daith o Ciniod until his ain daith in 780. This is misreportit in the Annals o Ulster as that o ''Alpin, keeng o the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxons]]'', but nae Saxon king named Ælfwine is kent frae this time. The Annals o Clonmacnoise cry him Alpin, keeng o the Picts, an this readin is taen as the correct yin. == Soorces == * Anderson, Alan Orr; ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', volume 1. Reprinted wi corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}} {{En}} * Bannerman, John; "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun an Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland''. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. {{ISBN|0-567-08682-8}} {{En}} == Freemit Airtins == * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/index.html Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT]. {{En}} * [https://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 Annals of Clonmacnoise at the Cornell Library:] see page 123. {{En}} {{Stub/Ryal}}{{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ciniod I o the Pechts|Ciniod]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leet o Keengs o the Pechts|Keeng o the Pechts]]|years=775-778}} {{s-aft|after=[[Talorcen II o the Pechts|Talorgan]]}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alpin II O The Pechts}} [[Category:778 daiths]] [[Category:Pecht monarchs]] [[Category:8t-century Scoth monarchs]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] gswpgvehpgdn35ssu86m5p3yp6zzd4o 921945 921944 2026-08-23T23:12:19Z Cobra 3000 28371 Made spellins consistent 921945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox royalty|name=Alpín II o the Pechts|succession=Keeng o the Pechts|image=|caption=|reign=775–778|coronation=|predecessor=[[Ciniod I]]|successor=Talorc II|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=780|death_place=|burial_place=|house=|spouse=|father=Uuroid|mother=|issue=}}'''Alpín son o Uuroid''' ([[Auld Erse leid|Auld Erse]]: '''Alpín mac Feredaig''') wis keeng o the [[Pechts]] frae 775 till 778. On anthroponymic grounds Alpin micht hive been the brother o his predecessor [[Ciniod I|Ciniod son o Uuredach]] as baith have seemlar patronyms, the Pictish equivalent o the Auld Erse Feredach, but nae certain evidence exists for this identification, nor for an assumption that he wis a member o the Cenél Loairn thit micht follae frae it. He appears tae have reigned frae the daith o Ciniod until his ain daith in 780. This is misreportit in the Annals o Ulster as that o ''Alpin, keeng o the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxons]]'', but nae Saxon king named Ælfwine is kent frae this time. The Annals o Clonmacnoise cry him Alpin, keeng o the pechts, an this readin is taen as the correct yin. == Soorces == * Anderson, Alan Orr; ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', volume 1. Reprinted wi corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}} {{En}} * Bannerman, John; "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun an Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland''. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. {{ISBN|0-567-08682-8}} {{En}} == Freemit Airtins == * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/index.html Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT]. {{En}} * [https://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 Annals of Clonmacnoise at the Cornell Library:] see page 123. {{En}} {{Stub/Ryal}}{{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ciniod I o the Pechts|Ciniod]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leet o Keengs o the Pechts|Keeng o the Pechts]]|years=775-778}} {{s-aft|after=[[Talorcen II o the Pechts|Talorgan]]}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alpin II O The Pechts}} [[Category:778 daiths]] [[Category:Pecht monarchs]] [[Category:8t-century Scoth monarchs]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] tmjmwyoyu58j3nrrljkdqq4c5lp0069 921946 921945 2026-08-23T23:12:52Z Cobra 3000 28371 Sortit mair errors 921946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox royalty|name=Alpín II o the Pechts|succession=Keeng o the Pechts|image=|caption=|reign=775–778|coronation=|predecessor=[[Ciniod I]]|successor=Talorc II|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=780|death_place=|burial_place=|house=|spouse=|father=Uuroid|mother=|issue=}}'''Alpín son o Uuroid''' ([[Auld Erse leid|Auld Erse]]: '''Alpín mac Feredaig''') wis keeng o the [[Pechts]] frae 775 till 778. On anthroponymic grounds Alpin micht hive been the brother o his predecessor [[Ciniod I|Ciniod son o Uuredach]] as baith have seemlar patronyms, the Pictish equivalent o the Auld Erse Feredach, but nae certain evidence exists for this identification, nor for an assumption that he wis a member o the Cenél Loairn thit micht follae frae it. He appears tae have reigned frae the daith o Ciniod until his ain daith in 780. This is misreportit in the Annals o Ulster as that o ''Alpin, keeng o the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxons]]'', but nae Saxon keeng cried Ælfwine is kent frae this time. The Annals o Clonmacnoise cry him Alpin, keeng o the pechts, an this readin is taen as the correct yin. == Soorces == * Anderson, Alan Orr; ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', volume 1. Reprinted wi corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}} {{En}} * Bannerman, John; "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun an Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland''. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. {{ISBN|0-567-08682-8}} {{En}} == Freemit Airtins == * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/index.html Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT]. {{En}} * [https://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 Annals of Clonmacnoise at the Cornell Library:] see page 123. {{En}} {{Stub/Ryal}}{{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ciniod I o the Pechts|Ciniod]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leet o Keengs o the Pechts|Keeng o the Pechts]]|years=775-778}} {{s-aft|after=[[Talorcen II o the Pechts|Talorgan]]}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alpin II O The Pechts}} [[Category:778 daiths]] [[Category:Pecht monarchs]] [[Category:8t-century Scoth monarchs]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] 8al3n5m3ryukebkj62no8j1jivo2032 921963 921946 2026-08-24T03:50:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox ryalty|name=Alpín II o the Pechts|succession=Keeng o the Pechts|image=|caption=|reign=775–778|coronation=|predecessor=[[Ciniod I]]|successor=Talorc II|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=780|death_place=|burial_place=|house=|spouse=|father=Uuroid|mother=|issue=}}'''Alpín son o Uuroid''' ([[Auld Erse leid|Auld Erse]]: '''Alpín mac Feredaig''') wis keeng o the [[Pechts]] frae 775 till 778. On anthroponymic grounds Alpin micht hive been the brother o his predecessor [[Ciniod I|Ciniod son o Uuredach]] as baith have seemlar patronyms, the Pictish equivalent o the Auld Erse Feredach, but nae certain evidence exists for this identification, nor for an assumption that he wis a member o the Cenél Loairn thit micht follae frae it. He appears tae have reigned frae the daith o Ciniod until his ain daith in 780. This is misreportit in the Annals o Ulster as that o ''Alpin, keeng o the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxons]]'', but nae Saxon keeng cried Ælfwine is kent frae this time. The Annals o Clonmacnoise cry him Alpin, keeng o the pechts, an this readin is taen as the correct yin. == Soorces == * Anderson, Alan Orr; ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', volume 1. Reprinted wi corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}} {{En}} * Bannerman, John; "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun an Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland''. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. {{ISBN|0-567-08682-8}} {{En}} == Freemit Airtins == * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/index.html Annals of Ulster, part 1, at CELT]. {{En}} * [https://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 Annals of Clonmacnoise at the Cornell Library:] see page 123. {{En}} {{Stub/Ryal}}{{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ciniod I o the Pechts|Ciniod]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leet o Keengs o the Pechts|Keeng o the Pechts]]|years=775-778}} {{s-aft|after=[[Talorcen II o the Pechts|Talorgan]]}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alpin II O The Pechts}} [[Category:778 daiths]] [[Category:Pecht monarchs]] [[Category:8t-century Scoth monarchs]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] t20hicsvp92d7x15xr7kqbz3z5fvclf 0 204214 921926 730474 2026-08-23T20:34:16Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in tags 921926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox French commune |name = Montsoreau |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Montsoreau (Maine-et-Loire).svg |image = |region = [[Pays-de-la-Loire]] |department = [[Maine-et-Loire]] |arrondissement = Saumur |canton = Saumur-Sud |INSEE = 49219 |postal code = 49730 |mayor = Gérard Persin |party = |term = 2014&ndash;2020 |intercommunality = Saumur, [[Loire Valley]] |coordinates = {{coord|47.2146|-0.0325|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 36 |elevation min m = 27 |elevation max m = 88 |area km2 = 5.19 |population = 439 |population date = 2015 }} '''Montsoreau''' ({{IPA-fr|mɔ̃soʁo}}), frae [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] ''mons sorelli'') is a commune o the ''Loire Valley'' in the [[Maine-et-Loire]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]]. Montsoreau is locatit in wastren [[Fraunce]] aboot 250 km (160 mi) sooth-wast o Paris. {{Stub/Fraunce}}{{Maine-et-Loire communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Maine-et-Loire]] [[Category:Montsoreau]] gs6ukmdgv5jwkj76mns7mn81qrv05o6 921953 921926 2026-08-24T03:32:44Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox French commune |name = Montsoreau |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Montsoreau (Maine-et-Loire).svg |region = [[Pays-de-la-Loire]] |department = [[Maine-et-Loire]] |arrondissement = Saumur |canton = Saumur-Sud |INSEE = 49219 |postal code = 49730 |mayor = Gérard Persin |term = 2014&ndash;2020 |intercommunality = Saumur, [[Loire Valley]] |coordinates = {{coord|47.2146|-0.0325|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 36 |elevation min m = 27 |elevation max m = 88 |area km2 = 5.19 |population = 439 |population date = 2015 }} '''Montsoreau''' ({{IPA-fr|mɔ̃soʁo}}), frae [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] ''mons sorelli'') is a commune o the ''Loire Valley'' in the [[Maine-et-Loire]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]]. Montsoreau is locatit in wastren [[Fraunce]] aboot 250 km (160 mi) sooth-wast o Paris. {{Stub/Fraunce}}{{Maine-et-Loire communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Maine-et-Loire]] [[Category:Montsoreau]] f6d2re9rf2814dexsxikiari8vrm7ln 0 214223 921932 921874 2026-08-23T22:25:42Z Atlantic306 30244 /* History */ fixed reference 921932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional militar |country = Guatemala |name = Armed Forces of Guatemala |native_name = Fuerzas Armadas de Guatemala |image = Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg |caption = Coat o airmes o Guatemala |branches = Guatemalan Airmy<br>[[File:Roundel of Guatemala.svg|20px]] [[Guatemalan Air Force]]<br>Guatemalan Navy<br>Presidential Honour Ggaird |commander-in-chief = [[Jimmy Morales]] |commander-in-chief_title= [[Preses o Guatemala|Commander-in-Chief]] |minister = Luis Miguel Ralda Moreno |minister_title = [[Meenistry o Naitional Defence (Guatemala)|Meenister o Naitional Defence]] |age = 18 |active = 106,114 |reserve = 90,000 |amount = USD $120 million (FY99) |percent_GDP = 0.6% (FY99) |ranks = [[Militar ranks o Guatemala]] }} The '''Guatemalan Airmed Forces''' conseest o the Naitionsl Airmy o Guatemala (''Ejercito Nacional de Guatemala'', ENG), the Guatemalan National Defense Navy (''Marina de la Defensa Nacional'', includes Marines), the [[Guatemalan Air Force]] (''Fuerza Aerea Guatemalteca'', FAG), an the Presidential Honour Gaird (''Guardia de Honor Presidencial''). The [[Meenistry o Defence (Guatemala)|Meenistry o Naitional Defence]] is the agency o the [[Guatemala]]n govrenment responsible for the budget, training an policy o the airmed forces. Based in [[Guatemala Ceety]], the Defence Meenistry is heivily gairded, and the [[Preses o Guatemala]] frequently veesits. {{As of|2017}} the Meenister o Naitional Defence is Major General Luis Miguel Ralda Moreno.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindef.mil.gt/alto_mando.html |title=Alto Mando del Ejército de Guatemala |publisher=Ejército de Guatemala |language=Spanish |accessdate=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231170147/http://www.mindef.mil.gt/alto_mando.html |archivedate=2013-12-31 }}</ref> The [[Meenistry o Defence o Guatemala|Meenister o Defence]] is responsible for policy. Day-tae-day operations are the responsibility o the militar chief o staff an the national defense staff. ==History== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:KaibilesCongoUN.jpg|300px|thumb|A Kaibil unit patrolling in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].]] --> [[Guatemala]] is a signatory tae the [[Rio Pact]] an wis a member o the [[Central American Defence Cooncil]] (CONDECA). The [[Preses o Guatemala|Preses o the Republic]] is commander-in-chief. Prior tae 1945 the Defence Meenistry was titled the Secretariat o War (''Secretaría de la Guerra''). An agreement signed in September 1996, which is ane o the substantive peace accords, mandatit that the mission o the airmed forces chynge tae focus exclusively on external threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/library/pa/guatemala/guat_960919.html |title=Peace Agreements Digital Collection: Guatemala|work=www.usip.org|accessdate=2008-08 18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813150358/http://www.usip.org/library/pa/guatemala/guat_960919.html |archivedate=2008-08-13 }}</ref> Preses [[Álvaro Arzú]] an his successors [[Alfonso Portillo]], [[Óscar Berger]] an [[Álvaro Colom]], hae uised a constitutional clause tae order the airmy on a temporary basis tae support the police in response tae a naitionwide wave o violent crime, a product o the [[Mexican Drog War|Mexican criminal organisations]] gaein across the north-wast region. The peace accords call for a ane-third reduction in the airmy's authorised strength an budget &mdash; achieved in 2004 &mdash; an for a consteetutional amendment tae permit the appointment o a ceevilian meenister o defence. A consteetutional amendment tae this end wis defeatit as pairt o a mey 1999 plebiscite, but discussions atween the executive an legislative branches continue on hou tae achieve this objective. In 2004 the airmy haes gone beyond its accord-mandatit target, an has implemented troop reductions frae an estimatit 28,000 tae 15,500 truips,{{citation needed|date=August 2026}} including\ subordinate air force (1,000) an navy (1,000) elements. It is equipped wi airmament an material frae the [[United States]], [[Israel]], [[Republic o Cheenae|Taiwan]], [[Argentinae]], [[Spain]], an [[Fraunce]]. As pairt o the airmy dounsizin, the operational structure o 19 military zones an three strategic brigades are being recast as seiveral militar zones are eliminatit an thair aurie o operations absorbed bi ithers. The air force operates three air bases; the navy haes twa port bases.<ref name="US_STATE">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Background Note: Guatemala | work = | publisher =[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[US Department of State]] | date =February 2009 | url =https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2045.htm | doi = | accessdate = }}</ref> The Guatemalan airmy haes a special forces unit (specialisin in anti-insurgent jungle warfare) kent as the [[Kaibiles]]. In 2011, a Guatemalan coort convictit fower members of the Kaibiles, o killing mair nor 200 ceevilians in the [[Dos Erres massacre]] in 1982.<ref>[[Center for International Policy]], Security Assistance Monitor</ref> Each man wis sentenced tae 6,050 years in prison. Thair convictions for thair roles in the massacre nearly 30 years prior, in which sodgers killed mair nor 200 men, weemen, an childer, waud nae hae happened if nae for the courage o victims o violence an Guatemala's attorney general, [[Claudia Paz y Paz]]. Efter the convictions o the Dos Erres fower, based on a Guatemalan govrenment's commitment tae reorganise its special forces units, the U.S. Depairtment o Defense resumed militar aid. The Airmed Forces today nummered at aroond 39,000 active personnel. ==References== {{Reflist}} * [http://www.mindef.mil.gt Official Website of Guatemala's Military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227205305/https://www.mindef.mil.gt/ |date=2019-12-27 }} * [http://www.fas.org/asmp/campaigns/smallarms/lainven.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315104510/http://www.fas.org/asmp/campaigns/smallarms/lainven.html |date=2016-03-15 }} *Raul Sohr. ‘’Centroamérica en guerra.’’ Alianza Editorial. México. 1988. *Christopher F. Foss. ‘’Jane's tank and combat vehicles recognition guide. ‘’Harper Collins Publishers. UK. 2000. [[Category:Militar o Guatemala]] cb6paqzjudulkpcwb3w1cacg2uv8aku 921933 921932 2026-08-23T22:26:46Z Atlantic306 30244 /* History */ ce 921933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional militar |country = Guatemala |name = Armed Forces of Guatemala |native_name = Fuerzas Armadas de Guatemala |image = Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg |caption = Coat o airmes o Guatemala |branches = Guatemalan Airmy<br>[[File:Roundel of Guatemala.svg|20px]] [[Guatemalan Air Force]]<br>Guatemalan Navy<br>Presidential Honour Ggaird |commander-in-chief = [[Jimmy Morales]] |commander-in-chief_title= [[Preses o Guatemala|Commander-in-Chief]] |minister = Luis Miguel Ralda Moreno |minister_title = [[Meenistry o Naitional Defence (Guatemala)|Meenister o Naitional Defence]] |age = 18 |active = 106,114 |reserve = 90,000 |amount = USD $120 million (FY99) |percent_GDP = 0.6% (FY99) |ranks = [[Militar ranks o Guatemala]] }} The '''Guatemalan Airmed Forces''' conseest o the Naitionsl Airmy o Guatemala (''Ejercito Nacional de Guatemala'', ENG), the Guatemalan National Defense Navy (''Marina de la Defensa Nacional'', includes Marines), the [[Guatemalan Air Force]] (''Fuerza Aerea Guatemalteca'', FAG), an the Presidential Honour Gaird (''Guardia de Honor Presidencial''). The [[Meenistry o Defence (Guatemala)|Meenistry o Naitional Defence]] is the agency o the [[Guatemala]]n govrenment responsible for the budget, training an policy o the airmed forces. Based in [[Guatemala Ceety]], the Defence Meenistry is heivily gairded, and the [[Preses o Guatemala]] frequently veesits. {{As of|2017}} the Meenister o Naitional Defence is Major General Luis Miguel Ralda Moreno.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindef.mil.gt/alto_mando.html |title=Alto Mando del Ejército de Guatemala |publisher=Ejército de Guatemala |language=Spanish |accessdate=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231170147/http://www.mindef.mil.gt/alto_mando.html |archivedate=2013-12-31 }}</ref> The [[Meenistry o Defence o Guatemala|Meenister o Defence]] is responsible for policy. Day-tae-day operations are the responsibility o the militar chief o staff an the national defense staff. ==History== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:KaibilesCongoUN.jpg|300px|thumb|A Kaibil unit patrolling in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].]] --> [[Guatemala]] is a signatory tae the [[Rio Pact]] an wis a member o the [[Central American Defence Cooncil]] (CONDECA). The [[Preses o Guatemala|Preses o the Republic]] is commander-in-chief. Prior tae 1945 the Defence Meenistry was titled the Secretariat o War (''Secretaría de la Guerra''). An agreement signed in September 1996, which is ane o the substantive peace accords, mandatit that the mission o the airmed forces chynge tae focus exclusively on external threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/library/pa/guatemala/guat_960919.html |title=Peace Agreements Digital Collection: Guatemala|work=www.usip.org|accessdate=2008-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813150358/http://www.usip.org/library/pa/guatemala/guat_960919.html |archivedate=2008-08-13}}</ref> Preses [[Álvaro Arzú]] an his successors [[Alfonso Portillo]], [[Óscar Berger]] an [[Álvaro Colom]], hae uised a constitutional clause tae order the airmy on a temporary basis tae support the police in response tae a naitionwide wave o violent crime, a product o the [[Mexican Drog War|Mexican criminal organisations]] gaein across the north-wast region. The peace accords call for a ane-third reduction in the airmy's authorised strength an budget &mdash; achieved in 2004 &mdash; an for a consteetutional amendment tae permit the appointment o a ceevilian meenister o defence. A consteetutional amendment tae this end wis defeatit as pairt o a mey 1999 plebiscite, but discussions atween the executive an legislative branches continue on hou tae achieve this objective. In 2004 the airmy haes gone beyond its accord-mandatit target, an has implemented troop reductions frae an estimatit 28,000 tae 15,500 truips,{{citation needed|date=August 2026}} including\ subordinate air force (1,000) an navy (1,000) elements. It is equipped wi airmament an material frae the [[United States]], [[Israel]], [[Republic o Cheenae|Taiwan]], [[Argentinae]], [[Spain]], an [[Fraunce]]. As pairt o the airmy dounsizin, the operational structure o 19 military zones an three strategic brigades are being recast as seiveral militar zones are eliminatit an thair aurie o operations absorbed bi ithers. The air force operates three air bases; the navy haes twa port bases.<ref name="US_STATE">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Background Note: Guatemala | work = | publisher =[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[US Department of State]] | date =February 2009 | url =https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2045.htm | doi = | accessdate = }}</ref> The Guatemalan airmy haes a special forces unit (specialisin in anti-insurgent jungle warfare) kent as the [[Kaibiles]]. In 2011, a Guatemalan coort convictit fower members of the Kaibiles, o killing mair nor 200 ceevilians in the [[Dos Erres massacre]] in 1982.<ref>[[Center for International Policy]], Security Assistance Monitor</ref> Each man wis sentenced tae 6,050 years in prison. Thair convictions for thair roles in the massacre nearly 30 years prior, in which sodgers killed mair nor 200 men, weemen, an childer, waud nae hae happened if nae for the courage o victims o violence an Guatemala's attorney general, [[Claudia Paz y Paz]]. Efter the convictions o the Dos Erres fower, based on a Guatemalan govrenment's commitment tae reorganise its special forces units, the U.S. Depairtment o Defense resumed militar aid. The Airmed Forces today nummered at aroond 39,000 active personnel. ==References== {{Reflist}} * [http://www.mindef.mil.gt Official Website of Guatemala's Military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227205305/https://www.mindef.mil.gt/ |date=2019-12-27 }} * [http://www.fas.org/asmp/campaigns/smallarms/lainven.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315104510/http://www.fas.org/asmp/campaigns/smallarms/lainven.html |date=2016-03-15 }} *Raul Sohr. ‘’Centroamérica en guerra.’’ Alianza Editorial. México. 1988. *Christopher F. Foss. ‘’Jane's tank and combat vehicles recognition guide. ‘’Harper Collins Publishers. UK. 2000. [[Category:Militar o Guatemala]] p300xx5spu03ppz32suvvp6b5wsq100 0 216359 921934 921876 2026-08-23T22:30:45Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Ither sites */ fixed reference 921934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Scotland |official_name= Leswalt |map_type= Scotland |coordinates = {{coord|54|55|50|N|5|05|35|W|display=inline,title}} |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Wigtounshire|Wigtoun]] |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfries an Galloway (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Galloway]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Galloway an Wast Dumfries (Scots Parlament constituency)|Galloway an Wast Dumfries]] |post_town= Stranraer |postcode_district = DG9 |postcode_area= DG9 Unkent |dial_code= 01776-Unkent }} [[File:Leswalt Parish Church - geograph.org.uk - 164294.jpg|thumb|Leswalt Pairish Kirk]] '''Leswalt''' is a veelage an ceevil pairish in the historical coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. It lies atween [[Portpaitrick]] and [[Stranrawer]], in the [[Rhins o Gallowa]]. The pairish kivers aboot 8 square miles. ==History== 'Leswalt' is a name o unkent oreegins. Possible derivations for its name include the [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] ''llys gwellt'', meanin "gress court" or mebbe [[Scots Gaelic]] ''lios uillt'', meanin "fort o the glen", referin tae [[Lochnaw Castle]].{{citation needed|date=August 2026}} In the [[Middle Ages]], the aurie wis likely dividen intae feudal baronys, ilk controlt bi a Baron o the Coort, unner the oweraw control o the Shirra o Wigtounshire. In auncient times it belangt tae the monks o [[Tongland Aibey]]. In 1390, [[Archibald Douglas, 3rd Yerl o Douglas]] grantit launds at Leswalt tae his illegeetimate son or kin, William Douglas o Leswalt. William Douglas wis sel-styled "Laird o Leswalt", an Shirra o Wigton, bit wis dimitit bi Margaret, Duchess o Touraine, dochter o Keen [[Robert III o Scotland]] an guidwife o [[Archibald Douglas, 4t Yerl o Douglas]], as a pairt o a pouer struggle in soothwast Scotland. Unner fear he transfert launds at Lochnaw til Andrew Agnew, constable o Lochnaw Castle, receivin [[Cruggleton Castle]] in exchange. Andrew Agnew hid been made hereditary constable o Lochnaw Castle bi William Douglas o Leswalt in 1426.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/registrummagnisi02scot|title=Registrum magni sigilli regum Scotorum : The register of the Great seal of Scotland, A.D. 1306-1668|date=August 12, 1882|publisher=Edinburgh : General register house|accessdate=August 12, 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He received several chairters fae King [[James I o Scotland]], includin ane o 31 Januar 1431, confirmin tae him an his heirs the office o heritable constable o Lochnaw, an the hale launds and "Barony o Lochnaw". In 1451 Andrew Agnew wis confirmt as Hereditary Shirra o Wigtounshire. In 1458 he wis peyed as shirra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/rotuliscaccariir06grea|title=Rotuli scaccarii regum Scotorum = The Exchequer rolls of Scotland|date=August 12, 1878|publisher=Edinburgh : H.M. General Register House|accessdate=August 12, 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In 1463 whan George Douglas o Leswalt (son o William Douglas o Leswalt an Katherine Maxwell) dee'd, the launds o Leswalt and Cruggletoun revertit til the Croun, as a consequence o the forfietur o aw the houdins o [[William Douglas, 8t Yerl o Douglas]] in 1456. Thay wis appropriatit bi [[Mary o Guelders]], the Queen Mither, weedae o King [[James II o Scotland]], an wis subsequent claimt bi [[Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Laird Kennedy]], a hauf-brither tae George Douglas, for his son, [[John Kennedy, 2t Laird Kennedy]]. Thir anes passt tae his son, [[David Kennedy, 1t Yerl o Cassilis]]. Saut wis produce't at Salpans Bay in Leswalt fae 1637. ==Places o interest== ===Pairish kirk=== [[File:Ruins of Leswalt Old Church - geograph.org.uk - 1725611.jpg|thumb|Leswalt Auld Kirk]] The Auld Kirk o Leswalt, noo ruint, is o medieval oreegin, haein been gien tae the monks o [[Tongland Aibey]] in the 14t century. The neebourin Agnew Aisle dates fae the 17t century. In 1828 the praisent kirk wis built an the auld ane abandont.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/60841/details|title=Leswalt Old Parish Church|publisher=[[Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland]]|accessdate=6 September 2013}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Lochnaw Castle=== [[Lochnaw Castle]] wis hame til the Agnew Faimily. The ruins o the Auld Castle staund on an island in Lochnaw Loch, and date til the 13t century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/60402/details/lochnaw+castle/ |title=Old Lochnaw Castle |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |accessdate=6 September 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The praisent castle incorporates a 16t century tour hoose, bit is maistly the upshot o remodelin in the 18t century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/60400/details/old+lochnaw+castle/ |title=Lochnaw Castle |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |accessdate=6 September 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Historical sites=== Rev. George Wilson's ''Archaeological and Historical Collections Relating to Ayrshire and Galloway'' leets forts an Leswalt: * a) Lashindarroch on Knock-na-maize circular fort * b) Twa anes on Port Slogan * c) Larbrax fort wi twa traverses at the Kemp's Walk * d) Salpans Bay fort * e) Heich Auchneel, no on the OS map * f) Aldouran Glenheid fort, cried the Kemps' Graffs * g) Tor o Craigoch circular fort wi ootby defences.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924092901606|title=Archæological and historical collections relating to Ayrshire &amp; Galloway|date=August 12, 1878|publisher=Edinburgh, Printed for the Ayrshire and Galloway archæological association|accessdate=August 12, 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ===Ither sites=== * Labrax fort is an [[Airn Age]] fort that stuid leukin ower Broadsea Bay (Labrax Strand) an Labrax Fort Cove.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapcarta.com/17622932|title=Salt Pans Bay|website=Mapcarta|accessdate=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Description of Ancient Forts, etc. in Wigtownshire by Rev. George Wilson, in Archaeological and historical collections relating to Ayrshire and Galloway|page= 63}}</ref> * Kemp's Walk (likely Labrax Fort, Labrax Strand), Meikle Larbrax,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/60312/kemps-walk-meikle-larbrax|title='Kemp's Walk', Meikle Larbrax &#124; Canmore|website=canmore.org.uk|accessdate=August 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812135328/https://canmore.org.uk/site/60312/kemps-walk-meikle-larbrax|url-status=dead}}</ref> on a lairge promontory. Thare is an ingang (Larbrax Fort Cove) near the eastren side. * An auncient dun leukin ower Kllantringan Bay (Kilringan Bay on 1782 map).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Lighthouse/Killantringan/ |title=Killantringan|work=wwww.nlb.org.uk |access-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318113034/http://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Lighthouse/Killantringan/ |archive-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> * [[Killantringan Lichthoose]] wis built about 1889. The name Killantringan is derived fae "Ringan's (or Ninian's) cell). * An Airn-Age fort stuid leukin ower Salpans Bay. * Heich Auchneel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/60376/high-auchneel|title=High Auchneel &#124; Canmore|website=canmore.org.uk|accessdate=August 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812135317/https://canmore.org.uk/site/60376/high-auchneel|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Sir Andrew Agnew's moniment sits an tap o the Tor o Craigoch, a prehistoric hill fort abuin Leswalt veelage provides a fine view.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB10115|desc=AGNEW MONUMENT|cat=B|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> * The island in Lochnaw (o Loch Naw), a loch that his been soukit an refillt in its lang lifespan, aince haudit an 11t century castle fort, taen an demolisht in 1390 bi [[Archibald Douglas, 3rd Yerl o Douglas]] (Airchibald the Grim) * A mote stuid by the side o Loch Naw. In 1791 Sir Stair Agnew uised its materials tae form a new approach. * [[Galdenoch Castle]], dated 1547, wis the hame o Gilbert Agnew o Lochnaw until 1570. ==Gailerie== <gallery> File:Lochnaw Castle.jpg|[[Lochnaw Castle]] File:Agnew Monument and hill fort - geograph.org.uk - 862618.jpg|Agnew Moniment on Tor o Craigoch hill fort File:Loch Naw - geograph.org.uk - 164292.jpg|Loch Naw or Island o Lochnaw File:Galdenoch Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1708980.jpg|Galdenoch Castle datit 1547 o Gilbert Agnew until 1570 File:Salt Pans Bay - geograph.org.uk - 240917.jpg|Salt Pans Bay, site o an auncient fort. photae bi Jeff Wells File:Site of hill fort, Broadsea Bay - geograph.org.uk - 263082.jpg|Broadsea Bay, site of Larbrax Airn Age hill fort File:Labrax Beach - geograph.org.uk - 1371048.jpg|Larbrax strand, Broadsea Bay, wi a view o Killantringan Lichthoose File:Killantringan or Kilringan Bay, Leswalt.jpg|Killantringan or Kilringan Bay, ablo an auncient Dun </gallery> ==Leetit biggins in Leswalt== * Lochnaw Castle, With Terrace, Gatepiers, Courtyard Walls, Bell, Monument And Pavilion * Lochnaw, Garden House * Lochnaw, Kathleen Cottage And Gatepiers * Lochnaw, Kinsale Tower * Larbrax Schoolhouse And Hall (Former School) * Lochnaw, Noel Lodge * Lochnaw, Old Lochnaw Castle * House Of Knock * Meikle Galdenoch, Farmhouse, With Boundary Walls * Beach Lodge, With Boundary Walls * Craigencross, With Boundary Wall * Lochnaw, Boathouse * Agnew Monument * Galdenoch Castle * Lochnaw, Larbrax Lodge * Old Leswalt Church And Graveyard * Leswalt Parish Church, With Boundary Walls And Gatepiers * Lochnaw, Bridge Over Mill Isle Burn * Lochnaw, Walled Garden * Aldouran Lodge * Galdenoch Mill ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category-inline}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} sli32vx1to3csfh8qky9w392d574p3o 921935 921934 2026-08-23T22:33:19Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Pairish kirk */ fixed reference 921935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Scotland |official_name= Leswalt |map_type= Scotland |coordinates = {{coord|54|55|50|N|5|05|35|W|display=inline,title}} |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Wigtounshire|Wigtoun]] |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfries an Galloway (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Galloway]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Galloway an Wast Dumfries (Scots Parlament constituency)|Galloway an Wast Dumfries]] |post_town= Stranraer |postcode_district = DG9 |postcode_area= DG9 Unkent |dial_code= 01776-Unkent }} [[File:Leswalt Parish Church - geograph.org.uk - 164294.jpg|thumb|Leswalt Pairish Kirk]] '''Leswalt''' is a veelage an ceevil pairish in the historical coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. It lies atween [[Portpaitrick]] and [[Stranrawer]], in the [[Rhins o Gallowa]]. The pairish kivers aboot 8 square miles. ==History== 'Leswalt' is a name o unkent oreegins. Possible derivations for its name include the [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] ''llys gwellt'', meanin "gress court" or mebbe [[Scots Gaelic]] ''lios uillt'', meanin "fort o the glen", referin tae [[Lochnaw Castle]].{{citation needed|date=August 2026}} In the [[Middle Ages]], the aurie wis likely dividen intae feudal baronys, ilk controlt bi a Baron o the Coort, unner the oweraw control o the Shirra o Wigtounshire. In auncient times it belangt tae the monks o [[Tongland Aibey]]. In 1390, [[Archibald Douglas, 3rd Yerl o Douglas]] grantit launds at Leswalt tae his illegeetimate son or kin, William Douglas o Leswalt. William Douglas wis sel-styled "Laird o Leswalt", an Shirra o Wigton, bit wis dimitit bi Margaret, Duchess o Touraine, dochter o Keen [[Robert III o Scotland]] an guidwife o [[Archibald Douglas, 4t Yerl o Douglas]], as a pairt o a pouer struggle in soothwast Scotland. Unner fear he transfert launds at Lochnaw til Andrew Agnew, constable o Lochnaw Castle, receivin [[Cruggleton Castle]] in exchange. Andrew Agnew hid been made hereditary constable o Lochnaw Castle bi William Douglas o Leswalt in 1426.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/registrummagnisi02scot|title=Registrum magni sigilli regum Scotorum : The register of the Great seal of Scotland, A.D. 1306-1668|date=August 12, 1882|publisher=Edinburgh : General register house|accessdate=August 12, 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He received several chairters fae King [[James I o Scotland]], includin ane o 31 Januar 1431, confirmin tae him an his heirs the office o heritable constable o Lochnaw, an the hale launds and "Barony o Lochnaw". In 1451 Andrew Agnew wis confirmt as Hereditary Shirra o Wigtounshire. In 1458 he wis peyed as shirra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/rotuliscaccariir06grea|title=Rotuli scaccarii regum Scotorum = The Exchequer rolls of Scotland|date=August 12, 1878|publisher=Edinburgh : H.M. General Register House|accessdate=August 12, 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In 1463 whan George Douglas o Leswalt (son o William Douglas o Leswalt an Katherine Maxwell) dee'd, the launds o Leswalt and Cruggletoun revertit til the Croun, as a consequence o the forfietur o aw the houdins o [[William Douglas, 8t Yerl o Douglas]] in 1456. Thay wis appropriatit bi [[Mary o Guelders]], the Queen Mither, weedae o King [[James II o Scotland]], an wis subsequent claimt bi [[Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Laird Kennedy]], a hauf-brither tae George Douglas, for his son, [[John Kennedy, 2t Laird Kennedy]]. Thir anes passt tae his son, [[David Kennedy, 1t Yerl o Cassilis]]. Saut wis produce't at Salpans Bay in Leswalt fae 1637. ==Places o interest== ===Pairish kirk=== [[File:Ruins of Leswalt Old Church - geograph.org.uk - 1725611.jpg|thumb|Leswalt Auld Kirk]] The Auld Kirk o Leswalt, noo ruint, is o medieval oreegin, haein been gien tae the monks o [[Tongland Aibey]] in the 14t century. The neebourin Agnew Aisle dates fae the 17t century. In 1828 the praisent kirk wis built an the auld ane abandont.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105100114/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/60841/details/leswalt+old+parish+church+and+burial+ground/|title=Leswalt Old Parish Church|publisher=[[Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland]]|accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref> ===Lochnaw Castle=== [[Lochnaw Castle]] wis hame til the Agnew Faimily. The ruins o the Auld Castle staund on an island in Lochnaw Loch, and date til the 13t century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/60402/details/lochnaw+castle/ |title=Old Lochnaw Castle |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |accessdate=6 September 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The praisent castle incorporates a 16t century tour hoose, bit is maistly the upshot o remodelin in the 18t century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/60400/details/old+lochnaw+castle/ |title=Lochnaw Castle |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |accessdate=6 September 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Historical sites=== Rev. George Wilson's ''Archaeological and Historical Collections Relating to Ayrshire and Galloway'' leets forts an Leswalt: * a) Lashindarroch on Knock-na-maize circular fort * b) Twa anes on Port Slogan * c) Larbrax fort wi twa traverses at the Kemp's Walk * d) Salpans Bay fort * e) Heich Auchneel, no on the OS map * f) Aldouran Glenheid fort, cried the Kemps' Graffs * g) Tor o Craigoch circular fort wi ootby defences.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924092901606|title=Archæological and historical collections relating to Ayrshire &amp; Galloway|date=August 12, 1878|publisher=Edinburgh, Printed for the Ayrshire and Galloway archæological association|accessdate=August 12, 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ===Ither sites=== * Labrax fort is an [[Airn Age]] fort that stuid leukin ower Broadsea Bay (Labrax Strand) an Labrax Fort Cove.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapcarta.com/17622932|title=Salt Pans Bay|website=Mapcarta|accessdate=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Description of Ancient Forts, etc. in Wigtownshire by Rev. George Wilson, in Archaeological and historical collections relating to Ayrshire and Galloway|page= 63}}</ref> * Kemp's Walk (likely Labrax Fort, Labrax Strand), Meikle Larbrax,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/60312/kemps-walk-meikle-larbrax|title='Kemp's Walk', Meikle Larbrax &#124; Canmore|website=canmore.org.uk|accessdate=August 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812135328/https://canmore.org.uk/site/60312/kemps-walk-meikle-larbrax|url-status=dead}}</ref> on a lairge promontory. Thare is an ingang (Larbrax Fort Cove) near the eastren side. * An auncient dun leukin ower Kllantringan Bay (Kilringan Bay on 1782 map).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Lighthouse/Killantringan/ |title=Killantringan|work=wwww.nlb.org.uk |access-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318113034/http://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Lighthouse/Killantringan/ |archive-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> * [[Killantringan Lichthoose]] wis built about 1889. The name Killantringan is derived fae "Ringan's (or Ninian's) cell). * An Airn-Age fort stuid leukin ower Salpans Bay. * Heich Auchneel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/60376/high-auchneel|title=High Auchneel &#124; Canmore|website=canmore.org.uk|accessdate=August 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812135317/https://canmore.org.uk/site/60376/high-auchneel|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Sir Andrew Agnew's moniment sits an tap o the Tor o Craigoch, a prehistoric hill fort abuin Leswalt veelage provides a fine view.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB10115|desc=AGNEW MONUMENT|cat=B|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> * The island in Lochnaw (o Loch Naw), a loch that his been soukit an refillt in its lang lifespan, aince haudit an 11t century castle fort, taen an demolisht in 1390 bi [[Archibald Douglas, 3rd Yerl o Douglas]] (Airchibald the Grim) * A mote stuid by the side o Loch Naw. In 1791 Sir Stair Agnew uised its materials tae form a new approach. * [[Galdenoch Castle]], dated 1547, wis the hame o Gilbert Agnew o Lochnaw until 1570. ==Gailerie== <gallery> File:Lochnaw Castle.jpg|[[Lochnaw Castle]] File:Agnew Monument and hill fort - geograph.org.uk - 862618.jpg|Agnew Moniment on Tor o Craigoch hill fort File:Loch Naw - geograph.org.uk - 164292.jpg|Loch Naw or Island o Lochnaw File:Galdenoch Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1708980.jpg|Galdenoch Castle datit 1547 o Gilbert Agnew until 1570 File:Salt Pans Bay - geograph.org.uk - 240917.jpg|Salt Pans Bay, site o an auncient fort. photae bi Jeff Wells File:Site of hill fort, Broadsea Bay - geograph.org.uk - 263082.jpg|Broadsea Bay, site of Larbrax Airn Age hill fort File:Labrax Beach - geograph.org.uk - 1371048.jpg|Larbrax strand, Broadsea Bay, wi a view o Killantringan Lichthoose File:Killantringan or Kilringan Bay, Leswalt.jpg|Killantringan or Kilringan Bay, ablo an auncient Dun </gallery> ==Leetit biggins in Leswalt== * Lochnaw Castle, With Terrace, Gatepiers, Courtyard Walls, Bell, Monument And Pavilion * Lochnaw, Garden House * Lochnaw, Kathleen Cottage And Gatepiers * Lochnaw, Kinsale Tower * Larbrax Schoolhouse And Hall (Former School) * Lochnaw, Noel Lodge * Lochnaw, Old Lochnaw Castle * House Of Knock * Meikle Galdenoch, Farmhouse, With Boundary Walls * Beach Lodge, With Boundary Walls * Craigencross, With Boundary Wall * Lochnaw, Boathouse * Agnew Monument * Galdenoch Castle * Lochnaw, Larbrax Lodge * Old Leswalt Church And Graveyard * Leswalt Parish Church, With Boundary Walls And Gatepiers * Lochnaw, Bridge Over Mill Isle Burn * Lochnaw, Walled Garden * Aldouran Lodge * Galdenoch Mill ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category-inline}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} 5f72lph3fb7qjwruyn2qrqzn2800yqw 2 228642 921914 921195 2026-08-23T12:43:35Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 921914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?article ?P31 ?P31Label where { hint:Query hint:optimizer "None". SERVICE wikibase:mwapi { bd:serviceParam wikibase:endpoint "sco.wikipedia.org"; wikibase:api "Generator"; mwapi:generator "categorymembers"; mwapi:gcmtitle "Category:Pages that wis written by a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid" ; # specifically here mwapi:gcmprop "ids|title|type"; mwapi:gcmlimit "max". # out ?article wikibase:apiOutput mwapi:title. # en-wikipedia article / category name ?item wikibase:apiOutputItem mwapi:item. # wikidata QId for the article } filter(bound(?item)) optional {?item wdt:P31 ?P31 . } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en". } } |columns=?item,?itemLabel,?article,?P31,?P31Label |section=131 |min_section=3 |sort=label |links=text |thumb=128 |autolist=fallback |summary=itemnumber |wdedit=yes }} == Aiberdeenshire == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1382485' | [[Auld Deer]] | Old Deer | Auld Deer | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1017537' | [[Innerurie]] | Inverurie | Innerurie | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q7296039' | [[Rattra, Aiberdeenshire|Rattra]] | Rattray | Rattra, Aiberdeenshire | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q7337163' | [[River Bogie]] | River Bogie | River Bogie | [[river]]<br/>burn | river<br/>stream |- class='wd_q7337341' | [[River Deveron|River Deeveron]] | River Deveron | River Deveron | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q387736' | [[River Don|River Don, Aiberdeenshire]] | River Don | River Don | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q2473946' | [[River Ugie]] | River Ugie | River Ugie | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q432066' | [[River Ury]] | River Urie | River Ury | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q2601506' | [[River Ythan]] | River Ythan | River Ythan | [[river]] | river |} == Azerbaijan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q269680' | [[Astara Rayon]] | Astara District | Astara Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q457513' | [[Kalbajar Rayon]] | Kalbajar District | Kalbajar Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q688626' | [[Lerik Rayon]] | Lerik District | Lerik Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q593872' | [[Qabala Rayon]] | Qabala District | Qabala Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |} == Bangkok == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q534226' | [[Bang Bon Destrict]] | Bang Bon | Bang Bon Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806445' | [[Bang Kapi Destrict]] | Bang Kapi | Bang Kapi Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806443' | [[Bang Khen Destrict]] | Bang Khen | Bang Khen Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806446' | [[Bang Kho Laem Destrict]] | Bang Kho Laem | Bang Kho Laem Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806448' | [[Bang Na Destrict]] | Bang Na | Bang Na Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1001823' | [[Bueng Kum Destrict]] | Bueng Kum | Bueng Kum Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019598' | [[Chom Thong Destrict, Bangkok|Chom Thong Destrict]] | Chom Thong | Chom Thong Destrict, Bangkok | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1975222' | [[Huai Khwang Destrict]] | Huai Khwang | Huai Khwang Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019432' | [[Khan Na Yao Destrict]] | Khan Na Yao | Khan Na Yao Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1740651' | [[Khlong Sam Wa Destrict]] | Khlong Sam Wa | Khlong Sam Wa Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1403340' | [[Khlong Toei Destrict]] | Khlong Toei | Khlong Toei Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1008352' | [[Lak Si Destrict]] | Lak Si | Lak Si Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q999094' | [[Lat Phrao Destrict]] | Lat Phrao | Lat Phrao Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1936178' | [[Min Buri Destrict]] | Min Buri | Min Buri Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1839285' | [[Nong Chok Destrict]] | Nong Chok | Nong Chok Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q473316' | [[Phra Khanong Destrict]] | Phra Khanong | Phra Khanong Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019626' | [[Prawet Destrict]] | Prawet | Prawet Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019633' | [[Rat Burana Destrict]] | Rat Burana | Rat Burana Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1025969' | [[Sai Mai Destrict]] | Sai Mai | Sai Mai Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019420' | [[Saphan Sung Destrict]] | Saphan Sung | Saphan Sung Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019611' | [[Suan Luang Destrict]] | Suan Luang | Suan Luang Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1972732' | [[Thung Khru Destrict]] | Thung Khru | Thung Khru Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019651' | [[Yan Nawa Destrict]] | Yan Nawa | Yan Nawa Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |} == Californie == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q104994' | [[Los Angeles Coonty]] | Los Angeles County | Los Angeles Coonty | charter county of California | charter county of California |- class='wd_q5925' | [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange Coonty]] | Orange County | Orange Coonty, Californie | charter county of California | charter county of California |- class='wd_q62' | [[San Francisco]] | San Francisco | San Francisco | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>sanctuary city<br/>charter ceety an coonty (Californie) | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>sanctuary city<br/>charter city and county |} == Ceety o Edinburgh == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q4979466' | [[Brunstane]] | Brunstane | Brunstane | suburb | suburb |- class='wd_q5211552' | [[Dalmeny]] | Dalmeny | Dalmeny | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1633842' | [[Naitional Museum o Scotland]] | National Museum of Scotland | Naitional Museum o Scotland | museum | museum |- class='wd_q1547466' | [[St Giles' Cathedral]] | St Giles' Cathedral | St Giles' Cathedral | [[cathedral]] | cathedral |- class='wd_q8038444' | [[Writers' Museum]] | Writers' Museum | Writers' Museum | museum<br/>local authority museum | museum<br/>local authority museum |} == Central District == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q331078' | [[Amol]] | Amol | Amol | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q158928' | [[Bushehr]] | Bushehr | Bushehr | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q180078' | [[Kermanshah]] | Kermanshah | Kermanshah | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q170573' | [[Qom]] | Qom | Qom | city of Iran | city of Iran |} == Dumfries an Gallowa == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q606739' | [[Clan Agnew]] | Clan Agnew | Clan Agnew | [[Faimily|faimlie]]<br/>[[Scots clan]] | family<br/>Scottish clan |- class='wd_q652035' | [[Dumfries]] | Dumfries | Dumfries | [[toun]]<br/>large burgh | town<br/>large burgh |- class='wd_q16893264' | [[Kenmure Castle]] | Kenmure Castle | Kenmure Castle | [[castle]] | castle |- class='wd_q1853868' | [[Mull o Gallowa]] | Mull of Galloway | Mull o Gallowa | headland | headland |- class='wd_q24639097' | [[Polharrow Burn]] | Polharrow Burn | Polharrow Burn | burn | stream |- class='wd_q7333403' | [[Rigg railwey station]] | Rigg railway station | Rigg railwey station | railway station | railway station |- class='wd_q7587694' | [[St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.]] | St. Cuthbert Wanderers F.C. | St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q67184386' | [[St Martin an' St Ninian Catholic Church, Whithorn, Wigtownshire]] | St Martin and St Ninian Catholic Church | St Martin an' St Ninian Catholic Church, Whithorn, Wigtownshire | [[kirk]] | church building |- class='wd_q2445404' | [[Whithorn Priory]] | Whithorn Priory | Whithorn Priory | priory | priory |} == Fife == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1016877' | [[Buckhyne|Buckhynde]] | Buckhaven | Buckhyne | [[toun]] | town |- class='wd_q937842' | [[Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews]] | The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews | Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews | golf club | golf club |- class='wd_q1011984' | [[Stramiglae]] | Strathmiglo | Stramiglae | [[veelage]] | village |} == Glasgow City == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q13495014' | [[Crosshill|Croashull]] | Crosshill | Crosshill | destrict | district |- class='wd_q1966112' | [[Cruixtoun Castle]] | Crookston Castle | Cruixtoun Castle | tower house<br/>archaeological site<br/>ringwork castle | tower house<br/>archaeological site<br/>ringwork castle |- class='wd_q506290' | [[Glesga Subway]] | Glasgow Subway | Glesga Subway | [[Rapid transit|subterranean rapid transit]] | rapid transit |- class='wd_q5600557' | [[Greater Glesga]] | Greater Glasgow | Greater Glesga | [[Urban area|urban aurie]] | urban area |- class='wd_q183161' | [[River Kelvin|Kelvin]] | River Kelvin | River Kelvin | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q3446028' | [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]] | Royal Conservatoire of Scotland | Royal Conservatoire of Scotland | nan-profit organisation<br/>college or varsity schuil o muisic<br/>open-access publisher | nonprofit organization<br/>conservatory<br/>open-access publisher |- class='wd_q7592311' | [[St Aloysius' College, Glesga]] | St Aloysius' College | St Aloysius' College, Glesga | seicontary schuil<br/>nan-profit organisation<br/>Catholic school | secondary school<br/>nonprofit organization<br/>Catholic school |- class='wd_q233283' | [[West Highland Line]] | West Highland Line | West Highland Line | railway line | railway line |} == Hieland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q2423015' | [[Argye]] | Ardgay | Argye | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q1016920' | [[Dornach]] | Dornoch | Dornach | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q2464541' | [[Dunbeath]] | Dunbeath | Dunbeath | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q1232135' | [[Far North Line]] | Far North Line | Far North Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q1426707' | [[Fort George, Hieland|Fort George]] | Fort George | Fort George, Hieland | barracks<br/>fort<br/>military museum | barracks<br/>fort<br/>military museum |- class='wd_q260405' | [[Glenelg]] | Glenelg | Glenelg | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q403657' | [[Great Glen]] | Great Glen | Great Glen | valley | valley |- class='wd_q160493' | [[Innerness]] | Inverness | Innerness | [[ceety]]<br/>large burgh | city<br/>large burgh |- class='wd_q939913' | [[Kyle o Lochalsh]] | Kyle of Lochalsh | Kyle o Lochalsh | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q586470' | [[Kyle of Lochalsh line]] | Kyle of Lochalsh Line | Kyle of Lochalsh line | railway line<br/>ELR railway line section | railway line<br/>ELR railway line section |- class='wd_q1018747' | [[Lochinver]] | Lochinver | Lochinver | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q3440681' | [[River Beauly]] | River Beauly | River Beauly | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7337648' | [[River Nairn]] | River Nairn | River Nairn | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q679476' | [[Scraibster]] | Scrabster | Scraibster | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q944987' | [[Shieldaig]] | Shieldaig | Shieldaig | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q19720' | [[River Spey|Spey]] | River Spey | River Spey | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q987766' | [[The Groats]] | John o' Groats | The Groats | human settlement | human settlement |} == Japan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q127864' | [[Chūgoku region]] | Chūgoku region | Chūgoku region | region of Japan<br/>stateestical region | region of Japan<br/>statistical territorial entity |- class='wd_q48326' | [[Iwate Prefectur]] | Iwate Prefecture | Iwate Prefectur | [[prefecturs o Japan]] | prefecture of Japan |- class='wd_q160420' | [[Saga Prefectur]] | Saga Prefecture | Saga Prefectur | [[prefecturs o Japan]] | prefecture of Japan |} == Jeollabuk-do == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q50246' | [[Buan]] | Buan County | Buan | coonty o Sooth Korea | county of South Korea |- class='wd_q42074' | [[Gunsan]] | Gunsan | Gunsan | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of South Korea | big city<br/>city of South Korea |- class='wd_q50242' | [[Muju]] | Muju County | Muju | coonty o Sooth Korea | county of South Korea |} == Manhattan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q6523155' | [[Malcolm X Boulevard]] | Malcolm X Boulevard | Malcolm X Boulevard | street<br/>north-south avenue in Manhattan | street<br/>north-south avenue in Manhattan |- class='wd_q11690' | [[Wall Street]] | Wall Street | Wall Street | street | street |- class='wd_q11235' | [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] | World Trade Center | World Trade Center (1973–2001) | building complex<br/>destroyed building or structure | building complex<br/>destroyed building or structure |} == Maricopa County == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q51686' | [[Peoria, Arizona|Peoria]] | Peoria | Peoria, Arizona | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q16556' | [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] | Phoenix | Phoenix, Arizona | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city in Arizona | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city in Arizona |- class='wd_q51685' | [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] | Tempe | Tempe, Arizona | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |} == Montgomery County == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q328941' | [[Clarksville, Tennessee|Clarksville]] | Clarksville | Clarksville, Tennessee | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q755844' | [[Potomac, Maryland|Potomac]] | Potomac | Potomac, Maryland | [[census-designated place]]<br/>unincorporatit commonty | census-designated place in the United States<br/>unincorporated community |- class='wd_q754646' | [[South Kensington, Maryland|South Kensington]] | South Kensington | South Kensington, Maryland | [[census-designated place]] | census-designated place in the United States |} == Moray == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1013606' | [[Burgheid]] | Burghead | Burgheid | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q5015800' | [[Cabrach]] | Cabrach | Cabrach | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q1969309' | [[Cullen, Moray|Cullen]] | Cullen | Cullen, Moray | [[veelage]]<br/>small burgh | village<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q8313107' | [[River Aan]] | River Avon | River Aan | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7337598' | [[River Lossie]] | River Lossie | River Lossie | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7231712' | [[The Sloch]] | Portessie | The Sloch | [[veelage]] | village |} == New York Ceety == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q18419' | [[Brooklyn]] | Brooklyn | Brooklyn | borough o New York Ceety | borough of New York City |- class='wd_q18424' | [[Queens]] | Queens | Queens | borough o New York Ceety<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | borough of New York City<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q18426' | [[The Bronx]] | The Bronx | The Bronx | borough o New York Ceety<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | borough of New York City<br/>consolidated city-county |} == Perth an Kinross == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q5604307' | [[Greenloanin]] | Greenloaning | Greenloanin | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1773123' | [[Rannoch Muir]] | Rannoch Moor | Rannoch Muir | territory | territory |- class='wd_q1277544' | [[River Earn]] | River Earn | River Earn | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q1259288' | [[River Tummel]] | River Tummel | River Tummel | [[river]] | river |} == Roushie == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q7730' | [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] | Jewish Autonomous Oblast | Jewish Autonomous Oblast | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>[[Autonomous oblasts o Roushie]] | federal subject of Russia<br/>autonomous oblast of Russia |- class='wd_q649' | [[Moscow]] | Moscow | Moscow | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[Federal ceeties o Roushie]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>caipital o Roushie<br/>city or town<br/>largest city | federal subject of Russia<br/>megacity<br/>federal city of Russia<br/>big city<br/>capital of Russia<br/>city or town<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q6605' | [[Sakha Republic]] | Sakha | Sakha Republic | [[Republics o Roushie]]<br/>[[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]] | republic of Russia<br/>federal subject of Russia |} == Scotland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q806432' | [[Banffshire]] | Banffshire | Banffshire | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]]<br/>[[Scots coonties]]<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom | lieutenancy area of Scotland<br/>shire of Scotland<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q627381' | [[Bank o Scotland|Bank of Scotland]] | Bank of Scotland | Bank o Scotland | [[bank]]<br/>private central bank | bank<br/>private central bank |- class='wd_q5566918' | [[Glasgow South Western Line]] | Glasgow South Western Line | Glasgow South Western Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q2269514' | [[Gàidhealtachd]] | Gàidhealtachd | Gàidhealtachd | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q17582096' | [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] | Kirkcudbrightshire | Kirkcoubrieshire | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]]<br/>[[Scots coonties]]<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom | lieutenancy area of Scotland<br/>shire of Scotland<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q3007259' | [[Scots cultur]] | culture of Scotland | Scots cultur | culture of an area | culture of an area |} == Shetland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q4936401' | [[Boddam, Shetland|Boddam]] | Boddam | Boddam, Shetland | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q4979619' | [[Bruray]] | Bruray | Bruray | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q1422297' | [[Ootsta|Out Stack]] | Out Stack | Ootsta | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q1014090' | [[Scallowa]] | Scalloway | Scallowa | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q782412' | [[Sullom Voe]] | Sullom Voe | Sullom Voe | inlet | inlet |} == Sooth Ayrshire == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q28970907' | [[Girvan Old railwey station]] | Girvan Old railway station | Girvan Old railwey station | railway station | railway station |- class='wd_q17265639' | [[Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan Catholic Church]] | Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan | Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan Catholic Church | [[kirk]] | church building |- class='wd_q7337828' | [[River Stinchar]] | River Stinchar | River Stinchar | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7973560' | [[Watter o Girvan]] | Water of Girvan | Watter o Girvan | [[river]] | river |} == Unitit States == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q173' | [[Alabama]] | Alabama | Alabama | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |- class='wd_q1384' | [[New York]] | New York | New York | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |- class='wd_q1183' | [[Puerto Rico]] | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico | Insular aurie<br/>commonwealth<br/>unincorporatit territory o the Unitit States<br/>poleetical diveesion<br/>territory o the Unitit States<br/>cultural region<br/>Provincial deputation in Spanish America | insular area of the United States<br/>commonwealth<br/>unincorporated territory of the United States<br/>political territorial entity<br/>territory of the United States<br/>cultural region<br/>Provincial deputation in Spanish America |- class='wd_q1456' | [[Sooth Carolina]] | South Carolina | Sooth Carolina | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |} == Washington, D.C. == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q5303341' | [[Downtown, Washington, D.C.|Downtown]] | Downtown Washington | Downtown, Washington, D.C. | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood of Washington, D.C. | neighborhood<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood of Washington, D.C. |- class='wd_q1468648' | [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]] | Georgetown | Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) | neighborhood of Washington, D.C. | neighborhood of Washington, D.C. |- class='wd_q8033060' | [[Woodley Park]] | Woodley Park | Woodley Park | neighborhood of Washington, D.C.<br/>historic district | neighborhood of Washington, D.C.<br/>historic district |} == Wast Lowden == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q810794' | [[Bathket]] | Bathgate | Bathket | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q1016707' | [[Blackburn, Wast Lowden|Blackburn]] | Blackburn | Blackburn, Wast Lowden | [[toun]] | town |- class='wd_q1009114' | [[Fauldhoose]] | Fauldhouse | Fauldhoose | [[veelage]] | village |} == Île-de-France == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q12543' | [[Hauts-de-Seine]] | Hauts-de-Seine | Hauts-de-Seine | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12753' | [[Seine-et-Marne]] | Seine-et-Marne | Seine-et-Marne | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12761' | [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] | Seine-Saint-Denis | Seine-Saint-Denis | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12784' | [[Val-d'Oise]] | Val-d'Oise | Val-d'Oise | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |} == Misc == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q8466' | [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]] | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | nan-profit organisation<br/>association fitbaa club | nonprofit organization<br/>association football club |- class='wd_q7584' | [[1832]] | 1832 | 1832 | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q2083' | [[1914]] | 1914 | 1914 | common year starting and ending on Thursday<br/>calendar year | common year starting and ending on Thursday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q1769170' | [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] | 1985 World Snooker Championship | 1985 Warld Snooker Championship | snooker tournament | snooker tournament |- class='wd_q1990' | [[2012]] | 2012 | 2012 | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q9177257' | [[2013 Warld Snooker Championship]] | 2013 World Snooker Championship | 2013 Warld Snooker Championship | world championship<br/>snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | world championship<br/>snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q79859' | [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] | 2014 FIFA World Cup | 2014 FIFA Warld Cup | sports season | sports season |- class='wd_q23365300' | [[2016 Brussels bombins]] | 2016 Brussels bombings | 2016 Brussels bombins | [[mass murther]]<br/>terrorist attack<br/>suicide bombing | mass murder<br/>terrorist attack<br/>suicide bombing |- class='wd_q65069964' | [[2019 Champion o Champions]] | 2019 Champion of Champions | 2019 Champion o Champions | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q64341987' | [[2019 Riga Masters]] | 2019 Riga Masters | 2019 Riga Masters | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q60796047' | [[2019 UK Championship]] | 2019 UK Championship | 2019 UK Championship | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q66424302' | [[2019 Warld Open]] | 2019 World Open | 2019 Warld Open | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q98073118' | [[2020 Beirut explosions]] | 2020 Beirut explosions | 2020 Beirut explosions | explosion<br/>industrial fire<br/>industrial disaster | explosion<br/>industrial fire<br/>industrial disaster |- class='wd_q67123915' | [[2020 Breetish Grand Prix]] | 2020 British Grand Prix | 2020 Breetish Grand Prix | recurring sporting event edition | recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q95150550' | [[2020 Championship League]] | 2020 Championship League | 2020 Championship League | snooker tournament | snooker tournament |- class='wd_q60774824' | [[2020 Masters (snooker)]] | 2020 Masters | 2020 Masters (snooker) | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q67123908' | [[2020 Spaingie Grand Prix]] | 2020 Spanish Grand Prix | 2020 Spaingie Grand Prix | sports season<br/>postponed sports event due to the coronavirus pandemic | sports season<br/>postponed sports event due to the coronavirus pandemic |- class='wd_q22923830' | [[2020 Unitit States presidential election]] | 2020 United States presidential election | 2020 Unitit States presidential election | Unitit States presidential election | United States presidential election |- class='wd_q106086340' | [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League]] | 2022–23 UEFA Champions League | 2022–23 UEFA Champions League | edition of the UEFA Champions League | edition of the UEFA Champions League |- class='wd_q2705' | [[24 December]] | December 24 | 24 December | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2820' | [[26 August]] | August 26 | 26 August | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2931' | [[3 October]] | October 3 | 3 October | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2622' | [[5 Juin]] | June 5 | 5 Juin | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q638903' | [[5 October 1910 revolution]] | 5 October 1910 revolution | 5 October 1910 revolution | [[coup d'état]] | coup d'état |- class='wd_q96088886' | [[70t Anniversary Grand Prix]] | 70th Anniversary Grand Prix | 70t Anniversary Grand Prix | Formula One Grand Prix<br/>recurring sporting event edition | Formula One Grand Prix<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q278872' | [[A. L. Kennedy]] | A. L. Kennedy | A. L. Kennedy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9513' | [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170315' | [[Abbottabad]] | Abbottabad | Abbottabad | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>union council of Pakistan | city<br/>big city<br/>union council of Pakistan |- class='wd_q5111' | [[Abkhaz leid]] | Abkhaz | Abkhaz leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q273866' | [[Abolhassan Banisadr]] | Abolhassan Banisadr | Abolhassan Banisadr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q215833' | [[Abraham Joshua Heschel]] | Abraham Joshua Heschel | Abraham Joshua Heschel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q23357' | [[Abraham Maslow]] | Abraham Maslow | Abraham Maslow | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2821724' | [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q289168' | [[AC Cobra]] | AC Cobra | AC Cobra | car model | car model |- class='wd_q193481' | [[AC Sparta Prague]] | AC Sparta Prague | AC Sparta Prague | association fitbaa club<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | association football club<br/>business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q130955' | [[Acanthodii]] | Acanthodii | Acanthodii | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q25507' | [[Accept]] | Accept | Accept | muisic baund<br/>heavy metal band | musical group<br/>heavy metal band |- class='wd_q638202' | [[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare]] | Accuracy International Arctic Warfare | Accuracy International Arctic Warfare | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q158785' | [[Acer campestre]] | Q158785 | Acer campestre | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156944' | [[Acer pseudoplatanus]] | Q156944 | Acer pseudoplatanus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q481907' | [[Acinonyx]] | Acinonyx | Acinonyx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38545' | [[Adana]] | Adana | Adana | [[ceety]]<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey<br/>large city | city<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey<br/>large city |- class='wd_q190154' | [[addax]] | Addax nasomaculatus | Addax | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q877127' | [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Myanmar|Admeenistrative diveesions o Burma]] | administrative territorial entity of Republic of the Union of Myanmar | Admeenistrative diveesions o Myanmar | | |- class='wd_q203323' | [[admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine]] | administrative territorial entity of Ukraine | Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine | | |- class='wd_q378988' | [[Adult contemporary|adult contemporar muisic]] | adult contemporary music | Adult contemporary | [[muisic genre]]<br/>radio format | music genre<br/>radio format |- class='wd_q379393' | [[Advanced bylin watter reactor]] | advanced boiling water reactor | Advanced bylin watter reactor | | |- class='wd_q379573' | [[Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor]] | advanced gas-cooled reactor | Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor | | |- class='wd_q53093' | [[Adventure Time]] | Adventure Time | Adventure Time | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q21197880' | [[Adventures in Babysitting (2016 film)]] | Adventures in Babysitting | Adventures in Babysitting (2016 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q49085' | [[African Americans|African American]] | African Americans | African Americans | [[ethnic group]]<br/>ethnic community<br/>ethnic group by residency | ethnic group<br/>ethnic community<br/>ethnic group by residency |- class='wd_q160042' | [[African buffalo]] | African buffalo | African buffalo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36557' | [[African bush elephant]] | African bush elephant | African bush elephant | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192231' | [[African gowden cat]] | Profelis aurata | African gowden cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q328082' | [[Afrosoricida]] | Afrosoricida | Afrosoricida | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27399' | [[Afrotheria]] | Afrotheria | Afrotheria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2059513' | [[Agarak (clachan), Syunik|Agarak (veelage)]] | Agarak (village) | Agarak (clachan), Syunik | village in Armenia | village in Armenia |- class='wd_q390456' | [[Agaricus]] | Agaricus | Agaricus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q234529' | [[Agaricus campestris]] | Agaricus campestris | Agaricus campestris | [[taxon]]<br/>edible mushroom | taxon<br/>edible mushroom |- class='wd_q327538' | [[age o consent]] | age of consent | Age o consent | | |- class='wd_q133808' | [[Agustín de Iturbide]] | Agustín I of Mexico | Agustín de Iturbide | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46798' | [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] | Ahmed Shahe Durrani | Ahmad Shah Durrani | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2715844' | [[aikraw]] | Lobaria scrobiculata | Aikraw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4697039' | [[Aileen Paterson]] | Aileen Paterson | Aileen Paterson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q264849' | [[Aileen Wuornos]] | Aileen Wuornos | Aileen Wuornos | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6475' | [[Airbus A320 faimily]] | Airbus A320 family | Airbus A320 faimily | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6478' | [[Airbus A330]] | Airbus A330 | Airbus A330 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q23498' | [[airchaeology]] | archaeology | Airchaeology | academic major<br/>academic discipline | academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q1063287' | [[Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie]] | Saudi Arabian Armed Forces | Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie | armed forces | armed forces |- class='wd_q47059' | [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] | Aishwarya Rai | Aishwarya Rai Bachchan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q169527' | [[Ajax]] | Ajax | Ajax | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q506658' | [[Ajloun Govrenorate]] | Ajloun Governorate | Ajloun Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Jordan]] | governorate of Jordan |- class='wd_q472753' | [[Akhal-Teke]] | Akhal-Teke | Akhal-Teke | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q1872285' | [[Akita]] | Akita | Akita | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q485056' | [[Akmola Region|Akmola Province]] | Akmola Region | Akmola Region | [[Regions o Kazakhstan]] | region of Kazakhstan |- class='wd_q1046645' | [[Al Asimah Govrenorate (Kuwait)|Al Asimah Govrenorate]] | Capital Governorate | Al Asimah Govrenorate (Kuwait) | [[govrenorates o Kuwait]] | governorate of Kuwait |- class='wd_q32841' | [[Al Jabal al Akhdar Destrict]] | Jabal al Akhdar | Al Jabal al Akhdar Destrict | [[Destricts o Libie]] | district of Libya |- class='wd_q559599' | [[Al Stewart]] | Al Stewart | Al Stewart | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12192963' | [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] | Al-Aqsa Mosque | Al-Aqsa Mosque | [[mosque]]<br/>musalla<br/>congregational mosque<br/>sacred place | mosque<br/>musalla<br/>congregational mosque<br/>sacred place |- class='wd_q311336' | [[Al-Awja]] | Al-Awja | Al-Awja | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q34490' | [[Al-Qaeda]] | Al-Qaeda | Al-Qaeda | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization |- class='wd_q575774' | [[Al-Safira]] | Al-Safira | Al-Safira | [[ceety]]<br/>[[veelage]]<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>village<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q215518' | [[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]] | Aladdin | Aladdin (1992 Disney film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q4707841' | [[Alan Stewart o Darnley]] | Alan Stewart of Darnley | Alan Stewart o Darnley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q209496' | [[Alawites]] | Alawites | Alawites | sect<br/>religious group | sect<br/>religious group |- class='wd_q937' | [[Albert Einstein]] | Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q35517' | [[Alces alces]] | moose | Alces alces | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205972' | [[alcohol intoxication]] | alcohol intoxication | Alcohol intoxication | | |- class='wd_q156' | [[Alcohol|alcohols]] | alcohols | Alcohol | structural class of chemical entities | structural class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q3610674' | [[Alex Gray]] | Alex Gray | Alex Gray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37064' | [[Alexander Fleming]] | Alexander Fleming | Alexander Fleming | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34286' | [[Alexander Graham Bell]] | Q34286 | Alexander Graham Bell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q207384' | [[Alexander I o Yugoslavie]] | Alexander I of Yugoslavia | Alexander I o Yugoslavie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4302000' | [[Alexander Montgomerie]] | Alexander Montgomerie | Alexander Montgomerie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q620732' | [[Alexander Tarasov]] | Alexander Tarasov | Alexander Tarasov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q38337' | [[Alexandre Dumas]] | Alexandre Dumas | Alexandre Dumas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188128' | [[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]] | Alexei Abrikosov | Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q183372' | [[Alfred North Whitehead]] | Alfred North Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4723711' | [[Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Guayas|Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno]] | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Guayas | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q2466508' | [[Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton]] | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton | canton of Ecuador | canton of Ecuador |- class='wd_q2090350' | [[Ali Dilem]] | Ali Dilem | Ali Dilem | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q468523' | [[Ali Smith]] | Ali Smith | Ali Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q257106' | [[alicreesh]] | liquorice | Alicreesh | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4727053' | [[Alison Cockburn]] | Alison Cockburn | Alison Cockburn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19563' | [[Alkaline yird metal]] | alkaline earth metal | Alkaline yird metal | group<br/>main group | group<br/>main group |- class='wd_q162442' | [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] | Prayagraj | Prayagraj | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q81564' | [[alpaca]] | alpaca | Alpaca | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58430' | [[Alternator]] | alternator | Alternator | | |- class='wd_q663' | [[Alumeenium|aluminium]] | aluminium | Alumeenium | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>lithophile element | chemical element<br/>lithophile element |- class='wd_q11081' | [[Alzheimer's tribble|Alzheimer's disease]] | Alzheimer's disease | Alzheimer's tribble | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q80563' | [[Amalfi]] | Amalfi | Amalfi | comune o Italy | comune of Italy |- class='wd_q454135' | [[Amanda Sandrelli]] | Amanda Sandrelli | Amanda Sandrelli | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213938' | [[Amanita]] | Amanita | Amanita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q574014' | [[Amaro Pargo]] | Amaro Rodríguez Felipe | Amaro Pargo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10732549' | [[Amealco de Bonfil]] | Amealco de Bonfil Municipality | Amealco de Bonfil | [[Municipalities o Mexico]] | municipality of Mexico |- class='wd_q82728' | [[American bison]] | American bison | American bison | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q122783' | [[American black beir]] | American black bear | American black beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q228002' | [[Ammonoidea]] | Q228002 | Ammonoidea | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q161568' | [[Ammophila arenaria]] | Ammophila arenaria | Ammophila arenaria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48403' | [[Amritsar]] | Amritsar | Amritsar | [[metropolis]] | metropolis |- class='wd_q36216' | [[An Nawfaliyah]] | Nofaliya | An Nawfaliyah | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q161153' | [[Anacamptis morio]] | Anacamptis morio | Anacamptis morio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q214264' | [[Anas]] | Anas | Anas | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q489798' | [[Andalusie horse]] | Andalusian horse | Andalusie horse | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q170598' | [[Andean condor]] | Andean Condor | Andean condor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4756563' | [[Andrew Carruthers]] | Andrew Carruthers | Andrew Carruthers | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q60969158' | [[Halloween Howls|Andrew Gold's Halloween Howls – Fun & Scary Music]] | Andrew Gold's Halloween Howls – Fun & Scary Music | Halloween Howls | [[album]] | album |- class='wd_q472725' | [[Andrew Moray]] | Andrew Moray | Andrew Moray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q153330' | [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]] | Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor | Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q506425' | [[Andrew Murray (Scots sodger)|Andrew Murray]] | Sir Andrew Murray | Andrew Murray (Scots sodger) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q318508' | [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] | Q318508 | Andrés Manuel López Obrador | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10125' | [[Andy Murray]] | Andy Murray | Andy Murray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4761361' | [[Andy Stewart (muisicker)|Andy Stewart]] | Andy Stewart | Andy Stewart (muisicker) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q769218' | [[Ang Mey]] | Ang Mey | Ang Mey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34351359' | [[Angela Haggerty]] | Angela Haggerty | Angela Haggerty | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q219666' | [[Angelica]] | Angelica | Angelica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23893984' | [[Angelique Rockas]] | Angelique Rockas | Angelique Rockas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q916' | [[Angola|Angolae]] | Angola | Angola | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q128685' | [[Eel|Anguilliformes]] | Anguilliformes | Eel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q355392' | [[Angus Macfadyen]] | Angus Macfadyen | Angus Macfadyen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q729' | [[Animals|animal]] | animal | Animals | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>first-order class | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>first-order class |- class='wd_q180439' | [[Ankh]] | ankh | Ankh | hieroglyph<br/>crosses in heraldry | hieroglyph<br/>crosses in heraldry |- class='wd_q25522' | [[Annelid]] | Annelida | Annelid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2851506' | [[Annette Crosbie]] | Annette Crosbie | Annette Crosbie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3736616' | [[Annobón Province]] | Annobón Province | Annobón Province | [[Provinces o Equatorial Guinea]] | province of Equatorial Guinea |- class='wd_q37395' | [[Anomalocaris]] | Anomalocaris | Anomalocaris | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q573246' | [[Anthony Fauci]] | Anthony Fauci | Anthony Fauci | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192718' | [[Anthony James Leggett]] | Anthony James Leggett | Anthony James Leggett | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q143313' | [[Anthus trivialis]] | Anthus trivialis | Anthus trivialis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5685' | [[Anton Chekhov]] | Anton Chekhov | Anton Chekhov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1429' | [[Antoninus Pius]] | Antoninus Pius | Antoninus Pius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4351768' | [[Antti Puhakka]] | Antti Puhakka | Antti Puhakka | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q497' | [[anus]] | anus | Anus | class of anatomical entity | class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q615767' | [[Aokigahara]] | Aokigahara | Aokigahara | [[forest]] | forest |- class='wd_q173756' | [[Apocynaceae]] | Apocynaceae | Apocynaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25950' | [[Apodiformes]] | Apodiformes | Apodiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148929' | [[Aquilegia vulgaris]] | columbine | Aquilegia vulgaris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48227' | [[Araceae]] | Araceae | Araceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2356261' | [[Aram Asatryan]] | Aram Asatryan | Aram Asatryan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12084' | [[Araneomorphae]] | Q12084 | Araneomorphae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q82738' | [[Arctic tod]] | Arctic fox | Arctic tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15043775' | [[Arctiidae]] | Arctiidae | Arctiidae | [[taxon]]<br/>synonym | taxon<br/>synonym |- class='wd_q414' | [[Argenteinie]] | Argentina | Argenteinie | [[kintra]]<br/>nation<br/>sovereign state<br/>confessional state<br/>country sometimes considered transcontinental | country<br/>nation<br/>sovereign state<br/>confessional state<br/>country sometimes considered transcontinental |- class='wd_q496548' | [[Argentine Fitbaw Association|Argentine Fitbaa Association]] | Argentine Football Association | Argentine Fitbaw Association | nan-profit organisation<br/>association football federation<br/>national sports governing body | nonprofit organization<br/>association football federation<br/>national sports governing body |- class='wd_q4792148' | [[Arlene Foster]] | Arlene Foster | Arlene Foster | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q15771' | [[Armavir, Armenie|Armavir]] | Armavir | Armavir, Armenie | city or town in Armenia | city or town in Armenia |- class='wd_q68880' | [[Arminius]] | Arminius | Arminius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q77078' | [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] | Arnold Sommerfeld | Arnold Sommerfeld | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q258528' | [[Arsames]] | Arsames | Arsames | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q35610' | [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] | Arthur Conan Doyle | Arthur Conan Doyle | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80596' | [[Arthur Miller]] | Arthur Miller | Arthur Miller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q178182' | [[Asgard]] | Asgard | Asgard | Norse mythical location | Norse mythical location |- class='wd_q528983' | [[Ashley Williams]] | Ashley Williams | Ashley Williams | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q182347' | [[Asiatic lion]] | Asiatic lion | Asiatic lion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q124410' | [[Aisien black beir|Asie black beir]] | Ursus thibetanus | Aisien black beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q648422' | [[Asio]] | Asio | Asio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25769' | [[Asio flammeus]] | Short-eared Owl | Asio flammeus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26229' | [[Asparagales]] | Asparagales | Asparagales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q28367' | [[Asparagus]] | Asparagus officinalis | Asparagus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178450' | [[Aspartic acid]] | L-aspartic acid | Aspartic acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q161790' | [[Asperger syndrome]] | Asperger syndrome | Asperger syndrome | disability<br/>type of disease | disability<br/>type of disease |- class='wd_q18216' | [[Aspirin]] | aspirin | Aspirin | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q517130' | [[Aster (genus)|Aster]] | Aster | Aster (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25400' | [[Asteraceae]] | Asteraceae | Asteraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21730' | [[Asterales]] | Q21730 | Asterales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q747502' | [[Asterids]] | Q747502 | Asterids | clade | clade |- class='wd_q157184' | [[Astragalus]] | Astragalus | Astragalus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q203263' | [[Athens, Georgie|Athens]] | Athens | Athens, Georgie | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty<br/>municipality of Georgia | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county<br/>municipality of Georgia |- class='wd_q9121' | [[atom]] | atom | Atom | | |- class='wd_q23809' | [[atomic nummer]] | atomic number | Atomic nummer | | |- class='wd_q758559' | [[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]] | Auburn Hills | Auburn Hills, Michigan | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q8018' | [[Augustinus]] | Augustine of Hippo | Augustinus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1136674' | [[Auld San Juan]] | Old San Juan Historic District | Auld San Juan | neighbourhuid<br/>[[Auld Toun]]<br/>fortified town<br/>historic district | neighborhood<br/>old town<br/>fortified town<br/>historic district |- class='wd_q676050' | [[Auld Toun]] | old town | Auld Toun | | |- class='wd_q182968' | [[Auld Warld pug]] | Q182968 | Auld Warld pug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26864' | [[Aurelia aurita]] | Aurelia aurita | Aurelia aurita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q168903' | [[aurochs]] | aurochs | Aurochs | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q28513' | [[Austrick-Hungary]] | Austria–Hungary | Austrick-Hungary | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q6229' | [[authoritarianism]] | authoritarianism | Authoritarianism | [[poleetical seestem]]<br/>form o rule<br/>poleetical ideology | political system<br/>form of government<br/>political ideology |- class='wd_q5386' | [[auto racin]] | auto racing | Auto racin | type o sport<br/>sports discipline | type of sport<br/>sports discipline |- class='wd_q41482' | [[autopsy]] | autopsy | Autopsy | | |- class='wd_q39837' | [[Averroes]] | Averroes | Averroes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37153' | [[Avocado]] | Persea americana | Avocado | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43056' | [[Axis pouers|Axis]] | Axis Powers | Axis pouers | military alliance | military alliance |- class='wd_q22718' | [[axolotl]] | axolotl | Axolotl | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q186778' | [[aye-aye]] | aye-aye | Aye-aye | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q221503' | [[Az Zawiyah]] | Zawiya | Az Zawiyah | human settlement<br/>municipality of Libya | human settlement<br/>municipality of Libya |- class='wd_q3091454' | [[Azerbaijan Athletics Federation]] | Azerbaijan Athletics Federation | Azerbaijan Athletics Federation | sport govrenin body | sports governing body |- class='wd_q3741152' | [[Azerbaijan Basketbaw Federation]] | Azerbaijan Basketball Federation | Azerbaijan Basketbaw Federation | sport govrenin body | sports governing body |- class='wd_q211370' | [[Baabda Destrict]] | Baabda District | Baabda Destrict | [[Destricts o Lebanon]] | district of Lebanon |- class='wd_q10876' | [[bacteria]] | bacteria | Bacteria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15468' | [[Badalona]] | Badalona | Badalona | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Catalonia | big city<br/>municipality of Catalonia |- class='wd_q188130' | [[Baiji]] | baiji | Baiji | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7569' | [[bairn]] | child | Bairn | population group<br/>class of human | population group<br/>class of human |- class='wd_q4412334' | [[Bakunawa]] | Bakunawa | Bakunawa | meethological serpent | mythological serpent |- class='wd_q39731' | [[Baltic states]] | Baltic states | Baltic states | geographic region<br/>triad | region<br/>triad |- class='wd_q5092' | [[Baltimore]] | Baltimore | Baltimore | independent ceety | independent city in the United States |- class='wd_q806273' | [[Bandarban Destrict]] | Bandarban District | Bandarban Destrict | district of Bangladesh | district of Bangladesh |- class='wd_q1355' | [[Bangalore]] | Bengaluru | Bangalore | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>state capital<br/>largest city | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q1861' | [[Bangkok]] | Bangkok | Bangkok | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>financial center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>special administrative area of Thailand<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>financial center<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>special administrative area of Thailand<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q130774' | [[banner o Argentinae]] | flag of Argentina | Banner o Argentinae | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q160872' | [[Banner o Chile]] | flag of Chile | Banner o Chile | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q163008' | [[Banner o Cuba]] | flag of Cuba | Banner o Cuba | flag<br/>national flag | flag<br/>national flag |- class='wd_q30768' | [[Banner o East Timor]] | flag of East Timor | Banner o East Timor | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q122482' | [[Banner o Europe]] | flag of Europe | Banner o Europe | flag design | flag design |- class='wd_q47891' | [[Banner o Finland]] | flag of Finland | Banner o Finland | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q26491' | [[Banner o Georgie (kintra)|Banner o Georgie]] | flag of Georgia | Banner o Georgie (kintra) | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q48160' | [[Banner o Germany]] | flag of Germany | Banner o Germany | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q168935' | [[Banner o Malaysie]] | flag of Malaysia | Banner o Malaysie | flag<br/>national flag | flag<br/>national flag |- class='wd_q159865' | [[Banner o Morocco]] | flag of Morocco | Banner o Morocco | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q5456793' | [[Banner o North Vietnam]] | flag of North Vietnam | Banner o North Vietnam | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q81286' | [[Banner o Swaden]] | flag of Sweden | Banner o Swaden | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q483774' | [[Banner o Uzbekistan]] | flag of Uzbekistan | Banner o Uzbekistan | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q131204' | [[Banner o Vietnam]] | flag of Vietnam | Banner o Vietnam | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q183035' | [[Banteng]] | Bos javanicus | Banteng | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q790949' | [[Bartholin's gland]] | Bartholin's gland | Bartholin's gland | class of anatomical entity | class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q1172126' | [[Basil Spence]] | Basil Spence | Basil Spence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46185' | [[bass guitar]] | bass guitar | Bass guitar | type of musical instrument | type of musical instrument |- class='wd_q2575960' | [[Battle o Carham]] | Battle of Carham | Battle o Carham | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q151340' | [[Battle o Fraunce]] | Battle of France | Battle o Fraunce | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q179670' | [[Battle o Gaugamela]] | Battle of Gaugamela | Battle o Gaugamela | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q4871281' | [[Battle o Innerurie (1308)|Battle o Innerurie]] | Battle of Inverurie | Battle o Innerurie (1308) | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q127216' | [[Bauld eagle]] | Bald Eagle | Bauld eagle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45422' | [[baurm]] | yeast | Baurm | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q104761' | [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]] | Bayer 04 Leverkusen | Bayer 04 Leverkusen | association fitbaa club<br/>professional sports team | association football club<br/>professional sports team |- class='wd_q41890' | [[Bayswater]] | Bayswater | Bayswater | aurie o Lunnon | area of London |- class='wd_q179673' | [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]] | Beauty and the Beast | Beauty and the Beast (1991 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q81856' | [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]] | Beaverton | Beaverton, Oregon | city of Oregon | city of Oregon |- class='wd_q813884' | [[Bedford RL]] | Bedford RL | Bedford RL | truck model | truck model |- class='wd_q507235' | [[Bedford Vehicles]] | Bedford Vehicles | Bedford Vehicles | commercial vehicle manufacturer | commercial vehicle manufacturer |- class='wd_q217778' | [[Bishop's weed|beeshop's weed]] | Aegopodium podagraria | Bishop's weed | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q158617' | [[Begonia]] | Begonia | Begonia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q956' | [[Beijing]] | Beijing | Beijing | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>national central city<br/>Direct-controlled municipality<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>national capital<br/>former national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>national central city<br/>direct-administered municipality<br/>big city<br/>national capital<br/>former national capital |- class='wd_q11788' | [[beir]] | Ursidae | Beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25376' | [[Beld-cuit|beld pout]] | Common Coot | Beld-cuit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q896476' | [[Belgian horse]] | Belgian Draught | Belgian horse | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q31' | [[Belgium]] | Belgium | Belgium | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q2631905' | [[Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom]] | Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom | Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q342617' | [[Ben Whishaw]] | Ben Whishaw | Ben Whishaw | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3329808' | [[Benedict Wong]] | Benedict Wong | Benedict Wong | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80952' | [[Bengal teeger]] | Bengal tiger | Bengal teeger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48328' | [[Beowulf]] | Beowulf | Beowulf | epic poem | epic poem |- class='wd_q158563' | [[Berberis vulgaris]] | Berberis vulgaris | Berberis vulgaris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q64' | [[Berlin]] | Berlin | Berlin | city-state<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>Hanseatic ceety<br/>[[States o Germany|state o Germany]]<br/>seat o govrenment<br/>Unitary municipality in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>largest city<br/>town divided by border<br/>independent city in Berlin | city-state<br/>metropolis<br/>federal capital<br/>Hanseatic city<br/>federated state of Germany<br/>seat of government<br/>Unitary municipality in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>largest city<br/>town divided by border<br/>independent city in Berlin |- class='wd_q961874' | [[Bernabé Ferreyra]] | Bernabé Ferreyra | Bernabé Ferreyra | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16532287' | [[Betacoronavirus]] | Betacoronavirus | Betacoronavirus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q159532' | [[betel]] | betel | Betel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4164940' | [[Betta]] | Betta | Betta | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190631' | [[Bette Midler]] | Bette Midler | Bette Midler | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156895' | [[Betula pendula]] | Q156895 | Betula pendula | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3707847' | [[Beukkeepin]] | bookkeeping | Beukkeepin | academic discipline | academic discipline |- class='wd_q172567' | [[Beşiktaş J.K.]] | Beşiktaş J.K. (Football) | Beşiktaş J.K. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q166788' | [[biathlon]] | biathlon | Biathlon | type o sport<br/>Olympic sport | type of sport<br/>Olympic sport |- class='wd_q25485' | [[big ox-ee]] | great tit | Big ox-ee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1124' | [[Bill Clinton]] | Bill Clinton | Bill Clinton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2619019' | [[Bill Nye]] | Bill Nye | Bill Nye | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q151113' | [[Billie Piper]] | Billie Piper | Billie Piper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5113' | [[Bird|birds]] | bird | Bird | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q19444' | [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham Ceety F.C.]] | Birmingham City F.C. | Birmingham City F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q727096' | [[birth defect]] | congenital disorder | Birth defect | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q18099' | [[bison]] | Bison | Bison | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147096' | [[bitter oranger]] | Citrus × aurantium | Bitter oranger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25368' | [[Bivalvia]] | Q25368 | Bivalvia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147701' | [[Bixa orellana]] | Bixa orellana | Bixa orellana | [[taxon]]<br/>material | taxon<br/>material |- class='wd_q104506' | [[Björn Borg]] | Björn Borg | Björn Borg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q879748' | [[Björn Strid]] | Björn Strid | Björn Strid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q95036' | [[black rhinoceros]] | Diceros bicornis | Black rhinoceros | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183339' | [[blackbuck]] | Antilope cervicapra | Blackbuck | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6934' | [[Blagoveshchensk]] | Blagoveshchensk | Blagoveshchensk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q1290' | [[Blaise Pascal]] | Blaise Pascal | Blaise Pascal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q217291' | [[Blanford's tod]] | Blanford's fox | Blanford's tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25309' | [[Blattodea]] | Q25309 | Blattodea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23445' | [[Black|bleck]] | black | Black | primary colour<br/>HTML4 named color<br/>safest web colors | primary color<br/>HTML4 named color<br/>safest web colors |- class='wd_q199758' | [[Blue jay]] | Blue Jay | Blue jay | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q42196' | [[Blue whaul]] | Balaenoptera musculus | Blue whaul | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205477' | [[blue-an-yellae macaw]] | Blue-and-yellow Macaw | Blue-an-yellae macaw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25404' | [[blue-bunnet]] | Eurasian blue tit | Blue-bunnet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27989' | [[bluebell]] | Campanula rotundifolia | Bluebell | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q853286' | [[Bluebird]] | Sialia | Bluebird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25709' | [[Bluiter]] | Eurasian Bittern | Bluiter | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q215388' | [[Boa constrictor]] | Boa constrictor | Boa constrictor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q444752' | [[Boa Sr.]] | Boa Sr. | Boa Sr. | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q35872' | [[boat]] | boat | Boat | boat type<br/>wattercraft type | boat type<br/>watercraft type |- class='wd_q121615' | [[Bobby Sands]] | Bobby Sands | Bobby Sands | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131907' | [[bobcat]] | bobcat | Bobcat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6394' | [[Boeing 707]] | Boeing 707 | Boeing 707 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6387' | [[Boeing 737]] | Boeing 737 | Boeing 737 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q179' | [[Boeing 747]] | Boeing 747 | Boeing 747 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6418' | [[Boeing 757]] | Boeing 757 | Boeing 757 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6423' | [[Boeing 767]] | Boeing 767 | Boeing 767 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q26431' | [[bog gled]] | Western Marsh Harrier | Bog gled | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q181969' | [[Bohai Sea]] | Bohai Sea | Bohai Sea | marginal sea | marginal sea |- class='wd_q179172' | [[Bojan Krkić]] | Bojan Krkić | Bojan Krkić | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q134747' | [[Bombyx mori]] | Bombyx mori | Bombyx mori | [[taxon]]<br/>silkworm | taxon<br/>silkworm |- class='wd_q19537' | [[bonobo]] | Bonobo | Bonobo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q207760' | [[Badock|Bonxie]] | Great Skua | Badock | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147075' | [[borage]] | borage | Borage | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26568' | [[Boraginaceae]] | Boraginaceae | Boraginaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q500857' | [[Borassus flabellifer]] | Borassus flabellifer | Borassus flabellifer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5319' | [[borax]] | borax | Borax | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q187045' | [[boric acid]] | orthoboric acid | Boric acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q80958' | [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas]] | Botafogo F.R. | Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas | association fitbaa club<br/>sports club | association football club<br/>sports club |- class='wd_q184634' | [[Boudica]] | Boudica | Boudica | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2167872' | [[Body hair|bouk hair]] | androgenic hair | Body hair | | |- class='wd_q25497' | [[bovid]] | Q25497 | Bovid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4979192' | [[Bovinae]] | Bovinae | Bovinae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38496' | [[Boxer (dug)|Boxer]] | Boxer | Boxer (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q205707' | [[Bradley Cooper]] | Bradley Cooper | Bradley Cooper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q487367' | [[Braeburn]] | Braeburn | Braeburn | chance seedling<br/>apple cultivar | chance seedling<br/>apple cultivar |- class='wd_q58677' | [[Brassica]] | Brassica | Brassica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156888' | [[Brassicaceae]] | Brassicaceae | Brassicaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185086' | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]] | Crown Dependencies | Croun dependencies | territory | territory |- class='wd_q842438' | [[Breetish fowk]] | British | Breetish fowk | [[population]] | human population |- class='wd_q4869954' | [[Breetish monarchs]] | list of British monarchs | Breetish monarchs | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q39782' | [[Bress]] | brass | Bress | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q3644573' | [[Brig o Dee (brig)|Brig o Dee]] | Bridge of Dee | Brig o Dee (brig) | road brig<br/>stone arch bridge | road bridge<br/>stone arch bridge |- class='wd_q4975727' | [[Brithers' Circle]] | Brothers’ Circle | Brithers' Circle | organized crime group | organized crime group |- class='wd_q4970755' | [[British Rail Class 22]] | British Rail Class 22 | British Rail Class 22 | locomotive class | locomotive class |- class='wd_q920223' | [[British Steel (1967–1999)|British Steel]] | British Steel | British Steel (1967–1999) | [[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q4975856' | [[Brochtoun]] | Broughtown | Brochtoun | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q156529' | [[Bromeliaceae]] | Bromeliaceae | Bromeliaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q232278' | [[Brookesia micra]] | Brookesia micra | Brookesia micra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148134' | [[Bryozoa]] | Q148134 | Bryozoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13580495' | [[BTS (baund)|BTS]] | BTS | BTS (baund) | muisic baund<br/>boy baund | musical group<br/>boy band |- class='wd_q850563' | [[Bubble Guppies]] | Bubble Guppies | Bubble Guppies | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q639022' | [[Bufo]] | Bufo | Bufo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q146375' | [[Bufo bufo]] | common toad | Bufo bufo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q193250' | [[Bulawayo]] | Bulawayo | Bulawayo | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q134091' | [[Bulbophyllum]] | Bulbophyllum | Bulbophyllum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q12495' | [[Burj Khalifa]] | Burj Khalifa | Burj Khalifa | skyscraper<br/>laundmark | skyscraper<br/>architectural landmark |- class='wd_q836' | [[Myanmar|Burma]] | Myanmar | Myanmar | [[kintra]]<br/>[[republic]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>republic<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q26691' | [[burrian]] | Red-throated Diver | Burrian | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191737' | [[buss dug]] | Speothos venaticus | Buss dug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45024346' | [[Bute witches]] | Bute witches | Bute witches | group o humans | group of humans |- class='wd_q30325551' | [[Butterbean's Café]] | Butterbean's Café | Butterbean's Café | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q173532' | [[Byblos]] | Byblos | Byblos | [[ceety]]<br/>city-state<br/>human settlement<br/>archaeological site | city<br/>city-state<br/>human settlement<br/>archaeological site |- class='wd_q35051' | [[cabbitch]] | Brassica oleracea var. capitata | Cabbitch | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5015361' | [[Caberfeidh]] | Caberfeidh | Caberfeidh | shinty team | shinty team |- class='wd_q4758' | [[Caecilian]] | Caecilian | Caecilian | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q91703' | [[Caenorhabditis elegans]] | Caenorhabditis elegans | Caenorhabditis elegans | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q428145' | [[Caledonian Sleeper]] | Caledonian Sleeper | Caledonian Sleeper | night train<br/>named passenger train service | night train<br/>named passenger train service |- class='wd_q194314' | [[Californie condor]] | California condor | Californie condor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q132895' | [[Callionymus lyra]] | Common dragonet | Callionymus lyra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147192' | [[Caltha palustris]] | Caltha palustris | Caltha palustris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q138367' | [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]] | Camden | Camden, New Jersey | coonty seat<br/>ceety in New Jersey | county seat<br/>city in New Jersey |- class='wd_q101815' | [[Camellia sinensis]] | Camellia sinensis | Camellia sinensis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q155802' | [[Campanulaceae]] | Campanulaceae | Campanulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13707' | [[camshaft]] | camshaft | Camshaft | | |- class='wd_q12078' | [[cancer]] | cancer | Cancer | [[Dishailth|disease]]<br/>heal problem<br/>type of disease | disease<br/>health problem<br/>type of disease |- class='wd_q5031643' | [[Candelaria, Nevada|Candelaria]] | Candelaria | Candelaria, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q558181' | [[CANDU reactor]] | CANDU reactor | CANDU reactor | Nuclear reactor | nuclear reactor |- class='wd_q25324' | [[Canidae]] | Canidae | Canidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2845' | [[Cannabis (drog)|cannabis]] | cannabis | Cannabis (drog) | [[drog]] | drug |- class='wd_q79817' | [[Cannabis]] | Cannabis | Cannabis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16572' | [[Guangzhou|Canton]] | Guangzhou | Guangzhou | megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>sub-province-level diveesion<br/>prefecture-level city of China<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>sub-province-level division<br/>prefecture-level city of China<br/>big city |- class='wd_q12755' | [[Canton o Jura]] | Canton of Jura | Canton o Jura | canton o Swisserland<br/>constituent state | canton of Switzerland<br/>federated state |- class='wd_q272933' | [[Cape tod]] | Vulpes chama | Cape tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q129059' | [[Capercailzie]] | Western Capercaillie | Capercailzie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179544' | [[Capetian dynasty]] | Capetian dynasty | Capetian dynasty | dynasty<br/>noble faimily | dynasty<br/>noble family |- class='wd_q172923' | [[Capra (genus)|Capra]] | Capra | Capra (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26125' | [[Caprimulgiformes]] | Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26717' | [[Caprimulgus europaeus]] | European Nightjar | Caprimulgus europaeus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201959' | [[Capsicum]] | Capsicum | Capsicum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1380' | [[Capsicum annuum]] | Capsicum annuum | Capsicum annuum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q30847' | [[Caracal]] | caracal | Caracal | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q623' | [[Caurbon|carbon]] | carbon | Caurbon | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>atmophile element | chemical element<br/>atmophile element |- class='wd_q158501' | [[Carex]] | Carex | Carex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q287793' | [[Carl Reiner]] | Carl Reiner | Carl Reiner | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q158874' | [[Carlos I o Portugal]] | Carlos I of Portugal | Carlos I o Portugal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170419' | [[Carlos Slim]] | Carlos Slim | Carlos Slim | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q204089' | [[Carlos Valderrama]] | Carlos Valderrama | Carlos Valderrama | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25306' | [[Carnivora]] | Carnivora | Carnivora | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q237994' | [[Carol Ann Duffy]] | Carol Ann Duffy | Carol Ann Duffy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q207739' | [[Carole Lombard]] | Carole Lombard | Carole Lombard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q577227' | [[Caroline Nokes]] | Caroline Nokes | Caroline Nokes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q81' | [[carrot]] | carrot | Carrot | food crop<br/>type of vegetable | food crop<br/>type of vegetable |- class='wd_q729304' | [[Carthage, Missouri|Carthage]] | Carthage | Carthage, Missouri | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q111840' | [[Carwyn Jones]] | Carwyn Jones | Carwyn Jones | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25995' | [[Caryophyllaceae]] | Caryophyllaceae | Caryophyllaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1046446' | [[Casa Loma]] | Casa Loma | Casa Loma | villa<br/>historic house museum | villa<br/>historic house museum |- class='wd_q83124' | [[cassava]] | cassava | Cassava | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1049507' | [[Castle Semple Loch]] | Castle Semple Loch | Castle Semple Loch | [[loch]] | lake |- class='wd_q146' | [[cat]] | cat | Cat | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q3883' | [[Catanzaro]] | Catanzaro | Catanzaro | [[ceety]]<br/>comune o Italy | city<br/>comune of Italy |- class='wd_q9943415' | [[:Category:Fermstockin]] | Category:Livestock | Category:Fermstockin | [[Wikipedia:Categorisation|Wikimedia category]] | Wikimedia category |- class='wd_q7973620' | [[:Category:Urban-teep dounsets in Roushie]] | Category:Urban-type settlements in Russia | Category:Urban-teep dounsets in Roushie | [[Wikipedia:Categorisation|Wikimedia category]] | Wikimedia category |- class='wd_q105667' | [[Catherine Ashton]] | Catherine Ashton | Catherine Ashton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17149' | [[Catshairk]] | Q17149 | Catshairk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7537' | [[cauliflouer]] | Brassica oleracea var. botrytis | Cauliflouer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q210516' | [[Leet o ceeties in Serbie|ceety in Serbie]] | list of cities in Serbia | Leet o ceeties in Serbie | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q23311' | [[Ceety o Lunnon]] | City of London | Ceety o Lunnon | [[ceety]]<br/>ceremonial county of England<br/>central business district<br/>financial center<br/>unparished area<br/>district of the United Kingdom<br/>district with city status | city<br/>ceremonial county of England<br/>central business district<br/>financial center<br/>unparished area<br/>district of the United Kingdom<br/>district with city status |- class='wd_q138617' | [[Ceiba pentandra]] | Ceiba pentandra | Ceiba pentandra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23012379' | [[Celery]] | celery | Celery | | |- class='wd_q6002' | [[Pro12|Celtic League]] | United Rugby Championship | Pro12 | professional sports league<br/>rugby union competition | professional sports league<br/>rugby union competition |- class='wd_q498162' | [[census-designated place]] | census-designated place in the United States | Census-designated place | admeenistrative diveesion<br/>type of place | administrative territorial entity<br/>type of place |- class='wd_q929' | [[Central African Republic]] | Central African Republic | Central African Republic | [[kintra]]<br/>[[republic]]<br/>landlockt kintra<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>republic<br/>landlocked country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q152283' | [[Central Pouers]] | Central Powers | Central Pouers | military alliance | military alliance |- class='wd_q504320' | [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion]] | Centurion | Centurion (tank) | combat vehicle family | combat vehicle family |- class='wd_q123252' | [[Cephalochordate|Cephalochordata]] | Cephalochordata | Cephalochordate | monotypic taxon | monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q130902' | [[Ceratosaurus]] | Ceratosaurus | Ceratosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q12117' | [[cereal]] | cereal | Cereal | group or class of agricultural products | group or class of agricultural products |- class='wd_q131340' | [[chamois]] | chamois | Chamois | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2088394' | [[Chandi]] | Chandi | Chandi | Devi<br/>form of Parvati | Devi<br/>form of Parvati |- class='wd_q451727' | [[Charles Bell]] | Charles Bell | Charles Bell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5686' | [[Charles Dickens]] | Charles Dickens | Charles Dickens | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q333452' | [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg]] | Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg | Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80321126' | [[Charles W Gray]] | Charles W Gray | Charles W Gray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q123026' | [[Charles Édouard Guillaume]] | Charles Édouard Guillaume | Charles Édouard Guillaume | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37785' | [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web (1973 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q45735' | [[Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q213773' | [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web (2006 film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q83161' | [[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]] | Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure | Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q6604' | [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] | Charon | Charon (muin) | moon of Pluto | moon of Pluto |- class='wd_q38646266' | [[Chayote]] | Sicyos edulis | Chayote | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q902623' | [[ChEBI]] | ChEBI | ChEBI | ontology<br/>chemical database<br/>biological database<br/>OBO Foundry ontology<br/>ELIXIR Core Data Resource | ontology<br/>chemical database<br/>biological database<br/>OBO Foundry ontology<br/>ELIXIR Core Data Resource |- class='wd_q194422' | [[Chinee alligator|Cheenese alligator]] | Chinese alligator | Chinee alligator | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8201' | [[Cheenese chairacter]] | Chinese characters | Cheenese chairacter | [[writin seestem]]<br/>logographic writing system<br/>natural writing system | writing system<br/>logographic writing system<br/>natural writing system |- class='wd_q10876842' | [[Cheenese cuisine]] | Chinese cuisine | Cheenese cuisine | national cuisine | national cuisine |- class='wd_q1074195' | [[Chinee goral|Cheenese goral]] | Chinese goral | Chinee goral | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23907' | [[cheetah]] | cheetah | Cheetah | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156807' | [[Chelidonium]] | Chelidonium majus | Chelidonium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1069352' | [[Chemin des Révoires]] | Chemin des Révoires | Chemin des Révoires | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>footpath<br/>path | mountain<br/>footpath<br/>path |- class='wd_q2795' | [[Chemnitz]] | Chemnitz | Chemnitz | major regional center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>urban district in Saxony | major regional center<br/>big city<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>urban district in Saxony |- class='wd_q181369' | [[Chen-Ning Yang]] | Chen-ning Yang | Chen-Ning Yang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12003' | [[Cher]] | Cher | Cher | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192457' | [[Cherenkov radiation]] | Cherenkov radiation | Cherenkov radiation | phenomenon | phenomenon |- class='wd_q157053' | [[Chernihiv]] | Chernihiv | Chernihiv | city of regional significance of Ukraine | city of regional significance of Ukraine |- class='wd_q33273' | [[Chewa leid]] | Chewa | Chewa leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q298' | [[Chile]] | Chile | Chile | [[kintra]]<br/>nation<br/>transcontinental country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic | country<br/>nation<br/>transcontinental country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic |- class='wd_q14081' | [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]] | Chimborazo | Chimborazo (volcano) | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]] | mountain<br/>stratovolcano |- class='wd_q192930' | [[Chinchilla]] | Chinchilla | Chinchilla | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5100937' | [[Chinese spirit possession]] | Chinese spirit possession | Chinese spirit possession | | |- class='wd_q10915' | [[Chordate|chordates]] | Q10915 | Chordate | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q54314' | [[Chris Hemsworth]] | Chris Hemsworth | Chris Hemsworth | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q641364' | [[Christenmas decorations]] | Christmas decoration | Christenmas decorations | | |- class='wd_q49762' | [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] | Christian Democratic Union | Christian Democratic Union (Germany) | [[poleetical pairty]]<br/>political party in Germany<br/>fraternal party<br/>major party | political party<br/>political party in Germany<br/>fraternal party<br/>major party |- class='wd_q159694' | [[Christian Dior]] | Christian Dior | Christian Dior | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q184103' | [[Christina Ricci]] | Christina Ricci | Christina Ricci | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5118436' | [[Chvrches]] | Chvrches | Chvrches | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q130778' | [[Cicada|Cicadidae]] | Cicadidae | Cicada | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3406' | [[Cichlid|Cichlidae]] | Cichlidae | Cichlid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21716' | [[Ciconiiformes]] | Ciconiiformes | Ciconiiformes | monotypic taxon | monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q43196' | [[Cincinnati]] | Cincinnati | Cincinnati | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Ohio | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city of Ohio |- class='wd_q201831' | [[Cinclus cinclus]] | Cinclus cinclus | Cinclus cinclus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191753' | [[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]] | Cinderella | Cinderella (1950 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q27282' | [[Cinnamomum]] | Cinnamomum | Cinnamomum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q163955' | [[Circaea lutetiana]] | Circaea lutetiana | Circaea lutetiana | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q341600' | [[Cirsium arvense]] | Cirsium arvense | Cirsium arvense | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q392283' | [[Cirsium dissectum]] | Cirsium dissectum | Cirsium dissectum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1446001' | [[Cirsium heterophyllum]] | Cirsium heterophyllum | Cirsium heterophyllum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21177' | [[Cirsium vulgare]] | Cirsium vulgare | Cirsium vulgare | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q199728' | [[Cisalpine Gaul]] | Cisalpine Gaul | Cisalpine Gaul | Roman province | Roman province |- class='wd_q36678' | [[Wast Bank|Cisjordan]] | West Bank | Wast Bank | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q1093495' | [[Citroën U23]] | Citroën U23 | Citroën U23 | truck model | truck model |- class='wd_q17507129' | [[Citrullus lanatus]] | watermelon | Citrullus lanatus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q81513' | [[Citrus]] | Citrus | Citrus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26590' | [[Ciudad Juárez]] | Ciudad Juárez | Ciudad Juárez | border city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>locality of Mexico | border city<br/>big city<br/>locality of Mexico |- class='wd_q11460' | [[Cleidin|claes]] | clothing | Cleidin | | |- class='wd_q404495' | [[Clan Broun]] | Clan Broun | Clan Broun | noble faimily | noble family |- class='wd_q1094925' | [[Clan Campbell]] | Clan Campbell | Clan Campbell | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q2167776' | [[Clan Douglas]] | Clan Douglas | Clan Douglas | noble faimily | noble family |- class='wd_q1094951' | [[Clan Gordon]] | Clan Gordon | Clan Gordon | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q247418' | [[Clan Hay]] | Clan Hay | Clan Hay | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q1094959' | [[Clan Lindsay]] | Clan Lindsay | Clan Lindsay | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q1651263' | [[Clan Stewart]] | Clan Stewart | Clan Stewart | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q5125614' | [[Clan Straiton]] | Clan Straiton | Clan Straiton | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q2978374' | [[Claude Érignac]] | Claude Érignac | Claude Érignac | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q228241' | [[Cleg]] | Tabanidae | Cleg | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q157634' | [[Clematis]] | Clematis | Clematis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q160100' | [[Clematis vitalba]] | Clematis vitalba | Clematis vitalba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q40003' | [[Cleopatra III o Egyp]] | Cleopatra III of Egypt | Cleopatra III o Egyp | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q635' | [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]] | Cleopatra | Cleopatra | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q873072' | [[clitoris]] | clitoris | Clitoris | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q25327' | [[Coccinellidae|Clock leddy]] | Q25327 | Coccinellidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36135' | [[cloodit leopard]] | clouded leopard | Cloodit leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5135110' | [[Clootie dumplin]] | clootie dumpling | Clootie dumplin | | |- class='wd_q483639' | [[Cloud computing|cloud will]] | cloud computing | Cloud computing | | |- class='wd_q211931' | [[Co-operative Pairty]] | Co-operative Party | Co-operative Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q188047' | [[Coat o airms o Lithuanie]] | Coat of arms of Lithuania | Coat o airms o Lithuanie | national coat of arms | national coat of arms |- class='wd_q159543' | [[Clock leddy|Coccinella septempunctata]] | Coccinella septempunctata | Clock leddy | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183124' | [[Cochabamba]] | Cochabamba | Cochabamba | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q159831' | [[Cochlearia anglica]] | Cochlearia anglica | Cochlearia anglica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q855094' | [[Coenonympha pamphilus]] | Small Heath | Coenonympha pamphilus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156354' | [[Coffea]] | Coffea | Coffea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8486' | [[coffee]] | coffee | Coffee | | |- class='wd_q9885' | [[Coimbatore]] | Coimbatore | Coimbatore | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q17621225' | [[Colchagua (histerical province)]] | Colchagua Province | Colchagua (histerical province) | province of Chile | province of Chile |- class='wd_q388435' | [[College Park, Georgie|College Park]] | College Park | College Park, Georgie | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>municipality of Georgia | city in the United States<br/>municipality of Georgia |- class='wd_q10285' | [[Colosseum]] | Colosseum | Colosseum | stadium<br/>archaeological site<br/>Italian national museum<br/>Roman amphitheatre<br/>historical civil building museum<br/>archaeological artifact museum<br/>Museum of the Italian Ministry of Culture<br/>roman ruins | stadium<br/>archaeological site<br/>Italian national museum<br/>Roman amphitheatre<br/>historical civil building museum<br/>archaeological artifact museum<br/>Museum of the Italian Ministry of Culture<br/>roman ruins |- class='wd_q133696' | [[colour blindness]] | color blindness | Colour blindness | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q182751' | [[Colubridae]] | Q182751 | Colubridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q106922' | [[Columbus]] | Columbus | Columbus | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q937876' | [[Comarques o Catalonie]] | comarca of Catalonia | Comarques o Catalonie | | |- class='wd_q909434' | [[Combustion chamber]] | combustion chamber | Combustion chamber | | |- class='wd_q860390' | [[Commer]] | Commer | Commer | automobile manufacturer<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | automobile manufacturer<br/>business |- class='wd_q81110' | [[common cairp]] | Cyprinus carpio | Common cairp | [[taxon]]<br/>fractional spawner | taxon<br/>fractional spawner |- class='wd_q12125' | [[common cauld]] | common cold | Common cauld | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q18845' | [[Common cuckoo|Common Cuckoo]] | Common Cuckoo | Common cuckoo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q161416' | [[Common dugwid|Common Dugwid]] | Cornus sanguinea | Common dugwid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216815' | [[common eland]] | common eland | Common eland | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27465' | [[Common frog]] | Rana temporaria | Common frog | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q911786' | [[Common garter snake|Common Garter Snake]] | common garter snake | Common garter snake | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q586594' | [[common stingray]] | common stingray | Common stingray | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7779' | [[Commonweel o Independent States]] | Commonwealth of Independent States | Commonweel o Independent States | intergovrenmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>commonwealth<br/>nationality for sports | intergovernmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>commonwealth<br/>nationality for sports |- class='wd_q11024' | [[communication]] | communication | Communication | social behaviour<br/>social skill<br/>academic discipline<br/>type of process<br/>type of interaction | social behavior<br/>social skill<br/>academic discipline<br/>type of process<br/>type of interaction |- class='wd_q40591' | [[Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto seal]] | The Communist Manifesto | Communist Manifesto | manifesto<br/>leeterary wirk | manifesto<br/>literary work |- class='wd_q130880' | [[Compsognathus]] | Compsognathus | Compsognathus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q22657' | [[concrete]] | concrete | Concrete | | |- class='wd_q147298' | [[cone cell]] | cone cell | Cone cell | cell type<br/>retinal cell | cell type<br/>retinal cell |- class='wd_q81931' | [[Confederate States o Americae]] | Confederate States of America | Confederate States o Americae | historical unrecognized state | historical unrecognized state |- class='wd_q9626' | [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative Pairty]] | Conservative Party | Tory an Unionist Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q216980' | [[Constantine P. Cavafy]] | Konstantinos P. Cavafy | Constantine P. Cavafy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8413' | [[Constantine the Great]] | Constantine the Great | Constantine the Great | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26718' | [[Continental Congress]] | Continental Congress | Continental Congress | unicameral legislature | unicameral legislature |- class='wd_q192299' | [[Coonties o Norawa]] | county of Norway | Coonties o Norawa | admeenistrative diveesion | administrative territorial entity |- class='wd_q171809' | [[Coonties o Ingland|coonty o Ingland]] | county of England | Coonties o Ingland | | |- class='wd_q753' | [[Capper|copper]] | copper | Capper | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>chalcophile element<br/>simple substance | chemical element<br/>chalcophile element<br/>simple substance |- class='wd_q484131' | [[Coraciiformes]] | Coraciiformes | Coraciiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171446' | [[coral]] | coral | Coral | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q169973' | [[Coriolis force]] | Coriolis force | Coriolis force | scientific theory | scientific theory |- class='wd_q347404' | [[Cork]] | Cork | Cork | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1134583' | [[Coronaviridae]] | Coronaviridae | Coronaviridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q84263196' | [[COVID-19|coronavirus disease 2019]] | COVID-19 | COVID-19 | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q187024' | [[corsac tod]] | corsac fox | Corsac tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q124969' | [[Corylus avellana]] | Corylus avellana | Corylus avellana | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48544' | [[Cosimo de' Medici]] | Cosimo de' Medici | Cosimo de' Medici | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45382' | [[coup d'état]] | coup d'état | Coup d'état | | |- class='wd_q44299' | [[coyote]] | coyote | Coyote | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q84149' | [[Craniate]] | Q84149 | Craniate | clade | clade |- class='wd_q155938' | [[Crassulaceae]] | Crassulaceae | Crassulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q126256' | [[craw-nebs]] | Anthyllis vulneraria | Craw-nebs | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q111059' | [[Creetical pynt (thermodynamics)|creetical pynt]] | critical point | Creetical pynt (thermodynamics) | | |- class='wd_q1840756' | [[Crested clagbird]] | Crested Bellbird | Crested clagbird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26017' | [[Crex crex]] | Corn Crake | Crex crex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5185548' | [[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980]] | Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 | Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 | Public General Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom | Public General Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q33666' | [[Crinoid]] | Crinoidea | Crinoid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11571' | [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] | Q11571 | Cristiano Ronaldo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2658232' | [[Cristina Calderón]] | Cristina Calderón | Cristina Calderón | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q134479' | [[Croatie naitional fitbaw team|Croatie naitional fitbaa team]] | Croatia men's national football team | Croatie naitional fitbaw team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q25363' | [[Crocodilia]] | Crocodilia | Crocodilia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43169' | [[Crocodylidae]] | Crocodile | Crocodylidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15212096' | [[Cruachan Dam]] | Cruachan Power Station | Cruachan Dam | pumped-storage power station | pumped-storage power station |- class='wd_q1107181' | [[cruiner]] | grey gurnard | Cruiner | [[fish]]<br/>[[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | fish<br/>taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q46135' | [[Créteil]] | Créteil | Créteil | [[ceety]]<br/>commune o Fraunce | city<br/>commune of France |- class='wd_q183364' | [[Cuculiformes]] | Cuculiformes | Cuculiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23425' | [[Cucumber]] | Cucumis sativus | Cucumber | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148758' | [[Cucumis]] | Cucumis | Cucumis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5339301' | [[Cucurbita]] | Cucurbita | Cucurbita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8314' | [[Cucurbitaceae]] | Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbitaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21875' | [[Cucurbitales]] | Cucurbitales | Cucurbitales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19707' | [[Cuddie]] | donkey | Cuddie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192914' | [[Cult o personality]] | cult of personality | Cult o personality | | |- class='wd_q28598' | [[Cultural anthropologie|Cultural Antropologie]] | cultural anthropology | Cultural anthropologie | academic discipline | academic discipline |- class='wd_q132624' | [[cumin]] | Cuminum cyminum | Cumin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25577567' | [[Cyanobacteria]] | Cyanobacteriota | Cyanobacteria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q161517' | [[Cycas revoluta]] | Cycas revoluta | Cycas revoluta | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q152314' | [[Cyclone Nargis]] | Cyclone Nargis | Cyclone Nargis | [[cyclone]] | cyclone |- class='wd_q30066' | [[Cyclopterus lumpus]] | Cyclopterus lumpus | Cyclopterus lumpus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43300' | [[Cydonia oblonga]] | Cydonia oblonga | Cydonia oblonga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q953477' | [[Cylinder block]] | cylinder block | Cylinder block | physical technological component | physical technological component |- class='wd_q164270' | [[Cymbalaria muralis]] | Cymbalaria muralis | Cymbalaria muralis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q381584' | [[Cynoglossum officinale]] | Cynoglossum officinale | Cynoglossum officinale | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q155843' | [[Cyperaceae]] | Cyperaceae | Cyperaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q35047' | [[Cyprinidae]] | Cyprinidae | Cyprinidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q177879' | [[Cypriniformes]] | Q177879 | Cypriniformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8209' | [[Cyrillic script]] | Cyrillic script | Cyrillic script | [[writin seestem]] | writing system |- class='wd_q964233' | [[D. E. Stevenson]] | D. E. Stevenson | D. E. Stevenson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q238593' | [[D.C. United]] | D.C. United | D.C. United | association fitbaa club<br/>[[Fitbaw team|fitbaa team]] | association football club<br/>association football team |- class='wd_q25282' | [[Da Nang]] | Da Nang | Da Nang | [[ceety]]<br/>Municipalities o Vietnam<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>centrally-controlled city of Vietnam<br/>big city |- class='wd_q29099' | [[Dachshund]] | dachshund | Dachshund | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q161735' | [[Dactylis glomerata]] | Dactylis glomerata | Dactylis glomerata | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q494447' | [[Daewoo Espero]] | Daewoo Espero | Daewoo Espero | car model | car model |- class='wd_q494469' | [[Daewoo Magnus]] | Daewoo Magnus | Daewoo Magnus | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1151620' | [[DAF 600]] | DAF 600 | DAF 600 | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1157579' | [[Daihatsu Taft]] | Daihatsu Taft | Daihatsu Taft | car model | car model |- class='wd_q355388' | [[Dale Earnhardt, Jr.|Dale Earnhardt]] | Dale Earnhardt Jr. | Dale Earnhardt, Jr. | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17504' | [[Dalmatian (dug)|Dalmatian]] | Dalmatian | Dalmatian (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q328153' | [[Damanhur]] | Damanhur | Damanhur | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q3766' | [[Damascus]] | Damascus | Damascus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>auncient ceety<br/>populated place in Syria<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>big city<br/>ancient city<br/>populated place in Syria<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q189383' | [[Damietta]] | Damietta | Damietta | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1067' | [[Dante Alighieri]] | Dante Alighieri | Dante Alighieri | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q733120' | [[Darwin's rhea]] | Lesser Rhea | Darwin's rhea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5211618' | [[Darymple]] | Dalrymple | Darymple | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q213333' | [[Dasyuromorphia]] | Dasyuromorphia | Dasyuromorphia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36760' | [[David IV o Georgie]] | David IV of Georgia | David IV o Georgie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188792' | [[David Schwimmer]] | David Schwimmer | David Schwimmer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q430464' | [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]] | Dearborn | Dearborn, Michigan | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q4610' | [[decapoda]] | Q4610 | Decapoda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191637' | [[decay product]] | decay product | Decay product | | |- class='wd_q169759' | [[Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen]] | Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen | [[document]]<br/>declaration | document<br/>declaration |- class='wd_q608613' | [[Decline o the Roman Empire]] | fall of the western Roman Empire | Decline o the Roman Empire | decadence<br/>dissolution of an administrative territorial entity | decadence<br/>dissolution of an administrative territorial entity |- class='wd_q14405' | [[Deinonychus]] | Deinonychus | Deinonychus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q215519' | [[Democratic Unionist Party|Democratic Unionist Pairty]] | Democratic Unionist Party | Democratic Unionist Party | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q130018' | [[Denali]] | Q130018 | Denali | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q16554' | [[Denver]] | Denver | Denver | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty<br/>municipality of Colorado | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county<br/>municipality of Colorado |- class='wd_q734273' | [[Derek Riordan]] | Derek Riordan | Derek Riordan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1200131' | [[Derek Shulman]] | Derek Shulman | Derek Shulman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17278086' | [[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]] | Descendants | Descendants (2015 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q26154237' | [[Descendants 2]] | Descendants 2 | Descendants 2 | television film | television film |- class='wd_q216888' | [[Destricts o Luxembourg]] | district of Luxembourg | Destricts o Luxembourg | type of administrative division of Luxembourg | type of administrative division of Luxembourg |- class='wd_q177323' | [[developin kintra]] | developing country | Developin kintra | geographic region<br/>place | region<br/>geographic location |- class='wd_q1133406' | [[DevilDriver]] | DevilDriver | DevilDriver | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q1156998' | [[Devourment]] | Devourment | Devourment | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q1354' | [[Dhaka]] | Dhaka | Dhaka | admeenistrative diveesion<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>financial center<br/>largest city | administrative territorial entity<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>financial center<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q9685' | [[Diana, Princess o Wales]] | Diana, Princess of Wales | Diana, Princess o Wales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156099' | [[Dianthus]] | Dianthus | Dianthus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q162678' | [[Diatom|Diatomea]] | Diatomea | Diatom | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q189388' | [[didgeridoo]] | didgeridoo | Didgeridoo | type of musical instrument | type of musical instrument |- class='wd_q258115' | [[Diego Simeone]] | Diego Simeone | Diego Simeone | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174174' | [[diesel ingine]] | diesel engine | Diesel ingine | | |- class='wd_q34336' | [[Diesel locomotive]] | diesel locomotive | Diesel locomotive | [[locomotive]] | locomotive |- class='wd_q25670' | [[Digital object identifier]] | digital object identifier | Digital object identifier | persistent identifier<br/>publication identifier | persistent identifier<br/>publication identifier |- class='wd_q157555' | [[Digitalis purpurea]] | Digitalis purpurea | Digitalis purpurea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216263' | [[dik-dik]] | Madoqua | Dik-dik | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q755714' | [[Dikarya]] | Dikarya | Dikarya | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38584' | [[dingo]] | dingo | Dingo | [[taxon]]<br/>dog breed<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>dog breed<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q2740164' | [[Dinosauriformes]] | Q2740164 | Dinosauriformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171241' | [[Diodorus Siculus]] | Diodorus Siculus | Diodorus Siculus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q14330' | [[Diplodocus]] | Diplodocus | Diplodocus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q273071' | [[Dipodidae]] | Dipodidae | Dipodidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26332' | [[Diprotodontia|Diprotodont]] | Diprotodontia | Diprotodontia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21774' | [[Dipsacales]] | Dipsacales | Dipsacales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q580593' | [[Dipterocarpaceae]] | Dipterocarpaceae | Dipterocarpaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q456226' | [[Direct Rail Services]] | Direct Rail Services | Direct Rail Services | [[Business|buisiness]]<br/>Train operatin company | business<br/>train operating company |- class='wd_q2020424' | [[Dirleton]] | Dirleton | Dirleton | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q12136' | [[Dishailth|disease]] | disease | Dishailth | first-order class<br/>type of condition | first-order class<br/>type of condition |- class='wd_q1459069' | [[distributor]] | distributor | Distributor | device<br/>automotive part | device<br/>automotive part |- class='wd_q10244' | [[Diwali|Divali]] | Diwali | Diwali | festival<br/>[[haliday]] | festival<br/>holiday |- class='wd_q38358' | [[Doberman Pinscher]] | Dobermann | Doberman Pinscher | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q202504' | [[doiterel]] | Eurasian Dotterel | Doiterel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58813' | [[Dokka Umarov]] | Omar Dokka | Dokka Umarov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q14083' | [[Dollar (siller)|dollar]] | dollar | Dollar (siller) | economic term | economic term |- class='wd_q171433' | [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]] | Dolly the Sheep | Dolly (sheep) | ewe<br/>individual animal<br/>cloned mammal | ewe<br/>individual animal<br/>cloned mammal |- class='wd_q787' | [[Domestic pig]] | pig | Domestic pig | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q784' | [[Dominica]] | Dominica | Dominica | [[kintra]]<br/>island country<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>island country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q131479' | [[Dominican Order]] | Dominican Order | Dominican Order | mendicant order<br/>organization<br/>first order | mendicant order<br/>organization<br/>first order |- class='wd_q80905' | [[Donald A. Glaser]] | Donald Arthur Glaser | Donald A. Glaser | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22686' | [[Donald Trump]] | Q22686 | Donald Trump | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q331031' | [[Dora the Explorer]] | Dora the Explorer | Dora the Explorer | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q206405' | [[Douglas Osheroff]] | Douglas Osheroff | Douglas Osheroff | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q24039769' | [[Douglas Ross]] | Douglas Ross | Douglas Ross | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q13560423' | [[Dove Cameron]] | Dove Cameron | Dove Cameron | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q47715' | [[Down syndrome|Down's syndrome]] | Down syndrome | Down syndrome | disability<br/>type of disease | disability<br/>type of disease |- class='wd_q2215877' | [[Downtown Miami]] | Downtown Miami | Downtown Miami | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district | neighborhood<br/>central business district |- class='wd_q212715' | [[DragonForce]] | DragonForce | DragonForce | rock baund | rock band |- class='wd_q25372' | [[Drama]] | drama | Drama | literary mode<br/>special field<br/>literary form<br/>academic discipline | literary mode<br/>field of study<br/>literary form<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q1629859' | [[Drax pouer station]] | Drax power station | Drax pouer station | biomass-fired power station | biomass-fired power station |- class='wd_q71516' | [[dromedary]] | Camelus dromedarius | Dromedary | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156185' | [[Droseraceae]] | Droseraceae | Droseraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q981816' | [[Dublin, Texas|Dublin]] | Dublin | Dublin, Texas | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q1722' | [[Dubrovnik]] | Dubrovnik | Dubrovnik | port ceety<br/>ceety o Croatie | port city<br/>town in Croatia |- class='wd_q129544' | [[Dugong]] | dugong | Dugong | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4810109' | [[Dujail Massacre]] | Dujail Massacre | Dujail Massacre | massacre | massacre |- class='wd_q91818' | [[dun]] | dun | Dun | | |- class='wd_q580502' | [[Duncan Shearer]] | Duncan Shearer | Duncan Shearer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q867610' | [[Dundee cake]] | Dundee cake | Dundee cake | | |- class='wd_q1466274' | [[Dungeness Nuclear Pouer Station]] | Dungeness Nuclear Power Station | Dungeness Nuclear Pouer Station | set of physical objects | set of physical objects |- class='wd_q651981' | [[Dáil Éireann]] | Dáil Éireann | Dáil Éireann | lawer chamber<br/>elected legislative house | lower house<br/>elected legislative house |- class='wd_q111471' | [[Dál Riata]] | Dál Riata | Dál Riata | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q704041' | [[Eason Chan]] | Eason Chan | Eason Chan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q792143' | [[East African oryx]] | East African oryx | East African oryx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16957' | [[East Germany]] | German Democratic Republic | East Germany | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q171323' | [[East Thrace]] | East Thrace | East Thrace | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q122563' | [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]] | Eau Claire | Eau Claire, Wisconsin | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>seicont-class ceety | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>second-class city |- class='wd_q156669' | [[Ebenaceae]] | Ebenaceae | Ebenaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q51993' | [[Ebola virus disease]] | Ebola hemorrhagic fever | Ebola virus disease | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q239107' | [[Edfu]] | Edfu | Edfu | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q16380756' | [[Edgar Housepian]] | Edgar Housepian | Edgar Housepian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q76749' | [[Edith Stein]] | Edith Stein | Edith Stein | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5236' | [[Edward II o Ingland]] | Edward II of England | Edward II o Ingland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q728039' | [[Edwyn Collins]] | Edwyn Collins | Edwyn Collins | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2994343' | [[Economic an Social Cooncil|Eeconomic an Social Cooncil (Côte d'Ivoire)]] | Economic and Social Council (Ivory Coast) | Economic an Social Cooncil | govrenment agency | government agency |- class='wd_q154934' | [[Egbert o Wessex]] | Ecgberht | Egbert o Wessex | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1274604' | [[EGP-6]] | EGP-6 | EGP-6 | light water graphite reactor | light water graphite reactor |- class='wd_q4117865' | [[Egyp–Turkey relations]] | Egypt–Turkey relations | Egyp–Turkey relations | bilateral relation | bilateral relation |- class='wd_q134762' | [[Eilat]] | Eilat | Eilat | emporium<br/>city council | emporium<br/>city council |- class='wd_q1111' | [[Electric chairge|electric charge]] | electric charge | Electric chairge | | |- class='wd_q189511' | [[electronic cigarette]] | electronic cigarette | Electronic cigarette | | |- class='wd_q11344' | [[Chemical element|element]] | chemical element | Chemical element | group or class of chemical substances<br/>second-order class | group or class of chemical substances<br/>second-order class |- class='wd_q232680' | [[Elena Baltacha]] | Elena Baltacha | Elena Baltacha | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q173115' | [[Elio de Angelis]] | Elio de Angelis | Elio de Angelis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10633' | [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] | Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1331219' | [[Elizabeth Hamilton (writer)|Elizabeth Hamilton]] | Elizabeth Hamilton | Elizabeth Hamilton (writer) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q130752' | [[Elizabeth o Roushie]] | Elizabeth I of Russia | Elizabeth o Roushie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q317521' | [[Elon Musk]] | Elon Musk | Elon Musk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5367589' | [[Elsie Inglis]] | Elsie Inglis | Elsie Inglis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q852573' | [[Elvenking]] | Elvenking | Elvenking | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q28486' | [[Emberizidae]] | Emberizidae | Emberizidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201128' | [[Emblem o Turkmenistan]] | emblem of Turkmenistan | Emblem o Turkmenistan | national coat of arms | national coat of arms |- class='wd_q1263' | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | Emilia-Romagna | Emilia-Romagna | [[regions o Italy]] | region of Italy |- class='wd_q188939' | [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] | Emilio Aguinaldo | Emilio Aguinaldo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q238445' | [[Emirate o Granada]] | Emirate of Granada | Emirate o Granada | Emirate<br/>historical state<br/>sultanate | Emirate<br/>historical country<br/>sultanate |- class='wd_q39476' | [[Emma Watson]] | Emma Watson | Emma Watson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9722' | [[Emperor Ruizong o Tang]] | Emperor Ruizong of Tang | Emperor Ruizong o Tang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q93208' | [[emu]] | Emu | Emu | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26696' | [[ennet]] | Common Eider | Ennet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8753' | [[Enrico Fermi]] | Enrico Fermi | Enrico Fermi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1447266' | [[Envigado]] | Envigado | Envigado | [[Municipalities o Colombie]] | municipality of Colombia |- class='wd_q41571' | [[epilepsy]] | epilepsy | Epilepsy | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q682443' | [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopal Kirk]] | Episcopal Church | Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States) | voluntary association<br/>nan-profit organisation<br/>Christian denomination<br/>Episcopal Church | voluntary association<br/>nonprofit organization<br/>Christian denomination<br/>Episcopal Church |- class='wd_q643657' | [[EPR (nuclear reactor)|EPR]] | European Pressurized Reactor | EPR (nuclear reactor) | [[Generation III reactor]] | Generation III reactor |- class='wd_q28114' | [[Equisetum]] | Equisetum | Equisetum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184674' | [[erectile dysfunction]] | erectile dysfunction | Erectile dysfunction | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q3056695' | [[Erlend Haraldsson]] | Erlend Haraldsson | Erlend Haraldsson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9123' | [[Ernest Rutherford]] | Ernest Rutherford | Ernest Rutherford | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q121973' | [[Eros]] | Eros | Eros | personification<br/>Greek primordial deities<br/>fertility deity<br/>Greek deity | personification<br/>Greek primordial deity<br/>fertility deity<br/>Greek deity |- class='wd_q25419' | [[Escherichia coli]] | Escherichia coli | Escherichia coli | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q3649072' | [[Eshera]] | Eshera | Eshera | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q10980893' | [[Esk]] | newt | Esk | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q1015463' | [[Ettadhamen-Mnihla]] | Ettadhamen-Mnihla | Ettadhamen-Mnihla | municipality of Tunisia | municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q45669' | [[Eucalyptus]] | Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8747' | [[Euclid]] | Euclid | Euclid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q165468' | [[Eudicots]] | Q165468 | Eudicots | clade | clade |- class='wd_q188622' | [[Eunectes]] | Anaconda | Eunectes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2752642' | [[Euornithes]] | Euornithes | Euornithes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8919' | [[European Atomic Energy Commonty]] | European Atomic Energy Community | European Atomic Energy Commonty | organization<br/>international organization<br/>regional organization | organization<br/>international organization<br/>regional organization |- class='wd_q161549' | [[European Coal an Steel Commonty]] | European Coal and Steel Community | European Coal an Steel Commonty | regional organization | regional organization |- class='wd_q183191' | [[European Convention on Human Richts]] | European Convention on Human Rights | European Convention on Human Richts | international human rights instrument<br/>Council of Europe treaty | international human rights instrument<br/>Council of Europe treaty |- class='wd_q122880' | [[European Coort o Human Richts]] | European Court of Human Rights | European Coort o Human Richts | international court | international court |- class='wd_q26559' | [[European mink]] | Mustela lutreola | European mink | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q300955' | [[European sea sturgeon]] | European sea sturgeon | European sea sturgeon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q612943' | [[European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5]] | European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5 | European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5 | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q458' | [[European Union]] | European Union | European Union | [[confederation]]<br/>supranational union<br/>regional organization<br/>political economic union | confederation<br/>supranational union<br/>regional organization<br/>political economic union |- class='wd_q42410' | [[Evo Morales]] | Evo Morales | Evo Morales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q107411' | [[Eyster]] | oyster | Eyster | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group |- class='wd_q21878' | [[Fabales]] | Q21878 | Fabales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21881' | [[Fagales]] | Q21881 | Fagales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5430546' | [[Fairlie, North Ayrshire|Fairlie]] | Fairlie | Fairlie, North Ayrshire | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q9648' | [[Fauklan Isles|falkland islands]] | Falkland Islands | Fauklan Isles | [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|Breetish owerseas territories]] | British Overseas Territories |- class='wd_q1233836' | [[Fallopian tube]] | fallopian tube | Fallopian tube | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q59148' | [[Famagusta Destrict]] | Famagusta District | Famagusta Destrict | [[Destricts o Cyprus]] | district of Cyprus |- class='wd_q17459' | [[Fandom (wabsteid)|Fandom]] | Q17459 | Fandom (wabsteid) | wiki hosting service<br/>web hosting service<br/>MediaWiki steid | wiki hosting service<br/>web hosting service<br/>MediaWiki wiki |- class='wd_q223179' | [[Faroese fowk]] | Faroese | Faroese fowk | [[population]] | human population |- class='wd_q127980' | [[fat]] | fat | Fat | nutrient group | nutrient group |- class='wd_q321061' | [[FC Sion]] | FC Sion | FC Sion | association fitbaa club<br/>sports club | association football club<br/>sports club |- class='wd_q1640582' | [[fecht-or-flicht response]] | acute stress response | Fecht-or-flicht response | concept | concept |- class='wd_q42602' | [[Felinae]] | Felinae | Felinae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q208373' | [[female genital mittlin]] | female genital mutilation | Female genital mittlin | ritual<br/>violence against women | ritual<br/>violence against women |- class='wd_q131564' | [[fennec tod]] | Vulpes zerda | Fennec tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q75780' | [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] | Ferdinand von Zeppelin | Ferdinand von Zeppelin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2576842' | [[Ferrari 166 Inter]] | Ferrari 166 Inter | Ferrari 166 Inter | car model | car model |- class='wd_q3405025' | [[Ffa Coffi Pawb]] | Ffa Coffi Pawb | Ffa Coffi Pawb | muisical ensemble | musical ensemble |- class='wd_q216517' | [[Fianna Fáil]] | Fianna Fáil | Fianna Fáil | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q59798' | [[Ficus]] | Ficus | Ficus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185674' | [[Field (pheesics)|field]] | field | Field (pheesics) | concept in physics | concept in physics |- class='wd_q253414' | [[FIFA]] | FIFA | FIFA | nan-profit organisation<br/>association football federation<br/>international sport governing body<br/>metaorganization | nonprofit organization<br/>association football federation<br/>international sport governing body<br/>metaorganization |- class='wd_q125351662' | [[FIFA Men's World Ranking]] | FIFA Men's World Rankings | FIFA Men's World Ranking | ranking | ranking |- class='wd_q599301' | [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]] | Financial District | Financial District, San Francisco | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood in San Francisco | neighborhood<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood in San Francisco |- class='wd_q5997' | [[fine-structur constant]] | fine-structure constant | Fine-structur constant | dimensionless quantity<br/>[[Physical constant|pheesical constant]]<br/>coupling constant | dimensionless quantity<br/>physical constant<br/>coupling constant |- class='wd_q5450695' | [[Finnan haddie]] | Finnan haddie | Finnan haddie | [[fuid]] | food |- class='wd_q33328' | [[Finnic leids]] | Finnic | Finnic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q1412' | [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] | Finnish | Finnish leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q25519942' | [[Firmicutes]] | Bacillota | Firmicutes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q29269' | [[First Chechen War]] | First Chechen War | First Chechen War | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q7166256' | [[First Lady o the Unitit States]] | First Lady of the United States | First Lady o the Unitit States | title<br/>poseetion | title<br/>position |- class='wd_q152' | [[fish]] | fish | Fish | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group |- class='wd_q2736' | [[Fitba|fitbaa]] | association football | Fitba | type o sport<br/>[[habby]]<br/>Olympic sport<br/>team sport<br/>spectator sport | type of sport<br/>hobby<br/>Olympic sport<br/>team sport<br/>spectator sport |- class='wd_q242115' | [[Five Dynasties an Ten Kinricks period]] | Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period | Five Dynasties an Ten Kinricks period | decad<br/>historical state<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>group<br/>pentad | decad<br/>historical country<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>group<br/>pentad |- class='wd_q59577' | [[flatfish]] | Pleuronectiformes | Flatfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5401971' | [[fleein saucer]] | flying saucer | Fleein saucer | | |- class='wd_q776670' | [[Florida panther]] | Florida panther | Florida panther | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25314' | [[flouerin plant]] | Q25314 | Flouerin plant | clade | clade |- class='wd_q318588' | [[FN P90]] | FN P90 | FN P90 | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q27671' | [[FN SCAR]] | SCAR | FN SCAR | firearm family | firearm family |- class='wd_q107027' | [[Foraminifera]] | Foraminifera | Foraminifera | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5467258' | [[Forbes Masson]] | Forbes Masson | Forbes Masson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1436754' | [[Ford Comète]] | Ford Comète | Ford Comète | car model | car model |- class='wd_q3866345' | [[Ford flatheid V8 ingine]] | Ford flathead V8 engine | Ford flatheid V8 ingine | ingine faimily | engine family |- class='wd_q52628184' | [[Ford V-8]] | Ford V-8 | Ford V-8 | | |- class='wd_q1437035' | [[Ford Vedette]] | Ford Vedette | Ford Vedette | car model | car model |- class='wd_q26896' | [[foumaw]] | Northern Fulmar | Foumaw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148' | [[Republic o the Fowk o Cheena|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] | People's Republic of China | Republic o the Fowk o Cheena | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q208258' | [[France Gall]] | France Gall | France Gall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q450675' | [[Pape Francis|Francis]] | Pope Francis | Pape Francis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3046878' | [[Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Kirk o Scotland]] | Free Church of Scotland | Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900) | Christian Church | Christian Church |- class='wd_q49220' | [[Fremont, Californie|Fremont]] | Fremont | Fremont, Californie | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>sanctuary city<br/>city of California | big city<br/>sanctuary city<br/>city of California |- class='wd_q30971' | [[French Polynesie]] | French Polynesia | French Polynesie | French owerseas collectivity | overseas collectivity of France |- class='wd_q72292' | [[Fridtjof Nansen]] | Fridtjof Nansen | Fridtjof Nansen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22670' | [[Friedrich Schiller]] | Friedrich Schiller | Friedrich Schiller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q128269' | [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]] | Frisco | Frisco, Texas | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q192534' | [[Fuerteventura]] | Fuerteventura | Fuerteventura | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q853718' | [[Fun and Fancy Free]] | Fun and Fancy Free | Fun and Fancy Free | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q34750' | [[Fuxin]] | Fuxin | Fuxin | prefecture-level city of China<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city of China<br/>big city |- class='wd_q991' | [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Fyodor Dostoevsky]] | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q40349' | [[Gagra Destrict]] | Gagra District | Gagra Destrict | district of Abkhazia | district of Abkhazia |- class='wd_q124946' | [[gairdenin]] | gardening | Gairdenin | [[habby]]<br/>branch of agriculture | hobby<br/>branch of agriculture |- class='wd_q9307' | [[Galicie leid|Galicie]] | Galician | Galicie leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q309467' | [[Gallimimus]] | Gallimimus | Gallimimus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q23572' | [[Game of Thrones]] | Game of Thrones | Game of Thrones | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q11523' | [[gamma ray]] | gamma ray | Gamma ray | [[electromagnetic radiation]] | electromagnetic radiation |- class='wd_q8010' | [[Ganger crossin]] | pedestrian crossing | Ganger crossin | | |- class='wd_q1366959' | [[Garda Síochána]] | Garda Síochána | Garda Síochána | [[polis]]<br/>national police | police<br/>national police |- class='wd_q184586' | [[Gareth Bale]] | Gareth Bale | Gareth Bale | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q643373' | [[garfish]] | Garfish | Garfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5524423' | [[Gartnait, Yerl o Mar]] | Gartnait, Earl of Mar | Gartnait, Yerl o Mar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q182333' | [[gas constant]] | molar gas constant | Gas constant | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant |- class='wd_q193470' | [[gas turbine]] | gas turbine | Gas turbine | | |- class='wd_q187138' | [[Gasherbrum I]] | Gasherbrum | Gasherbrum I | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q186853' | [[Gasherbrum II]] | Gasherbrum II | Gasherbrum II | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q174296' | [[Gaur]] | Bos gaurus | Gaur | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9441' | [[Gautama Buddha]] | The Buddha | Gautama Buddha | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q694025' | [[GAZ-M20 Pobeda]] | GAZ-M20 Pobeda | GAZ-M20 Pobeda | car model | car model |- class='wd_q190858' | [[Gazelle|Gazella]] | Gazella | Gazelle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q775' | [[Gelderland]] | Gelderland | Gelderland | [[Provinces o the Netherlands]] | province of the Netherlands |- class='wd_q207043' | [[Gemsbok]] | Gemsbok | Gemsbok | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q81965' | [[General Motors]] | General Motors | General Motors | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>business |- class='wd_q213381' | [[generation]] | generation | Generation | | |- class='wd_q976748' | [[Generation III reactor]] | Generation III reactor | Generation III reactor | nuclear reactor generation | nuclear reactor generation |- class='wd_q71' | [[Geneva]] | Geneva | Geneva | municipality o Swisserland<br/>college toun<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>cantonal caipital o Swisserland<br/>city of Switzerland | municipality of Switzerland<br/>college town<br/>big city<br/>cantonal capital of Switzerland<br/>city of Switzerland |- class='wd_q680916' | [[Gentbrugge]] | Gentbrugge | Gentbrugge | municipality section | municipality section |- class='wd_q5683' | [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] | Geoffrey Chaucer | Geoffrey Chaucer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q136736' | [[Geographic Names Information System]] | Geographic Names Information System | Geographic Names Information System | online database<br/>geographical names database | online database<br/>geographical names database |- class='wd_q653421' | [[Geordie]] | Geordie | Geordie | [[Byleid|dialect]] | dialect |- class='wd_q9235' | [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5535907' | [[George (dug)|George]] | George | George (dug) | [[dug]] | dog |- class='wd_q3078573' | [[George Campbell Hay]] | George Campbell Hay | George Campbell Hay | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5540112' | [[George H. W. Bush bowkin incident]] | George H. W. Bush vomiting incident | George H. W. Bush bowkin incident | vomitin | vomiting |- class='wd_q368519' | [[George MacDonald]] | George MacDonald | George MacDonald | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q434118' | [[George Pell]] | George Pell | George Pell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181677' | [[George R. R. Martin]] | George R. R. Martin | George R. R. Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q269412' | [[George V]] | George V | George V | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q296898' | [[George Washington Carver]] | George Washington Carver | George Washington Carver | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q208112' | [[gerenuk]] | gerenuk | Gerenuk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q56039' | [[German reunification]] | German reunification | German reunification | poleetical union<br/>reunion | political union<br/>reunion |- class='wd_q42884' | [[Germans]] | Germans | Germans | nation<br/>[[population]] | nation<br/>human population |- class='wd_q183' | [[Germany]] | Germany | Germany | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q156844' | [[Getúlio Vargas]] | Getúlio Vargas | Getúlio Vargas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157407' | [[Geum urbanum]] | Geum urbanum | Geum urbanum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q22169' | [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]] | GNU Free Documentation License | GNU Free Documentation License | copyleft license | copyleft license |- class='wd_q45529' | [[ghaist]] | ghost | Ghaist | | |- class='wd_q17134' | [[gharial]] | Gharial | Gharial | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q180415' | [[Ghazni Province]] | Ghazni Province | Ghazni Province | [[Provinces o Afghanistan]] | province of Afghanistan |- class='wd_q1296' | [[Ghent]] | Ghent | Ghent | municipality o Belgium<br/>carfree city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>Belgian municipality wi ceety privileges | municipality of Belgium<br/>carfree city<br/>big city<br/>Belgian municipality with the title of city |- class='wd_q65324805' | [[Gie wey sign]] | Q65324805 | Gie wey sign | | |- class='wd_q21997528' | [[Gilderoy]] | Gilderoy | Gilderoy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43284' | [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] | Ginkgo biloba | Ginkgo biloba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15083' | [[giraffe]] | northern giraffe | Giraffe | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q50005' | [[Giulio Andreotti]] | Giulio Andreotti | Giulio Andreotti | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192131' | [[Giuseppe Meazza]] | Giuseppe Meazza | Giuseppe Meazza | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2920231' | [[Givat Washington]] | Givat Washington | Givat Washington | college<br/>human settlement | college<br/>human settlement |- class='wd_q156207' | [[Gladiolus]] | Gladiolus | Gladiolus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q372311' | [[Glenn Close]] | Glenn Close | Glenn Close | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2341962' | [[Glossary o rail transport terms]] | glossary of rail transport terms | Glossary o rail transport terms | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q40807' | [[God Save the King]] | God Save the King | God Save the King | [[Naitional anthem]]<br/>musical work/composition | national anthem<br/>musical work/composition |- class='wd_q2875' | [[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]] | Gone with the Wind | Gone with the Wind (film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q288138' | [[Gordy]] | Gordy | Gordy | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q6025' | [[Gorno-Altaysk]] | Gorno-Altaysk | Gorno-Altaysk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q137474876' | [[Gos]] | Eurasian Goshawk | Gos | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25287' | [[Gothenburg]] | Gothenburg | Gothenburg | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>port ceety<br/>urban area in Sweden | big city<br/>port city<br/>urban area in Sweden |- class='wd_q7188' | [[govrenment]] | government | Govrenment | type of organization | type of organization |- class='wd_q320632' | [[Gowden taid|gowden toad]] | golden toad | Gowden taid | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q123141' | [[gowdfish]] | goldfish | Gowdfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5377' | [[Gowf]] | golf | Gowf | type o sport<br/>[[habby]]<br/>Olympic sport<br/>sport with racquet/stick/club | type of sport<br/>hobby<br/>Olympic sport<br/>sport with racquet/stick/club |- class='wd_q205648' | [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]] | Granada | Granada, Nicaragua | [[Municipalities o Nicaragua]] | municipality of Nicaragua |- class='wd_q215250' | [[gray tod]] | Gray fox | Gray tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58715' | [[Great Leap Forward]] | Great Leap Forward | Great Leap Forward | campaign | campaign |- class='wd_q1768199' | [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] | Great Russian Encyclopedia | Great Russian Encyclopedia | [[wabsteid]]<br/>national encyclopedia<br/>multi-volume work | website<br/>national encyclopedia<br/>multi-volume work |- class='wd_q199427' | [[Great white pelican|Great White Pelican]] | Great White Pelican | Great white pelican | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179537' | [[Greek fire]] | Greek fire | Greek fire | weapon type | weapon type |- class='wd_q182062' | [[Greek War o Unthirldom]] | Greek War of Independence | Greek War o Unthirldom | war of national liberation<br/>historical period | war of national liberation<br/>historical period |- class='wd_q207347' | [[green anaconda]] | green anaconda | Green anaconda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q420840' | [[Green bee-eater|Green Bee-eater]] | Asian Green Bee-eater | Green bee-eater | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1544592' | [[Green Goddess]] | Q1544592 | Green Goddess | truck model | truck model |- class='wd_q763080' | [[Greenville, Ohio|Greenville]] | Greenville | Greenville, Ohio | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q769' | [[Grenada]] | Grenada | Grenada | [[kintra]]<br/>island country<br/>Commonwealth realm<br/>sovereign state<br/>archipelagic state | country<br/>island country<br/>Commonwealth realm<br/>sovereign state<br/>archipelagic state |- class='wd_q3388' | [[Grossglockner]] | Grossglockner | Grossglockner | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>highest point | mountain<br/>highest point |- class='wd_q219565' | [[Grévy's zebra]] | Grevy's zebra | Grévy's zebra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q422071' | [[Guar gum]] | guar gum | Guar gum | group or class of chemical entities | group or class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q206032' | [[Gucci Mane]] | Q206032 | Gucci Mane | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25230' | [[Guernsey]] | Guernsey | Guernsey | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]]<br/>bailiwick | Crown Dependencies<br/>bailiwick |- class='wd_q56428' | [[Guernésiais]] | Guernésiais | Guernésiais | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q56385' | [[Gulf Arabic]] | Gulf Arabic | Gulf Arabic | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q654010' | [[Gulf o Khambhat]] | Gulf of Khambhat | Gulf o Khambhat | bay | bay |- class='wd_q187274' | [[Gulf o Sidra]] | Gulf of Sidra | Gulf o Sidra | bay<br/>gulf | bay<br/>gulf |- class='wd_q386777' | [[Gulripsh Destrict]] | Gulripsh District | Gulripsh Destrict | district of Abkhazia | district of Abkhazia |- class='wd_q12861' | [[gunpouder]] | gunpowder | Gunpouder | explosive material<br/>mixtur | explosive chemicals<br/>mixture |- class='wd_q844844' | [[Guy Fawkes Nicht]] | Guy Fawkes Night | Guy Fawkes Nicht | [[haliday]] | holiday |- class='wd_q734' | [[Guyana]] | Guyana | Guyana | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q60654' | [[Gypjak]] | Gypjak | Gypjak | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q202406' | [[haddock]] | haddock | Haddock | [[taxon]]<br/>food product | taxon<br/>food product |- class='wd_q609630' | [[Haflinger]] | Haflinger | Haflinger | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q72818' | [[Hai Phong]] | Haiphong City | Hai Phong | [[ceety]]<br/>Municipalities o Vietnam<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>centrally-controlled city of Vietnam<br/>big city |- class='wd_q37707' | [[haiku]] | haiku | Haiku | poetic form<br/>poetry genre | poetic form<br/>poetry genre |- class='wd_q2840' | [[Haingles]] | influenza | Haingles | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q2349386' | [[Hamish Henderson]] | Hamish Henderson | Hamish Henderson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7209' | [[Han dynasty]] | Han dynasty | Han dynasty | historical state<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>historical Chinese state | historical country<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>historical Chinese state |- class='wd_q82199' | [[Hande Yener]] | Hande Yener | Hande Yener | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8222' | [[Hangul]] | Hangul | Hangul | syllabary<br/>phonetic transcription<br/>featural writing system<br/>constructed writing system<br/>alphabetic writing system<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>phonemic transcription | syllabary<br/>phonetic transcription<br/>featural writing system<br/>constructed writing system<br/>alphabetic writing system<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>phonemic transcription |- class='wd_q126631' | [[Hannah Montana]] | Hannah Montana | Hannah Montana | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q155794' | [[Hans Bethe]] | Hans Bethe | Hans Bethe | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42908' | [[Hanseatic League]] | Hanseatic League | Hanseatic League | organization<br/>[[confederation]] | organization<br/>confederation |- class='wd_q130881' | [[Hanukkah]] | Hanukkah | Hanukkah | public holiday<br/>[[haliday]]<br/>annual event | public holiday<br/>holiday<br/>annual event |- class='wd_q82261' | [[Haplorhini|Haplorrhini]] | Q82261 | Haplorhini | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2013262' | [[Harasta]] | Harasta | Harasta | [[ceety]]<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q83270' | [[Haurd rock|Hard rock]] | hard rock | Haurd rock | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q310260' | [[Harold Shipman]] | Harold Shipman | Harold Shipman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3458906' | [[Harrisburg, Oregon|Harrisburg]] | Harrisburg | Harrisburg, Oregon | city of Oregon | city of Oregon |- class='wd_q8337' | [[Harry Potter]] | Q8337 | Harry Potter | canon<br/>heptalogy<br/>novel series<br/>children's book series | canon<br/>heptalogy<br/>novel series<br/>children's book series |- class='wd_q15485284' | [[Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel]] | Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel | Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q214861' | [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta Internaitional Airport]] | Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport | Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta Internaitional Airport | internaitional airport<br/>airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome | international airport<br/>airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome |- class='wd_q13371' | [[Harvard Varsity]] | Harvard University | Harvard Varsity | private varsity<br/>Colonial Colleges<br/>research university<br/>private not-for-profit educational institution | private university<br/>Colonial Colleges<br/>research university<br/>private not-for-profit educational institution |- class='wd_q3128178' | [[Hassan-Taxi]] | Hassan Taxi | Hassan-Taxi | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q8418' | [[haundbaw]] | handball | Haundbaw | [[sport]]<br/>[[gemme]]<br/>type o sport<br/>Olympic sport<br/>baw gemme | sport<br/>game<br/>type of sport<br/>Olympic sport<br/>ball game |- class='wd_q26198' | [[haver craw]] | Carrion Crow | Haver craw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q754475' | [[Havre de Grace, Maryland|Havre de Grace]] | Havre de Grace | Havre de Grace, Maryland | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q16035842' | [[hearin loss]] | hearing loss | Hearin loss | heal problem | health problem |- class='wd_q4511497' | [[Heather Reid]] | Heather Reid | Heather Reid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155901' | [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] | Heckler & Koch MP5 | Heckler & Koch MP5 | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q7064' | [[Hedonism]] | hedonism | Hedonism | [[warld view]] | world view |- class='wd_q349982' | [[Hegang]] | Hegang | Hegang | prefecture-level city of China<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city of China<br/>big city |- class='wd_q48352' | [[heid o state]] | head of state | Heid o state | public offeecial<br/>type of position | public office<br/>type of position |- class='wd_q164061' | [[Helen o Troy]] | Helen of Troy | Helen o Troy | legendary progenitor<br/>mythological Greek character | legendary progenitor<br/>mythological Greek character |- class='wd_q26949' | [[Helianthus]] | Helianthus | Helianthus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2042538' | [[Hellenic leids]] | Hellenic | Hellenic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q173821' | [[Helmand Province]] | Helmand Province | Helmand Province | [[Provinces o Afghanistan]] | province of Afghanistan |- class='wd_q41688' | [[Hendrik Lorentz]] | Hendrik Lorentz | Hendrik Lorentz | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q82445' | [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q103556' | [[Henry II, Haly Roman Emperor]] | Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor | Henry II, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q60094' | [[Henry IV, Haly Roman Emperor|Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] | Henry IV | Henry IV, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q20203290' | [[Henry John Dobson]] | Henry John Dobson | Henry John Dobson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q187765' | [[Henry Miller]] | Henry Miller | Henry Miller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157661' | [[hepatitis A]] | hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q6853' | [[hepatitis B]] | hepatitis B | Hepatitis B | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q154869' | [[hepatitis C]] | hepatitis C | Hepatitis C | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q71016' | [[Herbert Kroemer]] | Herbert Kroemer | Herbert Kroemer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q152491' | [[Herzliya]] | Herzliya | Herzliya | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q1588936' | [[Heysham nuclear pouer station]] | Heysham nuclear power stations | Heysham nuclear pouer station | place<br/>group | geographic location<br/>group |- class='wd_q878223' | [[Hieland]] | highland | Hieland | landscape<br/>terrain type | landscape<br/>terrain type |- class='wd_q644305' | [[Hillman Avenger]] | Hillman Avenger | Hillman Avenger | car model | car model |- class='wd_q188754' | [[Himeji Castle]] | Himeji Castle | Himeji Castle | Japanese castle<br/>hirayamajiro | Japanese castle<br/>hirayamajiro |- class='wd_q11051' | [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]] | Hindustani | Hindustani leid | natural language<br/>modern language<br/>common language | natural language<br/>modern language<br/>common language |- class='wd_q1765322' | [[Hinkley Point A nuclear pouer station]] | Hinkley Point A nuclear power station | Hinkley Point A nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q5767271' | [[Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station]] | Hinkley Point C nuclear power station | Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q11401' | [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] | hip-hop | Hip hop muisic | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q213336' | [[Hippopotamidae]] | Hippopotamidae | Hippopotamidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5768716' | [[Hipódromo (Santurce)|Hipódromo]] | Hipódromo | Hipódromo (Santurce) | subbarrio of Puerto Rico | subbarrio of Puerto Rico |- class='wd_q48332' | [[Hiragana]] | hiragana | Hiragana | syllabary<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>natural writing system | syllabary<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>natural writing system |- class='wd_q309' | [[history]] | history | History | academic discipline | academic discipline |- class='wd_q188660' | [[hoatzin]] | Hoatzin | Hoatzin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q130875' | [[Hohenstaufen]] | House of Hohenstaufen | Hohenstaufen | ryal hoose | royal house |- class='wd_q65324818' | [[Holborn Street railwey Station]] | Holborn Street railway station | Holborn Street railwey Station | former railway station | former railway station |- class='wd_q1624389' | [[Holden Statesman]] | Holden Caprice | Holden Statesman | car model | car model |- class='wd_q10259' | [[Holi]] | Holii | Holi | muisic festival<br/>spring festival | music festival<br/>spring festival |- class='wd_q1138378' | [[Hollywood Hills]] | Hollywood Hills | Hollywood Hills | district or neighborhood of Los Angeles | district or neighborhood of Los Angeles |- class='wd_q2763' | [[Holocaust]] | The Holocaust | Holocaust | racism<br/>genocide<br/>crime against humanity<br/>hate crime<br/>state crime<br/>key event<br/>ethnic violence | racism<br/>genocide<br/>crime against humanity<br/>hate crime<br/>state crime<br/>key event<br/>ethnic violence |- class='wd_q165058' | [[Holodomor]] | Holodomor | Holodomor | genocide<br/>faimin<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>communist crime | genocide<br/>famine<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>communist crime |- class='wd_q12548' | [[Halie Romane Rik|Holy Roman Empire]] | Holy Roman Empire | Halie Romane Rik | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q16984765' | [[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982]] | The Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 | Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 | Order in Council<br/>UK Statutory Instrument | Order in Council<br/>UK Statutory Instrument |- class='wd_q9584' | [[Honda]] | Honda | Honda | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer |- class='wd_q726' | [[Horse]] | horse | Horse | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23558' | [[House (TV series)|House]] | House M.D. | House (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q5927904' | [[Huchoun]] | Huchoun | Huchoun | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q981981' | [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] | Hugh MacDiarmid | Hugh MacDiarmid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25405' | [[Huidit craw|Huidit Craw]] | Hooded Crow | Huidit craw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38994' | [[Human Development Index]] | Human Development Index | Human Development Index | index number<br/>wellbeing index | index number<br/>wellbeing index |- class='wd_q16390' | [[Humphrey Bogart]] | Humphrey Bogart | Humphrey Bogart | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q30535' | [[huntin hawk]] | Peregrine Falcon | Huntin hawk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16422' | [[Hurricane Katrina]] | Hurricane Katrina | Hurricane Katrina | hurricane | hurricane |- class='wd_q2409' | [[hydrochloric acid]] | hydrochloric acid | Hydrochloric acid | type of mixture of chemical entities | type of mixture of chemical entities |- class='wd_q42046' | [[Hyena]] | Hyaenidae | Hyena | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q53099' | [[Hyrax]] | Hyracoidea | Hyrax | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q981993' | [[Ian Charleson]] | Ian Charleson | Ian Charleson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q129727' | [[Ibeirien lynx|Iberie lynx]] | Iberian lynx | Ibeirien lynx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179503' | [[Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs]] | Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs | Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q190910' | [[Ice Age: The Meltdown]] | Ice Age: The Meltdown | Ice Age: The Meltdown | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q1325808' | [[Ice creestals|ice creestal]] | ice crystal | Ice creestals | | |- class='wd_q194515' | [[Ichthyosaur|Ichthyosauria]] | Ichthyosauria | Ichthyosaur | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q248339' | [[Ignition coil]] | ignition coil | Ignition coil | | |- class='wd_q221378' | [[Ile shale]] | oil shale | Ile shale | | |- class='wd_q276093' | [[IMI Galil]] | IWI Galil | IMI Galil | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q132576' | [[Impala]] | impala | Impala | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q668' | [[Indie]] | India | Indie | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q729553' | [[Indien leopard|Indie leopard]] | Indian leopard | Indien leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q103817' | [[indigenous fowks]] | indigenous people | Indigenous fowks | | |- class='wd_q81096' | [[ingineer]] | engineer | Ingineer | [[profession]]<br/>[[academic degree]]<br/>poseetion | profession<br/>academic degree<br/>position |- class='wd_q81900' | [[ink-fish]] | Teuthida | Ink-fish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1735' | [[Innsbruck]] | Innsbruck | Innsbruck | [[ceety]]<br/>statutory city of Austria<br/>municipality o Austrick<br/>district of Austria<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>toun wi toun richts an privileges | city<br/>statutory city of Austria<br/>municipality of Austria<br/>district of Austria<br/>big city<br/>place with town rights and privileges |- class='wd_q1390' | [[Insect]] | insect | Insect | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1869874' | [[insomnia]] | insomnia | Insomnia | type of disease<br/>symptom type | type of disease<br/>symptom type |- class='wd_q78928288' | [[Intellivision Amico]] | Intellivision Amico | Intellivision Amico | product model | product model |- class='wd_q182473' | [[Intercontinental Cup]] | Intercontinental Cup | Intercontinental Cup | international association football clubs cup<br/>defunct association football competition<br/>club world championship | international association football clubs cup<br/>defunct association football competition<br/>club world championship |- class='wd_q3476589' | [[Interrogation scene]] | interrogation scene | Interrogation scene | | |- class='wd_q6060054' | [[Inverclyde Line]] | Inverclyde Line | Inverclyde Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q392110' | [[IONIS Education Group]] | IONIS Education Group | IONIS Education Group | joint-stock company | joint-stock company |- class='wd_q11135' | [[IP address]] | IP address | IP address | | |- class='wd_q114065797' | [[Iran's 2022-3 kintrawide protests|Iran's 2022 kintrawide protests]] | Mahsa Amini protests | Iran's 2022-3 kintrawide protests | rebellion<br/>demonstration<br/>[[protest]] | rebellion<br/>demonstration<br/>protest |- class='wd_q7170257' | [[Persie pop muisic|Iranian pop]] | Iranian pop | Persie pop muisic | [[muisic genre]]<br/>musical scene | music genre<br/>musical scene |- class='wd_q4165309' | [[Iraq Inquiry]] | Iraq Inquiry | Iraq Inquiry | public inquiry | public inquiry |- class='wd_q205047' | [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] | Kurdistan Region of Iraq | Iraqi Kurdistan | autonomous region<br/>Kurdish-inhabited area | autonomous region<br/>Kurdish-inhabited area |- class='wd_q273331' | [[Irrawaddy dowphin]] | Irrawaddy dolphin | Irrawaddy dowphin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q83566' | [[Isabel Allende]] | Isabel Allende | Isabel Allende | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45859' | [[Isabella I o Castile|Isabella o Castile]] | Isabella I of Castile | Isabella I o Castile | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q189387' | [[Ischia]] | Ischia | Ischia | volcanic island | volcanic island |- class='wd_q2429253' | [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] | Islamic State | Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant | caliphate<br/>Islamic state<br/>armed organization<br/>self-proclaimed state<br/>quasi-state | caliphate<br/>Islamic state<br/>armed organization<br/>self-proclaimed state<br/>quasi-state |- class='wd_q28065409' | [[Isle of Dogs (film)|Isle of Dogs]] | Isle of Dogs | Isle of Dogs (film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q25276' | [[isotope]] | isotope | Isotope | second-order class | second-order class |- class='wd_q42180' | [[Israel Kamakawiwoʻole]] | Israel Kamakawiwoʻole | Israel Kamakawiwoʻole | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1674974' | [[Isuzu Piazza]] | Isuzu Piazza | Isuzu Piazza | car model | car model |- class='wd_q192786' | [[Italian cuisine]] | Italian cuisine | Italian cuisine | national cuisine | national cuisine |- class='wd_q50001' | [[Italians]] | Italians | Italians | [[population]]<br/>[[ethnic group]]<br/>[[fowk]] | human population<br/>ethnic group<br/>people |- class='wd_q174971' | [[Itō Hirobumi]] | Itō Hirobumi | Itō Hirobumi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q49113' | [[Ivy League]] | Ivy League | Ivy League | college athletic conference | college athletic conference |- class='wd_q9773' | [[J]] | Q9773 | J | | |- class='wd_q1700920' | [[J. Michael Kosterlitz]] | J. Michael Kosterlitz | J. Michael Kosterlitz | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q167852' | [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] | Jabir ibn Hayyan | Jabir ibn Hayyan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16568' | [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] | Jacksonville | Jacksonville, Florida | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q130631' | [[Jacques Derrida]] | Jacques Derrida | Jacques Derrida | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37899' | [[Jagdterrier]] | Jagdterrier | Jagdterrier | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q6122893' | [[Jaguar Land Rover]] | Jaguar Land Rover | Jaguar Land Rover | subsidiary company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | subsidiary company<br/>business |- class='wd_q182304' | [[Jaguarundi]] | Jaguarundi | Jaguarundi | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9232' | [[Jainism]] | Jainism | Jainism | [[releegion]] | religion |- class='wd_q3630' | [[Jakarta]] | Jakarta | Jakarta | [[Provinces o Indonesie]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>Daerah Khusus<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | province of Indonesia<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>Daerah Khusus<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q487640' | [[Jalal-Abad Region|Jalal-Abad Province]] | Jalal-Abad Region | Jalal-Abad Region | [[Regions o Kyrgyzstan]] | region of Kyrgyzstan |- class='wd_q33377' | [[Jalandhar]] | Jalandhar | Jalandhar | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q277579' | [[James Dewar]] | James Dewar | James Dewar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q648516' | [[James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] | James Douglas, Lord of Douglas | James Douglas, Laird o Douglas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q140393' | [[James Hunt]] | Q140393 | James Hunt | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6882' | [[James Joyce]] | James Joyce | James Joyce | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8962' | [[James Prescott Joule]] | James Prescott Joule | James Prescott Joule | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q184746' | [[Jane Goodall]] | Jane Goodall | Jane Goodall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131324' | [[Janet Jackson]] | Janet Jackson | Janet Jackson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213726' | [[Jankel Adler]] | Jankel Adler | Jankel Adler | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1645980' | [[Jatt]] | Jats | Jatt | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q229507' | [[Jayne Mansfield]] | Jayne Mansfield | Jayne Mansfield | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q246087' | [[Jbeil Destrict]] | Jbeil District | Jbeil Destrict | [[Destricts o Lebanon]] | district of Lebanon |- class='wd_q128543' | [[Jean Chrétien]] | Jean Chrétien | Jean Chrétien | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45682' | [[Jean Sibelius]] | Jean Sibelius | Jean Sibelius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q162708' | [[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] | Jean-Bedel Bokassa | Jean-Bédel Bokassa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q28180' | [[Jefferson City]] | Jefferson City | Jefferson City | [[Caipital|caipital ceety]]<br/>coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | capital city<br/>county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q189895' | [[Jennifer Jones (actress)|Jennifer Jones]] | Jennifer Jones | Jennifer Jones (actress) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q291169' | [[Jeremy Corbyn]] | Jeremy Corbyn | Jeremy Corbyn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q658527' | [[Jericho Govrenorate]] | Jericho Governorate | Jericho Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Palestine]] | governorate of the State of Palestine |- class='wd_q187822' | [[Jerome Isaac Friedman]] | Jerome Isaac Friedman | Jerome Isaac Friedman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6184230' | [[Jerry Parr]] | Jerry Parr | Jerry Parr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q785' | [[Jersey]] | Jersey | Jersey | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]] | Crown Dependencies |- class='wd_q454251' | [[Jimmy Johnstone]] | Jimmy Johnstone | Jimmy Johnstone | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q165467' | [[Jimmy Page]] | Jimmy Page | Jimmy Page | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181' | [[Jimmy Wales]] | Jimmy Wales | Jimmy Wales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6204319' | [[Jo Jorgensen]] | Jo Jorgensen | Jo Jorgensen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188793' | [[Joan Capdevila]] | Joan Capdevila | Joan Capdevila | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4922257' | [[Joanne Missingham]] | Joanne Missingham | Joanne Missingham | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10940' | [[jockstrap]] | jockstrap | Jockstrap | [[Cleidin|claes]] | clothing |- class='wd_q449402' | [[Jodie Whittaker]] | Jodie Whittaker | Jodie Whittaker | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6279' | [[Joe Biden]] | Joe Biden | Joe Biden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5879' | [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q324028' | [[John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute]] | John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute | John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q298243' | [[John Hannah]] | John Hannah | John Hannah | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q918672' | [[John Kerr]] | John Kerr | John Kerr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6247276' | [[John Maxwell]] | John Maxwell | John Maxwell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1588306' | [[John Walker (naitural historian)|John Walker]] | John Walker | John Walker (naitural historian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42775' | [[Johnny Cash]] | Johnny Cash | Johnny Cash | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q231318' | [[Johor Bahru]] | Johor Bahru | Johor Bahru | city of Malaysia | city of Malaysia |- class='wd_q855' | [[Joseph Stalin]] | Joseph Stalin | Joseph Stalin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213844' | [[Judith Malina]] | Judith Malina | Judith Malina | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2986022' | [[Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide]] | Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide | Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide | armed organization | armed organization |- class='wd_q214028' | [[Julie Revolution]] | July Revolution | Julie Revolution | [[Revolution]] | revolution |- class='wd_q161333' | [[Juncus acutiflorus]] | Juncus acutiflorus | Juncus acutiflorus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q297838' | [[Jusepe de Ribera]] | Jusepe de Ribera | Jusepe de Ribera | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185117' | [[Justin Mairtyr|Justin Martyr]] | Justin Martyr | Justin Mairtyr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q951930' | [[Juviles]] | Juviles | Juviles | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q56430' | [[Jèrriais]] | Jèrriais | Jèrriais | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q181227' | [[Jörmungandr]] | Jörmungandr | Jörmungandr | meethological serpent<br/>Norse meethical animal<br/>eschatological figure | mythological serpent<br/>Norse mythical animal<br/>eschatological figure |- class='wd_q29466' | [[Kaaba]] | Kaaba | Kaaba | sacred place | sacred place |- class='wd_q152659' | [[Kafr Qasim]] | Kafr Qasim | Kafr Qasim | [[ceety]]<br/>city council | city<br/>city council |- class='wd_q179570' | [[Kairouan]] | Kairouan | Kairouan | municipality of Tunisia | municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q179959' | [[kakapo]] | Kakapo | Kakapo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q10853588' | [[Kamala Harris]] | Kamala Harris | Kamala Harris | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q605160' | [[Kamëz]] | Kamëz | Kamëz | [[ceety]]<br/>average city | city<br/>average city |- class='wd_q5070208' | [[kangaroo]] | kangaroo | Kangaroo | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q181557' | [[Kaohsiung]] | Kaohsiung | Kaohsiung | special municipality | special municipality |- class='wd_q36121' | [[Kapampangan leid]] | Kapampangan | Kapampangan leid | leid | language |- class='wd_q192273' | [[Karelie]] | Karelia | Karelie | historical region<br/>cultural region | historical region<br/>cultural region |- class='wd_q3037' | [[Kathmandu]] | Kathmandu | Kathmandu | [[ceety]]<br/>[[municipality]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>largest city | city<br/>municipality<br/>federal capital<br/>big city<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q134301' | [[Katyn massacre]] | Katyn massacre | Katyn massacre | war crime<br/>[[mass murther]]<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>massacre | war crime<br/>mass murder<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>massacre |- class='wd_q46702' | [[Kavajë]] | Kavajë | Kavajë | [[ceety]]<br/>human settlement<br/>small city | city<br/>human settlement<br/>small city |- class='wd_q20064322' | [[Kavurma]] | kavurma | Kavurma | cold cut | cold cut |- class='wd_q6379727' | [[Kawasaki 454 LTD]] | Kawasaki 454 LTD | Kawasaki 454 LTD | motorcycle model | motorcycle model |- class='wd_q239928' | [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] | Kay Bailey Hutchison | Kay Bailey Hutchison | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181598' | [[Keeng Lear]] | King Lear | Keeng Lear | dramatic work | dramatic work |- class='wd_q31747665' | [[King o Ingland|Keeng o Ingland]] | Q31747665 | King o Ingland | | |- class='wd_q378560' | [[Leest o pechtish kings|Keeng o the Pechts]] | list of kings of the Picts | Leest o pechtish kings | poseetion<br/>Wikimedia information list | position<br/>Wikimedia information list |- class='wd_q182209' | [[keeng penguin]] | King Penguin | Keeng penguin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q564288' | [[Keeng Wu o Qin]] | King Wu of Qin | Keeng Wu o Qin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q470072' | [[Keeng Zhou o Shang]] | King Zhou of Shang | Keeng Zhou o Shang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q79915' | [[keeng's fisher]] | Common Kingfisher | Keeng's fisher | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q547122' | [[Keith O'Brien]] | Keith O'Brien | Keith O'Brien | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q387278' | [[Kellas cat]] | Kellas cat | Kellas cat | hybrid | hybrid |- class='wd_q294436' | [[Kelso]] | Kelso | Kelso | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q868654' | [[Kelso, Washington|Kelso]] | Kelso | Kelso, Washington | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q3194941' | [[Kelso RFC]] | Kelso RFC | Kelso RFC | rugby union team | rugby union team |- class='wd_q298263' | [[Kenneth MacAlpin]] | Kenneth MacAlpin | Kenneth MacAlpin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1740370' | [[Kezia Dugdale]] | Kezia Dugdale | Kezia Dugdale | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42034' | [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] | Khadija bint Khuwaylid | Khadija bint Khuwaylid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1429685' | [[Khagrachari Destrict]] | Khagrachari District | Khagrachari Destrict | district of Bangladesh | district of Bangladesh |- class='wd_q696241' | [[Khanate o Kokand]] | Khanate of Kokand | Khanate o Kokand | khanate<br/>historical state | khanate<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q6320' | [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]] | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>[[autonomous okrugs o Roushie]] | federal subject of Russia<br/>autonomous district of Russia |- class='wd_q310114' | [[Khartoum North]] | Khartoum North | Khartoum North | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q33614' | [[Khoisan leids]] | Khoisan | Khoisan leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q109092' | [[Kilkenny]] | Kilkenny | Kilkenny | [[ceety]]<br/>[[toun]]<br/>Ceremonial cities of the Republic of Ireland<br/>town council in the Republic of Ireland | city<br/>town<br/>Ceremonial cities of the Republic of Ireland<br/>town council in the Republic of Ireland |- class='wd_q329477' | [[kilometre zero]] | kilometre zero | Kilometre zero | | |- class='wd_q254630' | [[kinkajou]] | kinkajou | Kinkajou | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q107299' | [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]] | Kingdom of Northumbria | Kinrick o Northumbrie | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q45670' | [[Kinrick o Portugal]] | Kingdom of Portugal | Kinrick o Portugal | kingdom<br/>historical state<br/>province of the Spanish Empire<br/>colonial power | kingdom<br/>historical country<br/>province of the Spanish Empire<br/>colonial power |- class='wd_q833607' | [[Kirk's dik-dik]] | Kirk's dik-dik | Kirk's dik-dik | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q208329' | [[Kirkwaa]] | Kirkwall | Kirkwaa | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q83232' | [[Kiruna]] | Kiruna | Kiruna | human settlement<br/>urban area in Sweden | human settlement<br/>urban area in Sweden |- class='wd_q33583' | [[Kirundi]] | Kirundi | Kirundi | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q501543' | [[Kiryat Malakhi]] | Kiryat Malachi | Kiryat Malakhi | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q745751' | [[kit tod]] | kit fox | Kit tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q107061' | [[Kite (geometry)|kite]] | kite | Kite (geometry) | | |- class='wd_q80357904' | [[Klepetan an Malena]] | Klepetan and Malena | Klepetan an Malena | individual animal<br/>dyad<br/>animal duo | individual animal<br/>dyad<br/>animal duo |- class='wd_q36101' | [[koala]] | koala | Koala | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q211042' | [[kodkod]] | kodkod | Kodkod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q378846' | [[koi]] | koi | Koi | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q779745' | [[Koinobori]] | koinobori | Koinobori | banner (flag) | banner (flag) |- class='wd_q4504' | [[Komodo draigon]] | Komodo dragon | Komodo draigon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48472' | [[Konye-Urgench]] | Konye-Urgench | Konye-Urgench | [[ceety]]<br/>archaeological site | city<br/>archaeological site |- class='wd_q1579864' | [[Korowai fowk]] | Korowai people | Korowai fowk | ethnic groups in Indonesia<br/>native Indonesians | ethnic groups in Indonesia<br/>native Indonesians |- class='wd_q659042' | [[Korydallos]] | Korydallos | Korydallos | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q116341' | [[Korçë]] | Korçë | Korçë | [[ceety]]<br/>[[toun]]<br/>human settlement | city<br/>town<br/>human settlement |- class='wd_q28729' | [[Kozhikode]] | Kozhikode | Kozhikode | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q925042' | [[Krampus]] | Krampus | Krampus | figure used in threatening children<br/>Popanz<br/>meethical character<br/>folklore character | figure used in threatening children<br/>Q2104078<br/>mythical character<br/>folklore character |- class='wd_q152220' | [[Kurdistan Wirkers' Pairty]] | Kurdistan Workers' Party | Kurdistan Wirkers' Pairty | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization |- class='wd_q1768091' | [[Kuressaare Castle]] | Kuressaare Castle | Kuressaare Castle | [[castle]] | castle |- class='wd_q15470' | [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] | L'Hospitalet de Llobregat | L'Hospitalet de Llobregat | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Catalonia | big city<br/>municipality of Catalonia |- class='wd_q1038912' | [[La Costa Partido]] | La Costa Partido | La Costa Partido | [[municipality]]<br/>partido of Buenos Aires Province | municipality<br/>partido of Buenos Aires Province |- class='wd_q549267' | [[Laacher See]] | Laacher See | Laacher See | volcanic crater lake | volcanic crater lake |- class='wd_q9630' | [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]] | Labour Party | Labour Pairty (UK) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q36196' | [[Judaeo-Spaingie|Ladino leid]] | Judaeo-Spanish | Judaeo-Spaingie | dialect family | dialect family |- class='wd_q172284' | [[Lady and the Tramp]] | Lady and the Tramp | Lady and the Tramp | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q6470210' | [[Lady Grizel Baillie]] | Grizel Baillie | Lady Grizel Baillie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q162356' | [[Lady Jane Grey]] | Lady Jane Grey | Lady Jane Grey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q53662' | [[Laika]] | Laika | Laika | [[dug]]<br/>Soviet space dog<br/>individual animal | dog<br/>Soviet space dog<br/>individual animal |- class='wd_q12585' | [[Laitin Americae]] | Latin America | Laitin Americae | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region |- class='wd_q15523' | [[Loch Como|Lake Como]] | Lake Como | Loch Como | glacial lake | glacial lake |- class='wd_q462804' | [[Lakewood, Colorado|Lakewood]] | Lakewood | Lakewood, Colorado | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q21742' | [[Lamiales]] | Lamiales | Lamiales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48780586' | [[Larry Dean (comedian)|Larry Dean]] | Larry Dean | Larry Dean (comedian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185' | [[Larry Sanger]] | Q185 | Larry Sanger | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3241535' | [[Latino Moderne]] | Latino moderne | Latino Moderne | [[constructit leid]] | constructed language |- class='wd_q697175' | [[launch vehicle]] | launch vehicle | Launch vehicle | | |- class='wd_q26538' | [[Lauraceae]] | Lauraceae | Lauraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171892' | [[Lavandula]] | Lavandula | Lavandula | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q164321' | [[law o cosines]] | law of cosines | Law o cosines | theorem | theorem |- class='wd_q42497' | [[Lawer Austrick]] | Lower Austria | Lawer Austrick | federal state of Austria<br/>historical region | federal state of Austria<br/>historical region |- class='wd_q294144' | [[Lea Salonga]] | Lea Salonga | Lea Salonga | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9624' | [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Leeberal Democrats]] | Liberal Democrats | Leeberal Democrats (UK) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q6216' | [[leeberalism]] | liberalism | Leeberalism | [[Poleetical philosophy|poleetical filosofie]]<br/>social philosophy<br/>poleetical ideology | political philosophy<br/>social philosophy<br/>political ideology |- class='wd_q1023630' | [[leet o current heids o state an govrenment]] | List of current heads of state and government | Leet o current heids o state an govrenment | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q11750' | [[Leet o kintras]] | list of sovereign states | Leet o kintras | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q260023' | [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi area|leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie]] | list of countries and dependencies by area | Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi area | Wikimedia ranked list | Wikimedia ranked list |- class='wd_q182162' | [[Leet o Swadish monarchs]] | list of Swedish monarchs | Leet o Swadish monarchs | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q2364801' | [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Turkey]] | list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey | Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Turkey | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q789447' | [[Caurie-fistit|left-haundit]] | left-handedness | Caurie-fistit | handedness | handedness |- class='wd_q186462' | [[Lemuridae]] | Lemuridae | Lemuridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1817577' | [[Leng Tch'e]] | Leng Tch'e | Leng Tch'e | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q7243' | [[Leo Tolstoy]] | Leo Tolstoy | Leo Tolstoy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1728820' | [[Leo Varadkar]] | Leo Varadkar | Leo Varadkar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192695' | [[Leon M. Lederman]] | Leon M. Lederman | Leon M. Lederman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42627' | [[leopard cat]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | Leopard cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q93259' | [[Lesser Antilles]] | Lesser Antilles | Lesser Antilles | airchipelago | archipelago |- class='wd_q83193' | [[lettuce]] | Lactuca sativa | Lettuce | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q363778' | [[Lewis an Harris]] | Lewis and Harris | Lewis an Harris | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q38082' | [[Lewis Carroll]] | Lewis Carroll | Lewis Carroll | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19875108' | [[Leyland 4-tonne truck]] | Leyland 4-tonne truck | Leyland 4-tonne truck | truck model<br/>military vehicle model | truck model<br/>military vehicle model |- class='wd_q31746' | [[Lezgian leid]] | Lezgian | Lezgian leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q1129737' | [[Lezgins]] | Lezgins | Lezgins | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q4612907' | [[LGBT richts muivement]] | LGBTQ movements | LGBT richts muivement | social movement | social movement |- class='wd_q202435' | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]] | lieutenancy area of Scotland | Lieutenancy areas o Scotland | | |- class='wd_q747404' | [[Limescale]] | limescale | Limescale | | |- class='wd_q165838' | [[limnologie]] | limnology | Limnologie | special field<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline | field of study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q80839' | [[lingua franca]] | lingua franca | Lingua franca | type of language | type of language |- class='wd_q8162' | [[lingueestics]] | linguistics | Lingueestics | special field<br/>field o study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline | field of study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q157896' | [[Linum catharticum]] | Linum catharticum | Linum catharticum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q388' | [[Linux]] | Q388 | Linux | [[saftware]] | software |- class='wd_q140' | [[lion]] | lion | Lion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q287975' | [[Liopleurodon]] | Liopleurodon | Liopleurodon | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q3490' | [[Lipetsk]] | Lipetsk | Lipetsk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q11367' | [[lipid]] | lipid | Lipid | imprecise class of chemical entities | imprecise class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q18858' | [[Little whaup]] | Eurasian Whimbrel | Little whaup | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8172269' | [[Liv and Maddie]] | Liv and Maddie | Liv and Maddie | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q6660222' | [[Liz Lochhead]] | Liz Lochhead | Liz Lochhead | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q203137' | [[Loch Inari]] | Lake Inari | Loch Inari | [[loch]]<br/>reservoir<br/>lake or pond | lake<br/>reservoir<br/>lake or pond |- class='wd_q7240' | [[Lockheed Martin]] | Lockheed Martin | Lockheed Martin | public company<br/>defense contractor | public company<br/>defense contractor |- class='wd_q207540' | [[Lod]] | Lod | Lod | [[ceety]]<br/>depopulated Palestinian village | city<br/>depopulated Palestinian village |- class='wd_q230493' | [[Long Beach]] | Long Beach | Long Beach | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q23393' | [[Lord's Prayer]] | Lord's Prayer | Lord's Prayer | excerpt<br/>logion<br/>Christian prayer<br/>prayer in the New Testament | excerpt<br/>logion<br/>Christian prayer<br/>prayer in the New Testament |- class='wd_q177854' | [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] | Lorenzo de' Medici | Lorenzo de' Medici | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q65' | [[Los Angeles]] | Los Angeles | Los Angeles | charter ceety | charter city |- class='wd_q152463' | [[Louis the German]] | Louis the German | Louis the German | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43668' | [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] | Louisville | Louisville, Kentucky | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q1358865' | [[Lucenzo]] | Lucenzo | Lucenzo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41805' | [[Lucia de Berk]] | Lucia de Berk | Lucia de Berk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q47916' | [[Lucknow]] | Lucknow | Lucknow | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital<br/>largest city | big city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q9325' | [[Lufthansa]] | Lufthansa | Lufthansa | airline<br/>public company | airline<br/>public company |- class='wd_q134279' | [[Luhansk]] | Luhansk | Luhansk | city or town<br/>city in Ukraine | city or town<br/>city in Ukraine |- class='wd_q26901' | [[Luis Antonio Tagle]] | Luis Antonio Tagle | Luis Antonio Tagle | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q191634' | [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]] | Luiz Felipe Scolari | Luiz Felipe Scolari | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1159913' | [[Luna 1]] | Luna 1 | Luna 1 | artificial satellite of the Sun<br/>artificial planet | artificial satellite of the Sun<br/>artificial planet |- class='wd_q84' | [[Lunnon]] | London | Lunnon | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>poleetical diveesion<br/>financial center<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>political territorial entity<br/>financial center<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q187136' | [[Luoyang]] | Luoyang | Luoyang | prefecture-level city of China<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>former capital | prefecture-level city of China<br/>big city<br/>former capital |- class='wd_q212725' | [[Lupang Hinirang]] | Lupang Hinirang | Lupang Hinirang | [[Naitional anthem]] | national anthem |- class='wd_q937595' | [[Lusitano]] | Lusitano | Lusitano | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q164193' | [[Lviv Oblast]] | Lviv Oblast | Lviv Oblast | oblast o Ukraine | oblast of Ukraine |- class='wd_q132687' | [[Lycalopex]] | South American foxes | Lycalopex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q173651' | [[African wild dug|Lycaon pictus]] | African wild dog | African wild dug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13182' | [[lychee]] | Litchi chinensis | Lychee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201989' | [[Lyme disease]] | Lyme disease | Lyme disease | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q677014' | [[Lynx]] | Lynx | Lynx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q131680' | [[Lystrosaurus]] | Lystrosaurus | Lystrosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q484675' | [[Léon: The Professional]] | Léon: The Professional | Léon: The Professional | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q3920' | [[Lüneburg]] | Lüneburg | Lüneburg | destrict caipital<br/>major regional center<br/>Hanseatic ceety<br/>college toun<br/>large independent city of Lower Saxony<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Einheitsgemeinde of Lower Saxony | district capital<br/>major regional center<br/>Hanseatic city<br/>college town<br/>large independent city of Lower Saxony<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Einheitsgemeinde of Lower Saxony |- class='wd_q878309' | [[Lý dynasty]] | Ly dynasty | Lý dynasty | dynasty<br/>historical state | dynasty<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q246154' | [[M (James Bond)|M]] | M | M (James Bond) | feectional human<br/>film character | fictional human<br/>film character |- class='wd_q170318' | [[M16 rifle|M16]] | M16 | M16 rifle | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q310041' | [[Macadamia]] | Macadamia | Macadamia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q405487' | [[Macanese fowk]] | Macanese | Macanese fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q360317' | [[Mackem]] | Mackem | Mackem | nickname | nickname |- class='wd_q23193' | [[Macropodidae]] | Macropodidae | Macropodidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174322' | [[Macropus]] | Macropus | Macropus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q188965' | [[Madame de Pompadour]] | Madame de Pompadour | Madame de Pompadour | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3276756' | [[Magenta]] | magenta | Magenta | [[colour]]<br/>primary colour | color<br/>primary color |- class='wd_q16727932' | [[Maggie Chapman]] | Maggie Chapman | Maggie Chapman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q172653' | [[Maggie Smith]] | Q172653 | Maggie Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12519' | [[Magna Carta]] | Magna Carta | Magna Carta | charter | charter |- class='wd_q1307177' | [[Magneto]] | magneto | Magneto | | |- class='wd_q120228' | [[Magnoliaceae]] | Magnoliaceae | Magnoliaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1137750' | [[Magnox]] | Magnox | Magnox | Generation I reactor | Generation I reactor |- class='wd_q106807' | [[Magnus Carlsen]] | Magnus Carlsen | Magnus Carlsen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q522317' | [[Magnus Erlendsson, Yerl o Orkney]] | Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney | Magnus Erlendsson, Yerl o Orkney | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3277252' | [[Magnus II, Yerl o Orkney]] | Magnus II, Earl of Orkney | Magnus II, Yerl o Orkney | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1191' | [[Maharashtra]] | Maharashtra | Maharashtra | state of India | state of India |- class='wd_q26055' | [[Mairtin (bird)|mairtin]] | Common House Martin | Mairtin (bird) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192710' | [[Malayan tapir]] | Malayan tapir | Malayan tapir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q833' | [[Malaysie]] | Malaysia | Malaysie | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state<br/>country sometimes considered transcontinental | country<br/>sovereign state<br/>country sometimes considered transcontinental |- class='wd_q15944677' | [[Malaysie–Turkey relations]] | Malaysia–Turkey relations | Malaysie–Turkey relations | bilateral relation | bilateral relation |- class='wd_q156551' | [[Malvaceae]] | Q156551 | Malvaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9347' | [[Malé]] | Malé | Malé | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q131038' | [[Mamenchisaurus]] | Mamenchisaurus | Mamenchisaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q132676' | [[Mamoudzou]] | Mamoudzou | Mamoudzou | commune o Fraunce | commune of France |- class='wd_q170070' | [[Manaslu]] | Manaslu | Manaslu | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q502269' | [[Manassas Park, Virginie|Manassas Park]] | Manassas Park | Manassas Park, Virginie | independent ceety | independent city in the United States |- class='wd_q40236' | [[Manaus]] | Manaus | Manaus | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Brazil | big city<br/>municipality of Brazil |- class='wd_q145665' | [[Manchu fowk]] | Manchu | Manchu fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q125337' | [[Mandarin oranger]] | Citrus reticulata | Mandarin oranger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q223587' | [[Mansoura]] | Mansoura | Mansoura | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1208529' | [[manual transmission]] | manual transmission | Manual transmission | | |- class='wd_q5816' | [[Mao Zedong]] | Mao Zedong | Mao Zedong | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q167651' | [[Maoism]] | Maoism | Maoism | poleetical ideology | political ideology |- class='wd_q42292' | [[maple]] | Q42292 | Maple | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3289612' | [[Marcelline Akinocho]] | Marcelline Akinocho | Marcelline Akinocho | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22951255' | [[Marcus Rashford]] | Marcus Rashford | Marcus Rashford | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q202342' | [[Margaret Court]] | Margaret Court | Margaret Court | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2415217' | [[Margaret Oliphant]] | Margaret Oliphant | Margaret Oliphant | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7416' | [[Margaret Thatcher]] | Margaret Thatcher | Margaret Thatcher | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192421' | [[margay]] | margay | Margay | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11666' | [[Maria Sharapova]] | Maria Sharapova | Maria Sharapova | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131706' | [[Maria Theresa]] | Maria Theresa of Austria | Maria Theresa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q107041' | [[Marianne Beuchert]] | Marianne Beuchert | Marianne Beuchert | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q467538' | [[Marisol Valles Garcia]] | Marisol Valles Garcia | Marisol Valles Garcia | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22694' | [[marjoram]] | marjoram | Marjoram | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6766286' | [[Marjorie Housepian Dobkin]] | Marjorie Housepian Dobkin | Marjorie Housepian Dobkin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q187927' | [[Markhor]] | Markhor | Markhor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25336' | [[marsupial]] | marsupial | Marsupial | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57689' | [[Martin McGuinness]] | Martin McGuinness | Martin McGuinness | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11820' | [[Martin Van Buren]] | Martin Van Buren | Martin Van Buren | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q642878' | [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] | Marvel Cinematic Universe | Marvel Cinematic Universe | media franchise<br/>shared universe<br/>film franchise | media franchise<br/>shared universe<br/>film franchise |- class='wd_q3296149' | [[Mary Brunton]] | Mary Brunton | Mary Brunton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174662' | [[Mary McAleese]] | Mary McAleese | Mary McAleese | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41342' | [[Mary Tyler Moore]] | Mary Tyler Moore | Mary Tyler Moore | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11423' | [[mass]] | mass | Mass | ISQ base quantity<br/>kind of quantity | ISQ base quantity<br/>kind of quantity |- class='wd_q5676' | [[Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo Basho]] | Matsuo Bashō | Matsuo Bashō | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131230' | [[Mauna Kea]] | Mauna Kea | Mauna Kea | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]] | volcano<br/>mountain |- class='wd_q159762' | [[Mauna Loa]] | Mauna Loa | Mauna Loa | shield volcano<br/>volcanic landform | shield volcano<br/>volcanic landform |- class='wd_q49747' | [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] | Maurice Maeterlinck | Maurice Maeterlinck | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q111' | [[Maurs]] | Mars | Maurs | superior planet<br/>inner planet of the Solar System | superior planet<br/>inner planet of the Solar System |- class='wd_q9021' | [[Max Planck]] | Max Planck | Max Planck | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q44319' | [[Maximilian I Joseph o Bavarie]] | Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria | Maximilian I Joseph o Bavarie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q150726' | [[Maximilian I, Haly Roman Emperor]] | Maximilian I | Maximilian I, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25814075' | [[First May meenistry|May meenistry]] | First May ministry | First May meenistry | Cabinet of the United Kingdom | Cabinet of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q1484' | [[Mayon Volcano]] | Mayon Volcano | Mayon Volcano | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]]<br/>summit | mountain<br/>stratovolcano<br/>summit |- class='wd_q308864' | [[Mazandaran Province]] | Mazandaran Province | Mazandaran Province | [[Provinces o Iran]] | province of Iran |- class='wd_q3235204' | [[Mazda Lantis]] | Mazda Lantis | Mazda Lantis | car model | car model |- class='wd_q5253543' | [[Mazda Navajo]] | Mazda Navajo | Mazda Navajo | car model | car model |- class='wd_q482988' | [[Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]] | Poland Is Not Yet Lost | Mazurek Dąbrowskiego | [[Naitional anthem]]<br/>musical work/composition | national anthem<br/>musical work/composition |- class='wd_q201815' | [[McDonnell Douglas]] | McDonnell Douglas | McDonnell Douglas | aerospace manufacturer<br/>defense contractor<br/>umwhile entity | aerospace manufacturer<br/>defense contractor<br/>former entity |- class='wd_q151432' | [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]] | McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q62161' | [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] | McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q51697' | [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] | McKinney | McKinney, Texas | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q69488' | [[MDMA]] | MDMA | MDMA | pharmaceutical product<br/>group of stereoisomers | pharmaceutical product<br/>group of stereoisomers |- class='wd_q42229' | [[Mel Gibson]] | Mel Gibson | Mel Gibson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q432473' | [[Melania Trump]] | Melania Trump | Melania Trump | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q33349' | [[Melitopol]] | Melitopol | Melitopol | city of regional significance of Ukraine | city of regional significance of Ukraine |- class='wd_q253918' | [[Melodic daith metal]] | melodic death metal | Melodic daith metal | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q47859' | [[Mentha]] | Q47859 | Mentha | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156153' | [[Menyanthes|Menyanthes trifoliata]] | Menyanthes trifoliata | Menyanthes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178197' | [[Mercenar|Mercenary]] | mercenary | Mercenar | [[profession]] | profession |- class='wd_q1747363' | [[Meriden, Wast Midlands|Meriden]] | Meriden | Meriden, Wast Midlands | [[veelage]]<br/>[[Ceevil pairish|ceevil parish]] | village<br/>civil parish |- class='wd_q81102410' | [[Messier 81]] | Messier 81 | Messier 81 | active galactic nucleus<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>astrophysical X-ray source<br/>infrared source<br/>Seyfert 2 galaxy | active galactic nucleus<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>astrophysical X-ray source<br/>infrared source<br/>Seyfert 2 galaxy |- class='wd_q14026' | [[Messier 82]] | Messier 82 | Messier 82 | irregular galaxy<br/>interacting galaxy<br/>starburst galaxy<br/>edge-on galaxy<br/>luminous infrared galaxy<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>interacting galaxies | irregular galaxy<br/>interacting galaxy<br/>starburst galaxy<br/>edge-on galaxy<br/>luminous infrared galaxy<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>interacting galaxies |- class='wd_q380' | [[Meta Platforms]] | Meta Platforms | Meta Platforms | public company<br/>online service provider<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>technology company | public company<br/>online service provider<br/>business<br/>technology company |- class='wd_q283789' | [[Metal rectifier]] | metal rectifier | Metal rectifier | | |- class='wd_q15920' | [[Metallica]] | Metallica | Metallica | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q14982' | [[methanol]] | methanol | Methanol | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q179200' | [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | film production company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | film production company<br/>business |- class='wd_q16665897' | [[Metropolis o Lyon]] | Metropolis of Lyon | Metropolis o Lyon | [[metropolis]]<br/>territorial collectivity of France with special status | metropolis<br/>territorial collectivity of France with special status |- class='wd_q475678' | [[Mexican Drog War]] | Mexican drug war | Mexican Drog War | asymmetric warfare<br/>irregular warfare<br/>drug war | asymmetric warfare<br/>irregular warfare<br/>drug war |- class='wd_q174273' | [[meyflee]] | Ephemeroptera | Meyflee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13357' | [[Meänkieli leid]] | Meänkieli | Meänkieli leid | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>leid<br/>minority language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>language<br/>minority language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q128933' | [[Michaëlle Jean]] | Michaëlle Jean | Michaëlle Jean | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10731' | [[Mick Foley]] | Mick Foley | Mick Foley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6838600' | [[Mickey Cobras]] | Mickey Cobras | Mickey Cobras | gang | gang |- class='wd_q188443' | [[Micronaition|Micronation]] | micronation | Micronaition | former or current state | former or current state |- class='wd_q46384' | [[microphone]] | microphone | Microphone | | |- class='wd_q7204' | [[Middle East]] | Middle East | Middle East | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region |- class='wd_q18661' | [[Middlesbrough F.C.]] | Middlesbrough F.C. | Middlesbrough F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q54238' | [[Middlesex Coonty, Connecticut|Middlesex Coonty]] | Middlesex County | Middlesex Coonty, Connecticut | county of Connecticut | county of Connecticut |- class='wd_q355382' | [[Midge Ure]] | Midge Ure | Midge Ure | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q24313' | [[Mike Pence]] | Mike Pence | Mike Pence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185572' | [[Mikel Arteta]] | Mikel Arteta | Mikel Arteta | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q30487' | [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] | Mikhail Gorbachev | Mikhail Gorbachev | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37836' | [[Milwaukee]] | Milwaukee | Milwaukee | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-class city | county seat<br/>big city<br/>first-class city |- class='wd_q49740' | [[Minecraft]] | Q49740 | Minecraft | [[video gemme]]<br/>esports discipline | video game<br/>esports discipline |- class='wd_q3352' | [[Miranda (muin)|Miranda]] | Miranda | Miranda (muin) | moon of Uranus<br/>regular moon | moon of Uranus<br/>regular moon |- class='wd_q5104' | [[Miranda Cosgrove]] | Miranda Cosgrove | Miranda Cosgrove | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3818116' | [[Misao Okawa]] | Misao Okawa | Misao Okawa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q178665' | [[Mitanni]] | Mitanni | Mitanni | kingdom<br/>historical state | kingdom<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q185126' | [[Mithridates VI o Pontus]] | Mithridates VI of Pontus | Mithridates VI o Pontus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q183275' | [[Mitsubishi]] | Mitsubishi | Mitsubishi | corporate group<br/>conglomerate<br/>umbrella brand<br/>privately held company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | corporate group<br/>conglomerate<br/>umbrella brand<br/>privately held company<br/>business |- class='wd_q1939855' | [[Mitsubishi Freeca]] | Mitsubishi Freeca | Mitsubishi Freeca | car model | car model |- class='wd_q12244224' | [[Moez Kamoun]] | Moez Kamoun | Moez Kamoun | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6892571' | [[Mohammad bin Salman]] | Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud | Mohammad bin Salman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q310592' | [[Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] | Mohammad-Ali Rajai | Mohammad-Ali Rajai | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11369' | [[molecule]] | molecule | Molecule | group or class of chemical entities | group or class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q3074303' | [[Momoko Kōchi]] | Momoko Kōchi | Momoko Kōchi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q116' | [[monarch]] | monarch | Monarch | ryal or noble rank<br/>poseetion | noble title<br/>position |- class='wd_q158049' | [[Moneses]] | Moneses uniflora | Moneses | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q33750' | [[Mongolic leids]] | Mongolic | Mongolic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q9246' | [[Mongolien leid|Mongolie leid]] | Mongolian | Mongolien leid | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q78961' | [[Monocotyledon|monocots]] | Q78961 | Monocotyledon | clade | clade |- class='wd_q6901674' | [[Monolit]] | Monolit | Monolit | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q179678' | [[monosodium glutamate]] | monosodium L-glutamate | Monosodium glutamate | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q21790' | [[Monotreme]] | monotreme | Monotreme | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q72303' | [[Moont Ararat]] | Mount Ararat | Moont Ararat | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]] | volcano<br/>mountain<br/>stratovolcano |- class='wd_q215471' | [[Moont Hermon]] | Mount Hermon | Moont Hermon | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>highest point<br/>biblical place | mountain<br/>highest point<br/>biblical place |- class='wd_q172070' | [[Moont Kenyae]] | Mount Kenya | Moont Kenyae | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q60967' | [[Moont Kinabalu]] | Mount Kinabalu | Moont Kinabalu | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>WWF ecoregion | mountain<br/>WWF ecoregion |- class='wd_q120306' | [[Moont Logan]] | Mount Logan | Moont Logan | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q4777' | [[Moont Roraima]] | Mount Roraima | Moont Roraima | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>tepui | mountain<br/>tepui |- class='wd_q18391151' | [[Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station]] | Moorside Nuclear Project | Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station | [[pouer station]] | power station |- class='wd_q1020416' | [[Morazán, El Progreso|Morazán]] | Morazán | Morazán, El Progreso | municipality of Guatemala | municipality of Guatemala |- class='wd_q3901' | [[Moroni, Comoros]] | Moroni | Moroni, Comoros | [[ceety]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>human settlement<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>federal capital<br/>human settlement<br/>big city |- class='wd_q312131' | [[Mosasaurus]] | Mosasaurus | Mosasaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q20511863' | [[Moses Housepian]] | Moses Housepian | Moses Housepian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q175117' | [[Moskva River]] | Moskva River | Moskva River | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q188982' | [[Mount Erebus]] | Mount Erebus | Mount Erebus | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]] | volcano<br/>mountain |- class='wd_q405' | [[Muin]] | Moon | Muin | regular moon<br/>planetary-mass moon<br/>planetary moon | regular moon<br/>planetary-mass moon<br/>planetary moon |- class='wd_q1438673' | [[Mulguy]] | Milngavie | Mulguy | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q111444' | [[Mull]] | Isle of Mull | Mull | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q612229' | [[Municipalities o Estonie]] | municipality of Estonia | Municipalities o Estonie | | |- class='wd_q3500564' | [[Municipalities o Nuevo León]] | Municipalities of Nuevo León | Municipalities o Nuevo León | Dayana | Dayana |- class='wd_q819825' | [[muntain bluebird]] | Sialia currucoides | Muntain bluebird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q233956' | [[Muriel Spark]] | Muriel Spark | Muriel Spark | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q209341' | [[Musala]] | Musala | Musala | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>two-thousander<br/>ultra-prominent peak<br/>highest point<br/>main peak | mountain<br/>two-thousander<br/>ultra-prominent peak<br/>highest point<br/>main peak |- class='wd_q211848' | [[mustang]] | mustang | Mustang | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q5415' | [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]] | My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic | My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q210975' | [[Mycoplasma]] | Mycoplasma | Mycoplasma | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q41572' | [[Mykolaiv]] | Mykolaiv | Mykolaiv | city in Ukraine | city in Ukraine |- class='wd_q843892' | [[Myricaceae]] | Myricaceae | Myricaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q839805' | [[Myrtle Beach, Sooth Carolina|Myrtle Beach]] | Myrtle Beach | Myrtle Beach, Sooth Carolina | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q849822' | [[Mägo de Oz]] | Mägo de Oz | Mägo de Oz | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q3334874' | [[Nadia Kounda]] | Nadia Kounda | Nadia Kounda | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q932791' | [[Nae true Scotsman]] | no true Scotsman | Nae true Scotsman | | |- class='wd_q168193' | [[Najaf]] | Najaf | Najaf | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q517' | [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] | Napoleon | Napoleon | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9174561' | [[Nardus]] | Nardus | Nardus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q217096' | [[Naruhito]] | Naruhito | Naruhito | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q159426' | [[narwhal]] | narwhal | Narwhal | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23197' | [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] | Nashville | Nashville, Tennessee | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q26334' | [[National Rail]] | National Rail | National Rail | transport network<br/>brand name | transport network<br/>brand name |- class='wd_q7184' | [[NATO]] | NATO | NATO | intergovrenmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>military alliance<br/>multinational military coalition | intergovernmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>military alliance<br/>multinational military coalition |- class='wd_q4508' | [[Navy]] | navy | Navy | militar branch | military branch |- class='wd_q37400' | [[Naypyidaw]] | Naypyidaw | Naypyidaw | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>planned national capital<br/>town in Myanmar | city<br/>big city<br/>planned national capital<br/>town in Myanmar |- class='wd_q4796' | [[Naypyidaw Union Territory]] | Naypyidaw Union Territory | Naypyidaw Union Territory | union territory of Myanmar | union territory of Myanmar |- class='wd_q683695' | [[Nazareth (baund)|Nazareth]] | Nazareth | Nazareth (baund) | rock baund | rock band |- class='wd_q75818970' | [[Neale Hanvey]] | Neale Hanvey | Neale Hanvey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181843' | [[necrophilia]] | necrophilia | Necrophilia | psychosexual disorder | psychosexual disorder |- class='wd_q6988888' | [[Neil M. Gunn]] | Neil M. Gunn | Neil M. Gunn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16528' | [[Nelumbo nucifera]] | Nelumbo nucifera | Nelumbo nucifera | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5185' | [[nematode]] | Q5185 | Nematode | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5186' | [[Nematomorpha]] | Nematomorpha | Nematomorpha | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185631' | [[Nemertea]] | Nemertea | Nemertea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185747' | [[Nemesis (meethologie)|Nemesis]] | Nemesis | Nemesis (meethologie) | [[Oceanid|Okeanid]]<br/>Greek deity | Oceanids<br/>Greek deity |- class='wd_q153996' | [[Nena]] | Nena | Nena | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q217530' | [[Nepenthes]] | Nepenthes | Nepenthes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7408434' | [[Nevada City, Nevada|Nevada City]] | Nevada City | Nevada City, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q207794' | [[Nevis]] | Nevis | Nevis | [[island]]<br/>constituent state<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion | island<br/>federated state<br/>first-level administrative division |- class='wd_q34404' | [[New Orleans]] | New Orleans | New Orleans | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q131364' | [[New York Knicks]] | New York Knicks | New York Knicks | basketball team | basketball team |- class='wd_q142794' | [[Neymar]] | Neymar | Neymar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q154958' | [[Nickelodeon]] | Nickelodeon | Nickelodeon | specialty channel<br/>televeesion station<br/>cable channel | specialty channel<br/>television station<br/>cable channel |- class='wd_q30302391' | [[Nicolas van Beveren]] | Nicolas van Beveren | Nicolas van Beveren | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80968' | [[nihilism]] | nihilism | Nihilism | doctrine | doctrine |- class='wd_q813935' | [[Nihon Shoki]] | Nihon Shoki | Nihon Shoki | historical non-fiction work | historical non-fiction work |- class='wd_q152218' | [[Nine Years' War]] | Nine Years' War | Nine Years' War | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q50825725' | [[Ninja (streamer)|Ninja]] | Ninja | Ninja (streamer) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19610114' | [[Nintendo Switch]] | Q19610114 | Nintendo Switch | product model | product model |- class='wd_q83320' | [[nitric acid]] | nitric acid | Nitric acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q162867' | [[nitroglycerin]] | nitroglycerin | Nitroglycerin | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q35637' | [[Nobel Peace Prize]] | Nobel Peace Prize | Nobel Peace Prize | peace award | peace award |- class='wd_q7047857' | [[Nokhur]] | Nohur | Nokhur | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q34708' | [[Norfolk (disambiguation)|Norfolk]] | Norfolk | Norfolk (disambiguation) | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q40347' | [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] | Norman | Norman, Oklahoma | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1999640' | [[Norman Lloyd]] | Norman Lloyd | Norman Lloyd | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q160318' | [[Norodom Sihanouk]] | Norodom Sihanouk | Norodom Sihanouk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188779' | [[Norse fowk]] | Norwegians | Norse fowk | nation<br/>[[population]] | nation<br/>human population |- class='wd_q23086' | [[North Yorkshire]] | North Yorkshire | North Yorkshire | ceremonial county of England | ceremonial county of England |- class='wd_q190978' | [[Norlin Airlan natiounal fitba team|Northren Ireland naitional fitbaa team]] | Northern Ireland men's national association football team | Norlin Airlan natiounal fitba team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q23079' | [[Northumberland]] | Northumberland | Northumberland | ceremonial county of England<br/>non-metropolitan county<br/>unitary authority area | ceremonial county of England<br/>non-metropolitan county<br/>unitary authority area |- class='wd_q1552306' | [[Eastren esk|Notophthalmus viridescens]] | Notophthalmus viridescens | Eastren esk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6458' | [[Nova]] | nova | Nova | astronomical phenomenon<br/>astronomical object type | astronomical phenomenon<br/>astronomical object type |- class='wd_q11429' | [[nuclear fission]] | nuclear fission | Nuclear fission | nuclear reaction | nuclear reaction |- class='wd_q134447' | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant | Nuclear pouer station | | |- class='wd_q19921' | [[nuclear winter]] | nuclear winter | Nuclear winter | scientific hypothesis | scientific hypothesis |- class='wd_q489898' | [[Nukus]] | Nukus | Nukus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q242419' | [[numbat]] | numbat | Numbat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2004891' | [[numerical linear algebra]] | numerical linear algebra | Numerical linear algebra | aurie o mathematics | branch of mathematics |- class='wd_q541182' | [[numerical methods for ordinary differential equations]] | numerical method for ordinary differential equations | Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations | | |- class='wd_q147030' | [[Nymphaea alba]] | Nymphaea alba | Nymphaea alba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q375095' | [[Obligado]] | Obligado | Obligado | municipality of Paraguay | municipality of Paraguay |- class='wd_q131012' | [[Occam's razor]] | Occam's razor | Occam's razor | aphorism<br/>philosophical razor<br/>heuristic argument<br/>epigrammatic law | aphorism<br/>philosophical razor<br/>heuristic argument<br/>epigrammatic law |- class='wd_q182090' | [[oceanic climate]] | oceanic climate | Oceanic climate | category in the Köppen climate classification systems | category in the Köppen climate classification systems |- class='wd_q33261' | [[ocelot]] | ocelot | Ocelot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25331' | [[Odense]] | Odense | Odense | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | big city |- class='wd_q35160' | [[Odyssey]] | Odyssey | Odyssey | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q82037' | [[okapi]] | Okapia johnstoni | Okapi | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q34863' | [[Oklahoma City]] | Oklahoma City | Oklahoma City | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1271501' | [[Old Blind Dogs]] | Old Blind Dogs | Old Blind Dogs | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q183529' | [[Olimpiyskiy Naitional Sports Complex]] | Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex | Olimpiyskiy Naitional Sports Complex | Multi-purpose stadium | Multi-purpose stadium |- class='wd_q51053' | [[Olivar]] | Olivar | Olivar | commune o Chile | commune of Chile |- class='wd_q208561' | [[olive baboon]] | olive baboon | Olive baboon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q282385' | [[Olive ridley sea turtle]] | Lepidochelys olivacea | Olive ridley sea turtle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216929' | [[Oliver & Company]] | Oliver & Company | Oliver & Company | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q95068' | [[Olivia de Havilland]] | Olivia de Havilland | Olivia de Havilland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q82765' | [[Olsztyn]] | Olsztyn | Olsztyn | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi powiat richts<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>city with powiat rights in Poland<br/>big city |- class='wd_q19628' | [[Olympiacos F.C.]] | Olympiacos F.C. | Olympiacos F.C. | men's association football team | men's association football team |- class='wd_q2221316' | [[Ommatoiulus sabulosus]] | Ommatoiulus sabulosus | Ommatoiulus sabulosus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5191' | [[Onychophora]] | Onychophora | Onychophora | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4169' | [[Ooter space]] | outer space | Ooter space | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q21834' | [[opossum]] | Didelphidae | Opossum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2028096' | [[Orange]] | Orange | Orange | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1345321' | [[Orange Order]] | Orange Order | Orange Order | fraternal organization<br/>releegious organization | fraternal organization<br/>religious organization |- class='wd_q14420' | [[Order o the Breetish Empire|Order of the British Empire]] | Order of the British Empire | Order o the Breetish Empire | awaird<br/>chivalric order<br/>title o honor | award<br/>order of chivalry<br/>title of honor |- class='wd_q1642345' | [[Orkneyinga saga]] | Orkneyinga saga | Orkneyinga saga | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q33864' | [[Oromo leid]] | Oromo | Oromo leid | leid<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q1327535' | [[orpie]] | Hylotelephium telephium | Orpie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57751738' | [[Coronavirus|Orthocoronavirinae]] | Coronavirus | Coronavirus | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q3333484' | [[Orthodox Christianity]] | Eastern Orthodoxy | Orthodox Christianity | Christian denomination<br/>Christian denominational family | Christian denomination<br/>Christian denominational family |- class='wd_q19497' | [[Oscar (fitbawer, born 1991)|Oscar]] | Oscar | Oscar (fitbawer, born 1991) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46491' | [[Osiris]] | Osiris | Osiris | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>dying-and-rising deity<br/>naitur deity | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>dying-and-rising deity<br/>nature deity |- class='wd_q1930' | [[Ottawa]] | Ottawa | Ottawa | federal caipital<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>single-tier municipality<br/>census subdivision in Canada<br/>census division of Canada | federal capital<br/>big city<br/>single-tier municipality<br/>census subdivision in Canada<br/>census division of Canada |- class='wd_q57065' | [[Otto Hahn]] | Otto Hahn | Otto Hahn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157106' | [[Ottonian dynasty]] | Ottonian dynasty | Ottonian dynasty | dynasty | dynasty |- class='wd_q209338' | [[Oxnard, Californie|Oxnard]] | Oxnard | Oxnard, Californie | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q107635' | [[Paektu Muntain]] | Baekdu Mountain | Paektu Muntain | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]]<br/>territory<br/>sacred mountain | mountain<br/>stratovolcano<br/>territory<br/>sacred mountain |- class='wd_q11010' | [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick]] | Parliament of the United Kingdom | Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick | parliament<br/>bicameral legislature | parliament<br/>bicameral legislature |- class='wd_q166794' | [[Pallas's cat]] | Pallas's cat | Pallas's cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4126704' | [[Common chimpanzee|Pan troglodytes]] | chimpanzee | Common chimpanzee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q204888' | [[PAOK FC]] | PAOK FC | PAOK FC | men's association football team | men's association football team |- class='wd_q146391' | [[Papaver]] | Papaver | Papaver | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178799' | [[Pape Benedict IX]] | Benedict IX | Pape Benedict IX | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q118081' | [[Pape Celestine V]] | Celestine V | Pape Celestine V | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42887' | [[Pape Clement I]] | Clement I | Pape Clement I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170863' | [[Pape Clement VI]] | Clement VI | Pape Clement VI | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q227694' | [[Pape Gregory XII]] | Gregory XII | Pape Gregory XII | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q179702' | [[Pape John XVIII]] | John XVIII | Pape John XVIII | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q104798' | [[Pape Lando]] | Lando | Pape Lando | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43954' | [[Pape Leo I]] | Leo I | Pape Leo I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q132113' | [[Pape Pontian]] | Pontian | Pape Pontian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1317905' | [[Papilio polymnestor]] | Papilio polymnestor | Papilio polymnestor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q274388' | [[Paracel Islands]] | Paracel Islands | Paracel Islands | airchipelago<br/>disputed territory | archipelago<br/>disputed territory |- class='wd_q733' | [[Paraguay]] | Paraguay | Paraguay | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q663181' | [[Pararge aegeria]] | Speckled Wood | Pararge aegeria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205716' | [[Parazoa]] | Q205716 | Parazoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q167646' | [[Paris (meethologie)|Paris]] | Paris | Paris (meethologie) | mythological Greek character | mythological Greek character |- class='wd_q794866' | [[Paris in the 20th Century]] | Paris in the Twentieth Century | Paris in the 20th Century | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q715935' | [[Park (Korean surname)|Park]] | Park | Park (Korean surname) | faimily name | family name |- class='wd_q31431' | [[Paurit|parrot]] | parrot | Paurit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q188614' | [[parsnip]] | Pastinaca sativa | Parsnip | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58680' | [[Pashto leid]] | Pashto | Pashto leid | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q28753' | [[Passer]] | Passer | Passer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q288419' | [[Pau FC]] | Pau Football Club | Pau FC | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q3372291' | [[Paul an Erlend Thorfinnsson]] | Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson | Paul an Erlend Thorfinnsson | brother duo | brother duo |- class='wd_q128529' | [[Paul Martin]] | Paul Martin | Paul Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25237' | [[pease]] | Pisum sativum | Pease | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184624' | [[peat]] | peat | Peat | | |- class='wd_q939' | [[Pedro I o Brazil|Pedro I]] | Pedro I of Brazil | Pedro I o Brazil | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156774' | [[Pedro II o Brazil]] | Pedro II of Brazil | Pedro II o Brazil | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9147' | [[penguin]] | penguin | Penguin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58' | [[Pintle|Penis]] | penis | Pintle | [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] | organ |- class='wd_q702220' | [[Pennsylvanie Dutch]] | Pennsylvania Dutch | Pennsylvanie Dutch | ethnographic group | ethnographic group |- class='wd_q7163723' | [[Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis]] | Pennsylvania Dutch English | Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis | leid | language |- class='wd_q7165456' | [[People's Alliance Pairty (Albainie)]] | People's Alliance Party | People's Alliance Pairty (Albainie) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q1232528' | [[Percheron]] | Percheron | Percheron | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q127595' | [[Perciformes]] | Perciformes | Perciformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q469706' | [[Percy Montgomery]] | Percy Montgomery | Percy Montgomery | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q172118' | [[Percy Williams Bridgman]] | Percy Williams Bridgman | Percy Williams Bridgman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45967' | [[Persephone]] | Persephone | Persephone | Greek deity | Greek deity |- class='wd_q189762' | [[Peter Carl Fabergé]] | Peter Carl Fabergé | Peter Carl Fabergé | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2074518' | [[Peter Deuflhard]] | Peter Deuflhard | Peter Deuflhard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q825781' | [[Peugeot 405]] | Peugeot 405 | Peugeot 405 | car model | car model |- class='wd_q13423853' | [[PewDiePie]] | PewDiePie | PewDiePie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q104837' | [[Phase (maiter)|phase]] | phase | Phase (maiter) | | |- class='wd_q173227' | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant | Physical constant | | |- class='wd_q130336' | [[phenol]] | phenol | Phenol | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q34417' | [[Philip II o Spain]] | Philip II of Spain | Philip II o Spain | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1817' | [[Philip the Arab]] | Philip the Arab | Philip the Arab | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155004' | [[Philippe o Belgium]] | Philippe of Belgium | Philippe o Belgium | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185213' | [[Philippine eagle]] | Philippine Eagle | Philippine eagle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q652973' | [[Buford, Wyoming|PhinDeli Town Buford]] | Buford | Buford, Wyoming | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q217679' | [[Phineas and Ferb]] | Phineas and Ferb | Phineas and Ferb | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q26913' | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | Phoca vitulina | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q164177' | [[Phoenix Suns]] | Phoenix Suns | Phoenix Suns | basketball team | basketball team |- class='wd_q23513' | [[Phong Nha-Ke Bang]] | Phong Nha–Ke Bang National Park | Phong Nha-Ke Bang | national park of Vietnam | national park of Vietnam |- class='wd_q238147' | [[Pico de Orizaba]] | Citlaltepetl | Pico de Orizaba | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q26764' | [[Pieris brassicae]] | Pieris brassicae | Pieris brassicae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1064335' | [[Pig War (1859)|Pig War]] | Pig War | Pig War (1859) | [[war]]<br/>territorial dispute | war<br/>territorial dispute |- class='wd_q2756715' | [[Pimpa]] | Pimpa | Pimpa | comics character<br/>fictional dog | comics character<br/>fictional dog |- class='wd_q404116' | [[Pingdingshan]] | Pingdingshan | Pingdingshan | prefecture-level city of China<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city of China<br/>big city |- class='wd_q132825' | [[Pinophyta]] | conifer | Pinophyta | [[taxon]]<br/>monotypic taxon | taxon<br/>monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q12024' | [[Pine|Pinus]] | Pinus | Pine | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q14371' | [[Pinwheel Galaxy]] | Pinwheel Galaxy | Pinwheel Galaxy | interacting galaxy | interacting galaxy |- class='wd_q156522' | [[Piperaceae]] | Piperaceae | Piperaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25634' | [[pirr-maw]] | Black-headed Gull | Pirr-maw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36071' | [[pistachio]] | Pistacia vera | Pistachio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45227' | [[Piston]] | piston | Piston | | |- class='wd_q1212935' | [[Efterbirth|placenta]] | placenta | Efterbirth | [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q25833' | [[Placentalia]] | Placentalia | Placentalia | clade | clade |- class='wd_q131040' | [[Placozoa]] | Placozoa | Placozoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27098' | [[plaice]] | Pleuronectes platessa | Plaice | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q245305' | [[plains zebra]] | Equus quagga | Plains zebra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q10251' | [[Plasma (pheesics)|plasma]] | plasma | Plasma (pheesics) | fundamental state o the matter<br/>classical state of matter | fundamental state of matter<br/>classical state of matter |- class='wd_q130948' | [[Plasmodium]] | Q130948 | Plasmodium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15343' | [[platypus]] | platypus | Platypus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q63184502' | [[PlayStation 5]] | Q63184502 | PlayStation 5 | product model | product model |- class='wd_q1290516' | [[Plymouth Breeze]] | Plymouth Breeze | Plymouth Breeze | car model | car model |- class='wd_q19520' | [[Podolsk]] | Podolsk | Podolsk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q33609' | [[polar beir]] | Ursus maritimus | Polar beir | [[taxon]]<br/>apex predator | taxon<br/>apex predator |- class='wd_q35535' | [[polis]] | police | Polis | | |- class='wd_q933402' | [[Polis box]] | police box | Polis box | | |- class='wd_q7228412' | [[Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway]] | Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway | Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway | Heritage railwey | heritage railway |- class='wd_q25356' | [[Populus]] | Populus | Populus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q125434' | [[Port Elizabeth]] | Gqeberha | Port Elizabeth | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>port ceety | city<br/>big city<br/>port city |- class='wd_q935482' | [[Port Orchard, Washington|Port Orchard]] | Port Orchard | Port Orchard, Washington | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q986325' | [[Port Safaga]] | Safaga | Port Safaga | [[ceety]]<br/>resort town<br/>port ceety | city<br/>resort town<br/>port city |- class='wd_q6106' | [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] | Portland | Portland, Oregon | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Oregon | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city of Oregon |- class='wd_q36433' | [[Porto]] | Porto | Porto | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Portugal | big city<br/>municipality of Portugal |- class='wd_q3799' | [[Porto-Novo]] | Porto-Novo | Porto-Novo | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q200464' | [[Portuguese Empire]] | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q21648810' | [[Power Rangers (film)|Pouer Rangers]] | Power Rangers | Power Rangers (film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q11696' | [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses o the Unitit States o Americae]] | President of the United States | Preses o the Unitit States | elective office | elective office |- class='wd_q377968' | [[Pressurized watter reactor]] | pressurized water reactor | Pressurized watter reactor | | |- class='wd_q951376' | [[Preston, Georgie|Preston]] | Preston | Preston, Georgie | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q319145' | [[Prime Meenister o Australie]] | Prime Minister of Australia | Prime Meenister o Australie | public offeecial | public office |- class='wd_q157115' | [[Primulaceae]] | Primulaceae | Primulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q152316' | [[Prince Harry, Duke o Sussex|Prince Harry o Wales]] | Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex | Prince Harry, Duke o Sussex | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26337' | [[Blue shairk|Prionace glauca]] | Prionace glauca | Blue shairk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q212405' | [[Procter & Gamble]] | Procter & Gamble | Procter & Gamble | industrial manufacturing<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | industrial manufacturing<br/>public company<br/>business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q484344' | [[Progressive metal]] | progressive metal | Progressive metal | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q273120' | [[protest]] | protest | Protest | form of event | form of event |- class='wd_q7251617' | [[Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707]] | Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707 | Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707 | Act of the Parliament of Scotland | Act of the Parliament of Scotland |- class='wd_q2294' | [[proton]] | proton | Proton | type of quantum particle | type of quantum particle |- class='wd_q5171' | [[Protostome|Protostomia]] | protostome | Protostome | [[taxon]]<br/>clade | taxon<br/>clade |- class='wd_q504628' | [[PIRA (Provos)|Proveesional Irish Republican Airmy]] | Provisional Irish Republican Army | PIRA (Provos) | paramilitary organization<br/>poleetical organisation | paramilitary organization<br/>political organization |- class='wd_q15119' | [[Province o Roum]] | Province of Rome | Province o Roum | former province of Italy | former province of Italy |- class='wd_q5098' | [[Provinces o Indonesie]] | province of Indonesia | Provinces o Indonesie | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country |- class='wd_q841753' | [[Provinces o Iraq]] | governorate of Iraq | Provinces o Iraq | | |- class='wd_q50399' | [[Provinces o Mongolie]] | province of Mongolia | Provinces o Mongolie | | |- class='wd_q191093' | [[Provinces o Sooth Africae]] | province of South Africa | Provinces o Sooth Africae | type o admeenistrative diveesions | administrative territorial entity type |- class='wd_q134390' | [[Provinces o the Netherlands]] | province of the Netherlands | Provinces o the Netherlands | | |- class='wd_q190545' | [[Prunus]] | Prunus | Prunus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q37453' | [[Prunus armeniaca]] | Prunus armeniaca | Prunus armeniaca | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19119' | [[pseudoscorpion]] | pseudoscorpion | Pseudoscorpion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q166843' | [[Psidium guajava]] | Psidium guajava | Psidium guajava | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q366886' | [[psychopathy]] | psychopathy | Psychopathy | personality disorder<br/>personality type<br/>personality trait | personality disorder<br/>personality type<br/>personality trait |- class='wd_q904250' | [[Psychotria]] | Psychotria | Psychotria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q245060' | [[Pteranodon]] | Pteranodon | Pteranodon | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q848656' | [[pudú]] | Pudú | Pudú | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q270748' | [[Puma (genus)|Puma]] | Puma | Puma (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1045888' | [[Puncak Jaya]] | Puncak Jaya | Puncak Jaya | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q1538' | [[Pune]] | Pune | Pune | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q1797' | [[Pupienus]] | Pupienus | Pupienus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q50415393' | [[Pushionin o Sergei an Yulia Skripal]] | poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal | Pushionin o Sergei an Yulia Skripal | attempted murder<br/>poisoning<br/>international incident | attempted murder<br/>poisoning<br/>international incident |- class='wd_q1627100' | [[Putting Pants on Philip]] | Putting Pants on Philip | Putting Pants on Philip | short film | short film |- class='wd_q18808' | [[Pyongyang]] | Pyongyang | Pyongyang | [[ceety]]<br/>direct-controlled municipality<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>largest city | city<br/>direct-controlled municipality<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q25307' | [[Pyot]] | Eurasian Magpie | Pyot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q244236' | [[Qabala]] | Qabala | Qabala | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q170208' | [[Quaiker|Quaker]] | Quakers | Quaiker | [[releegion]]<br/>worldview<br/>Christian denominational family | religion<br/>worldview<br/>Christian denominational family |- class='wd_q944' | [[quantum mechanics]] | quantum mechanics | Quantum mechanics | physical theory<br/>branch of mechanics | physical theory<br/>branch of mechanics |- class='wd_q2145' | [[Quebec Ceety]] | Quebec City | Quebec Ceety | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town of Quebec<br/>territory outside RCM in Quebec | big city<br/>city or town of Quebec<br/>territory outside RCM in Quebec |- class='wd_q5218' | [[Quechuan leids]] | Quechua | Quechuan leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]]<br/>natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language<br/>human language | language family<br/>natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language<br/>human language |- class='wd_q9439' | [[Queen Victoria]] | Victoria | Queen Victoria | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q18723' | [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Pairk Rangers F.C.]] | Queens Park Rangers F.C. | Queens Park Rangers F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q131186' | [[queir]] | choir | Queir | type of musical group | type of musical group |- class='wd_q2900' | [[Quito]] | Quito | Quito | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q742082' | [[R. R. McIan]] | R. R. McIan | R. R. McIan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q121439' | [[raccoon]] | raccoon | Raccoon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q570611' | [[Radegast (god)|Radegast]] | Radogost | Radegast (god) | Slavic deity | Slavic deity |- class='wd_q3332922' | [[radioactive decay]] | radioactive decay | Radioactive decay | | |- class='wd_q10132' | [[Rafael Nadal]] | Rafael Nadal | Rafael Nadal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q388201' | [[Railwey electrification seestem]] | railway electrification system | Railwey electrification seestem | | |- class='wd_q1523' | [[Ramesses II]] | Ramesses II | Ramesses II | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174461' | [[Ranchi]] | Ranchi | Ranchi | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital | big city<br/>state capital |- class='wd_q213356' | [[Ranunculus repens]] | Ranunculus repens | Ranunculus repens | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190444' | [[Rare-earth element]] | rare earth element | Rare-earth element | | |- class='wd_q840849' | [[ratite]] | Struthioniformes | Ratite | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27102' | [[Couter neb|Razorbill]] | Razorbill | Couter neb | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9510' | [[Reality]] | reality | Reality | concept<br/>psychology concept | concept<br/>psychology concept |- class='wd_q174102' | [[refractive index]] | refractive index | Refractive index | | |- class='wd_q9794' | [[reggae]] | reggae | Reggae | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q207350' | [[Rehovot]] | Rehovot | Rehovot | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q79794' | [[reid deer]] | red deer | Reid deer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q53462' | [[reid kangaroo]] | Macropus rufus | Reid kangaroo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q41960' | [[reid panda]] | Red Panda | Reid panda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8332' | [[reid tod]] | red fox | Reid tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q232906' | [[reid-crouned crane]] | Red-crowned Crane | Reid-crouned crane | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26545' | [[reidcoll]] | Armoracia rusticana | Reidcoll | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27631' | [[Remembrance Day]] | Remembrance Day | Remembrance Day | public holiday | public holiday |- class='wd_q28113354' | [[Renewable Heat Incentive scandal]] | Renewable Heat Incentive scandal | Renewable Heat Incentive scandal | political scandal | political scandal |- class='wd_q9191' | [[René Descartes]] | René Descartes | René Descartes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3427179' | [[Renée Simonot]] | Renée Simonot | Renée Simonot | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q971' | [[Republic o the Congo]] | Republic of the Congo | Republic o the Congo | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q181803' | [[Return o the Jedi]] | Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi | Return o the Jedi | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q748139' | [[Reversi]] | Othello | Reversi | solved game<br/>mind sport<br/>game on cell board | solved game<br/>mind sport<br/>game on cell board |- class='wd_q157649' | [[Sumac|Rhus]] | Rhus | Sumac | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q22691' | [[Ribes]] | Ribes | Ribes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q42244' | [[ribosome]] | ribosome | Ribosome | cellular component | cellular component |- class='wd_q44546' | [[Ric Flair]] | Ric Flair | Ric Flair | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q151973' | [[Richard Burton]] | Richard Burton | Richard Burton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7326502' | [[Richard Holland]] | Richard Holland | Richard Holland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q128799' | [[Ricky Martin]] | Q128799 | Ricky Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1771398' | [[Riffa]] | Riffa | Riffa | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q185385' | [[ring-tailed lemur]] | ring-tailed lemur | Ring-tailed lemur | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q224557' | [[Rio]] | Rio | Rio | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q19724' | [[River Mersey]] | River Mersey | River Mersey | main stem | main stem |- class='wd_q2304466' | [[River Sooth Esk]] | River South Esk | River Sooth Esk | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q1249255' | [[Riyadh Region|Riyadh Province]] | Riyadh Province | Riyadh Region | province of Saudi Arabia | province of Saudi Arabia |- class='wd_q7339733' | [[Roamin' in the gloamin]] | Roamin' In The Gloamin' | Roamin' in the gloamin | musical work/composition | musical work/composition |- class='wd_q83338' | [[Robin Williams]] | Robin Williams | Robin Williams | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1631437' | [[Rock-a-Doodle]] | Rock-a-Doodle | Rock-a-Doodle | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q94893' | [[Rockstar North]] | Q94893 | Rockstar North | [[video gemme developer]] | video game developer |- class='wd_q457786' | [[Rodrigo Duterte]] | Rodrigo Duterte | Rodrigo Duterte | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q218' | [[Roumainie|Romanie]] | Romania | Roumainie | [[kintra]]<br/>[[naition state]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>nation state<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q250049' | [[Romanie mafia]] | Romanian mafia | Romanie mafia | | |- class='wd_q9960' | [[Ronald Reagan]] | Ronald Reagan | Ronald Reagan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7365246' | [[Ronald Ross]] | Ronald Ross | Ronald Ross | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1525' | [[roondaboot]] | roundabout | Roondaboot | | |- class='wd_q1754320' | [[Rootes Group]] | Rootes Group | Rootes Group | brand<br/>automobile manufacturer<br/>auto racing team | brand<br/>automobile manufacturer<br/>auto racing team |- class='wd_q46299' | [[Rosaceae]] | Q46299 | Rosaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21895' | [[Rosales]] | Q21895 | Rosales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3442214' | [[Rosalie Lamorlière]] | Rosalie Lamorlière | Rosalie Lamorlière | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7474' | [[Rosalind Franklin]] | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q208060' | [[Rose-ringed parakeet|Rose-ringed Parakeet]] | Rose-ringed Parakeet | Rose-ringed parakeet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q295212' | [[Rosen Plevneliev]] | Rosen Plevneliev | Rosen Plevneliev | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q338878' | [[rosids]] | Rosids | Rosids | clade | clade |- class='wd_q2624680' | [[Roushie Federal State Stateestics Service]] | Federal State Statistics Service | Roushie Federal State Stateestics Service | statistical service<br/>Federal service (Russian Federation) | statistical service<br/>Federal service (Russian Federation) |- class='wd_q4120572' | [[Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley]] | Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley | Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q602740' | [[Rubus]] | Rubus | Rubus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5849' | [[Rugby union]] | rugby union | Rugby union | type o sport<br/>team sport | type of sport<br/>team sport |- class='wd_q304290' | [[Rugrats]] | Rugrats | Rugrats | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q151993' | [[Ruhr]] | Ruhr | Ruhr | conurbation<br/>[[Metropolitan area|metropolitan aurie]]<br/>functional urban area | conurbation<br/>metropolitan area<br/>functional urban area |- class='wd_q160173' | [[Ruse, Bulgarie|Ruse]] | Ruse | Ruse, Bulgarie | border city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality seat<br/>oblast seat<br/>city in Bulgaria | border city<br/>big city<br/>municipality seat<br/>oblast seat<br/>city in Bulgaria |- class='wd_q146030' | [[Rutaceae]] | Rutaceae | Rutaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11116' | [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] | Ruth Bader Ginsburg | Ruth Bader Ginsburg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q232260' | [[Ruth Rendell]] | Ruth Rendell | Ruth Rendell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2727336' | [[Ryal Staundart o Scotland]] | Royal Standard of Scotland | Ryal Staundart o Scotland | royal standard | royal standard |- class='wd_q192682' | [[Ryan Reynolds]] | Ryan Reynolds | Ryan Reynolds | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2746' | [[Ryazan]] | Ryazan | Ryazan | admeenistrative-territorial entity o Roushie<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town | administrative divisions of Russia<br/>big city<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q658065' | [[Rydberg constant]] | Rydberg constant | Rydberg constant | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant |- class='wd_q240051' | [[Ryoko Tani]] | Ryoko Tani | Ryoko Tani | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q29272' | [[Ryugyong Hottle|Ryugyong Hotel]] | Ryugyong Hotel | Ryugyong Hottle | skyscraper<br/>hottle<br/>mixed-use development | skyscraper<br/>hotel<br/>mixed-use development |- class='wd_q6897416' | [[Ryukyu Isles]] | Ryukyu Islands | Ryukyu Isles | island group | island group |- class='wd_q2109400' | [[Rögnvald Kali Kolsson]] | Rögnvald Kali Kolsson | Rögnvald Kali Kolsson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q295994' | [[Rüppell's tod]] | Rüppell's fox | Rüppell's tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q76338' | [[Sabine Lisicki]] | Sabine Lisicki | Sabine Lisicki | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q18013' | [[Sacramento, Californie|Sacramento]] | Sacramento | Sacramento, Californie | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>charter ceety | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>charter city |- class='wd_q16049782' | [[Sadaf Taherian]] | Sadaf Taherian | Sadaf Taherian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188336' | [[Safed]] | Safed | Safed | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q147538' | [[Define:Saft drink|saft drink]] | soft drink | Define:Saft drink | type of drink | type of drink |- class='wd_q677952' | [[Saint-Florent]] | Saint-Florent | Saint-Florent | [[veelage]]<br/>commune o Fraunce | village<br/>commune of France |- class='wd_q589980' | [[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] | Saint-Pierre | Saint-Pierre, Martinique | commune o Fraunce | commune of France |- class='wd_q134635' | [[Saitama]] | Saitama | Saitama | [[Ceeties o Japan|ceety o Japan]]<br/>satellite city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city designated by government ordinance<br/>city for international conferences and tourism<br/>educational town<br/>prefectural capital of Japan<br/>de facto national capital | city of Japan<br/>satellite city<br/>big city<br/>city designated by government ordinance<br/>city for international conferences and tourism<br/>educational town<br/>prefectural capital of Japan<br/>de facto national capital |- class='wd_q76833058' | [[Salaam Kivu International Film Festival]] | Salaam Kivu International Film Festival | Salaam Kivu International Film Festival | film festival | film festival |- class='wd_q610524' | [[Salamina, Caldas|Salamina]] | Salamina | Salamina, Caldas | [[Municipalities o Colombie]] | municipality of Colombia |- class='wd_q36050' | [[Willae|Salix]] | Salix | Willae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23337' | [[Salt Lake City|Salt Lake Ceety]] | Salt Lake City | Salt Lake City | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q623222' | [[Sam & Cat]] | Sam & Cat | Sam & Cat | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q12150341' | [[Samanid Empire]] | Samanid Empire | Samanid Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q17422' | [[Same-sex mairiage|Same-sex mairage]] | same-sex marriage | Same-sex mairiage | legal relationship | legal relationship |- class='wd_q56463' | [[Sami leids]] | Sámi | Sami leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q16193885' | [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | Samia Suluhu Hassan | Samia Suluhu Hassan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7410064' | [[Samoé]] | Samoé | Samoé | subprefecture of Guinea | subprefecture of Guinea |- class='wd_q1132747' | [[Samue]] | samue | Samue | | |- class='wd_q50139' | [[San Benedetto dei Marsi]] | San Benedetto dei Marsi | San Benedetto dei Marsi | comune o Italy | comune of Italy |- class='wd_q16553' | [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]] | San Jose | San Jose, Californie | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>charter ceety | county seat<br/>big city<br/>charter city |- class='wd_q173718' | [[San José]] | San José | San José | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q21010219' | [[San Juan, Nevada|San Juan]] | San Juan | San Juan, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q41211' | [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] | San Juan | San Juan, Puerto Rico | municipality of Puerto Rico<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | municipality of Puerto Rico<br/>big city |- class='wd_q2067282' | [[San Julián de los Prados]] | San Julián de los Prados | San Julián de los Prados | [[kirk]]<br/>basilica<br/>Monument (Spain) | church building<br/>basilica<br/>Monument (Spain) |- class='wd_q78980' | [[San Luis Potosí]] | San Luis Potosí | San Luis Potosí | state of Mexico | state of Mexico |- class='wd_q40791' | [[Sandra Bullock]] | Sandra Bullock | Sandra Bullock | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12354937' | [[Santa Inés Yatzeche]] | Santa Inés Yatzeche Municipality | Santa Inés Yatzeche | [[Municipalities o Mexico]] | municipality of Mexico |- class='wd_q59669' | [[Sao Vang Airport]] | Tho Xuan Airport | Sao Vang Airport | airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome | airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome |- class='wd_q26316' | [[Sapindales]] | Q26316 | Sapindales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q158981' | [[Sapotaceae]] | Sapotaceae | Sapotaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q270878' | [[Sarah McLeod]] | Sarah McLeod | Sarah McLeod | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83891' | [[Sasanian Empire]] | Sasanian Empire | Sasanian Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q131532' | [[Sassafras]] | Sassafras | Sassafras | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2107439' | [[Satellite Beach, Florida|Satellite Beach]] | Satellite Beach | Satellite Beach, Florida | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q44269' | [[Saunt Nicholas]] | Saint Nicholas | Saunt Nicholas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11254' | [[saut]] | table salt | Saut | mixtur<br/>ingredient | mixture<br/>ingredient |- class='wd_q1135526' | [[sautie]] | common dab | Sautie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q182599' | [[sautwatter crocodile]] | Crocodylus porosus | Sautwatter crocodile | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7428063' | [[Save Ulster from Sodomy]] | Save Ulster from Sodomy | Save Ulster from Sodomy | political campaign | political campaign |- class='wd_q838665' | [[Saxicola rubicola]] | European Stonechat | Saxicola rubicola | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156146' | [[Saxifraga]] | Saxifraga | Saxifraga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2543932' | [[Saxifragaceae]] | Saxifragaceae | Saxifragaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21855' | [[Saxifragales]] | Saxifragales | Saxifragales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1167098' | [[Scalpay, Ooter Hebrides|Scalpay]] | Scalpay | Scalpay, Ooter Hebrides | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q2300959' | [[Scarsdale]] | Scarsdale | Scarsdale | toun o the Unitit States<br/>village of New York<br/>town of New York<br/>coterminous town-village of New York | town in the United States<br/>village of New York<br/>town of New York<br/>coterminous town-village of New York |- class='wd_q483941' | [[Schindler's List]] | Schindler's List | Schindler's List | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q13430975' | [[Scotch ale]] | Scotch ale | Scotch ale | beer style | beer style |- class='wd_q18356161' | [[ScotRail]] | ScotRail | ScotRail | railway company<br/>brand | railway company<br/>brand |- class='wd_q3915671' | [[Scots Cant]] | Scottish Cant | Scots Cant | mixed language<br/>leid<br/>modern language<br/>thieves' cant | mixed language<br/>language<br/>modern language<br/>thieves' cant |- class='wd_q181634' | [[Scots fowk]] | Scottish people | Scots fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q24083592' | [[Scots Leebertarian Pairty]] | Scottish Libertarian Party | Scots Leebertarian Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q10658' | [[Scots National Pairty]] | Scottish National Party | Scots National Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q683800' | [[Scots Pairlament election, 2003|Scots pairlamentary walin]] | 2003 Scottish Parliament general election | Scots Pairlament election, 2003 | Scottish Parliament election | Scottish Parliament election |- class='wd_q7438105' | [[Scots place names in Canadae]] | Scottish place names in Canada | Scots place names in Canadae | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q39035' | [[Scots Tarrie]] | Scottish Terrier | Scots Tarrie | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q7437788' | [[Scottish Industrial Railway Centre]] | Scottish Industrial Railway Centre | Scottish Industrial Railway Centre | Heritage railwey | heritage railway |- class='wd_q267380' | [[Scottish Oils]] | Anglo-Persian Oil Company | Scottish Oils | company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>oil company | company<br/>business<br/>oil company |- class='wd_q37260' | [[scrievin]] | writing | Scrievin | [[habby]]<br/>skill | hobby<br/>skill |- class='wd_q159115' | [[Scrophularia nodosa]] | Scrophularia nodosa | Scrophularia nodosa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q163865' | [[scruibie]] | scurvy | Scruibie | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q35367' | [[Sea o Marmara]] | Sea of Marmara | Sea o Marmara | inland sea | adjacent sea |- class='wd_q19106' | [[sea speeder]] | Pycnogonida | Sea speeder | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25928' | [[sea-pyot]] | Eurasian Oystercatcher | Sea-pyot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4573' | [[Sean Connery]] | Sean Connery | Sean Connery | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1127591' | [[Seanad Éireann]] | Seanad Éireann | Seanad Éireann | senate<br/>elected legislative house | senate<br/>elected legislative house |- class='wd_q5083' | [[Seattle]] | Seattle | Seattle | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1098925' | [[Section 28]] | Section 28 | Section 28 | clause<br/>section | clause<br/>section |- class='wd_q1063567' | [[Sellafield]] | Sellafield | Sellafield | nuclear facility<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | nuclear facility<br/>business |- class='wd_q1939117' | [[Semanteec chynge]] | semantic change | Semanteec chynge | | |- class='wd_q9715' | [[semen]] | semen | Semen | body fluid<br/>class of anatomical entity | body fluid<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q911008' | [[Sepang]] | Sepang District | Sepang | district of Malaysia | district of Malaysia |- class='wd_q102251' | [[Sephardi Jews]] | Sephardi Jews | Sephardi Jews | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q1442' | [[Septimius Severus]] | Septimius Severus | Septimius Severus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9299' | [[Serbie leid]] | Serbian | Serbie leid | leid<br/>pluricentric language variant<br/>standard variety | language<br/>pluricentric language variant<br/>standard variety |- class='wd_q9301' | [[Serbo-Croatie|Serbo-Croatian]] | Serbo-Croatian | Serbo-Croatie | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>pluricentric language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>pluricentric language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q127885' | [[Serbs]] | Serbs | Serbs | nation<br/>[[ethnic group]] | nation<br/>ethnic group |- class='wd_q7454994' | [[Sermon on the Mound]] | Sermon on the Mound | Sermon on the Mound | oration | oration |- class='wd_q51640' | [[Sermon on the Mount|Sermon on the Munt]] | Sermon on the Mount | Sermon on the Mount | sermon | sermon |- class='wd_q42699' | [[Serval]] | serval | Serval | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2763698' | [[sesame]] | Sesamum indicum | Sesame | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q290' | [[sex]] | biological sex | Sex | medical attribute | medical attribute |- class='wd_q12198' | [[Sexually transmit tribble|sexually transmittit disease]] | sexually transmitted infection | Sexually transmit tribble | mode of transmission | mode of transmission |- class='wd_q18700' | [[shaebill]] | Shoebill | Shaebill | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q83672' | [[Shah Jahan]] | Shah Jahan | Shah Jahan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9535' | [[Shah Rukh Khan]] | Shah Rukh Khan | Shah Rukh Khan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q59100' | [[Shantou]] | Shantou | Shantou | prefecture-level city of China<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city of China<br/>big city |- class='wd_q191455' | [[Shapur I]] | Shapur I | Shapur I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q234860' | [[Shapur II]] | Shapur II | Shapur II | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q482752' | [[sharia]] | sharia | Sharia | legal order<br/>form o rule<br/>academic discipline<br/>Islamic term | legal system<br/>form of government<br/>academic discipline<br/>Islamic term |- class='wd_q7368' | [[sheep]] | sheep | Sheep | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q235478' | [[Shelley Duvall]] | Shelley Duvall | Shelley Duvall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q39357' | [[Shih Tzu]] | Shih Tzu | Shih Tzu | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q715710' | [[Shikra]] | Accipiter badius | Shikra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57410' | [[Shimon Peres]] | Shimon Peres | Shimon Peres | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q105124' | [[Shishapangma]] | Shishapangma | Shishapangma | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q239505' | [[Shivaji]] | Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj | Shivaji | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131375' | [[shogi]] | shogi | Shogi | chess variant | chess variant |- class='wd_q652695' | [[shortbreid]] | shortbread | Shortbreid | | |- class='wd_q131136' | [[Shot starn]] | meteor | Shot starn | meteor shower | meteor shower |- class='wd_q549' | [[Siamese fechtin fish|Siamese fichtin fish]] | Siamese fighting fish | Siamese fechtin fish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1928719' | [[Side-valve ingine]] | flathead engine | Side-valve ingine | engine configuration | engine configuration |- class='wd_q190516' | [[Sika deer]] | sika deer | Sika deer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q116209' | [[Silene]] | Silene | Silene | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q116269' | [[silicon dioxide]] | silicon dioxide | Silicon dioxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q2166799' | [[Simon Mann]] | Simon Mann | Simon Mann | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q483312' | [[Singmogil]] | Singmogil | Singmogil | national day<br/>public holiday<br/>Korean anniversary days | national day<br/>public holiday<br/>Korean anniversary days |- class='wd_q191114' | [[Sita]] | Sita | Sita | Hindu deity<br/>human whose existence is disputed | Hindu deity<br/>human whose existence is disputed |- class='wd_q234597' | [[sitatunga]] | sitatunga | Sitatunga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q55063313' | [[Sizewell C nuclear pouer station]] | Sizewell C nuclear power station | Sizewell C nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q1074' | [[skin]] | skin | Skin | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q8102' | [[slang]] | slang | Slang | register<br/>usage | register<br/>usage |- class='wd_q589187' | [[Sliders (TV series)]] | Sliders | Sliders (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q25421' | [[smaw douker]] | Little Grebe | Smaw douker | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q30197' | [[snaw leopard]] | snow leopard | Snaw leopard | [[taxon]]<br/>apex predator<br/>flagship species | taxon<br/>apex predator<br/>flagship species |- class='wd_q170177' | [[White oul|snawy oul]] | Snowy Owl | White oul | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190570' | [[sniper rifle]] | sniper rifle | Sniper rifle | weapon type | weapon type |- class='wd_q134430' | [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]] | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q34396' | [[Saip|soap]] | soap | Saip | cleaning product<br/>personal hygiene item | cleaning product<br/>personal hygiene item |- class='wd_q146313' | [[Sobek]] | Sobek | Sobek | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>deity<br/>watter deity | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>deity<br/>water deity |- class='wd_q39420' | [[Sochi]] | Sochi | Sochi | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q36380' | [[Society o Jesus]] | Society of Jesus | Society o Jesus | organization<br/>Catholic order<br/>group o humans | organization<br/>Catholic order<br/>group of humans |- class='wd_q190227' | [[sodium carbonate]] | sodium carbonate | Sodium carbonate | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q2314' | [[sodium chloride]] | sodium chloride | Sodium chloride | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q102769' | [[sodium hydroxide]] | sodium hydroxide | Sodium hydroxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q388108' | [[Sohag]] | Sohag | Sohag | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q26675' | [[solan guiss]] | Northern Gannet | Solan guiss | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21723' | [[Solanales]] | Solanales | Solanales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q146555' | [[Solanum]] | Q146555 | Solanum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147707' | [[Solanum dulcamara]] | Solanum dulcamara | Solanum dulcamara | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48440' | [[Solar radius]] | solar radius | Solar radius | unit of length | unit of length |- class='wd_q170731' | [[solubility]] | solubility | Solubility | | |- class='wd_q47539' | [[Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone]] | South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone | Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone | organization | organization |- class='wd_q475449' | [[Soothren hairy-nebbit wombat]] | southern hairy-nosed wombat | Soothren hairy-nebbit wombat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7354' | [[Soothren Ocean]] | Southern Ocean | Soothren Ocean | [[ocean]] | ocean |- class='wd_q157964' | [[Sorbus]] | Sorbus | Sorbus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q76593978' | [[Sores of Emmanuel]] | Sores of Emmanuel | Sores of Emmanuel | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q12111' | [[Sorghum]] | Sorghum | Sorghum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q105060' | [[Sosnowiec]] | Sosnowiec | Sosnowiec | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi powiat richts<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>urban gmina | city<br/>city with powiat rights in Poland<br/>big city<br/>urban municipality of Poland |- class='wd_q1415615' | [[Sounds of a Playground Fading]] | Sounds of a Playground Fading | Sounds of a Playground Fading | [[album]] | album |- class='wd_q62372' | [[South Jamaica, Queens|South Jamaica]] | South Jamaica | South Jamaica, Queens | neighbourhuid | neighborhood |- class='wd_q1045096' | [[South Kensington]] | South Kensington | South Kensington | aurie o Lunnon | area of London |- class='wd_q27449' | [[Soothern Europe]] | Southern Europe | Soothern Europe | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q15180' | [[Soviet Union]] | Soviet Union | Soviet Union | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q5916' | [[spaceflicht]] | spaceflight | Spaceflicht | | |- class='wd_q10859' | [[Spainish Ceevil War|Spaingie Ceevil War]] | Spanish Civil War | Spainish Ceevil War | civil war | civil war |- class='wd_q1321' | [[Spainish leid|Spainish]] | Spanish | Spainish leid | natural language<br/>leid<br/>modern language<br/>human language | natural language<br/>language<br/>modern language<br/>human language |- class='wd_q928333' | [[Spaingie immigration tae Mexico|Spainyie immigration tae Mexico]] | Spaniards in Mexico | Spaingie immigration tae Mexico | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q193340' | [[Spark plug]] | spark plug | Spark plug | | |- class='wd_q28922' | [[sparrae]] | Passeridae | Sparrae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q160114' | [[spearimint]] | Mentha spicata | Spearimint | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25439' | [[specht]] | Q25439 | Specht | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11455' | [[Special relativity]] | special relativity | Special relativity | [[Physical law|pheesical law]]<br/>scientific theory | physical law<br/>scientific theory |- class='wd_q158767' | [[spelt]] | Triticum spelta | Spelt | [[taxon]]<br/>grain crop | taxon<br/>grain crop |- class='wd_q25814' | [[Spermatophyte]] | Q25814 | Spermatophyte | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21162' | [[Spitsbergen]] | Spitsbergen | Spitsbergen | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q2913554' | [[Frasers Group|Sports Direct]] | Frasers Group | Frasers Group | brick and mortar<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | brick and mortar<br/>public company<br/>business |- class='wd_q49158' | [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] | Springfield | Springfield, Massachusetts | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q25380' | [[Spur-hawk]] | Eurasian Sparrowhawk | Spur-hawk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q170334' | [[Srebrenica massacre|Srebrenica genocide]] | Srebrenica massacre | Srebrenica massacre | genocide<br/>war crime<br/>crime against humanity<br/>massacre | genocide<br/>war crime<br/>crime against humanity<br/>massacre |- class='wd_q41963' | [[Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte]] | Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte | Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte | de jure national capital | de jure national capital |- class='wd_q3581844' | [[St James's Kirk, Liège]] | St James's Church | St James's Kirk, Liège | [[kirk]]<br/>abbey<br/>religious building | church building<br/>abbey<br/>religious building |- class='wd_q941325' | [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]] | Stamford | Stamford, New York | toun o the Unitit States<br/>town of New York | town in the United States<br/>town of New York |- class='wd_q756442' | [[Stane o Scuin]] | Stone of Scone | Stane o Scuin | stane | stone |- class='wd_q18847' | [[stank-hen]] | Common Moorhen | Stank-hen | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q250429' | [[Stap sign]] | stop sign | Stap sign | | |- class='wd_q149116' | [[Staphylococcaceae]] | Staphylococcaceae | Staphylococcaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q462' | [[Star Wars]] | Star Wars | Star Wars | media franchise<br/>brand<br/>film franchise | media franchise<br/>brand<br/>film franchise |- class='wd_q35657' | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state | State o the Unitit States | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country<br/>Pentacontad | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country<br/>Pentacontad |- class='wd_q12483' | [[Stateestics]] | statistics | Stateestics | academic major | academic major |- class='wd_q14388' | [[Stegosaurus]] | Stegosaurus | Stegosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q206' | [[Stephen Harper]] | Stephen Harper | Stephen Harper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q76366' | [[Sterna]] | Sterna | Sterna | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25882' | [[Stibble guiss]] | Greylag Goose | Stibble guiss | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q186212' | [[Stirling ingine]] | Stirling engine | Stirling ingine | | |- class='wd_q2232618' | [[Stirrup cup]] | stirrup cup | Stirrup cup | parting tradition | parting tradition |- class='wd_q292265' | [[Stoja|Stoja Novaković]] | Stoja Novaković | Stoja | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2404900' | [[Stoke Dry]] | Stoke Dry | Stoke Dry | [[veelage]]<br/>[[Ceevil pairish|ceevil parish]] | village<br/>civil parish |- class='wd_q178942' | [[storm cock]] | Mistle Thrush | Storm cock | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13158' | [[straeberry]] | strawberry | Straeberry | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48365' | [[Strait o Magellan]] | Strait of Magellan | Strait o Magellan | strait | strait |- class='wd_q169358' | [[stratovolcano]] | stratovolcano | Stratovolcano | | |- class='wd_q140018' | [[Streptococcaceae]] | Streptococcaceae | Streptococcaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2746295' | [[Stuart Murdoch (muisicker)|Stuart Murdoch]] | Stuart Murdoch | Stuart Murdoch (muisicker) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1022' | [[Stuttgart]] | Stuttgart | Stuttgart | major regional center<br/>financial center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>circle ceety<br/>state capital in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Option municipality | major regional center<br/>financial center<br/>big city<br/>City district in Baden-Württemberg<br/>state capital in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Option municipality |- class='wd_q172741' | [[Subaru]] | Subaru | Subaru | division<br/>automobile manufacturer | division<br/>automobile manufacturer |- class='wd_q11002' | [[succar]] | sugar | Succar | commodity<br/>excipient<br/>sweetener<br/>group or class of chemical substances | commodity<br/>excipient<br/>sweetener<br/>group or class of chemical substances |- class='wd_q44914' | [[Sudoku]] | sudoku | Sudoku | [[Guddock|Güdic]]<br/>[[habby]]<br/>mind sport<br/>logic puzzle | riddle<br/>hobby<br/>mind sport<br/>logic puzzle |- class='wd_q49101' | [[Suez Creesis|Suez Crisis]] | Suez Crisis | Suez Creesis | military expedition | military expedition |- class='wd_q380764' | [[Sukhothai Province]] | Sukhothai | Sukhothai Province | [[Provinces o Thailand]] | province of Thailand |- class='wd_q40811' | [[Sukhumi]] | Sokhumi | Sukhumi | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q525' | [[Sun]] | Sun | Sun | G-type main-sequence starn | G-type main-sequence star |- class='wd_q275163' | [[Sunda cloodit leopard]] | Sunda clouded leopard | Sunda cloodit leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q269728' | [[Sunda pangolin]] | Sunda pangolin | Sunda pangolin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183259' | [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] | Super Nintendo Entertainment System | Super Nintendo Entertainment System | electronic device model | electronic device model |- class='wd_q1065079' | [[Supporters' Shield]] | Supporters' Shield | Supporters' Shield | association football trophy or award | association football trophy or award |- class='wd_q10798' | [[Pig]] | Q10798 | Pig | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3551021' | [[Sussan Taunton]] | Sussan Taunton | Sussan Taunton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26629' | [[Swart-back]] | Great Black-backed Gull | Swart-back | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q165141' | [[Swisserland naitional fitbaw team|Swisserland naitional fitbaa team]] | Switzerland men's national football team | Swisserland naitional fitbaw team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q7659945' | [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]] | Sydney Goodsir Smith | Sydney Goodsir Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2573367' | [[Sydney Roosters]] | Sydney Roosters | Sydney Roosters | rugby league team | rugby league team |- class='wd_q188446' | [[Sylvia atricapilla]] | Sylvia atricapilla | Sylvia atricapilla | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q207592' | [[Sylvia Kristel]] | Sylvia Kristel | Sylvia Kristel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q212676' | [[Symon Petliura]] | Symon Petliura | Symon Petliura | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1141086' | [[Synagogue o Besançon]] | Synagogue of Besançon | Synagogue o Besançon | [[synagogue]] | synagogue |- class='wd_q37437' | [[syntax]] | syntax | Syntax | language subsystem<br/>branch of linguistics | language subsystem<br/>branch of linguistics |- class='wd_q26736' | [[Clove|Syzygium aromaticum]] | clove | Clove | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174' | [[São Paulo]] | São Paulo | São Paulo | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Brazil<br/>largest city | city<br/>megacity<br/>big city<br/>municipality of Brazil<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q6512' | [[Søren Kierkegaard]] | Søren Kierkegaard | Søren Kierkegaard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155658' | [[T-72]] | T-72 | T-72 | combat vehicle family | combat vehicle family |- class='wd_q170596' | [[T. E. Lawrence]] | T. E. Lawrence | T. E. Lawrence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2161' | [[Tacitus]] | Tacitus | Tacitus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q750259' | [[Tafilah Govrenorate]] | Tafilah Governorate | Tafilah Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Jordan]] | governorate of Jordan |- class='wd_q7676492' | [[Taito Phillip Field]] | Taito Phillip Field | Taito Phillip Field | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q865' | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] | Taiwan | Taiwan (kintra) | island country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic | island country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic |- class='wd_q22502' | [[Taiwan]] | Taiwan Island | Taiwan | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q72778' | [[Taiyuan]] | Taiyuan | Taiyuan | prefecture-level city of China<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city of China<br/>big city |- class='wd_q132956' | [[Taklamakan Desert]] | Taklamakan | Taklamakan Desert | desert | desert |- class='wd_q205792' | [[Tamanrasset]] | Tamanrasset | Tamanrasset | [[ceety]]<br/>commune of Algeria | city<br/>commune of Algeria |- class='wd_q3036410' | [[Tammy Duckworth]] | Tammy Duckworth | Tammy Duckworth | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83367' | [[Tanakh]] | Tanakh | Tanakh | biblical canon<br/>[[Haly beuk]]<br/>miscellany<br/>series | biblical canon<br/>religious text<br/>miscellany<br/>series of creative works |- class='wd_q271771' | [[Tanta]] | Tanta | Tanta | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q191827' | [[Taoiseach]] | Taoiseach | Taoiseach | public offeecial | public office |- class='wd_q1642670' | [[Tarhuna]] | Tarhuna | Tarhuna | [[ceety]]<br/>municipality of Libya | city<br/>municipality of Libya |- class='wd_q233608' | [[Tarpan]] | Equus ferus ferus | Tarpan | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q155814' | [[tarragon]] | tarragon | Tarragon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174916' | [[Tartus]] | Tartus | Tartus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>big city<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q134964' | [[Tasmainien deil|Tasmanie deil]] | Tasmanian devil | Tasmainien deil | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27355' | [[Taxus]] | Taxus | Taxus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q428606' | [[TE10]] | Soviet Railways ТЭ10 | TE10 | locomotive class | locomotive class |- class='wd_q37226' | [[teacher]] | teacher | Teacher | [[profession]]<br/>poseetion<br/>occupation | profession<br/>position<br/>occupation |- class='wd_q38954' | [[Teide]] | Teide | Teide | [[Volcanae]]<br/>active volcano<br/>laundmark | volcano<br/>active volcano<br/>architectural landmark |- class='wd_q848096' | [[telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick]] | telephone numbers in the United Kingdom | Telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q41403' | [[Teletubbies]] | Teletubbies | Teletubbies | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q15416' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | television program | Telly programme | type of television program | type of television program |- class='wd_q6666976' | [[Template:Abkhazia-note]] | Template:Abkhazia note | Template:Abkhazia-note | Wikimedia template | Wikimedia template |- class='wd_q76280' | [[tench]] | tench | Tench | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13695' | [[Tenochtitlan]] | Tenochtitlan | Tenochtitlan | city-state<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>altepetl | city-state<br/>big city<br/>altepetl |- class='wd_q36656' | [[Ter Sami leid]] | Ter Sami | Ter Sami leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q9384' | [[testicle]] | testicle | Testicle | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q201701' | [[Tetraodontidae]] | Tetraodontidae | Tetraodontidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19159' | [[tetrapod]] | Q19159 | Tetrapod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25392' | [[teuchit]] | Northern Lapwing | Teuchit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q172691' | [[Thar Desert]] | Thar Desert | Thar Desert | desert<br/>WWF ecoregion | desert<br/>WWF ecoregion |- class='wd_q113700' | [[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]] | The Avengers | The Avengers (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q45354' | [[The Doors]] | The Doors | The Doors | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q180089' | [[The Economist]] | The Economist | The Economist | [[wabsteid]]<br/>magazine | website<br/>magazine |- class='wd_q40302' | [[The Fox and the Hound]] | The Fox and the Hound | The Fox and the Hound | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q7739604' | [[The High Life (1994 TV series)|The High Life]] | The High Life | The High Life (1994 TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q7744143' | [[The Kerry Recruit]] | The Kerry Recruit | The Kerry Recruit | musical work/composition | musical work/composition |- class='wd_q27950674' | [[The Last of Us Part II]] | Q27950674 | The Last of Us Part II | [[video gemme]] | video game |- class='wd_q36479' | [[The Lion King]] | The Lion King | The Lion King | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q190135' | [[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]] | The Little Mermaid | The Little Mermaid (1989 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q26220165' | [[The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen]] | The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen | The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen | paintin | painting |- class='wd_q2089577' | [[The Pebble and the Penguin]] | The Pebble and the Penguin | The Pebble and the Penguin | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q18536' | [[The Shard]] | The Shard | The Shard | skyscraper<br/>office biggin | skyscraper<br/>office building |- class='wd_q232737' | [[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]] | The Walking Dead | The Walking Dead (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q1140649' | [[The Wicker Man]] | The Wicker Man | The Wicker Man | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q21997690' | [[The Wigtown Martyrs]] | Wigton Martyrs | The Wigtown Martyrs | | |- class='wd_q156574' | [[Theaceae]] | Theaceae | Theaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184232' | [[Theia]] | Theia | Theia | [[Titan (meethologie)|Titan]] | titan |- class='wd_q44003' | [[Theodor Herzl]] | Theodor Herzl | Theodor Herzl | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q13195257' | [[Cauld Kail in Aberdeen|There's Ca'd Kail in Aberdeen]] | Q13195257 | Cauld Kail in Aberdeen | | |- class='wd_q264766' | [[Theresa May]] | Theresa May | Theresa May | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9270' | [[Thimphu]] | Thimphu | Thimphu | [[ceety]]<br/>admeenistrative diveesion<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>administrative territorial entity<br/>big city |- class='wd_q9438' | [[Thomas Aquinas]] | Thomas Aquinas | Thomas Aquinas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q269593' | [[Thompson submachine gun]] | Thompson submachine gun | Thompson submachine gun | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q42952' | [[Thor]] | Thor | Thor | thunder deity<br/>Norse deity | thunder deity<br/>Norse deity |- class='wd_q942508' | [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]] | thorax | Thorax (insect anatomy) | | |- class='wd_q719528' | [[Thorfinn the Michty]] | Thorfinn the Mighty | Thorfinn the Michty | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1412119' | [[Threads (1984 film)]] | Threads | Threads (1984 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q34124' | [[Tigrinya leid|Tigrinya]] | Tigrinya | Tigrinya leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q124739' | [[Tijuana]] | Tijuana | Tijuana | [[ceety]]<br/>locality of Mexico<br/>city in Mexico | city<br/>locality of Mexico<br/>city in Mexico |- class='wd_q127849' | [[Tilia]] | Tilia | Tilia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179257' | [[Timbaland]] | Q179257 | Timbaland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11471' | [[time]] | time | Time | scalar pheesical quantity<br/>independent variable<br/>spatiotemporal region | scalar quantity<br/>independent variable<br/>spatiotemporal region |- class='wd_q132572' | [[Tiraspol]] | Tiraspol | Tiraspol | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Moldova<br/>city or town | big city<br/>municipality of Moldova<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q26956' | [[Titlin]] | Anthus pratensis | Titlin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q376038' | [[Toco toucan|Toco Toucan]] | Toco Toucan | Toco toucan | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8331' | [[Tod]] | fox | Tod | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q205662' | [[Tokugawa shogunate]] | Tokugawa shogunate | Tokugawa shogunate | govrenment agency<br/>shogunate<br/>historical state | government agency<br/>shogunate<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q287657' | [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]] | Tokugawa Yoshinobu | Tokugawa Yoshinobu | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q90561312' | [[Captain Tom|Tom Moore]] | Tom Moore | Captain Tom | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q263802' | [[Tom Watson (Labour politeecian)|Tom Watson]] | Tom Watson | Tom Watson (Labour politeecian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41057' | [[Topeka]] | Topeka | Topeka | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q142349' | [[Toronto Argonauts]] | Toronto Argonauts | Toronto Argonauts | Canadian football team | Canadian football team |- class='wd_q38991' | [[Tosa (dug)]] | Tosa | Tosa (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q187278' | [[Toy Story 3]] | Toy Story 3 | Toy Story 3 | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q243543' | [[Toyota Corolla]] | Toyota Corolla | Toyota Corolla | car model series | car model series |- class='wd_q153681' | [[Trabant]] | Trabant | Trabant | car model series | car model series |- class='wd_q351303' | [[track]] | Track | Track | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q39495' | [[Tractor]] | tractor | Tractor | type of vehicle | type of vehicle |- class='wd_q7831651' | [[Tractor vapourisin ile]] | tractor vaporising oil | Tractor vapourisin ile | | |- class='wd_q907112' | [[Transnistrie]] | Transnistria | Transnistrie | landlockt kintra<br/>unitary state<br/>military occupation<br/>social state<br/>secular state<br/>de facto regime<br/>occupied territory<br/>state wi leemitit recogneetion | landlocked country<br/>unitary state<br/>military occupation<br/>social state<br/>secular state<br/>de facto regime<br/>occupied territory<br/>state with limited recognition |- class='wd_q682403' | [[Treatie o Union 1707]] | Treaty of Union | Treatie o Union 1707 | treaty | treaty |- class='wd_q1237' | [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]] | Trentino-South Tyrol | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol | autonomous region with special statute | autonomous region with special statute |- class='wd_q327362' | [[triiodothyronine]] | triiodothyronine | Triiodothyronine | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q4140065' | [[Trinidad James]] | Trinidad James | Trinidad James | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1568779' | [[Tripoli (disambiguation)|Tripoli]] | Tripoli | Tripoli (disambiguation) | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1363' | [[Tripura]] | Tripura | Tripura | state of India | state of India |- class='wd_q2006725' | [[Triumph Acclaim]] | Triumph Acclaim | Triumph Acclaim | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1798248' | [[Triumph TR4A]] | Triumph TR4A | Triumph TR4A | car model | car model |- class='wd_q5639' | [[trolleybus]] | trolleybus | Trolleybus | bus type | bus type |- class='wd_q408352' | [[Trump]] | Trump | Trump | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q186096' | [[Tsardom o Roushie]] | Tsardom of Russia | Tsardom o Roushie | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q462843' | [[Tu Youyou]] | Tu Youyou | Tu Youyou | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q44989' | [[Tulsa]] | Tulsa | Tulsa | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q165118' | [[Tunicate]] | Tunicata | Tunicate | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3572' | [[Tunis]] | Tunis | Tunis | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Tunisia | big city<br/>municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q213827' | [[Turaco]] | Turaco | Turaco | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q212798' | [[Turbellaria]] | Turbellaria | Turbellaria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q256' | [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] | Turkish | Turkis leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q43022' | [[Turkis coffee]] | Turkish coffee | Turkis coffee | | |- class='wd_q874' | [[Turkmenistan]] | Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan | [[kintra]]<br/>landlockt kintra<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>landlocked country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q147520' | [[Typha latifolia]] | Typha latifolia | Typha latifolia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27112' | [[Tytonidae]] | Tytonidae | Tytonidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2670398' | [[Tzoran-Kadima]] | Tzoran-Kadima | Tzoran-Kadima | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q203312' | [[Uccle]] | Uccle | Uccle | municipality o Belgium | municipality of Belgium |- class='wd_q7876900' | [[Udal law]] | Udal law | Udal law | legal system | legal system |- class='wd_q10647' | [[UK Unthirldom Pairty]] | UK Independence Party | UK Unthirldom Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q52933' | [[Ulrika Eleonora, Queen o Swaden]] | Ulrika Eleonora I of Sweden | Ulrika Eleonora, Queen o Swaden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6511' | [[Ulysses (novelle)|Ulysses]] | Ulysses | Ulysses (novelle) | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q27138' | [[Unaizah]] | Unaizah | Unaizah | human settlement<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | human settlement<br/>big city |- class='wd_q208650' | [[Uniformitarianism]] | uniformitarianism | Uniformitarianism | principle<br/>philosophical theory | principle<br/>philosophical theory |- class='wd_q588834' | [[Union City, New Jersey|Union City]] | Union City | Union City, New Jersey | ceety in New Jersey | city in New Jersey |- class='wd_q1622507' | [[Unitarian Universalism]] | Unitarian Universalism | Unitarian Universalism | [[releegion]] | religion |- class='wd_q42183' | [[United States Whig Party]] | Whig Party | United States Whig Party | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q216996' | [[Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea]] | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea | Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea | United Nations treaty<br/>multilateral treaty | United Nations treaty<br/>multilateral treaty |- class='wd_q30' | [[Unitit States]] | United States | Unitit States | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q139718826' | [[Unitit States UAP files]] | United States UFO files | Unitit States UAP files | release | release |- class='wd_q168383' | [[Universal Studios]] | Universal Pictures | Universal Studios | film studio<br/>film production company | film studio<br/>film production company |- class='wd_q34113' | [[Uralic leids]] | Uralic | Uralic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q9382' | [[urinary bladder]] | urinary bladder | Urinary bladder | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q105650' | [[urology]] | urology | Urology | medical specialty<br/>academic discipline | medical specialty<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q151179' | [[Ustaše]] | Ustaše | Ustaše | poleetical organisation<br/>terrorist organization | political organization<br/>terrorist organization |- class='wd_q6940' | [[UTC+07:00]] | UTC+07:00 | UTC+07:00 | time zone named for a UTC offset | time zone named for a UTC offset |- class='wd_q155644' | [[Uzi]] | Uzi | Uzi | weapon family | weapon family |- class='wd_q724736' | [[V ingine]] | V engine | V ingine | engine configuration | engine configuration |- class='wd_q134808' | [[vaccine]] | vaccine | Vaccine | remedy | remedy |- class='wd_q5079636' | [[Vaccinium]] | Vaccinium | Vaccinium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q37587' | [[Valentine's Day]] | Valentine's Day | Valentine's Day | [[haliday]] | holiday |- class='wd_q157819' | [[Valeriana officinalis]] | Valeriana officinalis | Valeriana officinalis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23800' | [[Valletta]] | Valletta | Valletta | [[ceety]]<br/>local council of Malta | city<br/>local council of Malta |- class='wd_q166879' | [[Van der Waals radius]] | van der Waals radius | Van der Waals radius | physical phenomenon | physical phenomenon |- class='wd_q725493' | [[Vaquita]] | Vaquita | Vaquita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q79980' | [[Varanasi]] | Varanasi | Varanasi | [[ceety]]<br/>holy city | city<br/>holy city |- class='wd_q192334' | [[Varsity o North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Varsity o North Carolina at Chapel Hill | public educational institution of the United States<br/>public research university | public educational institution of the United States<br/>public research university |- class='wd_q735505' | [[vas deferens]] | vas deferens | Vas deferens | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q275787' | [[Vatican euro cunyies]] | Vatican euro coin | Vatican euro cunyies | coin type | coin type |- class='wd_q179734' | [[Vatnajökull]] | Vatnajökull | Vatnajökull | ice cap | ice cap |- class='wd_q181138' | [[veganism]] | veganism | Veganism | [[ideology]]<br/>lifestyle<br/>social movement<br/>epistemological viewpoint<br/>dietary restriction | ideology<br/>lifestyle<br/>social movement<br/>epistemological viewpoint<br/>dietary restriction |- class='wd_q251368' | [[Venom]] | Venom | Venom | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q11699' | [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States]] | Vice President of the United States | Vice Preses o the Unitit States | vice preses<br/>president of the senate<br/>elective office | vice president<br/>president of the senate<br/>elective office |- class='wd_q119069' | [[Vicente Fernández]] | Vicente Fernández | Vicente Fernández | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156390' | [[Victoria, Croun Princess o Swaden|Victoria, Croun Princess o Sweden]] | Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden | Victoria, Croun Princess o Swaden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4533' | [[Victorious]] | Victorious | Victorious | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q167797' | [[vicuña]] | vicuña | Vicuña | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8740' | [[Vietnam War]] | Vietnam War | Vietnam War | proxy war | proxy war |- class='wd_q9199' | [[Vietnamese leid|Vietnamese]] | Vietnamese | Vietnamese leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q216151' | [[Vietnamese fowk]] | Vietnamese people | Vietnamese fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q157144' | [[Vinnytsia]] | Vinnytsia | Vinnytsia | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of regional significance of Ukraine<br/>city or town<br/>centre of oblast | big city<br/>city of regional significance of Ukraine<br/>city or town<br/>centre of oblast |- class='wd_q164447' | [[Viola lutea]] | Viola lutea | Viola lutea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156060' | [[Violaceae]] | Violaceae | Violaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q543788' | [[Violet Jacob]] | Violet Jacob | Violet Jacob | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q163656' | [[Viperidae]] | viper | Viperidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147267' | [[Virginie opossum]] | Didelphis virginiana | Virginie opossum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11380' | [[Vishnu]] | Vishnu | Vishnu | Hindu deity<br/>legendar figur | Hindu deity<br/>legendary figure |- class='wd_q34956' | [[vitamin]] | vitamin | Vitamin | group of chemical entities<br/>nutrient group | group of chemical entities<br/>nutrient group |- class='wd_q102217' | [[Vitebsk]] | Vitebsk | Vitebsk | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of oblast subordinance | big city<br/>city of oblast subordinance |- class='wd_q191019' | [[Vitis]] | Vitis | Vitis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q14318' | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]] | Vitoria-Gasteiz | Vitoria-Gasteiz | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q185864' | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | Viverridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q380330' | [[Vlad II Dracul]] | Vlad II Dracul | Vlad II Dracul | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83546' | [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] | Grand Principality of Vladimir | Vladimir-Suzdal | vassal state<br/>historical state | vassal state<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q10952397' | [[Vole]] | vole | Vole | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q56402691' | [[Volkswagen Taos]] | Volkswagen Taos | Volkswagen Taos | car model | car model |- class='wd_q185194' | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | Vulpes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q501499' | [[Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai]] | Vyatskoye | Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q623169' | [[Wallaby]] | wallaby | Wallaby | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q8704' | [[Walt Disney]] | Walt Disney | Walt Disney | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7965336' | [[Walter Kennedy]] | Walter Kennedy | Walter Kennedy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q311237' | [[Walther PP]] | Walther PP | Walther PP | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q182865' | [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]] | War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | War in Afghanistan (2001–present) | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q185729' | [[War on Terror]] | War on Terrorism | War on Terror | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q362' | [[Warld War II]] | World War II | Warld War II | world war<br/>historical period | world war<br/>historical period |- class='wd_q1201263' | [[Warlord Era]] | Warlord Era | Warlord Era | historical period | historical period |- class='wd_q2028786' | [[Warne, North Carolina|Warne]] | Warne | Warne, North Carolina | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q126399' | [[Warner Bros.]] | Warner Bros. Entertainment | Warner Bros. | film production company<br/>entertainment company | film production company<br/>entertainment company |- class='wd_q42486' | [[Warstlin]] | wrestling | Warstlin | type o sport | type of sport |- class='wd_q3566734' | [[Watsonian RFC]] | Watsonian FC | Watsonian RFC | rugby union team | rugby union team |- class='wd_q81041' | [[watter cycle]] | water cycle | Watter cycle | | |- class='wd_q1024911' | [[Welshpool]] | Welshpool | Welshpool | town of the United Kingdom | town of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q846421' | [[West Hollywood]] | West Hollywood | West Hollywood | gay village<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | gay village<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q3567454' | [[West of Scotland F.C.]] | West of Scotland FC | West of Scotland F.C. | rugby union club | rugby union club |- class='wd_q7986162' | [[West Park, New York|West Park]] | West Park | West Park, New York | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q6592290' | [[Westfield Megabusa]] | Westfield Megabusa | Westfield Megabusa | car model | car model |- class='wd_q6592255' | [[Westfield SEight]] | Westfield SEight | Westfield SEight | car model | car model |- class='wd_q7988934' | [[Westinghouse Air Brake Company General Office Building]] | Westinghouse Air Brake Company General Office Building | Westinghouse Air Brake Company General Office Building | office biggin | office building |- class='wd_q18854' | [[whaup]] | Eurasian Curlew | Whaup | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1371617' | [[whiff]] | megrim | Whiff | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q28106837' | [[Whistlin deuk]] | Eurasian Wigeon | Whistlin deuk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q212552' | [[white eel]] | European conger | White eel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25438' | [[White-tailed eagle|White-tailed Eagle]] | White-tailed Eagle | White-tailed eagle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171' | [[Wiki]] | wiki | Wiki | type of website | type of website |- class='wd_q4656249' | [[Wikipedia:Five pillars]] | Wikipedia:Five pillars | Wikipedia:Five pillars | Wikimedia project namespace | Wikimedia project page |- class='wd_q3125700' | [[Wild haggis]] | wild haggis | Wild haggis | animal frae a wirk o feection | fictional species of animal |- class='wd_q169950' | [[Wildfire]] | wildfire | Wildfire | fire incident type | fire incident type |- class='wd_q866755' | [[Willa Muir]] | Willa Muir | Willa Muir | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q105825' | [[William Hurt]] | William Hurt | William Hurt | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q150652' | [[William I, German Emperor]] | Wilhelm I | William I, German Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q163415' | [[William Shockley]] | William Shockley | William Shockley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8018623' | [[William Soutar]] | William Soutar | William Soutar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8018838' | [[William Stewart (makar)|William Stewart]] | William Stewart | William Stewart (makar) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37594' | [[William the Conqueror]] | William the Conqueror | William the Conqueror | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q382601' | [[William Wilton]] | William Wilton | William Wilton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2581473' | [[Willie Rennie]] | Willie Rennie | Willie Rennie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25399' | [[Willie-wagtail]] | Motacilla alba | Willie-wagtail | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q146661' | [[wineberry]] | Ribes rubrum | Wineberry | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q47253' | [[wirm]] | worm | Wirm | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q754668' | [[witchie]] | Maniola jurtina | Witchie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q76462' | [[Wolfgang Ketterle]] | Wolfgang Ketterle | Wolfgang Ketterle | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q211764' | [[Woluwe-Saint-Lambert]] | Woluwe-Saint-Lambert | Woluwe-Saint-Lambert | municipality o Belgium | municipality of Belgium |- class='wd_q23175' | [[wombat]] | Vombatidae | Wombat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11838775' | [[Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant]] | Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant | Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q129165' | [[Xerxes I]] | Xerxes I | Xerxes I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q158888' | [[Yamaha Motor Company]] | Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha Motor Company | public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer | public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer |- class='wd_q37995' | [[Yangon]] | Yangon | Yangon | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital<br/>largest city<br/>town in Myanmar | city<br/>big city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city<br/>town in Myanmar |- class='wd_q377' | [[Yanka Kupala]] | Yanka Kupala | Yanka Kupala | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8050101' | [[Yasushi Yamaguchi]] | Yasushi Yamaguchi | Yasushi Yamaguchi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q577' | [[year]] | year | Year | unit o time | unit of time |- class='wd_q267584' | [[Yemen Arab Republic]] | Yemen Arab Republic | Yemen Arab Republic | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q50422' | [[Yeonje-gu]] | Yeonje District | Yeonje-gu | district of Busan | district of Busan |- class='wd_q1277359' | [[Yerl o Mar]] | Earl of Mar | Yerl o Mar | ryal or noble rank | noble title |- class='wd_q1010108' | [[Yerlston]] | Earlston | Yerlston | [[toun]]<br/>parish | town<br/>parish |- class='wd_q188120' | [[Yoichiro Nambu]] | Yoichiro Nambu | Yoichiro Nambu | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5449' | [[Yoshkar-Ola]] | Yoshkar-Ola | Yoshkar-Ola | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town | big city<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q866' | [[YouTube]] | Q866 | YouTube | [[wabsteid]]<br/>online video platform<br/>online community<br/>video streaming service<br/>live streaming service<br/>user-generated content platform | website<br/>online video platform<br/>online community<br/>video streaming service<br/>live streaming service<br/>user-generated content platform |- class='wd_q10305' | [[Zaragoza]] | Zaragoza | Zaragoza | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q319896' | [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] | Ze'ev Jabotinsky | Ze'ev Jabotinsky | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34201' | [[Zeus]] | Zeus | Zeus | thunder deity<br/>King of the Gods<br/>Greek deity<br/>Olympian god | thunder deity<br/>King of the Gods<br/>Greek deity<br/>Olympian god |- class='wd_q197471' | [[Zhao Wei]] | Zhao Wei | Zhao Wei | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q835435' | [[Zhou dynasty (690–705)]] | Zhou dynasty (690–705) | Zhou dynasty (690–705) | historical state<br/>Chinese dynasty | historical country<br/>Chinese dynasty |- class='wd_q2392142' | [[Zifta]] | Zefta | Zifta | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q890120' | [[Zimbabwe Rhodesie]] | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesie | historical unrecognized state | historical unrecognized state |- class='wd_q190077' | [[zinc oxide]] | zinc oxide | Zinc oxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q43501' | [[zoo]] | zoo | Zoo | type of park | type of park |- class='wd_q35811' | [[Zoroaster]] | Zoroaster | Zoroaster | [[bodie]]<br/>religious character | human<br/>religious character |- class='wd_q210207' | [[Árpád]] | Árpád | Árpád | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83259' | [[École Normale Supérieure]] | École Normale Supérieure | École Normale Supérieure | organization<br/>École normale supérieure | organization<br/>école normale supérieure |- class='wd_q273604' | [[École normale supérieure de Cachan]] | École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay | École normale supérieure de Cachan | heicher eddication organization<br/>École normale supérieure<br/>eddicational institution | higher education institution<br/>école normale supérieure<br/>educational institution |- class='wd_q293928' | [[Öckerö Municipality]] | Öckerö Municipality | Öckerö Municipality | [[Municipalities o Swaden|municipality o Swaden]] | municipality of Sweden |- class='wd_q171291' | [[Ötzi]] | Ötzi | Ötzi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q54158' | [[Łódź Voivodeship]] | Łódź Voivodeship | Łódź Voivodeship | [[Voivodeships o Poland]] | voivodeship of Poland |- class='wd_q133118' | [[Şanlıurfa]] | Şanlıurfa | Şanlıurfa | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey | city<br/>big city<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey |} ---- &sum; 2304 items. {{Wikidata list end}} gdtna1ihhr8mvna16mi8c9z005pna69 4 228727 921986 920551 2026-08-24T10:45:22Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 update 921986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} We host an editathon ivery month or twa, uisually themed aroond a certain topic. These events tak place ower ae week whaur we hiv onwab meetins whaur we dae collaborative chyngin, drap in sessions whaur fowk kin speir fur a haund wi an airticle thay'r sortin oot, an hiv tawks fae notable Scots personalities. {{en}} The last editathon took place in August, more info on the [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|on-wiki event page.]] You can see all the progress we've made since August 2020 [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/scots_wiki/programs on the Dashboard campaign here.] ; Past events This whit we'v duin in past events sae faur. {| class="wikitable" |+ Past Editathons ! Editathon page !! Dashboard page |- | [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|August 2026]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_August_2026_(17_-_23_August_2026)?enroll=qzasjmup August 2026 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:November 2025 Writin Drive|November 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_November_2025 November 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie-August 2025 Writin Drive|Julie/August 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Julie_-_August_2025 Julie/August 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mey/Juin 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Mey_2025_(26_Mey_-_1_Juin_2025) Mey/Juin 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2025 Writin Drive|Mairch 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Mairch_2025 Mairch 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Februar 2025 Writin Drive|Februar 2025]] ||[https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Februar_2025_(3-9_Februar_2025) Februar 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Winter 2024 Writin Drive|Winter 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Winter_2024_Writin_Drive_(25_November_-_1_December_2024) Winter 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2024 Writin Drive|September 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2024_Writin_Drive_(16-22_September_2024) September 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Juin 2024 Writin Drive|Juin 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Juin_2024_Writin_Drive_(24-30_Juin_2024) Juin 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Apryle 2024 Writin Drive|Apryle 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_April_2024_Writin_Drive_(15-21_April_2024) Apryle 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2024 Writin Drive|Januar 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2024_Writin_Drive_(22_-_28_January_2024) Januar 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:October 2023 Writin Drive|October 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_October_2023_Writin_Drive_(16-22_October_2023) October 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2023 Writin Drive|September 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2023_Writin_Drive_(4-10_September_2023) September 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie 2023 Writin Drive|Julie 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Julie_2023_Writin_Drive_(24_-_30_July_2023) Julie 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey 2023 Writin Drive|Mey 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Mey_2023_Writin_Drive_(15-21_May_2023) Mey 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2023 Writin Drive|Mairch 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Mairch_2023_Writin_Drive_(20-26_Mairch_2023) Mairch 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2023 Writin Drive|Januar 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Januar_2023_Writin_Drive_(23-29_Januar_2023) Januar 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2022_Writing_Drive_(Monday_5th_Sept_-_Sunday_11th_Sept) September 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:November 2022 Writin Drive|November 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_November_2022_Writing_Drive_(14-20_November_2022) November 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2022_Writing_Drive_(Monday_5th_Sept_-_Sunday_11th_Sept) September 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie 2022 Writin Drive|Julie 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_July_2022_Writing_Drive_(18_July_2022_-_24_July_2022) Julie 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey 2022 Writin Drive|Mey 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_May_2022_Writing_Drive_(9th_-_15th_May_2022) Mey 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2022 Writin Drive|Mairch 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_March_2022_Writing_Drive_(21_-_27_March_2022) Mairch 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2022 Writin Drive|Januar 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2022_Writing_Drive Januar 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|Juin 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid,_WMUK/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_5-6_Juin_2021_(5-6_June_2021) Juin 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Election Mini Editathon|Mey 2021]] || |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021|Mairch 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_20-21_Mairch_(Sat_20_-_Sun_21_Mairch) Mairch 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Januar 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) Januar 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020 |Dizember 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_12-13_December_(Sat_12th_and_Sun_13th_December_2020) Dizember 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020 |November 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_14-15_November_(Sat_14_-_Sun_15_November_2020) November 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020 |September 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leed/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_29_and_30_Sept_(29_and_30_Sept_2020) September 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:E Scots Leed Editathon August 2020|August 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leed/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30_and_31_August August 2020 Dashboard] |} ; Ither Airtins * [[Wikipedia:Leet o editathon themes|Leet o editathon themes]] {{The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} sl4ah32h4ljpfa1j60kugk9bo4udxe5 4 232224 921981 921069 2026-08-24T10:42:48Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* Leid */ update nummer 921981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} ==Leid== * Sort oot aw the airticles in [[:Category:Pages that wis written by a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid]] Thare ur '''2312''' articles on the wiki thit are still tagged as needin thair Scots sortit, an '''1382''' (28 Aug 2026) o'aim ur stubs. Mony o thaim are juist a coople o lines lang, so we'v got a really guid opportunity here tae dae a big dent in that nummer! '''Stubs''' - Ony frae [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?show_disambiguation_pages=both&manual_list_wiki=&max_sitelink_count=&langs_labels_any=&search_query=&langs_labels_yes=&cb_labels_yes_l=1&labels_any=&referrer_url=&cb_labels_no_l=1&search_wiki=&search_filter=&sitelinks_yes=&ores_prob_from=&page_image=any&langs_labels_no=&min_sitelink_count=&links_to_no=&wikidata_prop_item_use=&language=sco&depth=1&search_max_results=500&ns%5B0%5D=1&format=html&links_to_any=&categories=Pages+that+wis+written+by+a+body+that+haesna+a+guid+grip+on+the+leid%0D%0AAw+stub+airticles&after=&sitelinks_any=&ores_prediction=any&smaller=&before=&project=wikipedia&cb_labels_any_l=1&wpiu=any&output_compatability=catscan&interface_language=en&namespace_conversion=keep&sparql=&larger=&show_soft_redirects=both&common_wiki=auto&doit= this list.] Wanst ye'r happ wi it, dicht the box at the tap o the aiticle thit says "The 'Scots' thit wis uised in this airticle wis written bi a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid." {| class="wikitable" |+ Template:Fix Scots airticles ! Month !! Nummer || Stubs |- | August 2026 || 2312 || 1376 |- | Juin 2026 || 2323 || 1382 |- | Jan 2026 || 2325 ||1389 |- | Nov 2025 || 2353 || 1414 |- | Oct 2025 || 2402 || 1450 |- | Julie 2025 || 2428 || 1468 |- | Juin 2025 || 2437 || 1477 |- | Mey 2025 || 2443 || 1481 |- | Mairch 2025 || 2450 || 1480 |- | Februar 2025 || 2487 || 1524 |- | Januar 2025 || 2488 || 1530 |- | Dizember 2024 || 2495 || 1537 |- | Novemmer 2024 || 2502 || 1543 |- | Mairch 2023 || 2427 || 1613 |} {{en}} Note - the number of articles tagged with FixScots will fluctuate as articles are newly tagged in addition to articles being fixed and the tags removed. ==Categories== * Categories [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CategoryTree?target=Category%3AActors&mode=categories&namespaces= here] (Category Tree, "Actors") : "middlin" >> "medium" "middlin" refers tae wecht, size or ability. In thon categories, it is bein uised tae refer tae kinds o media sae sud be uisin "medium" (the singular o media) * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] {{en}} The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. ==References== * Aw airticles wantin soorces [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] Wanst ye'r happ wi it, dicht the box at the tap o the aiticle thit says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." {| class="wikitable" |+ Unsoorced airticles ! Month !! Nummer |- | Aug 2026 (18.08.26) || 354 |- | Nov 2025 (13.11.25) || 321 |- | Oct 2025 (21.10) || 344 |- | Juin 2025 (24.06) || 382 |- | Mey 2025 (27.05) || 398 |- | Mairch 2025 (27.03) || 396 |- | Februar 2025 || 420 |- | Januar 2025 || 445 |- | Dizember 2024 || 435 |- | Novemmer 2024 || 456 |} {{en}} Note - the number of articles tagged as unsourced will fluctuate as articles are newly tagged in addition to articles being fixed and the tags removed. == {{en}} Interwiki links == Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Remove unnecessary en.wiki links from sco.wiki articles. :* Go to [[Special:Search]] :* Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' :* Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". :* Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki :* If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) :* If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. {| class="wikitable" |+ en.wiki links ! Month !! Number |- | August 2026 || |- | Julie 2026 || 1339 |} == {{en}} Removing bad / unreliable sources == * Citations to the Daily Mail newspaper should be removed and replaced. :* Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. * Citations to archive.today should be removed and replaced. :* Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack on Gyrovague and Wikipedia's restrictions|article here.]] o5576eve5ewerye9ssp8yst65mlfmuq 921982 921981 2026-08-24T10:43:16Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* References */ update date 921982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} ==Leid== * Sort oot aw the airticles in [[:Category:Pages that wis written by a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid]] Thare ur '''2312''' articles on the wiki thit are still tagged as needin thair Scots sortit, an '''1382''' (28 Aug 2026) o'aim ur stubs. Mony o thaim are juist a coople o lines lang, so we'v got a really guid opportunity here tae dae a big dent in that nummer! '''Stubs''' - Ony frae [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?show_disambiguation_pages=both&manual_list_wiki=&max_sitelink_count=&langs_labels_any=&search_query=&langs_labels_yes=&cb_labels_yes_l=1&labels_any=&referrer_url=&cb_labels_no_l=1&search_wiki=&search_filter=&sitelinks_yes=&ores_prob_from=&page_image=any&langs_labels_no=&min_sitelink_count=&links_to_no=&wikidata_prop_item_use=&language=sco&depth=1&search_max_results=500&ns%5B0%5D=1&format=html&links_to_any=&categories=Pages+that+wis+written+by+a+body+that+haesna+a+guid+grip+on+the+leid%0D%0AAw+stub+airticles&after=&sitelinks_any=&ores_prediction=any&smaller=&before=&project=wikipedia&cb_labels_any_l=1&wpiu=any&output_compatability=catscan&interface_language=en&namespace_conversion=keep&sparql=&larger=&show_soft_redirects=both&common_wiki=auto&doit= this list.] Wanst ye'r happ wi it, dicht the box at the tap o the aiticle thit says "The 'Scots' thit wis uised in this airticle wis written bi a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid." {| class="wikitable" |+ Template:Fix Scots airticles ! Month !! Nummer || Stubs |- | August 2026 || 2312 || 1376 |- | Juin 2026 || 2323 || 1382 |- | Jan 2026 || 2325 ||1389 |- | Nov 2025 || 2353 || 1414 |- | Oct 2025 || 2402 || 1450 |- | Julie 2025 || 2428 || 1468 |- | Juin 2025 || 2437 || 1477 |- | Mey 2025 || 2443 || 1481 |- | Mairch 2025 || 2450 || 1480 |- | Februar 2025 || 2487 || 1524 |- | Januar 2025 || 2488 || 1530 |- | Dizember 2024 || 2495 || 1537 |- | Novemmer 2024 || 2502 || 1543 |- | Mairch 2023 || 2427 || 1613 |} {{en}} Note - the number of articles tagged with FixScots will fluctuate as articles are newly tagged in addition to articles being fixed and the tags removed. ==Categories== * Categories [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CategoryTree?target=Category%3AActors&mode=categories&namespaces= here] (Category Tree, "Actors") : "middlin" >> "medium" "middlin" refers tae wecht, size or ability. In thon categories, it is bein uised tae refer tae kinds o media sae sud be uisin "medium" (the singular o media) * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] {{en}} The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. ==References== * Aw airticles wantin soorces [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] Wanst ye'r happ wi it, dicht the box at the tap o the aiticle thit says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." {| class="wikitable" |+ Unsoorced airticles ! Month !! Nummer |- | Aug 2026 (24.08.26) || 354 |- | Nov 2025 (13.11.25) || 321 |- | Oct 2025 (21.10) || 344 |- | Juin 2025 (24.06) || 382 |- | Mey 2025 (27.05) || 398 |- | Mairch 2025 (27.03) || 396 |- | Februar 2025 || 420 |- | Januar 2025 || 445 |- | Dizember 2024 || 435 |- | Novemmer 2024 || 456 |} {{en}} Note - the number of articles tagged as unsourced will fluctuate as articles are newly tagged in addition to articles being fixed and the tags removed. == {{en}} Interwiki links == Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Remove unnecessary en.wiki links from sco.wiki articles. :* Go to [[Special:Search]] :* Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' :* Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". :* Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki :* If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) :* If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. {| class="wikitable" |+ en.wiki links ! Month !! Number |- | August 2026 || |- | Julie 2026 || 1339 |} == {{en}} Removing bad / unreliable sources == * Citations to the Daily Mail newspaper should be removed and replaced. :* Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. * Citations to archive.today should be removed and replaced. :* Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack on Gyrovague and Wikipedia's restrictions|article here.]] 0hcqhkxf3nvva64szk0xk5eao8olrwb 921984 921982 2026-08-24T10:44:27Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* {{en}} Interwiki links */ update nummer 921984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} ==Leid== * Sort oot aw the airticles in [[:Category:Pages that wis written by a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid]] Thare ur '''2312''' articles on the wiki thit are still tagged as needin thair Scots sortit, an '''1382''' (28 Aug 2026) o'aim ur stubs. Mony o thaim are juist a coople o lines lang, so we'v got a really guid opportunity here tae dae a big dent in that nummer! '''Stubs''' - Ony frae [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?show_disambiguation_pages=both&manual_list_wiki=&max_sitelink_count=&langs_labels_any=&search_query=&langs_labels_yes=&cb_labels_yes_l=1&labels_any=&referrer_url=&cb_labels_no_l=1&search_wiki=&search_filter=&sitelinks_yes=&ores_prob_from=&page_image=any&langs_labels_no=&min_sitelink_count=&links_to_no=&wikidata_prop_item_use=&language=sco&depth=1&search_max_results=500&ns%5B0%5D=1&format=html&links_to_any=&categories=Pages+that+wis+written+by+a+body+that+haesna+a+guid+grip+on+the+leid%0D%0AAw+stub+airticles&after=&sitelinks_any=&ores_prediction=any&smaller=&before=&project=wikipedia&cb_labels_any_l=1&wpiu=any&output_compatability=catscan&interface_language=en&namespace_conversion=keep&sparql=&larger=&show_soft_redirects=both&common_wiki=auto&doit= this list.] Wanst ye'r happ wi it, dicht the box at the tap o the aiticle thit says "The 'Scots' thit wis uised in this airticle wis written bi a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid." {| class="wikitable" |+ Template:Fix Scots airticles ! Month !! Nummer || Stubs |- | August 2026 || 2312 || 1376 |- | Juin 2026 || 2323 || 1382 |- | Jan 2026 || 2325 ||1389 |- | Nov 2025 || 2353 || 1414 |- | Oct 2025 || 2402 || 1450 |- | Julie 2025 || 2428 || 1468 |- | Juin 2025 || 2437 || 1477 |- | Mey 2025 || 2443 || 1481 |- | Mairch 2025 || 2450 || 1480 |- | Februar 2025 || 2487 || 1524 |- | Januar 2025 || 2488 || 1530 |- | Dizember 2024 || 2495 || 1537 |- | Novemmer 2024 || 2502 || 1543 |- | Mairch 2023 || 2427 || 1613 |} {{en}} Note - the number of articles tagged with FixScots will fluctuate as articles are newly tagged in addition to articles being fixed and the tags removed. ==Categories== * Categories [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CategoryTree?target=Category%3AActors&mode=categories&namespaces= here] (Category Tree, "Actors") : "middlin" >> "medium" "middlin" refers tae wecht, size or ability. In thon categories, it is bein uised tae refer tae kinds o media sae sud be uisin "medium" (the singular o media) * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] {{en}} The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. ==References== * Aw airticles wantin soorces [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] Wanst ye'r happ wi it, dicht the box at the tap o the aiticle thit says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." {| class="wikitable" |+ Unsoorced airticles ! Month !! Nummer |- | Aug 2026 (24.08.26) || 354 |- | Nov 2025 (13.11.25) || 321 |- | Oct 2025 (21.10) || 344 |- | Juin 2025 (24.06) || 382 |- | Mey 2025 (27.05) || 398 |- | Mairch 2025 (27.03) || 396 |- | Februar 2025 || 420 |- | Januar 2025 || 445 |- | Dizember 2024 || 435 |- | Novemmer 2024 || 456 |} {{en}} Note - the number of articles tagged as unsourced will fluctuate as articles are newly tagged in addition to articles being fixed and the tags removed. == {{en}} Interwiki links == Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Remove unnecessary en.wiki links from sco.wiki articles. :* Go to [[Special:Search]] :* Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' :* Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". :* Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki :* If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) :* If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. {| class="wikitable" |+ en.wiki links ! Month !! Number |- | August 2026 (24.08.26) || 1108 |- | Julie 2026 || 1339 |} == {{en}} Removing bad / unreliable sources == * Citations to the Daily Mail newspaper should be removed and replaced. :* Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. * Citations to archive.today should be removed and replaced. :* Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack on Gyrovague and Wikipedia's restrictions|article here.]] pd5mzo2cbbk2veuyw0w2bsx3fsaq4fn 921987 921984 2026-08-24T10:46:12Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 update nummer 921987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} ==Leid== * Sort oot aw the airticles in [[:Category:Pages that wis written by a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid]] Thare ur '''2312''' articles on the wiki thit are still tagged as needin thair Scots sortit, an '''1376''' (28 Aug 2026) o'aim ur stubs. Mony o thaim are juist a coople o lines lang, so we'v got a really guid opportunity here tae dae a big dent in that nummer! '''Stubs''' - Ony frae [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?show_disambiguation_pages=both&manual_list_wiki=&max_sitelink_count=&langs_labels_any=&search_query=&langs_labels_yes=&cb_labels_yes_l=1&labels_any=&referrer_url=&cb_labels_no_l=1&search_wiki=&search_filter=&sitelinks_yes=&ores_prob_from=&page_image=any&langs_labels_no=&min_sitelink_count=&links_to_no=&wikidata_prop_item_use=&language=sco&depth=1&search_max_results=500&ns%5B0%5D=1&format=html&links_to_any=&categories=Pages+that+wis+written+by+a+body+that+haesna+a+guid+grip+on+the+leid%0D%0AAw+stub+airticles&after=&sitelinks_any=&ores_prediction=any&smaller=&before=&project=wikipedia&cb_labels_any_l=1&wpiu=any&output_compatability=catscan&interface_language=en&namespace_conversion=keep&sparql=&larger=&show_soft_redirects=both&common_wiki=auto&doit= this list.] Wanst ye'r happ wi it, dicht the box at the tap o the aiticle thit says "The 'Scots' thit wis uised in this airticle wis written bi a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid." {| class="wikitable" |+ Template:Fix Scots airticles ! Month !! Nummer || Stubs |- | August 2026 || 2312 || 1376 |- | Juin 2026 || 2323 || 1382 |- | Jan 2026 || 2325 ||1389 |- | Nov 2025 || 2353 || 1414 |- | Oct 2025 || 2402 || 1450 |- | Julie 2025 || 2428 || 1468 |- | Juin 2025 || 2437 || 1477 |- | Mey 2025 || 2443 || 1481 |- | Mairch 2025 || 2450 || 1480 |- | Februar 2025 || 2487 || 1524 |- | Januar 2025 || 2488 || 1530 |- | Dizember 2024 || 2495 || 1537 |- | Novemmer 2024 || 2502 || 1543 |- | Mairch 2023 || 2427 || 1613 |} {{en}} Note - the number of articles tagged with FixScots will fluctuate as articles are newly tagged in addition to articles being fixed and the tags removed. ==Categories== * Categories [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CategoryTree?target=Category%3AActors&mode=categories&namespaces= here] (Category Tree, "Actors") : "middlin" >> "medium" "middlin" refers tae wecht, size or ability. In thon categories, it is bein uised tae refer tae kinds o media sae sud be uisin "medium" (the singular o media) * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] {{en}} The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. ==References== * Aw airticles wantin soorces [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] Wanst ye'r happ wi it, dicht the box at the tap o the aiticle thit says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." {| class="wikitable" |+ Unsoorced airticles ! Month !! Nummer |- | Aug 2026 (24.08.26) || 354 |- | Nov 2025 (13.11.25) || 321 |- | Oct 2025 (21.10) || 344 |- | Juin 2025 (24.06) || 382 |- | Mey 2025 (27.05) || 398 |- | Mairch 2025 (27.03) || 396 |- | Februar 2025 || 420 |- | Januar 2025 || 445 |- | Dizember 2024 || 435 |- | Novemmer 2024 || 456 |} {{en}} Note - the number of articles tagged as unsourced will fluctuate as articles are newly tagged in addition to articles being fixed and the tags removed. == {{en}} Interwiki links == Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Remove unnecessary en.wiki links from sco.wiki articles. :* Go to [[Special:Search]] :* Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' :* Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". :* Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki :* If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) :* If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. {| class="wikitable" |+ en.wiki links ! Month !! Number |- | August 2026 (24.08.26) || 1108 |- | Julie 2026 || 1339 |} == {{en}} Removing bad / unreliable sources == * Citations to the Daily Mail newspaper should be removed and replaced. :* Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. * Citations to archive.today should be removed and replaced. :* Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack on Gyrovague and Wikipedia's restrictions|article here.]] dclh7zmw2mvne2uq3opyvqpr9qznn1k 0 233624 921916 919534 2026-08-23T14:37:58Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 Owerset taen frae [[:en:Silesia]] 921916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhə|,_|sy|LEE|shee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|z|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|i|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|-}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhee|ə|,_|sy|LEE|shə|,_|sil|EE|-}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/silesia|title=Silesia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-23 |title=Silesia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>}} (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, and the popular is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan area is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan area|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} and the German ceity of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langage|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), richly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, and {{Interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial Architecture}} eras seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches and national affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] and efter the rise of modren [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra'' vailley. First hauden bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} at the hint-end of the 9t century and {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporate intae the airly Polish state, and efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Roman Empire]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for formal Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742 and efterhin became a pairt of the [[German Empire]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferred tae the jurisdiction of Poland wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. As a result of the {{interleid airtin|forced population shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' herryin out. ==Etymology== The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skair their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') and ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, whilk sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listit as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=[[Uniwersitas, Kraków]]}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=[[Uniwersytet Wrocławski]]|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=[[Germanische Altertumskunde Online]]|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its popular wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near modren [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', and be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporate Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis estaiblish't as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], and Siewierz wir transferred tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their popular wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of the division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=[[Przegląd Historyczny]]|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Hailie Roman Empire]] whaur the German leid wis spoken. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the election of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Roman Empire; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferred tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire]] whan it wis made kent in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish popular, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered "subhuman", viz the Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlied genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} and {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=[[Wydawn, Adam Marszałek]]|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (''Polenlager''), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae back-come whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna back-come, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wis a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' ''Pairty'' creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been dividit atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. ===Ethnic history=== [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Modren Silesia is indwalled bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=[[J. Engelhorn]]|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, and Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is indwalled bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=[[Callwey]]|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German population wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=[[Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar]]|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=[[edited by W. Długoborski]]|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century and the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=de|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=[[Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka]]|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Popular: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech popular, wi speakers of the Polish leid makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ====Releigion==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the German Empire (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the ''Glatzer Laund'' (nou kent as ''Kłodzko County''). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer aest a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha constitute the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, and nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish Aest Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=[[JewishEncyclopedia.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Eftercasts of Warld Weir II==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis underlied genocide wi executions obtemper'd wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration and wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 and 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> and Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. ==Geography== [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locate in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the ''Oder'', amang thaim is the ''Bóbr'' (and its leader the ''Kwisa''), the ''Barycz'' an the ''Nysa Kłodzka''. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' and neebourin airts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes underlied a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae ''Zagłębie Dąbrowskie'' in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yaised athout qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. ===Naitural resources=== Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the ''Fowk's Republic of Poland''. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=[[En.poland.gov.pl]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Braes. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=[[Gazetawyborcza.pl]]|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the hielaund pairts of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> and [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') and siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local population, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. ==Demographics== Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra. The ''Unitit States Immigration Commission'', in its ''Dictionary of Races or Peoples'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> ===Ceities an touns=== The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> ==Flags and coats of airms== The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> ==Warld Heritage Steids== <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> ==Sources== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} ==Wabsteid links== * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Draft categories| [[Category:History]] [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Economy]] [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Geographie]] }} t476jep13u461fnjq1zuqqef04s4qqj 921917 921916 2026-08-23T15:29:46Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 921917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhə|,_|sy|LEE|shee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|z|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|i|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|-}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhee|ə|,_|sy|LEE|shə|,_|sil|EE|-}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/silesia|title=Silesia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-23 |title=Silesia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>}} (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, and the popular is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan area is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan area|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} and the German ceity of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langage|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), richly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, and {{Interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial Architecture}} eras seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches and national affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] and efter the rise of modren [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra'' vailley. First hauden bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} at the hint-end of the 9t century and {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporate intae the airly Polish state, and efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Roman Empire]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for formal Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742 and efterhin became a pairt of the [[German Empire]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferred tae the jurisdiction of Poland wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. As a result of the {{interleid airtin|forced population shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herried out. ==Etymology== The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skair their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') and ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, whilk sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listit as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=[[Uniwersitas, Kraków]]}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=[[Uniwersytet Wrocławski]]|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=[[Germanische Altertumskunde Online]]|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its popular wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near modren [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', and be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporate Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis estaiblish't as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], and Siewierz wir transferred tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their popular wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of the division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=[[Przegląd Historyczny]]|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Hailie Roman Empire]] whaur the German leid wis spoken. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the election of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Roman Empire; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferred tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire]] whan it wis made kent in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish popular, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered "subhuman", viz the Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlied genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} and {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=[[Wydawn, Adam Marszałek]]|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (''Polenlager''), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae back-come whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna back-come, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wis a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' ''Pairty'' creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been dividit atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. ===Ethnic history=== [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Modren Silesia is indwalled bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=[[J. Engelhorn]]|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, and Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is indwalled bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=[[Callwey]]|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German population wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=[[Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar]]|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=[[edited by W. Długoborski]]|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century and the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=de|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=[[Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka]]|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Popular: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech popular, wi speakers of the Polish leid makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ====Releigion==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the German Empire (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the ''Glatzer Laund'' (nou kent as ''Kłodzko County''). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer aest a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha constitute the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, and nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish Aest Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=[[JewishEncyclopedia.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Eftercasts of Warld Weir II==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis underlied genocide wi executions obtemper'd wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration and wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 and 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> and Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. ==Geography== [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locate in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the ''Oder'', amang thaim is the ''Bóbr'' (and its leader the ''Kwisa''), the ''Barycz'' an the ''Nysa Kłodzka''. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' and neebourin airts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes underlied a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae ''Zagłębie Dąbrowskie'' in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yaised athout qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. ===Naitural resources=== Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the ''Fowk's Republic of Poland''. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=[[En.poland.gov.pl]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Braes. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=[[Gazetawyborcza.pl]]|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the hielaund pairts of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> and [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') and siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local population, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. ==Demographics== Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra. The ''Unitit States Immigration Commission'', in its ''Dictionary of Races or Peoples'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> ===Ceities an touns=== The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> ==Flags and coats of airms== The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> ==Warld Heritage Steids== <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> ==Sources== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} ==Wabsteid links== * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Draft categories| [[Category:History]] [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Economy]] [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Geographie]] }} irg2uxpz8r9jpz802szntmikj9iio0r 921918 921917 2026-08-23T15:30:29Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 921918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhə|,_|sy|LEE|shee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|z|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|i|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|-}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhee|ə|,_|sy|LEE|shə|,_|sil|EE|-}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/silesia|title=Silesia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-23 |title=Silesia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>}} (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, and the popular is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan area is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan area|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} and the German ceity of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langage|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), richly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, and {{Interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial Architecture}} eras seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches and national affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] and efter the rise of modren [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra'' vailley. First hauden bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} at the hint-end of the 9t century and {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporate intae the airly Polish state, and efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Roman Empire]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for formal Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742 and efterhin became a pairt of the [[German Empire]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferred tae the jurisdiction of Poland wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. As a result of the {{interleid airtin|forced population shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herried out. ==Etymology== The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skair their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') and ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, whilk sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listit as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=[[Uniwersitas, Kraków]]}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=[[Uniwersytet Wrocławski]]|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=[[Germanische Altertumskunde Online]]|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its popular wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near modren [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', and be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporate Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis estaiblish't as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], and Siewierz wir transferred tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their popular wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of the division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=[[Przegląd Historyczny]]|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Hailie Roman Empire]] whaur the German leid wis spoken. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the election of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Roman Empire; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferred tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire]] whan it wis made kent in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish popular, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered "subhuman", viz the Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlied genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} and {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=[[Wydawn, Adam Marszałek]]|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (''Polenlager''), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae back-come whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna back-come, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wis a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' ''Pairty'' creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been dividit atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. ===Ethnic history=== [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Modren Silesia is indwalled bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=[[J. Engelhorn]]|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, and Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is indwalled bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=[[Callwey]]|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German population wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=[[Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar]]|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=[[edited by W. Długoborski]]|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century and the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=de|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=[[Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka]]|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Popular: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech popular, wi speakers of the Polish leid makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ====Releigion==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the German Empire (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the ''Glatzer Laund'' (nou kent as ''Kłodzko County''). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha constitute the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, and nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=[[JewishEncyclopedia.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Eftercasts of Warld Weir II==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis underlied genocide wi executions obtemper'd wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration and wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 and 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> and Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. ==Geography== [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locate in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the ''Oder'', amang thaim is the ''Bóbr'' (and its leader the ''Kwisa''), the ''Barycz'' an the ''Nysa Kłodzka''. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' and neebourin airts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes underlied a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae ''Zagłębie Dąbrowskie'' in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yaised athout qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. ===Naitural resources=== Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the ''Fowk's Republic of Poland''. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=[[En.poland.gov.pl]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Braes. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=[[Gazetawyborcza.pl]]|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the hielaund pairts of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> and [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') and siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local population, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. ==Demographics== Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra. The ''Unitit States Immigration Commission'', in its ''Dictionary of Races or Peoples'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> ===Ceities an touns=== The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> ==Flags and coats of airms== The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> ==Warld Heritage Steids== <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> ==Sources== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} ==Wabsteid links== * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Draft categories| [[Category:History]] [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Economy]] [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Geographie]] }} phu665c72yu4xsdxcekceyboxrmu27h 921919 921918 2026-08-23T16:07:58Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 921919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhə|,_|sy|LEE|shee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|z|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|i|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|-}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhee|ə|,_|sy|LEE|shə|,_|sil|EE|-}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/silesia|title=Silesia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-23 |title=Silesia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>}} (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, and the popular is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan area is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan area|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} and the German ceity of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langage|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), richly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, and {{Interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial Architecture}} eras seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches and national affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] and efter the rise of modren [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra'' vailley. First hauden bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} at the hint-end of the 9t century and {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporate intae the airly Polish state, and efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Empire of Rome]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for formal Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742 and efterhin became a pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferred tae the jurisdiction of Poland wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. As a result of the {{interleid airtin|forced population shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herried out. ==Etymology== The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skair their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') and ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, whilk sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listit as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=[[Uniwersitas, Kraków]]}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=[[Uniwersytet Wrocławski]]|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=[[Germanische Altertumskunde Online]]|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its popular wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near modren [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', and be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporate Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis estaiblish't as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], and Siewierz wir transferred tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their popular wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of the division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=[[Przegląd Historyczny]]|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Hailie Empire of Rome]] whaur the German leid wis spoken. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the election of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Empire of Rome; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferred tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] whan it wis made kent in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish popular, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered "subhuman", viz the Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlied genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} and {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=[[Wydawn, Adam Marszałek]]|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (''Polenlager''), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae back-come whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna back-come, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wis a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' ''Pairty'' creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been dividit atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. ===Ethnic history=== [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Modren Silesia is indwalled bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=[[J. Engelhorn]]|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, and Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is indwalled bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=[[Callwey]]|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German population wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=[[Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar]]|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=[[edited by W. Długoborski]]|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century and the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=de|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=[[Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka]]|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Popular: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech popular, wi speakers of the Polish leid makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ====Releigion==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the Empire of Germany (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the ''Glatzer Laund'' (nou kent as ''Kłodzko County''). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha constitute the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, and nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=[[JewishEncyclopedia.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Eftercasts of Warld Weir II==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis underlied genocide wi executions obtemper'd wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration and wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 and 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> and Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. ==Geography== [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locate in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the ''Oder'', amang thaim is the ''Bóbr'' (and its leader the ''Kwisa''), the ''Barycz'' an the ''Nysa Kłodzka''. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' and neebourin airts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes underlied a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae ''Zagłębie Dąbrowskie'' in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yaised athout qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. ===Naitural resources=== Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the ''Fowk's Republic of Poland''. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=[[En.poland.gov.pl]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Braes. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=[[Gazetawyborcza.pl]]|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the hielaund pairts of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> and [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') and siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local population, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. ==Demographics== Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra. The ''Unitit States Immigration Commission'', in its ''Dictionary of Races or Peoples'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> ===Ceities an touns=== The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> ==Flags and coats of airms== The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> ==Warld Heritage Steids== <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> ==Sources== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} ==Wabsteid links== * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Draft categories| [[Category:History]] [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Economy]] [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Geographie]] }} b48b7l7rwtrd0i9nt8zzziez3jbdzcl 921920 921919 2026-08-23T16:40:18Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 Sortin spellin, graimmar, an the like. Owerset taen frae [[:en:Silesia]] 921920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhə|,_|sy|LEE|shee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|z|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|i|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|-}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhee|ə|,_|sy|LEE|shə|,_|sil|EE|-}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/silesia|title=Silesia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-23 |title=Silesia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>}} (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, and the popular is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan area is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan area|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} and the German ceity of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langage|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), richly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, and {{Interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial Architecture}} eras seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches and national affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] and efter the rise of modren [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra'' vailley. First hauden bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} at the hint-end of the 9t century and {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporate intae the airly Polish state, and efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Empire of Rome]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for formal Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742 and efterhin became a pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferrit tae the jurisdiction of Poland wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. As a result of the {{interleid airtin|forced population shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herried out. ==Etymology== The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skair their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') and ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, whilk sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listit as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=[[Uniwersitas, Kraków]]}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=[[Uniwersytet Wrocławski]]|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=[[Germanische Altertumskunde Online]]|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its popular wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near modren [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', and be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporate Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis estaiblish't as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], and Siewierz wir transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their popular wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of the division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=[[Przegląd Historyczny]]|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Hailie Empire of Rome]] whaur the German leid wis spoken. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the electioun of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Empire of Rome; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] whan it wis made kent in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish popular, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered "subhuman", viz the Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlien genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} and {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=[[Wydawn, Adam Marszałek]]|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (''Polenlager''), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae back-come whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna back-come, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wis a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' ''Pairty'' creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been dividit atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. ===Ethnic history=== [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Modren Silesia is indwalled bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=[[J. Engelhorn]]|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, and Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is indwalled bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=[[Callwey]]|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German population wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=[[Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar]]|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=[[edited by W. Długoborski]]|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century and the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=de|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=[[Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka]]|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Popular: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech popular, wi speakers of the Polish leid makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ====Releigion==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the Empire of Germany (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the ''Glatzer Laund'' (nou kent as ''Kłodzko County''). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha constitute the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, and nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=[[JewishEncyclopedia.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Eftercasts of Warld Weir II==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis underlien genocide wi executions obtemper'd wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration and wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 and 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> and Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. ==Geography== [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locate in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the ''Oder'', amang thaim is the ''Bóbr'' (and its leader the ''Kwisa''), the ''Barycz'' an the ''Nysa Kłodzka''. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' and neebourin airts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes underlien a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae ''Zagłębie Dąbrowskie'' in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yaised athout qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. ===Naitural resources=== Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the ''Fowk's Republic of Poland''. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=[[En.poland.gov.pl]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Uplaund. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=[[Gazetawyborcza.pl]]|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the uplaund pairts of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> and [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') and siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local population, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. ==Demographics== Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra. The ''Unitit States Immigration Commission'', in its ''Dictionary of Races or Peoples'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> ===Ceities an touns=== The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> ==Flags and coats of airms== The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> ==Warld Heritage Steids== <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> ==Sources== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} ==Wabsteid links== * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Draft categories| [[Category:History]] [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Economy]] [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Geographie]] }} 4i7aorfpo9qeoguo5tyad033em9im5q 921921 921920 2026-08-23T17:04:32Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 PurpleDinosaur585 flittit page [[Uiser:PurpleDinosaur585/Silesia]] til [[Silesia]]: New Airticle 921920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhə|,_|sy|LEE|shee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|z|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zee|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʒ|i|ə|,_|s|aɪ|ˈ|l|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|-}} {{respell|sy|LEE|zhee|ə|,_|sy|LEE|shə|,_|sil|EE|-}}.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/silesia|title=Silesia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Silesia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-23 |title=Silesia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Silesia|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>}} (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, and the popular is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan area is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan area|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} and the German ceity of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langage|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), richly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, and {{Interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial Architecture}} eras seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches and national affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] and efter the rise of modren [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra'' vailley. First hauden bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} at the hint-end of the 9t century and {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporate intae the airly Polish state, and efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Empire of Rome]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for formal Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742 and efterhin became a pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferrit tae the jurisdiction of Poland wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. As a result of the {{interleid airtin|forced population shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herried out. ==Etymology== The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skair their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') and ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, whilk sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listit as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=[[Uniwersitas, Kraków]]}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=[[Uniwersytet Wrocławski]]|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=[[Germanische Altertumskunde Online]]|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its popular wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near modren [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', and be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporate Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis estaiblish't as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], and Siewierz wir transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their popular wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of the division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=[[Przegląd Historyczny]]|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Hailie Empire of Rome]] whaur the German leid wis spoken. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the electioun of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Empire of Rome; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] whan it wis made kent in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish popular, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered "subhuman", viz the Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlien genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} and {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=[[Wydawn, Adam Marszałek]]|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (''Polenlager''), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae back-come whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna back-come, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wis a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' ''Pairty'' creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been dividit atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. ===Ethnic history=== [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Modren Silesia is indwalled bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=[[J. Engelhorn]]|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, and Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is indwalled bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=[[Callwey]]|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German population wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=[[Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar]]|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=[[edited by W. Długoborski]]|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century and the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Georg Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=de|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=[[Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka]]|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=[[Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer]]|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Popular: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech popular, wi speakers of the Polish leid makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ====Releigion==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the Empire of Germany (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the ''Glatzer Laund'' (nou kent as ''Kłodzko County''). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha constitute the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, and nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=[[JewishEncyclopedia.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Eftercasts of Warld Weir II==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis underlien genocide wi executions obtemper'd wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration and wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 and 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> and Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. ==Geography== [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locate in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the ''Oder'', amang thaim is the ''Bóbr'' (and its leader the ''Kwisa''), the ''Barycz'' an the ''Nysa Kłodzka''. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' and neebourin airts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes underlien a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae ''Zagłębie Dąbrowskie'' in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yaised athout qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. ===Naitural resources=== Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the ''Fowk's Republic of Poland''. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=[[En.poland.gov.pl]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Uplaund. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=[[Gazetawyborcza.pl]]|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the uplaund pairts of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> and [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') and siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local population, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. ==Demographics== Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra. The ''Unitit States Immigration Commission'', in its ''Dictionary of Races or Peoples'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=[[Washington, Government Printing Office]]|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> ===Ceities an touns=== The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> ==Flags and coats of airms== The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> ==Warld Heritage Steids== <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> ==Sources== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} ==Wabsteid links== * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Draft categories| [[Category:History]] [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Economy]] [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Geographie]] }} 4i7aorfpo9qeoguo5tyad033em9im5q 921923 921921 2026-08-23T17:53:01Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 fixed issues wi the references bit 921923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}<br />{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}<br />{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}<br />{{native name|de|Schlesien}}<br />{{native name|sli|Schläsing}} | settlement_type = [[Historical Region]] | image_shield = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}} | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Ducheries & Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe | coordinates = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{plainlist| *[[Poland]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Germany]]}} | seat_type = Mucklest ceity | seat = [[Wrocław]] | area_total_km2 = 40400 | population_total = c. 8000000 | population_density_km2 = 200 | population_demonym = [[Silesians|Silesian]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Silesia''' (tak a scance till the names ablow) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly intil [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, and the popular is upcuissen at 8,000,000. Silesia is riven intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east. Situate alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan area is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan area|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} and the German ceity of Görlitz are situate intil Silesia's historic mairches. Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langage|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a smaw feck of fowk bidin in Iver Silesia), richly decored hamelt {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, and {{Interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial Architecture}} eras seen in its ceities an touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches and national affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] and efter the rise of modren [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles an stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra'' vailley. First hauden bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} at the hint-end of the 9t century and {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporate intae the airly Polish state, and efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Empire of Rome]], whilk wis haundit ower tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for formal Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742 and efterhin became a pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] in 1871. Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferrit tae the jurisdiction of Poland wi the Potsdam Greement atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]]. As a result of the {{interleid airtin|forced population shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the national leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herried out. ==Etymology== The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely skair their etymology—[[Pols leid|the Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|the German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|the Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; the Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; the Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; the Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; the Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|the Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin|the Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|the Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|the English]] an [[Scots leid|the Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|the French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|the Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|the Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') and ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, whilk sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}. ''Ślęża'' is listit as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=Uniwersitas, Kraków}}</ref> Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=Uniwersytet Wrocławski|volume=|pages=}}</ref> They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=Germanische Altertumskunde Online|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote="Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]"}}</ref> In the common Polish tung, "''Śląsk''" refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its popular wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=C.H.Beck|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]] In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, an made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near modren [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' an ''Strzelin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}</ref> Germanic Lugii clans wir first recordit athin Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] an Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}</ref> an bi the airly ninth century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit upsettin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' an the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situate bewast the ''Bytom'', and be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' an ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}</ref> The first kent states in Silesia wis Greater Moravia an Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporate Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis estaiblish't as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, an ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], and Siewierz wir transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts, awtho their popular wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of the division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.]] {{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=Przegląd Historyczny|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}</ref> Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Hailie Empire of Rome]] whaur the German leid wis spoken. The first designin of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith foundit bi Henry the Bairdit, haed become the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively. In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German forces heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk haed taen place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the electioun of a new Grand Khan (heid yin). Atween 1289 an 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}</ref> The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Hailie Empire of Rome; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 an 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia wis haundit ower wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy. In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coff't bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.<ref name=":3" /> The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt an pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole an Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata. [[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]] [[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian an Prussian Silesia wi modren national mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]] In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, at the hinner end becomin the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] whan it wis made kent in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). [[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Teipical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]] Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}</ref> Follaein the third Silesian raibblin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish popular, wis gien Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia an Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (at the hinner-end kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), awtho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland. Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered "subhuman", viz the Jews an ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlien genocide involvin herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} and {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}</ref> Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=Institute of National Remembrance{{!}}IPN|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}</ref> in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=Wydawn, Adam Marszałek|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}</ref> Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operate the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (''Polenlager''), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps. The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}</ref> In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae back-come whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna back-come, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish popular, amang thaim wis fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wis a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' ''Pairty'' creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians, wha murned the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou murned the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The admeinistrative division of Silesia intil Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been dividit atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]]. ===Ethnic history=== [[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]] Modren Silesia is indwalled bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia durin the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=J. Engelhorn|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}</ref> The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or national minority in Poland, and Germans the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is indwalled bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles. In the airly 19t century the popular of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 an 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 an 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow). Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.<ref name="Gumpert">{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=Callwey|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}</ref> Silesia wis alsae the hame of a smaw feck of Czech an Jewish fowk. The German population wis maistly wonnin in the urban airts and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whereas the Polish populace wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|journal=University of Nebraska Press|language=the English|pages=17}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823 !Ethnic group !frae. G. Hassel in 1819<ref name="Georg Hassel">{{Cite book|last=Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=|first=Georg}}</ref> !% !frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}} !% !frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=edited by W. Długoborski|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}</ref> !% |- |'''Germans''' |1,561,570 |'''75.6''' |1,550,000 |'''70.5''' |1,303,300 |'''74.6''' |- |'''Poles''' |444,000 |'''21.5''' |600,000 |'''27.3''' |401,900 |'''23.0''' |- |'''Sorbs''' |24,500 |'''1.2''' |30,000 |'''1.4''' |900 |'''0.1''' |- |'''Czechs''' |5,500 |'''0.3''' | | |32,600 |'''1.9''' |- |'''Moravians''' |12,000 |'''0.6''' | | | | |- |'''Jews''' |16,916 |'''0.8''' |20,000 |'''0.9''' |8,900 |'''0.5''' |- |'''Popular''' |'''c. 2.1&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 2.2&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |'''c. 1.8&nbsp;million''' |'''100''' |} Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) durin the 19t century and the air 20t century can be fund in Table 2.: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German an ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<ref name="Georg Hassel" /><ref name="Paul Weber1">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> |- !Year !1819 !1831 !1834 !1837 !1840 !1843 !1846 !1852 !1855 !1858 !1861 !1867 !1890 !1900 !1905 !1910 |- |'''''Polish''''' |377,100 '''(67.2%)''' |418,837 '''(62.0%)''' |468,691 '''(62.6%)''' |495,362 '''(62.1%)''' |525,395 '''(58.6%)''' |540,402 '''(58.1%)''' |568,582 '''(58.1%)''' |584,293 '''(58.6%)''' |590,248 '''(58.7%)''' |612,849 '''(57.3%)''' |665,865 '''(59.1%)''' |742,153 '''(59.8%)''' |918,728 '''(58.2%)''' |1,048,230 '''(56.1%)''' |1,158,805 '''(57.0%)''' |Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''<ref name="Paul Weber2">{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}</ref> '''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals |- |'''''German''''' |162,600 '''(29.0%)''' |257,852 '''(36.1%)''' |266,399 '''(35.6%)''' |290,168 '''(36.3%)''' |330,099 '''(36.8%)''' |348,094 '''(37.4%)''' |364,175 '''(37.2%)''' |363,990 '''(36.5%)''' |366,562 '''(36.5%)''' |406,950 '''(38.1%)''' |409,218 '''(36.3%)''' |457,545 '''(36.8%)''' |566,523 '''(35.9%)''' |684,397 '''(36.6%)''' |757,200 '''(37.2%)''' |'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)''' |- |'''''Ither''''' |21,503 '''(3.8%)''' |13,254 '''(1.9%)''' |13,120 '''(1.8%)''' |12,679 '''(1.6%)''' |41,570 '''(4.6%)''' |42,292 '''(4.5%)''' |45,736 '''(4.7%)''' |49,445 '''(4.9%)''' |48,270 '''(4.8%)''' |49,037 '''(4.6%)''' |51,187 '''(4.6%)''' |41,611 '''(3.4%)''' |92,480 '''(5.9%)''' |135,519 '''(7.3%)''' |117,651 '''(5.8%)''' |Popular: 2,207,981 |} The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech popular, wi speakers of the Polish leid makin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}</ref> ====Releigion==== [[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the Empire of Germany (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) an Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]] Historically, Silesia wis about aqual spleit atween the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa wir Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}</ref> Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the nort-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the ''Glatzer Laund'' (nou kent as ''Kłodzko County''). Generally speakin, the popular wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad maistly get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler ceities, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit significantly sin the Germans, wha constitute the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, haed sattled again here in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic. Extant syne the 12t century,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|pages=40}}</ref> Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged aroun Wrocław an Iver Silesia, and nummered at 48,003 (1.1% of the popular) in 1890, gaein doun tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=2007|pages=173}}</ref> In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}</ref> Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a nummer of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2011|pages=58}}</ref> Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia ("''Landesrabbiner''"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Eftercasts of Warld Weir II==== Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish popular of Silesia wis underlien genocide wi executions obtemper'd wi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}</ref> incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia", in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=110-138}}</ref> Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 be herried out till concentration and wark camps.<ref name=":0" /> Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at the Auschwitz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish popular that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}</ref> and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir bidin in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories that nou belanged the Soviet Union,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}</ref> risin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|journal=University of North Carolina Press|pages=176}}</ref> as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocate.<ref name=":2" /> The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77&nbsp;million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}</ref> The day, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr]] area wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial presses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''. The herryin out of Germans haed resultit in rife unnerpopulation. The popular of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, an atween 1939 and 1966 the popular of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> and Silesia's popular didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]]. ==Geography== [[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]] [[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]] The maist of Silesia is affeirin flet, awtho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locate in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula River. The pairt alsae taks in mony leaders of the ''Oder'', amang thaim is the ''Bóbr'' (and its leader the ''Kwisa''), the ''Barycz'' an the ''Nysa Kłodzka''. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids an Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Bens]]. Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]]'', ''Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' and neebourin airts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia. Silesia haes underlien a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae ''Zagłębie Dąbrowskie'' in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area roun about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yaised athout qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia). As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region. ===Naitural resources=== Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the ''Fowk's Republic of Poland''. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry. [[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]] The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Uplaund. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl" /> In 2008, an upcuissen 35&nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=Gazetawyborcza.pl|language=the Polish|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the uplaund pairts of Silesia.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=CRC Press|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}</ref> and [[uranium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wise International &#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processing atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') and siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra. The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.<ref name="en.poland.gov.pl">{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl}}</ref> {| class="wikitable col2right" |+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia''' !Mineral name !Throu-pit (tonnes) !Ref. |- |Bituminous coal |95,000,000 | |- |Capper |571,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Zinc |160,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Siller |1,200 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Cadmium |500 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Leid |70,000 |<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> |} The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (white, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk throu-pit is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}</ref> The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local population, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia. ==Demographics== Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locate in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra. The ''Unitit States Immigration Commission'', in its ''Dictionary of Races or Peoples'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian an German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}</ref> ===Ceities an touns=== The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=Statistics Poland|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=Czech Statistical Office|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:1%;" | ! style="width:1%;" | !Name ! style="width:6%;" |Popular ! style="width:11%;" |Area ! style="width:4%;" |Kintra !Admeinistrative ! style="width:15%;" |Historic subregion |- style="text-align:center;" |1 |[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wrocław]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |672,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|293|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |2 |[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ostrava'''* | style="text-align:center;" |280,853 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|214|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]] |- style="text-align:center;" |3 |[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Katowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |277,415 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|165|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Gliwice''' | style="text-align:center;" |166,942 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|134|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielsko-Biała'''* | style="text-align:center;" |163,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|125|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia/Lesser Poland |- style="text-align:center;" |6 |[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zabrze''' | style="text-align:center;" |150,780 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|80|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |7 |[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bytom''' | style="text-align:center;" |144,598 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|69|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |8 |[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zielona Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |138,476 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |9 |[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Rybnik]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |128,788 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|148|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |10 |[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Ruda Śląska''' | style="text-align:center;" |127,601 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|78|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |11 |[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Opole]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |126,623 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|97|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |12 |[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tychy''' | style="text-align:center;" |120,081 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|82|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |13 |[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Chorzów''' | style="text-align:center;" |98,418 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |14 |[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Wałbrzych]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |97,546 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |15 |[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Legnica]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |89,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|56|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |16 |[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój''' | style="text-align:center;" |80,527 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |17 |[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Jelenia Góra''' | style="text-align:center;" |73,470 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|109|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |18 |[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mysłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |70,160 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|66|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |19 |[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Havířov''' | style="text-align:center;" |67,998 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|32|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |20 |[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubin''' | style="text-align:center;" |65,961 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|41|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |21 |[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Siemianowice Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |62,311 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |22 |[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żory''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,857 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|65|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |23 |[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Tarnowskie Góry''' | style="text-align:center;" |61,001 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |24 |[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Głogów''' | style="text-align:center;" |60,605 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|35|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |25 |[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Görlitz'''** | style="text-align:center;" |55,186 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|68|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]] |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |26 |[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Opava''' | style="text-align:center;" |54,881 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|91|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |27 |[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Frýdek-Místek'''* | style="text-align:center;" |53,164 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|52|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia/Moravia |- style="text-align:center;" |28 |[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle''' | style="text-align:center;" |53,140 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|124|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |29 |[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świdnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,357 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |30 |[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Piekary Śląskie''' | style="text-align:center;" |51,030 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |31 |[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Racibórz]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,750 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|75|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |32 |[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''[[Karviná]]''' | style="text-align:center;" |48,684 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|58|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |33 |[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świętochłowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,621 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|13|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |34 |[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Wodzisław Śląski''' | style="text-align:center;" |44,017 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|50|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |35 |[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Mikołów''' | style="text-align:center;" |41,478 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|79|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |36 |[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nysa''' | style="text-align:center;" |39,887 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |37 |[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bolesławiec''' | style="text-align:center;" |36,642 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |38 |[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Nowa Sól''' | style="text-align:center;" |35,230 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|22|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |39 |[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Knurów''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,919 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |40 |[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oleśnica''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,676 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |41 |[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |34,564 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|33|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |42 |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Třinec''' | style="text-align:center;" |33,523 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|85|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |43 |[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Oława''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,928 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|27|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |44 |[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Brzeg''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,724 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|15|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |45 |[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Cieszyn''' | style="text-align:center;" |32,217 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|29|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |46 |[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Hoyerswerda'''** | style="text-align:center;" |30,759 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|96|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|GER}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |47 |[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Dzierżoniów''' | style="text-align:center;" |30,014 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|20|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |48 |[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Zgorzelec'''** | style="text-align:center;" |28,095 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|16|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |49 |[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bielawa''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|36|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |50 |[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orlová''' | style="text-align:center;" |27,383 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|25|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |51 |[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Lubliniec''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,931 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|89|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |52 |[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Český Těšín''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,870 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|34|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |53 |[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Żagań''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,800 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|40|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |54 |[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Krnov''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,303 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|44|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |55 |[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Orzesze''' | style="text-align:center;" |22,242 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|84|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |56 |[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzice''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,469 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|30|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |57 |[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Kluczbork''' | style="text-align:center;" |21,232 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|12|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |58 |[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Polkowice''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,832 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|24|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |59 |[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Łaziska Górne''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,826 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|21|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship |Iver Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |60 |[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Świebodzin''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,480 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|11|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|POL}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship |Nether Silesia |- style="text-align:center;" |61 |[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]] | style="text-align:left;" |'''Bohumín''' | style="text-align:center;" |20,234 | style="text-align:center;" |{{Convert|31|km²|0}} |{{Flagicon|CZE}} | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region |Czech Silesia |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Anelie pairt in Silesia<gallery> File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]] File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]] File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]] File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]] File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]] File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]] File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]] File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]] File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]] File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]] File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]] File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]] File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]] File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]] File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]] File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]] File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]] </gallery> ==Flags and coats of airms== The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.<gallery> File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]] File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]] File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]] File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918) File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]] File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]] </gallery>Flags wi their colors refer tae the blasoun of Silesia.<gallery> File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), an Czech Silesia File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945) File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship </gallery> ==Warld Heritage Steids== <gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica an Jawor File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]] File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica an Bad Muskau </gallery> ==Sources== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}} *  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}} ==Wabsteid links== * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}} * [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns] * [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946] * [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?] * [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&source=area&id=191266&ds=1&x=17.1035242&y=50.7247522&z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:History]] [[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Economy]] [[Category:Society]] [[Category:Europe]] 612dlxk032oa8780uue5lqmshp0kn4k 2 233896 921971 921336 2026-08-24T09:06:00Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* Removing bad / unreliable sources */ update 921971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Illustration_of_a_brownie_by_Alice_B_Woodward.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a brownie by Alice B Woodward]] {{En}} ''Put this as a separate tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]] ?'' So, you'd like to help out with Scots Wiki, but you don't speak Scots, or you're not confident in your written Scots? '''Not to worry''', as there are a number of tasks with which you can help, and which would be greatly appreciated by the community here! Good community health on any Wiki requires many kinds of editors, doing lots of different kinds of editing, and there are plenty of tasks which need to be done. In the spirit of [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiFauna]] over on English Wiki, We're suggesting that you undertake some of these WikiGnome or WikiElf-esque tasks. But seeing as this is Scots... we're inviting you to be a Wiki[[Brounie]]. '''Please note:''' The sco.wiki community has had some very well-meaning non-Scots speakers try to help over the years. We are understandably rather wary of non-Scots speakers trying to fix what they think initially are typos, or do mass edits, or run bots that might make large scale changes to the Wiki, as these kinds of actions can have '''unintended consequences'''. Scots does not have standardised spelling, for example. And there are some words that really are the same in Scots as they are in English - we'd rather not use vocabulary just because it sounds "more Scottish", as this can have a distortion effect. == The WikiBrounie Manifesto == WikiBrounies will: * Do their best to work on WikiBrounie tasks, therefore freeing up time for editors who are proficient in the Scots language to focus on the text of the Wiki. * Not engage in language-based edits unless they're ''really, really sure'' that the translation is correct. If in doubt, they do not engage in language-based edits.<ref>(Seriously, please stay away from language-based edits.)</ref> * If they have an idea for a mass edit / bot, they will seek community consensus and community buy in before proceeding. If you are happy to sign up to the WikiBrounie Manifesto, then please feel free to add this userbox to your userpage! ''[[uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie template]]'' ''Add the following text to your userpage: <nowiki>{{Template:Uiser WikiBrounie}}</nowiki>'' You should also add your name to the list of participants in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite#Parteecipants|Big Wiki Rewrite project page.]] ''Eg: user:lirazelf (WikiBrounie)'' == WikiBrounie tasks == === Adding sources to unreferenced articles === * Search for all articles missing sources here: [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] ** Create a "References" section if there isn't one. (add a References List template from the "+" or "Insert" menu underneath the heading) ** Find sources for the text and add them. ** Whenever you're happy with it, delete the template at the top of the article that says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." === Interwiki links === Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Go to [[Special:Search]] * Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' * Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". * Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki * If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) * If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. === Removing bad / unreliable sources === Citations to the '''Daily Mail''' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. Citations to '''archive.today''' should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack_on_Gyrovague_and_Wikipedia's_restrictions|article here.]] * When removing an archive.today link, it should be replaced with an Internet Archive / [https://web.archive.org/ Wayback Machine] link instead. To do this: ** Go to https://web.archive.org/ ** Take the original URL of the source (not including any archive.today links) and input into the Wayback Machine search. ** Find and check the most recent capture of the page. ** Paste this URL into the "Archive URL" field in the citation template. ** "URL status" should be set to "dead" ** Follow all other instructions on the template as usual. Citations to ''The Sun'' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=thesun.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations lead to The Sun, and replace with a more reliable source. === Categories === * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] ** The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. === Improving citations === * archiving dead links * turning bare URLs into templated citations * filling in fields or removing invalid fields ''instructions to follow'' == Have an idea for a WikiBrounie task? == Excellent! Please start a message on the talk page so that we can discuss it. == Impact == WikiBrounies are a valued part of the Big Wiki Rewrite project, and the impact and progress of WikiBrounie tasks are recorded on the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tasks]] page on a regular basis. == Footnotes == <references /> lfv5jb4um3irbvu366j7gyfphj4u8ek 921972 921971 2026-08-24T09:07:11Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* Removing bad / unreliable sources */ update 921972 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Illustration_of_a_brownie_by_Alice_B_Woodward.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a brownie by Alice B Woodward]] {{En}} ''Put this as a separate tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]] ?'' So, you'd like to help out with Scots Wiki, but you don't speak Scots, or you're not confident in your written Scots? '''Not to worry''', as there are a number of tasks with which you can help, and which would be greatly appreciated by the community here! Good community health on any Wiki requires many kinds of editors, doing lots of different kinds of editing, and there are plenty of tasks which need to be done. In the spirit of [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiFauna]] over on English Wiki, We're suggesting that you undertake some of these WikiGnome or WikiElf-esque tasks. But seeing as this is Scots... we're inviting you to be a Wiki[[Brounie]]. '''Please note:''' The sco.wiki community has had some very well-meaning non-Scots speakers try to help over the years. We are understandably rather wary of non-Scots speakers trying to fix what they think initially are typos, or do mass edits, or run bots that might make large scale changes to the Wiki, as these kinds of actions can have '''unintended consequences'''. Scots does not have standardised spelling, for example. And there are some words that really are the same in Scots as they are in English - we'd rather not use vocabulary just because it sounds "more Scottish", as this can have a distortion effect. == The WikiBrounie Manifesto == WikiBrounies will: * Do their best to work on WikiBrounie tasks, therefore freeing up time for editors who are proficient in the Scots language to focus on the text of the Wiki. * Not engage in language-based edits unless they're ''really, really sure'' that the translation is correct. If in doubt, they do not engage in language-based edits.<ref>(Seriously, please stay away from language-based edits.)</ref> * If they have an idea for a mass edit / bot, they will seek community consensus and community buy in before proceeding. If you are happy to sign up to the WikiBrounie Manifesto, then please feel free to add this userbox to your userpage! ''[[uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie template]]'' ''Add the following text to your userpage: <nowiki>{{Template:Uiser WikiBrounie}}</nowiki>'' You should also add your name to the list of participants in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite#Parteecipants|Big Wiki Rewrite project page.]] ''Eg: user:lirazelf (WikiBrounie)'' == WikiBrounie tasks == === Adding sources to unreferenced articles === * Search for all articles missing sources here: [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] ** Create a "References" section if there isn't one. (add a References List template from the "+" or "Insert" menu underneath the heading) ** Find sources for the text and add them. ** Whenever you're happy with it, delete the template at the top of the article that says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." === Interwiki links === Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Go to [[Special:Search]] * Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' * Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". * Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki * If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) * If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. === Removing bad / unreliable sources === Citations to the '''Daily Mail''' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. Citations to '''archive.today''' should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack_on_Gyrovague_and_Wikipedia's_restrictions|article here.]] * When removing an archive.today link, it should be replaced with an Internet Archive / [https://web.archive.org/ Wayback Machine] link instead. To do this: ** Go to https://web.archive.org/ ** Take the original URL of the source (not including any archive.today links) and input into the Wayback Machine search. ** Find and check the most recent capture of the page. ** Paste this URL into the "Archive URL" field in the citation template. ** "URL status" should be set to "dead" ** Follow all other instructions on the template as usual. ** ''Before you leave the article, check if there are any additional archive.today links used on that article!'' Citations to ''The Sun'' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=thesun.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations lead to The Sun, and replace with a more reliable source. === Categories === * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] ** The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. === Improving citations === * archiving dead links * turning bare URLs into templated citations * filling in fields or removing invalid fields ''instructions to follow'' == Have an idea for a WikiBrounie task? == Excellent! Please start a message on the talk page so that we can discuss it. == Impact == WikiBrounies are a valued part of the Big Wiki Rewrite project, and the impact and progress of WikiBrounie tasks are recorded on the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tasks]] page on a regular basis. == Footnotes == <references /> idlxwdct2hl48wx6aqhf9oqjxmsaga2 921974 921972 2026-08-24T09:10:54Z Sara Thomas (WMUK) 49882 /* Removing bad / unreliable sources */ update 921974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Illustration_of_a_brownie_by_Alice_B_Woodward.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a brownie by Alice B Woodward]] {{En}} ''Put this as a separate tab on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]] ?'' So, you'd like to help out with Scots Wiki, but you don't speak Scots, or you're not confident in your written Scots? '''Not to worry''', as there are a number of tasks with which you can help, and which would be greatly appreciated by the community here! Good community health on any Wiki requires many kinds of editors, doing lots of different kinds of editing, and there are plenty of tasks which need to be done. In the spirit of [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiFauna]] over on English Wiki, We're suggesting that you undertake some of these WikiGnome or WikiElf-esque tasks. But seeing as this is Scots... we're inviting you to be a Wiki[[Brounie]]. '''Please note:''' The sco.wiki community has had some very well-meaning non-Scots speakers try to help over the years. We are understandably rather wary of non-Scots speakers trying to fix what they think initially are typos, or do mass edits, or run bots that might make large scale changes to the Wiki, as these kinds of actions can have '''unintended consequences'''. Scots does not have standardised spelling, for example. And there are some words that really are the same in Scots as they are in English - we'd rather not use vocabulary just because it sounds "more Scottish", as this can have a distortion effect. == The WikiBrounie Manifesto == WikiBrounies will: * Do their best to work on WikiBrounie tasks, therefore freeing up time for editors who are proficient in the Scots language to focus on the text of the Wiki. * Not engage in language-based edits unless they're ''really, really sure'' that the translation is correct. If in doubt, they do not engage in language-based edits.<ref>(Seriously, please stay away from language-based edits.)</ref> * If they have an idea for a mass edit / bot, they will seek community consensus and community buy in before proceeding. If you are happy to sign up to the WikiBrounie Manifesto, then please feel free to add this userbox to your userpage! ''[[uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)/Draft WikiBrounie template]]'' ''Add the following text to your userpage: <nowiki>{{Template:Uiser WikiBrounie}}</nowiki>'' You should also add your name to the list of participants in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite#Parteecipants|Big Wiki Rewrite project page.]] ''Eg: user:lirazelf (WikiBrounie)'' == WikiBrounie tasks == === Adding sources to unreferenced articles === * Search for all articles missing sources here: [[:Category:Airticles wantin soorces]] ** Create a "References" section if there isn't one. (add a References List template from the "+" or "Insert" menu underneath the heading) ** Find sources for the text and add them. ** Whenever you're happy with it, delete the template at the top of the article that says "This airticle disnae cite ony references or soorces." === Interwiki links === Some articles, instead of linking to sco.wiki articles, link to en.wiki articles. This is far from ideal. These should be replaced with sco.wiki links, or de-linked as appropriate. * Go to [[Special:Search]] * Search for '''insource:"en" insource:/\[\[:en:/''' * Click on any article link, and search within the article for ":en:". * Check if en.wiki article exists on sco.wiki * If it does, replace with sco.wiki link (ie, remove ":en:" part of the link.) * If it does not, remove en.wiki link and leave as plain text. === Removing bad / unreliable sources === Citations to the '''Daily Mail''' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=dailymail.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations leading to the Daily Mail, and replace with a reliable source. Citations to '''archive.today''' should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=archive.today this search link] to identify any archive.today citations, and replace. Sco.wiki is following en.wiki's restrictions on this source, which can be read about on the en.wiki [[:en:Archive.today#Attack_on_Gyrovague_and_Wikipedia's_restrictions|article here.]] * When removing an archive.today link, it should be replaced with an Internet Archive / [https://web.archive.org/ Wayback Machine] link instead wherever possible. To do this: ** Go to https://web.archive.org/ ** Take the original URL of the source (not including any archive.today links) and input into the Wayback Machine search. ** Find and check the most recent capture of the page. ** Paste this URL into the "Archive URL" field in the citation template. ** "URL status" should be set to "dead" ** Follow all other instructions on the template as usual. ** ''Before you leave the article, check if there are any additional archive.today links used on that article!'' *'''If the page cannot be found on Internet Archive:''' **Remove the citation entirely, and find an alternative source. If you cannot find one, please insert the "Citation needed" template. Citations to ''The Sun'' newspaper should be removed and replaced. * Use [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LinkSearch?target=thesun.co.uk this search link] to identify any citations lead to The Sun, and replace with a more reliable source. === Categories === * Unuised categories - [[Special:Unusedcategories]] ** The categories on this page are empty, and may be suitable for deletion. If the category is suitable for deletion, then place <nowiki>{{delete|tuim category}}</nowiki> on the category page. === Improving citations === * archiving dead links * turning bare URLs into templated citations * filling in fields or removing invalid fields ''instructions to follow'' == Have an idea for a WikiBrounie task? == Excellent! Please start a message on the talk page so that we can discuss it. == Impact == WikiBrounies are a valued part of the Big Wiki Rewrite project, and the impact and progress of WikiBrounie tasks are recorded on the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tasks]] page on a regular basis. == Footnotes == <references /> mzkvq8jfmq0c7qe619rrwahv4u05g3u 2 233941 921922 2026-08-23T17:04:33Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 PurpleDinosaur585 flittit page [[Uiser:PurpleDinosaur585/Silesia]] til [[Silesia]]: New Airticle 921922 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Silesia]] iqmwkrx57t1ja620rptolyg7caplre2 1 233942 921924 2026-08-23T17:57:54Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 Made page wi "{{translated page|en|Silesia|small=no}}~~~~" 921924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translated page|en|Silesia|small=no}}[[Uiser:PurpleDinosaur585|PurpleDinosaur585]] ([[Uiser collogue:PurpleDinosaur585|tauk]]) 17:57, 23 August 2026 (UTC) trpwfuqowoizp3gcgvoassrp7ecgjcm 921925 921924 2026-08-23T17:58:20Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 921925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translated page|en|Silesia|small=no}} eeceh1ecvjsbmupofzm6eakp3wyvxt0 3 233943 921951 2026-08-24T03:28:49Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 921951 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Veritas Sapientiae, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Veritas Sapientiae|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 03:28, 24 August 2026 (UTC) d3d9ffk2m92jeiwqcecab0pwq2yxosm 0 233944 921976 2026-08-24T10:24:39Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "'''Robert Charles Guccione Jr.''' (born 19 September 1955) is an American publisher an the eldest son o late ''Penthouse'' foonder Bob Guccione. He foondit the muisic magazine ''Spin''. == Publishin career == In 1978, efter twa attempts at goin intae the publishin business on his awn, the yung, Lunnon-brocht up Guccione wint tae wirk fur ''Penthouse'' publisher General Media Internaitional, a company awned bi his faither, ''Penthouse'' foonder Bob Guccione. Bi the early 1980..." 921976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Charles Guccione Jr.''' (born 19 September 1955) is an American publisher an the eldest son o late ''Penthouse'' foonder Bob Guccione. He foondit the muisic magazine ''Spin''. == Publishin career == In 1978, efter twa attempts at goin intae the publishin business on his awn, the yung, Lunnon-brocht up Guccione wint tae wirk fur ''Penthouse'' publisher General Media Internaitional, a company awned bi his faither, ''Penthouse'' foonder Bob Guccione. Bi the early 1980s, at that time he wis rinnin the mercatin an circulation depairtment, he left the company (an purportit poseetion as heir apparent) tae ance again attempt tae establish his awn braund. === Launchin o ''Spin'' magazine (1985) === In 1985, wi a loan frae his faither, he launched ''Spin''. In 1987, his faither abruptly shut doun the magazine efter General Media experiencit a financial dip that resultit in a lang-lastin estrangement atween the twa. This estrangement endit a few years prior tae the elder Guccione's daith on 20 October 2010. The yunger Guccione foond new investors an relaunched ''Spin'' in late 1987. He managit tae gaither maist o the magazine's auld staff, an missed anly ane month o publication. In 1996, Guccione an ''Spin'' wur sued fur sexual harassment an discreemination bi Staci Bonner, a aulder fact-checker fur the magazine. Guccione wis cleared o the harassment chairges, but foond liable fur promotin a hostile wirk environment an nae peyin Bonner comparably tae a man wi a comparable job poseetion. Guccione selt ''Spin'' tae ''Vibe'' in 1997, an shortly thareefter foondit ''Gear'', that published till 2003. In 2005, science magazine ''Discover'' wis purchased frae Disney Publishing an Guccione formit Discover Media, LLC tae publish the magazine. In 2007, Guccione wis oostit as CEO, in whit wis descrieved bi the ''New York Post'' as "a fawin-oot ower philosophical differences wi his financial backers aboot hou tae rin the company." === ''Gear'' magazine (1998–2003) === ''Gear'' wis launched an published in the Unitit Kinrick devotit chiefly tae revealin pictorials o popular sangsters, B-film actresses, an models, alang wi airticles on gadgets, caurs, fashion, man tales o sex, an sports. ''Gear'' debuted in September 1998, wi actress Peta Wilson on the kiver. The magazine establisht itsel wi seevral publishin stunts sic as publishin a nude photae o soccer pleyer Brandi Chastain. The publication, that reakit a peak circulation o 500,000 unit selt in 2001, discontinued publication in 2003. ==== Jessica Biel controversy ==== ''Gear'' reakit its exposur apogee in 2000 whan it featurt a risqué pictorial o then-17-year-auld actress Jessica Biel, wha posed whiles appearin on the WB faimily drama series ''7th Heaven''. A controversy arose whan ''7th Heaven'' castmate Stephen Collins, wha pleyed her faither on the series, descrieved the picturs as "bairn pornography". Collins later admittit tae three coonts o bairn abuise. Ithers, includin A.J. Jacobs writin in ''Esquire'', praised it as a brave muive bi Biel. d6ikzelp8o40idv7i6zkpydbtsg0a96 921977 921976 2026-08-24T10:26:09Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Bob Guccione Jr. | image_size = 170px | birth_name = Robert Charles Guccione Jr. | birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1955|9|19}} | birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | occupation = Magazine editor, publisher, foonder o ''Spin'' an ''Gear'' magazines | years_active = 1978–present | spouse = Kimberlin Grace Brown (m. 2001) }} '''Robert Charles Guccione Jr.''' (born 19 September 1955) is an American publisher an the eldest son o late ''Penthouse'' foonder Bob Guccione. He foondit the muisic magazine ''Spin''. == Publishin career == In 1978, efter twa attempts at goin intae the publishin business on his awn, the yung, Lunnon-brocht up Guccione wint tae wirk fur ''Penthouse'' publisher General Media Internaitional, a company awned bi his faither, ''Penthouse'' foonder Bob Guccione. Bi the early 1980s, at that time he wis rinnin the mercatin an circulation depairtment, he left the company (an purportit poseetion as heir apparent) tae ance again attempt tae establish his awn braund. === Launchin o ''Spin'' magazine (1985) === In 1985, wi a loan frae his faither, he launched ''Spin''. In 1987, his faither abruptly shut doun the magazine efter General Media experiencit a financial dip that resultit in a lang-lastin estrangement atween the twa. This estrangement endit a few years prior tae the elder Guccione's daith on 20 October 2010. The yunger Guccione foond new investors an relaunched ''Spin'' in late 1987. He managit tae gaither maist o the magazine's auld staff, an missed anly ane month o publication. In 1996, Guccione an ''Spin'' wur sued fur sexual harassment an discreemination bi Staci Bonner, a aulder fact-checker fur the magazine. Guccione wis cleared o the harassment chairges, but foond liable fur promotin a hostile wirk environment an nae peyin Bonner comparably tae a man wi a comparable job poseetion. Guccione selt ''Spin'' tae ''Vibe'' in 1997, an shortly thareefter foondit ''Gear'', that published till 2003. In 2005, science magazine ''Discover'' wis purchased frae Disney Publishing an Guccione formit Discover Media, LLC tae publish the magazine. In 2007, Guccione wis oostit as CEO, in whit wis descrieved bi the ''New York Post'' as "a fawin-oot ower philosophical differences wi his financial backers aboot hou tae rin the company." === ''Gear'' magazine (1998–2003) === ''Gear'' wis launched an published in the Unitit Kinrick devotit chiefly tae revealin pictorials o popular sangsters, B-film actresses, an models, alang wi airticles on gadgets, caurs, fashion, man tales o sex, an sports. ''Gear'' debuted in September 1998, wi actress Peta Wilson on the kiver. The magazine establisht itsel wi seevral publishin stunts sic as publishin a nude photae o soccer pleyer Brandi Chastain. The publication, that reakit a peak circulation o 500,000 unit selt in 2001, discontinued publication in 2003. ==== Jessica Biel controversy ==== ''Gear'' reakit its exposur apogee in 2000 whan it featurt a risqué pictorial o then-17-year-auld actress Jessica Biel, wha posed whiles appearin on the WB faimily drama series ''7th Heaven''. A controversy arose whan ''7th Heaven'' castmate Stephen Collins, wha pleyed her faither on the series, descrieved the picturs as "bairn pornography". Collins later admittit tae three coonts o bairn abuise. Ithers, includin A.J. Jacobs writin in ''Esquire'', praised it as a brave muive bi Biel. aq4dy41qducgymak2kr2ltgivd1054i 921978 921977 2026-08-24T10:27:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Bob Guccione Jr. | image_size = 170px | birth_name = Robert Charles Guccione Jr. | birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1955|9|19}} | birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | occupation = Magazine editor, publisher, foonder o ''Spin'' an ''Gear'' magazines | years_active = 1978–present | spouse = Kimberlin Grace Brown (m. 2001) }} '''Robert Charles Guccione Jr.''' (born 19 September 1955) is an American publisher an the eldest son o late ''Penthouse'' foonder Bob Guccione. He foondit the muisic magazine ''Spin''. == Publishin career == In 1978, efter twa attempts at goin intae the publishin business on his awn, the yung, Lunnon-brocht up Guccione wint tae wirk fur ''Penthouse'' publisher General Media Internaitional, a company awned bi his faither, ''Penthouse'' foonder Bob Guccione. Bi the early 1980s, at that time he wis rinnin the mercatin an circulation depairtment, he left the company (an purportit poseetion as heir apparent) tae ance again attempt tae establish his awn braund. === Launchin o ''Spin'' magazine (1985) === In 1985, wi a loan frae his faither, he launched ''Spin''. In 1987, his faither abruptly shut doun the magazine efter General Media experiencit a financial dip that resultit in a lang-lastin estrangement atween the twa. This estrangement endit a few years prior tae the elder Guccione's daith on 20 October 2010. The yunger Guccione foond new investors an relaunched ''Spin'' in late 1987. He managit tae gaither maist o the magazine's auld staff, an missed anly ane month o publication. In 1996, Guccione an ''Spin'' wur sued fur sexual harassment an discreemination bi Staci Bonner, a aulder fact-checker fur the magazine. Guccione wis cleared o the harassment chairges, but foond liable fur promotin a hostile wirk environment an nae peyin Bonner comparably tae a man wi a comparable job poseetion. Guccione selt ''Spin'' tae ''Vibe'' in 1997, an shortly thareefter foondit ''Gear'', that published till 2003. In 2005, science magazine ''Discover'' wis purchased frae Disney Publishing an Guccione formit Discover Media, LLC tae publish the magazine. In 2007, Guccione wis oostit as CEO, in whit wis descrieved bi the ''New York Post'' as "a fawin-oot ower philosophical differences wi his financial backers aboot hou tae rin the company." === ''Gear'' magazine (1998–2003) === ''Gear'' wis launched an published in the Unitit Kinrick devotit chiefly tae revealin pictorials o popular sangsters, B-film actresses, an models, alang wi airticles on gadgets, caurs, fashion, man tales o sex, an sports. ''Gear'' debuted in September 1998, wi actress Peta Wilson on the kiver. The magazine establisht itsel wi seevral publishin stunts sic as publishin a nude photae o soccer pleyer Brandi Chastain. The publication, that reakit a peak circulation o 500,000 unit selt in 2001, discontinued publication in 2003. ==== Jessica Biel controversy ==== ''Gear'' reakit its exposur apogee in 2000 whan it featurt a risqué pictorial o then-17-year-auld actress Jessica Biel, wha posed whiles appearin on the WB faimily drama series ''7th Heaven''. A controversy arose whan ''7th Heaven'' castmate Stephen Collins, wha pleyed her faither on the series, descrieved the picturs as "bairn pornography". Collins later admittit tae three coonts o bairn abuise. Ithers, includin A.J. Jacobs writin in ''Esquire'', praised it as a brave muive bi Biel. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{offeecial wabsteid|http://www.bobguccionejr.com}} * {{IMDb name|id=2532904}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guccione, Bob Jr.}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:American magazine foonders]] [[Category:American magazine publishers (fowk)]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] 1k9sseorhoqw24k6iceq15dq8l9gt36 0 233945 921979 2026-08-24T10:40:36Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "'''''Gear''''' wis an American men's magazine published bi Bob Guccione, Jr. devotit chiefly tae revealin pictorials o popular sangsters, B-film actresses, an models, alang wi airticles on gadgets, caurs, fashion, sex, an sports. == History an profile == ''Gear'' debuted in September 1998, wi actress Peta Wilson on the kiver. The magazine establisht itsel wi seevral publishin stunts sic as publishin a nude photae o wummen's fitbaw celebrity Brandi Chastain. https://en.wiki..." 921979 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Gear''''' wis an American men's magazine published bi Bob Guccione, Jr. devotit chiefly tae revealin pictorials o popular sangsters, B-film actresses, an models, alang wi airticles on gadgets, caurs, fashion, sex, an sports. == History an profile == ''Gear'' debuted in September 1998, wi actress Peta Wilson on the kiver. The magazine establisht itsel wi seevral publishin stunts sic as publishin a nude photae o wummen's fitbaw celebrity Brandi Chastain. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jessica_Biel_on_the_cover_of_the_magazine_Gear.jpg|alt=Jessica Biel, topless with arm covering her chest|left|thumb|194x194px|Mairch 2000 kiver featurin Jessica Biel]] Whan ''Gear'' featurt a pictorial o Jessica Biel in the Mairch 2000 issue, wha posed whiles appearin on the faimily drama ''7th Heaven'' an wis then 17 years auld, actor Stephen Collins, wha pleyed her faither on the shaw, descrieved the picturs as "bairn pornography". Biel later citit it as ane o her mucklest regrets. ''Esquire'' magazine descrieved the photae shuit as "quasi-infamous". Guccione descrieved his veesion fur the magazine as bein a successor tae the liks o ''Esquire'' an ''GQ'' an tae produce a leeterate magazine that includes quality jurnalism alangside airticles on celebrities an fashion. Advertisers viewed the magazine as bein mair lik ''Maxim'', ''Stuff'', or ''FHM'', forcin it intae the category o lads mags. Efforts wis makkit tae chynge the magazine's perceivit image bi muivin frae kivers featurin female celebrities tae different kiver images, includin kenspeckle actors sic as Elijah Wood an Christian Slater. ''Gear'' closed in 2003 wi the intention o relaunchin at a later date, hopin tae break oot o the lads mag category as ''Details'' haed duin. The magazine wis descrieved as seemilar tae ''Spin'' foondit bi Bob Guccione, Jr. an aa, an wis praised fur attempts tae achieve the same kin o serious jurnalism. Ann Gerhart o ''The Washington Post'' descrieved the magazine as "the frat lad's ''Esquire''". 5a2nr17hy6odi8ny6r7c6eetl9j27u6 921980 921979 2026-08-24T10:42:05Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Gear''''' wis an American men's magazine published bi Bob Guccione, Jr. devotit chiefly tae revealin pictorials o popular sangsters, B-film actresses, an models, alang wi airticles on gadgets, caurs, fashion, sex, an sports. == History an profile == ''Gear'' debuted in September 1998, wi actress Peta Wilson on the kiver. The magazine establisht itsel wi seevral publishin stunts sic as publishin a nude photae o wummen's fitbaw celebrity Brandi Chastain. Whan ''Gear'' featurt a pictorial o Jessica Biel in the Mairch 2000 issue, wha posed whiles appearin on the faimily drama ''7th Heaven'' an wis then 17 years auld, actor Stephen Collins, wha pleyed her faither on the shaw, descrieved the picturs as "bairn pornography". Biel later citit it as ane o her mucklest regrets. ''Esquire'' magazine descrieved the photae shuit as "quasi-infamous". Guccione descrieved his veesion fur the magazine as bein a successor tae the liks o ''Esquire'' an ''GQ'' an tae produce a leeterate magazine that includes quality jurnalism alangside airticles on celebrities an fashion. Advertisers viewed the magazine as bein mair lik ''Maxim'', ''Stuff'', or ''FHM'', forcin it intae the category o lads mags. Efforts wis makkit tae chynge the magazine's perceivit image bi muivin frae kivers featurin female celebrities tae different kiver images, includin kenspeckle actors sic as Elijah Wood an Christian Slater. ''Gear'' closed in 2003 wi the intention o relaunchin at a later date, hopin tae break oot o the lads mag category as ''Details'' haed duin. The magazine wis descrieved as seemilar tae ''Spin'' foondit bi Bob Guccione, Jr. an aa, an wis praised fur attempts tae achieve the same kin o serious jurnalism. Ann Gerhart o ''The Washington Post'' descrieved the magazine as "the frat lad's ''Esquire''". 68c61cm9dinae4bf8iv66xkf8986a1t 921983 921980 2026-08-24T10:43:34Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Magazine | image_file = Gear logo.svg | image_size = 200px | image_caption = Logo frae the kiver o '''''Gear''''' | editor = Bob Guccione, Jr. | total_circulation = 500,000 | circulation_year = 2001 | category = [[Leet o men's magazines|Men's]] | company = Guccione Media | publisher = Bob Guccione, Jr. | founded = 1998 | finaldate = 2003 | country = Unitit States, ithers | based = New York Ceety | issn = 1099-6494 }} '''''Gear''''' wis an American men's magazine published bi Bob Guccione, Jr. devotit chiefly tae revealin pictorials o popular sangsters, B-film actresses, an models, alang wi airticles on gadgets, caurs, fashion, sex, an sports. == History an profile == ''Gear'' debuted in September 1998, wi actress Peta Wilson on the kiver. The magazine establisht itsel wi seevral publishin stunts sic as publishin a nude photae o wummen's fitbaw celebrity Brandi Chastain. Whan ''Gear'' featurt a pictorial o Jessica Biel in the Mairch 2000 issue, wha posed whiles appearin on the faimily drama ''7th Heaven'' an wis then 17 years auld, actor Stephen Collins, wha pleyed her faither on the shaw, descrieved the picturs as "bairn pornography". Biel later citit it as ane o her mucklest regrets. ''Esquire'' magazine descrieved the photae shuit as "quasi-infamous". Guccione descrieved his veesion fur the magazine as bein a successor tae the liks o ''Esquire'' an ''GQ'' an tae produce a leeterate magazine that includes quality jurnalism alangside airticles on celebrities an fashion. Advertisers viewed the magazine as bein mair lik ''Maxim'', ''Stuff'', or ''FHM'', forcin it intae the category o lads mags. Efforts wis makkit tae chynge the magazine's perceivit image bi muivin frae kivers featurin female celebrities tae different kiver images, includin kenspeckle actors sic as Elijah Wood an Christian Slater. ''Gear'' closed in 2003 wi the intention o relaunchin at a later date, hopin tae break oot o the lads mag category as ''Details'' haed duin. The magazine wis descrieved as seemilar tae ''Spin'' foondit bi Bob Guccione, Jr. an aa, an wis praised fur attempts tae achieve the same kin o serious jurnalism. Ann Gerhart o ''The Washington Post'' descrieved the magazine as "the frat lad's ''Esquire''". cfvcuylewr3gk88o86ypy7syaq9klbt 921985 921983 2026-08-24T10:44:43Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Magazine | image_file = Gear logo.svg | image_size = 200px | image_caption = Logo frae the kiver o '''''Gear''''' | editor = Bob Guccione, Jr. | total_circulation = 500,000 | circulation_year = 2001 | category = [[Leet o men's magazines|Men's]] | company = Guccione Media | publisher = Bob Guccione, Jr. | founded = 1998 | finaldate = 2003 | country = Unitit States, ithers | based = New York Ceety | issn = 1099-6494 }} '''''Gear''''' wis an American men's magazine published bi Bob Guccione, Jr. devotit chiefly tae revealin pictorials o popular sangsters, B-film actresses, an models, alang wi airticles on gadgets, caurs, fashion, sex, an sports. == History an profile == ''Gear'' debuted in September 1998, wi actress Peta Wilson on the kiver. The magazine establisht itsel wi seevral publishin stunts sic as publishin a nude photae o wummen's fitbaw celebrity Brandi Chastain. Whan ''Gear'' featurt a pictorial o Jessica Biel in the Mairch 2000 issue, wha posed whiles appearin on the faimily drama ''7th Heaven'' an wis then 17 years auld, actor Stephen Collins, wha pleyed her faither on the shaw, descrieved the picturs as "bairn pornography". Biel later citit it as ane o her mucklest regrets. ''Esquire'' magazine descrieved the photae shuit as "quasi-infamous". Guccione descrieved his veesion fur the magazine as bein a successor tae the liks o ''Esquire'' an ''GQ'' an tae produce a leeterate magazine that includes quality jurnalism alangside airticles on celebrities an fashion. Advertisers viewed the magazine as bein mair lik ''Maxim'', ''Stuff'', or ''FHM'', forcin it intae the category o lads mags. Efforts wis makkit tae chynge the magazine's perceivit image bi muivin frae kivers featurin female celebrities tae different kiver images, includin kenspeckle actors sic as Elijah Wood an Christian Slater. ''Gear'' closed in 2003 wi the intention o relaunchin at a later date, hopin tae break oot o the lads mag category as ''Details'' haed duin. The magazine wis descrieved as seemilar tae ''Spin'' foondit bi Bob Guccione, Jr. an aa, an wis praised fur attempts tae achieve the same kin o serious jurnalism. Ann Gerhart o ''The Washington Post'' descrieved the magazine as "the frat lad's ''Esquire''". ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1998 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:2003 disestablishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Magazines establisht in 1998]] [[Category:Magazines disestablisht in 2003]] mbpnyev948wjh5m72d588052hymfa1i 0 233946 921988 2026-08-24T10:55:05Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "'''''Spin''''' (stylisit as '''''SPIN''''') is an American muisic magazine foondit in 1985 bi publisher Bob Guccione Jr. Later awned bi Next Management Partners, the magazine haes been an onwab publication syne it stappit issuin a prent edition in 2012. It returned as a quarterly publication in September 2024. == History == === Early history === ''Spin'' wis establisht in 1985 bi Bob Guccione, Jr. In August 1987, the publisher annoonced it wad stap publishin ''Spin'', but G..." 921988 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Spin''''' (stylisit as '''''SPIN''''') is an American muisic magazine foondit in 1985 bi publisher Bob Guccione Jr. Later awned bi Next Management Partners, the magazine haes been an onwab publication syne it stappit issuin a prent edition in 2012. It returned as a quarterly publication in September 2024. == History == === Early history === ''Spin'' wis establisht in 1985 bi Bob Guccione, Jr. In August 1987, the publisher annoonced it wad stap publishin ''Spin'', but Guccione Jr. retained control o the magazine an pairtnered wi umwhile MTV preses David H. Horowitz tae quickly revive the magazine. Durin this time, it wis published bi Camouflage Publishing wi Guccione Jr. servin as preses an chief executive an Horowitz as investor an chairman. In its early years, ''Spin'' wis kent fur its narrae muisic kiverage, wi an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, an the ongoin emergence o hip-hop, whiles virtually ignorin ither genres, sic as country an metal. It forby pyntedly providit a naitional alternative tae ''Rolling Stone's'' mair establishment-orientit style. ''Spin'' prominently placed risin acks sic as R.E.M., Prince, Run-D.M.C., Beastie Boys, an Talking Heads on its kivers an did lengthy featurs on establisht feegurs sic as Duran Duran, Keith Richards, Miles Davis, Aerosmith, Tom Waits, an John Lee Hooker. 9ziqzz1lfrgpkkpdfkt7q468jxbzl3m 921989 921988 2026-08-24T10:57:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Spin | logo = [[File:spin-logo.svg]] | image_file = | image_caption = Kiver o the December 2024 issue, featurin [[Liam Gallagher]] an [[Noel Gallagher]] o [[Oasis (baund)|Oasis]] | oclc = 801245245 | category = Muisic | frequency = Quarterly | founder = [[Bob Guccione, Jr.]] | firstdate = {{start date and age|Mey 1985}} | country = [[Unitit States]] | based = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | company = Next Management Partners | language = Inglis | website = {{URL|spinmagazine.com}} | issn = 0886-3032 }} '''''Spin''''' (stylisit as '''''SPIN''''') is an American muisic magazine foondit in 1985 bi publisher Bob Guccione Jr. Later awned bi Next Management Partners, the magazine haes been an onwab publication syne it stappit issuin a prent edition in 2012. It returned as a quarterly publication in September 2024. == History == === Early history === ''Spin'' wis establisht in 1985 bi Bob Guccione, Jr. In August 1987, the publisher annoonced it wad stap publishin ''Spin'', but Guccione Jr. retained control o the magazine an pairtnered wi umwhile MTV preses David H. Horowitz tae quickly revive the magazine. Durin this time, it wis published bi Camouflage Publishing wi Guccione Jr. servin as preses an chief executive an Horowitz as investor an chairman. In its early years, ''Spin'' wis kent fur its narrae muisic kiverage, wi an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, an the ongoin emergence o hip-hop, whiles virtually ignorin ither genres, sic as country an metal. It forby pyntedly providit a naitional alternative tae ''Rolling Stone's'' mair establishment-orientit style. ''Spin'' prominently placed risin acks sic as R.E.M., Prince, Run-D.M.C., Beastie Boys, an Talking Heads on its kivers an did lengthy featurs on establisht feegurs sic as Duran Duran, Keith Richards, Miles Davis, Aerosmith, Tom Waits, an John Lee Hooker. f83eqnyl9xqarpi2s8g00qaayo1qx2h 921990 921989 2026-08-24T10:59:44Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Spin | logo = [[File:spin-logo.svg]] | image_file = | image_caption = Kiver o the December 2024 issue, featurin [[Liam Gallagher]] an [[Noel Gallagher]] o [[Oasis (baund)|Oasis]] | oclc = 801245245 | category = Muisic | frequency = Quarterly | founder = [[Bob Guccione, Jr.]] | firstdate = {{start date and age|df=y|1949|5|}} | country = [[Unitit States]] | based = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | company = Next Management Partners | language = Inglis | website = {{URL|spinmagazine.com}} | issn = 0886-3032 }} '''''Spin''''' (stylisit as '''''SPIN''''') is an American muisic magazine foondit in 1985 bi publisher Bob Guccione Jr. Later awned bi Next Management Partners, the magazine haes been an onwab publication syne it stappit issuin a prent edition in 2012. It returned as a quarterly publication in September 2024. == History == === Early history === ''Spin'' wis establisht in 1985 bi Bob Guccione, Jr. In August 1987, the publisher annoonced it wad stap publishin ''Spin'', but Guccione Jr. retained control o the magazine an pairtnered wi umwhile MTV preses David H. Horowitz tae quickly revive the magazine. Durin this time, it wis published bi Camouflage Publishing wi Guccione Jr. servin as preses an chief executive an Horowitz as investor an chairman. In its early years, ''Spin'' wis kent fur its narrae muisic kiverage, wi an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, an the ongoin emergence o hip-hop, whiles virtually ignorin ither genres, sic as country an metal. It forby pyntedly providit a naitional alternative tae ''Rolling Stone's'' mair establishment-orientit style. ''Spin'' prominently placed risin acks sic as R.E.M., Prince, Run-D.M.C., Beastie Boys, an Talking Heads on its kivers an did lengthy featurs on establisht feegurs sic as Duran Duran, Keith Richards, Miles Davis, Aerosmith, Tom Waits, an John Lee Hooker. brgqne4p9s5uvyx7rt2krj2vs0i8jre 921991 921990 2026-08-24T11:08:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Spin | logo = [[File:spin-logo.svg]] | image_file = | image_caption = Kiver o the December 2024 issue, featurin [[Liam Gallagher]] an [[Noel Gallagher]] o [[Oasis (baund)|Oasis]] | oclc = 801245245 | category = Muisic | frequency = Quarterly | founder = [[Bob Guccione, Jr.]] | firstdate = {{start date and age|df=y|1949|5|}} | country = [[Unitit States]] | based = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | company = Next Management Partners | language = Inglis | website = {{URL|spinmagazine.com}} | issn = 0886-3032 }} '''''Spin''''' (stylisit as '''''SPIN''''') is an American muisic magazine foondit in 1985 bi publisher Bob Guccione Jr. Later awned bi Next Management Partners, the magazine haes been an onwab publication syne it stappit issuin a prent edition in 2012. It returned as a quarterly publication in September 2024. == History == === Early history === ''Spin'' wis establisht in 1985 bi Bob Guccione, Jr. In August 1987, the publisher annoonced it wad stap publishin ''Spin'', but Guccione Jr. retained control o the magazine an pairtnered wi umwhile MTV preses David H. Horowitz tae quickly revive the magazine. Durin this time, it wis published bi Camouflage Publishing wi Guccione Jr. servin as preses an chief executive an Horowitz as investor an chairman. In its early years, ''Spin'' wis kent fur its narrae muisic kiverage, wi an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, an the ongoin emergence o hip-hop, whiles virtually ignorin ither genres, sic as country an metal. It forby pyntedly providit a naitional alternative tae ''Rolling Stone's'' mair establishment-orientit style. ''Spin'' prominently placed risin acks sic as R.E.M., Prince, Run-D.M.C., Beastie Boys, an Talking Heads on its kivers an did lengthy featurs on establisht feegurs sic as Duran Duran, Keith Richards, Miles Davis, Aerosmith, Tom Waits, an John Lee Hooker. On a cultural level, the magazine devotit seegnificant kiverage tae punk, alternative country, electronica, reggae an warld muisic, experimental rock, jazz o the maist adventurous sort, burgeonin unnergrund muisic scenes, an a variety o fringe styles. Airtists sic as the Ramones, Patti Smith, Blondie, X, Black Flag, an the umwhile memmers o the Sex Pistols, The Clash, an the early punk an New Wave muivements wur hivily featurt in ''Spin''{{'}}s editorial mix. ''Spin''{{'}}s extensive kiverage o hip-hop muisic an cultur, inspecially that o contributin editor John Leland, wis weel-kent at the time. Editorial contreibutions bi muisical an cultural feegurs includit Lydia Lunch, Henry Rollins, David Lee Roth an Dwight Yoakam. The magazine forby reportit on cities sic as Austin, Texas, an Glesga, Scotland, as cultural incubators in the independent muisic scene. A 1990 airticle on the contemporar country blues scene brocht R. L. Burnside tae naitional attention fur the furst time. Kiverage o American cartuinists, manga, monster larries, the AIDS creesis, ootsider airtists, ''Twin Peaks'', an ither nan-mainstream cultural phenomena distinguisht the magazine's early years. In Julie 1986, ''Spin'' published an exposé bi Robert Keating on hou the funds brocht up at the Live Aid concert micht hae been inappropriately uised. Beginnin in Januar 1988, ''Spin'' published a monthly series o airticles aboot the AIDS epidemic titled "Wirds frae the Front". j431j0ryi9zaq4786mdahizptk7gjux 921992 921991 2026-08-24T11:14:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Spin | logo = [[File:spin-logo.svg]] | image_file = | image_caption = Kiver o the December 2024 issue, featurin [[Liam Gallagher]] an [[Noel Gallagher]] o [[Oasis (baund)|Oasis]] | oclc = 801245245 | category = Muisic | frequency = Quarterly | founder = [[Bob Guccione, Jr.]] | firstdate = {{start date and age|df=y|1949|5|}} | country = [[Unitit States]] | based = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | company = Next Management Partners | language = Inglis | website = {{URL|spinmagazine.com}} | issn = 0886-3032 }} '''''Spin''''' (stylisit as '''''SPIN''''') is an American muisic magazine foondit in 1985 bi publisher Bob Guccione Jr. Later awned bi Next Management Partners, the magazine haes been an onwab publication syne it stappit issuin a prent edition in 2012. It returned as a quarterly publication in September 2024. == History == === Early history === ''Spin'' wis establisht in 1985 bi Bob Guccione, Jr. In August 1987, the publisher annoonced it wad stap publishin ''Spin'', but Guccione Jr. retained control o the magazine an pairtnered wi umwhile MTV preses David H. Horowitz tae quickly revive the magazine. Durin this time, it wis published bi Camouflage Publishing wi Guccione Jr. servin as preses an chief executive an Horowitz as investor an chairman. In its early years, ''Spin'' wis kent fur its narrae muisic kiverage, wi an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, an the ongoin emergence o hip-hop, whiles virtually ignorin ither genres, sic as country an metal. It forby pyntedly providit a naitional alternative tae ''Rolling Stone's'' mair establishment-orientit style. ''Spin'' prominently placed risin acks sic as R.E.M., Prince, Run-D.M.C., Beastie Boys, an Talking Heads on its kivers an did lengthy featurs on establisht feegurs sic as Duran Duran, Keith Richards, Miles Davis, Aerosmith, Tom Waits, an John Lee Hooker. On a cultural level, the magazine devotit seegnificant kiverage tae punk, alternative country, electronica, reggae an warld muisic, experimental rock, jazz o the maist adventurous sort, burgeonin unnergrund muisic scenes, an a variety o fringe styles. Airtists sic as the Ramones, Patti Smith, Blondie, X, Black Flag, an the umwhile memmers o the Sex Pistols, The Clash, an the early punk an New Wave muivements wur hivily featurt in ''Spin''{{'}}s editorial mix. ''Spin''{{'}}s extensive kiverage o hip-hop muisic an cultur, inspecially that o contributin editor John Leland, wis weel-kent at the time. Editorial contreibutions bi muisical an cultural feegurs includit Lydia Lunch, Henry Rollins, David Lee Roth an Dwight Yoakam. The magazine forby reportit on cities sic as Austin, Texas, an Glesga, Scotland, as cultural incubators in the independent muisic scene. A 1990 airticle on the contemporar country blues scene brocht R. L. Burnside tae naitional attention fur the furst time. Kiverage o American cartuinists, manga, monster larries, the AIDS creesis, ootsider airtists, ''Twin Peaks'', an ither nan-mainstream cultural phenomena distinguisht the magazine's early years. In Julie 1986, ''Spin'' published an exposé bi Robert Keating on hou the funds brocht up at the Live Aid concert micht hae been inappropriately uised. Beginnin in Januar 1988, ''Spin'' published a monthly series o airticles aboot the AIDS epidemic titled "Wirds frae the Front". In 1990, ''Spin'' hired John Skipper in the new poseetion o publishin director an preses whiles Guccione, Jr. continued tae serve as editor an publisher. In the early 1990s, ''Spin'' pleyed an influential role on the grunge era, featurin alternative rock airtists sic as "Nirvana an PJ Harvey on its kivers whan mair mainstream magazines aften dwined tae acknawledge thaim". In 1994, twa jurnalists wirkin fur the magazine wur killt bi a laundmine whiles reportin on the Bosnie War in Bosnie an Herzegovinae. A thrid, William T. Vollmann, wis injured. In 1997, Guccione Jr. left the magazine efter sellin ''Spin'' tae Miller Publishing fur $43.3 million. The new awner appyntit Michael Hirschorn as editor-in-chief. A pairtnership makkit up o Robert Miller, David Salzman, an Quincy Jones, Miller Publishing awned ''Vibe'' an aa, that thegither makkit up Vibe/Spin Venturs. In 1999, Alan Light, wha previously servit as editor o ''Vibe'' succeedit Hirschorn at ''Spin''. 4yzmu30r2dhsofxnrkjk7sm8dw84vwj 921993 921992 2026-08-24T11:15:12Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 921993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Spin | logo = [[File:spin-logo.svg]] | image_file = | image_caption = Kiver o the December 2024 issue, featurin [[Liam Gallagher]] an [[Noel Gallagher]] o [[Oasis (baund)|Oasis]] | oclc = 801245245 | category = Muisic | frequency = Quarterly | founder = [[Bob Guccione Jr.]] | firstdate = {{start date and age|df=y|1949|5|}} | country = [[Unitit States]] | based = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | company = Next Management Partners | language = Inglis | website = {{URL|spinmagazine.com}} | issn = 0886-3032 }} '''''Spin''''' (stylisit as '''''SPIN''''') is an American muisic magazine foondit in 1985 bi publisher Bob Guccione Jr. Later awned bi Next Management Partners, the magazine haes been an onwab publication syne it stappit issuin a prent edition in 2012. It returned as a quarterly publication in September 2024. == History == === Early history === ''Spin'' wis establisht in 1985 bi Bob Guccione, Jr. In August 1987, the publisher annoonced it wad stap publishin ''Spin'', but Guccione Jr. retained control o the magazine an pairtnered wi umwhile MTV preses David H. Horowitz tae quickly revive the magazine. Durin this time, it wis published bi Camouflage Publishing wi Guccione Jr. servin as preses an chief executive an Horowitz as investor an chairman. In its early years, ''Spin'' wis kent fur its narrae muisic kiverage, wi an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, an the ongoin emergence o hip-hop, whiles virtually ignorin ither genres, sic as country an metal. It forby pyntedly providit a naitional alternative tae ''Rolling Stone's'' mair establishment-orientit style. ''Spin'' prominently placed risin acks sic as R.E.M., Prince, Run-D.M.C., Beastie Boys, an Talking Heads on its kivers an did lengthy featurs on establisht feegurs sic as Duran Duran, Keith Richards, Miles Davis, Aerosmith, Tom Waits, an John Lee Hooker. On a cultural level, the magazine devotit seegnificant kiverage tae punk, alternative country, electronica, reggae an warld muisic, experimental rock, jazz o the maist adventurous sort, burgeonin unnergrund muisic scenes, an a variety o fringe styles. Airtists sic as the Ramones, Patti Smith, Blondie, X, Black Flag, an the umwhile memmers o the Sex Pistols, The Clash, an the early punk an New Wave muivements wur hivily featurt in ''Spin''{{'}}s editorial mix. ''Spin''{{'}}s extensive kiverage o hip-hop muisic an cultur, inspecially that o contributin editor John Leland, wis weel-kent at the time. Editorial contreibutions bi muisical an cultural feegurs includit Lydia Lunch, Henry Rollins, David Lee Roth an Dwight Yoakam. The magazine forby reportit on cities sic as Austin, Texas, an Glesga, Scotland, as cultural incubators in the independent muisic scene. A 1990 airticle on the contemporar country blues scene brocht R. L. Burnside tae naitional attention fur the furst time. Kiverage o American cartuinists, manga, monster larries, the AIDS creesis, ootsider airtists, ''Twin Peaks'', an ither nan-mainstream cultural phenomena distinguisht the magazine's early years. In Julie 1986, ''Spin'' published an exposé bi Robert Keating on hou the funds brocht up at the Live Aid concert micht hae been inappropriately uised. Beginnin in Januar 1988, ''Spin'' published a monthly series o airticles aboot the AIDS epidemic titled "Wirds frae the Front". In 1990, ''Spin'' hired John Skipper in the new poseetion o publishin director an preses whiles Guccione, Jr. continued tae serve as editor an publisher. In the early 1990s, ''Spin'' pleyed an influential role on the grunge era, featurin alternative rock airtists sic as "Nirvana an PJ Harvey on its kivers whan mair mainstream magazines aften dwined tae acknawledge thaim". In 1994, twa jurnalists wirkin fur the magazine wur killt bi a laundmine whiles reportin on the Bosnie War in Bosnie an Herzegovinae. A thrid, William T. Vollmann, wis injured. In 1997, Guccione Jr. left the magazine efter sellin ''Spin'' tae Miller Publishing fur $43.3 million. The new awner appyntit Michael Hirschorn as editor-in-chief. A pairtnership makkit up o Robert Miller, David Salzman, an Quincy Jones, Miller Publishing awned ''Vibe'' an aa, that thegither makkit up Vibe/Spin Venturs. In 1999, Alan Light, wha previously servit as editor o ''Vibe'' succeedit Hirschorn at ''Spin''. kzy6c1zt4g0iw1do1atcukgyzoxgodb