Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 11145 922107 871784 2026-08-27T06:56:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922107 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Albums== ===Studio albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" |Year !rowspan="2" style="width:230px;"|Album details !colspan="15" style="width:465px;"|Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2" style="width:190px;"|[[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]]<br /><small>([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])</small> |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="Billboard">{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/metallica/chart-history/5199|title=Metallica – Artist chart history |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK">{{cite web| url=http://www.everyhit.com/ |title=UK Top 40 Hit Database |publisher=Every hit |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Oricon|JPN]]<br /><ref name="Oricon">{{cite web| url= http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/168605/products/release/ |title=Oricon Chart Database |publisher=Oricon |accessdate=September 5, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS">{{cite web| url=http://www.australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Australian charts portal |publisher=Australian charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Swisserland|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI">{{cite web| url=http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=German |publisher=Hit parade |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Austria|AUT]]<br /><ref name="AUT">{{cite web| url=http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=German |publisher=Austrian charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Netherlands|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD">{{cite web| url=http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=Dutch |publisher=Dutch charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Denmark|DEN]]<br /><ref>danishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=Metallica</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Swaden|SWE]]<br /><ref name="SWE">{{cite web| url=http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=Swadish |publisher=Swedish charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Finland|FIN]]<br /><ref name="FIN">{{cite web| url=http://finnishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=Finnish |publisher=Finnish charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Norawa|NOR]]<br /><ref name="NOR">{{cite web| url=http://norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=Norwegian |publisher=Norwegian charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN">{{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2&q1=Metallica&x=20&y=5 |title=Metallica Top Albums/CDs positions|publisher=''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'' |accessdate=August 19, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Germany|GER]]<br /><ref name="GER">{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/METALLICA/?type=longplay |title=Chartverfolgung Metallica Longplay |language=German |publisher=Musicline |accessdate=September 28, 2008 |archive-date=2016-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308185035/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/metallica?type=longplay |url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[New Zealand|NZL]]<br /><ref name="NZ">{{cite web|url=http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Metallica|title=Metallica New Zealand Charting|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]|accessdate=August 15, 2011|archive-date=2012-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308051249/http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Metallica|url-status=dead}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Irish Albums Chart|IRL]]<br><ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://www.irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Metallica |title=Discography Metallica |publisher=irishcharts.com |date=August 17, 2008|accessdate=November 23, 2010}}</ref> |- |1983 |align="left"|'''''[[Kill 'Em All]]''''' * Released: Julie 29, 1983 * Label: [[Megaforce Records|Megaforce]] <small>(MRI 069)</small> * Format: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|CS]], [[Gramaphone record|LP]] | 120 | — | 246 | 55 | — | 129 | — | — | 28 | 12 | — | — | — | — | 66 |align="left"| * [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=3&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: Platinum<ref name="CRIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Metallica&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist|title=Gold Platinum Database: Metallica|publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2011-07-12|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023513/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Metallica&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: Gold<ref name="BPI">{{cite web |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/index.asp?Page=stats/content_file_118.shtml |title=British Phonographic Industry statistics |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |accessdate=April 6, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308041552/http://www.bpi.co.uk/index.asp?Page=stats%2Fcontent_file_118.shtml |archivedate=2008-03-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|ARG]]: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> |- |1984 |align="left"|'''''[[Ride the Lightning]]''''' * Released: Julie 27, 1984 * Label: Megaforce <small>(MEG 769)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 100 | 87 | 201 | 37 | — | 126 | — | — | 22 | 9 | 40 | — | — | 32 | 55 |align="left"| * US: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Ride%20the%20Lightning&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=1989-05-16 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * CAN: Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: [[Gold]]<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> |- |1986 |align="left"|'''''[[Master of Puppets]]''''' * Released: Mairch 3, 1986 * Label: [[Elektra Records|Elektra]] <small>(ELK #60439-1)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 29 | 41 | 120 | 33 | 18 | 111 | — | — | 14 | 7 | 34 | 54 | 31 | 33 | 42 |align="left"| * US: 6× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Master%20of%20Puppets&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAN: 2× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="IFPI">{{cite web| url = http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/international-award-levels.pdf| title = IFPI| publisher = International Federation of the Phonographic Industry| accessdate = June 6, 2008| archive-date = 2010-02-15| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100215213127/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/international-award-levels.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> |- |1988 |align="left"|'''''[[...And Justice for All (album)|...And Justice for All]]''''' * Released: August 25, 1988 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #60812-4)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 6 | 4 | 11 | 16 | 7 | 12 | 39 | — | 5 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 5 | 36 | 48 |align="left"| * US: 8× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=And%20Justice%20for%20All&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAN: 3× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum <ref name="IFPI"/> |- |1991 |align="left"|'''''[[Metallica (album)|Metallica]]''''' * Released: August 12, 1991 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61113-1)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP, DVD-A | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 27 |align="left"| * US: 15× Platinum <small></small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond|title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010|publisher=RIAA|date=|accessdate=January 17, 2010|archive-date=2007-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163046/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: 11× Platinum<ref name="ARIA">{{cite web| url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm |title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=July 4, 2008}}</ref> * CAN: Diamond <small>(11× Platinum)</small><ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: 5× Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: 5× Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> |- |1996 |align="left"|'''''[[Load (album)|Load]]''''' * Released: Juin 4, 1996 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61923)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | — |align="left"| * US: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Load&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=1998-11-18 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|BRA]]: Gold<ref name="ABPD">{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados_interna.asp |title=ABPD |publisher=[[Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|Brazilian Association of Phonograph Producers]] |accessdate=June 16, 2008 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=2015-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624065644/http://abpd.org.br/certificados_interna.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAN: 4× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> |- |1997 |align="left"|'''''[[ReLoad]]''''' * Released: November 18, 1997 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #62126)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 1 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | — |align="left"| * US: 3x Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=ReLoad&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=1998-11-18 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AUS: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA" /> * CAN: 2× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> |- |2003 |align="left"|'''''[[St. Anger]]''''' * Released: Juin 5, 2003 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #62853)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |align="left"| * US: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=St.%20Anger&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AUS: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA" /> * BRA: Gold<ref name="ABPD" /> * CAN: 2× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Gold<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> |- |2008 |align="left"|'''''[[Death Magnetic]]''''' * Released: September 12, 2008 * Label: [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] <small>(WB #508732)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP, [[Music download|digital download]] | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |align="left"| * US: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Death%20Magnetic&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=October 24, 2008 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AUS: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA" /> * CAN: 4× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * DEN: 2× Platinum<ref name="IFPI" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG">{{cite web|url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=metallica&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP|title=Metallica – Artist chart history Argentina|publisher=[[Capif]]|accessdate=March 30, 2008|archive-date=2009-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914030537/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=metallica&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP|url-status=dead}}</ref> * FIN: 3× Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> * BRA: Gold<ref name="ABPD"/> |- | colspan="17" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ===Live albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:230px;"|Album details !colspan="13" style="width:465px;"|Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2" style="width:190px;"|Certifications |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|UK !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|JPN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUT !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FRA !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|BEL !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|DEN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWE !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FIN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NOR !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|GER |- |1993 |align="left"|'''''[[Live Shit: Binge & Purge]]''''' * Released: November 23, 1993 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61594)</small> * Formats: VHS, CD, DVD | 26 | — | 38 | 18 | — | — | — | — | — | 149 | 81 | 32 | 68 |align="left"| * US: 15× Platinum <ref name="RIAA"/>{{Ref label|Bubbling|1|}} |- |1999 |align="left"|'''''[[S&M (album)|S&M]]''''' <small>(wi the [[San Francisco Symphony]])</small> * Released: November 23, 1999 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #62463)</small> * Format: CD, DVD, LP | 2 | 33 | 26 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |align="left"| * US: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=S%25M&artist=Metallica&format=album&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=Elektra&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=RIAA Certifications |publisher=Riaa.com |date=January 14, 2000 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * CAN: 3x Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * AUS: 17× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_music.asp?chart=1V40DVD |title=Top 40 DVD Chart - Australian Record Industry Association |publisher=Ariacharts.com.au |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010}}</ref> * NZL: 12× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=62 |title=Latest Gold / Platinum Albums |publisher=RadioScope |date=12 September 2010 |accessdate=14 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014104720/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=62 |archivedate=2008-10-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> |- |2009 |align="left"|'''''[[Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México]]''''' * Released: November 30, 2009 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: [[Blu-Ray]], DVD, CD | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |align="left"| * MEX: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=Metallica&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar|title=Certificaciones - Metallica|publisher=[[AMPROFON]]|accessdate=January 17, 2010|archive-date=2013-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204224304/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=Metallica&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="CAPIF">{{cite web|url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=metallica&album=ORGULLO+PASI%D3N+Y+GLORIA&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP|title=Discos de Oro y Platino|publisher=Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|language=Spanish|accessdate=January 11, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * BRA: 2× Platinum |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria]]''''' * Released: October 15, 2010 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: Blu-Ray, DVD, CD | — | — | — | 71<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm|title=Chartifacts - Week Commencing: 15th November 2010|date=November 15, 2010|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uHCd3PXm?url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm|archivedate=2010-11-16|accessdate=November 16, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> | 63 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 |align="left"| * US: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=13&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=on&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=2010&endYear=2011&sort=CertificationDate&perPage=50 |title=Gold & Platinum - February 20, 2011 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154248/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=13&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=on&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=2010&endYear=2011&sort=CertificationDate&perPage=50 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | colspan="18" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ===Cover albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" |Year !rowspan="2" style="width:230px;"|Album details !colspan="13" style="width:465px;"|Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2" style="width:190px;"|Certifications<br /><ref name="ARIA"/><ref name="RIAA"/> |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|UK !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|JPN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|GER !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUT !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|BEL !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FIN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FRA !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWE !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NLD !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NOR |- |1998 |align="left"|'''''[[Garage Inc.]] ''''' * Released: November 24, 1998 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #62299)</small> * Formats: CD, LP | 2 | 29 | 18 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 1 |align="left"| * US: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Garage%20Inc.&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="FIN"/> * GER: Gold |- | colspan="16" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ===Collaboration albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" |Year !rowspan="2" style="width:230px;"|Album details !colspan="13" style="width:465px;"|Peak chairt poseetions !rowspan="2" style="width:190px;"|Certifications<br /><ref name="ARIA"/><ref name="RIAA"/> |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|UK !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|JPN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NZL !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUT !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|BEL !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FIN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FRA !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWE !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NLD !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NOR |- |2011 |align="left"|'''''[[Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album)|Lulu]]''''' * Released: October 31, 2011 * Label: Warner Bros. <small>(WB #508732)</small> * Formats: CD | | | | | | | | | | | | | |align="left"| * US: * EU: * AU: |- | colspan="16" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ===Video albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !|Year ! style="width:230px;"|Album details !|Top Music Video <br />peak !|Certifications<br /><ref name="CRIA"/><ref name="RIAA"/><ref name="ABPD"/> |- |1987 |align="left"|'''''[[Cliff 'Em All]]''''' * Released: December 4, 1987 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #40106)</small> * Formats: [[VHS]], [[DVD]] | 20<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3007066&cdi=6346359&cid=01%2F09%2F1988 |title=Top Music Videos – Cliff 'em All |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 4× Platinum |- |1989 |align="left"|'''''[[2 of One]]''''' * Released: Juin 20, 1989 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #60812)</small> * Format: VHS | 31<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=389&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+VHS+Sales&ci=3008507&cdi=6426634&cid=07%2F15%2F1989 |title=Top Music Videos – 2 of One |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 7x Platinum |- |1992 |align="left"|'''''[[A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica]]''''' * Released: August 12, 1992 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #40148)</small> * Formats: VHS, DVD | 26<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3013557&cdi=6679956&cid=12%2F05%2F1992 |title=Top Music Videos – A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 13× Platinum |- |1993 |align="left"|'''''[[Live Shit: Binge & Purge]]'''''{{ref label|Live Shit: Binge & Purge video|VI|}} * Released: November 23, 1993 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61594)</small> * Formats: VHS, CD, DVD | 27<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3040189&cdi=7664214&cid=12%2F23%2F2000 |title=Top Music Videos – Live Shit: Binge & Purge |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 15× Platinum |- |1998 |align="left"|'''''[[Cunning Stunts (video)|Cunning Stunts]]''''' * Released: December 8, 1998 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #40202)</small> * Formats: VHS, DVD | 3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3032603&cdi=7389924&cid=12%2F26%2F1998|title=Top Music Videos – Cunning Stunts|publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]]|accessdate=April 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412175037/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3032603&cdi=7389924&cid=12%2F26%2F1998|archivedate=2009-04-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 3× Platinum |- |1999 |align="left"|'''''[[S&M (album)|S&M]]''''' * Released: November 23, 1999 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #40218)</small> * Format: VHS, CD, DVD | 14<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3040189&cdi=7664231&cid=12%2F23%2F2000 |title=Top Music Videos – S&M |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 6× Platinum * CAN: 3x Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * BRA: Platinum<ref name="ABPD"/> |- |2001 |align="left"|'''''[[Classic Albums: Metallica – Metallica]]''''' * Released: November 6, 2001 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61113)</small> * Format: DVD | — |align="left"| * US: Platinum * CAN: Gold<ref name="CRIA" /> |- |2006 |align="left"|'''''[[The Videos 1989–2004]]''''' * Released: December 5, 2006 * Label: Warner Bros. <small>(WB #38696)</small> * Format: DVD | 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3080692&cdi=9138038&cid=12%2F23%2F2006|title=Top Music Videos – The Videos 1989-2004|publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]]|accessdate=April 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411223727/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3080692&cdi=9138038&cid=12%2F23%2F2006|archivedate=2009-04-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="left"| * CAN: Gold<ref name="CRIA" /> |- |rowspan=2 | 2009 |align="left"|'''''[[Français Pour Une Nuit]]''''' * Released: November 23, 2009 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: Blu-Ray, DVD |— |align=left| * AUS: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm |title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations |publisher=Aria.com.au |date= |accessdate=November 23, 2010}}</ref> * FRA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/en/pag-259165-CERTIFICATIONS.html?year=2009&type=19 |title=SNEP France |publisher=SNEP |date= |accessdate=August 4, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |align="left"|'''''[[Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México]]''''' * Released: November 30, 2009 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: Blu-Ray, DVD, CD |— |align="left"| * ARG: Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=metallica&album=ORGULLO+PASI%D3N+Y+GLORIA&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP |title=Representando a la Industria Argentina de la Música |publisher=CAPIF |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * BRA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ABPD"/> |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[The Big Four Show DVD|The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria]]''''' * Released: October 29, 2010 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: Blu-Ray, DVD, CD | 1 |align="left"| * US: 2× Platinum * BRA: Platinum<ref name="ABPD" /> |- |} ==Extended plays== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"| Year !rowspan="2" style="width:230px;" | Details !colspan="5"| Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2"| Certifications |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUT !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NZL |- |1987 |align="left"|'''''[[The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited]]''''' {{Ref label|Bubbling|2|}} * Released: August 21, 1987 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #48838)</small> * Formats: CD, LP, cassette | 28 | — | — | — | — |align="left"| * US: Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Garage%20Days%20Re-Revisited&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=1990-07-23 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAN: Gold<ref name="CRIA" /> |- |2004 |align="left"|'''''[[Some Kind of Monster (song)|Some Kind of Monster]]''''' * Released: Julie 13, 2004 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #48838)</small> * Format: CD | 37 | — | 40 | 71 | — | |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[Six Feet Down Under]]''''' * Released: September 20, 2010 * Label: Universal * Format: CD | — | 12 | — | — | 6 | |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[Six Feet Down Under (Part II)]]''''' * Released: November 12, 2010 * Label: Universal * Format: CD | — | 13 | — | — | — | |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[Live at Grimey's]]''''' * Released: November 26, 2010 * Label: Universal * Format: CD, LP | — | — | — | — | — | |- | colspan="8" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ==Singles== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" | Year !rowspan="2" | Song !colspan="18"| Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2" | <small>[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA Cert.]]<ref name="RIAA"/></small> !rowspan="2" | Album |- !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|US Main.]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Hot Modern Rock Tracks|US Mod.]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| UK<br><ref>http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/metallica/</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| AUS<br><ref>http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| FRA<br><ref>http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Canadian Singles Chart|CAN]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Canadian rock/alternative chart|CAN<br />Alt]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| SWE<br><ref>http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| FIN<br><ref>http://finnishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref><br> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| DEN<br><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://danishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-09-11 |archive-date=2013-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023203718/http://danishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&search=metallica |url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| NOR<br><ref>http://norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| GER<br><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Metallica/17199/single |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-19 |archive-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006113833/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Metallica/17199/single |url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| AUT<br><ref>http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| SWI<br><ref>http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| NLD<br><ref>http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| NZL<br><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-19 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104054727/http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s |url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| IRE<br><ref>{{cite web |author=Ward, Jaclyn |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=The Irish Charts - All there is to know |publisher=Irishcharts.ie |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|1983 |align="left"|"[[Whiplash (song)|Whiplash]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan="3"|''Kill 'Em All'' |- |align="left"|"[[Jump in the Fire]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30 | — | style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| |- |align="left"|"[[Seek & Destroy]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |rowspan="2"|1984 |align="left"|"[[Fade to Black (song)|Fade to Black]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 100 | — | — | — | style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| | rowspan="3"|''Ride the Lightning'' |- |align="left"|"[[Creeping Death]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"|1985 |align="left"|"[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica song)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |rowspan="3"|1986 |align="left"|"[[Master of Puppets (song)|Master of Puppets]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan="3"|''Master of Puppets'' |- |align="left"|"[[Battery (song)|Battery]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Welcome Home (Sanitarium)]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |rowspan="3"|1988 |align="left"|"[[Harvester of Sorrow]]" | — | — | — | 20 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30 | 19 | | rowspan="4"|''...And Justice for All'' |- |align="left"|"[[Eye of the Beholder (song)|Eye of the Beholder]]" | — | — | — | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[...And Justice for All (song)|...And Justice for All]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"|1989 |align="left"|"[[One (Metallica song)|One]]" | 35 | — | — | 13 | 38 | — | — | — | 3 | — | — | 4 | 31 | — | 22 | 3 | 13 | 7 | <small>Gold</small> |- |rowspan="3"|1991 |align="left"|"[[Enter Sandman]]" | 16 | 10 | — | 5 | 10 | — | 17 | — | 14 | — | — | 1 | 9 | — | 11 | 10 | 8 | 4 | <small>Platinum</small> | rowspan="6"|''Metallica'' |- |align="left"|"[[Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)|Don't Tread on Me]]" | — | 21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[The Unforgiven (song)|The Unforgiven]]" | 35 | 10 | — | 15 | 10 | 28 | — | — | 32 | — | — | — | 47 | — | — | 25 | 24 | 22 | |- |rowspan="3"|1992 |align="left"|"[[Nothing Else Matters]]" | 34 | 7 | — | 6 | 8 | 10 | 41 | — | 12 | 14 | 23 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 6 | |- |align="left"|"[[Wherever I May Roam]]" | 82 | 2 | — | 25 | 14 | 10 | — | — | 28 | — | 26 | 2 | 30 | — | — | 22 | 8 | 15 | |- |align="left"|"[[Sad but True]]" | 98 | 7 | — | 20 | 48 | — | — | — | 31 | — | — | 5 | 42 | — | — | 10 | 42 | 13 | |- |rowspan="4"|1996 |align="left"|"[[Until It Sleeps]]" | 10 | 1 | 27 | 5 | 1 | — | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | — | 2 | 15 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 3 | <small>Gold</small> | rowspan="6"|''Load'' |- |align="left"|"[[Ain't My Bitch]]" | — | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Hero of the Day]]" | 60 | 1 | — | 17 | 2 | — | 17 | — | 10 | 3 | — | 8 | 39 | 29 | — | 25 | 21 | 16 | |- |align="left"|"[[Mama Said (Metallica song)|Mama Said]]" | — | — | — | 19 | 24 | — | — | — | 24 | 4 | — | 14 | — | — | — | 58 | — | 19 | |- |rowspan="3"|1997 |align="left"|"[[King Nothing]]" | 90 | 3 | — | — | — | — | 67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Bleeding Me]]" | — | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[The Memory Remains]]" | 28 | 3 | — | 13 | 6 | — | 4 | 25 | 4 | 1 | — | 3 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 15 | 23 | 13 | | rowspan="4"|''ReLoad'' |- |rowspan="4"|1998 |align="left"|"[[The Unforgiven II]]" | 59 | 2 | — | 15 | 9 | 89 | — | — | 8 | 1 | — | 8 | 23 | 18 | — | 16 | 22 | 14 | |- |align="left"|"[[Better Than You (Metallica song)|Better Than You]]" | — | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Fuel (song)|Fuel]]" | — | 4 | — | 31 | 2 | — | — | — | 49 | 5 | — | — | 57 | — | — | 53 | 35 | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Turn the Page (Bob Seger song)|Turn the Page]]" | 78 | 1 | 39 | — | 11 | — | 83 | — | 13 | 7 | — | 11 | 23 | 19 | — | 42 | 22 | — | | rowspan="3"|''Garage Inc.'' |- |rowspan="3"|1999 |align="left"|"[[Whiskey in the Jar]]" | — | 1 | — | 29 | 14 | — | — | 5 | 15 | 16 | — | 4 | 23 | 30 | 55 | 47 | 41 | 17 | |- |align="left"|"[[Die, Die My Darling (Metallica song)|Die, Die My Darling]]" | — | 26 | — | — | 82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[No Leaf Clover]]" | 74 | 1 | 18 | — | 41 | — | — | 3 | 50 | — | — | 9 | 40 | — | 99 | 41 | — | — | | ''S&M'' |- |2000 |align="left"|"[[I Disappear]]" | 76 | 1 | 11 | 35 | 20 | 45 | — | 11 | 25 | 2 | — | 8 | 14 | 25 | 20 | 36 | — | — | ||[[Mission: Impossible II (soundtrack)|''Mission: Impossible II'']] |- |rowspan="2"|2003 |align="left"|"[[St. Anger (song)|St. Anger]]" | — | 2 | 17 | 9 | 15 | — | 24 | — | 9 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 28 | 12 | 38 | 12 | | rowspan="4"|''St. Anger'' |- |align="left"|"[[Frantic (song)|Frantic]]" | — | 21 | 22 | 16 | 22 | 59 | — | — | 13 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 21 | 30 | 57 | 22 | 23 | 20 | |- |rowspan="2"|2004 |align="left"|"[[The Unnamed Feeling]]" | — | 28 | — | 42 | 23 | 60 | — | — | 37 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 24 | 42 | 47 | 20 | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Some Kind of Monster (song)|Some Kind of Monster]]" | — | 19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |rowspan="5"|2008 |align="left"|"[[The Day That Never Comes]]" | 31 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 18 | — | 9 | — | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | — | 25 | 32 | 20 | 14 | 14 | | rowspan="6"|''Death Magnetic'' |- |align="left"|"[[My Apocalypse]]" | 67 | 8 | — | 51 | 38 | — | 28 | — | 15 | 3 | 15 | 9 | — | 56 | — | 33 | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Cyanide (song)|Cyanide]]" | 50 | 1 | 19 | 48 | 48 | — | 19 | — | 14 | 3 | 23 | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[The Judas Kiss]]" | — | — | — | 79 | — | — | 71 | — | 44 | 20 | — | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[All Nightmare Long]]" | — | 7 | — | — | 90 | 55 | — | — | 44 | 11 | — | — | 15 | 51 | — | 7 | — | — | |- |2009 |align="left"|"[[Broken, Beat & Scarred]]" | — | 15 | — | — | 75 | 36 | — | — | — | 4 | — | — | 35 | 74 | — | 25 | — | — | |- |rowspan="1"|2011 |align="left"|"The View" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan="1"|''Lulu'' |- | colspan="21" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did nae chart or war nae released in that kintra. |} ==Muisic videos== {|class="wikitable" |- !| Year ! style="width:230px; text-align:center;"| Title ! Director(s)<ref>{{cite video |people=Metallica |date=2006-12-05 |title=The Videos 1989-2004 |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Records]] }}</ref> |- | 1989 | "[[One (Metallica song)|One]]" | [[Bill Pope]], [[Michael Salomon]] |- | rowspan="2"| 1991 | "[[Enter Sandman]]" | [[Wayne Isham]] |- | "[[The Unforgiven (sang)|The Unforgiven]]" | [[Matt Mahurin]] |- | rowspan="3"| 1992 | "[[Nothing Else Matters]]" | Adam Dubin |- | "[[Wherever I May Roam]]" | rowspan="2"| Wayne Isham |- | "[[Sad but True]]" |- | rowspan="3"| 1996 | "[[Until It Sleeps]]" | [[Samuel Bayer]] |- | "[[Hero of the Day]]" | rowspan="2"| [[Anton Corbijn]] |- | "[[Mama Said (Metallica song)|Mama Said]]" |- | rowspan="2"| 1997 | "[[King Nothing]]" | Matt Mahurin |- | "[[The Memory Remains]]" | Paul Andresen |- | rowspan="3"| 1998 | "[[The Unforgiven II]]" | Matt Mahurin |- | "[[Fuel (song)|Fuel]]" | Wayne Isham |- | "[[Turn the Page (Bob Seger sang)|Turn the Page]]" | rowspan="2"| [[Jonas Åkerlund]] |- | rowspan="2"| 1999 | "[[Whiskey in the Jar]]" |- | "[[No Leaf Clover]]" | rowspan="2"| Wayne Isham |- | 2000 | "[[I Disappear]]" |- | rowspan="2"| 2003 | "[[St. Anger (sang)|St. Anger]]" | [[The Malloys]] |- | "[[Frantic (sang)|Frantic]]" | Wayne Isham |- | rowspan="2"| 2004 | "[[The Unnamed Feeling]]" | The Malloys |- | "[[Some Kind of Monster (sang)|Some Kind of Monster]]" | [[Bruce Sinofsky]] |- | rowspan="2"| 2008 | "[[The Day That Never Comes]]" | Peter Hjors, [[Thomas Vinterberg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/metallica/271663/the-day-that-never-comes.jhtml|title=The Day That Never Comes|date=September 3, 2008|work=[[MTV]]|publisher=[[MTV Networks]]|accessdate=December 13, 2008|archive-date=2013-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206210310/http://www.mtv.com/videos/metallica/271663/the-day-that-never-comes.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | "[[All Nightmare Long]]" | Roboshobo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2008/12/some-rock-stars.html|title=Metallica "All Nightmare Long"|date=December 12, 2008|work=Video Static|publisher=Steven J. Gottlieb|accessdate=December 13, 2008|archive-date=2012-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727024129/http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2008/12/some-rock-stars.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ||2009 | "[[Broken, Beat & Scarred]]" | Wayne Isham |} ==Box sets== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! | Year ! style="width:230px; text-align:center;"|Album details |- | 1990 | style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[The Good, the Bad and the Live]]''''' * Released: 7 Mey 1990 * Format: [[LP album|LP]] |- | 1993 | style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[Live Shit: Binge & Purge]]''''' * Release: 23 November 1993 * Format: CS, VHS, DVD, CD |- | 2004 | style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[Metallica: Vinyl Box Set]]''''' * Released: 23 November 2004 * Format: LP |- | 2009 | style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[The Metallica Collection]]''''' * Released: 14 Aprile 2009 * Format: [[Digital Distribution|DD]] |} ==Demos== {{Main|Leet o Metallica demos}} <!-- demos are part of discography so do not remove them! -->{|class="wikitable" !| Year ! style="width:230px; text-align:center;"| Title |- | rowspan="4" | 1982 || ''[[Ron McGovney]]'s '82 Garage'' demo |- | ''Power Metal'' |- | ''No Life 'til Leather'' |- | ''Metal Up Your Ass (Live)'' |- | rowspan="3" | 1983 || ''Horsemen of the Apocalypse'' |- | ''Megaforce'' |- | ''Ride the Lightning'' demos |- | 1985 || ''Master of Puppets'' demos |- | 1988 || ''...And Justice for All'' demos |- | rowspan="4" | 1997 || ''Mandatory Metallica'' Radio station demo |- | ''Various tracks from prior albums'' |- | ''Breadfan'' civer demo |- | ''Stone Cold Crazy'' civer demo |- | 2007 || ''Demo Magnetic'' |} ==Ither appearances== <!---1997 Spawn Soundtrack for Whom the bell Tolls ---> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! style="width:230px; text-align:center;"| Sang ! Album |- | 1982 | "[[Hit the Lights (Metallica song)|Hit the Lights]]" | ''[[Metal Massacre#Metal Massacre – 1982|Metal Massacre, Vol. 1]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t1103515|pure_url=yes}} |title=Hit the Lights |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision}}</ref> |- | 1990 | "[[Stone Cold Crazy]]" | ''[[Rubáiyát: Elektra's 40th Anniversary]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t5583568|pure_url=yes}} |title=Stone Cold Crazy |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision}}</ref> |- | 2000 | "[[I Disappear]]" | ''[[Mission: Impossible II]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t3577438|pure_url=yes}} |title=I Disappear |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 2002 | "We Did It Again" | ''[[Presents G.H.E.T.T.O. Stories]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t5954047|pure_url=yes}} |title=We Did It Again |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision}}</ref> |- | 2003 | "[[53rd & 3rd]]" | ''[[We're a Happy Family: A Tribute to Ramones]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t6015477|pure_url=yes}} |title=53rd & 3rd |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision}}</ref> |- | 2007 | "[[The Ecstasy of Gold]]" | ''[[We All Love Ennio Morricone]]'' |- | 2008 | "[[Remember Tomorrow]]" | ''[[Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden]]'' |- | 2010 | "[[You Really Got Me]]" | ''[[See My Friends (album)|See My Friends]]'' |} ==Notes== {{refbegin}} * '''1.'''{{Note|Bubbling}} Certificatit as video, no an album itsel. * '''2.'''{{Note|Bubbling}} ''Garage Days Re-Revisited'' is kent as ''the $5.98 EP'' an ''the $9.98 CD''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Cosmo |last=Lee |title=Metallica – ''The $5.98 EP: Garage Days Re-Revisited'' – On Second Thought |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/on_second_thought/metallica-the-598-ep-garage-days-re-revisited.htm |publisher=[[Stylus Magazine]] |date=October 11, 2007 |accessdate=June 5, 2009 |archive-date=2016-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309043022/http://stylusmagazine.com/articles/on_second_thought/metallica-the-598-ep-garage-days-re-revisited.htm |url-status=dead }} </ref> This album is an aa foond on the seicont ''Garage Inc.'' disc. {{refend}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.metallica.com Metallica's offeecial wabsteid] {{DEFAULTSORT:Metallica Discografie}} [[Category:Hivy metal discografies]] [[Category:Metallica]] [[Category:Discografies o American airtists]] t5z7flpbn8qwaf96ecfzqfqa2f853m5 0 12590 922106 898963 2026-08-27T05:32:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Khujandsquare.jpg|thumb|300px|Khujand market square]] '''Khujand''' ([[Tajik leid|Tajik]]: '''{{unicode|Хуҷанд}}''',خجند) (Greek: [[Alexandria Eschate]] (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη)), an aa transliteratit as ''Khudzhand'', [[Roushie leid|Roushie]]:Худжанд, umwhilie '''Khodjend''' or '''Khodzhent''' till 1936 an '''Leninabad''' (Leninobod, Ленинобод, لنین‌آباد) till 1991, is the seicont-lairgest ceety o [[Tajikistan]]. It is situatit on the [[Syr Darya]] River at the mouth o the [[Fergana Valley]]. The population o the ceety is 149,000 (2000 census), doun frae 160,000 in 1989. It is an aa the caipital of the northrenmaist province o Tajikistan, nou cawed [[Sughd]]. == History == Classical authors state [[Alexander o Macedon]] foondit a [[Greek fowk|Greek]] settlement near the site o today's Khujand in [[329 BC]] cawed the ceety o [[Alexandria Eschate]] (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη) or "Alexandria The Furthest" - modern Khujand. It woud hae formed a bastion for the Greek settlers against the [[Scythia]]n tribes tae the north o the [[Syr Darya]], which the Greeks cawed the Jaxartes River. It became a major stagin point on the northren [[Silk Road]]. During muckle o its history Khujand like the rest o [[Central Asie]] wis ance a pairt o [[Persian Empire|old Iran]] an its history is a pairt o the [[history o Iran|history o auld Iran]]. Some o the famous Persian poets an scientists come frae this ceety. Khujand wis captured bi the [[Arab]]s in the [[8t century]] an strangly resistit the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol hordes]] five centuries later. [[Timurids]] ruled the area includin the whole [[Tajikistan]] afore it became pairt o the [[Kokand Khanate]]. In 1866, Central Asie wis occupied bi [[Roushie]], pushin back the borders o Kokand Khanate. The ceety wis renamed Leninabad on October 27, 1939, an re-established on December 23, 1970. It revertit tae its original name in 1992 efter the breakup o the [[Soviet Union]], an is nou in the republic o [[Tajikistan]]. == References == {{reflist}} * Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilue'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265.'' Draft annotated English translation. [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html] (See under the heading for "Northern Wuyi"). == External links == * http://khujand.tj/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726134234/http://www.khujand.tj/ |date=2019-07-26 }} - Offeecial website o Khujand ceety Government (in Roushie) * http://www.angelfire.com/pe/rudaki/khujand.html (In Roushie) * http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Tajikistan/Viloyati_Leninobod/Khujand-1431593/TravelGuide-Khujand.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606091140/http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Tajikistan/Viloyati_Leninobod/Khujand-1431593/TravelGuide-Khujand.html |date=2011-06-06 }} (Khujand travel guide) * http://www.greatestcities.com/Asia/Tajikistan/Khujand_formerly_Leninabad_city.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410124618/http://www.greatestcities.com/Asia/Tajikistan/Khujand_formerly_Leninabad_city.html |date=2022-04-10 }} * [http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=40.275&lon=69.6427&zoom=13&layers=B000FTF OpenStreetMap] * [http://maps.msn.com/%28bye3e5qbdqlgvt45kvbpsmro%29/map.aspx?lats1=40.283333&lons1=69.633333&alts1=14&regn1=2 MSN Map - elevation =325m]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{coord|40|17|N| 69|38|E|region:TJ_type:city|display=title}} {{Sughd}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Populatit places established in the 4t century BC]] [[Category:Khujand]] [[Category:Populatit places in Tajikistan]] [[Category:Populatit places alang the Silk Road]] hb1vk58wxfcx84l1lzabfzmtang33dt 0 20196 922109 896380 2026-08-27T09:32:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922109 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''discography o [[Sepultura]]''', a Brazilian [[hivy metal]] baund, consists o twal studio albums, twa live albums, three compilation albums, fower EPs, five video albums, thirteen singles, an fifteen muisic videos. == Studio albums == {| class ="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2"|Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:220px;"|Album details ! colspan="11"|Peak chairt positions ! rowspan="2" style="width:120px;"|[[Muisic recordin sales certification|Certifications]]<br /><small>([[Leet o muisic recordin certifications|sales threshaulds]])</small> |- !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.australian-charts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=Sepultura|title=Australian charts portal|publisher=australian-charts.com|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br /><ref name="AUT">{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=a&search=Sepultura|title=Austria Top 40 - Hitparade Österreich|publisher=austriancharts.at|language=German|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="FRA">{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=Sepultura|title=Les charts français|publisher=lescharts.com|language=French|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[Media Control Charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="GER">Peak chart positions for Sepultura in Germany: * {{cite web | url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sepultura/?type=longplay | title=Chartverfolgung / Sepultura / Longplay | language=German | publisher=PhonoNet | accessdate=2008-08-01 | archive-date=2013-07-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731114105/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sepultura/?type=longplay | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sepultura/?type=single | title=Chartverfolgung / Sepultura / Single | language=German | publisher=PhonoNet | accessdate=2008-08-01 | archive-date=2012-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012050904/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sepultura/?type=single | url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[MegaCharts|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD">{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=a&search=Sepultura|title=Dutch charts portal|publisher=dutchcharts.nl|language=Dutch|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[VG-lista|NOR]]<br /><ref name="NOR">{{cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=Sepultura|title=Norwegian charts portal|publisher=norwegiancharts.com|language=Norwegian|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[Sverigetopplistan|SWA]]<br /><ref name="SWE">{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=Sepultura|title=Swedish charts portal|publisher=swedishcharts.com|language=Swadish|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI">{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?cat=a&search=Sepultura|title=Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community|publisher=hitparade.ch|language=German|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK">{{cite web| url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_S.HTM |title=Chart Log UK |publisher=Zobbel.de |accessdate=2010-07-30}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="Billboard 200">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/sepultura/chart-history/5638?f=305&g=Albums|title=Sepultura Album & Song Chart History: ''Billboard'' 200|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:80%"|[[Independent Albums|US<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref name="Independent Albums">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/sepultura/chart-history/5638?f=326&g=Albums|title=Sepultura Album & Song Chart History: Independent Albums|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref> |- |1986 |'''''[[Morbid Visions]]''''' *Released: 10 November 1986 *Label: Cogumelo <small>(COG #002)</small> *Format: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|CS]], [[Gramophone record|LP]] | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |align="left"| |- |1987 |'''''[[Schizophrenia (Sepultura album)|Schizophrenia]]''''' *Released: 30 October 1987 *Label: Cogumelo <small>(COG #009)</small> *Format: CD, CS, LP | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |align="left"| |- |1989 |'''''[[Beneath the Remains]]''''' *Released: 5 September 1989 *Label: [[Roadrunner Records|Roadrunner]] <small>(RR #9511-2)</small> *Format: CD, CS, LP | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |align="left"| BRA: Platinum |- |1991 |'''''[[Arise (album)|Arise]]''''' *Released: 20 Mairch 1991 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #9328-2)</small> *Format: CD, CS, LP | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 68 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 46 | style="text-align:center;"| 24 | style="text-align:center;"| 40 | style="text-align:center;"| 119 | style="text-align:center;"| — | [[Indonesie popular muisic recordins|IDN]]: Gowd<ref>{{Harvnb | Barcinski | Gomes | 1999 | p=109}}</ref><br />[[British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: Siller<ref name="BPI">{{cite web| title=The BPI - Search the Awards Database |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/ |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |accessdate=2008-05-31}}</ref> |- |1993 |'''''[[Chaos A.D.]]''''' *Released: 2 September 1993 *Label: [[Epic Records|Epic]]/Roadrunner <small>(RR #9000-2)</small> *Format: CD, CS, LP | style="text-align:center;"| 27 | style="text-align:center;"| 19 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 11 | style="text-align:center;"| 21 | style="text-align:center;"| 16 | style="text-align:center;"| 11 | style="text-align:center;"| 15 | style="text-align:center;"| 11 | style="text-align:center;"| 32 | style="text-align:center;"| — |align="left"| [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: Gowd<ref name="ARIA">{{cite web| title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1997 Albums |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1997.htm |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref><br />UK: Gowd<ref name="BPI"/><br />[[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: Gowd<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web| title=Searchable Database |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |accessdate=2008-05-31}}</ref> |- |1996 |'''''[[Roots (Sepultura album)|Roots]]''''' *Released: 20 Februar 1996 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #8900-2)</small> *Format: CD, CS, LP | style="text-align:center;"| 3 | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 7 | style="text-align:center;"| 6 | style="text-align:center;"| 8 | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:center;"| 16 | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:center;"| 27 | style="text-align:center;"| — |align="left"| AUS: Gowd<ref name="ARIA"/><br />[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: Gowd<ref name="CRIA">{{cite web |title=Search Certification Database |url=http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php |publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=2008-05-31 |archive-date=2016-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074458/http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />[[National Union of Phonographic Publishing|FRA]]: Gowd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=6&forme_certif=8&annee=12|title=Les Certifications Albums - Année 1997|publisher=National Union of Phonographic Publishing|language=French|accessdate=2008-07-28|archive-date=2007-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217083503/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=6&forme_certif=8&annee=12|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />UK: Gowd<ref name="BPI"/><br />US: Gowd<ref name="RIAA"/> |- |1998 |'''''[[Against]]''''' *Released: 6 October 1998 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #8700-2)</small> *Format: CD, CS, LP | style="text-align:center;"| 25 | style="text-align:center;"| 23 | style="text-align:center;"| 33 | style="text-align:center;"| 23 | style="text-align:center;"| 76 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 33 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 40 | style="text-align:center;"| 82 | style="text-align:center;"| — |align="left"| |- |2001 |'''''[[Nation]]''''' *Released: 20 Mairch 2001 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #8560-2)</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"| 40 | style="text-align:center;"| 41 | style="text-align:center;"| 91 | style="text-align:center;"| 28 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 84 | style="text-align:center;"| 88 | style="text-align:center;"| 134 | style="text-align:center;"| 4 |align="left"| BRA: Gowd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://showlivre.oi.com.br/artistasDetalhes.php?conteudo_id=2830|title=Perfil do Artista: Sepultura|language=Portuguese|publisher=Showlivre.com|accessdate=2009-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2003 |'''''[[Roorback]]''''' *Released: 26 Mey 2003 *Label: FNM/Universal/SPV <small>(SPV #092-74830)</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 77 | style="text-align:center;"| 46 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 69 | style="text-align:center;"| 129 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 17 |align="left"| |- |2006 |'''''[[Dante XXI]]''''' *Released: 2 Mairch 2006 *Label: SPV <small>(SPV #99812 CD)</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 166 | style="text-align:center;"| 64 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 45 | [[Cyprus|CY]]: Gowd<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bravewords.com/news/62604|title=Sepultura - Dante XXI Certified Gold in Cyprus|date=21 March 2007|publisher=[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]]|accessdate=23 January 2009|archive-date=2012-02-11|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65Naof9Xs?url=http://www.bravewords.com/news/62604|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2009 | '''''[[A-Lex]]''''' * Released: 23 Januar 2009 * Label: Steamhammer (#230635) * Format: CD, LP | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 53 | style="text-align:center;"| 150 | style="text-align:center;"| 82 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 68 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 48 | |- | 2011 | '''''[[Kairos (Sepultura album)|Kairos]]''''' * Released: 24 June 2011 * Label: [[Nuclear Blast]] * Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 75 | style="text-align:center;"| 87 | style="text-align:center;"| 49 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 45 | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 48 | |- |2013 |'''''[[The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart]]''''' | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |2017 |'''''[[Machine Messiah]]''''' | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |2020 |'''''[[Quadra]]''''' | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did no chairt or wur no released in that kintra. |} == Live albums == {| class ="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2"|Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:220px;"|Album details ! colspan="2"|Peak<br />positions |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FRA<br /><ref name="FRA"/> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI<br /><ref name="SWI"/> |- |2002 |'''''[[Under a Pale Grey Sky]]''''' *Released: 22 September 2002 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #8436-2)</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"|52 | style="text-align:center;"|99 |- |2005 |'''''[[Live in São Paulo]]''''' *Released: 8 November 2005 *Label: SPV <small>(SPV #99522 2CD)</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes a release that did no chairt. |} == Compilation albums == {| class ="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2"|Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:220px;"|Album details ! colspan="2"|Peak<br />positions |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS<br /><ref name="AUS"/> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US<br /><ref name="Billboard 200" /> |- |1996 |'''''[[The Roots of Sepultura]]''''' *Released: 29 November 1996 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #8900-8)</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"|42 | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |1997 |'''''[[Blood-Rooted]]''''' *Released: 03 Juin 1997 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #8821-2)</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|162 |- |2005 |'''''[[Roadrunner Records 25th Anniversary Series: Roots]]''''' *Released: 07 Juin 2005 *Label: Roadrunner <small>()</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- |2006 |'''''[[The Best of Sepultura]]''''' *Released: 12 September 2006 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #8260-2)</small> *Format: CD | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes a release that did no chairt. |} == Extendit plays == {| class ="wikitable" |- !Year ! style="width:220px;"|Album details |- |1985 |'''''[[Bestial Devastation]]''''' *Released: 01 December 1985 *Label: Cogumelo <small>(COG #001)</small> *Format: CD, LP |- |1992 |'''''[[Third World Posse]]''''' *Released: 1992 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #9382)</small> *Format: CD, LP |- |1993 |'''''[[Refuse/Resist]]''''' *Released: 1993 *Label: Roadrunner <small>(RR #2377-2)</small> *Format: CD, CS, LP |- |1996 |'''''[[Natural Born Blasters]]''''' *Released: 1996 *Label: <small>()</small> *Format: CD |- |1997 |'''''[[Procreation Of The Wicked]]''''' *Released: Februar 1997 *Label: Roadrunner <small>()</small> *Format: CD |- |2002 |'''''[[Revolusongs]]''''' *Released: 22 November 2002 *Label: FNM/Universal <small>(FNM #020)</small> *Format: CD |} == Singles == {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:175px;"| Single ! colspan="10"| Peak chairt positions ! rowspan="2"| Album |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS<br /><ref name="AUS"/> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Finland's Official List|FIN]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://finnishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&search=Sepultura|title=Finnish charts portal|publisher=finnishcharts.com|accessdate=2008-10-16}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FRA<br /><ref name="FRA"/> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|GER<br /><ref name="GER"/> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Irish Singles Chart|IRL]]<br /><ref name="IRL">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|title=Search the charts|publisher=Irish charts|language=Irish|accessdate=2008-07-22|archive-date=2015-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|url-status=dead}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NLD<br /><ref name="NLD"/> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NOR<br /><ref name="NOR"/> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand#Sales chairts|NZL]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?cat=s&search=Sepultura|title=New Zealand charts portal|publisher=charts.org.nz|accessdate=2011-03-20|archive-date=2012-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102155500/http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?cat=s&search=Sepultura|url-status=dead}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWE<br /><ref name="SWE"/> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|UK<br /><ref name="UK"/> |- |rowspan="3"| 1991 | "[[Arise (sang)|Arise]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |rowspan="3"| ''Arise'' |- | "[[Under Siege (Regnum Irae)]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|91 |- | "[[Dead Embryonic Cells]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | 1993 | "[[Refuse/Resist]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|29 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|51 |rowspan="3"| ''Chaos A.D.'' |- |rowspan="2"| 1994 | "[[Territory (sang)|Territory]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|8 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|50 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|66 |- | "[[Slave New World]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|32 | style="text-align:center;"|46 |- |rowspan="3"| 1996 | "[[Roots Bloody Roots]]" | style="text-align:center;"|44 | style="text-align:center;"|2 | style="text-align:center;"|26 | style="text-align:center;"|42 | style="text-align:center;"|27 | style="text-align:center;"|35 | style="text-align:center;"|20 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|14 | style="text-align:center;"|19 |rowspan="3"| ''Roots'' |- | "[[Ratamahatta]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|23 |- | "[[Attitude (Sepultura sang)|Attitude]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|16 | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|46 |- | 1998 | "[[Choke (sang)|Choke]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|110 |rowspan="3"| ''Against'' |- |rowspan="2"| 1999 | "[[Against (sang)|Against]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | "[[Tribus (sang)|Tribus]]" | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— |- | 2006 | "[[Dante XXI|Convicted in Life]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Sepultura-Convicted-In-Life/release/926890|title=Sepultura - Convicted in Life|publisher=Discogs|accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | ''Dante XXI'' |- | 2011 | "Kairos"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://musica.uol.com.br/ultnot/2011/05/20/sepultura-lanca-kairos-primeiro-single-do-novo-disco.jhtm|title=Sepultura - Kairos|publisher=UOL Música|accessdate=2011-06-20}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | style="text-align:center;"|— | ''Kairos'' |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did no chairt or wur no released in that kintra. |} == Video albums == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! style="width:250px;"| Video details ! US chairt<br />peak{{ref|1}} |- |1992 |'''''[[Under Siege (Live in Barcelona)]]''''' * Released: 14 Januar 1992 * Label: Roadrunner <small>(RRV #0996-3)</small> * Format: [[VHS]] | style="text-align:center;"| 13<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3012110&cdi=6608201&cid=04%2F11%2F1992|title=Top Music Video - Under Siege|date=1992-04-11|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]|accessdate=2008-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211803/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3012110&cdi=6608201&cid=04%2F11%2F1992|archivedate=2009-01-31|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top%20Music%20Video&ci=3012110&cdi=6608201&cid=04%2F11%2F1992 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-16 |archive-date=2009-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211803/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3012110&cdi=6608201&cid=04%2F11%2F1992 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |1995 |'''''Third World Chaos''''' * Released: 27 Juin 1995 * Label: Roadrunner <small>(RRV #0994-5)</small> * Format: VHS | style="text-align:center;"| 6<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3020851&cdi=6966187&cid=08%2F05%2F1995|title=Top Music Video - Third World Chaos|date=1995-08-05|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]|accessdate=2008-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211808/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3020851&cdi=6966187&cid=08%2F05%2F1995|archivedate=2009-01-31|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top%20Music%20Video&ci=3020851&cdi=6966187&cid=08%2F05%2F1995 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-16 |archive-date=2009-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211808/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3020851&cdi=6966187&cid=08%2F05%2F1995 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |1997 |'''''We Are What We Are''''' * Released: 28 Januar 1997 * Label: Roadrunner <small>(RRV #0991-8)</small> * Format: VHS | style="text-align:center;"| 19<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3026182&cdi=7161351&cid=03%2F08%2F1997|title=Top Music Video - We Are What We Are|date=1997-03-08|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]|accessdate=2008-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211813/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3026182&cdi=7161351&cid=03%2F08%2F1997|archivedate=2009-01-31|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top%20Music%20Video&ci=3026182&cdi=7161351&cid=03%2F08%2F1997 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-16 |archive-date=2009-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211813/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3026182&cdi=7161351&cid=03%2F08%2F1997 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |2002 |'''''Chaos DVD''''' * Released: 7 October 2002 * Label: Roadrunner <small>(DVD #9065-9)</small> * Format: [[DVD]] | style="text-align:center;"| 38<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3046831&cdi=7904054&cid=09%2F14%2F2002|title=Top Music Video - Chaos DVD|date=2002-09-14|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]|accessdate=2008-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211818/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3046831&cdi=7904054&cid=09%2F14%2F2002|archivedate=2009-01-31|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top%20Music%20Video&ci=3046831&cdi=7904054&cid=09%2F14%2F2002 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-16 |archive-date=2009-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211818/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3046831&cdi=7904054&cid=09%2F14%2F2002 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |2005 |'''''[[Live in São Paulo (DVD)|Live in São Paulo]]''''' * Released: 8 November 2005 * Label: SPV <small>(SPV #99527 2DVD)</small> * Format: DVD | style="text-align:center;"| — |} :1.{{Note|1}}''Billboard'' Top Music Video Charts. == Muisic videos == {|class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! style="width:175px;"| Title ! Director |- |1989 |"Inner Self" |Aurelio Diaz<ref name="Chaos DVD">{{cite video |date = 2002 |title = Chaos DVD |medium = DVD |publisher = Roadrunner Records |accessdate = 11 February 2009 }}</ref> |- |1991 |"[[Dead Embryonic Cells]]" |rowspan="2"|Bill Henderson<ref name="Chaos DVD" /> |- |1992 |"[[Arise (sang)|Arise]]" |- |rowspan="2"|1993 |"[[Refuse/Resist]]" |[[Peter Christopherson]]<ref name="Chaos DVD" /> |- |"[[Territory (sang)|Territory]]" |[[Paul Rachman]]<ref name="Chaos DVD" /> |- |1994 |"[[Slave New World]]" |rowspan="2"|[[Thomas Mignone]]<ref name="Chaos DVD" /> |- |rowspan="3"|1996 |"[[Roots Bloody Roots]]" |- |"[[Ratamahatta]]" |Fred Stuhr<ref name="Chaos DVD" /> |- |"[[Attitude (Sepultura song)|Attitude]]" |Block<ref name="Chaos DVD" /> |- |1998 |"[[Choke (sang)|Choke]]" |Raul Machado<ref name="Live in São Paulo">{{cite video |date = 2005 |title = Live in São Paulo |medium = DVD |publisher = Steamhammer/SPV |accessdate = 11 February 2009 }}</ref> |- |2003 |"[[Bullet the Blue Sky]]" |rowspan="2"|Ricardo Della Rosa<ref name="Live in São Paulo" /> |- |2004 |"Mindwar" |- |2005 |"[[Refuse/Resist]]" (live) |Lecuck Ishida<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=830&vid=70601|title=<nowiki>Refuse/Resist | Sepultura | Music Video | MTV</nowiki>|date=2005-12-20|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=2008-10-16|archive-date=2007-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302094409/http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=830&vid=70601|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2006 |"Convicted in Life" |[[Luis Carone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=830&vid=87666|title=<nowiki>Convicted in Life | Sepultura | Music Video | MTV</nowiki>|date=2006-09-05|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=2008-10-16|archive-date=2008-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423102933/http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?artist=830&vid=87666|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2008 |"Ostia" |Geraldo Moraes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=88130|title=Sepultura: "Ostia" Video Posted Online|date=2008-01-09|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|accessdate=2008-10-16|archive-date=2009-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131213609/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=88130|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"| 2009 |"We've Lost You" |André Moraes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxF-aKNgcV0&feature=channel_page |title=Broadcast Yourself |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref> |- |"What I Do!" |Sepultura<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLl27UBCAEE |title=Broadcast Yourself |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref> |} == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == References == * {{cite book |last1=Barcinski |first1=André |authorlink1= |last2=Gomes |first2=Silvio |title=Sepultura: Toda a História |date=1999 |publisher=Editora 34 |location= |language=Portuguese |isbn=8573261560 |ref= }} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Sepultura}} *[http://sepultura.uol.com.br/v6/ Sepultura's offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921102856/http://sepultura.uol.com.br/v6/ |date=2010-09-21 }} *[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p5392|pure_url=yes}} Sepultura] at [[Allmusic]] *[http://www.discogs.com/artist/Sepultura Sepultura] at [[Discogs]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sepultura Discography}} [[Category:Sepultura]] [[Category:Hivy metal discografies]] [[Category:Discographies o Brazilian airtists]] piourim12fj2rtdspnxepw2vhbu7085 0 38399 922094 922083 2026-08-26T22:57:26Z Atlantic306 30244 added unsoorced tag 922094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced|date=August 2026}} '''Qatana Destrict''' ({{lang-ar|'''منطقة قطنا'''}}, ''qaTanā'') is a [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) o the [[Rif Dimashq Govrenorate]] in [[Sirie]]. At the 2004 offeecical census, the destrict haed a population o 207,245. The centre o the destrict is the ceety o [[Qatana]]. The destrict is locatit juist tae the east o [[Munt Hermon]]. ==Diveesions== The destrict o Qatana is dividit intae three sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 offeecial census): *[[Qatana]] nahiyah (ناحية قطنا): population 146,344. *[[Beit Jinn]] nahiyah (ناحية بيت جن): population 15,668. *[[Sa'sa', Syria|Sa'sa']] nahiyah (ناحية سعسع): population 45,233. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Sirie-destricts|Rif Dimashq=yes}} <!-- Do not remove this. If it isn't created, it will be soon. --> {{Rif Dimashq Govrenorate|qatana}} {{coord|33|26|N|36|05|E|display=title|region:SY_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Qatana Destrict]] o94z2nlli82ly3lqg3n3w5fd26ok1r0 0 51881 922110 894058 2026-08-27T10:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Vika Jigulina | image = | alt = | caption = | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Victoria Corneva | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|02|18|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Cahul]], [[Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldovan SSR]] | death_date = | death_place = | origin = [[Bucharest]], Romanie<ref name="Romanian"/> | instrument = [[Guitar]], [[piano]] | genre = [[Electronic muisic|Electronic]], [[House muisic|house]] | occupation = [[Record producer]], [[sangster]], [[disc jockey|DJ]] | years_active = 2000–present | label = [[Cat Music Romania]], [[Mayavin Records]],<br> Stereo Tunes Records (UK) | associated_acts = [[Edward Maya]] | website = {{url|http://www.vikajigulina.com/}} | notable_instruments = }} '''Vika Jigulina''' (born '''Victoria Corneva''', 18 Februar 1986) is a [[Moldovae|Moldovan]]-[[Romanie|Romanian]] muisic producer, disc jockey (DJ) an sangster.<ref name="Last">{{cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Vika+Jigulina|title=Vika Jigulina|publisher=[[Last.fm]]|accessdate=29 April 2013}}</ref> ==Life an career== Born in [[Cahul]], she graduatit frae the [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninov Institute]] in Moscow.<ref name="Last"/> In 2000, she muivit tae [[Timişoara]] an continued her studies thare.<ref name="Last"/> She wirkit in various clubs in toun an eventually in caipital [[Bucharest]].<ref name="Last"/> She laundit weekly shows on the Romanie radio stations that gave her naitional exposur an fame.<ref name="Last"/> In 2010 she became a [[Romanie]] ceetizen.<ref name="Romanian">{{cite web|url=http://ziar.jurnal.md/2011/06/14/vika-jigulina-%E2%80%9Erevin-in-tara-cu-mare-drag%E2%80%9D/|title=Vika Jigulina: „Revin în ţară cu mare drag”|publisher=[[Jurnal de Chişinău]]|date=14 June 2011|language=Romanian|access-date=2013-05-26|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315053831/http://ziar.jurnal.md/2011/06/14/vika-jigulina-%E2%80%9Erevin-in-tara-cu-mare-drag%E2%80%9D/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jigulina haes made mixes wi [[ATB]], [[Tomcraft]], [[Steve Angello]], [[Sebastian Ingrosso]] an ither airtists.<ref name="Last"/> She is the vocalist in the internaitional dance hit "[[Stereo Love]]" bi Romanie producer an muisicker [[Edward Maya]].<ref name="Last"/> Jigulina recorded her first solo single, "Memories," which was released on September 29, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio21.ro/muzica/videoclipuri/vika-jigulina-memories/|title=Vika Jigulina – Memories|publisher=[[Radio 21]]|date=4 October 2012|language=Romanian|access-date=2013-05-26|archive-date=2012-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226070641/http://www.radio21.ro/muzica/videoclipuri/vika-jigulina-memories/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Singles== {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"| Year !rowspan="2"| Title !colspan="12"| Chairt positions !rowspan=2| [[Leet o muisic recordin certifications|Certifications]] !rowspan="2"|Album |- ! width="30"| <small>[[Ultratop 50|BEL (FLA)]]<br /><ref name="Belgium's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?lang=nl&cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Belgium's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-04}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Canadian Singles Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="Canada's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=edward maya|chart=Billboard Canadian Hot 100}}|title=Billboard: Edward Maya (Canada)|publisher=[[Billboard Magazine]]|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="France's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=France's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Media Control Charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="Germany's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Maya%2CEdward+Feat.Jigulina%2CVika/single|title=Chartverfolgung / Maya,Edward Feat.Jigulina,Vika / Single|publisher=Musicline.de|accessdate=2010-12-02|archive-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011153559/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Maya,Edward+Feat.Jigulina,Vika/single|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="Search for Ireland's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|title=Search the charts|publisher=irishcharts.ie|accessdate=2010-12-02|archive-date=2015-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Single Top 100|NDL]]<br /><ref name="Holland's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Holland's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|POR]]<br /><ref name="Portugal singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/performer/edward_maya|title=Portugal's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Portugal Singles Top 50|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]<br /><ref name="Spain's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.spanishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Spain's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br /><ref name="Sweden's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Sweden's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]<br /><ref name="Switzerland's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Switzerland's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK's positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=12581|title=Chart Stats: Edward Maya|publisher=Chart Stats|accessdate=2010-12-25|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120722055850/http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=12581|archivedate=2012-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=edward maya|chart=Hot 100}}|title=Billboard: Edward Maya (US)|publisher=[[Billboard Magazine]]|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> |- |rowspan="1"|2009 |"[[Stereo Love]]" <small>([[Edward Maya]] feat.)</small> |align="center"|7 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|16 |align=left| *[[Ultratop|BEL]]: Gold<ref name="Belgian Gold/Platinum certifications 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/certifications.asp?year=2010|title=Ultratop: Goud En Platina Singles 2010|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> *[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: Platinum<ref name="Canada's Gold & Platinum Certifications: October 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/1010_g.php|title=Gold & Platinum Certification: October 2010|publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2010-12-05|archive-date=2012-03-23|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66O1BKKHj?url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/1010_g.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[IFPI|DEN]]: Platinum<ref name="Danish Gold/Platinum certifications 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.dk/index.php?pk_menu=284|title=Guld og platin 2010: Track platin|publisher=[[IFPI]] (Denmark)|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> *[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|GER]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Edward Maya|accessdate=28 October 2010}}</ref> *[[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]: 2x platinum<ref name="SEMANA 46: del 15.11.2010 al 21.11.2010">{{cite web|url=http://promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2010_46.pdf|title=SEMANA 46: del 15.11.2010 al 21.11.2010|publisher=[[PROMUSICAE]]|accessdate=2010-12-02|archive-date=2013-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901145726/http://promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2010_46.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[IFPI|SWI]]: Platinum<ref name="Switzerland Certifications: Awards 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2010|title=Switzerland Certifications: Awards 2010|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> |align="center" rowspan="3"|''The Stereo Love Show''<ref name="Edward Maya official site: Desert Rain">{{cite web|url=http://edwardmaya.com/home/232-edward-maya-feat-vika-jigulina-desert-rain-official-video|title=Edward Maya official site: Desert Rain|publisher=edwardmaya.com|accessdate=2011-01-06|archive-date=2011-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103065318/http://edwardmaya.com/home/232-edward-maya-feat-vika-jigulina-desert-rain-official-video|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><small>(Edward Maya album)</small> |- |rowspan="1"|2010 |"[[:en:This Is My Life (Edward Maya song)|This Is My Life]]" <small>(Edward Maya feat.)</small> |align="center"|54 |align="center"|— |align="center"|2 |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|42 |align="center"|7 |align="center"|— |align="center"|58 |align="center"|43 |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align=left| |- |rowspan="1"|2011 |"[[:en:Desert Rain (Edward Maya song)|Desert Rain]]" <small>(Edward Maya feat.)</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|9 |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align=left| |- |rowspan="1"|2012 |"Memories" |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align=left| |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.vikajigulina.com/}} * [http://catmusic.ro/artists/edward-maya/ Vika Jigulina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112212235/http://catmusic.ro/artists/edward-maya/ |date=2013-11-12 }} at [[Cat Music Romania]] * [http://mayavinrecords.ro/artists/ Vika Jigulina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309000108/http://mayavinrecords.ro/artists/ |date=2013-03-09 }} at [[Mayavin Records]] * {{Facebook|vikajigulina|Vika Jigulina}} * {{twitter|vikajigulina}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jigulina, Vika}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cahul]] [[Category:Romanie female sangsters]] [[Category:Romanie DJs]] [[Category:Romanie dance muisickers]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Romanie]] [[Category:Moldovan emigrants tae Romanie]] [[Category:Moldovan female sangsters]] [[Category:Moldovan DJs]] [[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Romanie]] oxl2uuezct8s85eel786xbiatgpqex7 0 68125 922096 918769 2026-08-26T23:05:09Z NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh 85588 Revertit edit o CommonsDelinker, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot 918762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Wastren philosofie |era = [[18t-century filosofie]] |image = Immanuel Kant portrait.jpg |caption = Immanuel Kant by Iraqi polymath Muntadher Saleh |name = Immanuel Kant |birth_date = {{Birth date|1724|4|22|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Königsberg]], [[Kinrick o Proushie]]<br /><small>(nou [[Kaliningrad]], [[Roushie]])</small> |death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=yes|1804|02|12|1724|04|22}}}} |death_place = [[Königsberg]], Kinrick o Proushie |residence = Kinrick o Proushie |nationality = [[Germans|German]] |school_tradition = [[Kantianism]]<br />[[Age o Enlichtenment|Enlichtenment filosofie]] |main_interests = {{nowrap|[[Epistemology]]{{·}}[[Metapheesics]]<br />[[Ethics]]}} |notable_ideas = {{nowrap|[[Categorical imperative]]<br />[[Transcendental idealism]]<br />[[Analytic-synthetic distinction|Synthetic ''a priori'']]<br />[[Noumenon]]{{·}}''[[Sapere aude]]''<br />[[Nebular hypothesis]]}} |influences = [[Christian Wolff (filosopher)|Wolff]], [[Alexander Baumgarten|Baumgarten]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Sextus Empiricus|Empiricus]], [[David Hume|Hume]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[John Locke|Locke]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] |influenced = Virtually aw subsequent [[Wastren filosofie|Wastren filosofers]], includin: [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|Schelling]], [[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi|Jacobi]], [[Karl Leonhard Reinhold|Reinhold]], [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|F. Schlegel]], [[August Wilhelm Schlegel|A. Schlegel]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce]], [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Ernst Cassirer|Cassirer]], [[Jürgen Habermas|Habermas]], [[John Rawls|Rawls]], [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]], [[Jean Piaget|Piaget]], [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], [[David Hilbert|Hilbert]], [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]], [[Max Weber|Weber]], [[P. F. Strawson|Strawson]], [[Leo Strauss|Strauss]], [[John McDowell|McDowell]], [[Georg Simmel|Simmel]], [[Paul Guyer|Guyer]], [[T. K. Seung|Seung]] |signature = Immanuel Kant signature.svg }} '''Immanuel Kant''' ({{IPA-de|ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl kant|lang}}; 22 Aprile 1724 – 12 Februar 1804) wis a German filosopher that is widely conseedert tae be a central feegur o [[modren filosofie|modren philosophy]]. In his doctrine o [[transcendental idealism]], he argied that [[space]], [[time]], an [[Causality|causation]] are mere [[Sensibility|sensibilities]]; "[[Thing-in-itsel|things-in-themsels]]" exist, but thair naitur is unkenable.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Durant|first1=Will|last2=Durant|first2=Ariel|title=The Story of Civilization: Rousseau and Revolution|date=1967|publisher=MJF Books|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Rousseau_and_Revolution.html?id=Cq2ffQUf1GIC|isbn=978-1-56731-021-4|pages=571, 574}}</ref><ref name=Warburton>{{cite book|title=A little history of philosophy|author=Nigel Warburton|publisher=Yale University Press|chapter-url={{Google books|SGL4QPwDTVsC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|page=134|chapter=Chapter 19: Rose-tinted reality: Immanuel Kant|isbn=978-0-300-15208-1|year=2011}}</ref> In his view, the mind shapes an structures experience, wi aw human experience sharin certain structural featurs. He drew a parallel tae the [[Copernican Revolution#Immanuel Kant|Copernican revolution]] in his proposition that warldly objects can be intuitit ''[[A priori and a posteriori|a priori]]'' ('aforehaund'), an that [[intueetion]] is tharefore independent frae [[Objectivity (filosofie)|objective reality]].<ref>"We here propose to do just what [[Copernicus]] did in attempting to explain the celestial movements. When he found that he could make no progress by assuming that all the heavenly bodies revolved round the spectator, he reversed the process, and tried the experiment of assuming that the spectator revolved.... We may make the same experiment with regard to the intuition of objects. If the intuition must conform to the nature of the objects, I do not see how we can know anything of them ''a priori''. If, on the other hand, the object conforms to the nature of our faculty of intuition, I can then easily conceive the possibility of such an ''a priori'' knowledge." Kant, Immanuel. Translatit tae Inglis bi [[John Meiklejohn|J.M.D. Meiklejohn]], ''Critique of Pure Reason''.</ref> Kant believed that [[raison]] is the soorce o [[morality]], an that [[aesthetics]] arise frae a faculty o disinterestit juidgment. Kant's views conteena tae hae a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields o [[epistemology]], [[ethics]], [[poleetical theory]], an [[Aesthetics#Post-modren aesthetics an psychoanalysis|post-modren aesthetics]]. In ane o Kant's major warks, the ''[[Critique o Pure Raison]]'' (1781),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kant|first1=Immanuel|last2=Kitcher|first2=Patricia (intro.)|last3=Pluhar|first3=W. (trans.)|title=Critique of Pure Reason|url=https://archive.org/details/critiqueofpurere0000kant_k1v3|publisher=Hackett|year=1996|location=Indianapolis |page=xxviii |isbn= |nopp=true}}</ref> he attemptit tae explain the relationship atween raison an human experience an tae muive ayont the failyies o tradeetional philosophy an [[metapheesics]]. Kant wantit tae pit an end tae an era o futile an speculative theories o human experience, while resistin the [[Filosofical skepticism|skepticism]] o thinkers sic as [[David Hume]]. Kant regairdit himsel as shawin the way past the impasse atween [[raitionalists]] an [[empiricists]] that philosophy haed led tae,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vanzo|first1=Alberto|title=Kant on Empiricism and Rationalism|journal=History of Philosophy Quarterly|volume=30|issue=1|pages=53–74|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/59913|date=January 2013}}</ref> an is widely held tae hae synthesized baith tradeetions in his thocht.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Immanuel Kant|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=6 October 2015|date=20 May 2010}}</ref> Kant wis an exponent o the idea that [[perpetual peace]] coud be siccart throu universal [[democracy]] an [[internaitional cooperation]]. He believed that this wad be the eventual ootcome o [[universal history]], awtho it is nae raitionally planned.<ref>[[Idea for a Universal History wi a Cosmopolitan Purpose]].</ref> The naitur o Kant's releegious ideas conteenas tae be the subject o filosofical dispute, wi viewpynts rangin frae the impression that he wis an ineetial advocate o [[atheism]] that at some pynt developed an [[ontological argument]] for God, tae mair creetical treatments epitomised bi [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], that claimed that Kant haed "theologian bluid"<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, [[The Antichrist (beuk)|''The Anti-Christ'']] (1895), [https://books.google.com/books?id=DcVl57jzP2gC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=%22theologian+blood%22+the+antichrist#v=onepage&q=%22theologian%20blood%22%20the%20antichrist para. 10].</ref> an wis merely a sophisticatit [[apologist]] for tradeetional [[Christianity|Christian]] faith.{{efn|Nietzsche wrote that "Kant wanted to prove, in a way that would dumbfound the common man, that the common man was right: that was the secret joke of this soul."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche (trans. [[Walter Arnold Kaufmann]]), ''The Portable Nietzsche'', 1976, p. 96.</ref>}} Kant published ither important warks on ethics, releegion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, an history. Thir include the ''[[Universal Naitural History an Theory o the Heavens|Universal Natural History]]'' (1755), the ''[[Critique o Practical Raison]]'' (1788), the ''[[Metapheesics o Morals]]'' (1797), an the ''[[Critique o Juidgment]]'' (1790), that leuks at aesthetics an [[teleology]]. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kant, Immanuel}} [[Category:Immanuel Kant| ]] [[Category:1724 births]] [[Category:1804 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century German writers]] [[Category:18t-century philosophers]] [[Category:18t-century Proushie fowk]] [[Category:Continental philosophers]] [[Category:Utilitarianism ethics]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:Epistemologists]] [[Category:German idealism]] [[Category:German philosophers]] [[Category:German anthropologists]] [[Category:German logicians]] [[Category:German fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Idealists]] [[Category:Kantianism|Kantianism]] [[Category:Kantian filosofers|Kantian filosofers]] [[Category:Members o the Proushie Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Moral philosophers]] [[Category:Naitural filosofers]] [[Category:Ontologists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Königsberg]] [[Category:Fowk o Baltic German strynd]] [[Category:Filosofers o airt]] [[Category:Philosophers o law]] [[Category:Filosofers o science]] [[Category:Filosofie o sexuality]] [[Category:Poleetical leeberals (internaitional relations)]] [[Category:Poleetical theorists]] [[Category:Varsity o Königsberg faculty]] [[Category:Varsity o Königsberg alumni]] msre4uma09mufxrlc7sl76xautdxre6 922097 922096 2026-08-26T23:05:15Z NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh 85588 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/917164|917164]] bi [[Special:Contributions/004bvan|004bvan]] ([[User talk:004bvan|Tauk]]) 922097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Wastren philosofie |era = [[18t-century filosofie]] |image = Immanuel Kant portrait c1790.jpg |name = Immanuel Kant |birth_date = {{Birth date|1724|4|22|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Königsberg]], [[Kinrick o Proushie]]<br /><small>(nou [[Kaliningrad]], [[Roushie]])</small> |death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=yes|1804|02|12|1724|04|22}}}} |death_place = [[Königsberg]], Kinrick o Proushie |residence = Kinrick o Proushie |nationality = [[Germans|German]] |school_tradition = [[Kantianism]]<br />[[Age o Enlichtenment|Enlichtenment filosofie]] |main_interests = {{nowrap|[[Epistemology]]{{·}}[[Metapheesics]]<br />[[Ethics]]}} |notable_ideas = {{nowrap|[[Categorical imperative]]<br />[[Transcendental idealism]]<br />[[Analytic-synthetic distinction|Synthetic ''a priori'']]<br />[[Noumenon]]{{·}}''[[Sapere aude]]''<br />[[Nebular hypothesis]]}} |influences = [[Christian Wolff (filosopher)|Wolff]], [[Alexander Baumgarten|Baumgarten]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Sextus Empiricus|Empiricus]], [[David Hume|Hume]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[John Locke|Locke]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] |influenced = Virtually aw subsequent [[Wastren filosofie|Wastren filosofers]], includin: [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|Schelling]], [[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi|Jacobi]], [[Karl Leonhard Reinhold|Reinhold]], [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|F. Schlegel]], [[August Wilhelm Schlegel|A. Schlegel]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce]], [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Ernst Cassirer|Cassirer]], [[Jürgen Habermas|Habermas]], [[John Rawls|Rawls]], [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]], [[Jean Piaget|Piaget]], [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], [[David Hilbert|Hilbert]], [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]], [[Max Weber|Weber]], [[P. F. Strawson|Strawson]], [[Leo Strauss|Strauss]], [[John McDowell|McDowell]], [[Georg Simmel|Simmel]], [[Paul Guyer|Guyer]], [[T. K. Seung|Seung]] |signature = Immanuel Kant signature.svg }} '''Immanuel Kant''' ({{IPA-de|ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl kant|lang}}; 22 Aprile 1724 – 12 Februar 1804) wis a German filosopher that is widely conseedert tae be a central feegur o [[modren filosofie|modren philosophy]]. In his doctrine o [[transcendental idealism]], he argied that [[space]], [[time]], an [[Causality|causation]] are mere [[Sensibility|sensibilities]]; "[[Thing-in-itsel|things-in-themsels]]" exist, but thair naitur is unkenable.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Durant|first1=Will|last2=Durant|first2=Ariel|title=The Story of Civilization: Rousseau and Revolution|date=1967|publisher=MJF Books|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Rousseau_and_Revolution.html?id=Cq2ffQUf1GIC|isbn=978-1-56731-021-4|pages=571, 574}}</ref><ref name=Warburton>{{cite book|title=A little history of philosophy|author=Nigel Warburton|publisher=Yale University Press|chapter-url={{Google books|SGL4QPwDTVsC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|page=134|chapter=Chapter 19: Rose-tinted reality: Immanuel Kant|isbn=978-0-300-15208-1|year=2011}}</ref> In his view, the mind shapes an structures experience, wi aw human experience sharin certain structural featurs. He drew a parallel tae the [[Copernican Revolution#Immanuel Kant|Copernican revolution]] in his proposition that warldly objects can be intuitit ''[[A priori and a posteriori|a priori]]'' ('aforehaund'), an that [[intueetion]] is tharefore independent frae [[Objectivity (filosofie)|objective reality]].<ref>"We here propose to do just what [[Copernicus]] did in attempting to explain the celestial movements. When he found that he could make no progress by assuming that all the heavenly bodies revolved round the spectator, he reversed the process, and tried the experiment of assuming that the spectator revolved.... We may make the same experiment with regard to the intuition of objects. If the intuition must conform to the nature of the objects, I do not see how we can know anything of them ''a priori''. If, on the other hand, the object conforms to the nature of our faculty of intuition, I can then easily conceive the possibility of such an ''a priori'' knowledge." Kant, Immanuel. Translatit tae Inglis bi [[John Meiklejohn|J.M.D. Meiklejohn]], ''Critique of Pure Reason''.</ref> Kant believed that [[raison]] is the soorce o [[morality]], an that [[aesthetics]] arise frae a faculty o disinterestit juidgment. Kant's views conteena tae hae a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields o [[epistemology]], [[ethics]], [[poleetical theory]], an [[Aesthetics#Post-modren aesthetics an psychoanalysis|post-modren aesthetics]]. In ane o Kant's major warks, the ''[[Critique o Pure Raison]]'' (1781),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kant|first1=Immanuel|last2=Kitcher|first2=Patricia (intro.)|last3=Pluhar|first3=W. (trans.)|title=Critique of Pure Reason|url=https://archive.org/details/critiqueofpurere0000kant_k1v3|publisher=Hackett|year=1996|location=Indianapolis |page=xxviii |isbn= |nopp=true}}</ref> he attemptit tae explain the relationship atween raison an human experience an tae muive ayont the failyies o tradeetional philosophy an [[metapheesics]]. Kant wantit tae pit an end tae an era o futile an speculative theories o human experience, while resistin the [[Filosofical skepticism|skepticism]] o thinkers sic as [[David Hume]]. Kant regairdit himsel as shawin the way past the impasse atween [[raitionalists]] an [[empiricists]] that philosophy haed led tae,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vanzo|first1=Alberto|title=Kant on Empiricism and Rationalism|journal=History of Philosophy Quarterly|volume=30|issue=1|pages=53–74|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/59913|date=January 2013}}</ref> an is widely held tae hae synthesized baith tradeetions in his thocht.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Immanuel Kant|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=6 October 2015|date=20 May 2010}}</ref> Kant wis an exponent o the idea that [[perpetual peace]] coud be siccart throu universal [[democracy]] an [[internaitional cooperation]]. He believed that this wad be the eventual ootcome o [[universal history]], awtho it is nae raitionally planned.<ref>[[Idea for a Universal History wi a Cosmopolitan Purpose]].</ref> The naitur o Kant's releegious ideas conteenas tae be the subject o filosofical dispute, wi viewpynts rangin frae the impression that he wis an ineetial advocate o [[atheism]] that at some pynt developed an [[ontological argument]] for God, tae mair creetical treatments epitomised bi [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], that claimed that Kant haed "theologian bluid"<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, [[The Antichrist (beuk)|''The Anti-Christ'']] (1895), [https://books.google.com/books?id=DcVl57jzP2gC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=%22theologian+blood%22+the+antichrist#v=onepage&q=%22theologian%20blood%22%20the%20antichrist para. 10].</ref> an wis merely a sophisticatit [[apologist]] for tradeetional [[Christianity|Christian]] faith.{{efn|Nietzsche wrote that "Kant wanted to prove, in a way that would dumbfound the common man, that the common man was right: that was the secret joke of this soul."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche (trans. [[Walter Arnold Kaufmann]]), ''The Portable Nietzsche'', 1976, p. 96.</ref>}} Kant published ither important warks on ethics, releegion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, an history. Thir include the ''[[Universal Naitural History an Theory o the Heavens|Universal Natural History]]'' (1755), the ''[[Critique o Practical Raison]]'' (1788), the ''[[Metapheesics o Morals]]'' (1797), an the ''[[Critique o Juidgment]]'' (1790), that leuks at aesthetics an [[teleology]]. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kant, Immanuel}} [[Category:Immanuel Kant| ]] [[Category:1724 births]] [[Category:1804 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century German writers]] [[Category:18t-century philosophers]] [[Category:18t-century Proushie fowk]] [[Category:Continental philosophers]] [[Category:Utilitarianism ethics]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:Epistemologists]] [[Category:German idealism]] [[Category:German philosophers]] [[Category:German anthropologists]] [[Category:German logicians]] [[Category:German fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Idealists]] [[Category:Kantianism|Kantianism]] [[Category:Kantian filosofers|Kantian filosofers]] [[Category:Members o the Proushie Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Moral philosophers]] [[Category:Naitural filosofers]] [[Category:Ontologists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Königsberg]] [[Category:Fowk o Baltic German strynd]] [[Category:Filosofers o airt]] [[Category:Philosophers o law]] [[Category:Filosofers o science]] [[Category:Filosofie o sexuality]] [[Category:Poleetical leeberals (internaitional relations)]] [[Category:Poleetical theorists]] [[Category:Varsity o Königsberg faculty]] [[Category:Varsity o Königsberg alumni]] 63l1w1r61kaupi0rbunk2ad693f6nul 922105 922097 2026-08-27T00:53:35Z CiphriusKane 74958 922105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Wastren philosophy |era = [[18t-century philosophy]] |image = Immanuel Kant portrait c1790.jpg |name = Immanuel Kant |birth_date = {{Birth date|1724|4|22|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Königsberg]], [[Kinrick o Proushie]]<br /><small>(nou [[Kaliningrad]], [[Roushie]])</small> |death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=yes|1804|02|12|1724|04|22}}}} |death_place = [[Königsberg]], Kinrick o Proushie |residence = Kinrick o Proushie |nationality = [[Germans|German]] |school_tradition = [[Kantianism]]<br />[[Age o Enlichtenment|Enlichtenment philosophy]] |main_interests = {{nowrap|[[Epistemology]]{{·}}[[Metapheesics]]<br />[[Ethics]]}} |notable_ideas = {{nowrap|[[Categorical imperative]]<br />[[Transcendental idealism]]<br />[[Analytic-synthetic distinction|Synthetic ''a priori'']]<br />[[Noumenon]]{{·}}''[[Sapere aude]]''<br />[[Nebular hypothesis]]}} |influences = [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Wolff]], [[Alexander Baumgarten|Baumgarten]], [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Sextus Empiricus|Empiricus]], [[David Hume|Hume]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[John Locke|Locke]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] |influenced = Virtually aw subsequent [[Wastren philosophy|Wastren philosophers]], includin: [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|Schelling]], [[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi|Jacobi]], [[Karl Leonhard Reinhold|Reinhold]], [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|F. Schlegel]], [[August Wilhelm Schlegel|A. Schlegel]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce]], [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Ernst Cassirer|Cassirer]], [[Jürgen Habermas|Habermas]], [[John Rawls|Rawls]], [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]], [[Jean Piaget|Piaget]], [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], [[David Hilbert|Hilbert]], [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]], [[Max Weber|Weber]], [[P. F. Strawson|Strawson]], [[Leo Strauss|Strauss]], [[John McDowell|McDowell]], [[Georg Simmel|Simmel]], [[Paul Guyer|Guyer]], [[T. K. Seung|Seung]] |signature = Immanuel Kant signature.svg }} '''Immanuel Kant''' ({{IPA-de|ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl kant|lang}}; 22 Aprile 1724 – 12 Februar 1804) wis a German philosopher that is widely conseedert tae be a central figur o [[modren philosophy]]. In his doctrine o [[transcendental idealism]], he threipit that [[space]], [[time]], an [[Causality|causation]] are mere [[Sensibility|sensibilities]]; "[[Thing-in-itsel|things-in-themsels]]" exist, but thair naitur is unkenable.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Durant|first1=Will|last2=Durant|first2=Ariel|title=The Story of Civilization: Rousseau and Revolution|date=1967|publisher=MJF Books|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Rousseau_and_Revolution.html?id=Cq2ffQUf1GIC|isbn=978-1-56731-021-4|pages=571, 574}}</ref><ref name=Warburton>{{cite book|title=A little history of philosophy|author=Nigel Warburton|publisher=Yale University Press|chapter-url={{Google books|SGL4QPwDTVsC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|page=134|chapter=Chapter 19: Rose-tinted reality: Immanuel Kant|isbn=978-0-300-15208-1|year=2011}}</ref> In his view, the mind shapes an structures experience, wi aw human experience sharin certain structural featurs. He drew a parallel tae the [[Copernican Revolution#Immanuel Kant|Copernican revolution]] in his proposition that warldly objects can be intuitit ''[[A priori and a posteriori|a priori]]'' ('aforehaund'), an that [[intueetion]] is tharefore independent frae [[Objectivity (philosophy)|objective reality]].<ref>"We here propose to do just what [[Copernicus]] did in attempting to explain the celestial movements. When he found that he could make no progress by assuming that all the heavenly bodies revolved round the spectator, he reversed the process, and tried the experiment of assuming that the spectator revolved.... We may make the same experiment with regard to the intuition of objects. If the intuition must conform to the nature of the objects, I do not see how we can know anything of them ''a priori''. If, on the other hand, the object conforms to the nature of our faculty of intuition, I can then easily conceive the possibility of such an ''a priori'' knowledge." Kant, Immanuel. Translatit tae Inglis bi [[John Meiklejohn|J.M.D. Meiklejohn]], ''Critique of Pure Reason''.</ref> Kant believed that [[raison]] is the soorce o [[morality]], an that [[aesthetics]] arise frae a faculty o disinterestit juidgment. Kant's views conteena tae hae a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields o [[epistemology]], [[ethics]], [[poleetical theory]], an [[Aesthetics#Post-modren aesthetics an psychoanalysis|post-modren aesthetics]]. In ane o Kant's major warks, the ''[[Critique o Pure Raison]]'' (1781),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kant|first1=Immanuel|last2=Kitcher|first2=Patricia (intro.)|last3=Pluhar|first3=W. (trans.)|title=Critique of Pure Reason|url=https://archive.org/details/critiqueofpurere0000kant_k1v3|publisher=Hackett|year=1996|location=Indianapolis |page=xxviii |isbn= |nopp=true}}</ref> he attemptit tae explain the relationship atween raison an human experience an tae muive ayont the failyies o tradeetional philosophy an [[metapheesics]]. Kant wantit tae pit an end tae an era o futile an speculative theories o human experience, while resistin the skepticism o thinkers sic as [[David Hume]]. Kant regairdit himsel as shawin the way past the impasse atween [[raitionalists]] an [[empiricists]] that philosophy haed led tae,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vanzo|first1=Alberto|title=Kant on Empiricism and Rationalism|journal=History of Philosophy Quarterly|volume=30|issue=1|pages=53–74|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/59913|date=January 2013}}</ref> an is widely held tae hae synthesized baith tradeetions in his thocht.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Immanuel Kant|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=6 October 2015|date=20 May 2010}}</ref> Kant wis an exponent o the idea that [[perpetual peace]] coud be siccart throu universal [[democracy]] an [[internaitional cooperation]]. He believed that this wad be the eventual ootcome o [[universal history]], awtho it is nae raitionally planned.<ref>[[Idea for a Universal History wi a Cosmopolitan Purpose]].</ref> The naitur o Kant's releegious ideas conteenas tae be the subject o philosophical dispute, wi viewpynts rangin frae the impression that he wis an ineetial advocate o [[atheism]] that at some pynt developed an [[ontological argument]] for God, tae mair creetical treatments epitomised bi [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], that claimed that Kant haed "theologian bluid"<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, [[The Antichrist (beuk)|''The Anti-Christ'']] (1895), [https://books.google.com/books?id=DcVl57jzP2gC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=%22theologian+blood%22+the+antichrist#v=onepage&q=%22theologian%20blood%22%20the%20antichrist para. 10].</ref> an wis merely a sophisticatit [[apologist]] for tradeetional [[Christianity|Christian]] faith.{{efn|Nietzsche wrote that "Kant wanted to prove, in a way that would dumbfound the common man, that the common man was right: that was the secret joke of this soul."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche (trans. [[Walter Arnold Kaufmann]]), ''The Portable Nietzsche'', 1976, p. 96.</ref>}} Kant published ither important warks on ethics, releegion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, an history. Thir include the ''[[Universal Naitural History an Theory o the Heavens|Universal Natural History]]'' (1755), the ''[[Critique o Practical Raison]]'' (1788), the ''[[Metapheesics o Morals]]'' (1797), an the ''[[Critique o Juidgment]]'' (1790), that leuks at aesthetics an [[teleology]]. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kant, Immanuel}} [[Category:Immanuel Kant| ]] [[Category:1724 births]] [[Category:1804 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century German writers]] [[Category:18t-century philosophers]] [[Category:18t-century Proushie fowk]] [[Category:Continental philosophers]] [[Category:Utilitarianism ethics]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:Epistemologists]] [[Category:German idealism]] [[Category:German philosophers]] [[Category:German anthropologists]] [[Category:German logicians]] [[Category:German fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Idealists]] [[Category:Kantianism|Kantianism]] [[Category:Kantian philosophers|Kantian philosophers]] [[Category:Members o the Proushie Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Moral philosophers]] [[Category:Naitural philosophers]] [[Category:Ontologists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Königsberg]] [[Category:Fowk o Baltic German strynd]] [[Category:Philosophers o airt]] [[Category:Philosophers o law]] [[Category:Philosophers o science]] [[Category:Philosophy o sexuality]] [[Category:Poleetical leeberals (internaitional relations)]] [[Category:Poleetical theorists]] [[Category:Varsity o Königsberg faculty]] [[Category:Varsity o Königsberg alumni]] iqetx46mbrg62i4x6uiw2td9tbor428 0 73167 922095 907425 2026-08-26T23:03:50Z Atlantic306 30244 removed archive today 922095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox London Borough | name = Ryal Burgh o Greenwich | motto = We Govern by Serving | short_name = Greenwich | imagename = Greenwich UK locator map.svg | image_shield = Greenwich2012arms.png | arms_article = Coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich | status = [[Ryal burgh]] | area_rank = 302nd | area_km2 = 47.35 | ons_code = 00AL | gss_code = E09000011 | adminhq = [[Woolwich]] | url = http://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk | leadership = Leader & Cabinet | leader = Cllr Chris Roberts | mayor = Cllr Jim Gillman | mps = [[Teresa Pearce]]<br>[[Clive Efford]]<br>[[Nick Raynsford]] | gla_constituency = Greenwich and Lewisham | gla_member = [[Len Duvall]] | postcode_areas = {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|DA}} | dial_codes = [[:020]] }} The '''Ryal Burgh o Greenwich''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBGreenwich.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɛ|n|ɪ|tʃ}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɪ|n|ɪ|dʒ}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɪ|n|ɪ|tʃ}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɛ|n|ɪ|dʒ}})<ref>{{OED|Greenwich}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (David Jones)|year=2011|editor1-first=Peter|editor1-last=Roach|editor2-first=Jane|editor2-last=Setter|editor3-first=John|editor3-last=Esling|edition=18th|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> is an [[Lunnon burgh]] in sooth-east Lunnon, Ingland. Takkin its name frae the historic toun o [[Greenwich]], the London Borough of Greenwich wis formit in 1965 bi the amalgamation o the umwhile area o the [[Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich]] wi pairt o the [[Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich]] tae the east. The local cooncil is [[Greenwich London Borough Council|Greenwich Borough Council]]. Greenwich is warld famous as the traditional location o the [[Prime Meridian]], on which aw [[Coordinatit Universal Time]] is based. The Prime Meridian runnin throu Greenwich an the [[Greenwich Observatory]] is whaur the designation [[Greenwich Mean Time]], or [[GMT]] begoud, an on whilk aw warld times are based. In 2012, Greenwich wis leetit as a tap ten global destination bi [[Frommer's]] – the anely UK destination tae be leetit. Greenwich wis ane o sax host burghs for the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] an events wur haudit at the [[Royal Artillery Barracks]] (Shooting), [[Greenwich Park]] ([[Equestrianism]]) an [[The O2 (London)|The O₂]]-umwhile [[Millennium Dome]] (Gymnastics; Basketball). Tae mark the [[Diamond Jubilee o Elizabeth II]], Greenwich becam a [[:en:List of UK place names with royal patronage#Royal Borough|Royal Borough]] on 3 Februar 2012, owin in pairt tae its historic links wi the [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Ryal Faimily]], an tae its [[UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid]] status as hame o the Prime Meridian.<ref name="royal">{{cite web | url=http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/Greenwich/LeisureCulture/RoyalGreenwich/RoyalGreenwich.htm | title=Greenwich to become Royal Borough | date=5 January 2010 | accessdate=5 January 2010 | publisher=Greenwich London Borough Council | archive-date=2010-01-05 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mYjJHOZA?url=http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/Greenwich/LeisureCulture/RoyalGreenwich/RoyalGreenwich.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/press/article/61/greenwich_to_become_royal_borough_on_3_february|title=Greenwich to become Royal Borough on 3 February|date=9 January 2012|publisher=Greenwich Council|accessdate=14 January 2012|archive-date=2012-08-01|archive-url=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[Letters Patent]] dated 3 February 2012 {{London Gazette|issue=60205|startpage=13300|date=11 July 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} *[http://www.londonremade.com/mgpc2.asp "The Mayor's Green Procurement Code"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808005417/http://londonremade.com/mgpc2.asp |date=2007-08-08 }}, ''Level A1''. Retrieved 26 September 2007. ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.greenwich.gov.uk Greenwich Council] {{DEFAULTSORT:London Borough Of Greenwich}} [[Category:Lunnon burghs|Greenwich]] [[Category:Local authorities adjoinin the River Thames|Greenwich]] [[Category:Royal Borough of Greenwich| ]] [[Category:Airticles includin recordit pronunciations (UK Inglis)]] [[Category:1965 establishments]] [[Category:Places wi ryal patronage in Lunnon]] [[Category:1960s establishments in Europe]] pj2o6rzajq1t9a27v2rdt4v43o97xc9 922098 922095 2026-08-26T23:08:07Z Atlantic306 30244 added internet arcive 922098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox London Borough | name = Ryal Burgh o Greenwich | motto = We Govern by Serving | short_name = Greenwich | imagename = Greenwich UK locator map.svg | image_shield = Greenwich2012arms.png | arms_article = Coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich | status = [[Ryal burgh]] | area_rank = 302nd | area_km2 = 47.35 | ons_code = 00AL | gss_code = E09000011 | adminhq = [[Woolwich]] | url = http://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk | leadership = Leader & Cabinet | leader = Cllr Chris Roberts | mayor = Cllr Jim Gillman | mps = [[Teresa Pearce]]<br>[[Clive Efford]]<br>[[Nick Raynsford]] | gla_constituency = Greenwich and Lewisham | gla_member = [[Len Duvall]] | postcode_areas = {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|DA}} | dial_codes = [[:020]] }} The '''Ryal Burgh o Greenwich''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBGreenwich.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɛ|n|ɪ|tʃ}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɪ|n|ɪ|dʒ}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɪ|n|ɪ|tʃ}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɛ|n|ɪ|dʒ}})<ref>{{OED|Greenwich}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (David Jones)|year=2011|editor1-first=Peter|editor1-last=Roach|editor2-first=Jane|editor2-last=Setter|editor3-first=John|editor3-last=Esling|edition=18th|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> is an [[Lunnon burgh]] in sooth-east Lunnon, Ingland. Takkin its name frae the historic toun o [[Greenwich]], the London Borough of Greenwich wis formit in 1965 bi the amalgamation o the umwhile area o the [[Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich]] wi pairt o the [[Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich]] tae the east. The local cooncil is [[Greenwich London Borough Council|Greenwich Borough Council]]. Greenwich is warld famous as the traditional location o the [[Prime Meridian]], on which aw [[Coordinatit Universal Time]] is based. The Prime Meridian runnin throu Greenwich an the [[Greenwich Observatory]] is whaur the designation [[Greenwich Mean Time]], or [[GMT]] begoud, an on whilk aw warld times are based. In 2012, Greenwich wis leetit as a tap ten global destination bi [[Frommer's]] – the anely UK destination tae be leetit. Greenwich wis ane o sax host burghs for the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] an events wur haudit at the [[Royal Artillery Barracks]] (Shooting), [[Greenwich Park]] ([[Equestrianism]]) an [[The O2 (London)|The O₂]]-umwhile [[Millennium Dome]] (Gymnastics; Basketball). Tae mark the [[Diamond Jubilee o Elizabeth II]], Greenwich becam a [[:en:List of UK place names with royal patronage#Royal Borough|Royal Borough]] on 3 Februar 2012, owin in pairt tae its historic links wi the [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Ryal Faimily]], an tae its [[UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid]] status as hame o the Prime Meridian.<ref name="royal">{{cite web | url=http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/Greenwich/LeisureCulture/RoyalGreenwich/RoyalGreenwich.htm | title=Greenwich to become Royal Borough | date=5 January 2010 | accessdate=5 January 2010 | publisher=Greenwich London Borough Council | archive-date=2010-01-05 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mYjJHOZA?url=http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/Greenwich/LeisureCulture/RoyalGreenwich/RoyalGreenwich.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/press/article/61/greenwich_to_become_royal_borough_on_3_february|title=Greenwich to become Royal Borough on 3 February|date=9 January 2012|publisher=Greenwich Council|accessdate=14 January 2012|archive-date=2012-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719102624/https://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/press/article/61/greenwich_to_become_royal_borough_on_3_february|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[Letters Patent]] dated 3 February 2012 {{London Gazette|issue=60205|startpage=13300|date=11 July 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} *[http://www.londonremade.com/mgpc2.asp "The Mayor's Green Procurement Code"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808005417/http://londonremade.com/mgpc2.asp |date=2007-08-08 }}, ''Level A1''. Retrieved 26 September 2007. ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.greenwich.gov.uk Greenwich Council] {{DEFAULTSORT:London Borough Of Greenwich}} [[Category:Lunnon burghs|Greenwich]] [[Category:Local authorities adjoinin the River Thames|Greenwich]] [[Category:Royal Borough of Greenwich| ]] [[Category:Airticles includin recordit pronunciations (UK Inglis)]] [[Category:1965 establishments]] [[Category:Places wi ryal patronage in Lunnon]] [[Category:1960s establishments in Europe]] 7qpb9lnx7v4ijpvkk4c8s9ekzofm0fi 0 94423 922099 908532 2026-08-26T23:13:07Z Atlantic306 30244 removed archive today 922099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Rusyns | image = | pop = '''75,000–110,000'''{{efn|The tot feegur is ainly an estimate - the sum o aw the referenced populations ablo.}}<br />(est. 1.2-1.6 million)<ref name="Magosci">{{cite journal|author=Paul Magocsi|authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi|url=http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm|year=1995|title=The Rusyn Question|journal=Political Thought|volume=2-3|issue=6}}</ref><ref name="GRE2016">{{cite book|title=РУСИ́НЫ|url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|author=М. Ю. Дронов|work=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]|year=2016|publisher=Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|language=Russian|quote=В этногенезе Р. приняли участие потомки племени белых хорватов, выходцы из др. вост.–слав. земель и др.|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-date=2019-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155323/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Slovakia}} | pop1 = 33,482 | ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archivedate= 2012-04-17|title= Permanently resident population by nationality and by regions and districts|language= sk|publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|date= 2011}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop3 = 10,183–32,386 | ref3 = <ref name="ukraine">{{cite web|url= http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.5W&k_t=00&p=0&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1|script-title= uk:Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова|trans-title= Number of persons individual ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language|language= uk|work= ukrcensus.gov.ua|date= 2001|accessdate= 4 March 2016}} [http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg Карта говорів української мови] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092118/http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg |date=2021-02-25 }}, 10.10.2008; [http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/088/88994.htm Энциклопедический словарь: В 86 томах с иллюстрациями и дополнительными материалами. Edited by Андреевский, И.Е. − Арсеньев, К.К. − Петрушевский, Ф.Ф. − Шевяков, В.Т., s.v. ''Русины''. Online version. Вологда, Russia: Вологодская областная универсальная научная библиотека, 2001 (1890−1907)], 10.10.2008; [http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rue Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Edited by Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., s.v. ''Rusyn''. Fifteenth edition. Online version. Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International, 2008 (2005)], 10.10.2008; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720162001/http://www.eurominority.eu/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=208 Eurominority: Peoples in search of freedom. Edited by Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, s.v. ''Ruthenians''. Quimper, France: Organization for the European Minorities, 1999–2008], 10.10.2008.</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} | pop4 = 14,246 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|script-title= sr:Становништво према националној припадности|trans-title= Population by ethnicity|language= sr|url= http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210|archive-url=|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2013-04-16|work= Serbian Republic Institute of Statistics}} {{Cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2017-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193601/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry |Croatia}} | pop6 = 2,879 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|title= STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NARODNOSTI, PO GRADOVIMA/OPĆINAMA, POPIS 2001|trans-title= Population by ethnicity in cities and municipalities, 2001 Census|language= Croatian|publisher= State Institute for Statistics of the [[Croatia| Republic of Croatia]].|access-date= 2020-03-23|archive-date= 2019-05-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519065506/https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry |Hungary}} | pop7 = 2,342 | ref7 = <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last= Vukovich|first= Gabriella|url= http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title= Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title= 2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data|language= hu|work= Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location= Budapest|year= 2018|accessdate= 9 January 2019|isbn= 978-963-235-542-9}}</ref> | region8 = {{nowrap|{{flagcountry |Czech Republic}}}} | pop8 = 1,109 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vlada.cz/cz/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/mensiny/rusinska-narodnostni-mensina-16151/|title= Rusínská národnostní menšina|publisher= |accessdate= 18 March 2015}}</ref> | region5 = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}} | pop5 = 8,934{{#tag:ref|Respondents in the U.S. census identifee'd as ''Carpatho Rusyn''|group= note}} | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title= Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported, 2010 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates|url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|publisher= [[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate= November 30, 2012|archive-date= 2020-02-12|archive-url= https://archive.today/20200212222747/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry |Poland}} | pop9 = 638–10,531{{#tag:ref| Accordin tae o the 2011 Pols census, 10,531 respondents identifee'd as [[Lemkos]], separately frae Rusyns.|group= note}} | ref9 = <ref name="stat">{{cite web|url= http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf|title= Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno społeczna|trans-title= State and structure of the social demographics of the population|language= pl|work= Central Statistical Office of Poland|date= 2013|accessdate= 14 April 2013|page= 91}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry |Romania}} | pop10 = 200–4,090{{#tag:ref| While an estimatit 200 fowk identifee'd thaimsels as "Rusyns" in 2011, in the 2002 Romanie census, 3,890 fowk identifee'd as [[Hutsuls]] (Romanie: ''Huțuli''; Rusyn ''Hutsuly'') – a minority that's memmers aften identifee as or are regairdit as a subgroup o the Rusyns. A faur 61,091 Romanie ceetizens identifee'd as Ukrainian (Romanian: ''Ucraineni''). As the archaic [[exonym]] "[[Ruthenians]]" wis applied indiscriminately tae baith Rusyns an Ukrainians, some Ukrainian-Romanies mey an aw regaird thaimsels as Rusyns in the sense o a subgroup o a braider Ukrainian identity.|group= note}} | ref10 = <ref>{{cite book |last= Moser |first= Michael |chapter= Rusyn |editors= Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi & Catherine Gibson | title= The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders |year= 2016 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |location= Basingstoke UK |language= English | isbn= |page= 132 | oclc= | accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="insse2">{{cite web | url = http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/rpl2002rezgen1/14.pdf | title = Populaţia după etnie| publisher= Institutul Naţional de Statistică | accessdate = 2011-10-28|language= Romanian}}</ref><ref name="emaref">{{cite web | url = http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | title = Date naţionale | publisher = Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank | accessdate = 2011-10-28 | language = Romanian | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | archivedate = 2011-09-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | langs = [[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]{{·}}[[Ukrainian leid| Ukrainian]]{{·}}[[Slovak leid|Slovak]]<br>[[Serbian leid|Serbian]]{{·}}[[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] | flag = [[File:Flag of Rusyns 2007.svg|200px|border]]<br/>Banner o Rusyns<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rusynacademy.sk/english/en-academy5.html|title= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic: Rusyn Symbols|publisher= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic|accessdate= 17 October 2019}}</ref><br> [[File:Rusyn coat of arms.svg|80px]]<br/>Coat o airms o Rusyns | rels = Maistly [[Eastren Catholic Kirks|Greek Catholic]] ([[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Kirk]]) wi [[Eastren Orthodoxy |Eastren Orthodox]] minority ([[Roushie Orthodox Kirk]] an [[Serbie Orthodox Kirk]]) | related = [[Ukrainians]], [[Slovaks]], [[Poles]], [[Hungarians]] }} '''Rusyns''' ([[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]: Русины / ''Rusynŷ''), whiles cried '''Rusnaks''' (Rusyn: Руснакы / ''Rusnakŷ''), kent as '''Carpatho-Ruthenians''' or '''Carpatho-Roushies''' (Rusyn: Карпато-Русини / ''Karpato-Rusyny'') forby, are an [[East Slavs |East Slavic]] fowk that spik the [[Rusyn leid]]. Thay came fae an East Slavic fowk that bade in the northren airts o the [[Eastren Carpathies]] fae the [[Early Middle Ages]]. Thegither wi ither East Slavs fae neebourin airts, thay war aften cried by the common [[exonym]] [[Ruthenians]], or by the mair speceefic name Carpathie Ruthenians, wi sub-gruip names sic as [[Dolinyans]], [[Boykos]], [[Hutsuls]] an [[Lemkos]]. Unalike thair neebours tae the east, that adoptit the uise o the [[ethnonym]] [[Ukrainians]] in the early 20t yearhunner, Rusyns haint thair name. As woners o northeastren airts o the [[Carpathie Moontains]], Rusyns are closely connectit tae, an sumtimes associatit wi, ither Slavic fowk in the airt, sic as the [[Wast Slavs|Wast Slavic]] heichlander community o [[Gorals]] (literally, "Heichlanders"). The uiss o the Rusyn ethnonym is aften poleeticised, particular acause o the thocht in modren [[Roushie]] that conseeders the Ruthenian naition pairt o the naition o Muckle Roushies. ==Notes== {{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rusyns| ]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Poland]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovakie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina]] [[Category:Members o the Unrepresentit Naitions an Fowks Organisation]] qkq6ju8j2lmt8ukzvs9zwvq476hx6bw 922100 922099 2026-08-26T23:17:49Z Atlantic306 30244 removed archive today 922100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Rusyns | image = | pop = '''75,000–110,000'''{{efn|The tot feegur is ainly an estimate - the sum o aw the referenced populations ablo.}}<br />(est. 1.2-1.6 million)<ref name="Magosci">{{cite journal|author=Paul Magocsi|authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi|url=http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm|year=1995|title=The Rusyn Question|journal=Political Thought|volume=2-3|issue=6}}</ref><ref name="GRE2016">{{cite book|title=РУСИ́НЫ|url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|author=М. Ю. Дронов|work=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]|year=2016|publisher=Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|language=Russian|quote=В этногенезе Р. приняли участие потомки племени белых хорватов, выходцы из др. вост.–слав. земель и др.|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-date=2019-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155323/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Slovakia}} | pop1 = 33,482 | ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archivedate= 2012-04-17|title= Permanently resident population by nationality and by regions and districts|language= sk|publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|date= 2011}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop3 = 10,183–32,386 | ref3 = <ref name="ukraine">{{cite web|url= http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.5W&k_t=00&p=0&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1|script-title= uk:Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова|trans-title= Number of persons individual ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language|language= uk|work= ukrcensus.gov.ua|date= 2001|accessdate= 4 March 2016}} [http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg Карта говорів української мови] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092118/http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg |date=2021-02-25 }}, 10.10.2008; [http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/088/88994.htm Энциклопедический словарь: В 86 томах с иллюстрациями и дополнительными материалами. Edited by Андреевский, И.Е. − Арсеньев, К.К. − Петрушевский, Ф.Ф. − Шевяков, В.Т., s.v. ''Русины''. Online version. Вологда, Russia: Вологодская областная универсальная научная библиотека, 2001 (1890−1907)], 10.10.2008; [http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rue Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Edited by Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., s.v. ''Rusyn''. Fifteenth edition. Online version. Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International, 2008 (2005)], 10.10.2008; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720162001/http://www.eurominority.eu/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=208 Eurominority: Peoples in search of freedom. Edited by Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, s.v. ''Ruthenians''. Quimper, France: Organization for the European Minorities, 1999–2008], 10.10.2008.</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} | pop4 = 14,246 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|script-title= sr:Становништво према националној припадности|trans-title= Population by ethnicity|language= sr|url= http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210|archive-url=|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2013-04-16|work= Serbian Republic Institute of Statistics}} {{Cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2017-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193601/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry |Croatia}} | pop6 = 2,879 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|title= STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NARODNOSTI, PO GRADOVIMA/OPĆINAMA, POPIS 2001|trans-title= Population by ethnicity in cities and municipalities, 2001 Census|language= Croatian|publisher= State Institute for Statistics of the [[Croatia| Republic of Croatia]].|access-date= 2020-03-23|archive-date= 2019-05-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519065506/https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry |Hungary}} | pop7 = 2,342 | ref7 = <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last= Vukovich|first= Gabriella|url= http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title= Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title= 2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data|language= hu|work= Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location= Budapest|year= 2018|accessdate= 9 January 2019|isbn= 978-963-235-542-9}}</ref> | region8 = {{nowrap|{{flagcountry |Czech Republic}}}} | pop8 = 1,109 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vlada.cz/cz/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/mensiny/rusinska-narodnostni-mensina-16151/|title= Rusínská národnostní menšina|publisher= |accessdate= 18 March 2015}}</ref> | region5 = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}} | pop5 = 8,934{{#tag:ref|Respondents in the U.S. census identifee'd as ''Carpatho Rusyn''|group= note}} | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title= Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported, 2010 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates|url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|publisher= [[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate= November 30, 2012|archive-date= 2020-02-12|archive-url=|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry |Poland}} | pop9 = 638–10,531{{#tag:ref| Accordin tae o the 2011 Pols census, 10,531 respondents identifee'd as [[Lemkos]], separately frae Rusyns.|group= note}} | ref9 = <ref name="stat">{{cite web|url= http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf|title= Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno społeczna|trans-title= State and structure of the social demographics of the population|language= pl|work= Central Statistical Office of Poland|date= 2013|accessdate= 14 April 2013|page= 91}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry |Romania}} | pop10 = 200–4,090{{#tag:ref| While an estimatit 200 fowk identifee'd thaimsels as "Rusyns" in 2011, in the 2002 Romanie census, 3,890 fowk identifee'd as [[Hutsuls]] (Romanie: ''Huțuli''; Rusyn ''Hutsuly'') – a minority that's memmers aften identifee as or are regairdit as a subgroup o the Rusyns. A faur 61,091 Romanie ceetizens identifee'd as Ukrainian (Romanian: ''Ucraineni''). As the archaic [[exonym]] "[[Ruthenians]]" wis applied indiscriminately tae baith Rusyns an Ukrainians, some Ukrainian-Romanies mey an aw regaird thaimsels as Rusyns in the sense o a subgroup o a braider Ukrainian identity.|group= note}} | ref10 = <ref>{{cite book |last= Moser |first= Michael |chapter= Rusyn |editors= Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi & Catherine Gibson | title= The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders |year= 2016 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |location= Basingstoke UK |language= English | isbn= |page= 132 | oclc= | accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="insse2">{{cite web | url = http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/rpl2002rezgen1/14.pdf | title = Populaţia după etnie| publisher= Institutul Naţional de Statistică | accessdate = 2011-10-28|language= Romanian}}</ref><ref name="emaref">{{cite web | url = http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | title = Date naţionale | publisher = Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank | accessdate = 2011-10-28 | language = Romanian | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | archivedate = 2011-09-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | langs = [[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]{{·}}[[Ukrainian leid| Ukrainian]]{{·}}[[Slovak leid|Slovak]]<br>[[Serbian leid|Serbian]]{{·}}[[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] | flag = [[File:Flag of Rusyns 2007.svg|200px|border]]<br/>Banner o Rusyns<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rusynacademy.sk/english/en-academy5.html|title= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic: Rusyn Symbols|publisher= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic|accessdate= 17 October 2019}}</ref><br> [[File:Rusyn coat of arms.svg|80px]]<br/>Coat o airms o Rusyns | rels = Maistly [[Eastren Catholic Kirks|Greek Catholic]] ([[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Kirk]]) wi [[Eastren Orthodoxy |Eastren Orthodox]] minority ([[Roushie Orthodox Kirk]] an [[Serbie Orthodox Kirk]]) | related = [[Ukrainians]], [[Slovaks]], [[Poles]], [[Hungarians]] }} '''Rusyns''' ([[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]: Русины / ''Rusynŷ''), whiles cried '''Rusnaks''' (Rusyn: Руснакы / ''Rusnakŷ''), kent as '''Carpatho-Ruthenians''' or '''Carpatho-Roushies''' (Rusyn: Карпато-Русини / ''Karpato-Rusyny'') forby, are an [[East Slavs |East Slavic]] fowk that spik the [[Rusyn leid]]. Thay came fae an East Slavic fowk that bade in the northren airts o the [[Eastren Carpathies]] fae the [[Early Middle Ages]]. Thegither wi ither East Slavs fae neebourin airts, thay war aften cried by the common [[exonym]] [[Ruthenians]], or by the mair speceefic name Carpathie Ruthenians, wi sub-gruip names sic as [[Dolinyans]], [[Boykos]], [[Hutsuls]] an [[Lemkos]]. Unalike thair neebours tae the east, that adoptit the uise o the [[ethnonym]] [[Ukrainians]] in the early 20t yearhunner, Rusyns haint thair name. As woners o northeastren airts o the [[Carpathie Moontains]], Rusyns are closely connectit tae, an sumtimes associatit wi, ither Slavic fowk in the airt, sic as the [[Wast Slavs|Wast Slavic]] heichlander community o [[Gorals]] (literally, "Heichlanders"). The uiss o the Rusyn ethnonym is aften poleeticised, particular acause o the thocht in modren [[Roushie]] that conseeders the Ruthenian naition pairt o the naition o Muckle Roushies. ==Notes== {{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rusyns| ]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Poland]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovakie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina]] [[Category:Members o the Unrepresentit Naitions an Fowks Organisation]] tdigxiqsz3k882v9mad2rf6kqz7eo38 922101 922100 2026-08-26T23:22:58Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 922101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Rusyns | image = | pop = '''75,000–110,000'''{{efn|The tot feegur is ainly an estimate - the sum o aw the referenced populations ablo.}}<br />(est. 1.2-1.6 million)<ref name="Magosci">{{cite journal|author=Paul Magocsi|authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi|url=http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm|year=1995|title=The Rusyn Question|journal=Political Thought|volume=2-3|issue=6}}</ref><ref name="GRE2016">{{cite book|title=РУСИ́НЫ|url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|author=М. Ю. Дронов|work=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]|year=2016|publisher=Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|language=Russian|quote=В этногенезе Р. приняли участие потомки племени белых хорватов, выходцы из др. вост.–слав. земель и др.|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-date=2019-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155323/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Slovakia}} | pop1 = 33,482 | ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archivedate= 2012-04-17|title= Permanently resident population by nationality and by regions and districts|language= sk|publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|date= 2011}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop3 = 10,183–32,386 | ref3 = <ref name="ukraine">{{cite web|url= http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.5W&k_t=00&p=0&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1|script-title= uk:Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова|trans-title= Number of persons individual ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language|language= uk|work= ukrcensus.gov.ua|date= 2001|accessdate= 4 March 2016}} [http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg Карта говорів української мови] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092118/http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg |date=2021-02-25 }}, 10.10.2008; [http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/088/88994.htm Энциклопедический словарь: В 86 томах с иллюстрациями и дополнительными материалами. Edited by Андреевский, И.Е. − Арсеньев, К.К. − Петрушевский, Ф.Ф. − Шевяков, В.Т., s.v. ''Русины''. Online version. Вологда, Russia: Вологодская областная универсальная научная библиотека, 2001 (1890−1907)], 10.10.2008; [http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rue Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Edited by Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., s.v. ''Rusyn''. Fifteenth edition. Online version. Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International, 2008 (2005)], 10.10.2008; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720162001/http://www.eurominority.eu/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=208 Eurominority: Peoples in search of freedom. Edited by Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, s.v. ''Ruthenians''. Quimper, France: Organization for the European Minorities, 1999–2008], 10.10.2008.</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} | pop4 = 14,246 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|script-title= sr:Становништво према националној припадности|trans-title= Population by ethnicity|language= sr|url= http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193601/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2013-04-16|work= Serbian Republic Institute of Statistics}}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry |Croatia}} | pop6 = 2,879 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|title= STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NARODNOSTI, PO GRADOVIMA/OPĆINAMA, POPIS 2001|trans-title= Population by ethnicity in cities and municipalities, 2001 Census|language= Croatian|publisher= State Institute for Statistics of the [[Croatia| Republic of Croatia]].|access-date= 2020-03-23|archive-date= 2019-05-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519065506/https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry |Hungary}} | pop7 = 2,342 | ref7 = <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last= Vukovich|first= Gabriella|url= http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title= Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title= 2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data|language= hu|work= Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location= Budapest|year= 2018|accessdate= 9 January 2019|isbn= 978-963-235-542-9}}</ref> | region8 = {{nowrap|{{flagcountry |Czech Republic}}}} | pop8 = 1,109 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vlada.cz/cz/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/mensiny/rusinska-narodnostni-mensina-16151/|title= Rusínská národnostní menšina|publisher= |accessdate= 18 March 2015}}</ref> | region5 = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}} | pop5 = 8,934{{#tag:ref|Respondents in the U.S. census identifee'd as ''Carpatho Rusyn''|group= note}} | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title= Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported, 2010 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates|url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|publisher= [[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate= November 30, 2012|archive-date= 2020-02-12|archive-url=|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry |Poland}} | pop9 = 638–10,531{{#tag:ref| Accordin tae o the 2011 Pols census, 10,531 respondents identifee'd as [[Lemkos]], separately frae Rusyns.|group= note}} | ref9 = <ref name="stat">{{cite web|url= http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf|title= Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno społeczna|trans-title= State and structure of the social demographics of the population|language= pl|work= Central Statistical Office of Poland|date= 2013|accessdate= 14 April 2013|page= 91}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry |Romania}} | pop10 = 200–4,090{{#tag:ref| While an estimatit 200 fowk identifee'd thaimsels as "Rusyns" in 2011, in the 2002 Romanie census, 3,890 fowk identifee'd as [[Hutsuls]] (Romanie: ''Huțuli''; Rusyn ''Hutsuly'') – a minority that's memmers aften identifee as or are regairdit as a subgroup o the Rusyns. A faur 61,091 Romanie ceetizens identifee'd as Ukrainian (Romanian: ''Ucraineni''). As the archaic [[exonym]] "[[Ruthenians]]" wis applied indiscriminately tae baith Rusyns an Ukrainians, some Ukrainian-Romanies mey an aw regaird thaimsels as Rusyns in the sense o a subgroup o a braider Ukrainian identity.|group= note}} | ref10 = <ref>{{cite book |last= Moser |first= Michael |chapter= Rusyn |editors= Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi & Catherine Gibson | title= The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders |year= 2016 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |location= Basingstoke UK |language= English | isbn= |page= 132 | oclc= | accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="insse2">{{cite web | url = http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/rpl2002rezgen1/14.pdf | title = Populaţia după etnie| publisher= Institutul Naţional de Statistică | accessdate = 2011-10-28|language= Romanian}}</ref><ref name="emaref">{{cite web | url = http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | title = Date naţionale | publisher = Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank | accessdate = 2011-10-28 | language = Romanian | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | archivedate = 2011-09-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | langs = [[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]{{·}}[[Ukrainian leid| Ukrainian]]{{·}}[[Slovak leid|Slovak]]<br>[[Serbian leid|Serbian]]{{·}}[[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] | flag = [[File:Flag of Rusyns 2007.svg|200px|border]]<br/>Banner o Rusyns<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rusynacademy.sk/english/en-academy5.html|title= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic: Rusyn Symbols|publisher= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic|accessdate= 17 October 2019}}</ref><br> [[File:Rusyn coat of arms.svg|80px]]<br/>Coat o airms o Rusyns | rels = Maistly [[Eastren Catholic Kirks|Greek Catholic]] ([[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Kirk]]) wi [[Eastren Orthodoxy |Eastren Orthodox]] minority ([[Roushie Orthodox Kirk]] an [[Serbie Orthodox Kirk]]) | related = [[Ukrainians]], [[Slovaks]], [[Poles]], [[Hungarians]] }} '''Rusyns''' ([[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]: Русины / ''Rusynŷ''), whiles cried '''Rusnaks''' (Rusyn: Руснакы / ''Rusnakŷ''), kent as '''Carpatho-Ruthenians''' or '''Carpatho-Roushies''' (Rusyn: Карпато-Русини / ''Karpato-Rusyny'') forby, are an [[East Slavs |East Slavic]] fowk that spik the [[Rusyn leid]]. Thay came fae an East Slavic fowk that bade in the northren airts o the [[Eastren Carpathies]] fae the [[Early Middle Ages]]. Thegither wi ither East Slavs fae neebourin airts, thay war aften cried by the common [[exonym]] [[Ruthenians]], or by the mair speceefic name Carpathie Ruthenians, wi sub-gruip names sic as [[Dolinyans]], [[Boykos]], [[Hutsuls]] an [[Lemkos]]. Unalike thair neebours tae the east, that adoptit the uise o the [[ethnonym]] [[Ukrainians]] in the early 20t yearhunner, Rusyns haint thair name. As woners o northeastren airts o the [[Carpathie Moontains]], Rusyns are closely connectit tae, an sumtimes associatit wi, ither Slavic fowk in the airt, sic as the [[Wast Slavs|Wast Slavic]] heichlander community o [[Gorals]] (literally, "Heichlanders"). The uiss o the Rusyn ethnonym is aften poleeticised, particular acause o the thocht in modren [[Roushie]] that conseeders the Ruthenian naition pairt o the naition o Muckle Roushies. ==Notes== {{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rusyns| ]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Poland]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovakie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina]] [[Category:Members o the Unrepresentit Naitions an Fowks Organisation]] n0xsgn53kll7ia0e64k8rqymev59h2k 922102 922101 2026-08-26T23:38:32Z Atlantic306 30244 taking out unarchived url 922102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Rusyns | image = | pop = '''75,000–110,000'''{{efn|The tot feegur is ainly an estimate - the sum o aw the referenced populations ablo.}}<br />(est. 1.2-1.6 million)<ref name="Magosci">{{cite journal|author=Paul Magocsi|authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi|url=http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm|year=1995|title=The Rusyn Question|journal=Political Thought|volume=2-3|issue=6}}</ref><ref name="GRE2016">{{cite book|title=РУСИ́НЫ|url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|author=М. Ю. Дронов|work=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]|year=2016|publisher=Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|language=Russian|quote=В этногенезе Р. приняли участие потомки племени белых хорватов, выходцы из др. вост.–слав. земель и др.|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-date=2019-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155323/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Slovakia}} | pop1 = 33,482 | ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archivedate= 2012-04-17|title= Permanently resident population by nationality and by regions and districts|language= sk|publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|date= 2011}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop3 = 10,183–32,386 | ref3 = <ref name="ukraine">{{cite web|url= http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.5W&k_t=00&p=0&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1|script-title= uk:Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова|trans-title= Number of persons individual ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language|language= uk|work= ukrcensus.gov.ua|date= 2001|accessdate= 4 March 2016}} [http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg Карта говорів української мови] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092118/http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg |date=2021-02-25 }}, 10.10.2008; [http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/088/88994.htm Энциклопедический словарь: В 86 томах с иллюстрациями и дополнительными материалами. Edited by Андреевский, И.Е. − Арсеньев, К.К. − Петрушевский, Ф.Ф. − Шевяков, В.Т., s.v. ''Русины''. Online version. Вологда, Russia: Вологодская областная универсальная научная библиотека, 2001 (1890−1907)], 10.10.2008; [http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rue Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Edited by Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., s.v. ''Rusyn''. Fifteenth edition. Online version. Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International, 2008 (2005)], 10.10.2008; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720162001/http://www.eurominority.eu/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=208 Eurominority: Peoples in search of freedom. Edited by Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, s.v. ''Ruthenians''. Quimper, France: Organization for the European Minorities, 1999–2008], 10.10.2008.</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} | pop4 = 14,246 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|script-title= sr:Становништво према националној припадности|trans-title= Population by ethnicity|language= sr|url= http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193601/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2013-04-16|work= Serbian Republic Institute of Statistics}}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry |Croatia}} | pop6 = 2,879 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|title= STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NARODNOSTI, PO GRADOVIMA/OPĆINAMA, POPIS 2001|trans-title= Population by ethnicity in cities and municipalities, 2001 Census|language= Croatian|publisher= State Institute for Statistics of the [[Croatia| Republic of Croatia]].|access-date= 2020-03-23|archive-date= 2019-05-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519065506/https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry |Hungary}} | pop7 = 2,342 | ref7 = <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last= Vukovich|first= Gabriella|url= http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title= Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title= 2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data|language= hu|work= Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location= Budapest|year= 2018|accessdate= 9 January 2019|isbn= 978-963-235-542-9}}</ref> | region8 = {{nowrap|{{flagcountry |Czech Republic}}}} | pop8 = 1,109 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vlada.cz/cz/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/mensiny/rusinska-narodnostni-mensina-16151/|title= Rusínská národnostní menšina|publisher= |accessdate= 18 March 2015}}</ref> | region5 = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}} | pop5 = 8,934{{#tag:ref|Respondents in the U.S. census identifee'd as ''Carpatho Rusyn''|group= note}} | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title= Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported, 2010 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates|publisher= [[United States Census Bureau]]|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry |Poland}} | pop9 = 638–10,531{{#tag:ref| Accordin tae o the 2011 Pols census, 10,531 respondents identifee'd as [[Lemkos]], separately frae Rusyns.|group= note}} | ref9 = <ref name="stat">{{cite web|url= http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf|title= Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno społeczna|trans-title= State and structure of the social demographics of the population|language= pl|work= Central Statistical Office of Poland|date= 2013|accessdate= 14 April 2013|page= 91}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry |Romania}} | pop10 = 200–4,090{{#tag:ref| While an estimatit 200 fowk identifee'd thaimsels as "Rusyns" in 2011, in the 2002 Romanie census, 3,890 fowk identifee'd as [[Hutsuls]] (Romanie: ''Huțuli''; Rusyn ''Hutsuly'') – a minority that's memmers aften identifee as or are regairdit as a subgroup o the Rusyns. A faur 61,091 Romanie ceetizens identifee'd as Ukrainian (Romanian: ''Ucraineni''). As the archaic [[exonym]] "[[Ruthenians]]" wis applied indiscriminately tae baith Rusyns an Ukrainians, some Ukrainian-Romanies mey an aw regaird thaimsels as Rusyns in the sense o a subgroup o a braider Ukrainian identity.|group= note}} | ref10 = <ref>{{cite book |last= Moser |first= Michael |chapter= Rusyn |editors= Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi & Catherine Gibson | title= The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders |year= 2016 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |location= Basingstoke UK |language= English | isbn= |page= 132 | oclc= | accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="insse2">{{cite web | url = http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/rpl2002rezgen1/14.pdf | title = Populaţia după etnie| publisher= Institutul Naţional de Statistică | accessdate = 2011-10-28|language= Romanian}}</ref><ref name="emaref">{{cite web | url = http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | title = Date naţionale | publisher = Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank | accessdate = 2011-10-28 | language = Romanian | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | archivedate = 2011-09-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | langs = [[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]{{·}}[[Ukrainian leid| Ukrainian]]{{·}}[[Slovak leid|Slovak]]<br>[[Serbian leid|Serbian]]{{·}}[[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] | flag = [[File:Flag of Rusyns 2007.svg|200px|border]]<br/>Banner o Rusyns<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rusynacademy.sk/english/en-academy5.html|title= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic: Rusyn Symbols|publisher= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic|accessdate= 17 October 2019}}</ref><br> [[File:Rusyn coat of arms.svg|80px]]<br/>Coat o airms o Rusyns | rels = Maistly [[Eastren Catholic Kirks|Greek Catholic]] ([[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Kirk]]) wi [[Eastren Orthodoxy |Eastren Orthodox]] minority ([[Roushie Orthodox Kirk]] an [[Serbie Orthodox Kirk]]) | related = [[Ukrainians]], [[Slovaks]], [[Poles]], [[Hungarians]] }} '''Rusyns''' ([[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]: Русины / ''Rusynŷ''), whiles cried '''Rusnaks''' (Rusyn: Руснакы / ''Rusnakŷ''), kent as '''Carpatho-Ruthenians''' or '''Carpatho-Roushies''' (Rusyn: Карпато-Русини / ''Karpato-Rusyny'') forby, are an [[East Slavs |East Slavic]] fowk that spik the [[Rusyn leid]]. Thay came fae an East Slavic fowk that bade in the northren airts o the [[Eastren Carpathies]] fae the [[Early Middle Ages]]. Thegither wi ither East Slavs fae neebourin airts, thay war aften cried by the common [[exonym]] [[Ruthenians]], or by the mair speceefic name Carpathie Ruthenians, wi sub-gruip names sic as [[Dolinyans]], [[Boykos]], [[Hutsuls]] an [[Lemkos]]. Unalike thair neebours tae the east, that adoptit the uise o the [[ethnonym]] [[Ukrainians]] in the early 20t yearhunner, Rusyns haint thair name. As woners o northeastren airts o the [[Carpathie Moontains]], Rusyns are closely connectit tae, an sumtimes associatit wi, ither Slavic fowk in the airt, sic as the [[Wast Slavs|Wast Slavic]] heichlander community o [[Gorals]] (literally, "Heichlanders"). The uiss o the Rusyn ethnonym is aften poleeticised, particular acause o the thocht in modren [[Roushie]] that conseeders the Ruthenian naition pairt o the naition o Muckle Roushies. ==Notes== {{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rusyns| ]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Poland]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovakie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina]] [[Category:Members o the Unrepresentit Naitions an Fowks Organisation]] 8btpa23i412ogvusv5u8zqyqbibpitc 922103 922102 2026-08-26T23:40:25Z Atlantic306 30244 ce 922103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Rusyns | image = | pop = '''75,000–110,000'''{{efn|The tot feegur is ainly an estimate - the sum o aw the referenced populations ablo.}}<br />(est. 1.2-1.6 million)<ref name="Magosci">{{cite journal|author=Paul Magocsi|authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi|url=http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm|year=1995|title=The Rusyn Question|journal=Political Thought|volume=2-3|issue=6}}</ref><ref name="GRE2016">{{cite book|title=РУСИ́НЫ|url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|author=М. Ю. Дронов|work=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]|year=2016|publisher=Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|language=Russian|quote=В этногенезе Р. приняли участие потомки племени белых хорватов, выходцы из др. вост.–слав. земель и др.|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-date=2019-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155323/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3520892|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Slovakia}} | pop1 = 33,482 | ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|archivedate= 2012-04-17|title= Permanently resident population by nationality and by regions and districts|language= sk|publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|date= 2011}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop3 = 10,183–32,386 | ref3 = <ref name="ukraine">{{cite web|url= http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.5W&k_t=00&p=0&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1|script-title= uk:Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова|trans-title= Number of persons individual ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language|language= uk|work= ukrcensus.gov.ua|date= 2001|accessdate= 4 March 2016}} [http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg Карта говорів української мови] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092118/http://haidamaka.org.ua/obr/maps/mapa2.jpg |date=2021-02-25 }}, 10.10.2008; [http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/088/88994.htm Энциклопедический словарь: В 86 томах с иллюстрациями и дополнительными материалами. Edited by Андреевский, И.Е. − Арсеньев, К.К. − Петрушевский, Ф.Ф. − Шевяков, В.Т., s.v. ''Русины''. Online version. Вологда, Russia: Вологодская областная универсальная научная библиотека, 2001 (1890−1907)], 10.10.2008; [http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rue Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Edited by Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., s.v. ''Rusyn''. Fifteenth edition. Online version. Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International, 2008 (2005)], 10.10.2008; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720162001/http://www.eurominority.eu/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=208 Eurominority: Peoples in search of freedom. Edited by Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, s.v. ''Ruthenians''. Quimper, France: Organization for the European Minorities, 1999–2008], 10.10.2008.</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} | pop4 = 14,246 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|script-title= sr:Становништво према националној припадности|trans-title= Population by ethnicity|language= sr|url= http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193601/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptId=1210|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2013-04-16|work= Serbian Republic Institute of Statistics}}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry |Croatia}} | pop6 = 2,879 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|title= STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NARODNOSTI, PO GRADOVIMA/OPĆINAMA, POPIS 2001|trans-title= Population by ethnicity in cities and municipalities, 2001 Census|language= Croatian|publisher= State Institute for Statistics of the [[Croatia| Republic of Croatia]].|access-date= 2020-03-23|archive-date= 2019-05-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519065506/https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/H01_02_02/H01_02_02.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry |Hungary}} | pop7 = 2,342 | ref7 = <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last= Vukovich|first= Gabriella|url= http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title= Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title= 2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data|language= hu|work= Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location= Budapest|year= 2018|accessdate= 9 January 2019|isbn= 978-963-235-542-9}}</ref> | region8 = {{nowrap|{{flagcountry |Czech Republic}}}} | pop8 = 1,109 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vlada.cz/cz/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/mensiny/rusinska-narodnostni-mensina-16151/|title= Rusínská národnostní menšina|publisher= |accessdate= 18 March 2015}}</ref> | region5 = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}} | pop5 = 8,934{{#tag:ref|Respondents in the U.S. census identifee'd as ''Carpatho Rusyn''|group= note}} | ref5 = <ref>{{cite book|title= Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported, 2010 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates|publisher= [[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry |Poland}} | pop9 = 638–10,531{{#tag:ref| Accordin tae o the 2011 Pols census, 10,531 respondents identifee'd as [[Lemkos]], separately frae Rusyns.|group= note}} | ref9 = <ref name="stat">{{cite web|url= http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf|title= Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno społeczna|trans-title= State and structure of the social demographics of the population|language= pl|work= Central Statistical Office of Poland|date= 2013|accessdate= 14 April 2013|page= 91}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry |Romania}} | pop10 = 200–4,090{{#tag:ref| While an estimatit 200 fowk identifee'd thaimsels as "Rusyns" in 2011, in the 2002 Romanie census, 3,890 fowk identifee'd as [[Hutsuls]] (Romanie: ''Huțuli''; Rusyn ''Hutsuly'') – a minority that's memmers aften identifee as or are regairdit as a subgroup o the Rusyns. A faur 61,091 Romanie ceetizens identifee'd as Ukrainian (Romanian: ''Ucraineni''). As the archaic [[exonym]] "[[Ruthenians]]" wis applied indiscriminately tae baith Rusyns an Ukrainians, some Ukrainian-Romanies mey an aw regaird thaimsels as Rusyns in the sense o a subgroup o a braider Ukrainian identity.|group= note}} | ref10 = <ref>{{cite book |last= Moser |first= Michael |chapter= Rusyn |editors= Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi & Catherine Gibson | title= The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders |year= 2016 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |location= Basingstoke UK |language= English | isbn= |page= 132 | oclc= | accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="insse2">{{cite web | url = http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/rpl2002rezgen1/14.pdf | title = Populaţia după etnie| publisher= Institutul Naţional de Statistică | accessdate = 2011-10-28|language= Romanian}}</ref><ref name="emaref">{{cite web | url = http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | title = Date naţionale | publisher = Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank | accessdate = 2011-10-28 | language = Romanian | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 | archivedate = 2011-09-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201654/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=771 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | langs = [[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]{{·}}[[Ukrainian leid| Ukrainian]]{{·}}[[Slovak leid|Slovak]]<br>[[Serbian leid|Serbian]]{{·}}[[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]] | flag = [[File:Flag of Rusyns 2007.svg|200px|border]]<br/>Banner o Rusyns<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rusynacademy.sk/english/en-academy5.html|title= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic: Rusyn Symbols|publisher= Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic|accessdate= 17 October 2019}}</ref><br> [[File:Rusyn coat of arms.svg|80px]]<br/>Coat o airms o Rusyns | rels = Maistly [[Eastren Catholic Kirks|Greek Catholic]] ([[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Kirk]]) wi [[Eastren Orthodoxy |Eastren Orthodox]] minority ([[Roushie Orthodox Kirk]] an [[Serbie Orthodox Kirk]]) | related = [[Ukrainians]], [[Slovaks]], [[Poles]], [[Hungarians]] }} '''Rusyns''' ([[Rusyn leid|Rusyn]]: Русины / ''Rusynŷ''), whiles cried '''Rusnaks''' (Rusyn: Руснакы / ''Rusnakŷ''), kent as '''Carpatho-Ruthenians''' or '''Carpatho-Roushies''' (Rusyn: Карпато-Русини / ''Karpato-Rusyny'') forby, are an [[East Slavs |East Slavic]] fowk that spik the [[Rusyn leid]]. Thay came fae an East Slavic fowk that bade in the northren airts o the [[Eastren Carpathies]] fae the [[Early Middle Ages]]. Thegither wi ither East Slavs fae neebourin airts, thay war aften cried by the common [[exonym]] [[Ruthenians]], or by the mair speceefic name Carpathie Ruthenians, wi sub-gruip names sic as [[Dolinyans]], [[Boykos]], [[Hutsuls]] an [[Lemkos]]. Unalike thair neebours tae the east, that adoptit the uise o the [[ethnonym]] [[Ukrainians]] in the early 20t yearhunner, Rusyns haint thair name. As woners o northeastren airts o the [[Carpathie Moontains]], Rusyns are closely connectit tae, an sumtimes associatit wi, ither Slavic fowk in the airt, sic as the [[Wast Slavs|Wast Slavic]] heichlander community o [[Gorals]] (literally, "Heichlanders"). The uiss o the Rusyn ethnonym is aften poleeticised, particular acause o the thocht in modren [[Roushie]] that conseeders the Ruthenian naition pairt o the naition o Muckle Roushies. ==Notes== {{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rusyns| ]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Poland]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovakie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina]] [[Category:Members o the Unrepresentit Naitions an Fowks Organisation]] owmsu149qe24l7yhittdrglg12wpecy 0 125178 922089 919978 2026-08-26T18:05:18Z ~2026-46594-29 136282 All of these correct 922089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country | native_name = الخلافة العباسية | native_name_lang = ar | conventional_long_name = Abbasid Caliphate | common_name = Abbasids | continent = Afro-Eurasie | region = Middle East | status = Empire | government_type = Caliphate | life_span = 750–1258<br />1261–1517<br /> {{small|(unner the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate o Cairo]])}} | year_start = 750 | year_end = 1517 | image_flag = Abbassid banner.svg | flag_type = The Black Banner o the Abbasids.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akhtar |first1=Muhammad Wajid |title=Ten Things You Didn’t Know About The Kaaba |url=http://muslimmatters.org/2012/11/15/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-kaaba |website=MuslimMatters.org |publisher=Muslim Matters |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> | p1 = Umayyad Caliphate | flag_p1 = Umayyad Flag.svg | flag_p4 = | s1 = Mongol Empire | flag_s1 = | s2 = Fatimid Islamic Caliphate | flag_s2 = Rectangular green flag.svg | s3 = Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) | flag_s3 = Mameluke Flag.svg | s4 = Saffarid dynasty | flag_s4 = | image_map = File:Abbasid Caliphate 11-08-26 20-22-20-854.jpg | image_map_caption = Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850. | capital = [[Kufa]]<br />{{small|(750–762)}}<br />[[Baghdad]]<br />{{small|(762–796, 809–836, 892–1258)}}<br />[[Ar-Raqqah]]<br />{{small|(796–809)}}<br />[[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]<br />{{small|(836–892)}}<br />[[Cairo]]<br />{{small|(1261–1517)}} | common_languages = Offeecial leid:<br />[[Arabic leid|Arabic]]<br />Regional leids:<br />[[Turkic leids|Oghuz Turkic]]<br />[[Aramaic leid|Aramaic]], [[Armenie leid|Armenian]], [[Berber leids|Berber]], [[Coptic leid|Coptic]], [[Georgian leid|Georgian]], [[Greek leid|Greek]], [[Kurdish leid|Kurdish]], [[Middle Persie|Persie]], [[Prakrit leid|Prakrit]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | currency = [[Gowd dinar|Dinar]] (gowd coin)<br />[[Dirham]] (siller coin)<br /> [[Fals]] (copper coin) | leader1 = [[As-Saffah]] {{small|(first)}} | year_leader1 = 750–754 | leader2 = [[Al-Musta'sim]] {{small|(last) (caliph in Baghdad)}} | year_leader2 = 1242–1258 | leader3 = [[al-Mutawakkil III]]{{small|(last) (caliph in cairo)}} | year_leader3 = 1508–1517 | title_leader = [[Caliph]] | today = {{Collapsible list|title=Kintras theday | {{flag |Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Algerie}}|{{flag |Andorrae}}|{{flag|Armenie}}|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{flag |Cyprus}}|{{flag |Egyp}}|{{flag |Fraunce}}|{{flag |Georgie}}|{{flag|Indie}}|{{flag |Gibraltar}}|{{flag |Greece}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Italy}}|{{flag |Jordan}}|{{flag |Kazakhstan}}|{{flag |Kuwait}}|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag |Lebanon}}|{{flag |Libie}}|{{flag|Malta}}|{{flag|Oman}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flag|Palestinian Authority}}|{{flag |Portugal}}|{{flag |Qatar}}|{{flag|Roushie}}|{{flag |Saudi Arabie}}|{{flag |Spain}}|{{flag |Sirie}}|{{flag|Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Tunisie}}|{{flag|Turkey}}|{{flag |Turkmenistan}}|{{flag |Unitit Arab Emirates}}|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|{{flag |Yemen}} }} | footnotes = |stat_year1=775|stat_area1=11,000,000<ref name="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate }}</ref>|stat_year2=795-800|stat_area2=14,000,000<ref name="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate }}</ref>|stat_year3=820|stat_area3=19,005,000<ref name="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate }}</ref>}} The '''Abbasid Caliphate''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}} ''{{transl|ar|al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah}}'') wis the third o the [[Islam]]ic [[caliphate]]s tae succeed the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. It wis foondit bi a dynasty descendit frae Muhammad's uncle, [[Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (566–653 CE), frae that the dynasty taks its name.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Thay ruled as [[caliphs]] for maist o the caliphate frae thair caipital in [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] in modren-day [[Iraq]], efter haein owerthrawn the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the [[Abbasid Revolution]] o 750 CE (132&nbsp;[[anno Hegirae|AH]]). The Abbasid Caliphate first centred its govrenment in [[Kufa]], modren-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph [[Al-Mansur]] foondit the ceety o Baghdad, near the auncient [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] caipital ceety o [[Ctesiphon]]. The Abbasid period wis merkit bi reliance on [[Greater Iran|Persie]] [[bureaucrat]]s (notably the [[Barmakids|Barmakid]] faimily) for govrenin the territories as weel as an increasin inclusion o [[Mawla|non-Arab Muslims]] in the ''[[ummah]]'' (naitional commonty). [[Persianate customs]] war braidly adoptit bi the ruling elite, an thay begoud patronage o airtists an scholarts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Canfield |first1=Robert L. |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |page=5}}</ref> Baghdad becam a centre o science, cultur, filosofie an invention in whit becam kent as the [[Islamic Gowden Age|Gowden Age o Islam]]. Despite this ineetial cooperation, the Abbasids o the late 8t century haed alienated baith non-Arab ''[[mawali]]'' (clients)<ref>{{cite web |title=ABŪ MOSLEM ḴORĀSĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b |website=www.iranicaonline.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122132055/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b# |archive-date=22 November 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref> an Iranian bureaucrats.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Volume II: The Intermediate Ages p.720 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEab85xHAMC |publisher=OUP Oxford |date=1999-01-01 |isbn=978-0-19-820790-0 |first=S. E. |last=Finer}}</ref> Thay war forced tae cede authority ower [[Al-Andalus]] an the [[Maghreb]] tae the [[Emirate o Córdoba|Umayyads]] in 756, [[Morocco]] tae the [[Idrisid dynasty]] in 788, [[Ifriqiya]] tae the [[Aghlabids]] in 800 an [[Egyp in the Middle Ages|Egyp]] tae the [[Isma'ili]]-[[Shia]] caliphate o the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] in 969. The poleetical pouer o the caliphs lairgely endit wi the rise o the Iranian [[Buyids]] an the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq Turks]], that ilk capturt Baghdad in 945 an 1055 respectively. Awtho Abbasid leadership ower the vast [[Islamic empire]] wis gradually reduced tae a ceremonial releegious function, the dynasty retained control ower its [[Mesopotamian]] domeen. The Abbasids' period o cultural frueetion endit in 1258 wi the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|sack o Baghdad]] bi the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unner [[Hulagu Khan]]. The Abbasid line o rulers, an Muslim cultur in general, re-centred themsels in the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] caipital o [[Cairo]] in 1261. Tho lackin in poleetical pouer, the dynasty conteena'd tae claim releegious authority till efter the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquest o Egyp]] in 1517.{{sfn|Holt|1984}} == History == === Abbasid Revolution (750–751) === {{main|Abbasid Revolution}} The Abbasid caliphs war [[Arab fowk|Arabs]] descendit frae [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], ane o the youngest uncles o Muhammad an o the same [[Banu Hashim]] clan. The Abbasids claimed tae be the true successors o Prophet Muhammad in replacin the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] descendants o [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|Banu Umayya]] bi virtue o thair closer bluidline tae Muhammad. The Abbasids an aw distinguished themsels frae the Umayyads bi attackin thair moral chairacter an admeenistration in general. Accordin tae [[Ira Lapidus]], "The Abbasid revolt wis supportit lairgely bi Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers o [[Merv]] wi the addeetion o the Yemeni faction an thair [[Mawali]]".{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|p=54}} The Abbasids an aw appealed tae non-Arab Muslims, kent as ''mawali'', that remeened ootside the kinship-based society o the Arabs an war perceived as a lawer cless within the Umayyad empire. [[Mohammad ibn Ali Abbasi|Muhammad ibn 'Ali]], a great-grandson o Abbas, begoud tae campaign in [[Greater Persie|Persie]] for the return o pouer tae the faimily o Prophet Muhammad, the [[Hashimites]], in the ring o [[Umar II]]. In the ring o [[Marwan II]], this opposeetion culminatit in the rebellion o Ibrahim the Imam, the fowert in strynd frae Abbas. Supportit bi the province o [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (Eastren Persie), even tho the govrenor opponed them, an the Shia Arabs,{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}}{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} he achieved conseederable success, but wis capturt in the year 747 an dee'd, possibly assassinated, in preeson. On 9 Juin 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), [[Abu Muslim]], risin frae Khorasan, successfully ineetiatit an appen revolt against Umayyad rule, that wis cairied oot unner the sign o the [[Black Staundart]]. Close tae 10,000 sodgers war unner Abu Muslim's command whan the hostilities offeecially begoud in [[Merv (East Sirie Ecclesiastical Province)|Merv]].{{sfn|Lewis|1995|p=102}} [[Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i|General Qahtaba]] follaed the fleein govrenor [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]] wast defeatin the Umayyads at the Battle o Gorgan, the Battle o Nahāvand an feenally in the Battle o Karbala, aw in the year 748.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} [[File:Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu'l-'Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first 'Abbasid Caliph (cropped).jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Folio frae ''Tarikhnama'' o [[Muhammad Bal'ami|Bal'ami]] depictin [[As-Saffah|al-Saffah]] as he receives [[Bay'ah|pledges o allegiance]] in [[Kufa]]]] The quarry wis taken up bi Ibrahim's brither Abdallah, kent bi the name o [[As-Saffah|Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah]], that defeatit the Umayyads in 750 in the [[Battle o the Zab|battle near the Great Zab]] an wis subsequently proclaimed [[caliph]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abbasids|volume=1|page=10}}</ref> Efter this loss, Marwan fled tae Egyp, whaur he wis subsequently assassinatit. The remainder o his faimily, baurin ane male, war an aw eliminatit.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Immediately efter thair veectory, As-Saffah sent his forces tae [[Central Asie]], whaur his forces fecht against [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] expansion in the [[Battle o Talas]]. The noble Iranian faimily [[Barmakids]], that warinstrumental in biggin [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]], introduced the warld's first recordit [[paper mill]] in the ceety, sicweys beginnin a new era o intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on pittin doun numerous rebellions in Sirie an Mesopotamie. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] conducted raids in these early distractions.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} === Pouer (752–775) === [[File:Baghdad 150 to 300 AH.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The ceety o [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] atween 767 an 912 AD. The roond plan reflects pre-Islamic Persian urban design.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020537/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |archive-date=17 November 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] [[File:Battle of Talas.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Battle o Talas]], 751]] The first chynge the Abbasids, under [[Al-Mansur]], made wis tae muive the empire's caipital frae [[Damascus]], in Sirie, tae Baghdad in Iraq. This wis tae baith appease as weel tae be closer tae the Persie ''mawali'' support base that existit in this region mair influenced bi Persie history an cultur, an pairt o the Persie mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad wis established on the [[Tigris River]] in 762. A new poseetion, that of the [[vizier]], wis an aw established tae delegate central authority, an even greater authority wis delegatit tae local emirs.<ref name="AHGC">{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}</ref> This eventually meant that mony Abbasid caliphs war relegatit tae a mair ceremonial role than unner the Umayyads, as the viziers begoud tae exert greater influence, an the role o the auld Arab aristocracy wis slawly replaced bi a Persie bureaucracy.<ref name="AHGC">{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}</ref> In Al-Mansur's time control o [[Al-Andalus]] wis lost, an the Shia revoltit an war defeatit a year later at the [[Alid revolt o 762–763|Battle o Bakhamra]].{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} The Abbasids haed dependit hivily on the support o Persies{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} in thair owerthraw o the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, [[Al-Mansur]] welcomed nan-Arab Muslims tae his coort. While this helped integrate Arab an Persie culturs, it alienatit mony o thair Arab supporters, pairteecularly the [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasanian]] Arabs that had supportit them in thair battles against the Umayyads. Thir fissurs in thair support led tae immediate problems. The Umayyads, while oot o pouer, war nae destroyed. The anerly survivin member o the Umayyad ryal faumily, that haed been aw but annihilatit, ultimately made his way tae Spain whaur he established himsel as an independent [[Emir]] ([[Abd ar-Rahman I]], 756). In 929, [[Abd ar-Rahman III]] assumed the teetle o Caliph, establishin [[Al Andalus]] frae [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] as a rival tae Baghdad as the legitimate caipital o the Islamic Empire. In 756, the Abbasid Caliph [[Al-Mansur]] sent ower 4,000 Arab mercenaries tae assist the Cheenese [[Tang dynasty]] in the [[An Shi Rebellion]] against [[An Lushan]]. The Abbasides or "Black Banners," as thay war commonly cried, war kent in Tang dynasty chronicles as the ''hēiyī Dàshí'', "The Black-robed Tazi", ({{lang|zh|黑衣大食}}) ("Tazi" bein a borraein frae Persian ''[[wikt:تازی|Tāzī]]'', the wird for "Arab").{{refn|group=nb|Wade states "Tazi in Persie soorces referred tae a fowk in that laund, but wis later extendit tae kiver Arab launds. The Persie term wis adoptit bi Tang China (Dàshí :大食) tae refer tae the Arabs till the 12t century."<ref>{{harvnb|Wade|2012|p=138}}</ref>}}<ref>{{harvnb|Jenkins|1999|p=61}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carné|1872|p=295}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|1961|p=60}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hermann|1912|p=77}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|1928|p=1617}}</ref> After the war, these embassies remained in China <ref>{{harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=92}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kitagawa|1989|p=283}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Weng|1973|p=129}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Baker|1990|p=53}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1961|p=332}}</ref> wi Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] establishin an alliance wi Cheenae.<ref name="Dennis Bloodworth, Ching Ping Bloodworth 2004 214">{{harvnb|Bloodworth|Bloodworth|2004|p=214}}</ref> Several embassies frae the Abbasid Caliphs tae the Cheenese coort hae been recordit in the T'ang Annals, the maist important o thir bein thae o [[As-Saffah|Abul Abbas al-Saffah]], the first Abbasid caliph, his successor [[Al-Mansur|Abu Jafar]], an [[Harun al-Rashid]]. === Abbasid Gowden Age (775–861) === [[File:Harun-Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Harun al-Rashid]] receivin a delegation sent bi [[Charlemagne]] at his coort in Baghdad. Pentin bi German penter {{ill|Julius Köckert|fr}} (1827–1918), datit 1864. Ile on canvas.]] The Abbasid leadership haed tae wirk haurd in the last hauf o the 8t century (750–800), unner several competent caliphs an thair viziers tae owercome the poleetical challenges creatit bi the faur flung naitur o the empire, an the leemitit communication athort it an usher in the admeenistrative chynges needit tae keep order.<ref name="Brauer">{{harvnb|Brauer|1995}}</ref> It wus an aw in this early period o the dynasty, in pairteecular in the govrenance o [[al-Mansur]], [[Harun al-Rashid]], an [[al-Ma'mun]], that the reputation an pouer o the dynasty wis creatit.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Al-Mahdi [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (782)|restairtit the fechtin]] wi the Byzantines an his sons conteena'd the conflict till [[Irene o Athens|Empress Irene]] pushed for peace.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Efter several years o peace, [[Nikephoros I]] brak the treaty, then fendit aff multiple incursions in the first decade o the 9t century. Thir attacks pushed intae the [[Taurus Muntains]] culminatin wi a veectory at the [[Battle o Krasos]] an the [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (806)|massive invasion o 806]], led bi Rashid himsel.<ref name=DD1>{{harvnb|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=265}}</ref> Rashid's navy an aw pruived successfu as he teuk [[Cyprus]]. Eventually, the momentum turned an muckle o the laund gained wis lost. Rashid decidit tae focus on the rebellion o [[Rafi ibn al-Layth]] in Khorasan an dee'd while there.<ref name="DD1" /> While the [[Byzantine Empire]] wis fechtin Abbasid rule in Sirie an [[Anatolie]], militar operations in this period war meenimal, as the caliphate focused on internal maiters, its govrenors exertin greater autonomy an uisin thair increasin pouer tae mak thair poseetions hereditary.<ref name="AHGC" /> At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer tae hame. Harun al-Rashid turned on the [[Barmakids]], a Persie faimily that haed grawn signeeficantly in pouer within the admeenistration o the state an killt maist o the faimily.<ref>{{harvnb|Meisami|1999}}</ref> In the same period, several factions begoud aither tae leave the empire for ither launds or tae tak control o distant pairts o the empire awey frae the Abbasids. The ring o al-Rashid an his sons war conseedert tae be the apex o the Abbasids.<ref name=mag>{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990|p=2}}</ref> [[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Amin - 195 AH (811 AD).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Gowd dinar]] mintit in the ring o [[al-Amin]] (809–813)]] Efter Rashid's death, the empire wis split bi a [[Fowert Fitna|ceevil war]] atween the caliph [[al-Amin]] an his brither [[al-Ma'mun]] that had the support o Khorasan. This war endit wi a [[Siege o Baghdad (812–813)|twa-year siege]] o Baghdad an the eventual daith o al-Amin in 813.<ref name=DD1 /> Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years o relative caum interspersed wi a rebellion supportit bi the Byzantines in [[Iranian Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] bi the [[Khurramites]]. Al-Ma'mun wis an aw responsible for the creaution o an autonomous Khorasan, an the conteena'd repulsin o Byzantine forays.<ref name=DD1 /> [[Al-Mu'tasim]] gained pouer in 833 an his rule merkit the end o the strang caliphs. He strenthened his personal airmy wi Turkis mercenaries an promptly restairtit the war wi the Byzantines. His militar excursions war generally successfu culminatin wi a resoondin veectory in the [[Sack o Amorium]]. His attempt at seizin [[Constantinople]] failed whan his fleet wis destroyed bi a storm.<ref>{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|pp=265–266}}</ref> The Byzantines restairtit the fechtin bi [[Sack o Damietta (853)|sackin Damietta]] in Egyp. [[Al-Mutawakkil]] respondit bi sendin his truips intae [[Anatolie]] again, sackin an maraudin till thay war [[Battle o Lalakaon|eventually annihilatit]] in 863.<ref name=DD3>{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|p=266}}</ref> == Fractur tae autonomous dynasties (861–945) == [[File:Abbasid Caliphate 891-892.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map o the fragmentit Abbasid empire, wi auries still unner direct control o the Abbasid central govrenment (daurk green) an unner autonomous rulers (licht green) adherin tae nominal Abbasid suzerainty, {{circa|892}}]] Even bi 820, the [[Samanid]]s had begun the process o exercisin independent authority in [[Transoxiana]] an [[Greater Khorasan]], as haed the [[Twaler]]-Shia [[Hamdanid]]s in Northren Sirie, an the succeedin [[Tahirid]] an [[Saffarid]] dynasties o Iran. The Saffarids, frae Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, an the [[Tulunid]]s teuk control o maist o Sirie. The trend o waikenin o the central pouer an strenthenin o the minor caliphates on the periphery conteena'd.<ref name=mag /> An exception wis the 10-year period o [[Al-Mu'tadid]]'s rule. He brocht pairts o Egyp, Sirie, an Khorasan back intae the Abbasid's control. Especially efter the "[[Anarchy at Samarra]]", the Abbasid central govrenment wis waikened an centrifugal tendencies becam mair prominent in the Caliphate's provinces. Bi the early 10t century, the Abbasids awmaist laist control o Iraq tae various [[amir]]s, an the caliph [[al-Radi]] wis forced tae acknawledge thair pouer bi creautin the position o "Prince o Princes" (''[[amir al-umara]]'').<ref name=mag /> [[Al-Mustakfi]] haed a short ring frae 944–946, an it wis in this period that the Persie faction kent as the [[Buyids]] frae [[Daylam]] swept intae pouer an assumed control ower the bureaucracy in Baghdad. Accordin tae the history o [[Miskawayh]], thay begoud distributin [[iqta]]s ([[fief]]s in the form o tax ferms) tae thair supporters. This period o localised secular control wis tae last nearly 100 years.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} The loss o Abbasid pouer tae the Buyids wad shift as the Seljuks wad tak ower frae the Persies.<ref name=mag /> At the end o the aicht century the Abbasids foond thay coud na langer keep a huge polity lairger nor that o Roum thegither frae Baghdad. In 793 the [[Zaydi]]-Shia dynasty o [[Idrisids]] set up a state frae Fez in Morocco, while a faimily o govrenors unner the Abbasids becam increasinly independent till thay foondit the Aghlabid Emirate frae the 830s. Al-Mu'tasim stairtit the dounwart slide bi utilisin non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal airmy. An aw in this period officers stairtit assassinatin superiors wi that thay fawed oot wi, in pairteecular the caliphs.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Bi the 870s Egyp becam autonomous unner [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]]. In the East as weel, govrenors decreased thair ties tae the centre. The [[Saffarids]] o Herat an the [[Samanids]] o Bukhara haed braken awey frae the 870s, cultivatin a muckle mair [[Persianate cultur]] an statecraft. Bi this time anerly the central launds o Mesopotamie war unner direct Abbasid control, wi Palestine an the Hijaz eften managed bi the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, haed begun tae push Arab Muslims faur east in Anatolie. Bi the 920s, the situation haed chynged faur, as North Africae wis lost tae the Abbasids. A Shia sect anerly recognisin the first five Imams an tracin its ruits tae Muhammad's dochter Fatima teuk control o Idrisid an then Aghlabid domeens.<ref name=mag /> Cried the [[Fatimid dynasty]], thay had advanced tae Egyp in 969, establishin thair caipital near Fustat in Cairo, that thay biggit as a bastion o Shia learin an politics. Bi 1000 thay haed acome the chief poleetical an ideological challenge tae Sunni Islam in the form o the Abbasids. Bi this time the latter state had fragmentit intae several govrenorships that, while recognisin caliphal authority frae Baghdad, did maistly as thay wantit, fechtin wi ilk ither. The Caliph himsel wis unner 'pertection' o the Buyid Emirs that possessed aw o Iraq an wastren Iran, an war quietly Shia in thair sympathies. Ootside Iraq, aw the autonomous provinces slawly teuk on the chairactereestic o de facto states wi hereditary rulers, airmies, an revenues an operatit unner anerly nominal caliph suzerainty, that mey nae necessarily be reflectit bi ony contreibution tae the thesaury, sic as the [[Soomro]] [[Emir]]s that haed gained control o [[Sindh]] an ruled the entire province frae thair caipital o [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]].<ref name="Brauer" /> [[Mahmud o Ghazni]] teuk the teetle o sultan, as opponed tae the [[Emir|"amir"]] that haed been in mair common uissage, seegnifeein the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]'s unthirldom frae caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays o Sunni orthodoxy an reetual submission tae the caliph. In the 11t century, the loss o respect for the caliphs conteena'd, as some Islamic rulers na langer mentioned the caliph's name in the Fryday [[khutba]], or struck it aff thair coinage.<ref name="Brauer" /> The [[Isma'ili]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty o Cairo contestit the Abbasids for even the teetular authority o the Islamic [[ummah]]. Thay commandit some support in the Shia sections o Baghdad (sic as [[Karkh]]), awtho Baghdad wis the ceety maist closely connectit tae the caliphate, even in the Buyid an Seljuq eras. The Fatimids' green banners contrastit wi Abbasids' black, an the challenge o the Fatimids anerly endit wi thair dounfaw in the 12t century. === Buyid an Seljuq control (945–1118) === Despite the pouer o the [[Buyids|Buyid]] amirs, the Abbasids reteened a heichly reetualised coort in Baghdad, as descrived bi the Buyid bureaucrat [[Hilal al-Sabi']], an thay retained a certain influence ower Baghdad as weel as releegious life. As Buyid pouer waned efter the daith o [[Baha' al-Daula]], the caliphate wis able tae regain some meisur o strenth. The caliph [[al-Qadir]], for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia wi writins sic as the ''[[Baghdad Manifesto]]''. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itsel, attemptin tae prevent the ootbreak o [[fitna (wird)|fitnas]] in the caipital, eften contendin wi the ''[[ayyarun]]'' Wi the Buyid dynasty on the dwyne, a vacuum wis creatit that wis eventually filled bi the dynasty o [[Oghuz Turks]] kent as the [[Seljuqs]]. Bi 1055, the Seljuqs haed wrestit control frae the Buyids an Abbasids, an teuk ony remeenin temporal pouer.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Whan the amir an umwhile sclave [[Basasiri]] teuk up the Shia [[Fatimid]] banner in Baghdad in, the caliph [[al-Qa'im (caliph)|al-Qa'im]] wis unable tae defeat him withoot ootside help. [[Toghril Beg]], the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad tae Sunni rule an teuk Iraq for his dynasty. Ance again, the Abbasids war forced tae deal wi a military pouer that thay coud nae match, tho the Abbasid caliph remeened the teetular heid o the Islamic commonty. The succeedin sultans [[Alp Arslan]] an [[Malikshah]], as weel as thair vizier [[Nizam al-Mulk]], teuk up residence in Persie, but held pouer ower the Abbasids in Baghdad. Whan the dynasty begoud tae waiken in the 12t century, the Abbasids gained greater unthirldom ance again. === Revival o militar strenth (1118–1258) === [[File:Abbasids Baghdad Iraq 1244.JPG|thumb|upright|220px|Coin o the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244]] While the Caliph [[al-Mustarshid]] wis the first caliph tae big an airmy capable o meetin a Seljuk airmy in battle, he wis nanetheless defeatit in 1135 an assassinatit. The Caliph [[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|al-Muqtafi]] wus the first Abbasid Caliph tae regain the full militar unthirldom o the Caliphate, wi the help o his vizier [[Awn ad-Din ibn Hubayra|Ibn Hubayra]]. Efter nearly 250 years o subjection tae furrin dynasties, he successfully defendit Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the [[siege o Baghdad (1157)]], sicweys siccarin Iraq for the Abbasids. The ring o [[al-Nasir]] (d. 1225) brocht the caliphate back intae pouer ootthrou Iraq, based in lairge part on the [[Sufi]] [[futuwwa]] organisations that the caliph heidit.<ref name=mag /> [[Al-Mustansir (caliph)|Al-Mustansir]] biggit the [[Mustansiriya Schuil]], in an attempt tae eclipse the Seljuq-era [[Al-Nizamiyya o Baghdad|Nizamiyya]] biggit bi [[Nizam al-Mulk]]. === Mongol invasion (1206–1258) === [[File:DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad a.jpg|thumb|upright|220px|[[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Siege o Baghdad]] bi the Mongols led bi [[Hulagu Khan]] in 1258]] In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]] established a pouerfu dynasty amang the [[Mongol]]s o [[central Asie]]. In the 13t century, this [[Mongol Empire]] conquered maist o the Eurasie laund mass, includin baith Cheenae in the east an muckle o the auld Islamic caliphate (as weel as [[Kievan Rus']]) in the wast. [[Hulagu Khan]]'s [[Battle o Baghdad (1258)|destruction o Baghdad]] in 1258 is tradeetionally seen as the approximate end o the Golden Age.<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Yue|2008|p=215}}</ref> Mongols feared that a supernaitural disaster wad strick if the bluid o [[Al-Musta'sim]], a direct descendant o Muhammad's uncle [[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]],<ref name=encyclopedia>{{harvnb|Glassé|Smith|2002}}</ref> an the last ringin Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, wis spilled. The Shia o [[Persia]] statit that na sic calamity haed happened efter the daith o [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in the [[Battle o Kerbala]]; nivertheless, as a precaution an in accordance wi a Mongol taboo that forbade spillin ryal bluid, Hulagu haed Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a cairpet an trampled tae daith bi horse on 20 Februar 1258. The Caliph's immediate faimily wis an aw executit, wi the lone exceptions o his youngest son that wis sent tae Mongolie, an a dochter that becam a sclave in the [[harem]] o Hulagu.<ref>{{harvnb|Frazier|2005}}</ref> === Abbasid Caliphate o Cairo (1261–1517) === In the 9t century, the Abbasids creatit an airmy leal anerly tae thair caliphate, componed o non-Arab oreegin fowk, kent as [[Mamluks]].<ref name="István Vásáry 2005">{{harvnb|Vásáry|2005}}</ref><ref name="Isichei 1997 192">{{harvnb|Isichei|1997|p=192}}</ref><ref name="T. Pavlidis 2011">{{harvnb|Pavlidis|2010}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mikaberidze|2004}}</ref><ref name="bbs">{{harvnb|Visser|2005|p=19}}</ref> This force, creatit in the ring o [[al-Ma'mun]] (813–33) an his brither an successor [[al-Mu'tasim]] (833–42), preventit the forder disintegration o the empire. The Mamluk airmy, tho eften viewed negatively, baith helped an hurt the caliphate. Early on, it providit the govrenment wi a stable force tae address domestic an furrin problems. Houiver, creaution o this furrin airmy an al-Mu'tasim's transfer o the caipital frae Baghdad tae [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]] creatit a diveesion atween the caliphate an the fowks thay claimed tae rule. In addeetion, the pouer o the Mamluks steadily grew till [[al-Radi]] (934–41) wis constrained tae haund ower maist o the ryal functions tae [[Muhammad ibn Ra'iq]].<ref name="EB1911" /> == Culture == === Islamic Gowden Age === {{main|Islamic Gowden Age}} [[File:ManuscriptAbbasid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Manuscript frae the Abbasid era]] The Abbasid historical period lastin tae the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Mongol conquest o Baghdad]] in 1258 CE is conseedert the Islamic Gowden Age.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{harvnb|Abbas|2011|p=9}}</ref> The Islamic Gowden Age wis inauguratit bi the middle o the 8t century bi the ascension o the Abbasid [[Caliphate]] an the transfer o the caipital frae [[Damascus]] tae Baghdad.<ref name="Vartan">{{harvnb|Gregorian|2003}}</ref> The Abbassids war influenced bi the [[Qur'an]]ic injunctions an [[hadith]] sic as "the ink o a scholart is mair haly nor the bluid o a mairtyr" stressin the vailyie o knawledge. In this period the Muslim warld becam an intellectual centre for science, filosofie, medicine an eddication as <ref name="Vartan" /> the Abbasids championed the cause o knawledge an established the [[Hoose o Wicedom]] in Baghdad; whaur baith Muslim an nan-Muslim scholarts socht tae translate an gaither aw the warld's knawledge intae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].<ref name="Vartan" /> Mony clessic warks o antiquity that wad itherwise hae been lost war translatit intae Arabic an Persie an later in turn translatit intae Turkis, Ebreu an Laitin.<ref name="Vartan" /> In this period the Muslim warld wis a caudron o culturs that collectit, synthesized an signeeficantly advanced the knawledge gained frae the auncient [[Auncient Roum|Roman]], Cheenese, [[History o Indie|Indie]], [[Sasanian Empire|Persie]], [[Auncient Egyp|Egyptian]], North African, [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] an [[Byzantine]] ceevilisations.<ref name="Vartan" /> "In virtually ivery field o endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics an so forth—the Caliphate's scientists war in the forefront o scienteefic advance."<ref>{{harvnb|Huff|2003|p=48}}</ref> === Science === [[File:Mustansiriya University CPT.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Mustansiriya Varsity]] in [[Baghdad]]]]The rings o [[Harun al-Rashid]] (786–809) an his successors fostered an age o great intellectual achievement. In lairge part, this wis the result o the schismatic forces that haed unnermined the Umayyad regime, that relied on the assertion o the superiority o [[Arab cultur]] as pairt o its claim tae legitimacy, an the Abbasids' welcomin o support frae nan-Arab Muslims. It is weel established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled thair admeenistration on that o the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1982|p=66}}</ref> Harun al-Rashid's son, [[Al-Ma'mun]] (that's mither wis [[Persie fowk|Persie]]), is even quotit as sayin: {{quote |The Persies ruled for a thoosand years an did nae need us Arabs even for a day. We hae been rulin them for ane or twa centuries an canna dae withoot them for an oor.<ref>{{harvnb|Spuler|1960|p=29}}</ref>}} A nummer o medieval thinkers an scientists leevin unner Islamic rule played a role in transmittin [[Islamic science]] tae the Christian Wast. In addeetion, the period saw the rekivery o muckle o the [[Alexandria]]n mathematical, geometric an astronomical knawledge, sic as that o [[Euclid]] an Claudius [[Ptolemy]]. Thir rekivert mathematical methods war later enhanced an developit bi ither Islamic scholarts, notably bi [[Persie fowk|Persie]] scientists [[Al-Biruni]] an [[Abu Nasr Mansur]]. [[File:Al-Jaahith - African Arab Naturalist - Basra - al jahiz.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jabir ibn Hayyan]], "the faither o [[Chemistry]]"<ref>{{harvnb|Derewenda|2007|p=247}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Vallely|2006}}</ref>|left]] [[Christians]] (pairteecularly [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christians) contreibutit tae the Arab Islamic Ceevilisation in the [[Ummayads]] an the Abbasids bi translatin warks o [[Greek filosofers]] tae [[Syriac leid|Syriac]] an efterwart tae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hill|1993|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Brague|2009|p=164}}</ref> Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation o Arab cultur,<ref>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010a|p=612}}</ref> wi the [[Jundishapur]] schuil bein prominent in the late [[Sassanid]], [[Umayyad]] an early Abbasid periods.<ref>{{harvnb|Söylemez|2005|p=3}}</ref> Notably, aicht generations o the Nestorian [[Bukhtishu]] faimily served as preevat doctors tae caliphs an sultans atween the aicht an elevent centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Bonner|Ener|Singer|2003|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ruano|Burgos|1992|p=527}}</ref> [[Algebra]] wis signeeficantly developit bi Persie scientist [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] in this time in his laundmerk text, ''[[The Compendious Beuk on Calculation bi Completion an Balancin|Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala]]'', frae that the term ''algebra'' is derived. He is sicweys conseedert tae be the faither o algebra bi some,<ref>{{harvnb|Eglash|1999|p=61}}</ref> awtho the Greek mathematician [[Diophantus]] haes an aw been gien this teetle. The terms [[algorism]] an [[algorithm]] are derived frae the name o al-Khwarizmi, that wis an aw responsible for introducin the [[Arabic numerals]] an [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] ayont the [[Indie subcontinent]]. [[File:Alhazen (122459248).jpg|thumb|220px|[[Alhazen|Ibn al-Haytham]], "the faither o [[Optics]].<ref>{{harvnb|Verma|1969}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}}</ref>]] [[Arab]] scientist [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) developed an early [[scienteefic method]] in his ''[[Beuk o Optics]]'' (1021). The maist important development o the scienteefic method wis the uise o experiments tae distinguish atween competin scienteefic theories set within a generally [[empiricism|empirical]] orientation, that begoud amang Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's [[empirical]] pruif o the intromission theory o licht (that is, that licht rays entered the een raither than bein [[emission theory (veesion)|emittit bi them]]) wis pairteecularly important. Alhazen wis signeeficant in the [[history o scienteefic method]], pairteecularly in his approach tae experimentation,<ref>{{harvnb|Toomer|1964}}</ref> and has been referred to as the "world’s first true scientist".<ref>{{harvnb|Al-Khalili|2009}}</ref> [[Medicine in medieval Islam]] wis an aurie o science that advanced pairteecularly in the Abbasids' ring. In the 9t century, Baghdad conteened ower 800 doctors, an great diskiveries in the unnerstaundin o anatomy an diseases war made. The clinical distinction atween [[maisles]] and [[smawpox]] wis descrived in this time. Famous Persie scientist [[Ibn Sina]] (kent tae the Wast as [[Avicenna]]) produced treatises an warks that summarised the vast amoont o knawledge that scientists haed accumulatit, an wis verra influential throu his encyclopaedias, ''[[The Canon o Medicine]]'' an ''[[The Beuk o Healin]]''. The wark o him an mony ithers directly influenced the resairch o European scientists in the [[Renaissance]]. [[Alchemy an chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim alchemists]] influenced medieval European alchemists, pairteecularly the writins attributit tae [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] (Geber). A nummer o [[chemical process]]es sic as [[distillation]] techniques ear developed in the Muslim warld an then spreid tae Europe. === Leeteratur === [[File:More tales from the Arabian nights-14566176968.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration frae ''Mair tales frae the Arabian nichts'' (1915)]] The best kent feection frae the Islamic warld is ''[[The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]'', a collection o fantastical fowk tales, leegends an parables compiled primarily in the Abbassid era. The collection is recordit as haein oreeginatit frae an Arabic translation o a Sassanian era Persie prototeep, wi likely oreegins in Indie leeterar tradeetions. Stories frae [[Arabic leeteratur|Arabic]], [[Persie leeteratur|Persie]], [[Mesopotamie]], an [[Egyptian leeteratur|Egyptian]] fowklair an leeteratur war later incorporatit. The epic is believed tae hae taken shape in the 10t century an reached its feenal form bi the 14t century; the nummer an teep o tales hae varied frae ane manuscript tae anither.<ref name="arabianNights">{{Harvnb | Grant | Clute | 1999 | p = 51}}.</ref> Aw Arabian [[fantasie]] tales war eften cried "Arabian Nichts" whan translatit intae Inglis, regairdless o whether thay appeared in ''The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts''.<ref name="arabianNights" /> This epic haes been influential in the Wast syne it wis translatit in the 18t century, first bi [[Antoine Galland]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Camp|1976|p=10}}</ref> Many imitations were written, especially in France.<ref name="arabianNights2">{{harvnb|Grant|Clute|1999|p=52}}</ref> Various chairacters frae this epic hae themsels acome cultural icons in Wastren cultur, sic as [[Aladdin]], [[Sinbad]] an [[Ali Baba]]. A famous example o Islamic poetry on [[romance (luve)|romance]] wis ''[[Layla an Majnun]]'', an oreeginally [[Arabic]] story that wis faur developed bi [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]], [[Azerbaijani fowk|Azerbaijani]] an ither poets in [[Persian leid|Persian]], [[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]], [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] leids.<ref>{{harvnb|Clinton|2000|pp=15–16}}</ref> It is a [[Tragedy|tragic]] story of undying love much like the later ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Arabic poetry reached its greatest hicht in the Abbasid era, especially afore the loss o central authority an the rise o the Persianate dynasties. Writers lik [[Abu Tammam]] an [[Abu Nuwas]] war closely connectit tae the caliphal coort in Baghdad in the early 9t century, while ithers such as [[al-Mutanabbi]] received thair patronage frae regional coorts. === Filosofie === Ane o the common defineetions for "Islamic filosofie" is "the style o filosofie produced within the framewark o Islamic cultur."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">{{harvnb|Leaman|1998}}</ref> Islamic filosofie, in this defineetion is naither necessarily concerned wi releegious issues, nor is exclusively produced bi Muslims.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Thair warks on [[Aristotle]] wis a key step in the transmission o learnin frae auncient Greeks tae the Islamic warld an the Wast. Thay eften correctit the filosofer, encouragin a lively debate in the speerit o [[ijtihad]]. Three speculative thinkers, [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], an [[Avicenna]], combined [[Aristotelianism]] an [[Neoplatonism]] wi ither ideas introduced throu Islam, an [[Avicennism]] wis later established as a result. Ither influential Abbasid filosofers include [[al-Jahiz]], an [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen). === Airchitectur === [[File:Baghdad-Zumurrud-Khaton.jpg|thumb|[[Zumurrud Khatun Mosque|Zumurrud Khatun Tomb]] (1200 CE), in seemetry at [[Baghdad]]]] As the pouer shiftit frae the Umayyads tae the Abbasids, the airchitectur styles chynged an aw. The Christian styles evolved intae a style based mair on the [[Sasanian Empire]] utilisin mud bricks an baked bricks wi cairved stucco.<ref name=wil>{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=5}}</ref> Anither major development wis the creaution or vast enlairgement o ceeties as thay war turned intae the caipital o the empire. First, stairtin wi the creaution o Baghdad, stairtin in 762, that wis planned as a wawed ceety wi a mosque an pailace in the centre. The waws war tae hae fower gates tae exit the ceety. Al-Mansur, that wis responsible for the creaution o Baghdad, an aw planned the ceety o [[Raqqa]], alang the [[Euphrates]]. Feenally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim muived the caipital tae a new steid that he creatit alang the [[Tigris]], cried [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]. This ceety saw 60 years o wark, wi race-coorses an gemme preserves tae add tae the atmosphere.<ref name=wil /> Due tae the dry remote naitur o the environment, some o the pailaces biggit in this era war isolatit havens. [[Al-Ukhaidir Fortress]] is a fine ensaumple o this teep o biggin that haes stables, leevin quarters, an a mosque, aw surroondin inner coortyairds.<ref name=wil /> Ither mosques o this era, sic as the [[Mosque o Ibn Tulun]], in [[Cairo]], an the [[Great Mosque o Kairouan]] in [[Tunisie]] while ultimately biggit in the Umayyad dynasty, it wis substantially renovatit in the 9t century. This renovation wis sae extensive as tae ostensibly be a rebig, wis in the faurest reaches o the Muslim warld, in an aurie that the [[Aghlabids]] controlled; houiver the styles utilized war mainly o the Abbasids.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilmer|1969|pp=5–6}}</ref> Mesopotamie anerly haes ane survivin [[mausoleum]] frae this era, in Samarra. This octagonal dome is the feenal restin place o [[al-Muntasir]].<ref name=wil2>{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=6}}</ref> Ither airchitectural innovations an styles war few, sic as the [[fower-centred airch|fower-centred arch]], an a dome erectit on [[squinch]]es. Unfortunately, muckle wis lost due tae the ephemeral naitur o the stucco an luster tiles.<ref name=wil2 /> === Technology === [[File:Wasseruhr Harun al Raschid.jpg|thumb|Illustration shawin a [[watter clock]] gien tae [[Charlemagne]] bi [[Harun al-Rashid]]]] In technology, the Abbasids adoptit [[papermakkin]] frae Cheenae.<ref name=Lucas>{{harvnb|Lucas|2005|p=10}}</ref> The uise o paper spreid frae Cheenae intae the caliphate in the 8t century CE, arrivin in [[al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain) an then the rest o Europe in the 10t century. It wis easier tae manufactur nor [[pairchment]], less likely tae crack nor [[papyrus]], an coud resorb ink, makkin it ideal for makkin records an makkin copies o the Koran. "Islamic paper makkers devised assemmly-line methods o haund-copyin manuscripts tae turn oot edeetions faur lairger nor ony available in Europe for centuries."<ref>{{harvnb|Cotter|2001}}</ref> It wis frae the Abbasids that the rest o the warld learned tae mak paper frae linen.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2003|p=166}}</ref> The knawledge o [[gunpouder]] wis an aw transmitted frae Cheenae via the caliphate, whaur the formulas for pure [[potassium nitrate]] an an [[explosive]] gunpouder effect war first developed.<ref>{{harvnb|al-Hassan|2002}}</ref> Advances war made in [[irrigation]] an fermin, uisin new technology sic as the [[windmill]]. Craps such as [[awmond]]s an [[citrus]] fruit war brocht tae Europe throu [[al-Andalus]], an succar cultivation wis gradually adoptit bi the Europeans. Apairt frae the [[Nile]], [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]], navigable rivers war uncommon, sae transport bi sea wis verra important. Navigational sciences war heichly developed, makkin uise o a rudimentary [[sextant]] (kent as a kamal). Whan combined wi detailed maps o the period, sailors war able tae sail athort oceans raither nor skirt alang the coast. Abbasid sailors war an aw responsible for reintroducin lairge three mastit merchant veshels tae the [[Mediterranean]]. The name [[caravel]] mey derive frae an earlier Arab ship kent as the ''qārib''.<ref>{{harvnb|Schwarz|2013}}</ref> Arab merchants dominatit tred in the Indie Ocean till the arrival o the Portuguese in the 16t century. [[Ormus|Hormuz]] wis an important centre for this tred. Thare wis an aw a dense netwark o tred routes in the [[Mediterranean]], alang that Muslim kintras treddit wi ilk ither an wi European pouers sic as [[Venice]] or [[Genoa]]. The [[Silk Road]] crossin Central Asie passed throu Abbasid caliphate atween Cheenae an Europe. == Notes == {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliografie == {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA9 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, UK |isbn=0-415-57225-8 |lccn=2009050163 |year=2011 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Al-Abbasi |first=A. M. 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|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2005_26_4-5/page/815 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4-5 |pages=815–30 |doi=10.1080/01436590500128048 |ref=harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wilber |first=Donald N. |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Bernard S. |editor-last2=Myers |editor-first2=Shirley D. |encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art |year=1969 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, NY |volume=1: Aa-Ceylon |title=Abbasid Architecture |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} [[Category:Abbasid Caliphate| ]] [[Category:Arab dynasties]] [[Category:History o Iran]] [[Category:Medieval Iraq]] [[Category:States in medieval Anatolie]] [[Category:States in medieval Azerbaijan]] [[Category:750 establishments]] [[Category:1510s disestablishments in Asie]] [[Category:16t-century disestablishments in the Abbasid Caliphate]] [[Category:Umwhile caliphates]] 26i13vig0ypojq99wqub74rbgu3by1y 922093 922089 2026-08-26T22:55:03Z Atlantic306 30244 Wikipedia is not permitted as a reference Undae revision [[Special:Diff/922089|922089]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-46594-29|~2026-46594-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-46594-29|Tauk]]) 922093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country | native_name = الخلافة العباسية | native_name_lang = ar | conventional_long_name = Abbasid Caliphate | common_name = Abbasids | continent = Afro-Eurasie | region = Middle East | status = Empire | government_type = Caliphate | life_span = 750–1258<br />1261–1517<br /> {{small|(unner the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate o Cairo]])}} | year_start = 750 | year_end = 1517 | image_flag = Abbassid banner.svg | flag_type = The Black Banner o the Abbasids.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akhtar |first1=Muhammad Wajid |title=Ten Things You Didn’t Know About The Kaaba |url=http://muslimmatters.org/2012/11/15/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-kaaba |website=MuslimMatters.org |publisher=Muslim Matters |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> | p1 = Umayyad Caliphate | flag_p1 = Umayyad Flag.svg | flag_p4 = | s1 = Mongol Empire | flag_s1 = | s2 = Fatimid Islamic Caliphate | flag_s2 = Rectangular green flag.svg | s3 = Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) | flag_s3 = Mameluke Flag.svg | s4 = Saffarid dynasty | flag_s4 = | image_map = Abbasids850.png | image_map_caption = Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850. | capital = [[Kufa]]<br />{{small|(750–762)}}<br />[[Baghdad]]<br />{{small|(762–796, 809–836, 892–1258)}}<br />[[Ar-Raqqah]]<br />{{small|(796–809)}}<br />[[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]<br />{{small|(836–892)}}<br />[[Cairo]]<br />{{small|(1261–1517)}} | common_languages = Offeecial leid:<br />[[Arabic leid|Arabic]]<br />Regional leids:<br />[[Turkic leids|Oghuz Turkic]]<br />[[Aramaic leid|Aramaic]], [[Armenie leid|Armenian]], [[Berber leids|Berber]], [[Coptic leid|Coptic]], [[Georgian leid|Georgian]], [[Greek leid|Greek]], [[Kurdish leid|Kurdish]], [[Middle Persie|Persie]], [[Prakrit leid|Prakrit]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | currency = [[Gowd dinar|Dinar]] (gowd coin)<br />[[Dirham]] (siller coin)<br /> [[Fals]] (copper coin) | leader1 = [[As-Saffah]] {{small|(first)}} | year_leader1 = 750–754 | leader2 = [[Al-Musta'sim]] {{small|(last) (caliph in Baghdad)}} | year_leader2 = 1242–1258 | leader3 = [[al-Mutawakkil III]]{{small|(last) (caliph in cairo)}} | year_leader3 = 1508–1517 | title_leader = [[Caliph]] | today = {{Collapsible list|title=Kintras theday | {{flag |Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Algerie}}|{{flag |Andorrae}}|{{flag|Armenie}}|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{flag |Cyprus}}|{{flag |Egyp}}|{{flag |Fraunce}}|{{flag |Georgie}}|{{flag|Indie}}|{{flag |Gibraltar}}|{{flag |Greece}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Italy}}|{{flag |Jordan}}|{{flag |Kazakhstan}}|{{flag |Kuwait}}|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag |Lebanon}}|{{flag |Libie}}|{{flag|Malta}}|{{flag|Oman}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flag|Palestinian Authority}}|{{flag |Portugal}}|{{flag |Qatar}}|{{flag|Roushie}}|{{flag |Saudi Arabie}}|{{flag |Spain}}|{{flag |Sirie}}|{{flag|Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Tunisie}}|{{flag|Turkey}}|{{flag |Turkmenistan}}|{{flag |Unitit Arab Emirates}}|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|{{flag |Yemen}} }} | footnotes = }} The '''Abbasid Caliphate''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}} ''{{transl|ar|al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah}}'') wis the third o the [[Islam]]ic [[caliphate]]s tae succeed the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. It wis foondit bi a dynasty descendit frae Muhammad's uncle, [[Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (566–653 CE), frae that the dynasty taks its name.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Thay ruled as [[caliphs]] for maist o the caliphate frae thair caipital in [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] in modren-day [[Iraq]], efter haein owerthrawn the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the [[Abbasid Revolution]] o 750 CE (132&nbsp;[[anno Hegirae|AH]]). The Abbasid Caliphate first centred its govrenment in [[Kufa]], modren-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph [[Al-Mansur]] foondit the ceety o Baghdad, near the auncient [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] caipital ceety o [[Ctesiphon]]. The Abbasid period wis merkit bi reliance on [[Greater Iran|Persie]] [[bureaucrat]]s (notably the [[Barmakids|Barmakid]] faimily) for govrenin the territories as weel as an increasin inclusion o [[Mawla|non-Arab Muslims]] in the ''[[ummah]]'' (naitional commonty). [[Persianate customs]] war braidly adoptit bi the ruling elite, an thay begoud patronage o airtists an scholarts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Canfield |first1=Robert L. |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |page=5}}</ref> Baghdad becam a centre o science, cultur, filosofie an invention in whit becam kent as the [[Islamic Gowden Age|Gowden Age o Islam]]. Despite this ineetial cooperation, the Abbasids o the late 8t century haed alienated baith non-Arab ''[[mawali]]'' (clients)<ref>{{cite web |title=ABŪ MOSLEM ḴORĀSĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b |website=www.iranicaonline.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122132055/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b# |archive-date=22 November 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref> an Iranian bureaucrats.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Volume II: The Intermediate Ages p.720 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEab85xHAMC |publisher=OUP Oxford |date=1999-01-01 |isbn=978-0-19-820790-0 |first=S. E. |last=Finer}}</ref> Thay war forced tae cede authority ower [[Al-Andalus]] an the [[Maghreb]] tae the [[Emirate o Córdoba|Umayyads]] in 756, [[Morocco]] tae the [[Idrisid dynasty]] in 788, [[Ifriqiya]] tae the [[Aghlabids]] in 800 an [[Egyp in the Middle Ages|Egyp]] tae the [[Isma'ili]]-[[Shia]] caliphate o the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] in 969. The poleetical pouer o the caliphs lairgely endit wi the rise o the Iranian [[Buyids]] an the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq Turks]], that ilk capturt Baghdad in 945 an 1055 respectively. Awtho Abbasid leadership ower the vast [[Islamic empire]] wis gradually reduced tae a ceremonial releegious function, the dynasty retained control ower its [[Mesopotamian]] domeen. The Abbasids' period o cultural frueetion endit in 1258 wi the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|sack o Baghdad]] bi the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unner [[Hulagu Khan]]. The Abbasid line o rulers, an Muslim cultur in general, re-centred themsels in the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] caipital o [[Cairo]] in 1261. Tho lackin in poleetical pouer, the dynasty conteena'd tae claim releegious authority till efter the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquest o Egyp]] in 1517.{{sfn|Holt|1984}} == History == === Abbasid Revolution (750–751) === {{main|Abbasid Revolution}} The Abbasid caliphs war [[Arab fowk|Arabs]] descendit frae [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], ane o the youngest uncles o Muhammad an o the same [[Banu Hashim]] clan. The Abbasids claimed tae be the true successors o Prophet Muhammad in replacin the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] descendants o [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|Banu Umayya]] bi virtue o thair closer bluidline tae Muhammad. The Abbasids an aw distinguished themsels frae the Umayyads bi attackin thair moral chairacter an admeenistration in general. Accordin tae [[Ira Lapidus]], "The Abbasid revolt wis supportit lairgely bi Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers o [[Merv]] wi the addeetion o the Yemeni faction an thair [[Mawali]]".{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|p=54}} The Abbasids an aw appealed tae non-Arab Muslims, kent as ''mawali'', that remeened ootside the kinship-based society o the Arabs an war perceived as a lawer cless within the Umayyad empire. [[Mohammad ibn Ali Abbasi|Muhammad ibn 'Ali]], a great-grandson o Abbas, begoud tae campaign in [[Greater Persie|Persie]] for the return o pouer tae the faimily o Prophet Muhammad, the [[Hashimites]], in the ring o [[Umar II]]. In the ring o [[Marwan II]], this opposeetion culminatit in the rebellion o Ibrahim the Imam, the fowert in strynd frae Abbas. Supportit bi the province o [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (Eastren Persie), even tho the govrenor opponed them, an the Shia Arabs,{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}}{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} he achieved conseederable success, but wis capturt in the year 747 an dee'd, possibly assassinated, in preeson. On 9 Juin 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), [[Abu Muslim]], risin frae Khorasan, successfully ineetiatit an appen revolt against Umayyad rule, that wis cairied oot unner the sign o the [[Black Staundart]]. Close tae 10,000 sodgers war unner Abu Muslim's command whan the hostilities offeecially begoud in [[Merv (East Sirie Ecclesiastical Province)|Merv]].{{sfn|Lewis|1995|p=102}} [[Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i|General Qahtaba]] follaed the fleein govrenor [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]] wast defeatin the Umayyads at the Battle o Gorgan, the Battle o Nahāvand an feenally in the Battle o Karbala, aw in the year 748.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} [[File:Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu'l-'Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first 'Abbasid Caliph (cropped).jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Folio frae ''Tarikhnama'' o [[Muhammad Bal'ami|Bal'ami]] depictin [[As-Saffah|al-Saffah]] as he receives [[Bay'ah|pledges o allegiance]] in [[Kufa]]]] The quarry wis taken up bi Ibrahim's brither Abdallah, kent bi the name o [[As-Saffah|Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah]], that defeatit the Umayyads in 750 in the [[Battle o the Zab|battle near the Great Zab]] an wis subsequently proclaimed [[caliph]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abbasids|volume=1|page=10}}</ref> Efter this loss, Marwan fled tae Egyp, whaur he wis subsequently assassinatit. The remainder o his faimily, baurin ane male, war an aw eliminatit.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Immediately efter thair veectory, As-Saffah sent his forces tae [[Central Asie]], whaur his forces fecht against [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] expansion in the [[Battle o Talas]]. The noble Iranian faimily [[Barmakids]], that warinstrumental in biggin [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]], introduced the warld's first recordit [[paper mill]] in the ceety, sicweys beginnin a new era o intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on pittin doun numerous rebellions in Sirie an Mesopotamie. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] conducted raids in these early distractions.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} === Pouer (752–775) === [[File:Baghdad 150 to 300 AH.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The ceety o [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] atween 767 an 912 AD. The roond plan reflects pre-Islamic Persian urban design.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020537/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |archive-date=17 November 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] [[File:Battle of Talas.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Battle o Talas]], 751]] The first chynge the Abbasids, under [[Al-Mansur]], made wis tae muive the empire's caipital frae [[Damascus]], in Sirie, tae Baghdad in Iraq. This wis tae baith appease as weel tae be closer tae the Persie ''mawali'' support base that existit in this region mair influenced bi Persie history an cultur, an pairt o the Persie mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad wis established on the [[Tigris River]] in 762. A new poseetion, that of the [[vizier]], wis an aw established tae delegate central authority, an even greater authority wis delegatit tae local emirs.<ref name="AHGC">{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}</ref> This eventually meant that mony Abbasid caliphs war relegatit tae a mair ceremonial role than unner the Umayyads, as the viziers begoud tae exert greater influence, an the role o the auld Arab aristocracy wis slawly replaced bi a Persie bureaucracy.<ref name="AHGC">{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}</ref> In Al-Mansur's time control o [[Al-Andalus]] wis lost, an the Shia revoltit an war defeatit a year later at the [[Alid revolt o 762–763|Battle o Bakhamra]].{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} The Abbasids haed dependit hivily on the support o Persies{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} in thair owerthraw o the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, [[Al-Mansur]] welcomed nan-Arab Muslims tae his coort. While this helped integrate Arab an Persie culturs, it alienatit mony o thair Arab supporters, pairteecularly the [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasanian]] Arabs that had supportit them in thair battles against the Umayyads. Thir fissurs in thair support led tae immediate problems. The Umayyads, while oot o pouer, war nae destroyed. The anerly survivin member o the Umayyad ryal faumily, that haed been aw but annihilatit, ultimately made his way tae Spain whaur he established himsel as an independent [[Emir]] ([[Abd ar-Rahman I]], 756). In 929, [[Abd ar-Rahman III]] assumed the teetle o Caliph, establishin [[Al Andalus]] frae [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] as a rival tae Baghdad as the legitimate caipital o the Islamic Empire. In 756, the Abbasid Caliph [[Al-Mansur]] sent ower 4,000 Arab mercenaries tae assist the Cheenese [[Tang dynasty]] in the [[An Shi Rebellion]] against [[An Lushan]]. The Abbasides or "Black Banners," as thay war commonly cried, war kent in Tang dynasty chronicles as the ''hēiyī Dàshí'', "The Black-robed Tazi", ({{lang|zh|黑衣大食}}) ("Tazi" bein a borraein frae Persian ''[[wikt:تازی|Tāzī]]'', the wird for "Arab").{{refn|group=nb|Wade states "Tazi in Persie soorces referred tae a fowk in that laund, but wis later extendit tae kiver Arab launds. The Persie term wis adoptit bi Tang China (Dàshí :大食) tae refer tae the Arabs till the 12t century."<ref>{{harvnb|Wade|2012|p=138}}</ref>}}<ref>{{harvnb|Jenkins|1999|p=61}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carné|1872|p=295}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|1961|p=60}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hermann|1912|p=77}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|1928|p=1617}}</ref> After the war, these embassies remained in China <ref>{{harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=92}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kitagawa|1989|p=283}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Weng|1973|p=129}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Baker|1990|p=53}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1961|p=332}}</ref> wi Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] establishin an alliance wi Cheenae.<ref name="Dennis Bloodworth, Ching Ping Bloodworth 2004 214">{{harvnb|Bloodworth|Bloodworth|2004|p=214}}</ref> Several embassies frae the Abbasid Caliphs tae the Cheenese coort hae been recordit in the T'ang Annals, the maist important o thir bein thae o [[As-Saffah|Abul Abbas al-Saffah]], the first Abbasid caliph, his successor [[Al-Mansur|Abu Jafar]], an [[Harun al-Rashid]]. === Abbasid Gowden Age (775–861) === [[File:Harun-Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Harun al-Rashid]] receivin a delegation sent bi [[Charlemagne]] at his coort in Baghdad. Pentin bi German penter {{ill|Julius Köckert|fr}} (1827–1918), datit 1864. Ile on canvas.]] The Abbasid leadership haed tae wirk haurd in the last hauf o the 8t century (750–800), unner several competent caliphs an thair viziers tae owercome the poleetical challenges creatit bi the faur flung naitur o the empire, an the leemitit communication athort it an usher in the admeenistrative chynges needit tae keep order.<ref name="Brauer">{{harvnb|Brauer|1995}}</ref> It wus an aw in this early period o the dynasty, in pairteecular in the govrenance o [[al-Mansur]], [[Harun al-Rashid]], an [[al-Ma'mun]], that the reputation an pouer o the dynasty wis creatit.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Al-Mahdi [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (782)|restairtit the fechtin]] wi the Byzantines an his sons conteena'd the conflict till [[Irene o Athens|Empress Irene]] pushed for peace.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Efter several years o peace, [[Nikephoros I]] brak the treaty, then fendit aff multiple incursions in the first decade o the 9t century. Thir attacks pushed intae the [[Taurus Muntains]] culminatin wi a veectory at the [[Battle o Krasos]] an the [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (806)|massive invasion o 806]], led bi Rashid himsel.<ref name=DD1>{{harvnb|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=265}}</ref> Rashid's navy an aw pruived successfu as he teuk [[Cyprus]]. Eventually, the momentum turned an muckle o the laund gained wis lost. Rashid decidit tae focus on the rebellion o [[Rafi ibn al-Layth]] in Khorasan an dee'd while there.<ref name="DD1" /> While the [[Byzantine Empire]] wis fechtin Abbasid rule in Sirie an [[Anatolie]], militar operations in this period war meenimal, as the caliphate focused on internal maiters, its govrenors exertin greater autonomy an uisin thair increasin pouer tae mak thair poseetions hereditary.<ref name="AHGC" /> At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer tae hame. Harun al-Rashid turned on the [[Barmakids]], a Persie faimily that haed grawn signeeficantly in pouer within the admeenistration o the state an killt maist o the faimily.<ref>{{harvnb|Meisami|1999}}</ref> In the same period, several factions begoud aither tae leave the empire for ither launds or tae tak control o distant pairts o the empire awey frae the Abbasids. The ring o al-Rashid an his sons war conseedert tae be the apex o the Abbasids.<ref name=mag>{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990|p=2}}</ref> [[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Amin - 195 AH (811 AD).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Gowd dinar]] mintit in the ring o [[al-Amin]] (809–813)]] Efter Rashid's death, the empire wis split bi a [[Fowert Fitna|ceevil war]] atween the caliph [[al-Amin]] an his brither [[al-Ma'mun]] that had the support o Khorasan. This war endit wi a [[Siege o Baghdad (812–813)|twa-year siege]] o Baghdad an the eventual daith o al-Amin in 813.<ref name=DD1 /> Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years o relative caum interspersed wi a rebellion supportit bi the Byzantines in [[Iranian Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] bi the [[Khurramites]]. Al-Ma'mun wis an aw responsible for the creaution o an autonomous Khorasan, an the conteena'd repulsin o Byzantine forays.<ref name=DD1 /> [[Al-Mu'tasim]] gained pouer in 833 an his rule merkit the end o the strang caliphs. He strenthened his personal airmy wi Turkis mercenaries an promptly restairtit the war wi the Byzantines. His militar excursions war generally successfu culminatin wi a resoondin veectory in the [[Sack o Amorium]]. His attempt at seizin [[Constantinople]] failed whan his fleet wis destroyed bi a storm.<ref>{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|pp=265–266}}</ref> The Byzantines restairtit the fechtin bi [[Sack o Damietta (853)|sackin Damietta]] in Egyp. [[Al-Mutawakkil]] respondit bi sendin his truips intae [[Anatolie]] again, sackin an maraudin till thay war [[Battle o Lalakaon|eventually annihilatit]] in 863.<ref name=DD3>{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|p=266}}</ref> == Fractur tae autonomous dynasties (861–945) == [[File:Abbasid Caliphate 891-892.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map o the fragmentit Abbasid empire, wi auries still unner direct control o the Abbasid central govrenment (daurk green) an unner autonomous rulers (licht green) adherin tae nominal Abbasid suzerainty, {{circa|892}}]] Even bi 820, the [[Samanid]]s had begun the process o exercisin independent authority in [[Transoxiana]] an [[Greater Khorasan]], as haed the [[Twaler]]-Shia [[Hamdanid]]s in Northren Sirie, an the succeedin [[Tahirid]] an [[Saffarid]] dynasties o Iran. The Saffarids, frae Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, an the [[Tulunid]]s teuk control o maist o Sirie. The trend o waikenin o the central pouer an strenthenin o the minor caliphates on the periphery conteena'd.<ref name=mag /> An exception wis the 10-year period o [[Al-Mu'tadid]]'s rule. He brocht pairts o Egyp, Sirie, an Khorasan back intae the Abbasid's control. Especially efter the "[[Anarchy at Samarra]]", the Abbasid central govrenment wis waikened an centrifugal tendencies becam mair prominent in the Caliphate's provinces. Bi the early 10t century, the Abbasids awmaist laist control o Iraq tae various [[amir]]s, an the caliph [[al-Radi]] wis forced tae acknawledge thair pouer bi creautin the position o "Prince o Princes" (''[[amir al-umara]]'').<ref name=mag /> [[Al-Mustakfi]] haed a short ring frae 944–946, an it wis in this period that the Persie faction kent as the [[Buyids]] frae [[Daylam]] swept intae pouer an assumed control ower the bureaucracy in Baghdad. Accordin tae the history o [[Miskawayh]], thay begoud distributin [[iqta]]s ([[fief]]s in the form o tax ferms) tae thair supporters. This period o localised secular control wis tae last nearly 100 years.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} The loss o Abbasid pouer tae the Buyids wad shift as the Seljuks wad tak ower frae the Persies.<ref name=mag /> At the end o the aicht century the Abbasids foond thay coud na langer keep a huge polity lairger nor that o Roum thegither frae Baghdad. In 793 the [[Zaydi]]-Shia dynasty o [[Idrisids]] set up a state frae Fez in Morocco, while a faimily o govrenors unner the Abbasids becam increasinly independent till thay foondit the Aghlabid Emirate frae the 830s. Al-Mu'tasim stairtit the dounwart slide bi utilisin non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal airmy. An aw in this period officers stairtit assassinatin superiors wi that thay fawed oot wi, in pairteecular the caliphs.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Bi the 870s Egyp becam autonomous unner [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]]. In the East as weel, govrenors decreased thair ties tae the centre. The [[Saffarids]] o Herat an the [[Samanids]] o Bukhara haed braken awey frae the 870s, cultivatin a muckle mair [[Persianate cultur]] an statecraft. Bi this time anerly the central launds o Mesopotamie war unner direct Abbasid control, wi Palestine an the Hijaz eften managed bi the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, haed begun tae push Arab Muslims faur east in Anatolie. Bi the 920s, the situation haed chynged faur, as North Africae wis lost tae the Abbasids. A Shia sect anerly recognisin the first five Imams an tracin its ruits tae Muhammad's dochter Fatima teuk control o Idrisid an then Aghlabid domeens.<ref name=mag /> Cried the [[Fatimid dynasty]], thay had advanced tae Egyp in 969, establishin thair caipital near Fustat in Cairo, that thay biggit as a bastion o Shia learin an politics. Bi 1000 thay haed acome the chief poleetical an ideological challenge tae Sunni Islam in the form o the Abbasids. Bi this time the latter state had fragmentit intae several govrenorships that, while recognisin caliphal authority frae Baghdad, did maistly as thay wantit, fechtin wi ilk ither. The Caliph himsel wis unner 'pertection' o the Buyid Emirs that possessed aw o Iraq an wastren Iran, an war quietly Shia in thair sympathies. Ootside Iraq, aw the autonomous provinces slawly teuk on the chairactereestic o de facto states wi hereditary rulers, airmies, an revenues an operatit unner anerly nominal caliph suzerainty, that mey nae necessarily be reflectit bi ony contreibution tae the thesaury, sic as the [[Soomro]] [[Emir]]s that haed gained control o [[Sindh]] an ruled the entire province frae thair caipital o [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]].<ref name="Brauer" /> [[Mahmud o Ghazni]] teuk the teetle o sultan, as opponed tae the [[Emir|"amir"]] that haed been in mair common uissage, seegnifeein the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]'s unthirldom frae caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays o Sunni orthodoxy an reetual submission tae the caliph. In the 11t century, the loss o respect for the caliphs conteena'd, as some Islamic rulers na langer mentioned the caliph's name in the Fryday [[khutba]], or struck it aff thair coinage.<ref name="Brauer" /> The [[Isma'ili]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty o Cairo contestit the Abbasids for even the teetular authority o the Islamic [[ummah]]. Thay commandit some support in the Shia sections o Baghdad (sic as [[Karkh]]), awtho Baghdad wis the ceety maist closely connectit tae the caliphate, even in the Buyid an Seljuq eras. The Fatimids' green banners contrastit wi Abbasids' black, an the challenge o the Fatimids anerly endit wi thair dounfaw in the 12t century. === Buyid an Seljuq control (945–1118) === Despite the pouer o the [[Buyids|Buyid]] amirs, the Abbasids reteened a heichly reetualised coort in Baghdad, as descrived bi the Buyid bureaucrat [[Hilal al-Sabi']], an thay retained a certain influence ower Baghdad as weel as releegious life. As Buyid pouer waned efter the daith o [[Baha' al-Daula]], the caliphate wis able tae regain some meisur o strenth. The caliph [[al-Qadir]], for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia wi writins sic as the ''[[Baghdad Manifesto]]''. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itsel, attemptin tae prevent the ootbreak o [[fitna (wird)|fitnas]] in the caipital, eften contendin wi the ''[[ayyarun]]'' Wi the Buyid dynasty on the dwyne, a vacuum wis creatit that wis eventually filled bi the dynasty o [[Oghuz Turks]] kent as the [[Seljuqs]]. Bi 1055, the Seljuqs haed wrestit control frae the Buyids an Abbasids, an teuk ony remeenin temporal pouer.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Whan the amir an umwhile sclave [[Basasiri]] teuk up the Shia [[Fatimid]] banner in Baghdad in, the caliph [[al-Qa'im (caliph)|al-Qa'im]] wis unable tae defeat him withoot ootside help. [[Toghril Beg]], the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad tae Sunni rule an teuk Iraq for his dynasty. Ance again, the Abbasids war forced tae deal wi a military pouer that thay coud nae match, tho the Abbasid caliph remeened the teetular heid o the Islamic commonty. The succeedin sultans [[Alp Arslan]] an [[Malikshah]], as weel as thair vizier [[Nizam al-Mulk]], teuk up residence in Persie, but held pouer ower the Abbasids in Baghdad. Whan the dynasty begoud tae waiken in the 12t century, the Abbasids gained greater unthirldom ance again. === Revival o militar strenth (1118–1258) === [[File:Abbasids Baghdad Iraq 1244.JPG|thumb|upright|220px|Coin o the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244]] While the Caliph [[al-Mustarshid]] wis the first caliph tae big an airmy capable o meetin a Seljuk airmy in battle, he wis nanetheless defeatit in 1135 an assassinatit. The Caliph [[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|al-Muqtafi]] wus the first Abbasid Caliph tae regain the full militar unthirldom o the Caliphate, wi the help o his vizier [[Awn ad-Din ibn Hubayra|Ibn Hubayra]]. Efter nearly 250 years o subjection tae furrin dynasties, he successfully defendit Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the [[siege o Baghdad (1157)]], sicweys siccarin Iraq for the Abbasids. The ring o [[al-Nasir]] (d. 1225) brocht the caliphate back intae pouer ootthrou Iraq, based in lairge part on the [[Sufi]] [[futuwwa]] organisations that the caliph heidit.<ref name=mag /> [[Al-Mustansir (caliph)|Al-Mustansir]] biggit the [[Mustansiriya Schuil]], in an attempt tae eclipse the Seljuq-era [[Al-Nizamiyya o Baghdad|Nizamiyya]] biggit bi [[Nizam al-Mulk]]. === Mongol invasion (1206–1258) === [[File:DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad a.jpg|thumb|upright|220px|[[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Siege o Baghdad]] bi the Mongols led bi [[Hulagu Khan]] in 1258]] In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]] established a pouerfu dynasty amang the [[Mongol]]s o [[central Asie]]. In the 13t century, this [[Mongol Empire]] conquered maist o the Eurasie laund mass, includin baith Cheenae in the east an muckle o the auld Islamic caliphate (as weel as [[Kievan Rus']]) in the wast. [[Hulagu Khan]]'s [[Battle o Baghdad (1258)|destruction o Baghdad]] in 1258 is tradeetionally seen as the approximate end o the Golden Age.<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Yue|2008|p=215}}</ref> Mongols feared that a supernaitural disaster wad strick if the bluid o [[Al-Musta'sim]], a direct descendant o Muhammad's uncle [[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]],<ref name=encyclopedia>{{harvnb|Glassé|Smith|2002}}</ref> an the last ringin Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, wis spilled. The Shia o [[Persia]] statit that na sic calamity haed happened efter the daith o [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in the [[Battle o Kerbala]]; nivertheless, as a precaution an in accordance wi a Mongol taboo that forbade spillin ryal bluid, Hulagu haed Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a cairpet an trampled tae daith bi horse on 20 Februar 1258. The Caliph's immediate faimily wis an aw executit, wi the lone exceptions o his youngest son that wis sent tae Mongolie, an a dochter that becam a sclave in the [[harem]] o Hulagu.<ref>{{harvnb|Frazier|2005}}</ref> === Abbasid Caliphate o Cairo (1261–1517) === In the 9t century, the Abbasids creatit an airmy leal anerly tae thair caliphate, componed o non-Arab oreegin fowk, kent as [[Mamluks]].<ref name="István Vásáry 2005">{{harvnb|Vásáry|2005}}</ref><ref name="Isichei 1997 192">{{harvnb|Isichei|1997|p=192}}</ref><ref name="T. Pavlidis 2011">{{harvnb|Pavlidis|2010}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mikaberidze|2004}}</ref><ref name="bbs">{{harvnb|Visser|2005|p=19}}</ref> This force, creatit in the ring o [[al-Ma'mun]] (813–33) an his brither an successor [[al-Mu'tasim]] (833–42), preventit the forder disintegration o the empire. The Mamluk airmy, tho eften viewed negatively, baith helped an hurt the caliphate. Early on, it providit the govrenment wi a stable force tae address domestic an furrin problems. Houiver, creaution o this furrin airmy an al-Mu'tasim's transfer o the caipital frae Baghdad tae [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]] creatit a diveesion atween the caliphate an the fowks thay claimed tae rule. In addeetion, the pouer o the Mamluks steadily grew till [[al-Radi]] (934–41) wis constrained tae haund ower maist o the ryal functions tae [[Muhammad ibn Ra'iq]].<ref name="EB1911" /> == Culture == === Islamic Gowden Age === {{main|Islamic Gowden Age}} [[File:ManuscriptAbbasid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Manuscript frae the Abbasid era]] The Abbasid historical period lastin tae the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Mongol conquest o Baghdad]] in 1258 CE is conseedert the Islamic Gowden Age.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{harvnb|Abbas|2011|p=9}}</ref> The Islamic Gowden Age wis inauguratit bi the middle o the 8t century bi the ascension o the Abbasid [[Caliphate]] an the transfer o the caipital frae [[Damascus]] tae Baghdad.<ref name="Vartan">{{harvnb|Gregorian|2003}}</ref> The Abbassids war influenced bi the [[Qur'an]]ic injunctions an [[hadith]] sic as "the ink o a scholart is mair haly nor the bluid o a mairtyr" stressin the vailyie o knawledge. In this period the Muslim warld becam an intellectual centre for science, filosofie, medicine an eddication as <ref name="Vartan" /> the Abbasids championed the cause o knawledge an established the [[Hoose o Wicedom]] in Baghdad; whaur baith Muslim an nan-Muslim scholarts socht tae translate an gaither aw the warld's knawledge intae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].<ref name="Vartan" /> Mony clessic warks o antiquity that wad itherwise hae been lost war translatit intae Arabic an Persie an later in turn translatit intae Turkis, Ebreu an Laitin.<ref name="Vartan" /> In this period the Muslim warld wis a caudron o culturs that collectit, synthesized an signeeficantly advanced the knawledge gained frae the auncient [[Auncient Roum|Roman]], Cheenese, [[History o Indie|Indie]], [[Sasanian Empire|Persie]], [[Auncient Egyp|Egyptian]], North African, [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] an [[Byzantine]] ceevilisations.<ref name="Vartan" /> "In virtually ivery field o endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics an so forth—the Caliphate's scientists war in the forefront o scienteefic advance."<ref>{{harvnb|Huff|2003|p=48}}</ref> === Science === [[File:Mustansiriya University CPT.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Mustansiriya Varsity]] in [[Baghdad]]]]The rings o [[Harun al-Rashid]] (786–809) an his successors fostered an age o great intellectual achievement. In lairge part, this wis the result o the schismatic forces that haed unnermined the Umayyad regime, that relied on the assertion o the superiority o [[Arab cultur]] as pairt o its claim tae legitimacy, an the Abbasids' welcomin o support frae nan-Arab Muslims. It is weel established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled thair admeenistration on that o the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1982|p=66}}</ref> Harun al-Rashid's son, [[Al-Ma'mun]] (that's mither wis [[Persie fowk|Persie]]), is even quotit as sayin: {{quote |The Persies ruled for a thoosand years an did nae need us Arabs even for a day. We hae been rulin them for ane or twa centuries an canna dae withoot them for an oor.<ref>{{harvnb|Spuler|1960|p=29}}</ref>}} A nummer o medieval thinkers an scientists leevin unner Islamic rule played a role in transmittin [[Islamic science]] tae the Christian Wast. In addeetion, the period saw the rekivery o muckle o the [[Alexandria]]n mathematical, geometric an astronomical knawledge, sic as that o [[Euclid]] an Claudius [[Ptolemy]]. Thir rekivert mathematical methods war later enhanced an developit bi ither Islamic scholarts, notably bi [[Persie fowk|Persie]] scientists [[Al-Biruni]] an [[Abu Nasr Mansur]]. [[File:Al-Jaahith - African Arab Naturalist - Basra - al jahiz.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jabir ibn Hayyan]], "the faither o [[Chemistry]]"<ref>{{harvnb|Derewenda|2007|p=247}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Vallely|2006}}</ref>|left]] [[Christians]] (pairteecularly [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christians) contreibutit tae the Arab Islamic Ceevilisation in the [[Ummayads]] an the Abbasids bi translatin warks o [[Greek filosofers]] tae [[Syriac leid|Syriac]] an efterwart tae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hill|1993|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Brague|2009|p=164}}</ref> Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation o Arab cultur,<ref>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010a|p=612}}</ref> wi the [[Jundishapur]] schuil bein prominent in the late [[Sassanid]], [[Umayyad]] an early Abbasid periods.<ref>{{harvnb|Söylemez|2005|p=3}}</ref> Notably, aicht generations o the Nestorian [[Bukhtishu]] faimily served as preevat doctors tae caliphs an sultans atween the aicht an elevent centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Bonner|Ener|Singer|2003|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ruano|Burgos|1992|p=527}}</ref> [[Algebra]] wis signeeficantly developit bi Persie scientist [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] in this time in his laundmerk text, ''[[The Compendious Beuk on Calculation bi Completion an Balancin|Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala]]'', frae that the term ''algebra'' is derived. He is sicweys conseedert tae be the faither o algebra bi some,<ref>{{harvnb|Eglash|1999|p=61}}</ref> awtho the Greek mathematician [[Diophantus]] haes an aw been gien this teetle. The terms [[algorism]] an [[algorithm]] are derived frae the name o al-Khwarizmi, that wis an aw responsible for introducin the [[Arabic numerals]] an [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] ayont the [[Indie subcontinent]]. [[File:Alhazen (122459248).jpg|thumb|220px|[[Alhazen|Ibn al-Haytham]], "the faither o [[Optics]].<ref>{{harvnb|Verma|1969}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}}</ref>]] [[Arab]] scientist [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) developed an early [[scienteefic method]] in his ''[[Beuk o Optics]]'' (1021). The maist important development o the scienteefic method wis the uise o experiments tae distinguish atween competin scienteefic theories set within a generally [[empiricism|empirical]] orientation, that begoud amang Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's [[empirical]] pruif o the intromission theory o licht (that is, that licht rays entered the een raither than bein [[emission theory (veesion)|emittit bi them]]) wis pairteecularly important. Alhazen wis signeeficant in the [[history o scienteefic method]], pairteecularly in his approach tae experimentation,<ref>{{harvnb|Toomer|1964}}</ref> and has been referred to as the "world’s first true scientist".<ref>{{harvnb|Al-Khalili|2009}}</ref> [[Medicine in medieval Islam]] wis an aurie o science that advanced pairteecularly in the Abbasids' ring. In the 9t century, Baghdad conteened ower 800 doctors, an great diskiveries in the unnerstaundin o anatomy an diseases war made. The clinical distinction atween [[maisles]] and [[smawpox]] wis descrived in this time. Famous Persie scientist [[Ibn Sina]] (kent tae the Wast as [[Avicenna]]) produced treatises an warks that summarised the vast amoont o knawledge that scientists haed accumulatit, an wis verra influential throu his encyclopaedias, ''[[The Canon o Medicine]]'' an ''[[The Beuk o Healin]]''. The wark o him an mony ithers directly influenced the resairch o European scientists in the [[Renaissance]]. [[Alchemy an chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim alchemists]] influenced medieval European alchemists, pairteecularly the writins attributit tae [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] (Geber). A nummer o [[chemical process]]es sic as [[distillation]] techniques ear developed in the Muslim warld an then spreid tae Europe. === Leeteratur === [[File:More tales from the Arabian nights-14566176968.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration frae ''Mair tales frae the Arabian nichts'' (1915)]] The best kent feection frae the Islamic warld is ''[[The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]'', a collection o fantastical fowk tales, leegends an parables compiled primarily in the Abbassid era. The collection is recordit as haein oreeginatit frae an Arabic translation o a Sassanian era Persie prototeep, wi likely oreegins in Indie leeterar tradeetions. Stories frae [[Arabic leeteratur|Arabic]], [[Persie leeteratur|Persie]], [[Mesopotamie]], an [[Egyptian leeteratur|Egyptian]] fowklair an leeteratur war later incorporatit. The epic is believed tae hae taken shape in the 10t century an reached its feenal form bi the 14t century; the nummer an teep o tales hae varied frae ane manuscript tae anither.<ref name="arabianNights">{{Harvnb | Grant | Clute | 1999 | p = 51}}.</ref> Aw Arabian [[fantasie]] tales war eften cried "Arabian Nichts" whan translatit intae Inglis, regairdless o whether thay appeared in ''The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts''.<ref name="arabianNights" /> This epic haes been influential in the Wast syne it wis translatit in the 18t century, first bi [[Antoine Galland]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Camp|1976|p=10}}</ref> Many imitations were written, especially in France.<ref name="arabianNights2">{{harvnb|Grant|Clute|1999|p=52}}</ref> Various chairacters frae this epic hae themsels acome cultural icons in Wastren cultur, sic as [[Aladdin]], [[Sinbad]] an [[Ali Baba]]. A famous example o Islamic poetry on [[romance (luve)|romance]] wis ''[[Layla an Majnun]]'', an oreeginally [[Arabic]] story that wis faur developed bi [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]], [[Azerbaijani fowk|Azerbaijani]] an ither poets in [[Persian leid|Persian]], [[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]], [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] leids.<ref>{{harvnb|Clinton|2000|pp=15–16}}</ref> It is a [[Tragedy|tragic]] story of undying love much like the later ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Arabic poetry reached its greatest hicht in the Abbasid era, especially afore the loss o central authority an the rise o the Persianate dynasties. Writers lik [[Abu Tammam]] an [[Abu Nuwas]] war closely connectit tae the caliphal coort in Baghdad in the early 9t century, while ithers such as [[al-Mutanabbi]] received thair patronage frae regional coorts. === Filosofie === Ane o the common defineetions for "Islamic filosofie" is "the style o filosofie produced within the framewark o Islamic cultur."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">{{harvnb|Leaman|1998}}</ref> Islamic filosofie, in this defineetion is naither necessarily concerned wi releegious issues, nor is exclusively produced bi Muslims.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Thair warks on [[Aristotle]] wis a key step in the transmission o learnin frae auncient Greeks tae the Islamic warld an the Wast. Thay eften correctit the filosofer, encouragin a lively debate in the speerit o [[ijtihad]]. Three speculative thinkers, [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], an [[Avicenna]], combined [[Aristotelianism]] an [[Neoplatonism]] wi ither ideas introduced throu Islam, an [[Avicennism]] wis later established as a result. Ither influential Abbasid filosofers include [[al-Jahiz]], an [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen). === Airchitectur === [[File:Baghdad-Zumurrud-Khaton.jpg|thumb|[[Zumurrud Khatun Mosque|Zumurrud Khatun Tomb]] (1200 CE), in seemetry at [[Baghdad]]]] As the pouer shiftit frae the Umayyads tae the Abbasids, the airchitectur styles chynged an aw. The Christian styles evolved intae a style based mair on the [[Sasanian Empire]] utilisin mud bricks an baked bricks wi cairved stucco.<ref name=wil>{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=5}}</ref> Anither major development wis the creaution or vast enlairgement o ceeties as thay war turned intae the caipital o the empire. First, stairtin wi the creaution o Baghdad, stairtin in 762, that wis planned as a wawed ceety wi a mosque an pailace in the centre. The waws war tae hae fower gates tae exit the ceety. Al-Mansur, that wis responsible for the creaution o Baghdad, an aw planned the ceety o [[Raqqa]], alang the [[Euphrates]]. Feenally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim muived the caipital tae a new steid that he creatit alang the [[Tigris]], cried [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]. This ceety saw 60 years o wark, wi race-coorses an gemme preserves tae add tae the atmosphere.<ref name=wil /> Due tae the dry remote naitur o the environment, some o the pailaces biggit in this era war isolatit havens. [[Al-Ukhaidir Fortress]] is a fine ensaumple o this teep o biggin that haes stables, leevin quarters, an a mosque, aw surroondin inner coortyairds.<ref name=wil /> Ither mosques o this era, sic as the [[Mosque o Ibn Tulun]], in [[Cairo]], an the [[Great Mosque o Kairouan]] in [[Tunisie]] while ultimately biggit in the Umayyad dynasty, it wis substantially renovatit in the 9t century. This renovation wis sae extensive as tae ostensibly be a rebig, wis in the faurest reaches o the Muslim warld, in an aurie that the [[Aghlabids]] controlled; houiver the styles utilized war mainly o the Abbasids.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilmer|1969|pp=5–6}}</ref> Mesopotamie anerly haes ane survivin [[mausoleum]] frae this era, in Samarra. This octagonal dome is the feenal restin place o [[al-Muntasir]].<ref name=wil2>{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=6}}</ref> Ither airchitectural innovations an styles war few, sic as the [[fower-centred airch|fower-centred arch]], an a dome erectit on [[squinch]]es. Unfortunately, muckle wis lost due tae the ephemeral naitur o the stucco an luster tiles.<ref name=wil2 /> === Technology === [[File:Wasseruhr Harun al Raschid.jpg|thumb|Illustration shawin a [[watter clock]] gien tae [[Charlemagne]] bi [[Harun al-Rashid]]]] In technology, the Abbasids adoptit [[papermakkin]] frae Cheenae.<ref name=Lucas>{{harvnb|Lucas|2005|p=10}}</ref> The uise o paper spreid frae Cheenae intae the caliphate in the 8t century CE, arrivin in [[al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain) an then the rest o Europe in the 10t century. It wis easier tae manufactur nor [[pairchment]], less likely tae crack nor [[papyrus]], an coud resorb ink, makkin it ideal for makkin records an makkin copies o the Koran. "Islamic paper makkers devised assemmly-line methods o haund-copyin manuscripts tae turn oot edeetions faur lairger nor ony available in Europe for centuries."<ref>{{harvnb|Cotter|2001}}</ref> It wis frae the Abbasids that the rest o the warld learned tae mak paper frae linen.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2003|p=166}}</ref> The knawledge o [[gunpouder]] wis an aw transmitted frae Cheenae via the caliphate, whaur the formulas for pure [[potassium nitrate]] an an [[explosive]] gunpouder effect war first developed.<ref>{{harvnb|al-Hassan|2002}}</ref> Advances war made in [[irrigation]] an fermin, uisin new technology sic as the [[windmill]]. Craps such as [[awmond]]s an [[citrus]] fruit war brocht tae Europe throu [[al-Andalus]], an succar cultivation wis gradually adoptit bi the Europeans. Apairt frae the [[Nile]], [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]], navigable rivers war uncommon, sae transport bi sea wis verra important. Navigational sciences war heichly developed, makkin uise o a rudimentary [[sextant]] (kent as a kamal). Whan combined wi detailed maps o the period, sailors war able tae sail athort oceans raither nor skirt alang the coast. Abbasid sailors war an aw responsible for reintroducin lairge three mastit merchant veshels tae the [[Mediterranean]]. The name [[caravel]] mey derive frae an earlier Arab ship kent as the ''qārib''.<ref>{{harvnb|Schwarz|2013}}</ref> Arab merchants dominatit tred in the Indie Ocean till the arrival o the Portuguese in the 16t century. [[Ormus|Hormuz]] wis an important centre for this tred. Thare wis an aw a dense netwark o tred routes in the [[Mediterranean]], alang that Muslim kintras treddit wi ilk ither an wi European pouers sic as [[Venice]] or [[Genoa]]. The [[Silk Road]] crossin Central Asie passed throu Abbasid caliphate atween Cheenae an Europe. == Notes == {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliografie == {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA9 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, UK |isbn=0-415-57225-8 |lccn=2009050163 |year=2011 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Al-Abbasi |first=A. M. M. |year=1986 |title=Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian |place=Doha |language=Persian |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%202.html#_edn2 |title=Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: A Gap in the History of Gunpowder and Cannon |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFEzyuzL?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%202.html |year=2002 |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2071.html |title=Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part II: Transmission of Islamic Engineering |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFG2aZCF?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2071.html |year=2002a |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%207.html |title=Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part I: Avenues of Technology Transfer |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFGHXcWB?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%207.html |year=2002b |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite book |last=Abbott |first=Nabia |title=Two queens of Baghdad: mother and wife of Hārūn al Rashīd |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1946 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |title=The "First True Scientist" |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFBZo7A9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |publisher=Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |title=The Islamic World to 1600 |access-date=30 October 2008 |year=2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005003551/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |archive-date=5 October 2008 }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-01-03 |archive-date=2008-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005003551/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |url-status=bot: unknown }} * {{cite journal |last=Anon |title=Deutsche Literaturzeitung für Kritik der Internationalen Wissenschaft |volume=49 |issue=27–52 |year=1928 |publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung |language=de |trans-title=German Weekly Literary Journal for Criticism of the International Science |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Baker |first=Hugh D. 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Millet Company |location=Boston, MA |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Broomhall |first=Marshall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObcNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Islam in China: A Neglected Problem |year=1910 |publisher=London, Morgan & Scott Ltd. |location=Philadelphia, PA |chapter=II: China and the Arabs From the Rise of the Abbaside Caliphate |lccn=11003281 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Carné |first1=Louis de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVMuAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA295 |title=Travels in Indo-China and the Chinese Empire |year=1872 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London, UK |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Chapuis |first=Oscar |title=A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofvietnam0000chap |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-29622-7 |lccn=94048169 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Clinton |first=Jerome W. |editor-last1=Talattof |editor-first1=Kamran |editor-last2=Clinton |editor-first2=Jerome W. |title=The Poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric |url=https://archive.org/details/poetryofnizamiga0000unse |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2000 |lccn=99056710 |location=Houndmills, UK |isbn=0-312-22810-4 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=William Wager |last2=Yue |first2=Piyu |year=2008 |title=Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past |url=https://archive.org/details/challengesofmusl0000coop |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited |series=International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics |isbn=978-0-444-53243-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |last=Cotter |first=Holland |url=http://web.utk.edu/~persian/paper.htm |publisher=New York Times |title=The Story of Islam's Gift of Paper to the West |date=29 December 2001 |newspaper=New York Times |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFECAoqj?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/29/books/shelf-life-the-story-of-islam-s-gift-of-paper-to-the-west.html |ref=harv |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}{{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFECAoqj?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/29/books/shelf-life-the-story-of-islam-s-gift-of-paper-to-the-west.html |date=2015-05-03 }} * {{cite book |last=de Camp |first=L. Sprague |author-link=L. Sprague de Camp |title=Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy |url=https://archive.org/details/literaryswordsme0000deca |isbn=0-87054-076-9 |lccn=76017991 |publisher=Arkham House |year=1976 |location=Sauk City, WI |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Derewenda |first=Zygmunt S. |year=2007 |title=On Wine, Chirality and Crystallography |journal=Acta Crystallographica A |volume=64 |ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Dimand |first=Maurice S. |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Bernard S. |editor-last2=Myers |editor-first2=Shirley D. |encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art |year=1969 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, NY |volume=3: Greece to Master F. V. 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B. |title=Islamic Pottery and Tiles |pages=211–216 |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Dimand |first=Maurice S. |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Bernard S. |editor-last2=Myers |editor-first2=Shirley D. |encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art |year=1969c |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, NY |volume=3: Greece to Master F. V. B. |title=Islamic Textiles |pages=216–220 |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Dunn |first=Kevin M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOtJKgWkPuQC&pg=PA166 |title=Caveman Chemistry: 28 Projects, from the Creation of Fire to the Production of Plastics |publisher=Universal Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58112-566-5 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Dupuy |first1=R. Ernest |last2=Dupuy |first2=Trevor N. |year=1986 |title=The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmi0000dupu_k6k2 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-06-181235-8 |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers |location=New York, NY |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Eglash |first=Ron |year=1999 |title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-2614-0 |lccn=98026043 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=El-Hibri |first=Tayeb |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=Chase F. |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries |chapter=The empire in Iraq: 763–861 |pages=269–304 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-83823-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=Charles Patrick |title=China: A Short Cultural History |url=https://archive.org/details/chinashortcultur0000fitz |year=1961 |publisher=Praeger |orig-year=1950 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Floor |first=W. |year=2011 |title=The Persian Gulf: Bandar Abbas: The Natural Trade Gateway of Southeast Iran |url=https://archive.org/details/persiangulfrisef0000floo |isbn=1-933823-43-7}} * {{cite book |last=Floor |first=W. |year=2010 |title=The Persian Gulf: The Rise and Fall of Bandar-e Lengeh: The Distribution Center for the Arabian Coast: 1750–1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/persiangulfrisef0000floo |isbn=1-933823-39-9 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |last=Frazier |first=Ian |title=Invaders: Destroying Baghdad |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-new-yorker_2005-04-25_81_10/page/48 |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |date=25 April 2005 |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=48–55 |issn=0028-792X |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/?id=QvtwAAAAMAAJ |title=Embers in Cathay |year=1961 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, NY |lccn=61010347 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Gibb |first=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |author-link=Hamilton Gibb |editor-last1=Shaw |editor-first1=Stanford J. |editor-last2=Polk |editor-first2=William R. |title=Studies on the Civilization of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesonciviliz0000gibb_m3g1 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-691-05354-5 |orig-year=1962 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Giles |first=Herbert Allen |title=Confucianism and its Rivals |url=https://archive.org/details/confucianismitsr00gileuoft |year=1915 |publisher=C. 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L. |year=1969 |title=Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics |ref=harv}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}} * {{cite book |last=Visser |first=Reidar |title=Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq |url={{Google books|pCC4ffbOv_YC|page=19|Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq | plainurl = yes}} |year=2005 |isbn=3-8258-8799-5 |publisher=Transaction Publisher |location=New Brunswick, NJ |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Wade |first=Geoffrey |editor1-last=Wade |editor1-first=Geoff |editor2-last=Tana |editor2-first=Li |chapter=Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century |title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |place=Singapore |year=2012 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Warren |first=John |year=2005 |title=War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged Affair |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2005_26_4-5/page/815 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4-5 |pages=815–30 |doi=10.1080/01436590500128048 |ref=harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wilber |first=Donald N. |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Bernard S. |editor-last2=Myers |editor-first2=Shirley D. |encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art |year=1969 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, NY |volume=1: Aa-Ceylon |title=Abbasid Architecture |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} [[Category:Abbasid Caliphate| ]] [[Category:Arab dynasties]] [[Category:History o Iran]] [[Category:Medieval Iraq]] [[Category:States in medieval Anatolie]] [[Category:States in medieval Azerbaijan]] [[Category:750 establishments]] [[Category:1510s disestablishments in Asie]] [[Category:16t-century disestablishments in the Abbasid Caliphate]] [[Category:Umwhile caliphates]] iievc4ttphh0eb8zq1t3lzzc4r4x302 0 134650 922092 830481 2026-08-26T21:01:42Z Middle Distance Biker 39 100342 new mayor since begin of november 2025 922092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Rathaus-Witten-IMG 3580.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Toun haw in Witten |type = Stadt |name = Witten |image_coa = DEU Witten COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|26|0|N|7|20|0|E|format=dms|display=inline}} |image_plan = Witten in EN.svg |state = Nordrhein-Westfalen |region = Arnsberg |district = Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis |elevation = 104 |area = 72.40 |population = 98805 |Stand = 2009-06-30 |postal_code = 58401 - 58456 |area_code = 02302<br>02324 (Buchholz) |licence = EN, WIT |Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 9 54 036 |website = [https://www.witten.de/ witten.de] |Bürgermeistertitel = Bürgermeister |mayor = Dirk Leistner<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2025/aktuell/b954036kw2500.shtml |title=Kommunalwahlen 2025 – Endgültiges Ergebnis für: Witten, Stadt |website=Ministerium des Innern des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen |language=de |access-date=2025-12-05}}</ref> |party = SPD }} '''Witten''' is a varsity ceety in the [[Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis]] (destrict) in [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Germany]]. ==Twin touns – sister ceeties== Witten is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="RuhrTwins2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District|publisher=[http://www.twins2010.com/index.php?id=home&L=1 Twins2010.com]|accessdate=2009-10-28|archive-date=2009-11-28|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Beauvais]], [[Fraunce]], syne 1975<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|UK}} [[Lunnon Borough o Barking an Dagenham]], [[Unitit Kinrick]], syne 1979<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Mallnitz]], [[Carinthie]], [[Austrick]], syne 1979<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lev HaSharon Regional Cooncil|Lev HaSharon]] district, [[Israel]], syne 1979<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Wolfen, Germany|Wolfen]], [[Germany]], since 1990<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kursk]], [[Roushie]], syne 1990<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Tczew]], [[Poland]], syne 1990<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|NCA}} [[San Carlos, Río San Juan|San Carlos]], [[Nicaragua]] (syne 1990, friendship contract) ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Witten| ]] [[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]] e9e23d6ppre133kprvsystd9qjoms3s 0 137755 922108 922081 2026-08-27T08:05:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Persies <br/> <small>{{lang|fa|پارسیان}}</small> <br/> <small>Pārsiān</small> |rawimage = |population = [[Circa|ca.]] 90 million |region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} |pop1 = 49,312,834 (61–65% o tot population) |ref1 =<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Fact Book – Iran|author=United States Central Intelligence Agency(CIA)|publisher=CIA|accessdate=May 15, 2011|date=April 28, 2011|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html|archive-date=2012-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Library of Congress, Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. "Ethnic Groups and Languages of Iran". http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-02.</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} |pop2 = 8,592,168<small> |ref2 = <ref name=CIA-af>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html|title= Afghanistan|accessdate= 2011-07-23|date= July 2011|publisher= United States Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date= 2017-09-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072213/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> |region4 = {{flagcountry|Tajikistan}} |pop4 = 6,360,694<small> |ref4 = <ref name="CIA-tj">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ti.html#People|title= Tajikistan|accessdate= 2007-12-26|date= December 13, 2007|publisher= United States Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date= 2001-03-31|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010331101740/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ti.html#People|url-status= dead}}</ref> |region5 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} |pop5 = 1,406,430-3,000,000 |ref5 = <ref name="CIA-uz">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html#People|title= Uzbekistan|accessdate= 2007-12-26|date= December 13, 2007|publisher= United States Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date= 2016-07-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035649/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html#People|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=Foltz>[[Richard Foltz]], "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan", ''Central Asian Survey'', 15(2), 213–216 (1996).</ref> |region6 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} |pop6 = 618,000 |ref6= <ref>{{cite web|title=Persian in Turkey|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14371/TU|publisher=[[Joshua Project]]|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> |region7 = {{flagcountry|Iraq}} |pop7 = 405,000<!-- A significant part of the population of Karbala, Najaf, Baghdad, and other Iraqi cities are of Persian ancestry. The figure could be much higher. --> |ref7= <ref>{{cite web|title=Iraq – People Groups|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=IZ|publisher=[[Joshua Project]]|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> |region8 = {{flagcountry|USA}} |pop8 = 331,000 |ref8 = <ref name="farsinet"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranian.com/Diaspora/2004/January/USA/index.html |title=Iranian-American stats, Phyllis McIntosh |publisher=The Iranian |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people from Afghanistan in the United States is estimated as 80,414 (2005), Of which 65% are estimated to be Tajiks. {{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:501&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=045&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en|author=United States Census Bureau|title=US demographic census|accessdate=2008-01-23|archive-date=2009-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116055515/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:501&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=045&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en|url-status=dead}} [http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/apeop.html Robson, Barbara and Lipson, Juliene (2002) "Chapter 5(B)- The People: The Tajiks and Other Dari-Speaking Groups"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127081653/http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/apeop.html |date=2010-01-27 }} ''The Afghans – their history and culture'' Cultural Orientation Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., [http://worldcat.org/oclc/56081073 OCLC 56081073].</ref> |region9 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} |pop9 = 250,000 |ref9 = <ref name="Iranian Israelis">{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/Why-are-people-going-to-Iran|title=Why are people going to Iran?|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|accessdate=2013-08-19}}</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |pop10 = 238,250 |ref10 = <ref name="Pashto in UAE">{{cite web |author=|url=http://www.britannica.com/new-multimedia/pdf/wordat207.pdf|title=United Arab Emirates: Demography|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|work=Encyclopædia Britannica World Data|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> |region11 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} |pop11 = 200,000 |ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.persianwo.org/Disporia.htm |title=Persian World Outreach – '&#39;Persian-speaking people outside of Iran'&#39; |publisher=Persianwo.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10 |archive-date=2009-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030152953/http://www.persianwo.org/Disporia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=TZ>[http://www2.gtz.de/migration-and-development/konferenz-2/english/afghans.htm GTZ: Migration and development – Afghans in Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172739/http://www2.gtz.de/migration-and-development/konferenz-2/english/afghans.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}: estimate for Tajiks based on total of 100,000 Afghans in Germany.</ref> |region12 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |pop12 = 173,760 |ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF |title='&#39;2006 Canadian Census'&#39; |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016025011/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090 according to Canada's 2006 Census. Tajiks make up an estimated 33% of the population of Afghanistan. The Tajik population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221808/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=2019-01-06 }}.</ref> |region13 = {{flagcountry|Bahrain}} |pop13 = 172,000 |ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Bahrain – People Groups|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=BA|publisher=[[Joshua Project]]|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> |region14 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} |pop14 = 172,303 |ref14 ={{Failed verification|date=October 2015}}<ref name="farsinet">{{cite web |url=http://www.farsinet.com/pwo/diaspora.html |title=The Persian Diaspora, List of Persians and Persian Speaking Peoples living outside of Iran, Worldwide Outreach to Persians, Outreach to Muslims around the Globe |publisher=Farsinet.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10 |archive-date=2019-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121191502/http://www.farsinet.com/pwo/diaspora.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=census2002>{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm |title=2002 Russian census |publisher=Perepis2002.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10 |archive-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/616Buov3D?url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region15 = {{flagcountry|Qatar}} |pop15 = 160,000 |ref15 = <ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pes |title=Ethnologue report for language code:pes |publisher=Ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref> |languages = [[Persie leid|Persie]] {{smaller|''(varieties o [[Dari leid|Dari]], [[Tajik leid|Tajiki]], [[Tat leid (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]],<ref name="Gernot Windfuhr 1979. pg 4">Gernot Windfuhr, "Persian Grammar: history and state of its study", Walter de Gruyter, 1979. pg 4:""Tat- Persian spoken in the East Caucasus""</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalby|first1=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1408102145|page=109|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&dq=tat+caucasus+persian+language&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=and Tat (a variety of Persian)...(...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Windfuhr|first1=Genot|title=Iranian Languages|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135797041|page=417|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC&pg=PA417&dq=tat+caucasus+persian+language&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE-OWPr8vKAhUDWBoKHSaUD4UQ6AEIUDAH#v=onepage&q=tat%20caucasus%20persian%20language&f=false|quote=The Northwestern outpost of Persian is Caucasian Tat Persian (...)}}</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38.</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. Excerpt: Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features"</ref><ref>C Kerslake, Journal of Islamic Studies (2010) 21 (1): 147–151. excerpt:"It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik—in terms of the 'innovations' that the latter two have developed for expressing finer differentiations of tense, aspect and modality..." [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=+It+is+a+comparison+of+the+verbal+systems+of+three+varieties+of+Persian%E2%80%94standard+Persian%2C+tat%2C+tajik&as_sdt=80000000000000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0]</ref><ref>Borjian, Habib, "Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans", Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006 , pp. 243–258(16). Excerpt:"It embraces Gilani, Ta- lysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language."</ref> and [[Judeo-Tat]])''}}, [[Luri]] |religions = Primarily [[Shiite Muslim]], also [[Sunni Muslims]], [[Sufi Muslim]]<br /> [[Irreleegion]], [[Christianity]], [[Bahá'í]], [[Judaism]], [[Zorastrianism]] | related = [[Iranian fowks]], [[Azerbaijanis]] }} The '''Persie fowk'''<ref name="Congress">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |title=Ethnic Groups and Languages of Iran |first=Library of Congress – Federal Research Division |last=Library of Congress|accessdate=2009-12-02}}</ref> ([[Persie leid|Persie]]: پارسیان) are an [[Iranian fowks|Iranian fowk]] who speak the modren [[Persie leid]]<ref>R. N. Fyre, "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN" in Encycloapedia Iranica, "The largest group of people in present-day Iran are Persians (*q.v.) who speak dialects of the language called Fārsi in Persian, since it was primarily the tongue of the people of Fārs."</ref> an closely relatit Iranian dialects an leids.<ref name="EIS">C.S. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encycloapedia of Islam, Volme IV, E.J. Brill, pp 10,8. Excerpt: "The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian" See maps also on page 10 for distribution of Persian languages and dialect</ref><ref name="Coughlin">Kathryn M. Coughlin, "Muslim cultures today: a reference guide," Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pg 89: "...Iranians speak Persian or a Persian dialect such as Gilaki or Mazandarani"</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Persian People}} [[Category:Auncient fowks]] [[Category:Persie fowk|*]] [[Category:Iranian fowks]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Dagestan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] fezzvm2jq13qngxkltit9zusm90dgi5 4 228698 922090 922041 2026-08-26T19:43:54Z Hamaxides 136285 /* Parteecipants */ added Hamaxides 922090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} {{WikiProject status|sc1=WP:BWR}} The Big Scots Rewirte is a projeck stairtit in 2020 as a response tae controversies surroondin the scrievins thit war on the Wiki at the time, whaur it wis revealed thit maist o the Wiki wis scrieved bi fowk no native in the leid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I’ve discovered that almost every single article on the Scots version of Wikipedia is written by the same person - an American teenager who can’t speak Scots|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Scotland/comments/ig9jia/ive_discovered_that_almost_every_single_article/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=reddit|language=en}}</ref>. A few day follaein thae events, an editathon wis pit up tae help sort oot the Wikipedia. == Aboot Us == We'r an onwab group thit hiv got thegither tae sort oot aw the bad Scots Wikipedia airticles. Oor oreeginal goal wis tae help oot the steid's admins wi thair Scots. Sin then, the admins hae demittit or gane inactive, wi Scots spikkin admins bein eleckit tae owersee the steid. See gin yese hiv onyhing tae ask efterwirds, we'v a Discord channel appen fur quaistens, whaur we'll hiv fowk thit kin gie yese a haun. We'v pit thegither a list o some o the airticle thit ur needin sortin oot. - it's no complete, an see gin yese hiv ony tae pit in, yese kin dae. Yese kin help oot bi daein hings like makkin categories, wikilinks, an picturs tae pages thit hivnae got ony. 'Mon lat's mak 'e Scots Wikipedia better! We'r invítin fowk in tae gie ae haun, but we ken thit thare's a muckle wirk tae be duin. We'r wantin fur yersel tae gie ae haun in becomin orgindar editors on 'e Scots Wiki, an tae come back an dae mair edits. See in ye'r no ower confident wi yer Scots, thare's a free 10 oor coorse thit's been pit thegither [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO7FYItwawDAH3_CCDGFjhQ here.] Scots Wikipedia admins an ordinar contríbutors ur walcome tae jyne in an aw, an lear fae natives an fluent spikkers, thay're juist as important as the wiki hitsel! == Whit we dae == ; Wir Goals * Sort oot aw the airticles on [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Fixscots|Leet o airticles - Fix Scots]], [[:Category:Pages that wis written by a body that's mither tongue isna Scots]] an [[:Category:Stubs]] * Pit in airticles specirfied bi [[Wikipedia:Leet o airticles that aa Wikipedias shuid hae]] * Encourage fowk tae scrieve in Scots mair an tae impruive on thair literacy * Git mair fowk chyngin an sortin oot the Wiki mair regular-like ; Structur We host an editathon ivery month or twa, uisually themed aroond a certain topic. These events tak place ower 2 day, uiusually at a weekend, whaur we hiv onwab meetins whaur we dae collaborative chyngin, drap in sessions whaur fowk kin speir fur a haund wi an airticle thay'r sortin oot, an hiv tawks fae notable Scots personalities. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Editathons|Past events here]] == Parteecipants == * [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] - Founder an Co-organiser * [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas]] - Organiser & WikiBrounie as [[Uiser:lirazelf]] * [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|Ciphrius Kane]] - Co-organiser & Wiki Admin * Michael Dempster * [[Uiser:Drkirstyross| drkirstyross]] - keen WikiBrounie * [[Uiser:Hamaxides]] - WikiBrounie ainlie ==Uiserbox== {{Uiser The Big Wiki Rewrite}} <nowiki>{{Uiser The Big Wiki Rewrite}}</nowiki> == Fremmit Airtins == * [https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/1134| Scots Warks: Support and Guidance for writing] == References == {{reflist}} {{Template:The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} t5yku0a5esborvzfc6b9ymo6qiihqvu 922091 922090 2026-08-26T19:45:05Z Hamaxides 136285 /* Parteecipants */ corrected 922091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} {{WikiProject status|sc1=WP:BWR}} The Big Scots Rewirte is a projeck stairtit in 2020 as a response tae controversies surroondin the scrievins thit war on the Wiki at the time, whaur it wis revealed thit maist o the Wiki wis scrieved bi fowk no native in the leid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I’ve discovered that almost every single article on the Scots version of Wikipedia is written by the same person - an American teenager who can’t speak Scots|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Scotland/comments/ig9jia/ive_discovered_that_almost_every_single_article/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=reddit|language=en}}</ref>. A few day follaein thae events, an editathon wis pit up tae help sort oot the Wikipedia. == Aboot Us == We'r an onwab group thit hiv got thegither tae sort oot aw the bad Scots Wikipedia airticles. Oor oreeginal goal wis tae help oot the steid's admins wi thair Scots. Sin then, the admins hae demittit or gane inactive, wi Scots spikkin admins bein eleckit tae owersee the steid. See gin yese hiv onyhing tae ask efterwirds, we'v a Discord channel appen fur quaistens, whaur we'll hiv fowk thit kin gie yese a haun. We'v pit thegither a list o some o the airticle thit ur needin sortin oot. - it's no complete, an see gin yese hiv ony tae pit in, yese kin dae. Yese kin help oot bi daein hings like makkin categories, wikilinks, an picturs tae pages thit hivnae got ony. 'Mon lat's mak 'e Scots Wikipedia better! We'r invítin fowk in tae gie ae haun, but we ken thit thare's a muckle wirk tae be duin. We'r wantin fur yersel tae gie ae haun in becomin orgindar editors on 'e Scots Wiki, an tae come back an dae mair edits. See in ye'r no ower confident wi yer Scots, thare's a free 10 oor coorse thit's been pit thegither [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO7FYItwawDAH3_CCDGFjhQ here.] Scots Wikipedia admins an ordinar contríbutors ur walcome tae jyne in an aw, an lear fae natives an fluent spikkers, thay're juist as important as the wiki hitsel! == Whit we dae == ; Wir Goals * Sort oot aw the airticles on [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Fixscots|Leet o airticles - Fix Scots]], [[:Category:Pages that wis written by a body that's mither tongue isna Scots]] an [[:Category:Stubs]] * Pit in airticles specirfied bi [[Wikipedia:Leet o airticles that aa Wikipedias shuid hae]] * Encourage fowk tae scrieve in Scots mair an tae impruive on thair literacy * Git mair fowk chyngin an sortin oot the Wiki mair regular-like ; Structur We host an editathon ivery month or twa, uisually themed aroond a certain topic. These events tak place ower 2 day, uiusually at a weekend, whaur we hiv onwab meetins whaur we dae collaborative chyngin, drap in sessions whaur fowk kin speir fur a haund wi an airticle thay'r sortin oot, an hiv tawks fae notable Scots personalities. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Editathons|Past events here]] == Parteecipants == * [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] - Founder an Co-organiser * [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas]] - Organiser & WikiBrounie as [[Uiser:lirazelf]] * [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|Ciphrius Kane]] - Co-organiser & Wiki Admin * Michael Dempster * [[Uiser:Drkirstyross| drkirstyross]] - keen WikiBrounie * [[Uiser:Hamaxides| Hamaxides]] - WikiBrounie ainlie ==Uiserbox== {{Uiser The Big Wiki Rewrite}} <nowiki>{{Uiser The Big Wiki Rewrite}}</nowiki> == Fremmit Airtins == * [https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/1134| Scots Warks: Support and Guidance for writing] == References == {{reflist}} {{Template:The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} nlr0ffpmpdi8d6694oj97d7dnnqkfmb 2 233949 922104 922035 2026-08-27T00:06:56Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Template:Uiser WikiBrounie]] 922104 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Uiser WikiBrounie]] 8dcuw365rthsu8qf6dah67plst64qpj