Supreme Court o Chile

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    <title>Supreme Court o Chile</title>
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      <text bytes="6911" sha1="3pdvnykktib2haeserwhtvzg98ovoaw" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Palaciotribunales.jpg|thumb|350px|Supreme Coort Biggin in Santiago]]

The '''Supreme Coort o Chile''' is the heichest coort in [[Chile]]. It owersees the laicher coorts in the [[republic]], an can scance decisions made bi the laicher coorts tae mak siccer they wir follaein the laws as effeirs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chile's Supreme Court: Your Guide To Justice|url=https://dl.iir.edu.ua/iir-news/chiles-supreme-court-your-guide-to-justice-1767648758|url-status=dead|website=Iir News|access-date=2026-07-28|archive-date=2026-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260729221534/https://dl.iir.edu.ua/iir-news/chiles-supreme-court-your-guide-to-justice-1767648758}}&lt;/ref&gt; The coort is alsae in chairge o admeinistrative dargs, siclike as guidin the judicial system or appointin juidges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is locate in [[Santiago]]. It wis foundit in 1823 as pairt o the constitution that teuk effeck thon year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aniversario Corte de Apelaciones y Corte Suprema|url=https://www.pjud.cl/prensa-y-comunicaciones/docs/download/31606|url-status=live|website=Poder Judicial de la República de Chile (Judicial Pouer of the Republic of Chile)|language=the Spainish}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

In the Chilean system, the coort wants the braider pouer o judicial review — it canna lay bindin precedent or cass laws. Insteid, it acks on a case-bi-case basis. The Constitutional Coort insteid is in chairge o scancin laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Essential Issues of the Chilean Legal System|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/chile.html|url-status=live|website=NYU Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Pleas is cairried oot in chaumers (''salas'') o at laist five juidges, moderate bi the uppermaist member. 

== Membership ==

The members o the Supreme Coort is appointit bi the Praisident o Chile, but maun be waled frae a leet o five chyces proponed bi the coort itsel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chile Supreme Court|url=https://www.aihja.org/en/membre/chile-supreme-court/|url-status=live|website=International Association of Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Twa o thaim waled bude tae be upper juidges frae appellate coorts; the ither three needna hae ony judicial expairience. The praisident's chyce maun syne be homologated bi the senate. Supreme Coort justices bude tae be at laist 36 year auld. They ser ontil they are 75 year auld an canna be remuived binna for &quot;misbehaden conduck&quot;.

== Praisent Supreme Coort members ==
The Supreme Coort haes twintie-ane members cried meinisters (''ministros''). Ae member is waled tae ser a twa-year term as Praisident o the Supreme Coort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chile Supreme Court|url=https://www.aihja.org/en/membre/chile-supreme-court/|url-status=live|website=International Association of Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions}}&lt;/ref&gt; The follaein table taks in a list o the praisent members. 

&lt;small&gt;''Note: List updatit last on 14 Julie 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Justicial Pouer of the Republic of Chile (''Poder Judicial de la República de Chile'') |url=https://www.pjud.cl/tribunales/corte-suprema |access-date=21 August 2023 |language=es|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;''&lt;/small&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Rank
!Name
|-
|Praisident
|Gloria Ana Chevesich Ruiz
|-
|Meinister
|Ricardo Luis Hernán Blanco Herrera
|-
|Meinister
|Andrea María Mercedes Muñoz Sánchez
|-
|Meinister
|Manuel Antonio Valderrama Rebolledo
|-
|Meinister
|Arturo José Prado Puga
|-
|Meinister
|Mauricio Alonso Silva Cancino
|-
|Meinister
|Angelica Cecilia Repetto García
|-
|Meinister
|Leopoldo Andrés Llanos Sagrista
|-
|Meinister
|Adelita Inés Ravanales Arriagada
|-
|Meinister
|Jean Pierre Matus Acuña
|-
|Meinister
|Cristina Gajardo Harboe
|-
|Meinister
|María Soledad Melo Labra
|-
|Meinister
|Jessica De Lourdes González Troncoso
|-
|Meinister
|Mireya Eugenia López Miranda
|-
|Meinister
|Omar Antonio Astudillo Contreras
|-
|Meinister
|Gonzalo Enrique Ruz Lartiga
|-
|Meinister
|Jorge Luis Zepeda Arancibia
|-
|Meinister
|Dinko Antonio Franulic Cetinic
|-
|Vacant
|
|-
|Vacant
|
|-
|Vacant
|
|}

== Namely decisions ==
=== Augusto Pinochet ===

The Chilean Supreme Coort haes been insnorled in monie wechty human richts pleas anent the umwhile Chilean dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]].
* In Julie 2002, it repelled a plea again Pinochet, sayin that he wis inhabile tae thole an assize ower the heids o dementia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Staff|date=2002-07-02|title=Pinochet unfit to stand trial, rules court|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/02/pinochet.chile|access-date=2026-05-02|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In August 2004, it homologated a laicher coort's decision that Pinochet shid tyne his automatic immunity he gat for aince bein a senatour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2004-08-26|title=Chile strips Pinochet of immunity|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3602630.stm|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Mairch 2005, it altered a laicher coort's decision tirrin Pinochet o immunity in the plea o the assassination o Carlos Prats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2005-03-24|title=Pinochet murder case blocked|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4380123.stm|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In August 2007, it sustained the life sentence o Hugo Salas Wenzel, wha haed been the foremaist heid offisher frae Pinochet's government tae receive a life sentence for human richts violations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2007-08-29|title=Chile ex-general jailed for life|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6967974.stm|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gay richts ===

The Chilean Supreme Coort haes makkit controversial decisions in the area o gay richts.
* In 2004, it homologated a laicher coort's decision that tirrit umwhile juidge Karen Atala o keep o her three dochters acause she is a lesbian. In 2012, the plea wis altered bi the Inter-American Coort o Human Richts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-02-24|title=Atala Riffo and Daughters v Chile, 2012, Series C No. 239|url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./resources/atala-riffo-and-daughters-v-chile-2012-series-c-no-239/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Human Dignity Trust|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Januar 2004, it remuived juidge Daniel Calvo frae his office on the Santiago Coort o Appeals, efter media souchs that he visited a sauna frequentit bi gay men.

=== Alberto Fujimori ===
On September 21, 2007, the coort appruved Peru's request tae haund ower umwhile Chilean praisident Alberto Fujimori, for human richts an corruption chairges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Franklin|first=Jonathan|date=2007-09-21|title=Chile orders Fujimori back to Peru|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/21/chile.jonathanfranklin|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
*[http://www.poderjudicial.cl/ Chilean Judiciary wabsteid] (in Spainish)


[[Category:Chile]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Releegion</title>
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      <text bytes="18085" sha1="1eqwxh4pbqzke692qoollx0tvoijrj7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Religionsmajoritaries.png|thumb|380px|]]
'''Releegion''' - whan uisit interchyngeabt wae faith ar belief seestem — bih fur ordinar definit  beliefs adae wae ra  supernaitural, saucrit, ar divine; an ra moral codets, practicets, vailets, institutionts an reetuals associate wae  sic beliefs. In thir  braid sense  fowk hae definit hit  ra  hail tot o tollts giit tae expoond bodyts rael  wae  ra.  Inae ra coorse o ra tilcom ae releegion, hit hae taen mony formts inae sindry ra cultoorts an ra bodyets. Antrin ra tidts, ra wird &quot;releegion&quot;  uised for tae designate whit wad bih mair guid describit  &quot;organized releegion&quot; – they bih, an organisation o fowk uphaudin ra daeunts o  releegion, aften tak the form o ra legal entity. Inae thare bih mony  releegions inae ra warld ra  dae.
[[File:ReligijneSymbole.svg|thumb|Various [[List o seembols#Releegious, esoteric, metapheesical an meestical seembols|Releegious seembols]], includin (first raw) [[Christianity|Christian]], [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i]], (seicont raw) [[Islam]]ic, tribal, [[Taoism|Taoist]], [[Shinto]] (third raw) [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]], (fowert raw) [[Ayyavali]], [[Triple Goddess]], [[Maltese cross]], pre-Christian Slavonic]]
Thir [[idea]]s anent the basic structur o the [[warld]] canna be studied uisin juist the [[scienteific method]].

Releegions ettles tae repone tae speirins lik &quot;Whaur did the warld come frae?&quot; an &quot;Whit happens tae us efter we dee?&quot; Whan answers tae thir speirins is fand, fowk sterts new releegions or eiks thair beliefs tae auld anes. Monie releegions believes in [[supernaitural]] beins sic as [[speerit]]s, [[deil]]s, [[angel]]s, gods or [[God]], that can influence fowk an the warld. Fowk that writes anent or teaches a releegion says thay gat thair ideas frae a supernaitural bein.

Monie releegions is gey auld, but some fowk shapes new anes whan thay dinna lik the ideas o the auld anes. Things conseidert important bi releegions is cryed [[saucrit]] or [[halie]]. Monie o thaim haes saucrit [[beuk]]s (the [[Bible]] bein an exemplar) that tells o thair ain main beliefs an stories.

Mony releegions believes that fowk will gae tae [[Heiven]] foriver efter thay dee, gin thay'r guid, or [[Hell]] gin thay are ill. &lt;!-- ar ye shuir? e'en the non-Abrahamic anes? --&gt;

Releegions aften encourages fowk tae be guid, but thay aften causes problems an aw, acause a releegion's speirins is that important tae its follaers, an it's difficult tae ken whit answers is richt.

Historically, whan fowk dinna accept ideas aboot ithers' releegions, or ithers micht cause problems for thair ain, confrontations an fechts arises atween thaim.

Monie releegions haes [[biggin]]s for thair follaers tae meet. Dependin on the releegion, thay micht be cryed [[kirk]]s, [[chaipel]]s, [[temple]]s, [[mosque]]s, [[shrine]]s, or [[seenagogue]]s. Monie o the warld's auldest biggins is releegious.

==Table==
{|style=&quot;width:100%;&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Seembol !! Religion !! Number 
! Grouping !!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Invented!!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Source
|-
|[[File:Christian cross.svg|center|40x40px]] || Christianity || align=&quot;right&quot; |2.2 || {{Sort|01|Abrahamic}} || Levant || &lt;ref&gt;[http://worldchristiandatabase.org/wcd/ World Christian Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304152957/http://worldchristiandatabase.org/wcd/ |date=2007-03-04 }} [[Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary]] Centre for the Study of Global Christianity&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:IslamSymbol.svg|center|40x40px]] || Islam || align=&quot;right&quot; |1.6 || {{Sort|02|Abrahamic}} || n/a || &lt;ref name=&quot;mgmpPRC&quot;&gt;
{{Kitap kaynağı | soyadı = Miller| ad = Tracy | ay = Ekim | yıl = 2009 | yayıncı = [[Pew Research Center]] | başlık = Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population | format = PDF | url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx | erişimtarihi = 2009-10-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA Factbook&quot;&gt;{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | başlık = The World Factbook | yayıncı = CIA Factbook | erişimtarihi = 2010-12-08 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20151218214908/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | arşivtarihi = 18 Aralık 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2010-01-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515072953/http://www.pupr.edu/hkettani/papers/HICAH2010.pdf 2010 World Muslim Population pdf] Dr. Houssain Kettani January 2010&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Dharmacakra.svg|center|40x40px]] || Buddhism || align=&quot;right&quot; |1.0 || {{Sort|07|n/a}} || n/a|| &lt;ref name=&quot;ciawf&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |date=2010-01-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |date=2010-01-05 }}&quot;. ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'', 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid, et al. ''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy &amp; Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Zen''. [[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala]]: Boston (English: pub. 1994; orig. German: 1986); pg. 50.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/forum/story/2008/03/080323_tibet_analysis.shtml a BBC News article]{{vi icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Om.svg|center|40x40px]] || Hinduism || align=&quot;right&quot; |0.5 || n/a || India|| &lt;ref&gt;[[Peter B. Clarke|Clarke, Peter B.]] (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, [[Marshall Editions]] Limited: USA (1993); pg. 125&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| || Folk religion || align=&quot;right&quot; |0.4 || n/a || n/a || &lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot; name=&quot;varies&quot;&gt;The number of people who consider themselves party to a &quot;folk tradition&quot; is impossible to determine.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Torii.svg|center|40x40px]] || Shinto || align=right| n/a || n/a || Japan || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |title=Japanese government |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2009-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031920/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Khanda.svg|center|40x40px]] || Sikhism || align=right| 27-65 || n/a || n/a || &lt;ref name=&quot;ciawf&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Indian Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner. &quot;[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx Religious Composition]&quot;. ''[[Census of India]]'', 2001&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Star of David (bold).svg|center|40x40px]] || Judaism || align=right|{{Sort|10|14–18}} || {{Sort|03|n/a}} || n/a|| &lt;ref name=&quot;ciawf&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[File:Jainism barnstar award.png|center|40x40px]] || Jainism || align=right|{{Sort|11|8–12}} || {{Sort|09|n/a}} || n/a|| &lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;Figures for the population of Jains differ from just over six million to twelve million due to difficulties of Jain identity, with Jains in some areas counted as a Hindu sect. Many Jains do not return Jainism as their religion on census forms for various reasons such as certain Jain castes considering themselves both Hindu and Jain. Following a major advertising campaign urging Jains to register as such, the 1981 Census of India returned 3.19 million Jains. This was estimated at the time to still be half the true number. The 2001 Census of India had 8.4 million Jains.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Bahai star.svg|center|40x40px]] || Bahaism || align=right|{{Sort|12|7.6–7.9}} || {{Sort|04|n/a}} || Iran, 19t century || &lt;ref name=&quot;ARDA05&quot;&gt;{{Web kaynağı | başlık = World Religions (2005) | çalışma = QuickLists &gt; The World &gt; Religions | yayıncı = The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] | yıl = 2005 | url = http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp | biçim =  | doi =  | erişimtarihi = 2009-07-04 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150910141151/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp | arşivtarihi = 10 Eylül 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225045350/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp%20 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web kaynağı | başlık = World: People: Religions | çalışma = [[CIA World Factbook]] | yayıncı = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | yıl = 2007 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#people | biçim =  | doi =  | ISSN = 1553-8133 | erişimtarihi = 2009-09-06 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20151218214908/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | arşivtarihi = 18 Aralık 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2010-01-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#people | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Cao Dai white.png|center|40x40px]] || Cao Dai || align=right|{{Sort|13|2–6}} || {{Sort|19|n/a}} || n/a || &lt;ref&gt;{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.tuvy.com/Countries/vietnamese/people/cao_dai.htm | başlık = Cao Đài | yayıncı = tuvy.com | yer = http://www.tuvy.com | erişimtarihi = 4 January 2012 | alıntı = …by the early 1990s Cao Đài was reported to have some two million adherents in Vietnam, Cambodia, France, and the United States. Headquarters of the religion are at Tây Ninh, near Ho Chi Minh City…. | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20120510212455/http://tuvy.com/Countries/vietnamese/people/cao_dai.htm | arşivtarihi = 10 Mayıs 2012 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2012-05-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212455/http://tuvy.com/Countries/vietnamese/people/cao_dai.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | başlık = Cao Đài Religion | yayıncı = ReligionFacts | yer = http://www.religionfacts.com | erişimtarihi = 4 January 2012 | alıntı = Adherents: 2-6 million | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150320045355/http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | arşivtarihi = 20 Mart 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2015-03-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320045355/http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Cheondoist flag.PNG|center|40x40px]] || Chendoism || align=right|{{Sort|14|3}} || {{Sort|18|n/a}} || n/a || &lt;ref&gt;Self-reported figures from 1999; North Korea only (South Korean followers are minimal according to self-reported figures). In ''The A to Z of New Religious Movements'' by George D. Chryssides. ISBN 0-8108-5588-7&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Eckankar.svg|center|40x40px]] || Eckankar || align=right|0,5 - 3 || n/a || n/a || &lt;ref&gt;Petersen, William J. Those Curious New Cults in the 80s. New Canaan, Connecticut: Keats Publishing; pg. 286.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Godwin, John. Occult America; Garden City, NY: Doubleday &amp; Company, Inc.; pg. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Tenrikyo emblem.svg|center|40x40px]] || [[Tenrikyo]] || align=right|{{Sort|15|2}} || {{Sort|15|n/a}} || Japan 19t century ||
|-
|[[File:Pentacle (fixed width).svg|center|40x40px]] || Wicca || align=right|{{Sort|16|1-3}} || {{Sort|10|n/a}} || n/a || &lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thompson Gale, 2004) p. 82&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | başlık = The Big Religion Chart | erişimtarihi = 15 Ağustos 2013 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150414025804/http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | arşivtarihi = 14 Nisan 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2015-04-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414025804/http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg|center|40x40px]] || Rastafarianism || align=right|{{Sort|19|1}} || {{Sort|12|n/a}} || n/a || &lt;ref&gt;''Chanting Down Babylon'' p. 1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{citation | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/ataglance/glance.shtml |title=Rastafari at a glance | quote= There are approximately one million world wide adherents of Rastafari as a faith.  | accessdate=24 Ağustos 2013}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:USVA headstone emb-23.svg|center|40x40px]] || Sekanova || align=right|{{Sort|18|1}} || {{Sort|17|n/a}} || n/a || &lt;ref&gt;{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.seicho-no-ie.org/eng/whats_sni/index.html | başlık = What's SNI: Summary | yayıncı = EICHO-NO-IE International | tarih = December 31, 2010 | erişimtarihi = July 30, 2013 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150426074807/http://www.seicho-no-ie.org:80/eng/whats_sni/index.html | arşivtarihi = 26 Nisan 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[File:USVA headstone emb-24.svg|center|40x40px]] || Kirk of World Messianity || align=right|{{Sort|17|1}} || {{Sort|16|n/a}} || n/a || &lt;ref&gt;Clarke, Peter B. (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, Marshall Editions Limited: USA (1993); pg. 208. &quot;Sekai Kyuseikyo has about one million members, a growing number of them in the west and the third world, especially Brazil and Thailand. &quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-.
|}

'''Medium-sized religions'''

{|style=&quot;width:100%;&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Seembol !! Religion !! Number !! Cultur !!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Invented!!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Source
|-
|[[File:Flaming Chalice.svg|center|40x40px]] || Unitarian Universalism || align=right|{{Sort|20|0.63}} || {{Sort|11|n/a}} || n/a || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |title=American Religious Identification Survey  |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2005-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024031359/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|N/A|| Scientology || align=right|500,000 || n/a || n/a || &lt;ref name=&quot;Major religions ranked by size&quot;&gt;[http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html Major religions ranked by size] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |date=2010-01-29 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054926/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html%20 |date=2018-12-26 }} retrieved 11 November 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Major religions ranked by size&quot;/&gt; 
|-
|[[File:Orkhon.svg|centre|frameless|59x59px]]|| Tengriism || align=right|500,000 || Neopaganism ||  1990 || &lt;ref name=&quot;Marlene Laruelle&quot;&gt;[http://www.cacianalyst.org/issues/20060322Analyst.pdf?SMSESSION=NO Tengrismus:Auf der Suche nach den geistigen Wurzeln Zentralasiens/Marlene Laruelle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207233331/http://www.cacianalyst.org/issues/20060322Analyst.pdf?SMSESSION=NO |date=2006-12-07 }}(ingilizce) Marlene Laruelle/ Tengricilik: Orta Asya ruhani köklerinin arayışında. PDF&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Faravahar-BW.svg|center|40x40px]]||Zoroastrianism||align=&quot;right&quot; |190.000||Persian||n/a||&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/ataglance/glance.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/middle_east_zoroastrians_in_iran/html/7.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Zerdüştlük]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe04/sbe0404.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dunyadinleri.com/mazdaizm.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2012-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725085556/http://www.dunyadinleri.com/mazdaizm.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.avesta.org/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.zoroastrianism.com/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Baphosimb.gif|centre|frameless|54x54px]]|| Satanism || align=right|30,000 - 100,000 || n/a || 1966 || &lt;ref&gt;The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity - Page 5, Per Faxneld, Jesper Aa. Petersen - 2013&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Raelian symbol.svg|center|40x40px]] || Raelism || align=right|80,000 - 85,000 || UFO religion || Fraunce, 1974 || &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.raelpress.org/news.php?item.248.1 Rael Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415103940/http://www.raelpress.org/news.php?item.248.1 |date=2017-04-15 }} retrieved 12 November 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations, Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft - 2006&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Tribann.svg|center|40x40px]] || Druidism || align=right|50,000 || Neopaganism || England, 18t century || &lt;ref&gt;The Everything Paganism Book, Selene Silverwind - 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Leet o releegions o the warld ==
* [[Bahá'í|Bahá'í Faith]]
* [[Buddhism]]
* [[Christianity]]
** [[Catholicism]]
** [[Kirk o Scotland]]
** [[Baptists]]
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Islam]]
* [[Jainism]]
* [[Judaism]]
* [[Beuk o Mormon|Latter Day Saunt muivement]]
* [[Scientology]]
* [[Shinto]]
* [[Sikhism]]
* [[Sufism]]
* [[Taoism]]
* [[Unitarian Universalism]]
* [[Voodoo]]
* [[Wicca]]
* [[Yoga]]
* [[Zoroastrianism]]

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;nb&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
* [http://www.religionfacts.com ReligionFacts.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628123654/http://www.religionfacts.com/ |date=2009-06-28 }}
* [http://www.usome.com]
* [http://www.thearda.com American Religion Data Archive]
* [http://www.history-forum.com/index.php/board,13.0.html History of Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203043958/http://www.history-forum.com/index.php/board,13.0.html |date=2005-12-03 }}

{{Commonscat|Religion}}

[[Category:Releegion|*]]</text>
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    <title>Wigtoun</title>
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      <text bytes="34500" sha1="b9bgf5whkbstwdq2ultp7hefk0c5a69" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox UK place
 |country = Scotland
 |official_name= Wigtown
 |gaelic_name= Baile na h-Ùige
 |scots_name= Wigtoun
 |population= 987
 |population_ref= ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
 |os_grid_reference= NX435555
 |coordinates = {{coord|54.870|-4.439|display=inline,title}}
 |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Wigtounshire]]
 |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfries and Galloway (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfries and Galloway]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Galloway and West Dumfries (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Galloway and West Dumfries]]
 |post_town= NEWTON STEWART
 |postcode_district = DG8
 |postcode_area= DG
 |dial_code= 01988
 }}

[[Image:Wigtown County Buildings.JPG|right|thumb|The Coonty biggins in Wigtoun, umwhile the seat of Wigtounshire Coonty Cooncil]]
[[File:Wigtown main street - geograph.org.uk - 212442.jpg|thumb|Wigtoun]]

'''Wigtoun''' ({{IPA|/ˈwɪgtən/}} or {{IPA|/ˈwɪgtaʊn/}} - baith uised local) ({{lang-gd|Baile na h-Ùige}} {{lang-en|Wigtown}}) is a toun an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] in [[Wigtounshire]], in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. It wis the coonty toun o Wigtounshire. It lies east o [[Stranrawer]] an sooth o [[Newton Stewart]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/parishes/parmap1071.html|title=Parish of Wigtown from The Gazetteer for Scotland|publisher=scottish-places.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is weel-kent nouadays as &quot;Scotland's National [[buik toun|Beuk Toun]]&quot; wi a heich concentration o seicont-haundit beuk shaps an a annual [[Wigtoun Buik Fest|beuk fest]]. It his a population o aroond 1,000.

Wigtoun is the weygate tae an the main centre o the [[Machars]] peninsula.

Acause o the [[Gulf Stream]] the climate is myld an plants for ordinar associatit wi the wairmer climates o lawer latitudes can be growed successfu there.

==Scotland's National Beuk Toun==

Nouadays Wigtoun is kent as Scotland's &quot;[[buik toun|beuk toun]]&quot; an is sicweys compare't tae [[Hay-on-Wye]] in [[Wales]]. Houiver, in contrast tae Hay-on-Wye, Wigtoun's stats as a beuk toun wis planned, sae as tae regenerate a verra doun-castit toun (the main employers, the creamery an the distillery, haein closed in the 1990s), awtho the distillery (Bladnoch) his noo re-appent an is distillin its ain [[maut whisky]]. The war a national sairch in Scotland for a candidate toun. The [[Wigtoun Buik Fest|Wigtoun Beuk Fest]] wis first haudit in 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/news/wigtown-book-festival-to-set-sail-on-solway-firth-1-3523025|title = Wigtown Book Festival to set sail on Solway Firth|last = Ferguson|first = Brain|date = 27 August 2014|work = The Scotsman: Scotland on Sunday|access-date = |via = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830212939/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/news/wigtown-book-festival-to-set-sail-on-solway-firth-1-3523025|archive-date = 2014-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Edinburgh history of the book in Scotland|publisher = Edinburgh University Press|year = 2008|isbn = 978-0-7486-1829-3|location = Edinburgh|page = 453|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=2CmkBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA453|volume = Volume 4: Professionalism and diversity 1880-2000|editor-last = Finklestein|editor-first = David|editor-last2 = McCleery|editor-first2 = Alistair}}&lt;/ref&gt; an his growed tae be the seicont-lairgest beuk fest in Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = Lost in location: arts development and policy in rural Scotland|last = Lu|first = Yu Tonia|publisher = University of Glasgow (PhD thesis)|year = 2015|pages = 152|url = http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5899/1/2014LuYTphd.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==The toun==

Ae 18t century historian o the coonty, Samuel Robinson, notit that &quot;the greatest number of houses were of a homely character, thatched an one storey high. Each house,&quot; he conteenaed &quot;had a [[midden]] in the front o it.&quot; Bishop Pococke in 1760 notit an aw the existance o thackit hooses. Bi the end o the 19t century it wis said that twa hooses in the town wis haurdly the same; some hid gavel ends, ither anes hid lairge fronts broddit bi dou-hole windaes, while ither anes yet hid ootby stairs. Wigtoun wis descrived as the maist auld-farrant coonty toun in Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/kirkcudbrightshi00learuoft#page/50/mode/2up|title=Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire|work=archive.org|accessdate=8 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toun Cooncil impruivements in the early 19t century greatly altert the face o Main Street. In 1809 toun bailies resolved tae impruive the main street at a moderate expense bi liftin the pave an makkin a graivel road aroond ilk side o the street, the ooter edge o whit wis tae be 44 fit fae the edge o the hooses. A &quot;plantation&quot; wis tae be leaved in the centre o the througang, that wis later laid oot wi scrogs an haint bi a rail. In 1830, the Wigtoun Boulin Club obteent a fittin in the &quot;plantation&quot; an bi the turn o the 20t century the square wis uised maistly bi boulers an tennis-players. A hantle o the square wis plantit up in the mid 20t century, bit in 2002 it wis restore't til the genteel Georgian appen plan freenged bi trees.

The Newton Stewart tae [[Whithorn]] brainch railwey line hid a [[Wigtoun railwey station|station]] at Wigtoun; the first train ran on 2 Mairch 1875. The service cease't in 1950. The closin o the railwey service led direct tae the dwinnlin o the toun's main industry - the Bladnoch Creamery.

==Schuils==

Wigtoun's [[grammar school]] is the auldest in Wigtounshire. Until 1712 the schuil disna appear to hae been conductit in a biggin set aside for that purpose, bit in that century the cooncil ordert aw residenters awnin hooses tae bring a draucht o timmer fae a nearby wid tae hel in the biggin o a schuilhoose. Near the end o the century the cooncil notit that the schuilhoose wis owercroudit an needit impruivement, bit acause o the puir state o the toun's finances, the bailies coudna dae muckle tae help at the time. The dominie wis promuived tae find mair room  in the toun at the expense o the &quot;stranger studentis&quot;.

A Roman Catholic [[primary schuil]] wis built oanent  the schuil bit it closed in 2004.

==Kirks==

The pairish kirk o Wigtoun wis dedicatit til an obscure 6t century saunt, [[Malo (saunt)|Machutus (Malo)]]. On shaw within the modren pairish kirk is a Celtic interlace't cross shaft o the Withorn School datin back to aboot 1000 AD. Preceese hou auld the kirk is remeens a meestery, an awthou at ae time it belangt tae the priory o Withorn, Wigtoun pairish kirk wis efterhaund set up as a free rectory wi the king as the patron. A kirk wis biggit on the site o the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] pairish kirk in 1730, an awmaist within a century that kirk wis in ruins, and a third pairish kirk wis built nearby in 1850. Pairts o 1730 kirk survive, awtho flinders o this micht be aulder than that date, acause the're a windae on the sooth side aisle buskit wi trefoiled heids an stane mullions wi shields cairved on them. Some residenters o Wigtoun mainteen that the ruins date back til the 13t century.

===Catholic kirk===

The Sacred Heart Catholic Churck is a Gothic Early English style cruciform kirk o nave an apse, bi airchitect John Garden Brown, an built in 1879. The fower lancent windaes on the facade uphaud a niche conteenin a statue o Christ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wigtown, South Main Street, Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church {{!}} Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/215449/wigtown-south-main-street-sacred-heart-roman-catholic-church |website=canmore.org.uk |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319052951/https://canmore.org.uk/site/215449/wigtown-south-main-street-sacred-heart-roman-catholic-church |archive-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a leetit biggin, Categorie C(S). The kirk is ane o anely twa biggins, baith kirks , kent tae hae veen designt bi this airchitect that dee'd aged 27.

===Quaker Meetin Hoose===

Wigtoun Quaker Meetin Hoose is at The Lorry Park, Chapel Court, South Main Street

===Wigtoun Baptist Kirk===

This kirs is in Southfield Lane.

==Places o interest==

Wigtoun lies less nor ae mile fae Blaidnoch, a veelage wi a distillery producin maut whisky o the same name. The [[River Blaidnoch]] can be fisht for [[Saumon|Atlantic saumon]] an his historical been weel-kent as ane o Scotland's finest rivers producin ware fish. It meets the [[River Cree]] in Wigtoun Bay, whimpelin throu a lairge aurie o saut quaw that his been designatit as a [[Local Nature Reserve]] (LNR). Wigtoun Bay is a lairgest LRN in Breetain, an is hame tae a fouth o wildlife, in parteecular birds.
Some fowk come til admire them fae the comfort o the viewin hides situated near [[Wigtoun Herbour]], ither anes come tae shuit them. The first pair o [[Fish-hawk|fish hawks]] tae retour tae Gallowa in ower 100 year arrived in 2004. A live camera link tae thair nest wis creatit an can be viewed in the Coonty Biggins.

The Wigtown and Bladnoch Golf club has a nine-hole gowf coorse ootby the toun.

Til the east o Wigtoun is The Mairtyr's Stake. a moniment merkin the tradeetional site whaur the twa Margarets wis drount in the 17t century. Thair graffs is in the Pairish Kirk seemetry. The're a smaw cell in the Coonty Biggins that thay wis preesont in afore thair execution. This cell is aw that remeens o a much aulder biggin that wis lairgely malafoustert tae mak wey for the Coonty Biggins (built in 1862). A lairger moniment tae the Covenanters staunds on Windy Hill in the toun.

==History==

===Name oreegins===

[[W. F. H. Nicolaisen]] offert twa explanations for the placename Wigtoun. Ane theory wis that it meant &quot;dwallin place&quot;, fae the [[Auld Inglis leid|Auld English]] 'wic-ton'; houiver, gin it is the same as [[Wigton, Cumbria|Wigton]] in [[Cumbria]] that wis 'Wiggeton' in 1162 an 'Wigeton' in 1262, it micht be 'Wigca's ferm'. Ither soorces hae suggestit a [[Auld Norse]] ruit wi 'vik' meanin 'bay', giein the oreegin as a translation o 'the toun on the bay'.

===Neolithic Age===

[[File:Torehousekie Stone Circle - geograph.org.uk - 1098160.jpg|400px|thumb|centre|'''Torhousekie Stane Circle''', datin fae the 2t millennium BC, is ane o the best preserved sites in Breetain. It is aboot 60 fit in diameter.]]

The surroondin aurie (the [[Machars]] peninsula) is rich in prehistoric remeens, maist namely the 
[[Torhousekie Staundin Stanes]], a [[Neolithic]] stane circle set on a raised platform o smawer stanes. It conseests o nineteen boolders up tae 5 fit heich rawed til the [[winter solstice]], surroondin a ring cairn on whit the're three lairge stanes (flankers), twa upricht an wan lyin. On a law brae across the road fae the circle the're anither three stanes.

===Burgh - Medieval speal===

Andrew Symson, a 17t century meenister, suggestit the first sattlement wad hae stuiden on law-lyin saunds atween the praisent-day Wigtoun an [[Creetoun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Symson|first=Andrew|title=A large description of Galloway &amp;#91;ed. by T. Maitland&amp;#93;.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mYLAAAAYAAJ|year=1823|publisher=W. and C. Tait.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lairge, braid street wis the focal pynt o sattlement in the medieval toun, bit wis greatly altert at the beginnin o the main street that endit turn aboot in the latter-day Bank Street. High Vennel an Low Vennel is baith early througangs. The burgh appeart brief in the customs report for 1330 an 1331 bit the amoont collectit wis smaw an its heyday as a port wis mainly in the 15t century. Even at the best o times, tred in the soothwast of Scotland wis smaw in quantity.

The ryal burgh wis grantit tae Sir [[William Fleming, Yerl o Wigtoun]] bi [[David II o Scotland|Keeng David II]] in 1341. In 1372 Wigtoun passt til the [[Yerls o Douglas]], upon the sale o the yerldom til [[Archibald Douglas, 3rd Yerl o Douglas|Archibald the Grim]], bit wis restore't tae its umwhile burgage as a ryal burgh as an upshot o the forfeitur o the Douglases in 1455. Its status wis formal acknawledged bi a ryal chairter an fae that time the burgh wis firm siccart bi a feud-chairter at the auld feegur o £20 a year.

Wigtoun wis made a ryal burgh in 1469 awthou a sattlement here existit lang afore this. Wigtoun attendit the [[Pairlament o Scotland]] regular fae 1469 and the [[Convention o Ryal Burghs]] fae 1575. In 1500-1 anely taw ships came tae Wigtoun and [[Kirkcoubrie]], an at ither times the war no owerseas tred ava.

===&quot;Twa Gates'===

Wigtoun hid twa ports (gates) that some scrievers hae assertit wis closed at nicht tae form a lairge cattle cruive. Andrew Symon refert til the East port, that stuid near NX 4352 5545 (Ordnance Survey Record Cards, NX 45 NW 18). The West Port stuid anent the mooth o the High Vennel and hints o it wis yet tae be seen in the 1930s. The ports o the toun wis formed bi skoutin hooses streetchin ower the street fae baith sides an a gate bein place't in the centre. In the late 19t century, ane o thir skoutin hooses yet stuid at the site o the West Port, an was &quot;a thing&quot;, in his opeenion, &quot;anything but ornamental to the town.&quot; The West Port can be seen on the map at the Cross, on the infaw o North and South Mount Streets. (Tae view, houd doun (Shift) key, an muive yer cursor on the map at maps:nls.uk)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://maps.nls.uk/townplans/view/?sid=74417072&amp;mid=wigtown_2#sid=74417072&amp;mid=wigtown_2&amp;zoom=6&amp;lat=8105.5&amp;lon=11493.5&amp;layers=BT|title=View: OS town plan - Wigtown, Sheet - Ordnance Survey large scale Scottish town plans, 1847-1895|publisher=maps.nls.uk}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1742 the're a reference tae diggin a wall ootby the West Port. This wall wad likely hae been the ane kent as the White Pump.

The toun cooncil in 1761 decidit that the ports wis &quot;hurtful to the place&quot; in that thay &quot;greatly incommode the carrying of corps of the deceased through the same&quot;. Stane fae the ports, that wis ordert tae be pullt doun tae thair steids, wis ordert tae be store't in a maist siccar mainer, sae that &quot;they might answer the uses of the burgh when they have the occasion&quot;.

===13t century burgh===

The burgh is mentiont in an indentur o 1292, and that the office [[Shirra o Wigtoun]] wis in existence at the time o the [[Battle o Largs]] in 1263 suggests that the burgh micht hae been acknawledged an aw as sic durin the ring o [[Alexander III o Scotland|Keeng Alexander III]].

====13t century freery an walls====

Twa walls wis supposed tae hae been respective at the castle an the freery.

[[Blackfriars, Wigtoun|Blackfriars]], the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] freery, wis foondit at &quot;Friarland&quot;, north o the mooth of the Blaidnoch, sootheast o the toun o Wigtoun, bi [[Dervorguilla o Gallowa]], the hauf-sister o Thomas McDowell o Garthland, [[Stoneykirk]] o [[Clan MacDowall]] in 1267. Dervorguilla mairit [[John I de Balliol]] an wis mither o King [[John Balliol]]. Thomas McDowell claimt the Kingdom o Gallway an micht hae been in custody at &quot;Friarland&quot; in later life.

The freers hid been grantit the fishins on the sooth side o Blaidnoch an in 1526 [[James V o Scotland|Keeng James V]] gied them thae on the north side an aw in a 13-year lease that later becam a propine. On this fishin stuid the toun's mill.

====13t century castle====

[[Wigtoun Castle]] wis in existence bi 1291, on flet laund doun by the [[River Blaidnoch]] (ootlines seen clear on an aerial view), while the toun and kirk wis on a ahill, &quot;an inversion of the usual arrangements&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/wigtownwhithornh00frasrich#page/18/mode/2up/search/Wallace|title=Wigtown and Whithorn : historical and descriptive sketches, stories and anecdotes, illustrative of the racy wit &amp; pawky humor of the district}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naething remeens o the castle, awtho a strang natural site an a shawin o a lairge enclose't an defendit area seems tae pynt tae a castle of the Edwardian ([[Edward I o Ingland|Keeng Edward I o England]]) type,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/hereditarysherif01agneuoft#page/88/mode/2up|title=The hereditary sheriffs of Galloway; their &quot;forebears&quot; and friends, their courts and customs of their times, with notes of the early history, ecclesiastical legends, the baronage and placenames of the province}}&lt;/ref&gt;  datin fae the end o the 13t century. The site o the castle wis howkit efter a fashion about 1830, bi a Captain Robert M'Kerlie an a team o volunteers. The ootlines o a biggin wis clear hintit on that occasion an a ditch that hid been braid, wis clear seen on the north whaur the war a semi-circular rig an aw o conseederable hicht said tae be the remeens o the castle's ooter waw. A wheen o years later, a reporter in the [[Statistical Accounts of Scotland]] wrate that &quot;a [[fosse]] was quite discernable, awtho the foundations of the walls canot now be traced. Lime an other remains indicative of an ancient building were still to be observed&quot;.

The castle's history is virtual unkent, bit it micht hae been uised bi the leaders o [[Clan MacDowall]]. The Adair history relates that thair ancestor slaw the commaunder o Wigtoun Castle. [[Robert the Bruce]] micht hae issue't the orders for its slichtin. The anely kent hint o its existence efter the speal o the [[Wars o Scots Unthirldom]] occurs in a chairter o 1451 that a ''turris'' (tour) o Wigtoun is mentiont in. Its convenience as a local quarrel undoutitly accoonts for its hale disappearance.

===15t an 16t centurys===

Amang the five wast coast tredin ports, [[Kirkcoubrie]] an Wigtoun wis great rivals. in 1471 Wigtoun exportit £17 10s 0d wirth o guids an Kirkcoubrie £23 15s 0d. A wheen o years later Wigtoun exportit 1,250 hides as opposed tae 1,000 for Kirkcoubrie. Naitural, the kythin o Wigtoun hurtit Kirkcoubrie as a tredin port; houiver, as Kirkcoubrie dwinnle't sae in time did Wigtoun. Pairt o Wigtoun's dwinnlin micht be acause she dinna jyne in the herrin tred that wis the major export for a nummer o wast coast ports sic as [[Ayr]] an [[Irvin]] in the 15t century. Mairower, Wigtoun wis a conservative merchand community, an its exclusive tredin preevileges grantit tae them bi [[James II o Scotland|Keeng James II]] bec 
becam increasin threitent bi [[Whithorn]].

The earliest reference tae the [[mercat cross]] an [[tron (Scotland)|tron]] o Wigtoun occurs in the 1547 chairter. It appears that the mercat cross stuid afore the auld coort hoose an wis remuived for a short time in the 18t century. While the square wis bein biggit, the mercat cross wis stowed in the jyle. A seicont mercat cross wis upsetten in the main street in 1816, an at some pynt the oreeginal wis brung oot o its haudin in an place't til the wast o it. At some time later the aulder mercat cross wis mendit, re-pentit, an re-sitit til the east o the seicont ane.

An early reference til a [[towebuith]] in Wigtoun occurs in 1591, an it is like eneuch that this biggin wis blawn up bi gunpouder in the 18t century tae mak wey for the mercat hoose (or coort hoose) mentiont bi [[Bishop Richard Pococke]] in 1760 an anither 18t century scriever, Samuel Robinson. This municipal biggin in its shot gied wey til the current coonty biggins that wis biggit in 1862, wi thair unuisual French-style airchitectur. The coonty biggis wis sortit in 2002-3 follaein decades o neglect.

===17t century===

Andrew Symson, a 17t-century meenister o the kirk at [[Kirkinner]], left a descrivin o Wigtoun. Writin in 1684, he descrieved Wigtoun as a indifferent bit weel-biggit toun wi a lairge, braid street. Bi the late 17t an early 18t centurys, Wigtoun Mercat disna appear to hae been raiglar attendit. In 1683 the toun cooncil wis gart tae tak steps tae gie a lift tae attendance at the weekly mercat an tae affroad forestallers an regraters, i.e. thaim that wad sell guids afore the offeecial mercat time, or later resell guids at a profit. The legislation seems tae hae hid no muckle effect, for in the follaein year, Andrew Symson notit that the toun wis &quot;smaw o tredin, thair mercat day is Monanday, bit it isna frequent&quot;. The 1692 report til the Convention o Ryal Burghs observed an aw that the toun hid no weekly mercat, bit did mainteen fower yearly fairs. Mercat faceelitys appear an aw tae hae been puir, wi no kivert pairt. In recent years Wigtoun his haudit a mercat in the square on Seturdays durin the simmer an in the coonty biggins in the winter.

Wigtoun's poseetion on the stent rolls shaws a steidy dwinnlin in her economic poseetion durin the 17t century. In 1597, Wigtoun wis set tax at 15 shillins, [[Dumfries]] peyed 36 shillins an 8 pennies, [[Whithorn]] peyed 5 shillins, an [[Kirkcoubrie]], 18 shillins. In 1649, Dumfries hid shawn a merkit increase, bit the tither anes hid aw dwinnle't. Wigtoun peyed a set rate o 14 shillins in 1649, an the feegur remeent the same in 1670, bit hid fawen tae 6 shillins in 1692. The report til the Convention o Ryal Burghs in that same year reportit black-baised that the war no furrin tred an that the toun awnt no ships o boats. Existin inland tred wis &quot;gey conseederable&quot; an cam in fae [[Ayr]], [[Glesga]], an Dumfries.

====Wigtoun Mairtyrs====
{{main|The Wigtown Martyrs}}

Moniments til the [[The Wigtown Martyrs|Wigtoun Mairtyrs]] exist in Wigtoun. Durin &quot;[[The Killin Times]]&quot; o the [[Covenanter]]s in the 17t century, Margaret McLachlan, an elderin wumman in her 60s. an [[Margaret Wilson (Scots mairtyr)|Margaret Wilson]], a teenager, wis decreetit tae be tied tae stakes in the tidal chainel o the [[River Blaidnoch]] near its entry tae [[Wigtoun Bay]] tae be drount bi the ingangin tide. The execution date wis 11 Mey 1685. The ploy wis that the younger wumman micht be perswaddit tae chainge her mynd efter watchin the aulder wumman droun. This execution wis cairit oot bi dragoons unner the commaund o Major Windram in the praisence o [[Sir Robert Grierson, 1t Baronet|Sir Robert Grierson o Lag]] that haudit the King's Comeession tae nither the rebels in the Soothwast. Thair story, as telt in various soorces, tells hou the weemen wis begowkit bi an informer. Efter aboot a month in the preeson thay wis tried as rebels an decreetit tae deith bi drounin. The story o the Wigtoun Mairtyrs wis amang thae anes collectit bi [[Robert Wodrow]] an publisht in his ''History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution''. The [[Kirk o Scotland]] [[synod]] hid decidit in 1708 tae collect accoonts o persecution unner the Stuart monarchs, and perswaddit Wodrow tae tak on the research. He wrate that Thomas Wilson &quot;lives now in this father's room, and is ready to attest all I am writing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029476003#page/n411/mode/2up|title=Galloway and the Covenanters; or, The struggle for religious liberty in the south-west of Scotland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===18t century===
Ootthrou the 18t century, Wigtoun remeent maistly an agricultural toun, servin an odious landwart aurie. Like ither touns in Gallowa, Wigtoun didna growe tae ony appreciable size. The population o the pairish wis 1,032 in 1755, while in 1739, it stuid at 1,350. The reporter in the [[Statistical Accounts of Scotland]] notit the population wis dwinnlin in the landwart pairish an increasin in the toun for twa raisons: first, acause o the eikin o the ferms that gart the servands tae seek employment in the toun, an seicont, acause o the Irish emigrants.

Residenters o Wigtoun an the surroondin aurie wan thair leevin in a variety o weys. An 18t century observer, Samuel Robinson, said that fae its &quot;peculiar position in relation to the sea&quot;, the coonty o Wigtoun offert &quot;many singular advantages to the landing of smuggled goods an smugglers were not slow in taking advantage of this&quot;. Wigtoun toun cooncil in Julie 1774 acknawledged the &quot;pernicious and fatal consequences&quot; o [[smugglin]] aw kinds o proheebitit guids, in particular [[tea]], fae the [[Isle o Man]]. The cooncil forder denunce't the drinkin o tea an brandy acause thair purchasin tuimt siller fae the coonty that cad be mair naitural employed in the makin o thair ain oo. In maugre o this pleadin, it wis anely at the end o the century that the toun appears tae hae adoptit industry. The reporter in the Statistical Account notit that in Wigtoun, as in awmaist aw the tither touns in Gallowa, the war a want o industry; houiver, &quot;something of a manufacturing spirit has arisen in this part of the county&quot;. Twa smaw oo an cotton warks wis introduce't intil the toun in the early 1790s, an awtho the ooen industry wis muckle mair soond nor the cotton, baith exportit guids tae [[Ingland|England]].

Ane 18t century historian o the coonty, Samuel Robinson, notit that &quot;the greatest number of houses were of a homely charachter, thatched and one storey hight&quot;. &quot;Ilk hoose,&quot; he conteenaed, &quot;had a midden in front of it.&quot; Bishop Pococke in 1760 notit an aw the existence o thackit hooses. notit that &quot;the greatest number of houses were of a homely character, thatched an one storey high. Each house,&quot; he conteenaed &quot;had a [[midden]] in the front o it.&quot; Bishop Pococke in 1760 notit an aw the existance o thackit hooses. Bi the end o the 19t century it wis said that twa hooses in the town wis haurdly the same; some hid gavel ends, ither anes hid lairge fronts broddit bi dou-hole windaes, while ither anes yet hid ootby stairs.

===Warld War II===

A [[Ryal Air Force]] fleein station, [[RAF Wigtown]], wis biggit ootby the toun an appent in 1941. Unner the control o 29 Group RAF, the station wis hame tae No. 1 Air Observers School, later No. 1 Advanced Flying Unity (Observer), as weel as providin a short-term hame tae several operational RAF squadrons. The station wis closed in 1948. Nouadays it is rairly uised bi licht aircraft, whiles bein refert til as Baldoon Airfield.

==In popular cultur==

* ''Three Things You Need to Know About Rockets''- Jessica A Fox.

This beuk wis publisht in 2012. Her account o follaein her dream an flttin fae Los Angeles an a job at NASA tae help rin a beukshap in Wigtoun and findin luve.

* ''The Diary of a Bookseller'' - Shaun Blythell

This beuk wis publisht in 2017. It descrives his experiences as the awner o The Bookshop, Scotland's lairgest seicont-handit bookshap.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-diary-of-a-bookseller-shaun-bythell-scotland-a7957831.html |title=The Diary of a Bookseller by Shaun Bythell, book review: Herein lies the book’s important message: support your local bookshop |first=Lucy |last=Scholes |work=[[The Independent]] |date=20 September 2017|accessdate=25 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/oct/22/diary-of-bookseller-shaun-bythell-review |title=The Diary of a Bookseller by Shaun Bythell review – service with a scowl |first=Alice |last=O'Keeffe |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 October 2017 |accessdate=25 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The BBC reportit on 2 October 2018 that the options on baith beuks hid been bocht bi &quot;a Hollywood film compnay&quot; wi the idea o combinin them tae creaut a pictur.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-45718491]

In the [[Harry Potter]] universe, the [[quidditch]] team ''Wigtown Wanderers'' come fae the toun.

==Namely fowk==
[[File:HelenCarte1885.jpg|thumb|Pentin of [[Helen Carte]] bi [[Walter Richard Sickert]], c. 1885, entitle't ''The Acting Manager'']]

* [[John McConnell Black]] (1855-1951) - botanist an linguist
* [[Robert Cance]] (''unknown''-1886) - member o the [[Wisconsin]] State Assembly
* [[Helen Carte]] (1852-1913) - hotelier, theatre producer, manager
* [[Dave Kevan]] (born 1968) - perfaisional fitbawer for [[Notts County F.C.]] an [[Stoke City F.C.]], ex-manager/caretaker at Notts County F.C.
* [[Adrian J. McDowall]] (born 1978) - pictur an telly director - growed up in the toun
* [[John McFadyean]] (1853-1941) - veterinary surgeon an professor o veterinary science
* [[Louis McGuffie]] VC (1893-1918) - hauder o the [[Victoria Cross]]
* [[Mary Broadfoot Walker]] (1888-1974) - physeecian that demonstratit the effectiveness of physostigmine in treating myasthenia gravis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pearce|first=J. M. S.|date=2005|title=Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888-1974): a historic discovery in myasthenia gravis|journal=European Neurology|volume=53|issue=1|pages=51–53|doi=10.1159/000084268|issn=0014-3022|pmid=15746548}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Samuel Robinson]] (1786-1875) - scriever. His accoont o his life on a sclave ship, ''A Sailor Boy's Experience Aboard a Slave Ship'', wis publisht in 1867
* [[Margaret Wilson (Scottish martyr)|Margaret Wilson]] an [[Margaret McLachlan]] - 17t century [[Covenanter]] mairtyrs for the [[Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Kirk o Scotland]]

===Local connection===

* Awtho the aktor [[James Robertson Justice]] wisna [[as he claimt]] born at Wigtoun, he did hae ancestral links wi the aurie. In the 1940s he bade at Orchardton House off Agnew Crescent.
* [[Paul Laverty]] (born 1957), the prefert screenwriter o pictur-makker [[Ken Loach]], growed up in the toun an wis eddicatit at All Souls' School in Wigtoun. In 2017 he made a retour as a guest at the annual Wigtown Book Festival
* [[Ian Niall]] (born John Kincaid McNeillie 1916-2002) - His beuk ''The Wigtown Ploughman'' gied its name tae ane o the local taverns, noo unner new management and rename't The Craft Hotel.

==Leetit biggins in Wigtoun==

* Harbour Road Dunmore With Gates Gatepiers And Boundary Walls
* 10 And 12 High Street
* 3A And 3B North Main Street
* 17 North Main Street
* 27 North Main Street
* 6 South Main Street
* 18 South Main Street
* 24 South Main Street
* Windy Hill Martyrs Monument And Enclosure
* 1-4 (Inclusive Nos) Acre Place
* 26 And 28 Agnew Crescent
* 7 Bank Street
* 8 Bank Street
* 24 Bank Street
* 4 And 5 Bladnoch Village
* 27 South Main Street, Post Office
* 19 Bladnoch Village
* 6 And 8 High Street
* 28 High Street
* 32 High Street
* 5 Low Vennel Smithy
* 34 North Main Street The Granite House
* 16 South Main Street Sunningdale
* 22 South Mains Treet
* Woodside With Coach House, Retaining Walls And Railings
* 11 And 13 Agnew Crescent
* 4 Bank Street
* 2 Bladnoch Village
* 11 Bladnoch Village
* 13, 14 And 15 Bladnoch Village
* 26 Bladnoch Village
* Fountainblue Terrace Craigmount Guest House
* 13 North Main Street
* 23 South Main Street Galloway Inn
* 31 And 32 South Main Street
* Bank Street Bank House Garden Wall And Garden Houses
* Bladnoch Bridge
* 24 Bladnoch Village
* 27 Bladnoch Village
* 32 Bladnoch Village
* Harbour Road, Old Prison House With Boundary Walls (Former Jail And Police Station)
* 30 High Street
* 5 And 7 North Main Street
* 29 And 30 North Main Street
* 31 North Main Street
* 29 And 30 South Main Street County Hotel
* The Square Old Market Cross
* The Square Town Hall
* 21 Agnew Crescent
* 10 Bank Street
* 20 Bank Street
* 22 Bank Street
* 17 17A And 17B Bladnoch Village
* 9 Harbour Road Former Uf Manse Boundary Wall And Gatepiers
* 18 North Main Street
* 28 North Main Street
* Wigtown Old Parish Church (St Machute`S Church)
* 18-20 (Even Nos) Agnew Crescent
* 3 Bank Street
* 11 Bank Street
* 1 Bladnoch Village
* 16 Bladnoch Village
* 18 Bladnoch Village Ashleigh
* 29 Bladnoch Village
* 34 Bladnoch Village And Railings
* 4 High Street
* 11 North Main Street
* 19 North Main Street
* 21 North Main Street, Bank Of Scotland
* 8 South Main Street The Old Custom House And Bank With Railings
* 26 South Main Street
* Wigtown Parish Church (Church Of Scotland) And Churchyard
* 19 Agnew Crescent
* 6 Agnew Crescent
* 10 Agnew Crescent
* 9 Bank Street
* 2 Bank Street
* 7 And 8 Bladnoch
* Newmilns Mill
* Torhousemuir House And Gatepiers
* 20 Bladnoch Village
* Harbour Road Applegarth
* 2 High Street
* 12 North Main Street
* 14 North Main Street
* 15 North Main Street
* 20 North Main Street
* 33 North Main Street The Granite House
* 14 South Main Street
* 25 South Main Street
* The Square, New Market Cross
* 15 Agnew Crescent Rowan House
* 17 Agnew Crescent
* 14 Agnew Crescent
* 16 Agnew Crescent
* 13 And 15 Bank Street
* 6 Bank Street
* Bladnoch Distillery
* 4 Agnew Crescent
* 22 Bladnoch Village
* 23 Bladnoch Village
* 25 Bladnoch Village Riverside
* 33 Bladnoch Village
* Church Lane, The Laigh House (Former Manse)
* Dunure House Boundary Walls Gates And Outbuildings
* 4 North Main Street The Red Lion Inn
* South Main Street Sacred Heart R.C. Church With Gates Gateposts,Railings And Boundary Walls
* 4 South Main Street And Garden Wall
* 15 South Main Street
* 28 South Main Street Craiglachie
* 33 And 34 South Main Street
* 9 Agnew Crescent
* 8 Agnew Crescent
* 12 Bladnoch Village

==Gailerie==

&lt;gallery =packed&gt;
File:Wigtown book shop.JPG | Wigtoun buik shap
File:Wigtown market square gardens. - geograph.org.uk - 1723034.jpg | Wigtoun Square Mercat Gairdens
File:Square comp Wigtown.JPG | The Square afore its renovatin in 2002.
File:Wigtown Parish Church, view from SW.jpg | Wigtoun Kirk 
File:Wigtown Parish Church.JPG | St Machute's kirkruins, Wigtoun.
File:Old Mercat Cross in Wigtown.JPG | The oreeginal Mercat Cross.
File:Wigtown Cross.JPG | The 1816 Mercat Cross.
File:Wigtown town wall inside the moat.jpg | Wigtoun toun waw, Bank Street, inby the moat.
File:Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Wigtown, Scotland.jpg | Kirk o the Saucrit Hert, 1879
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.wigtown-booktown.co.uk/ Wigtoun Beuktoun wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126143027/http://www.wigtown-booktown.co.uk/ |date=2005-11-26 }}
* [http://www.wigtowncc.org.uk/Wigtown/Welcome.html Ryal Burgh o Wigtoun an Destrict Community Cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318042819/http://www.wigtowncc.org.uk/Wigtown/Welcome.html |date=2012-03-18 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cguB8kAP0I Video footage o Wigtoun Herbour an the River Blaidnoch]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeG0IUfrPYo Video an narration o Cruel Lagg an the Wigtoun Mairtyrs]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUj_acRM7ck Video an narration o The Wigtoun Mairtyrs' Moniment]
*https://canmore.org.uk/site/215449/wigtown-south-main-street-sacred-heart-roman-catholic-church {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319052951/https://canmore.org.uk/site/215449/wigtown-south-main-street-sacred-heart-roman-catholic-church |date=2020-03-19 }}

[[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Wigtounshire]]
[[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]</text>
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    <title>New York Ceety</title>
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      <text bytes="14174" sha1="hglhnl626gai2jtypg54j8m7lriri5n" xml:space="preserve">{{dablink|For ither uises, see [[New York (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| name                    = New York
| official_name           = The Ceety o New York
| settlement_type         = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o New York#Ceety|Ceety]]
| image_skyline           = NYC Montage 2011.jpg
| imagesize               = 275px
| image_caption           = Clockwise frae top: [[Midtown Manhattan]], the [[Unitit Naitions Heidquairters]], the [[Statue o Liberty]], the [[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Central Park]], [[Times Square]], an the [[Unisphere]] in [[Queens]]
| image_flag              = Flag of New York City.svg
| image_seal              = 
| nickname                = [[Big Apple|The Big Apple]], Gotham, Center o the Universe, The Ceety That Neier Sleeps,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/|title=Why is New York City known as &quot;the Big Apple&quot; and &quot;Gotham?&quot;|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2012-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215214452/http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Caipital o the Warld&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972 |title=Showcase Destinations New York City: Capital of the World |publisher=Mpiweb.org |date=September 22, 1924 |accessdate=2011-06-16 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930082527/http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml|title=About New York City|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407134046/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm|title=FORWARD New York – Capital of the Modern World|author=Eugene J. Sherman|publisher=The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2008-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002112343/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image_map               = Map of New York Highlighting New York City.svg
| map_caption             = Location in the state o [[New York]]
| pushpin_map             = USA
| pushpin_label_position  = left
| pushpin_label           = New York
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in the [[Unitit States]]
| coordinates             = {{coord|40|39|51|N|73|56|19|W|display=inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes   = {{GR|1|dateform=mdy}}
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = [[United States]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Leet o kintras|Historic Countries]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Ingland]], [[Dutch Republic]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[U.S. State|State]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[New York]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Colony|Historic Colony]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Colony o New York]]
| subdivision_type4       = [[Coonty (Unitit States)|Coonties]]
| subdivision_name4       = [[The Bronx|Bronx]], [[Brooklyn|Kings]], [[Manhattan|New York]], [[Queens]], [[Staten Island|Richmond]]
| established_title       = Settled
| established_date        = 1624
| established_title1      = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporatit]]
| established_date1       = 1898
| government_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;MayorsOffice&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  |url=http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0/
  |title=Biography
  |accessdate=2010-01-08
  |publisher=New York, City of
  |author=the Mayor, New York City Office of
  |date=January 8, 2010
  |archive-date=2010-03-17
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317115700/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0
  |url-status=dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| government_type         = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Mayor–Cooncil]]
| leader_party            = [[Unthirlt (politeecian)|D]]
| governing_body          = [[New York City Council]]
| leader_title            = [[Mayor o New York Ceety|Mayor]]
| leader_name             = [[Zohran Mamdani]]
| area_footnotes          = {{GR|1|dateform=mdy}}
| area_total_sq_mi        = 468.48
| area_land_sq_mi         = 302.64
| area_water_sq_mi        = 165.84
| elevation_footnotes     = {{GR|3|dateform=mdy}}
| elevation_ft            = 33
| elevation_m             = 10
| population_footnotes    = {{GR|2|dateform=mdy}}
| population_total        = 8336697 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|1st]])
| population_as_of        = [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010]]
| population_total        = 8336697 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|1st]])
| population_as_of        = 2012 [[Unitit States Census Bureau|Unitit States Census]] estimates&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-population-growth-in-new-york.html|title=Population Growth in New York City Is Outpacing 2010 Census, 2011 Estimates Show|author=Sam Roberts|publisher=© 2012 The New York Times Company|date=April 5, 2012|accessdate=2012-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi= 27243.06
| population_metro        = 18897109 ([[Table o Unitit States Metropolitan Statistical Auries|1st]])
| population_blank1_title = [[Unitit States combined statistical aurie|CSA]]
| population_blank1       = 22085649 ([[Table o Unitit States Combined Statistical Auries|1st]])
| population_demonym      = New Yorker
| timezone1               = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EST]]
| utc_offset1             = -5
| timezone1_DST           = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = -4
| postal_code_type        = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]]
| postal_code             = 100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
| area_code               = [[Aurie code 212|212]], [[Aurie code 347|347]], [[Aurie code 646|646]], [[Aurie code 718|718]], [[Aurie code 917|917]], [[Aurie code 929|929]]
| blank_name              = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info              = 36-51000
| blank1_name             = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID
| blank1_info             = 975772
| website                 = {{URL|www.nyc.gov}}
| footnotes               =
}}

'''New York Ceety''' ({{lang-en|New York City|link=no}}) is the maist populous ceety in the [[Unitit States]] an the centre o the [[New York metropolitan aurie]], at is ae o the maist populous metropolitan auries in the warld. New York Ceety haes a significant impact on global commerce, finance, media, cultur, airt, fashion, research, eddication, an entertainment. As host o the Unitit Naitions Heidquarters, it is an aa an important centre for internaitional affairs. The ceety is aften referred tae as '''New York Ceety''' or the '''Ceety o New York''' tae distinguish it frae the [[New York (state)|state o New York]], at it is apairt o.

Locatit on a lairge naitural harbour on the Atlantic coast o the Northeastren Unitit States, the ceety consists o five boroughs: The Bronx, [[Brooklyn]], Manhattan, [[Queens]], an [[Staten Island]]. The ceety's 2009 estimatit population approached 8.4 million, an wi a laund aurie o 305 square mile (790 km2), New York Ceety is the maist densely populatit major ceety in the Unitit States. The [[New York metropolitan aurie]]'s population is the USA's mucklest, estimatit at 19.1 million fowk ower 6,720 square mile (17,400 km2). The Combined Statistical Aurie contained 22.2 million fowk as o 2009 Census estimates, an aa the mucklest in the Unitit States.

New York wis foondit as a commercial tredin post bi the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] in 1624. The dounset wis cawed New Amsterdam til 1664 whan the colony cam unner [[Kinrick o Ingland|Inglis]] control. On the 9t o Julie 1776, ane o George Washington’s aides read the United States Declaration o Independence oot loud tae his sodgers an the folk o New York. Efterhend, they rashed doon tae Bowling Green whaur there stood a staumach o Keeng George the Third. They snibbit raips roon it, ruggit it aff its pedestaal, an sent its remains aff tae Litchfield in Connecticut, whaur maist o the leid frae the staumach wis melted doon intae 42,000 musket-bulets for the Continental Airmie.

Mony destricts an laundmerks in the ceety hae acome weel kent tae ootsiders.  The [[Statue o Liberty]] greetit millions o immigrants as thay cam tae Americae in the late 19t an earlie 20t centuries. Times Square, iconifee'd as &quot;The Crossroads o the Warld&quot;, is the brichtly illuminatit hub o the Broadway theatre destrict, ane o the warld's busiest pedestrian intersections, an a major centre o the warld's entertainment industry. Anchored bi [[Wall Street]], in Lawer Manhattan, New York vies wi [[Lunnon]] as the financial caipital o the warld an is hame tae the [[New York Stock Exchynge]], the warld's mucklest stock exchynge bi mercat caipitalisation o its leetit companies. The oreeginal Manhattan Chinatown attracts thrangs o tourists tae its bustlin sidewalks an retail establishments. Warld-cless schuils an varsities sic as Columbia Varsity, New York Varsity an Fordham Varsity an aa reside in New York Ceety.

== Sister ceeties ==
New York Ceety haes ten [[toun twinnin|sister ceeties]] recognisit bi Sister Cities International (SCI):&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|title=New York City Global Partners|year=2010|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=27 January 2010|archive-date=2008-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521052322/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:white&quot; width=70%
|- style=&quot;color:white;&quot;
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width: 4%&quot;| Airms
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width:10%;&quot;| Ceety
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width:24%;&quot;| Geographical location
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width:22%;&quot;| Naition
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width: 5%;&quot;| Syne
|- 
|! !| [[File:Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|25px|]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Tokyo]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Kantō region]] ([[Honshū]] island)
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Japan|size=30px}} 
|! !| 1960
|- 
|! !| &amp;nbsp;
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Beijing]]'''
|! !| &amp;nbsp;
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Cheenae|size=30px}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|! !| 1980
|- 
|! !| &amp;nbsp;
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Cairo]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Cairo Govrenorate]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Egyp|size=30px}}
|! !| 1982
|- 
|! !| [[File:Escudo de Madrid.svg|25px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Madrid]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|30px]] [[Community o Madrid]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Spain|size=30px}} &lt;ref name=&quot;hermanadas&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid|url = http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&amp;vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&amp;vgnextfmt=especial1&amp;idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|! !| 1982
|- 
|! !| [[File:Escudo de Santo Domingo de Guzmán.svg|30px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Santo Domingo]]'''
|! ! align=left|  [[Distrito Nacional|Naitional Destrict]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Dominican Republic|size=30px}} 
|! !|1983
|- 
|! !| [[File:Coa Hungary Town Budapest big.svg|50px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Budapest]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Central Hungary]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Hungary|size=30px}}
|! !| 1992
|- 
|! !|
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Roum]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[File:Lazio Flag.svg|30px]] [[Lazio]] ([[Latium]])
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Italy|size=30px}} 
|! !| 1992
|-
|! !| [[File:Emblem_of_Jerusalem.svg|25px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Jerusalem]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Jerusalem Destrict]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Israel|size=30px}} 
|! !| 1993
|-
|! !| [[File:Arms of the Greater London Council.svg|22px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Lunnon]]'''
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Ingland|size=30px}} 
|! ! align=left| {{Flagcountry|UK|size=30px}} 
|! !| 2001
|- 
|! !| [[File:Coat of Arms of Johannesburg.svg|45px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Johannesburg]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Gauteng]]&lt;ref&gt;It occupies pairt o the umwhile province o [[Transvaal]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Sooth Africae|size=30px}} 
|! !| 2003
|}

Lik New York Ceety, aw except Beijing are the maist populous ceeties o thair respective kintras.&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Statesman's Yearbook]] 2003'', editit bi Barry Turner, [[Palgrave Macmillan]] ([[Basingstoke]], London and New York), 2002, ISBN 0-333-98096-4&lt;/ref&gt;

Unlik New York Ceety, aw but Johannesburg serve as ''de facto'' or ''de jure'' naitional poleetical caipitals. New York an her sister ceeties are aw major economic centres, but few o the sister ceeties share New York's status as a major seaport.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Countries of the World&quot;, ''[[Whitaker's Almanack]] 1999'' (Standard Edition), [[The Stationery Office]], Lunnon, 1998, ISBN 0-11-702240-3, pp. 781–785, 907&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
* [[New York Ceety draucht riots]]
{{Commonscat|New York City}}

[[Category:New York Ceety| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties in New York]]
[[Category:Umwhile caipitals o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]]
[[Category:Umwhile Unitit States state caipitals]]
[[Category:Govrenment o New York Ceety]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1624]]
[[Category:Populatit places on the Hudson River]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Atlantic coast]]
[[Category:1624 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]


{{Stub/USA}}
{{Stub/Ceety}}</text>
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      <comment>Undae revision [[Special:Diff/922471|922471]] bi [[Special:Contributions/CallahanKieranKiki420|CallahanKieranKiki420]] ([[User talk:CallahanKieranKiki420|Tauk]])Nae soorced</comment>
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      <text bytes="13692" sha1="1bm4q2acbto7g2cd64797cuhci0lr2p" xml:space="preserve">{{dablink|For ither uises, see [[New York (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = New York
| official_name           = The Ceety o New York
| settlement_type         = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o New York#Ceety|Ceety]]
| image_skyline           = NYC Montage 2011.jpg
| imagesize               = 275px
| image_caption           = Clockwise frae top: [[Midtown Manhattan]], the [[Unitit Naitions Heidquairters]], the [[Statue o Liberty]], the [[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Central Park]], [[Times Square]], an the [[Unisphere]] in [[Queens]]
| image_flag              = Flag of New York City.svg
| image_seal              = 
| nickname                = [[Big Apple|The Big Apple]], Gotham, Center o the Universe, The Ceety That Neier Sleeps,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/|title=Why is New York City known as &quot;the Big Apple&quot; and &quot;Gotham?&quot;|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2012-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215214452/http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Caipital o the Warld&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972 |title=Showcase Destinations New York City: Capital of the World |publisher=Mpiweb.org |date=September 22, 1924 |accessdate=2011-06-16 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930082527/http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml|title=About New York City|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407134046/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm|title=FORWARD New York – Capital of the Modern World|author=Eugene J. Sherman|publisher=The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2008-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002112343/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image_map               = Map of New York Highlighting New York City.svg
| map_caption             = Location in the state o [[New York]]
| pushpin_map             = USA
| pushpin_label_position  = left
| pushpin_label           = New York
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in the [[Unitit States]]
| coordinates             = {{coord|40|39|51|N|73|56|19|W|display=inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes   = {{GR|1|dateform=mdy}}
| subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
| subdivision_name        = [[United States]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Leet o kintras|Historic Countries]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Ingland]], [[Dutch Republic]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[U.S. State|State]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[New York]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Colony|Historic Colony]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Colony o New York]]
| subdivision_type4       = [[Coonty (Unitit States)|Coonties]]
| subdivision_name4       = [[The Bronx|Bronx]], [[Brooklyn|Kings]], [[Manhattan|New York]], [[Queens]], [[Staten Island|Richmond]]
| established_title       = Settled
| established_date        = 1624
| established_title1      = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporatit]]
| established_date1       = 1898
| government_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;MayorsOffice&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  |url=http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0/
  |title=Biography
  |accessdate=2010-01-08
  |publisher=New York, City of
  |author=the Mayor, New York City Office of
  |date=January 8, 2010
  |archive-date=2010-03-17
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317115700/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0
  |url-status=dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| government_type         = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Mayor–Cooncil]]
| leader_party            = [[Unthirlt (politeecian)|D]]
| governing_body          = [[New York City Council]]
| leader_title            = [[Mayor o New York Ceety|Mayor]]
| leader_name             = [[Zohran Mamdani]]
| area_footnotes          = {{GR|1|dateform=mdy}}
| area_total_sq_mi        = 468.48
| area_land_sq_mi         = 302.64
| area_water_sq_mi        = 165.84
| elevation_footnotes     = {{GR|3|dateform=mdy}}
| elevation_ft            = 33
| elevation_m             = 10
| population_footnotes    = {{GR|2|dateform=mdy}}
| population_total        = 8336697 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|1st]])
| population_as_of        = [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010]]
| population_total        = 8336697 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|1st]])
| population_as_of        = 2012 [[Unitit States Census Bureau|Unitit States Census]] estimates&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-population-growth-in-new-york.html|title=Population Growth in New York City Is Outpacing 2010 Census, 2011 Estimates Show|author=Sam Roberts|publisher=© 2012 The New York Times Company|date=April 5, 2012|accessdate=2012-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi= 27243.06
| population_metro        = 18897109 ([[Table o Unitit States Metropolitan Statistical Auries|1st]])
| population_blank1_title = [[Unitit States combined statistical aurie|CSA]]
| population_blank1       = 22085649 ([[Table o Unitit States Combined Statistical Auries|1st]])
| population_demonym      = New Yorker
| timezone1               = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EST]]
| utc_offset1             = -5
| timezone1_DST           = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = -4
| postal_code_type        = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]]
| postal_code             = 100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
| area_code               = [[Aurie code 212|212]], [[Aurie code 347|347]], [[Aurie code 646|646]], [[Aurie code 718|718]], [[Aurie code 917|917]], [[Aurie code 929|929]]
| blank_name              = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info              = 36-51000
| blank1_name             = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID
| blank1_info             = 975772
| website                 = {{URL|www.nyc.gov}}
| footnotes               =
}}

'''New York Ceety''' ({{lang-en|New York City|link=no}}) is the maist populous ceety in the [[Unitit States]] an the centre o the [[New York metropolitan aurie]], at is ae o the maist populous metropolitan auries in the warld. New York Ceety haes a significant impact on global commerce, finance, media, cultur, airt, fashion, research, eddication, an entertainment. As host o the Unitit Naitions Heidquarters, it is an aa an important centre for internaitional affairs. The ceety is aften referred tae as '''New York Ceety''' or the '''Ceety o New York''' tae distinguish it frae the [[New York (state)|state o New York]], at it is apairt o.

Locatit on a lairge naitural harbour on the Atlantic coast o the Northeastren Unitit States, the ceety consists o five boroughs: The Bronx, [[Brooklyn]], Manhattan, [[Queens]], an [[Staten Island]]. The ceety's 2009 estimatit population approached 8.4 million, an wi a laund aurie o 305 square mile (790 km2), New York Ceety is the maist densely populatit major ceety in the Unitit States. The [[New York metropolitan aurie]]'s population is the USA's mucklest, estimatit at 19.1 million fowk ower 6,720 square mile (17,400 km2). The Combined Statistical Aurie contained 22.2 million fowk as o 2009 Census estimates, an aa the mucklest in the Unitit States.

New York wis foondit as a commercial tredin post bi the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] in 1624. The dounset wis cawed New Amsterdam til 1664 whan the colony cam unner [[Kinrick o Ingland|Inglis]] control.

Mony destricts an laundmerks in the ceety hae acome weel kent tae ootsiders.  The [[Statue o Liberty]] greetit millions o immigrants as thay cam tae Americae in the late 19t an earlie 20t centuries. Times Square, iconifee'd as &quot;The Crossroads o the Warld&quot;, is the brichtly illuminatit hub o the Broadway theatre destrict, ane o the warld's busiest pedestrian intersections, an a major centre o the warld's entertainment industry. Anchored bi [[Wall Street]], in Lawer Manhattan, New York vies wi [[Lunnon]] as the financial caipital o the warld an is hame tae the [[New York Stock Exchynge]], the warld's mucklest stock exchynge bi mercat caipitalisation o its leetit companies. The oreeginal Manhattan Chinatown attracts thrangs o tourists tae its bustlin sidewalks an retail establishments. Warld-cless schuils an varsities sic as Columbia Varsity, New York Varsity an Fordham Varsity an aa reside in New York Ceety.

== Sister ceeties ==
New York Ceety haes ten [[toun twinnin|sister ceeties]] recognisit bi Sister Cities International (SCI):&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|title=New York City Global Partners|year=2010|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=27 January 2010|archive-date=2008-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521052322/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:white&quot; width=70%
|- style=&quot;color:white;&quot;
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width: 4%&quot;| Airms
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width:10%;&quot;| Ceety
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width:24%;&quot;| Geographical location
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width:22%;&quot;| Naition
! ! style=&quot;background:#659ec7; width: 5%;&quot;| Syne
|- 
|! !| [[File:Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|25px|]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Tokyo]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Kantō region]] ([[Honshū]] island)
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Japan|size=30px}} 
|! !| 1960
|- 
|! !| &amp;nbsp;
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Beijing]]'''
|! !| &amp;nbsp;
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Cheenae|size=30px}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|! !| 1980
|- 
|! !| &amp;nbsp;
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Cairo]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Cairo Govrenorate]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Egyp|size=30px}}
|! !| 1982
|- 
|! !| [[File:Escudo de Madrid.svg|25px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Madrid]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|30px]] [[Community o Madrid]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Spain|size=30px}} &lt;ref name=&quot;hermanadas&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid|url = http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&amp;vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&amp;vgnextfmt=especial1&amp;idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|! !| 1982
|- 
|! !| [[File:Escudo de Santo Domingo de Guzmán.svg|30px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Santo Domingo]]'''
|! ! align=left|  [[Distrito Nacional|Naitional Destrict]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Dominican Republic|size=30px}} 
|! !|1983
|- 
|! !| [[File:Coa Hungary Town Budapest big.svg|50px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Budapest]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Central Hungary]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Hungary|size=30px}}
|! !| 1992
|- 
|! !|
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Roum]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[File:Lazio Flag.svg|30px]] [[Lazio]] ([[Latium]])
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Italy|size=30px}} 
|! !| 1992
|-
|! !| [[File:Emblem_of_Jerusalem.svg|25px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Jerusalem]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Jerusalem Destrict]]
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Israel|size=30px}} 
|! !| 1993
|-
|! !| [[File:Arms of the Greater London Council.svg|22px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Lunnon]]'''
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Ingland|size=30px}} 
|! ! align=left| {{Flagcountry|UK|size=30px}} 
|! !| 2001
|- 
|! !| [[File:Coat of Arms of Johannesburg.svg|45px]] 
|! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Johannesburg]]'''
|! ! align=left| [[Gauteng]]&lt;ref&gt;It occupies pairt o the umwhile province o [[Transvaal]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|! ! align=left| {{Flag|Sooth Africae|size=30px}} 
|! !| 2003
|}

Lik New York Ceety, aw except Beijing are the maist populous ceeties o thair respective kintras.&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Statesman's Yearbook]] 2003'', editit bi Barry Turner, [[Palgrave Macmillan]] ([[Basingstoke]], London and New York), 2002, ISBN 0-333-98096-4&lt;/ref&gt;

Unlik New York Ceety, aw but Johannesburg serve as ''de facto'' or ''de jure'' naitional poleetical caipitals. New York an her sister ceeties are aw major economic centres, but few o the sister ceeties share New York's status as a major seaport.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Countries of the World&quot;, ''[[Whitaker's Almanack]] 1999'' (Standard Edition), [[The Stationery Office]], Lunnon, 1998, ISBN 0-11-702240-3, pp. 781–785, 907&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
* [[New York Ceety draucht riots]]
{{Commonscat|New York City}}

[[Category:New York Ceety| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties in New York]]
[[Category:Umwhile caipitals o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]]
[[Category:Umwhile Unitit States state caipitals]]
[[Category:Govrenment o New York Ceety]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1624]]
[[Category:Populatit places on the Hudson River]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Atlantic coast]]
[[Category:1624 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]


{{Stub/USA}}
{{Stub/Ceety}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maribor</title>
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      <text bytes="7609" sha1="bzkvzk7api75twl541d4d2fsio20r14" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Maribor
| official_name           =
| native_name             =
| native_name_lang        = sl
| settlement_type         = City
| image_skyline           = MB-dusk.jpg
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           = Skyline o Maribor
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                =
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              =
| nickname                =
| motto                   =
| map_caption             =
| pushpin_map             = Slovenia
| pushpin_label_position  = left
| pushpin_map_alt         =
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location o the Ceety o Maribor in Slovenie
| coordinates             = {{coord|46|33|N|15|39|E|region:SI_type:adm1st|display=inline}}
| coor_pinpoint           =
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Slovenie}}
| subdivision_type1       = Municipality
| subdivision_name1       = [[Ceety Municipality o Maribor]]
| established_title       =
| established_date        =
| founder                 =
| seat_type               = &lt;!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --&gt;
| seat                    =
| government_footnotes    =
| leader_party            =
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = [[Franc Kangler]] ([[Slovenie Fowkpairty|SLS]])
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          =
| total_type              =
| area_total_km2          = 41
| area_note               =
| elevation_footnotes     =
| elevation_m             =
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;SORS-MARIBOR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.maribor.si/dokument.aspx?id=19541 |title=Maribor, Maribor |publisher=City of Maribor, web site |accessdate=1 November 2012 |work=Place Names }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total        = {{fall}} 114487
| population_urban        =
| population_metro        =
| population_as_of        = November 2012
| population_density_km2  = 730
| population_demonym      =
| population_note         =
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +01
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +02
| postal_code_type        = Post code
| postal_code             = 2000
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               = 02
| iso_code                =
| website                 = {{URL|http://www.maribor.si}}&lt;!-- [http://www.example.com example.com] --&gt;
| footnotes               =
}}

'''Maribor''' ({{Audio|Sl-Maribor.oga|pronunciation}} {{lang-de|Marburg an der Drau}}) is the seicont lairgest ceety in [[Slovenie]] wi aboot 114,487 indwallers  in 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SORS-MARIBOR&quot;/&gt; Maribor is the lairgest ceety o the tradeetional region o [[Stirie (Slovenie)|Lawer Stirie]] an the seat o the [[Ceety Municipality o Maribor]] an aw.

In addition tae its Slovene an German names, the ceety is kent as {{lang-la|Marburgum}} an {{lang-it|Marburgo}} an aw.

==History==
[[File:Vischer - Topographia Ducatus Stiria - 247 Marburg - Maribor.jpg|left|thumb|230px|Medieval Maribor]]
In 1164 a castle kent as the ''Marchburch'' ([[Middle Hie German]] for &quot;Mairch Castle&quot;) wis documentit in [[Mairch o Stirie|Stirie]].  It wis first biggit on Piramida Hill, juist abuin the ceety. Maribor wis first mentioned as a mercat near the castle in 1204, an received [[toun privileges]] in 1254. It began tae grow rapidly efter the victory o [[Rudolph I o Germany|Rudolf I]] o [[Habsburg]] ower [[Otakar II o Bohemie|Otakar II]] o [[Bohemie]] in 1278. Maribor athstuid sieges bi [[Matthias Corvinus]] in 1480 an 1481 an bi the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1532 an 1683, an the ceety remained unner the control o the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] till 1918.

Maribor, previously in the [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Diocese o Graz-Seckau]], became pairt o the [[Diocese o Lavant]] on 1 Juin 1859, an the seat o its [[Prince-Bishop]]. The name o the diocese (efter a river in [[Carinthie (province)|Carinthie]]) wis later chynged tae the Diocese o Maribor on 5 Mairch 1962. It wis elevatit tae an [[airchdiocese]] bi [[Pape Benedict XVI]] on 7 Aprile 2006.

==Ceety destricts==
The ceety destricts ({{lang-sl|mestne četrti}})

The ceety o Maribor haes 12 destricts as leetit belaw, but the whole Municipality o Maribor an aa includes Kamnica, Pekre, Limbuš, Razvanje, Malečnik-Ruperče an Brestrenica-Gaj.

The river Drava divides the destricts Center, Koroška Vrata, Melje an Ivan Cankar frae the ither destricts o the ceety. Thay are aw connectit wi 4 traffic brigs, 1 train brig an 1 pedestrian brig.

{|  border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 10px 0 10px 25px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: left;&quot; class=&quot;sortable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;&quot; | No.
! style=&quot;background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;&quot; | Destrict
|-
| 1. || [[Center, Maribor|Center]]
|-
| 2. || [[Koroška vrata]]
|-
| 3. || [[Melje]]
|-
| 4. || [[Ivan Cankar, Maribor|Ivan Cankar]]
|-
| 5. || [[Magdalena, Maribor|Magdalena]]
|-
| 6. || [[Tabor, Maribor|Tabor]]
|-
| 7. || [[Studenci, Maribor|Studenci]]
|-
| 8. || [[Pobrežje]]
|-
| 9. || [[Nova Vas]]
|-
| 10. || [[Tezno]]
|-
| 11. || [[Brezje, Maribor|Brezje]] - [[Dogoše]] - [[Zrkovci]]
|-
| 12. || [[Radvanje]]
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
&lt;!--|  || TOTAL || 641.43 || 779,145 || 1,214.9 --&gt;
|}
{{-}}

{{-}}

==Internaitional relations==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Slovenie}}

===Twin touns — sister ceeties===
Maribor is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Graz]], [[Austrick]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |title=Twin Towns - Graz Online - English Version |publisher=www.graz.at |accessdate=2010-01-05 |archive-date=2015-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221225153/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]], [[Ingland]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Kraljevo]], [[Serbie]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Marburg]], [[Germany]]
||
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Osijek]], [[Croatie]]
* {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Pétange]], [[Luxembourg]]
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]], [[Colorado]], [[Unitit States]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], [[Roushie]]
||
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szombathely]], [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Tours]], [[Fraunce]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Udine]], [[Italy]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons|Maribor}}
* [http://zemljevid.najdi.si/search.jsp?q=Maribor&amp;tab=maps Interactive map o Maribor] at [http://www.najdi.si/ Najdi.si]
* [http://www.maribor.si/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427004427/http://www.maribor.si/ |date=2011-04-27 }} {{sl icon}}
* [http://www.maribor-tourism.si/ Tourism hamepage]
* [http://www.maribor-slovenia-travel-guide.com/ Family travel guide tae Maribor]
* [http://www.ugm.si/ Maribor airt gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222020729/http://www.ugm.si/ |date=2011-02-22 }}
* {{wikivoyage|Maribor}}
* [http://kraji.eu/slovenija/maribor/eng Maribor at kraji.eu]
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Maribor| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties an touns in Stirie (Slovenie)]]
[[Category:Populatit places in the Ceety Municipality o Maribor]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish commonties]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marisol Valles Garcia</title>
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'''Marisol Valles García''' (born 1989, [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], Mexico) is the umwhile polis chief o [[Práxedis G. Guerrero Municipality|Praxedis G. Guerrero]] locatit in the northren Mexican state o [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] near the cities o [[Ciudad Juárez]] an [[Guadalupe Municipality, Chihuahua|Guadalupe]].&lt;ref name=Lundin /&gt; In Mairch 2011, she wis dismissed frae her post efter failin tae sgaw up for wirk. Valles an her family fled tae the Unitit States whaur they are currently seekin asylum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yapp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mexican Student Police Chief Will Live in Fear for Rest of Life |first=Yapp |last=Robin |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/8554971/Mexican-student-police-chief-will-live-in-fear-for-rest-of-life.html  |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=3 June 2011 |accessdate=5 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Backgrund==
Syne Mexican Preses [[Felipe Calderón]] declart war on [[drug cartels]] in 2006, the kintra's deith toll relatit tae drug crime haes been aroond 30,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;foxnews&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=More Than 30,000 Killed in Mexico's Drug Violence |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/16/killed-mexicos-drug-violence/ |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=16 December 2010 |accessdate=18 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mayors and police have been specifically targeted; some beheaded, some tortured to death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundin&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=A Fistful of Valor |first=Leigh |last=Lundin |url=http://criminalbrief.com/?p=14303 |work=Crime News |publisher=Criminal Brief |date=24 October 2010 |accessdate=25 October 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726071048/http://criminalbrief.com/?p=14303 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early October 2010, [[Tancítaro]]'s mayor Gustavo Sánchez wis fand beat tae deith wi his hands tied ahint his back. Electit in Januar, he'd statit &quot;The fear is always there, but if you have courage and a desire to make a contribution, that outweighs the fear&quot;.

==Praxedis G. Guerrero valley==
Afore the war on drugs, rural [[Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua|Praxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua]] wis a quiet toun. Twa rival drug gangs, the [[Juárez Cartel]] an the [[Sinaloa Cartel]], nou fecht for control o the region's main heich-gate, makkin Chihuahua ane o the maist dangerous places in the warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundin&quot; /&gt; Residents hide in hooses frae fear o violence an daith. In nearbi Ciudad Juárez in October 2010, a gang killed ower a dozen fowk, includin bairns, at a birthday pairty. Seeveral polis officers in Ciudad Juárez hae been abductit or killt,&lt;ref name=&quot;Brice&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=20-year-old woman becomes top cop in violent Mexican municipality |first=Arthur |last=Brice |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/10/20/mexico.female.police.chief/?hpt=C1 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; an Praxedis G. Guerrero's previous chief, Manuel Castro, haed been tortured an beheidit a year earlier.

===Search for a polis chief===
Wi aw but three polis officers haein quit, mayor José Luis Guerrero desperately socht solutions. Efter a year athoot a polis chief, 20-year-auld Marisol Valles Garcia, who wis a student wirkin on a degree in [[creeminology]] at the [[University o Guadalajara]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundin&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jazeera&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mexican student made police chief |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/10/2010102152617810551.html |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=21 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; wis the anerlie person willin tae accept the job.  She wis sworn in on 18 October 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winter&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mexico's newest police chief? She's a 20-year-old student |first=Michael |last=Winter |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/10/mexicos-newest-police-chief-shes-a-20-year-old-student/1 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; This attractit internaitional attention, an haes promptit news media tae caw her the &quot;bravest wumman in Mexico&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brice&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ordaz&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=La mujer más valiente de México |first=Pablo |last=Ordaz |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/mujer/valiente/Mexico/elpepuint/20101020elpepuint_5/Tes?utm_source=twitterfeed&amp;utm_medium=twitter |newspaper=[[El País]] |language=Spanish |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=22 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life an views==
Valles Garcia is marriet an the mither o a baby boy.&lt;ref name=aol&gt;{{cite news |title=Marisol Valles Garcia is Mexico's Youngest Police Chief |first1=Francisco |last1=Mendoza |first2=Marcela |last2=Sarmiento |url=http://noticias.aollatino.com/2010/10/25/marisol-valles-garcia/?icid=main%257Cmain |newspaper=[[AOL|AOL News]] |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=8 March 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121046/http://noticias.aollatino.com/2010/10/25/marisol-valles-garcia/?icid=main%7Cmain |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She reportedly teuk the job tae chynge her commonty.&lt;ref name=&quot;aol&quot; /&gt; &quot;We're all afraid in Mexico now. We can't let fear beat us&quot;, she said efter being sworn in.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mangan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Most dangerous job in world goes to gal, 20 |first=Dan |last=Mangan |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/most_dangerous_job_in_world_goes_c3lrclI9odN4ZZ0ETg8gVM#ixzz1309kas59 |newspaper=[[New York Post]] |date=21 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The destrict haes 9,148 inhabitants, an a polis force o nineteen. Valles Garcia said she intendit tae hire mair weemen, an focus on commonty ootreach an prevention.&lt;ref name=&quot;msnbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=20-year-old student named polis chief in Mexico town |first= |last= |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39760545/ns/world_news-americas/ |newspaper=[[MSNBC]] |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010 |archive-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206121429/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39760545/ns/world_news-americas/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In neighboring Juárez, she was referred to by locals with the iconic nickname &quot;[[La Adelita]]&quot;.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

==External links==
*[http://www.diario.com.mx/notas.php?f=2011/05/11&amp;id=321b2cc081757a4b9457628438a8b741 Mejor estar viva en EU que muerta en México: Marisol Valles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043930/http://www.diario.com.mx/notas.php?f=2011%2F05%2F11&amp;id=321b2cc081757a4b9457628438a8b741 |date=2012-03-14 }} El Diario de El Paso, 05-11-2011.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valles Garcia, Marisol}}
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Ciudad Juárez]]
[[Category:Mexican polis officers]]
[[Category:Female polis officers]]
[[Category:Mexican Drog War]]</text>
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    <title>Kfar Tavor</title>
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|name=Kfar Tavor
|image_skyline=Kfartavor.jpg
|image_caption=Watchmen's Square in Kfar Tavor
|emblem=
|emblem_type=
|hebname=כְּפַר תַּבוֹר
|ISO=Kpar Tabor
|meaning=
|founded=1901
|type=lc
|typefrom=1949
|stdHeb=
|altOffSp=
|altUnoSp=
|district=north
|population=2,700
|population_footnotes=&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs populations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2009-09-30|accessdate=2010-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|popyear=2008
|area_dunam=1231
|mayor=Yosef Dola
|pushpin_map=Israel 
|coordinates = {{coord|32|41|13|N|35|25|15|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Kfar Tavor''' ({{lang-he-n|כְּפַר תַּבוֹר}}) is a veelage in the [[Lawer Galilee]] region o [[Northren Destrict (Israel)|Northren Israel]], at the fuit o [[Munt Tabor, Israel|Mount Tabor]]. Foondit in 1901, it wis awarded local cooncil status in 1949. In 2008, Kfar Tavor had a population of 2,700.

==History==
Kfar Tavor was established in 1901 bi pioneers o the [[First Aliya]]. Twinty-aicht fermers settled in the aurie wi the assistance o the filanthropist Baron [[Edmond de Rothschild]]. The new settlement wis oreeginally kent as Mes'cha, the name o the nearbi [[Arab]] veelage. It wis renamit in 1903 at the urging of [[Zionism|Zionist]] leader [[Menachem Ussishkin]] who visited the steid an wis surprisit tae fynd it haed nae [[Ebreu]] name.&lt;ref name=&quot;hooha&quot; /&gt; At first, there wis some debate ower whether tae uise the term ''kfar'' (&quot;veelage&quot;), which some residents thocht wad bode badly for futur growth. Ussishkin respondit that he haed visitit the [[Germany|German]] toun o [[Düsseldorf]], which haed oreeginatit as a ''dorf'', or veelage an aw, but was now a full-fledgit city.
The Rothschild admeenistration determined that the steid wis ideal for cultivatin grapes. The vineyards o Kfar Tavor became a major supplier o quality grapes tae the kintra's leadin [[Israeli wine|wineries]]. In 1999, efter a century o supplyin raw materials, fower faimilies established the Tabor Winery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.twc.co.il/Page.asp?cc=0121 |title=Tabor Winery |access-date=2012-10-21 |archive-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425020656/http://www.twc.co.il/Page.asp?cc=0121 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Landmarks==
In the Hameyasdim neebourheid, the core o the veelage, thare is the museum an ither steids, including the [[HaShomer]] house, the first schuil an teacher's hoose (nou a leebrar) an a synagogue that wis biggit in 1937. Anither schuil, biggit in 1911, nou serves as the Shenkar Tzfira Music Center. The main street o the neebourheid haes hooses left frae the veelage's early days, as well as pairts o the waw that surroondit it.&lt;ref name=&quot;hooha&quot; /&gt;

==Notable residents==
*[[Yigal Allon]], politeecian, commander o the [[Palmach]], an general in the [[Israel Defence Forces|IDF]], wis born in Kfar Tavor.

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;hooha&quot;&gt;http://www.hooha.co.il/place_english.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~dhershkowitz/pic65a.jpg Photo o Mescha frae 1910] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730032212/http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~dhershkowitz/pic65a.jpg |date=2012-07-30 }}

{{Commons}}

[[Category:Local cooncil in Israel]]</text>
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    <title>Troitsk, Moscow</title>
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      <text bytes="3498" sha1="q9aboqi4cfystqku4tr5poddnjjsjxr" xml:space="preserve">{{Other places3|Troitsk}}

{{Infobox Russian town
|en_name= Troitsk
|ru_name= Троицк
|image_skyline= Winter Troitsk October prospect.jpg
|image_caption= Oktyabrsky Avenue in winter
|image_map= Msk tao troitsk.svg
|map_caption= Troitsk Dounset athin the federal ceety o Moscow
|coordinates = {{coord|55|29|29|N|37|18|33|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position= bottom
|image_flag= Flag of Troitsk (Moscow oblast).png
|image_coa= Coat of Arms of Troitsk (Moscow oblast).png
|coa_caption= Coat o airms o Troitsk Urban Okrug
|federal_subject= [[Moscow]]
|adm_data_as_of= Julie 2012
|adm_city_jur= [[Troitsky Admeenistrative Okrug]]
|mun_data_as_of= September 2011
|leader_title= Head
|pop_2010census= 39873
|pop_2010census_ref= 
|established_date= 1646
|established_title= First mentioned
|current_cat_date= 1977
|prev_name1= Troitskoye
|prev_name1_date= 1977
|commoscat= Troitsk, Moscow Oblast
|date= October 2009
}}
'''Troitsk''' ({{lang-ru|Тро́ицк}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]], umwhile in [[Moscow Oblast]] an syne 1 Julie 2012 a pairt o the [[federal ceeties o Roushie|federal ceety]] o [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]. It is locatit on the [[Desna River (Pakhra basin)|Desna River]] {{convert|37|km|sp=us}} soothwast frae the centre o [[Moscow]] on the Kaluzhskoye Heich-gate. Population: 39,873 ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]]); 32,653 ([[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Census]]);&lt;ref name=&quot;2002Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{su-census1989|29,301|.}}

==History==
Troitsk wis first mentioned in 1646 as a dounset o '''Troitskoye''' ({{lang|ru|Тро́ицкое}}). It wis renamit Troitsk an grantit toun status in 1977.

==Admeenistrative an municipal status==
On 1 Julie 2012 Troitsk wis transferred tae the ceety o Moscow an became a pairt o [[Troitsky Admeenistrative Okrug]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://троицкий-округ.рф/news/534/|title=Жители Троицкого округа стали москвичами!|publisher=Троицкий округ Москвы|language=Russian|accessdate=July 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prior tae the transfer, athin the [[subdiveeions o Roushie#Admeenistrative diveesions|framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions]], it wis incorporatit as '''Troitsk [[Ceety o federal subject significance|Toun Unner Oblast Jurisdiction]]'''—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow Oblast|destricts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref113&quot;&gt;Law #12/2001-OZ; revision prior to July&amp;nbsp;17, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; As a [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|municipal diveesion]], Troitsk Toun Unner Oblast Jurisdiction wis incorporatit as '''Troitsk Urban Okrug'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref801&quot;&gt;Law #48/2005-OZ&lt;/ref&gt;

==Research==
It is hame tae a nummer o research institutes, includin:
*[[Institute for Nuclear Research]]
*[[Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of Sciences]]
*[[IZMIRAN]]
*[[TRINITY]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|mos|mun|list|troitsk}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.troitsk.ru/ Unoffeecial wabsteid o Troitsk]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316192543/http://www.troitsk.ru/ |date=2010-03-16 }} {{ru icon}}
*[http://www.troitsk.org/ Troitsk online commonty] {{ru icon}}

{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}}

[[Category:Ceeties an touns unner jurisdiction o Moscow]]
[[Category:Troitsky Admeenistrative Okrug]]
[[Category:Naukograds]]
[[Category:Troitsk, Moscow]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Livingston, Texas</title>
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      <text bytes="13505" sha1="5k5a1ikd4odqjdw174lchz2rgnt2q44" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Livingston, Texas
|settlement_type = [[Toun]]
|nickname =
|motto =

&lt;!-- Images --&gt;
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption = 
|image_flag =
|image_seal =

&lt;!-- Maps --&gt;
|image_map = Polk County Livingston.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location o Livingston, Texas

&lt;!-- Location --&gt;
|subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
|subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o the Unitit States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Texas]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Texas|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Polk Coonty, Texas|Polk]]

&lt;!-- Government --&gt;
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =

&lt;!-- Area --&gt;
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 21.7
|area_land_km2 = 21.7
|area_water_km2 = 0.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 8.4
|area_land_sq_mi = 8.4
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.0

&lt;!-- Population --&gt;
|population_as_of = [[Unitit States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 5433
|population_density_km2 = 250.9
|population_density_sq_mi = 649.9

&lt;!-- General information --&gt;
|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = -6
|timezone_DST = CDT
|utc_offset_DST = -5
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 51
|elevation_ft = 167
|coordinates      = {{coord|30|42|34|N|94|56|4|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline}}
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code = 77351, 77399
|area_code = [[Aurie code 936|936]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 48-43132{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID
|blank1_info = 1361573{{GR|3}}
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Livingston''' is a toun in [[Polk Coonty, Texas|Polk Coonty]], [[Texas]], [[Unitit States]]. The population wis 5,335 at the 2010 census. It is the [[coonty seat]] o [[Polk Coonty, Texas|Polk Coonty]]{{GR|6}}. Livingston wis settled in 1835 as Springfield. Its name wis chyngit tae Livingston an became the coonty seat o Polk Coonty in 1846.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com/information/history.asp |title=City of Livingston, Texas, Information, History&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911145318/http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com/information/history.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation]] is juist tae the east o Livingston. The [[Unitit States Census, 2000|2000 census]] reportit a resident population o 480 bodies athin the reservation.

Livingston haes ane hospital, the Memorial Medical Center at Livingston

==Geografie==
Livingston is locatit at {{Coord|30|42|34|N|94|56|4|W|type:city}} (30.709518, -94.934443){{GR|1}}.

Accordin tae the [[United States Census Bureau]], the toun haes a tot aurie o {{convert|8.4|sqmi|km2}}, o which, {{convert|8.4|sqmi|km2}} o it is laund an 0.12% is watter. Housomeivver, the toun o Livingston is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km}} east o [[Lake Livingston]], which is the lairgest drinkin watter [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]] in the state o Texas.

[[Elevation]]: 148&amp;nbsp;ft

Major Heich-gates:
* [[Image:US 59.svg|20px]] [[:en:U.S. Highway 59 (Texas)|U.S. Highway 59]]
* [[Image:US 190.svg|23px]] [[:en:U.S. Highway 190 (Texas)|U.S. Highway 190]]
* [[Image:Texas 146.svg|20px]] [[:en:State Highway 146 (Texas)|State Highway 146]]

==Demografics==

As o the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, thare wur 5,433 fowk, 2,048 hoosehaulds, an 1,341 faimilies residin in the toun. The [[population densitie]] wis 649.9 indwallers per square mile (250.9/km²). Thare wur 2,358 hoosin units at an average densitie o 282.1 per square mile (108.9/km²). The racial makeup o the toun wis 70.38% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 18.50% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.64% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.83% [[Asie (U.S. Census)|Asie]], 8.08% frae [[Race (U.S. Census)|ither races]], an 1.56% frae twa or mair races. 13.90% o the population wur [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] o ony race.

Thare wur 2,048 hoosehaulds oot o which 34.4% haed childer unner the age o 18 livin wi thaim, 45.4% wur [[Marriage|marriet couples]] livin thegither, 16.4% haed a female hoosehaulder wi nae husband present, an 34.5% wur nan-faimilies. 30.9% o aw hoosehaulds wur made up o individuals an 15.7% haed someane livin alane who wis 65 years o age or aulder. The average hoosehauld size wis 2.50 an the average faimily size wis 3.13.

In the toun the population wis spread oot wi 27.7% unner the age o 18, 9.1% frae 18 tae 24, 26.5% frae 25 tae 44, 19.7% frae 45 tae 64, an 17.1% who wur 65 years o age or aulder. The median age wis 35 years. For ivery 100 females thare wur 85.0 males. For ivery 100 females age 18 an ower, thare wur 79.2 males.

The median income for a hoosehauld in the toun wis $31,424, an the median income for a faimily wis $37,868. Males haed a median income o $30,318 versus $21,774 for females. The [[per caipita income]] for the toun wis $17,214. Aboot 18.2% o faimilies an 22.3% o the population wur belaw the [[poverty line]], includin 27.7% o those unner age 18 an 17.4% o those age 65 or ower.

==Govrenment an infrastructur==
[[File:Polk County Texas Court House.jpg|thumb|The Polk Coonty Courthouse locatit in Downtown Livingston]]
The [[United States Postal Service]] operates the Livingston Post Office.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://usps.whitepages.com/post_office/TX/Livingston Post Office Location - LIVINGSTON] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026231801/http://usps.whitepages.com/post_office/TX/LIVINGSTON |date=2011-10-26 }}.&quot; [[United States Postal Service]]. Retrieved on May 16, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Livingston Municipal Airport (Texas)|Livingston Municipal Airport]], operatit bi the City of Livingston, is locatit in [[West Livingston]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDPMap&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US4877662&amp;_bucket_id=50&amp;tree_id=420&amp;context=saff&amp;_lang=en&amp;_sse=on West Livingston CDP, Texas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606111713/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US4877662&amp;_bucket_id=50&amp;tree_id=420&amp;context=saff&amp;_lang=en&amp;_sse=on |date=2011-06-06 }}.&quot; [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LivAirportProf&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com/departments/airport.asp Municipal Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506141635/http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com/departments/airport.asp |date=2010-05-06 }}.&quot; City of Livingston. Retrieved on May 9, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nearbi West Livingston haes the [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]] (TDCJ) [[Allan B. Polunsky Unit]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CDPMap&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TCDJProfile&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/unitdirectory/tl.htm Polunsky Unit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725201405/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/unitdirectory/tl.htm |date=2010-07-25 }}.&quot; [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on May 7, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rainwater, Mary. &quot;[http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/news/article_ac28d20a-58bf-11df-afd4-001cc4c03286.html Death row inmate: No justice by execution].&quot; ''[[Rapid City Journal]]''. May 5, 2010. Retrieved on May 9, 2010. &quot;are heavy on the mind of 41-year-old former South Dakota resident Kevin Scott Varga, who sits on death row in the Polunsky Unit in Livingston, Texas.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; the location o the State of Texas [[daith row]] syne 1999.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/drowfacts.htm Death Tow Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6fmxZGmUp?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100125221141/http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/drowfacts.htm |date=2016-03-05 }}.&quot; [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on May 7, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

A few miles ootside o Livingston is the IAH Polk Coonty Secure Adult Detention Center, which hooses aroond 700 immigrant men daily who hae been detained bi [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement]].  Run bi private-prison company [[Community Education Centers]], the facility haes frequently been creeticisit for its sub-par treatment o migrants an is currently unner fire in a naition-wide campaign cawin for the closur o ten o the wirst detention centers in the naition.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.detentionwatchnetwork.org/ExposeAndClose Expose &amp; Close]&lt;/ref&gt;

Livingston uises a manager-cooncil seestem o govrenment.  The current mayor is Clarke Evans.

==Bankin==
Livingston is the heidquarters tae twa regional bank seestems, the First Naitional Bank an the First State Bank.  First State Bank haes branches in Onalaska, Texas an Shepherd, Texas an Wast o Livingston, on Hwy 190. First Naitional Bank haes a main branch dountoun an a branch bank in Onalaska, Texas an ane on Hwy 190.

==Transportation==
[[Greyhound Lines]] operates the Livingston Station at the Super Stap Food Mart.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.greyhound.com/home/TicketCenter/en/terminal.asp?city=683925 Livingston, Texas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122230541/https://www.greyhound.com/home/TicketCenter/en/terminal.asp?city=683925 |date=2008-11-22 }}.&quot; [[Greyhound Lines]]. Retrieved on May 16, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
The ceety's airport, Livingston Municipal Airport (LMA) is locatit tae the soothwast o the toun.  It serves mainly recreational flichts but whiles serves routes tae lairger airports in East Texas an Wast Louisiana.

==Education==
The City of Livingston is servit bi the [[Livingston Independent School District]].

Polk Coonty College is bein biggit in Livingston. It will offer a full twa year college curriculum and some fower year college courses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.polkcountycollegecc.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710192534/http://www.polkcountycollegecc.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Media==
* KCTL Telly
* KETX Telly
* KETX Radio (1440 [[KETX (AM)]] and 92.3 [[KETX-FM]])
* KDOL Radio (96.1 [[KDOL-FM]])
* PolkCountyToday.com (Up-tae-date news wabsteid)   [http://www.polkcountytoday.com/topheadlines.html PolkCountyToday.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326130021/http://www.polkcountytoday.com/topheadlines.html |date=2013-03-26 }} (online version o the &quot;PolkCountyToday.com&quot;)
* ''Polk County Enterprise'' (newspaper)
* [http://www.easttexasnews.com/ East Texas News] (online version o the &quot;Polk County Enterprise&quot;)

==Sports Championships==
Heich Schuil Fitbaa:
* Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) state champions 1953&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fridaynighthistory.com/pvilarchives.html |title=Friday Night History - PVIL Past Football Champions - Texas High School Football&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2006-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208091839/http://www.fridaynighthistory.com/pvilarchives.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.uil.utexas.edu/athletics/archives/ |title=UIL: Athletics - Champions Archives and Records&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2014-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923224446/http://www.uil.utexas.edu/athletics/archives/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) state champions 1954
* Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) state champions 1958
* Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) state runner Up 1959

High School Basketbaa:
* Livingston High (Aw schuils in ane diveesion) 1939
* Livingston Dunbar (1A-PVIL) Runner Up 1952

==Tourism==
* Lake Livingston Recreational Area
[http://www.lakelivingston.com Lake Livingston Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726110302/http://www.experiencelakelivingston.com/ |date=2011-07-26 }}

* [[Lake Livingston]]
** [[Fishin]]
** Water Sports
** [[Dam]]
** Crappiethon
* [[Lake Livingston]] [[State Park]]
* [[Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation]]
** Annual [[Pow-Wow]]
* Tred Days
* [[Light of Saratoga]]
* 391 Historical Markers &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/shell-county.htm |title=THC - Atlas - County Search&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-date=2013-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225022100/http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/shell-county.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Polk Coonty [[Museum]]
* Swartout: Former River [[Ferry]] Town, nou a [[ghost town]]
* Trinity Neches [[Livestock show]] and [[Rodeo]] (foondit in 1945)
* Polk Coonty [[Fireworks]] on Lake Livingston
* Annual Jingle Bell Fun Run and Walk
* 5k [[Dam]] Run

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Portal|Texas}}
* [http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com/ Livingston ceety wabsteid]
* [http://www.lpcchamber.com/ Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708094735/http://www.lpcchamber.com/ |date=2007-07-08 }}
* [http://www.livingstonisd.com/ Livingston ISD]
* [http://www.lakelivingston.com/ Lake Livingston Recreational Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726110302/http://www.experiencelakelivingston.com/ |date=2011-07-26 }}

{{Polk Coonty, Texas}}
{{Texas}}
{{Texas coonty seats}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Polk Coonty, Texas]]
[[Category:Touns in Texas]]
[[Category:Coonty seats in Texas]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1835]]</text>
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    <title>Ogíjares</title>
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| official_name = Ogíjares | 
image_skyline = Carretera de Dílar y Parque de la Constitución (Ogíjares, Granada).jpg | 
image_flag = Bandera de Ogíjares (Granada).svg | 
image_seal = Escudo de Ogíjares (Granada).svg | 
image_map = LocationOgíjares.png|
map_caption = Location o Ogíjares| 
subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |
subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} |
subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] |
subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Andalusie}} |
subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] |
subdivision_name2 = [[File:Bandera de la provincia de Granada (España).svg|22x20px|border]]&amp;nbsp;[[Province o Granada|Granada]] |
subdivision_type3 = [[Comarca]] |
subdivision_name3 = [[Vega de Granada]] |
leader_title = | 
leader_name = | 
area_magnitude = | 
area_total_km2 = 7 | 
area_land_km2 = | 
area_water_km2 = | 
elevation_m = 732 | 
population_as_of = 2005 | 
population_note = | 
population_total =  11877 | 
population_density_km2 = 1696.7 | 
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | 
utc_offset = +1 | 
timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | 
utc_offset_DST = +2 | 
latitude = | 
longitude = | 
website =  | 
footnotes = | 
}}

'''Ogíjares''' is a municipality locatit in the central-soothren pairt o the [[province o Granada]], [[Spain]]. Accordin tae the 2005 [[census]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]), the ceety haes a population o 11877 inhabitants.

== Geografie ==
Ogíjares is locatit in the centre o a fertile plain, wattered bi irrigation frae the [[Monachil]] an [[Dílar]] rivers.

== History ==
Ogíjares haed its oreegins as twa smaw Arab fermin veelages, awtho utensils an interments frae the [[Visigoths]] an as far back as the [[Neolithic]] hae been foond locally. The name comes frae the Laitin phrase &quot;Hortum Sacrum&quot;, which translatit in Arabic became ''Ortexica'', an then ''Oxijar''. Wi the Christian conquest o Granada, the twa veelages became kent as Heich Ogíjar an Law Ogíjar, finally unitit intae wha the day is Ogíjares. Like mony nearbi municipalities, Ogíjares haes become a suburb o nearbi [[Granada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.turgranada.es/municipios/municipio.php?id_idioma=1&amp;id_municipio=130|title=Ogíjares, Sierra Nevada|publisher=Granada Tourism|accessdate=2007-12-12|archive-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230085136/http://www.turgranada.es/municipios/municipio.php?id_idioma=1&amp;id_municipio=130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities in Granada}}

{{coord|37|07|N|3|36|W|display=title|region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogijares}}
[[Category:Municipalities in the Province o Granada]]
[[Category:Populatit places in the Province o Granada]]</text>
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| settlement_type   = ceety
| official_name = Ogíjares | 
image_skyline = Carretera de Dílar y Parque de la Constitución (Ogíjares, Granada).jpg | 
image_flag = Bandera de Ogíjares (Granada).svg | 
flag_size = 120px |
image_shield = Escudo de Ogíjares (Granada).svg | 
shield_size = 70px |
image_map = LocationOgíjares.png|
map_caption = Location o Ogíjares| 
subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |
subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} |
subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] |
subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Andalusie}} |
subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] |
subdivision_name2 = [[File:Bandera de la provincia de Granada (España).svg|22x20px|border]]&amp;nbsp;[[Province o Granada|Granada]] |
subdivision_type3 = [[Comarca]] |
subdivision_name3 = [[Vega de Granada]] |
leader_title = | 
leader_name = | 
area_magnitude = | 
area_total_km2 = 7 | 
area_land_km2 = | 
area_water_km2 = | 
elevation_m = 732 | 
population_as_of = 2005 | 
population_note = | 
population_total =  11877 | 
population_density_km2 = 1696.7 | 
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | 
utc_offset = +1 | 
timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | 
utc_offset_DST = +2 | 
latitude = | 
longitude = | 
website =  | 
footnotes = | 
}}

'''Ogíjares''' is a municipality locatit in the central-soothren pairt o the [[province o Granada]], [[Spain]]. Accordin tae the 2005 [[census]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]]), the ceety haes a population o 11877 inhabitants.

== Geografie ==
Ogíjares is locatit in the centre o a fertile plain, wattered bi irrigation frae the [[Monachil]] an [[Dílar]] rivers.

== History ==
Ogíjares haed its oreegins as twa smaw Arab fermin veelages, awtho utensils an interments frae the [[Visigoths]] an as far back as the [[Neolithic]] hae been foond locally. The name comes frae the Laitin phrase &quot;Hortum Sacrum&quot;, which translatit in Arabic became ''Ortexica'', an then ''Oxijar''. Wi the Christian conquest o Granada, the twa veelages became kent as Heich Ogíjar an Law Ogíjar, finally unitit intae wha the day is Ogíjares. Like mony nearbi municipalities, Ogíjares haes become a suburb o nearbi [[Granada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.turgranada.es/municipios/municipio.php?id_idioma=1&amp;id_municipio=130|title=Ogíjares, Sierra Nevada|publisher=Granada Tourism|accessdate=2007-12-12|archive-date=2007-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230085136/http://www.turgranada.es/municipios/municipio.php?id_idioma=1&amp;id_municipio=130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities in Granada}}

{{coord|37|07|N|3|36|W|display=title|region:ES_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogijares}}
[[Category:Municipalities in the Province o Granada]]
[[Category:Populatit places in the Province o Granada]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca</title>
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      <text bytes="26451" sha1="ragb5r0vjk0w81aj4sanmx2apq3jxox" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          =
|name                   = Puerto Escondido
|other_name             =
|native_name            =  &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = Ceety
|total_type             =
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          =Mexico-PuertoEscondido-Airview.jpg
|imagesize              =
|image_caption          = View o Puerto Escondido frae the air
|image_flag             =
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|pushpin_map=Mexico
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{MEX}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[States o Mexico|State]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Oaxaca]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Municipality]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[San Pedro Mixtepec, Juquila|San Pedro Mixtepec]]
|subdivision_type3      =
|subdivision_name3      =
|subdivision_type4      =
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
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|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
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&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
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|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
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&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2013
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 45,000
|population_density_km2         =
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&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
|timezone               = [[Time in Mexico|CST]]
|utc_offset             = -6
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|coordinates            = {{coord|15|51|43|N|97|04|18|W|region:MX|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes    =
|elevation_m            = 60
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
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}}
'''Puerto Escondido''' ([[Inglis leid|Inglis]]/[[Scots leid|Scots]]: &quot;Hidden Port&quot;) is a smaw port an tourist centre in the [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] o [[San Pedro Mixtepec, Juquila|San Pedro Mixtepec Distrito 22]] in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[States o Mexico|state]] o [[Oaxaca]].  Prior tae the 1930s, nae real toun existit. The bay haed been uised as a port intermittently tae ship coffee, but thare wis nae permanent dounset due tae the lack o potable watter. The name Puerto Escondido haed ruits in the legend o a wumman who escapit her captors an hid here. The [[Nahuatl]] wird for this aurie wis Zicatela, meanin “place o lairge thorns.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ptoescondido.com.mx/Historia/historia.htm |title=Historia de Puerto Escondido |language=Spanish |trans_title=History of Puerto Escondido |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2009-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918234146/http://www.ptoescondido.com.mx/Historia/historia.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The day, it refers tae the aurie’s maist famous beach.&lt;ref name=&quot;diez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/6022-Puerto-Escondido,-una-puerta-a-la-mar-del-sur.-%28Oaxaca%29 |title=Puerto Escondido, una puerta a la mar del sur. (Oaxaca) |first=Daniel |last=Díez |publisher=Mexico Desconocido |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido, a port of the south sea |year=1990 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2009-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417022608/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/6022-Puerto-Escondido,-una-puerta-a-la-mar-del-sur.-(Oaxaca) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Escondido is ane o the maist important tourist attractions on the Oaxacan coast. It caters tae a mair dounscale an eclectic clientele than neebourin [[Huatulco]], maistly surfers, backpackers an Mexican faimilies.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tomzap.com/escondio.html |title=Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca |first=Tom |last=Zap |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2010-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111738/http://tomzap.com/escondio.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  The main attractions are the beaches, frae Zicatela Beach, which hosts major surfin competitions, tae beaches wi gentle waves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2852-puerto-escondido-mexico-s-hidden-oaxacan-beach|title= Puerto Escondido: Mexico's hidden Oaxacan beach  |first=Geri |last= Anderson  |publisher=MexConnect |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wast frae the toun is a lairge lagoon aurie popular for fishin an birdwatchin.&lt;ref name=&quot;diez&quot;/&gt;

==History==
The aurie aroond Puerto Escondido haed been inhabitit bi indigenous fowks for centuries, but nae touns o ony size wur established durin the pre-Hispanic or colonial eras.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;/&gt;  The bay wis kent as Bahia de la Escondida (Bay o the Hidden Wumman) due tae a legend associatit wi this place.  The story states that a fierce pirate bi the name o Andrés Drake, brither o Sir [[Francis Drake]], anchored his ship in the bay whan the aurie wis completely uninhabitit, in order tae rest for a few days unmolestit bi authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;/&gt;

Some weeks afore, he an his crew kidnappit a young Mixtec wumman frae the veelage o [[Santa María Huatulco]] an teuk her preesoner. While in the bay, the wumman managit tae escape the cabin in which she wis bein held, an bein a guid swimmer, jumpit owerboard tae get tae shore an hide in the jungle juist ayont the beach. Syne then, the pirates referred tae the wumman as “La Escondida” (the hidden ane) an ivery time the ship returned tae thir waters, the caiptain ordered his crew tae sairch an aurie aroond the bay, housomeivver, thay niver foond her. Hence, the aurie became kent as the Bahía de la Escondida.&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;/&gt;

At the beginnin o the 20t century, it wis kent as Punta Escondida (Hidden Pynt),&lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oaxacamio.com/pto/ |title=Puerto Escondido |accessdate=2009-10-25 |archive-date=2009-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813200111/http://www.oaxacamio.com/pto/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; then later, Puerto Escondido.&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;/&gt; At that time, it wis juist a smaw fishin veelage that intermittently wis uised tae ship coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last= Quintanar Hinojosa |first=Beatriz  |date=August 2007 |title=Puerto Escondido: pasión y adrenalina |journal=Guía México Desconocido: Oaxaca |volume= 137  |pages=56–66  |url= http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx }}&lt;/ref&gt; Back then, Puerto Escondido suffered frae a lack o [[potable watter]], despite the fact that the [[Colotepec River]] ran nearbi. This caused fowk tae settle someplace else. Some did stay, includin Nazario Castellanos an Escolástica Valencia, who war the nicht watchmen for the nearby coffee plantations an considered tae be the toun’s first residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;/&gt; Thare wis nae real toun till the 1930s, whan Puerto's activity as a port wis mair firmly established.&lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;/&gt;

Puerto Escondido belangit tae the municipality o [[Santa María Colotepec]]. Housomeivver, eventually the residents petitioned tae chynge jurisdiction tae anither nearbi municipality, San Pedro Mixtepec, which wis grantit in the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guerrero&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title= Retoma Puerto Escondido vieja demanda de ser municipio libre |first=Jaime |last=Guerrero |url= http://www.e-consulta.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=15774&amp;Itemid=98 |format= |newspaper=E-consultas Noticias |date=2008-08-05 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido revives old demand to be a free municipality }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Frae the 1940s tae the 1960s, a kirk wis constructit an the first schuil wis biggit.  Wells wur eventually dug tae alleviate the watter supply problems, an generators bocht tae supply electricity tae the pumps an the few streetlichts. Housomeivver, thare wur still problems  gettin needit ootside supplees sic as succar. Thir commodities anerly arrivit whan a merchant ship entered the bay tae sell its wares. Whiles, this wad no happen for months. Residents got bi wi local products sic as fish, poultry, [[iguana]]s, chicken an turtle eggs. Efter the Sol de Vega road tae the caipital o Oaxaca wis constructit, this problem wis alleviatit somewha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;/&gt;

In the 1960s, Heich-gate 200 wis biggit, connectin Oaxacan coastal touns wi Acapulco. Surfers an ither tourists began tae fynd the quiet beaches aroond Puerto an tourism began tae flourish. Its function as a port diminished as coffee began tae be shippit bi truck.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;/&gt; Ither infrastructur addit includit those tae supplee the aurie wi potable watter, a smaw airport whaur the Rinconada is nou, mail service an some govrenment offices.&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;/&gt; Housomeivver, in the 1970s anerly aboot 400 fowk livit in Puerto Escondido.&lt;ref name=&quot;diez&quot;/&gt;

Wi time, Puerto Escondido’s importance as a tourist attraction increased, wi hotels an resorts bein constructit. For mony years, restaurants wur amaist exclusively in “palapas” (thatched ruif shelters) wi fishermen preparin thair catches; housomeivver, thir hae maistly gien wey tae modren tourist facilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;/&gt;
Currently, Puerto Escondido is ane o the maist important tourist steids on the Oaxacan coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;/&gt;

The commonty o Puerto Escondido is dividit atween twa municipalities, sae poleetically it is twa separate entities. The Zicatela Beach side belangs tae the municipality o Santa María Colotepec an the wastren portion belangs tae San Pedro Mixtepec. The boondar atween the twa municipalities is in dispute an aw, leavin mony businesses in limbo, whiles payin taxes tae baith municipalities.
.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;/&gt; Puerto Escondido haes been lobbyin for a mair unthirlt status wi the congress o the state o Oaxaca, despite opposition frae San Pedro Mixtepec. In addeetion tae the abuin problems, backers o the measur state that while the commonty generates maist o the municipality’s income, it daes no receive support frae the municipal seat.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerrero&quot;/&gt; In August 2008, residents o Puerto Escondido blockit the heich-gate tae the municipal seat o San Pedro Mixtepec tae protest the lack o money for infrastructur in the toun.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebela&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title= Se rebela Puerto Escondido contra Mixtepec; exige participaciones |url=http://www.e-consulta.com/oaxaca/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=3102&amp;Itemid=27 |newspaper=E consulta Noticias |date=2008-08-27 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido officially declared a city  }}&lt;/ref&gt; An aw, 69% o the municipality’s population lifes in Puerto Escondido.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerrero&quot;/&gt; As o the 2009 census, Puerto Escondido haed a population o 20,178&lt;ref name=&quot;inegi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= Principales resultados por localidad 2005 (ITER) |url= http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/default.asp?s=est&amp;c=10395 |publisher=INEGI |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
On 30 Julie 2009, the state congress declared Puerto Escondido tae be a ceety. Housomeivver, the declaration did no resolve the boondar dispute atween San Pedro Mixtepec an Santa María Colotepec.&lt;ref name=&quot;Castañeda&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Se oficializó como ciudad a Puerto Escondido |first=Jorge |last=Catañeda |url=http://www.notihuatulcopuertoescondido.com/?p=6004#more-6004 |newspaper= |publisher=La Pagina de la Informacion |date=2009-08-13 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido officially declared a city }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;publimar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Puerto Escondido ya es ciudad |url=http://www.publimar.com.mx/?p=2526 |newspaper=Publimar |date=2009-07-31 |accessdate=2009-10-25 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Puerto Escondido revives old demand to be a free municipality }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==The toun==
[[File:Escondido.avi.OGG|thumb|300px|right|The forenuin routine on Playa Principal]]
Puerto Escondido is maistly locatit in the municipality o San Pedro Mixtepec in the wastren portion o Oaxaca’s coast &lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;/&gt; kent as the Emerald Coast an aw. Its bay is adjoined bi a nummer o rocky clints, which vary in hicht atween fifteen an thirty metres. The toun centre is locatit on the north side o the bay.&lt;ref name=&quot;ptohistoria&quot;/&gt; The climate is tropical an humid, wi a average annual temperatur o 28&amp;nbsp;°C (82&amp;nbsp;°F) wi a rainy saison in the simmer.&lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;/&gt;

Puerto Escondido is the auldest tourist attraction in the region, an is the main centre o tourist activity, baith for naitionals an foreigners.&lt;ref name=&quot;oaxacamio&quot;/&gt; The lairge waves o Zicatela beach put it intae the tap ten surfin destinations.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;/&gt; The port daes continue tae support commercial fishin activity,&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;/&gt; an it attracts fowk for deep-sea fishin (esp. for sailfish).&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;/&gt;

Puerto is no as well-kent or visitit as ither beach resort auries sic as [[Acapulco]] or [[Cancun]] acause thare are anerly domestic flichts, discouragin a nummer o visitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt;  Bus rides frae the Oaxacan caipital tak seiven oors ower hairpin turns as the roads descend the Sierra del Sur muntain range.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Mexican beach town Puerto Escondido radiates charm |first=Stephanie |last=Shapiro |url=http://cms.travel.latimes.com/articles/la-tr-puertoescondido?content=+the+brief+hop+into+a+trial.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E&amp;single_page=y#show |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location=Los Angeles California |date=2007-04-03 |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Escondido is maistly dounscale an rustic, wi mony smaw an mid-sizit hotels an restaurants, but thare are a few upscale hotels. Maist cuisine is based on seafuid an local plants, which include eleiven species o bananae, chocolate an coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;diez&quot;/&gt; It haes an unuisual nummer o Italian restaurants an aw, which hae been opened bi recent Italian immigrants.

The tourist centre o Puerto Escondido is no a plaza but Pérez Gazga Avenue, kent locally as El Adoquin or La Zona Adoquinada (the pavin stane street). Beginnin wi a statue o [[Benito Juárez]] are foond bars, hotels, cafes, restaurants, nichtclubs, craft shops, Internet cafes, corner stores, tour operators an scuba divin rental.&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;/&gt; It serves as a promenade an aw as it parallels the main beach o the toun,&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt; an is pedestrian-anerly efter 17:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;/&gt; At nicht it is croudit wi locals an tourists.&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt;  This is ane o the auries tae buy Mexican, especially Oaxacan, handcrafts sic as loose-fittin blouses, shirts, vests, wraps, tapestries, handbags, bags, jackets, hammocks, carvit stane jewelry, siller an seashell items. Housomeivver, the main mercat in the toun centre is whaur you get competitive Mexican prices. Awa frae the beach abuin the Adoquin is the Coastal Heich-gate 200.

The Andador Escéncico (Scenic Walkwey) is a set o paths, stairs an brigs that begin at the main beach o the toun an winds its wey ower rocky oceanside cliffs, passin belaw the lichthoose tae a leukoot the namit Sueño Posible (Possible Dream). In some places the walkwey is vera near the ocean an gets wet frae the waves.&lt;ref name=&quot;andador&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.tomzap.com/suenoposible.html |title= Andador Escénico |accessdate= 2009-10-25 |archive-date= 2010-01-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114054/http://tomzap.com/suenoposible.html |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Each year, the ceety celebrates [[Carnival]] which begins wi the &quot;quema de mal humor&quot; or the burnin o bad muid. This is done wi a effigy wi the purpose o riddin the fowk o bad thochts an muids in order tae enjoy the festivities.&lt;ref name=&quot;rincones&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Oaxaca: Guia para descubrir los encantos del estado |trans_title=Oaxaca: Guide to discover the charms of the state |last=Akaike Garrido |first=Yuki |year=2010 |editor1-first=Victor Manuel |editor1-last=Jiménez González |publisher=Editorial Océano de Mexico, SA de CV |location=Mexico City |isbn=978-607-400-233-1 |page=23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Beaches==
The main attractions o Puerto Escondido are its beaches, which hae acome internaitionally kent. The aurie is attractive tae scuba divers acause o the variety o fish tae be foond an aw, as well as lairge oysters, lobsters an manta rays.&lt;ref name=&quot;diez&quot;/&gt; Awtho the Paceefic Coast o Mexico generally runs north-sooth, this section o the coast in Oaxaca runs east-wast, Playa Zicatela is on the eastren end.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt;

Puerto Escondido became famous due tae surfin competitions held at '''Zicatela Beach''' ivery year in November. The competeetion brings competitors frae various kintras.&lt;ref name=&quot;diez&quot;/&gt; Elk-namit the &quot;Mexican Pipeline&quot; due tae the seemilar pouer an shape o the Banzai Pipeline on the North Shore o Oahu, the wave that breaks on Zicatela Beach draws a internaitional croud o surfers, bodybuirders an thair entourages. Mid tae late simmer is law saison for tourists, but a prime time for waves an internaitional tournaments. A nummer o internaitional competitions sic as the [[ESPN]] [[X Games]], an the MexPipe Challenge hae taken place.&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt; This beach is separatit frae the ither beaches bi a rocky ootcroppin cried &quot;El Morro&quot; (the neb). The beach is fifty tae ane hunder metres wide an fower kilometres lang wi lairge waves that reach up tae saxteen metres heich.&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;/&gt; Lifegairds are stationed at this heich-risk beach as well as on the ither beaches. Aboot hauf o thir are profeesional an the ither hauf volunteers. Zicatela is still a surfers beach, wi the strang unnertow makkin the aurie unsuitable for swimmin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt; The Zicatela Beach tourist destrict caters tae surfers, includin specials on surfbuird rentals.&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt;  The beach nou haes a promenade, landscapit wi flouers an shrubs alang the restaurants, mony recently established.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt;

Wast o Zicatela ower the El Moro rocky ootcrop is '''Playa Marinero''', which is the best beach for soummin as the surf an unnertow are hintle less.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt; Thare is some surf, but gentle enough for beginnin surfers an [[bodybuirdin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt;
{{wide image|Playa Principal Puerto Escondido Oaxaca.jpg|1000px|Playa Principal in Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico, wi the lichthoose visible on the left}}
Wast frae Playa Marinero is '''Playa Principal''', or main beach, frontin o the toun proper. A main difference that distinguishes this beach frae Marinero is that boats an watter taxis are anchored close tae shore. Here, fishermen arrive at dawn tae sell thair catch tae local restaurants an faimilies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt; It is 500 metres lang wi feene, gray saund an law tae moderate surf.  This is the primar place tae hire boats which tak tourists tae itherwise-inaccessible beaches, tae see porpoises an marine turtles or for deep-sea fishin.&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;/&gt; This beach is popular wi Mexican faimilies tae picnic on an play soccer an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Puerto angelito.jpg|thumb|Puerto Angelito Beach]]
Wast o the Playa Principal is the lichthoose wi a stane walkwey, Andador Escénico, belaw it. Frae the end o the walkwey, an a bit farther wast, are the twin beaches o '''Puerto Angelito''' an '''Manzanillo''', atween which is a smaw rock ootcroppin. Thir are on a sheltered cove, makkin it safe for soummin, wi Manzanillo haein slichtly mair surf. Angelito beach is full o faimily-awned smaw restaurants locatit in palapas (open-air thatched structurs).&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt; Baith thir beaches hae watter that varies in colour frae emerald green tae turquoise blue.&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;/&gt; Puerto Angelito tends tae be croudit an frequentit bi busloads o visitors. Playa Manzanillo is quieter as thare is nae road access.&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Playa carrizalillo.jpg|thumb|left|Playa Carrizalillo]]

Wast frae thir beaches is '''Playa Carrizalillo''', which haes white saund an [[cobalt]] blue watter edgit in licht green.&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;/&gt; This 300 metre wide beach is on a smaw bay. Thare are nae vehicular roads tae this beach, an the fuitpath strynds a steep slope on a recently instawed rock stairwey. A watter taxi ride frae Playa Principal is anither option for accessin Carrizalillo.&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt;  Waves are normally gentle, except for a zone that opens directly ontae the ocean whaur waves are big enough for surfin. The difficult access means that the beach is no as croudit wi walkin vendors as the Puerto Angelito Beach. Thare are few restaurants an the aurie is generally cleaner. On the east an wast sides o the bay are rocky ootcroppins that serve as habitat for a wide variety o fish an coral, makkin it popular for snorkelin. Near Carrizalillo is the Rinconada, a umwhile landin strip that is nou lined wi restaurants, salons, an shops. It contains a lendin librar run bi a local charity run bi expatriates an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;shapiro&quot;/&gt;

The wastmaist beach is '''Playa Bacocho''' wi upscale beach clubs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;/&gt; It haes fine, saft saund, palm trees, wairm, blue-green watter an a moderate surf awtho the far wast pairt o the beach can hae a strang unnertow. It faces soothwast, afferin guid sunset views.&lt;ref name=&quot;MexDesOax&quot;/&gt; Wast frae Bacocho are still unnevelopit beaches.

==Transportation==
[[Puerto Escondido Internaitional Airport]]

==Media==
Thare are an AM an FM radio station an Spainyie leid weekly newspapers.
¡Viva Puerto! http://vivapuerto.com/ an El Sol de la Costa http://www.soldelacosta.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510115206/http://soldelacosta.com/ |date=2015-05-10 }} are the twa local, bilingual magazines.

==Fiestas de Noviembre==
The Fiestas de Noviembre (Festivals o November) are held durin the month intae the beginnin o Dizember. Events are scheduled in baith the San Pedro Mixtepec an Santa María Colotepec jurisdictions an thare is little coordination atween the events.  This uisually means a lairge nummer o events, mair nor a few concurrent an competin for attendees. Zicatela events are aften stagit on Playa Zicatela while the uptoun events are aften on Playa Principal or the municipal plaza wast an abuin the main beach.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fiestasnov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tomzap.com/festival.html |title=Fiestas de Noviembre 2009 |first=Tom |last=Zap |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some o the major events include a motocross event, a sailfishin competeetion, a festival o coastal dance an a surfin turnament.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiestasmio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://www.oaxaca-mio.com/fiestas/fiestasdenoviembre.htm|title= Oaxaca Mio Fiestas|accessdate= 2009-10-25|archive-date= 2010-01-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100110051809/http://www.oaxaca-mio.com/fiestas/fiestasdenoviembre.htm|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Laguna de Manialtepec==
Aboot ten km frae Puerto Escondido is the [[Laguna de Manialtepec]]. Thare is a smaw veelage on the wey cried Bajos de Chila as well as a smaw archeological zone o the [[Chatina]] cultur. This steid haes a Sun Stane which representit the solar deity an a statue o a heich-rankin priest.   The lagoon itsel is full o [[mangroves]] an a vera lairge nummer o birds sic as [[pelicans]], [[seagull]]s, [[ibis]], [[stork]]s, [[crane (bird)|cranes]], [[jacana]]s, [[buzzard]]s, [[keengfisher]]s, [[swan]]s an ither species. Ither wildlife here includes [[raccoon]]s, [[weasel]]s, deer, [[wild boar]], tods an crocodiles. A nummer o thir are in danger due tae [[poaching]]. In the middle o the lagoon is a island namit Gallo, which accordin tae legend, a rooster can be heard singin ivery year on 24 Dizember.&lt;ref name=&quot;diez&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fodorslaguna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/mexico-and-central-america/mexico/oaxaca/review-176065.html |title= Laguna de Manialtepec  |publisher=Fodor’s  |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{commons|Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Oaxaca}}
{{coord|15|51|43|N|97|04|02|W|type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]]
[[Category:Beaches o Mexico]]</text>
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    <title>Narita</title>
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      <text bytes="15038" sha1="mtbpwz8bv448xlk5fe093fllvhof00n" xml:space="preserve">{{Japanese city
| Name               = Narita
| JapaneseName       = 成田市
| settlement_type    = [[Ceeties o Japan|Ceety]]
| Region             = [[Kantō region|Kantō]]
| Prefecture         = [[Chiba Prefectur]]
| ImageSkyline       = Narita montage.jpg
| ImageCaption       = Top: Naritasan Shinsho Temple, Middle left: Narita Sky Access Line, Middle richt: Tosho Temple in Sogo aurie, Bottom left: Narita Internaitional Airport, Bottom richt: Narita Newtoun in Karabe aurie
| MapImage           = Narita in Chiba Prefecture Ja.svg
| Area_km2           = 213.84
| Population         = 126,235
| PopDate            = 31 Mairch 2011
| Density_km2        = 590.33
| Coords             = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|35|47|N|140|19|E|region:JP|display=inline,title}}
| Postal code        = 
| Area code          = 
| Mayor              = Kazunari Koizumi
| Tree               = [[Ume]]
| Flower             = [[Hydrangea]]
| Bird               = 
| SymbolImage        = Emblem of Narita, Chiba.svg
| SymbolDescription  = Flag
| CityHallPostalCode = 286-8585
| CityHallAddress    = 760 Hanasaki-cho, Narita-shi, Chiba-ken
| CityHallPhone      = 0476-22-1111
| CityHallLink       = {{URL|www.city.narita.chiba.jp}}
| CityMap            = Chiba-narita-city.png
| Elevation          = 
}}

{{nihongo|'''Narita'''|成田市|Narita-shi}} is a [[Ceeties o Japan|ceety]] locatit in [[Chiba Prefectur]], [[Japan]]. It is the steid o [[Narita Internaitional Airport]], the main internaitional airport serving the [[Greater Tokyo Aurie]].

As o 31 Mairch 2011, the ceety haes a estimatit [[population]] o 126,235, wi 54,021 [[hoosehauld]]s an a [[population density]] o 590.33 bodies per km². Its total aurie is 213.84&amp;nbsp;km².

==Auries==
[[File:Narita-city-office,japan.jpg|thumb|Ceety Office]]
[[File:Narita Street in Japan.JPG|thumb|right|The street o [[Narita-san]] temple]]
[[Image:Narita-gion-festival-1,Narita-city,Japan.jpg|thumb|right|Narita Gion Festival, ane o famous for festival in Chiba Prefectur, wi held on Julie]]

===Central Narita===
Central Narita is roughly defined as the aurie atween [[Narita Station]], [[Keisei Narita Station]] an the [[Narita-san]] Temple. The main road in central Narita is Omotesandō (表参道), which is lined wi aboot 150 smaw shops an haes been extensively renovatit in recent years.

===Narita New Toun===
Narita New Toun is a planned residential aurie tae the wast o [[Narita Station]]. It haes 16,000 hames wi a total population o 60,000. The aurie wis designed in 1968 based on the [[new toun]]s surroondin Lunnon in the UK, an nou hooses maist o the ceety's population.

===Kōzunomori===
{{nihongo|Kōzunomori|公津の杜}} is a suburban aurie o Narita locatit sooth o the New Toun, aboot 4 minutes by train frae Keisei Narita Station. It haes a population o aboot 12,000. The [[Kōzunomori Station]] is flankit bi a lairge [[Ito-Yokado]] depairtment store.

===Airport an ferm auries===
[[Narita Internaitional Airport]] is locatit on the east side o Narita in a historically agricultural aurie cried {{Nihongo|Sanrizuka|三里塚}}. The construction an later expansion o the airport led tae intense ceevil unrest amang Sanrizuka residents (see [[:en:Narita International Airport#History|Narita Internaitional Airport's history]]). Awtho laund expropriation an poorer fermin condeetions due tae the airport's construction hae caused Narita's fermin population tae drop twa-thirds frae pre-airport levels, the aurie immediately surroondin the airport remains lichtly populatit bi fermers. Some abandoned fermland is nou uised for [[gowf]] courses, while ither plots o laund hae become unoffeecial dumpin grunds for garbage.

===Industrial auries===
Thare are twa main industrial zones in Narita: {{nihongo|Nogedaira|野毛平}} an {{nihongo|Toyosumi|豊住}}. Baith zones wur laid oot in the 1960s tae tak advantage o Narita Airport an the ability tae quickly import an export guids bi air. An aircraft part repair plant operatit bi JAL ([[Japan Airlines]]) an [[Pratt &amp; Whitney]], cried [[Japan Turbine Technologies]], is locatit in the Taiei industrial estate.

==History==
[[File:Naritasan-Shinshoji-Temple.Great-Main-Hall.jpg|thumb|Main Haw o [[Narita-san]] temple]]

The aurie around present-day Narita haes been inhabitit syne the [[Japanese Paleolithic]] period. Airchaeologists hae foond [[stane tuil]]s datin tae some 30,000 years ago on the steid o Narita Airport. Numerous [[shell midden]]s frae the [[Jōmon period]], an hunders o [[kofun|burial tumuli]] frae the [[Kofun period]] hae been foond in numerous locations aroond Narita. Place names in the vicinity o Narita appear in the [[Nara period]] ''[[Man'yōshū]]'' (awtho the name “Narita” does no appear in written records till 1408). As Narita is locatit roughly equidistant frae the [[Paceefic Ocean]] an [[Tokyo Bay]], aroond a nummer o smaw rivers, it wis a natural poleetical an commercial centre for the region, an gained importance as a pilgrimage destination wi the foondation o the notit Buddhist temple o [[Narita-san|Shinsho-ji]] in 940 AD. Durin the [[Heian period]], the aurie wis a centre for the revolt o [[Taira Masakado]]. Durin the [[Edo period]], the aurie continued tae prosper as pairt o the ''[[tenryō]]'' athin [[Shimōsa Province]] unner direct control o the [[Tokugawa shogunate]].

Efter the [[Meiji Restoration]], the aurie wis organisit as a toun unner [[Inba Destrict]] on 1 Apryle 1889. Portions o the toun wur destroyed bi [[Allees o Warld War II|Alleed]] [[Strategic bombin|air raid]]s in Februar an Mey 1945. On 31 Mairch 1954, Narita gained ceety status throu merger wi the neebourin veelages o Habu, Nakago, Kuzumi, Toyosumi, Toyama, an Kozu. Growthe in the aurie began in earnest in 1966, when Prime Meenister [[Eisaku Sato]] laid oot the plan for [[Narita Internaitional Airport]]. The development o the airport an accompanyin access tae central Tokyo led tae widespread residential, commercial an industrial development in the ceety. Housomeivver, construction o the airport wis widely opposed, an violent demonstrations occurred throu the end o the 1960s an early 1970s, which delayed the openin o the airport till 20 Mey 1978.

On 27 Mairch 2006, the touns o [[Shimofusa, Chiba|Shimofusa]] an [[Taiei, Chiba|Taiei]] (baith frae [[Katori Destrict]]) wur mergit intae Narita.

==Climate==
{{Weather box
|location = Narita, Chiba (1981-2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 
|Feb record high C = 
|Mar record high C = 
|Apr record high C = 
|May record high C = 
|Jun record high C = 
|Jul record high C = 38.7
|Aug record high C = 
|Sep record high C = 
|Oct record high C = 
|Nov record high C = 
|Dec record high C = 
|year record high C = 38.7
|Jan high C = 9.2
|Feb high C = 9.7
|Mar high C = 12.7
|Apr high C = 18.0
|May high C = 21.8
|Jun high C = 24.2
|Jul high C = 28.1
|Aug high C = 30.0
|Sep high C = 26.2
|Oct high C = 21.1
|Nov high C = 16.4
|Dec high C = 11.8
|year high C = 19.1
|Jan low C = -2.4
|Feb low C = -1.5
|Mar low C = 2.0
|Apr low C = 7.2
|May low C = 12.1
|Jun low C = 16.3
|Jul low C = 20.3
|Aug low C = 21.8
|Sep low C = 18.7
|Oct low C = 12.3
|Nov low C = 5.7
|Dec low C = 0.0
|year low C = 9.4
|Jan record low C = -10.7
|Feb record low C = 
|Mar record low C = 
|Apr record low C = 
|May record low C = 
|Jun record low C =
|Jul record low C = 
|Aug record low C = 
|Sep record low C = 
|Oct record low C =
|Nov record low C = 
|Dec record low C = 
|year record low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 61.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 62.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 115.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 116.6
|May precipitation mm = 119.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 144.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 123.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 117.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 214.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 202.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 99.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 50.7
|year precipitation mm = 1429.1
|source 1 = Narita Aviation Weather Service Center&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.jma-net.go.jp/narita-airport/kansoku/data/siryou/kikou.htm| title = 成田空港 1981-2010年 | accessdate = 2012-02-06 | publisher = 成田航空地方気象台
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=February 2012
}}

==Tourist attractions==
[[File:Tuna auction at Narita Wholesale Market.jpg|thumb|Tuna auction at Narita Wholesale Mercat]]

* [[Narita-san|Narita-san Shinsho Temple]]
* [[Shiseki Pairk]]
* [[Chiba Prefectural Boso Fudoki-no-oka Museum]]
* [[Narita Wholesale ercat]]

==Economy==
Awtho Narita's economy wis historically focused on agricultur, the openin o [[Narita Internaitional Airport]] refocused the local economy on transportation, logistics an tourism. Maist o the airport property is locatit athin Narita Ceety, but mony airport hotels an airport-relatit logistics facilities are in the neebourin touns o Shibayama an Tomisato.

[[Prologis]], [[FedEx Express]], [[Sagawa Express]] an several ither lairge logistics firms hae major shippin centres in the ceety.

[[Nippon Cargo Airlines]] an [[Vanilla Air]] are heidquartered on airport property athin the ceety.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.vanilla-air.com/en/corporate/corporate-profile Corporate Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105172323/http://www.vanilla-air.com/en/corporate/corporate-profile |date=2020-11-05 }}.&quot; () Vanilla Air. Retrieved on January 19, 2014. &quot;Headquarters Narita International Airport 2PTB, Chiba, JAPAN&quot; - [http://www.vanilla-air.com/corporate/corporate-profile Address in Japanese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105182702/http://www.vanilla-air.com/corporate/corporate-profile |date=2020-11-05 }}(): &quot;成田国際空港 第2旅客ターミナル内&quot; (Narita International Airport, inside Passenger Terminal 2)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Englishprofile&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.nca.aero/e/profile/company/about/index.html Corporate Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628221310/http://www.nca.aero/e/profile/company/about/index.html |date=2008-06-28 }}.&quot; [[Nippon Cargo Airlines]]. Retrieved on February 17, 2012. &quot;NARITA OFFICE NCA Line Maintenance Hangar Narita International Airport Narita-shi, Chiba 282-0011, Japan&quot; and &quot;TOKYO OFFICE :  Onarimon Yusen Bldg. 11F 3-23-5 Nishi-Shimbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Spring Airlines Japan]] is heidquartered in the Kozunomori aurie o the ceety.

[[JALways]] wis heidquartered in the JAL Operations Center at the airport afore mergin intae JAL in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081219104422/http://www.jalways.co.jp/english/company/index.html Company Profile]&quot; () JALways. Retrieved on December 12, 2009. &quot;Registered Office 4-11, Higashi-Shinagawa 2-chome,Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan Head Office Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center 3F, Narita International Airport, Narita, Chiba,Japan 282-8610&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830075357/http://www.jalways.co.jp/company/index.html Japanese address](): Registered office: &quot;本店所在地 東京都品川区東品川2丁目4番11号&quot; Headquarters: 〒282-8610 千葉県成田市成田国際空港内　日本航空成田オペレーションセンター3階.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Education==

===Schuils===
Public elementar an junior heich schuils are operatit bi the ceety o Narita.

The follaein public heich schuils are operatit bi the [[Chiba Prefectural Buird o Eddication]].
* Narita North Heich Schuil
* Narita Seiryo Heich Schuil
* Shimofusa Heich Schuil
* Narita Internaitional Heich Schuil

===Public librars===
The Ceety o Narita operates the Narita Public Library. In addition each commonty centre includes a librar branch.&lt;ref name=narita-city&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/english/information/c6_04.html |title=Libraries and Community Centers |publisher=City Narita, Chiba, Japan |accessdate=29 June 2011 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195500/http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/english/information/c6_04.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Commonty centres==
Narita operates several commonty centres, includin the Central Commonty Centre an various ithers.&lt;ref name=narita-city/&gt;

==Transportation==

===Airport===
[[File:Narita International Airport, Terminal 1.JPG|thumb|[[Narita Internaitional Airport]] Terminal Ane]]

*[[Narita Internaitional Airport]] provides domestic an internaitional services.

===Rail===
''[[Narita Express]]'' trains an Keisei ''[[Skyliner]]'' trains connect Narita Airport tae central Tokyo.

*[[JR East]]: [[Narita Line]]
**{{ja-stalink|Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Kuzumi}}–{{ja-stalink|Namegawa}}
*JR East: [[Narita Line|Narita Abiko Line]]
**{{ja-stalink|Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Shimōsa-Manzaki}}
*JR East: [[Narita Line|Narita Airport Line]]
**{{ja-stalink|Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Airport Terminal 2}}–{{ja-stalink|Narita Airport}}
[[File:Kouzunomori Station.jpg|thumb|Keisei Kozunomori Station]]
*[[Keisei Electric Railway]]: [[Keisei Main Line]]
**{{ja-stalink|Kōzunomori}}–{{ja-stalink|Keisei Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Airport Terminal 2}}–{{ja-stalink|Narita Airport}}
*Keisei Electric Railway: [[Keisei Higashi-Narita Line]]
** {{ja-stalink|Keisei Narita}}–{{ja-stalink|Higashi-Narita}}

===Heich-gate===
The [[Higashi-Kanto Expresswey]] connects Narita tae Tokyo an Chiba Ceety. Chiba Kotsu an Narita Kuko Kotsu provide bus service throu the ceety. The Narita City Loop Bus, operatit bi baith companies, operates on twa circular routes aroond the ceety, stoppin in major commercial auries an at aw major hotels.

*[[Higashi-Kantō Expresswey]]
*[[Shin-Kūkō Expresswey]]
*[[Ken-Ō Expresswey]]
*[[Japan Naitional Route 51]]
*[[Japan Naitional Route 295]]
*[[Japan Naitional Route 296]]
*[[Japan Naitional Route 356]]
*[[Japan Naitional Route 408]]
*[[Japan Naitional Route 409]]
*[[Japan Naitional Route 464]]

==Sister ceeties==
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Xianyang]], [[Shaanxi]], Cheenae, syne 14 September 1988
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], Sooth Korea, syne 21 September 1998
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeongeup]], Sooth Korea, syne 29 Januar 2002
*{{Flagicon|USA}} [[San Bruno, Californie]], USA,&lt;ref name=&quot;CGJSFSister&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.cgjsf.org/pdf/Local_Government.pdf Consolidation of Local Governments in Japan and Effects on Sister City Relationships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019123532/http://www.cgjsf.org/pdf/Local_Government.pdf |date=2007-10-19 }}&quot;, ''Consulate General of Japan, San Francisco''&lt;/ref&gt; syne 6 October 1990
*{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Næstved]], Denmark, syne 14 Mairch 2003
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Foxton, New Zealand]], syne 1 Januar 1995

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category|Narita, Chiba}}
* [http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp Narita Ceety official website] {{ja icon}}
* [http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/english/index.html Narita City official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209005253/http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/english/index.html |date=2005-02-09 }} {{en icon}}
* [http://www.mgnewman.com/narita/ Narita Layover Page] {{en icon}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Narita}}

{{Chiba}}

[[Category:Ceeties in Chiba Prefectur]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>San Lorenzo de Almagro</title>
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      <text bytes="7297" sha1="f59zauweujjrlh5zjwlycf4255rx4no" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club 
| clubname = San Lorenzo
| image    = [[File:Sanlorenzo_almagro_logo2026.png|150px]]
| fullname = Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro
| nickname = ''Santo'', ''Cuervo'', ''Ciclón'', ''Azulgrana'', ''Matadores''
| founded  = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1908|04|01}} 
| ground   = [[Estadio Pedro Bidegain]], &lt;br&gt; [[Flores, Buenos Aires]]
| capacity = 47,964
| chairman = [[Marcelo Culotta]]
| manager  = [[Rubén Darío Insúa]]
| league   = [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]
| season   = 2025
| position = 7th
| website = http://www.sanlorenzo.com.ar/
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[[File:Estadio Pedro Bidegain.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:LIGA vs SAN LORENZO (3).jpg|thumb|]]
'''Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro''' ({{IPA-es|kluβ aˈtletiko san loˈɾenso ðe alˈmaɣɾo|local}}) is a [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[sports club]] based in the [[Flores, Buenos Aires|Flores]] neebourheid o [[Buenos Aires]], tho oreeginally frae [[Boedo]] which is best kent for its [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] team which plays in the [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]], the tap diveesion o the [[Argentine fitbaw league seestem]].
San Lorenzo is an aa considered ane o the 5 Great Teams (''&quot;Los 5 Grandes&quot;'') in Argentinian fitbaw, wi [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]], [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] an [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]]. Its historical rival is [[Club Atlético Huracán|Huracán]].

Ither sports practisit at the club are [[basketbaw]], [[field hockey]], [[team handbaw|handbaw]], [[mairtial airts]], [[tennis]], [[volleybaw]] an [[rugby union]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://webbellisnews.blogspot.com.ar/2009/12/san-lorenzo-rugby-cierre-de-un-gran-ano.html &quot;San Lorenzo rugby, cierre de un gran año&quot;, Argentine Webb Ellis website], 2009-12-07&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==

===Naitional===
*'''[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] (15)''': [[:en:1923 in Argentine football|1923 AAm]],{{efn|name=aam|The Asociación Amateurs de Football (AAm) was a rival association which organized its own championships from 1919 to 1926.}} [[:en:1924 in Argentine football|1924 Aam]],{{efn|name=aam}} [[:en:1927 in Argentine football|1927]], [[:en:1933 Argentine Primera División|1933]], [[:en:1936 Argentine Primera División|1936 (Copa de Honor)]]{{efn|On July 2013, The Argentine Football Association recognized the 1936 Copa de Honor won by San Lorenzo as a Primera División honour. The information was also added to AFA's website.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/deportes/AFA-reconocio-San-Lorenzo-River_0_950905061.html |title=&quot;La AFA les reconoció otro título a San Lorenzo y a River&quot;, ''Clarín'', 6 July 2013 |access-date=2014-07-29 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231546/http://www.clarin.com/deportes/AFA-reconocio-San-Lorenzo-River_0_950905061.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cronica.com.ar/diario/2013/07/05/50257-san-lorenzo-y-river-campeones.html &quot;77 años después: San Lorenzo y River, campeones!&quot;, ''Crónica'', 5 July 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20131216002759/http://cronica.com.ar/diario/2013/07/05/50257-san-lorenzo-y-river-campeones.html |date=2013-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_13/ |title=&quot;Memoria y Balance 1936&quot;, p.41 - AFA Library |access-date=2014-07-29 |archive-date=2014-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624014312/http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_13/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:1946 Argentine Primera División|1946]], [[:en:1959 Argentine Primera División|1959]], [[:en:1968 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1968 Metropolitano]], &lt;br&gt;  [[:en:1972 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1972 Metropolitano]], [[:en:1972 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1972 Nacional]], [[:en:1974 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1974 Nacional]], [[:en:1994–95 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|1995 Clausura]], [[:en:2000–01 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|2001 Clausura]], [[:en:2006–07 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|2007 Clausura]], [[:en:2013-14 Argentine Primera División season#Torneo Inicial|2013 Inicial]]
*'''[[Primera B Metropolitana|Primera División B]] (1)''': 1982 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1600 Segunda División&amp;nbsp;– Campeones] on AFA website&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''[[Primera División C]] (1)''': 1914 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cihf.com.ar/campeonesargentinos.htm Campeones Argentinos&amp;nbsp;– CIHF]&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''[[Copa de la República]] (1)''': 1943 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg-rep43.html Campeonato de la República at RSSSF]&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''[[Supercopa Argentina]] (1)''': 2015

Wanoffeicial:
*'''Copa San Martín de Tours{{efn|The matches of this Cup belonged to the league or National championship. From 1986 to 1996 it was played in the most important match between two Buenos Aireans teams.}} (1)''': 1994&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argsanmartintours.html Copa San Martín de Tours: historic results at RSSSF]&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Copa Jorge Newbery (1)''': 1964&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.museodesanlorenzo.com.ar/contenido/copas/1964/pagina.htm Copa Jorge Newbery 1964, Museo de San Lorenzo website]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Internaitional===
*'''[[Copa Libertadores]] (1)''': [[:en:2014 Copa Libertadores|2014]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=San Lorenzo win Copa Libertadores|url=http://www.espnfc.com/copa-libertadores/story/1984734/san-lorenzo-tops-paraguays-nacional-1-0-to-the-2014-copa-libertadores-final|publisher=ESPN FC|accessdate=14 August 2014|date=14 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''[[Copa Mercosur]] (1)''': [[:en:2001 Copa Mercosur|2001]]
*'''[[Copa Sudamericana]] (1)''': [[:en:2002 Copa Sudamericana|2002]]
*'''[[Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata]] {{efn|The Copa Campeonato del Río de la Plata was an official football competition organized by the Amateur Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Federation. It was played with a similar format to the [[Copa Aldao]], but in this case, involving the champions of the dissident associations.}} (1)''': [[:en:1923 in Argentine football|1923]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rsssf.com/sacups/aldao.html '''RSSSF''': Campeonato Rioplatense]&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''[[Copa Aldao]] (1)''': [[:en:1927 in Argentine football|1927]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category|Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro}}
*[http://www.sanlorenzo.com.ar Offeecial wabsteid] 
*[http://www.sanlorenzowebsite.com.ar/ San Lorenzo wabsteid]
*[http://www.mundoazulgrana.com.ar/ Mundo Azulgrana]

[[Category:San Lorenzo de Almagro| ]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1908]]
[[Category:Argentine volleybaw teams]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Buenos Aires]]</text>
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    <title>Brisbane Roar FC</title>
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      <text bytes="3466" sha1="iuma8vgoqbjsgl2fgjvkd62ucx1avpo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Brisbane Roar
| image    = 
| fullname = Brisbane Roar Football Club
| nickname = ''Roar, BRFC''
| founded  = 2004 as ''Queensland Roar''
| ground   = [[Lang Park|Suncorp Stadium]]
| capacity = 52,500
| owner          = [[Bakrie Group]]
| chairman       = [[Rahim Soekasah]]
| chrtitle       = Chairman
| manager        = [[John Aloisi]]
| league         = [[A-League]]
| season         = [[2025–26 A-League|2025–26]]
| position       = A-League, 11t
| website        = http://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/
| current        = 

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'''Brisbane Roar FC''' is a profeesional [[Association fitbaw|soccer]] club based in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australie. It competes in the kintra's premier competeetion, the [[A-League]] unner [[:en:North American professional sports league organization#Systems around the world|license]] frae [[Football Federation Australia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A-League License&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/football/a-league-owners-to-be-offered-far-longer-licences-by-football-federation-australia/story-fnii0fc4-1226748487816 | title=A-League owners to be offered far longer licenses by Football Federation Australia | work=www.adelaidenow.com.au | date=28 October 2013 | accessdate=2 April 2014 | archive-date=2013-10-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029172249/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/football/a-league-owners-to-be-offered-far-longer-licences-by-football-federation-australia/story-fnii0fc4-1226748487816 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Roar entered the competeetion in the league's inaugural [[:en:2005–06 A-League|2005–06 saison]] as Queensland Roar FC. The club haes wan twa league Premierships, three Championships an it haes competit in twa [[AFC Champions League]] competeetions. Brisbane Roar haulds the record for the langest unbeaten run at the top level o ony Australie [[fitbaw code]], which staunds at 36 league matches athoot defeat.&lt;ref name=&quot;footballaustralia.com.au&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/brisbaneroar/news-display/brisbane-blaze-into-history-books/43005|title=Brisbane blaze into history books|publisher=[[Football Federation Australia]]|date=26 November 2011|access-date=2014-08-01|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185854/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/brisbaneroar/news-display/brisbane-blaze-into-history-books/43005|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brisbane Roar are the first an anerly club tae win back tae back A-League Championships.

==Honours==

*'''[[A-League]]'''
:Premiers (2): 2010–11,  2013&amp;ndash;14
:Runners-up (1): 2011–12

*'''A-League Finals'''
:Champions (3): 2011, 2012, 2014

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/ Offeecial wabsteid]

[[Category:Brisbane Roar FC]]
[[Category:A-League teams]]
[[Category:Soccer clubs in Australie]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in the 1950s]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Australie]]


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      <text bytes="3394" sha1="fky28t0adlukh34so1fodanxj0qeufe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox fitbaw club
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| fullname = Brisbane Roar Football Club
| nickname = ''Roar, BRFC''
| founded  = 2004 as ''Queensland Roar''
| ground   = [[Lang Park|Suncorp Stadium]]
| capacity = 52,500
| owner          = [[Bakrie Group]]
| chairman       = [[Rahim Soekasah]]
| chrtitle       = Chairman
| manager        = [[John Aloisi]]
| league         = [[A-League]]
| season         = [[2025–26 A-League|2025–26]]
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'''Brisbane Roar FC''' is a profeesional [[Association fitbaw|soccer]] club based in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australie. It competes in the kintra's premier competeetion, the [[A-League]] unner [[:en:North American professional sports league organization#Systems around the world|license]] frae [[Football Federation Australia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A-League License&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/football/a-league-owners-to-be-offered-far-longer-licences-by-football-federation-australia/story-fnii0fc4-1226748487816 | title=A-League owners to be offered far longer licenses by Football Federation Australia | work=www.adelaidenow.com.au | date=28 October 2013 | accessdate=2 April 2014 | archive-date=2013-10-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029172249/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/football/a-league-owners-to-be-offered-far-longer-licences-by-football-federation-australia/story-fnii0fc4-1226748487816 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Roar entered the competeetion in the league's inaugural [[:en:2005–06 A-League|2005–06 saison]] as Queensland Roar FC. The club haes wan twa league Premierships, three Championships an it haes competit in twa [[AFC Champions League]] competeetions. Brisbane Roar haulds the record for the langest unbeaten run at the top level o ony Australie [[fitbaw code]], which staunds at 36 league matches athoot defeat.&lt;ref name=&quot;footballaustralia.com.au&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/brisbaneroar/news-display/brisbane-blaze-into-history-books/43005|title=Brisbane blaze into history books|publisher=[[Football Federation Australia]]|date=26 November 2011|access-date=2014-08-01|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185854/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/brisbaneroar/news-display/brisbane-blaze-into-history-books/43005|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brisbane Roar are the first an anerly club tae win back tae back A-League Championships.

==Honours==

*'''[[A-League]]'''
:Premiers (2): 2010–11,  2013&amp;ndash;14
:Runners-up (1): 2011–12

*'''A-League Finals'''
:Champions (3): 2011, 2012, 2014

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/ Offeecial wabsteid]

[[Category:Brisbane Roar FC]]
[[Category:A-League teams]]
[[Category:Soccer clubs in Australie]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in the 1950s]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Australie]]


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    <title>Virginia Beach, Virginie</title>
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      <text bytes="13837" sha1="1xsettxh223wkfe9b57i6zyt1j5ln3m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = Virginie Strand
|settlement_type         = [[Independent ceety]]
|official_name           = Ceety of Virginie Strand
|nickname                = &quot;The Resort Ceety&quot;, &quot;Neptune Ceety&quot;
|motto                   = ''Landmarks o Oor Naition's Beginnin''
|image_skyline           = Virginia Beach from Fishing Pier.jpg
|imagesize               = 250px
|image_caption           = The Virginie Strand oceanfront in July 2008
|image_flag              = Flag of Virginia Beach, Virginia.png
|image_seal              = Seal of Virginia Beach, Virginia.png
|image_map               = VAMap-doton-VirginiaBeach.PNG
|mapsize                 = 250x200px
|map_caption             = Location in the [[Virginie|Commonwealth of Virginia]]
|image_map1              =
|mapsize1                =
|map_caption1            =
|pushpin_map             = USA
|pushpin_map_caption     = Location in the contiguous Unitit States
|subdivision_type        = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
|subdivision_type1       = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_type2       = [[Coonty]]
|subdivision_name        = [[Unitit States]]
|subdivision_name1       = [[Virginie]]
|subdivision_name2       = Princess Anne ([[Independent ceety (Unitit States)|Independent ceety]])
|government_type         = [[Cooncil–manager govrenment|Cooncil-manager]]
|leader_title            = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name             = [[Will Sessoms]] [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|(R)]]
|established_title1      = Incorporatit (toun)
|established_date1       = 1906
|established_title2      = Incorporatit (ceety)
|established_date2       = 1952
|area_magnitude          = 
|area_total_sq_mi        = 497
|area_land_sq_mi         = 249
|area_water_sq_mi        = 248
|population_as_of        = 2013
|population_total        = 448,479([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|39t]])
|population_urban        = 1212000
|population_metro        = 1707369
|population_density_sq_mi  = auto
|timezone                = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset              = -5
|timezone_DST            = [[Eastren Daylicht Time|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST          = -4
|postal_code_type        =
|postal_code             =
|area_code               = [[Area code 757|757]]
|elevation_ft            = 10
|elevation_m             = 6
|coordinates             = {{coord|36.8506|-75.9779|region:US-VA|display=inline}}
|website                 = http://www.vbgov.com/
|blank_name              = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info              = 51-82000&lt;ref name=&quot;GR2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|blank1_name             = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info             = 1500261&lt;ref name=&quot;GR3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|footnotes               =
}}
'''Virginie Strand''' is a [[independent ceety (Unitit States)|independent ceity]] locatit in the [[U.S. state]] o [[Virginie]]. As o the [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010 census]], the population wis 437,994.&lt;ref name=&quot;QF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=State &amp; County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/51/51810.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=January 6, 2014|archive-date=2014-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107031400/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/51/51810.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, the population wis estimatit tae be 448,479.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.coopercenter.org/demographics]. Virginia State 2013 Population Estimates Retrieved February 2, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; It is the maist populous ceity in Virginie as weel as the 39t [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|maist populous in the Unitit States]].

Virginie Strand is a pairt o the Virginie Strand-Norfolk-Newport News ([[Hampton Roads]]) [[metropolitan area]]. The area includes the ceities o [[Chesapeake, Virginie|Chesapeake]], [[Hampton, Virginie|Hampton]], [[Newport News, Virginie|Newport News]], [[Norfolk, Virginie|Norfolk]], [[Portsmouth, Virginie|Portsmouth]], an [[Suffolk, Virginie|Suffolk]], as weel as ither smawer ceities, coonties an touns o [[Hampton Roads]]. The area is kent as &quot;America's First Region.&quot;
  
Virginie Strand is best kent as a [[resort]] toun. It haes miles o [[beach]]es an hunders o [[hottle]]s, [[motel]]s, an [[restaurant]]s alang the Atlantic Ocean an Chesapeake Bay. It is hame tae several [[state pairk]]s, three [[militar]] bases, a nummer o muckle [[company|corporations]], an twa [[Varsity|varsities]]. It wis the steid o the first laundin o [[Ingland|Inglis]] [[colony|colonists]] gangin tae [[Jamestown, Virginie|Jamestoun]].

The ceity is leetit in the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' as haein the langest pleasur beach in the warld. It is at the soothren end o the [[Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel]], the langest [[brig]]-[[tunnel]] in the warld.

== History ==
=== Native Americans ===
[[Chesepian]]s wur the [[Native American]] (American Indian) fowk livin in the area nou kent as [[Sooth Hampton Roads]] in [[Virginie]] durin the time the Inglis settlers came in 1607. Thay bidit in a area which is nou the ceities o Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake an Virginia Beach.

The Chesepians haed twa ither toins, [[Apasus]] an [[Chesepioc]]. Baith wur near the Chesapeake Bay in whit is nou Virginia Beach. [[Airchaeology|Airchaeologists]] an ither fowk hae fand mony Native American [[Airtifact (airchaeology)|airtifacts]], for ensaumple [[arrae]]heids, stane [[axe]]s, [[pottery]], [[bead]]s, an [[skelet]]s in the area.

=== First laundin, Adam Thoroughgood ===
[[File:CapeHenry.jpg|right|thumb|Cape Henry frae the air, facin ESE]]In 1607, efter travelin bi ocean for 144 days, three [[ship]]s heidit bi Caiptain [[Christopher Newport]] came tae laund whaur the Atlantic Ocean meets the soothren mooth o the Chesapeake Bay. This point is in the northeastren pairt o the ceity. Thay cried it [[Cape Henry]], efter [[Henry Frederick, Prince o Wales]], the auldest son o [[King]] [[James VI, King o Scots]].  Thay then left the area tae fynd a place farther inland whaur ships frae ither [[Europe]]an kintras wad no fynd thaim. Thay creatit thair first dounset at [[Jamestown, Virginie|Jamestown]]. 
 
[[Adam Thoroughgood]] (1604-1640) o [[Norfolk]], [[Ingland]] is ane o the first Inglishmen tae settle in the area which became Virginia Beach.

In 1634, the [[Colony]] wis dividit intae [[shire]]s. Thay wur suin recried [[coonty|coonties]]. It is said that Thoroughgood uised the name o his hame in Ingland when helpin name [[New Norfolk Coonty]] in 1637. The follaein year, New Norfolk Coonty wis split intae [[Upper Norfolk County]] (suin renamit [[Nansemond Coonty, Virginie|Nansemond Coonty]]) an [[Lower Norfolk Coonty]]. Thoroughgood waled tae live alang the [[Lynnhaven River]], cried for his hame in Ingland an aw. Lower Norfolk Coonty wis vera big. It stretched aw the wey frae the Atlantic Ocean wast past the [[Elizabeth River (Virginie)|Elizabeth River]]. It includit the entire area that is nou the ceities o Portsmouth, Norfolk, Chesapeake, an Virginia Beach.

=== Princess Anne County: 1691-1963 ===
In 1691, Lower Norfolk Coonty wis dividit tae shape [[Norfolk Coonty, Virginie|Norfolk Coonty]] tae the wast an [[Princess Anne Coonty, Virginie|Princess Anne Coonty]] tae the east. Princess Anne includit aw the area frae North Carolina mairch tae Cape Henry at the mooth o the Chesapeake Bay alang the Atlantic Ocean. Princess Anne Coonty existit frae 1691 tae 1963, ower 250 years.

=== Virginia Beach: growth o a resorte ===
The smaw resort area o Virginia Beach began tae grow in Princess Anne Coonty in the late 19t hunderyear. This growthe wis helpit in 1888 when [[railwey|rail service]] an [[electricity]] stairtit in the area.

The resort wis dependent upon [[railwey]] an [[electric trolley]] service at first. The [[concrete]] [[Virginia Beach Boulevard]] frae Norfolk tae the Oceanfront wis completit in 1922. It let fowk get tae the oceanfront in [[automobile]]s, [[bus]]es, an [[larrie]]s. The resort o Virginia Beach became a [[incorporatit toun]] in 1906. Ower the next 45 years, Virginia Beach became mair popular as a [[simmer]] [[vacation]] spot. Virginia Beach became a smaw [[independent ceety]] in 1952. It wis [[politics|poleetically]] [[unthirldom|unthirlt]] frae Princess Anne Coonty. In 1963, Virginia Beach an Princess Anne coonty mergit intae a new, hintle lairger [[independent ceety]] keepin the name o the Virginia Beach resort.

== Geographie an climate ==
Virginia Beach haes a area o 1,288.1 [[square kilometre|km²]] (497.3 [[square mile|mi²]]).  O that area, 643.1&amp;nbsp;km² (248.3&amp;nbsp;mi²) is laund an 645.0&amp;nbsp;km² (249.0&amp;nbsp;mi²) is watter. The average [[elevation]] is 12 feet (4 meters) abuin [[sea level]].

== Things tae see ==
* [[Adam Keeling House]]
* [[Adam Thoroughgood House]]
* [[Cape Henry]]
* [[Fleet Combat Training Center Atlantic]]
* [[Fort Story]]
* [[Hell's Point Country Club]]
* [[Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base]]
* [[Naval Air Station Oceana]]
* [[Norwegian Lady Statues|Norwegian Lady Statue]]
* [[Old Cape Henry Lighthouse]]
* [[Old Coast Guard Station Museum]] (Seatack)
* [[Regent Varsity]] an [[Christian Broadcasting Network]]
* [[TPC of Virginia Beach]]
* [[Verizon Wireless Virginia Beach Amphitheater]]
* [http://www.VirginiaAquarium.com Virginia Aquarium]
* [[Virginia Beach Oceanfront]]

The Edgar Cayce Hospital for Research an Enlightenment wis stairtit in Virginia Beach in 1928 wi 60 beds. Cayce wis a [[psychic]] frae [[Kentucky]] who said he haed healin abilities an made prophecies. Cayce livit in Virginia Beach till he dee'd in 1945. His follaeers are still active in Virginia Beach. [[Atlantic Varsity]] wis opened bi Cayce in 1930; it closed twa years later but wis re-opened in 1985. Atlantic Varsity wis oreeginally intendit for study o Cayce's readins an research efter spiritual subjects.

Thare are eleiven [[gowf courses]] open tae the public in the ceity an aw, as weel as fower kintra club courses an [[Naval Air Station Oceana|NAS Oceana's]] Aeropines course. Amang the best-kent public courses are [[Hell's Point Golf Club]] an the [[TPC of Virginia Beach]].

=== Militar bases ===
Virginia Beach is hame tae several [[Unitit States]] [[Militar]] bases. Thir include the [[Unitit States Navy]]'s [[Naval Air Station Oceana|NAS Oceana]] an [[Fleet Training Center Dam Neck|FTC Dam Neck]], an the [[Unitit States Army]]'s [[Fort Story]] at [[Cape Henry]]. [[Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek|NAB Little Creek]] is maistly in the ceety o Virginia Beach but haes a Norfolk address.

NAS Oceana is the lairgest employer in Virginia Beach. It is said tae the lairgest [[Navy|naval]] [[airport|airbase]] in the warld.

==Sister ceeties==
Virginia Beach haes five [[twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceeties]]:&lt;ref&gt;Sister Cities designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/VA Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]. Retrieved June 6, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://sangunian.blogspot.com/2013/08/approved-resolutions-august-14-2013.html Approved Resolutions August 14]&quot;, eLegis Olongapo City Sanggunian. Retrieved 2013-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Bangor, Coonty Doun|Bangor]], [[Northren Ireland]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miyazaki, Miyazaki|Miyazaki]], [[Miyazaki Prefectur]], [[Kyūshū]], [[Japan]]
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Moss, Norawa|Moss]], [[Norawa]]
* {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Olongapo]], [[Philippines]]
* {{flagicon|NCA}} [[San Juan del Sur]], [[Nicaragua]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.vbgov.com/ Offeecial Govrenment Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000408144814/http://www.vbgov.com/ |date=2000-04-08 }}
* [http://www.va-beach.com/ Tourism Website Since 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106112348/http://va-beach.com/ |date=2014-01-06 }} www.va-beach.com
* [http://www.vbfun.com/ Convention &amp; Visitors Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820161144/http://vbfun.com/ |date=2008-08-20 }}
* [http://www.virginia.org/site/cities.asp?city=Virginia+Beach Virginia Beach City Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508210336/http://www.virginia.org/site/cities.asp?city=Virginia+Beach |date=2006-05-08 }} Virginia is for Lovers
* [http://www.vbbound.com/virginiabeach/trip/vabeach_map.htm Map o Virginia Beach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113204126/http://www.vbbound.com/virginiabeach/trip/vabeach_map.htm |date=2013-01-13 }}
* [http://www.beachscreens.com/Pictures-of-Virginia-Beach-VA.php Picturs o Virginia Beach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629235100/http://www.beachscreens.com/Pictures-of-Virginia-Beach-VA.php |date=2007-06-29 }}
* [http://www.vbgov.com/emapping City of Virginia Beach Online Geographic Information]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Virginia Beach, Virginie
|North     = [[Northampton Coonty, Virginia|Northampton Coonty]]
|Northeast =
|East      = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
|Southeast =
|South     = [[Currituck Coonty, North Carolina]]
|Southwest =
|West      = [[Chesapeake, Virginie|City of Chesapeake]]
|Northwest = [[Norfolk, Virginie|City of Norfolk]]
}}

[[Category:Virginia Beach, Virginie| ]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Virginie]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Surfin locations in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Virginie]]
[[Category:Hampton Roads]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1906]]
[[Category:1906 establishments in Virginie]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Katja Flint</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87942</id>
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      <text bytes="1610" sha1="hwefxrokz5pdcqs3yodvjnpg99uow96" xml:space="preserve">'''Katja Flint''' (born 11 November 1959 in [[Stadthagen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]) is a German actress.

Flint grew up in [[Utah]] an marriet German actor [[Heiner Lauterbach]]. They hae a son namit Oskar. Syne 1982 Flint haes been a major character in German movies an on German telly.

== Filmografie ==
* ''Piratensender Powerplay'' (1982)
* ''{{ill|de|Kolp (film)|Kolp (Film)|Kolp}}'' (1983)
* ''[[Vergesst Mozart]]'' (1985)
* ''Leo und Charlotte'' (1991)
* ''{{ill|sv|The Democratic Terrorist (film)|Den demokratiske terroristen (film)|The Democratic Terrorist}}'' (1992)
* ''{{ill|de|The Invincibles (1994 film)|Die Sieger (1994)|The Invincibles}}'' (1994)
* ''Das Mädchen Rosemarie'' (1996)
* ''Widows - Erst die Ehe, dann das Vergnügen'' (1998)
* ''[[Straight Shooter (1999 film)|Straight Shooter]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Marlene (2000 film)|Marlene]]'' (2000)
* ''{{ill|it|Il giovane Casanova}}'' (2002)
* ''[[Olgas Sommer]]'' (2003)
* ''Pfarrer Braun - Der Fluch der Pröpstin'' (2004)
* ''Kabale und Liebe'' (2005, TV)
* ''[[The White Masai]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Warum Männer nicht zuhören und Frauen schlecht einparken]]'' (2007)

== Freemit airtins ==
* {{IMDb name|0282403}}
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=7354 Photographs o Katja Fint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028052856/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=7354 |date=2006-10-28 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flint, Katja}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Stadthagen]]
[[Category:German film actresses]]
[[Category:German televeesion actresses]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nikolay Khlibko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7211" sha1="a7vpsp24py540d27fy05dv7zqe61ndi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
 |name                  = Nikolay Khlibko
 |image         =
 |caption  = 
 |birth_name = Nikolay Selivestrovich Khlibko
 |birth_date = 28 November 1919
 |birth_place = [[Tashkent]], [[Soviet Union]]
 |death_date = {{death date and age|1993|11|17|1919|11|28|df=y}}
 |death_place = [[Nizhny Novgorod]]
 |occupation  = [[Actor]]
 |yearsactive = 1962 - 1990
 |Acting Specialization     = drama theatre actor, cinema actor
 |Awards            = * [[Honored Airtist o the RSFSR]]  (1971)
* [[Medal &quot;For Courage&quot; (Roushie)]]
}}
''' Nikolay Selivesterovich Khlibko''' ({{lang-ru|Николай Селивестрович Хлибко}}) (28 November 1919 – 17 November 1993) wis a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] an [[Roushie]] theatre an cinema [[actor]].

== Biografie ==

[[Honored Airtist o the RSFSR]] ([[1971]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;drama.nnov.ru&quot;&gt;[http://drama.nnov.ru/about/gallery/?ItemID=1969] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326162244/http://drama.nnov.ru/about/gallery/?ItemID=1969 |date=2015-03-26 }} Memory Gallery of [[Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theatre]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Veteran]] o [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;drama.nnov.ru&quot;/&gt;

Nikolay Khlibko wis born on 28 November 1919 in [[Tashkent]].

In 1946 year Nikolay Khlibko feenished Leningrad Theatrical Institute of A. Ostrovsky (Saunt Petersburg State Theatre Airts Academy nowadays).&lt;ref name=&quot;drama.nnov.ru&quot;/&gt;

1956 – 1958 years - actor o [http://www.ardt.uz/ Tashkent Russian Drama Theatre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925144302/http://www.ardt.uz/ |date=2014-09-25 }}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.orexca.com/rus/theatre_gorkiy.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204619/http://www.orexca.com/rus/theatre_gorkiy.shtml |date=2014-08-12 }} History of Russian Drama Theatre of Uzbekistan&lt;/ref&gt;

1962 – 1990 years - actor o Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theatre.&lt;ref name=&quot;drama.nnov.ru&quot;/&gt;

Nikolay Khlibko wis a Airtistic Director o the [[Tashkent Polytechnic Institute]] an a Airtistic Director o [http://ntu-nn.ru/ Gorky Theatre Schuil].&lt;ref name=&quot;nvspb.ru&quot;&gt;[http://www.nvspb.ru/stories/irina-mazurkevich-malenkaya-zarplata-ne-opravdanie-54564] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812213305/http://www.nvspb.ru/stories/irina-mazurkevich-malenkaya-zarplata-ne-opravdanie-54564 |date=2014-08-12 }} Students of the theatre about Nikolay Khlibko&lt;/ref&gt; 
Students blandly called him &quot;uncle Kolya&quot;. Amang the students o Nicholay Khlibko such well-kent Roushie actors as [[Alexander Pankratov-Chyorny]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://meridian.in.ua/news/15364.html A. Pankratov-Chyorny interview]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/17071/40/Groiisman%2C_Levite_-_Vaclav_Dvorzheckiii___dinastiya.html |title=A. Pankratov-Chyorny calls Nikolay Khlibko as a great actor and the great artistic director in a book of Y.Groysman &quot;Vatslav Dvorzhetsky – dynasty&quot; |access-date=2015-07-27 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925235912/http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/17071/40/Groiisman%2C_Levite_-_Vaclav_Dvorzheckiii___dinastiya.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Igor Ledogorov]], [[Julian Kalisher]], [[Irina Mazurkevich]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nvspb.ru&quot;/&gt; an ithers.

Nikolay Khlibko dee'd on 17 November 1993 in [[Nizhny Novgorod]] acause o the hert attack.

== Faimily ==

Wife: Aelita Khlibko, [[Veteran]] o [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]], a Lecturer of the German leid in the past, 25.08.1925 - 05.02.2015

Sons: Vladimir Khlibko, Sergey Khlibko ([[Actor]])

Granddochter: Elena Khlibko ([[Actress]]),&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6353801] IMDb&lt;/ref&gt; Vladislav Khlibko

== Theatre wirks ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Role !! Spectacle
|-
| Dudakov || «[[Summerfolk]]», [[Maxim Gorky]]
|-
| Bubnov || «[[The Lower Depths]]», [[Maxim Gorky]]
|-
| Sartakov || «Conscience», D. Pavlova
|-
| Prosorov || «Chamber», [[Samuil Aleshin]]
|-
| Salov || «The Wedding Day», [[Viktor Rozov]]
|-
| Filipp || «Raft», U. Petukhov
|-
| Joe Keller || «[[All My Sons]]», [[Arthur Miller]]
|-
| Smolokurov || «On The Mountains», [[Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky]]
|-
| King || «Ambassador Extraordinary», A.&amp; P.Tur
|-
| General Kolotov || «Serious Charge», [[Lev Sheynin]]
|-
| Edward IV || «[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]», [[William Shakespeare]]
|-
| Priest|| «[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]», [[Bertolt Brecht]]
|-
| Kolomiytsev || «The Last», [[Maxim Gorky]]
|-
| Samsonov || «Coast», Yury Bondarev
|-
| Fob Dostov || «Kleron», M. Gashpar
|-
| Baptista || «[[The Taming of the Shrew]]», [[William Shakespeare]]
|-
| Khrukov || «Jokers», [[Alexander Ostrovsky]]
|-
| Boatswain Bay || «Destruction Of The Squadron», [[Alexander Korkeychuk]]
|-
| Caretaker Nikita || «Three of Them», [[Maxim Gorky]]
|-
| Gastritis || «Evening», Alexey Dudarev
|-
| Polivanov || «The Mayor of Lykov», D.Granin
|-
| Kuchumov || &quot;Mad Money&quot;, [[Alexander Ostrovsky]]
|-
| Bukeev || &quot;Yakov Bogomolov&quot; [[Maxim Gorky]]
|-
| Neputeviy || &quot;On The Busiest Place&quot; [[Alexander Ostrovsky]]
|-
| Bezbedov || &quot;Life of Klim Samgin&quot; [[Maxim Gorky]]
|-
| Prisypkin || &quot;[[The Bedbug]]&quot; [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]
|-
| Lefevr || &quot;Madame Sans Gêne&quot; [[Victorien Sardou]]
|}

== Filmografie ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year !! Name !! Role
|-
| 1954 || [[Hoosewairmin]] || Mazaev
|-
| 1958 || [[Fiery Years]] || Zheleznov (leading part)
|-
| 1959 || [[Thare Wis a Auld Couple]] || (episode)
|-
| 1968 || [[Luve o Serefim frolov]] || (episode)
|}

== Honors an awairds ==

* [[Honored Airtist o the RSFSR]] (1971)
* [[Medal &quot;For Courage&quot; (Roushie)]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Roushie State Militar Archive]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://drama.nnov.ru/about/gallery/?ItemID=1969] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326162244/http://drama.nnov.ru/about/gallery/?ItemID=1969 |date=2015-03-26 }} Memory Gallery of [[Nizhny Novgorod Drama Theatre]]
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0451677/ Nikolay Khlibko] on [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]]
* [http://www.nvspb.ru/stories/irina-mazurkevich-malenkaya-zarplata-ne-opravdanie-54564] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812213305/http://www.nvspb.ru/stories/irina-mazurkevich-malenkaya-zarplata-ne-opravdanie-54564 |date=2014-08-12 }} Students of the theatre about Nikolay Khlibko
* [http://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/338832/ Nikolay Khlibko] on [[KinoPoisk]]
* [http://www.museumnn.ru/televidenie/hudojestvennoe-veshanie] [[GTRK Nizhny Novgorod]] calls Nikolay Khlibko one of the favourite actors of Nizhniy Novgorod public
* [http://www.museumnn.ru//radio/radioteatr/462.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414115439/http://www.museumnn.ru//radio/radioteatr/462.html |date=2015-04-14 }} Radio program 15 of [[GTRK Nizhny Novgorod]] from the &quot;Nizhny Novgorod Theater Seasons&quot; radio-series

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khlibko, Nikolay}}
[[Category:Fowk frae Tashkent]]
[[Category:Roushie male film actors]]
[[Category:Roushie male stage actors]]
[[Category:Soviet male film actors]]
[[Category:Soviet male stage actors]]
[[Category:20t-hunderyear Roushie male actors]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1993 daiths]]
[[Category:Honored Airtists o RSFSR]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2727" sha1="da1c4235gqd1n9l2l6q9znbwldrhu7l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Russian city
|en_name=Stary Oskol
|ru_name=Старый Оскол
|image_skyline=Lenin str Stary Oskol.jpg
|image_caption=An auld hoose on Lenina Street
|coordinates = {{coord|51|18|N|37|50|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=bottom
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Stary Oskol.svg
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Stary Oskol (Belgorod oblast).png
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;&gt;Law #248&lt;/ref&gt;
|adm_data_as_of=December 2009
|adm_city_jur=[[ceety o federal subject signeeficance|ceety o oblast signeeficance]] o Stary Oskol
|adm_city_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;/&gt;
|adm_ctr_of1=ceety o oblast signeeficance o Stary Oskol
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;OKATO1&quot;&gt;{{OKATO reference|14 440}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|adm_ctr_of2=[[Starooskolsky Destrict]]
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;OKATO2&quot;&gt;{{OKATO reference|14 252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|inhabloc_cat=City
|inhabloc_cat_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;/&gt;
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
|mun_data_as_of=March 2011
|urban_okrug_jur=[[Starooskolsky Urban Okrug]]
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref24&quot;&gt;Law #159&lt;/ref&gt;
|mun_admctr_of=Starooskolsky Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref24&quot;/&gt;
|leader_title=Head
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=Михаил Александрович Лобазнов
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|representative_body=
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|pop_2010census=221085
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|pop_2010census_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|established_date=1593
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|established_date_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;StarooskolskyCharter&quot;&gt;Charter of Starooskolsky Urban Okrug&lt;/ref&gt;
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|commonscat=Stary Oskol
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'''Stary Oskol''' ({{lang-rus|Старый Оскол|p=ˈstarɨj ɐˈskol}}) is a [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] in [[Belgorod Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit {{convert|618|km|sp=us}} sooth o [[Moscow]], on the [[Oskol River]].

==Internaitional relations==

===Twin touns an sister ceeties===
Stary Oskol is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Salzgitter]], Germany (1987)  
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Asenovgrad]], Bulgarie (1989)  
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Mänttä]], Finland (1989)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ceeties an touns in Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Kursk Govrenorate]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1593]]</text>
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|en_name=Stary Oskol
|ru_name=Старый Оскол
|image_skyline=Lenin str Stary Oskol.jpg
|image_caption=An auld hoose on Lenina Street
|coordinates = {{coord|51|18|N|37|50|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=bottom
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Stary Oskol.svg
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Stary Oskol (Belgorod oblast).png
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Belgorod Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;&gt;Law #248&lt;/ref&gt;
|adm_data_as_of=December 2009
|adm_city_jur=[[ceety o federal subject signeeficance|ceety o oblast signeeficance]] o Stary Oskol
|adm_city_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;/&gt;
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|adm_ctr_of1_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;OKATO1&quot;&gt;{{OKATO reference|14 440}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|adm_ctr_of2=[[Starooskolsky Destrict]]
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;OKATO2&quot;&gt;{{OKATO reference|14 252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|inhabloc_cat=City
|inhabloc_cat_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;/&gt;
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
|mun_data_as_of=March 2011
|urban_okrug_jur=[[Starooskolsky Urban Okrug]]
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref24&quot;&gt;Law #159&lt;/ref&gt;
|mun_admctr_of=Starooskolsky Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref24&quot;/&gt;
|leader_title=Head
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=Vladimir Zhdanov
|leader_name_ref=
|representative_body=
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|pop_2010census=221085
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|established_date=1593
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|established_date_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;StarooskolskyCharter&quot;&gt;Charter of Starooskolsky Urban Okrug&lt;/ref&gt;
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|prev_name1=
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|postal_codes=309530
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|dialing_codes=4725
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|website=
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|commonscat=Stary Oskol
|date=May 2010
}}
'''Stary Oskol''' ({{lang-rus|Старый Оскол|p=ˈstarɨj ɐˈskol}}) is a [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] in [[Belgorod Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit {{convert|618|km|sp=us}} sooth o [[Moscow]], on the [[Oskol River]].

==Internaitional relations==

===Twin touns an sister ceeties===
Stary Oskol is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Salzgitter]], Germany (1987)  
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Asenovgrad]], Bulgarie (1989)  
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Mänttä]], Finland (1989)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ceeties an touns in Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Kursk Govrenorate]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1593]]</text>
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|en_name= Stary Oskol
|ru_name= Старый Оскол
|image_skyline= Lenin str Stary Oskol.jpg
|image_caption= An auld hoose on Lenina Street
|coordinates = {{coord|51|18|N|37|50|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position= bottom
|image_coa= Coat of Arms of Stary Oskol.svg
|image_flag= Flag of Stary Oskol (Belgorod oblast).png
|federal_subject= [[Belgorod Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;&gt;Law #248&lt;/ref&gt;
|adm_data_as_of= December 2009
|adm_city_jur= [[ceety o federal subject signeeficance|ceety o oblast signeeficance]] o Stary Oskol
|adm_city_jur_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;/&gt;
|adm_ctr_of1= ceety o oblast signeeficance o Stary Oskol
|adm_ctr_of1_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;OKATO1&quot;&gt;{{OKATO reference|14 440}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|adm_ctr_of2= [[Starooskolsky Destrict]]
|adm_ctr_of2_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;OKATO2&quot;&gt;{{OKATO reference|14 252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|inhabloc_cat= City
|inhabloc_cat_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;Ref16&quot;/&gt;
|mun_data_as_of= March 2011
|urban_okrug_jur= [[Starooskolsky Urban Okrug]]
|urban_okrug_jur_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;Ref24&quot;&gt;Law #159&lt;/ref&gt;
|mun_admctr_of= Starooskolsky Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;Ref24&quot;/&gt;
|leader_title= Head
|leader_name= Vladimir Zhdanov
|pop_2010census= 221085
|pop_2010census_rank= 84t
|pop_2010census_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;2010Census&quot;&gt;{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_date= 1593
|established_date_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;StarooskolskyCharter&quot;&gt;Charter of Starooskolsky Urban Okrug&lt;/ref&gt;
|postal_codes= 309530
|dialing_codes= 4725
|commonscat=Stary Oskol
|date= May 2010
}}
'''Stary Oskol''' ({{lang-rus|Старый Оскол|p=ˈstarɨj ɐˈskol}}) is a [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] in [[Belgorod Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit {{convert|618|km|sp=us}} sooth o [[Moscow]], on the [[Oskol River]].

==Internaitional relations==

===Twin touns an sister ceeties===
Stary Oskol is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Salzgitter]], Germany (1987)  
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Asenovgrad]], Bulgarie (1989)  
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Mänttä]], Finland (1989)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ceeties an touns in Belgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Kursk Govrenorate]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1593]]</text>
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    <title>Scots inventions an diskiveries</title>
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'''Scottish inventions an diskiveries''' are objects, processes or techniques aither pairtly or halely inventit, innovatit, or diskivert bi a body born in or descendit frae [[Scotland]]. In some cases, an invention's Scots natur is pitten bi the fact that it pit intae existence in Scotland (e.g., animal cloning), bi fowk no frae Scotland wirkin in the kintra. Aften, things that are diskivert for the first time are cried &quot;[[Invention|inventions]]&quot; an aw an in mony cases thare isnae a clear line atweesh the twa.

The Scots hae massive pride in the history o Scots inventions an diskiveries. Thare are a lot o beuks scrieved juist on the subject, as weel as a hale wheen o websites pittin doun inventions an diskiveries frae Scotland wi some degree o science.

E'en afore the Industrial Revolution, Scots hae been at the forebreest o innovation an diskivery throu a nummer o depairtments. Some of the maist relevant products o Scots ingenuity include [[James Watt]]'s steam ingine, impruivin on Thomas Newcomen's,&lt;ref name=&quot;James Watt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - James Watt|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml|access-date=2008-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[bicycle]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirkpatrick Macmillan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - Kirkpatrick Macmillan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/macmillan_kirkpatrick.shtml|access-date=2008-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; macadamisation (no tae be conflummixit wi tarmac o tarmacadam&lt;ref name=&quot;John McAdam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: John Loudon Mcadam (British inventor)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/353599/John-Loudon-McAdam|access-date=2010-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Alexander Graham Bell]]'s invention o the first practical telephone,&lt;ref name=&quot;AHP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scottish Science Hall of Fame - Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)|url=http://www.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/alexander-graham-bell/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011165704/http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/alexander-graham-bell/index.html|archive-date=2010-10-11|access-date=2010-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[John Logie Baird]]'s invention o the telly,&lt;ref name=&quot;John Logie Baird&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - John Logie Baird|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml|access-date=2008-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Alexander Fleming]]'s diskivery o [[penicillin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: Sir Alexander Fleming - Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html|access-date=2008-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[insulin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: John Macleod Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/macleod-bio.html|access-date=2008-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The follaein is a list o inventions, innovations, or diskiveries that are kent as bein frae Scotland.

== Road transport innovations ==

* Macadamised roads (the basis for, but no speceefically, tarmac): John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836)&lt;ref name=&quot;John McAdam&quot;/&gt;
* The [[Bicycle|pedal bicycle]]: Pitten tae baith Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1813–1878)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirkpatrick Macmillan&quot;/&gt; an Thomas McCall (1834–1904)
* The pneumatic tyre: Robert William Thomson an [[John Boyd Dunlop]] (1822–1873)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Robert William Thomson, Scotland's forgotten inventor|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/RobertWilliamThomson.htm|access-date=2010-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The overhead valve ingine: David Dunbar Buick (1854–1929)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Pelfrey|first=William|title=Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History|url=https://archive.org/details/billyalfredgener0000pelf|publisher=AMACOM|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8144-2961-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Civil engineering innovations ==

* Tubular steel: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Sir William Fairbairn|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst137.html|access-date=2010-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[Fawkirk Wheel|Fawkirk wheel]]: Stairtin designs bi Nicoll Russell Studios, Architects, [[RMJM]] an ingineers Binnie, Black, an Veatch (Appent 2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Falkirk Wheel &amp; Visitor Centre|url=http://www.rmjm.com/portfolio/the-falkirk-wheel-and-visitor-centre-scotland/|access-date=2015-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SKF Evolution online|url=http://evolution.skf.com/zino.aspx?articleID=391&amp;lan=en-gb|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120215825/http://evolution.skf.com/zino.aspx?articleID=391&amp;lan=en-gb|archive-date=2010-11-20|access-date=2010-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The pautent slip for dockin veshels: Thomas Morton (1781–1832)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clydesite Magazine: The Real Inventor of the Patent Slip|url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/articles/patent.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509063734/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/articles/patent.asp|archive-date=2006-05-09|access-date=2010-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Drummond Light: Thomas Drummond (1797–1840)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Thomas Drummond|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst134.html|access-date=2010-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Canaul|Canal]] design: Thomas Telford (1757–1834)
* Dock design impruivements: John Rennie (1761–1821)
* Crane design impruivements: James Bremner (1784–1856)
* &quot;Trac Rail Transposer&quot;, a machine tae pit doun rail track pautentit in 2005, uised by [[Network Rail]] in the Unitit Kinrick an the New York Toun Subway in the Unitit States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 June 2016|title=Ayrshire brothers' invention to transform America's railways|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-36459486|access-date=7 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=6 January 2014|title=Laying lines|url=http://www.railwaystrategies.co.uk/article-page.php?contentid=19184&amp;issueid=539|journal=Railway Strategies|issue=103|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=2022-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426070900/http://www.railwaystrategies.co.uk/article-page.php?contentid=19184&amp;issueid=539|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Patent Application No: 2008/0072,783 - Railway Rail Handling Apparatus and Method|url=http://www.patentbuddy.com/Patent/20080072783|access-date=7 June 2016|website=PatentBuddy}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aviation innovations ==

* Aircraft design: Frank Barnwell (1910) Estaiblishin the core aspects o aircraft design at the [[Varsity o Glesga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: World Changing:: Establishing fundamental principles in aircraft design|url=http://www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk/article/?id=4|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pouer innovations ==

* Condensin steam engine impruivements: [[James Watt]] (1736–1819)&lt;ref name=&quot;James Watt&quot;/&gt;
* Thermodynamic cycle: [[William John Macquorn Rankine]] (1820–1872)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=William John Macquorn Rankine|url=http://www.iesis.org/presidents.html|access-date=2014-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Coal-gas lichtin: William Murdoch (1754–1839)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=William Murdoch - The Scot Who Lit The World|url=http://www.williammurdoch.com/|access-date=2010-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[Stirling ingine|Stirling heat ingine]]: Rev. Robert Stirling (1790–1878)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Electric Scotland: Significant Scots - Robert Stirling|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/men/stirling_robert.htm|access-date=2010-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Carbon brushes for dynamos: George Forbes (1849–1936)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Prof. George Forbes|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1517.html|access-date=2010-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Clerk cycle gas ingine: Sir Dugald Clerk (1854–1932)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Sir Dugald Clerk|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121330/Sir-Dugald-Clerk|access-date=2010-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The wave-pou0ered [[electric generator]]: bi South African Engineer Stephen Salter in 1977&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 July 2008|title=How Stuff Works: Could Salter's Duck have solved the oil crisis?|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/salters-duck.htm|access-date=2010-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Pelamis Wave Energy Converter (&quot;red sea snake&quot; wave energy device): Richard Yemm, 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;ScotGov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 March 2012|title=Pelamis founder honoured for key role in marine energy|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/03/SaltirePrizeMedalYemm280032012|access-date=2012-03-29|publisher=The Scottish Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shipbuilding innovations ==

* Europe's first passenger steamboat: Henry Bell (1767–1830)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Significant Scots: Henry Bell|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/bell_henry.htm|access-date=2010-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The first [[Airn|iron]]&amp;#x2013;hulled steamship: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Sir William Fairbairn|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst137.html|access-date=2010-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The first practical screw propeller: Robert Wilson (1803–1882) 
* Marine ingine innovations: James Howden (1832–1913)
* John Elder an Charles Randolph (Marine Compound expansion ingine)

== Militar innovations ==

* Lieutenant-General Sir David Henderson twa area:
** Field intelligence. Argied for the estaiblishin Intelligence Corps.  Scrieved ''Field Intelligence: Its Principles and Practice'' (1904) and ''The Art of Reconnaissance'' (1907) on the tactical intelligence o modren warfare.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Establishing the Royal Air Force|url=http://www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk/article/?id=59|website=World Changing|publisher=University of Glasgow}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Intelligence]]: Allan Pinkerton developit the still relevant intelligence techniques of &quot;shadowin&quot; (surveillance) an &quot;pittin yersel in a role&quot; (unnerkiver wirk) in his time as heid o the Union Intelligence Service.

== Weichtie industry innovations ==

* Coal minin extractin in the sea on an artificial island bi Sir George Bruce of Carnock (1575). Kent as ane o the industrial wunners o the late medieval period.
* Makin cast steel frae wrought iron: David Mushet (1772–1847)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Electric Scotland: Significant Scots - David Mushet|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/men/mushet_david.htm|access-date=2010-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wrought iron sash bars for gless hooses: [[John Claudius Loudon|John C. Loudon]] (1783–1865)
* The hot blast uin: James Beaumont Neilson (1792–1865)
* The steam haimer: James Nasmyth (1808–1890)
* Wire raip: [[Robert Stirling Newall]] (1812–1889)
* Steam ingine impruivements: William Mcnaught (1831–1881)
* The Fairlie, a narrow gauge, dooble-bogie [[Locomotive|railway ingine]]: Robert Francis Fairlie (1831–1885)
* Cordite - Sir James Dewar, Sir Frederick Abel (1889)

== Agricultural innovations ==

* Threshing machine impruivements: James Meikle (c.1690-c.1780) &amp; Andrew Meikle (1719–1811)
* Hollow pipe [[Cundie|drainage]]: Sir Hew Dalrymple, Lord Drummore (1700–1753)
* The Scotch plough: James Anderson o Hermiston (1739–1808)
* Deanstonisation soil-drainage seestem: James Smith (1789–1850)
* The mechanical reapin machine: Rev. Patrick Bell (1799–1869)
* The Fresno scraper: James Porteous (1848–1922)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Fresno Scraper - American Society of Mechanical Engineers|url=http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5550.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209065640/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5550.pdf|archive-date=2011-02-09|access-date=2010-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Tuley tree shelter: Graham Tuley in 1979

== Communication innovations ==

* [[Telephone]]: [[Alexander Graham Bell]] (1847-1922)
* Print stereoteepin: William Ged (1690–1749)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=William Ged (Scottish goldsmith)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227656/William-Ged|access-date=2010-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Roller prentin: Thomas Bell (patented 1783)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=roller printing (textile industry)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507124/roller-printing|access-date=2010-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The adhesive postage stamp an the postmerk: claimed bi James Chalmers (1782–1853)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arbroath &amp; District Stamp &amp; Postcard Club|url=http://www.scotstamps.co.uk/arbroath.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806014915/http://www.scotstamps.co.uk/arbroath.htm|archive-date=2010-08-06|access-date=2010-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Waverley pen nib innovations: Duncan Cameron (1825–1901) The weel kent &quot;Waverley&quot; was sindry in design wi a narrow waist an an upturnt tip designed tae mak the ink flow mair smuith on the paper.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MacNiven and Cameron|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/MacNiven_and_Cameron|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Universal Standard Time: Sir [[Sandford Fleming]] (1827–1915)
* Light signalling between ships: Admiral Philip H. Colomb (1831–1899)
* The underlying principles o [[radio]]: [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879)
* The Kinetoscope, a motion picture camera: devised in 1889 by William Kennedy Dickson (1860-1935)
* The teleprinter: Frederick G. Creed (1871–1957)
* The [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC): John Reith, 1st Baron Reith (1922) its founder, first general manager and director-general of the British Broadcasting Corporation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=John Reith|url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/john-reith|access-date=18 July 2019|website=History of the BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* RADAR: A significant contribution made by Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973) alongside Englishman Henry Tizard (1885-1959) and others&lt;ref name=&quot;Robert Watson-Watt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Radar Personalities: Sir Robert Watson-Watt|url=http://www.radarpages.co.uk/people/watson-watt/watson-watt.htm|access-date=2008-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The automated teller machine and Personal Identification Number system: James Goodfellow (born 1937)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who Invented the ATM? The James Goodfellow Story|url=http://www.atmmachine.com/goodfellow_atminventor.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728013121/http://www.atmmachine.com/goodfellow_atminventor.html|archive-date=2011-07-28|access-date=2011-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publishin firsts ==

* The first edeetion o the [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]] (1768–81)
* The first textbook on surgery in Inglis (1597)
* The first modren pharmacopaedia, William Cullen (1776). The book endit up bein 'Europe's principal text on the classifeein an treatment o disease'. His ideaes keep gaun wi the terms nervous energy an neuroses (a word that Cullen coined).
* The first [[Postcaird|postcairds]] an pictur postcairds in the UK
* The eddicational foondin o Ophthalmology: Stewart Duke-Elder in his first o it's kind wark includin ‘Textbook of Ophthalmology and fifteen volumes of System of Ophthalmology' (Scots: Textbook o Ophthalmology an fifteen vollum o Seestem o Ophthalmology)&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyle, T. K. 1980&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lyle|first=T. K.|last2=Miller|first2=S.|last3=Ashton|first3=N. H.|year=1980|title=William Stewart Duke-Elder. 22 April 1898-27 March 1978|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=26|page=85|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1980.0003|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultur an the airts ==

* Scottish National Portrait Gallery, designed bi Sir Robert Rowand Anderson (1889): the warld's first purpose-biggit portrait gallery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scottish National Portrait Gallery {{!}} National Galleries of Scotland|url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/visit/about-the-portrait-gallery/|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.nationalgalleries.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Scientific innovations ==

* Logarithms: [[John Napier]] (1550–1617)
* [[Economics|Modren Economics]] foondit bi [[Adam Smith]] (1776) 'The faither of Modren Economics'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=William L|last2=Figgins|first2=Bob|last3=Hedengren|first3=David|last4=Klein|first4=Daniel B.|title=Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs|url=http://econjwatch.org/articles/economics-professors-favorite-economic-thinkers-journals-and-blogs-along-with-party-and-policy-views|journal=Econ Journal Watch|volume=8|issue=2|pages=126–146}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the publication of The Wealth of Nations. (Scots: The Walth o  nations)&lt;ref&gt;E. K. Hunt (2002). History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective, p.3. {{ISBN|0-7656-0606-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Modren Sociology: [[Adam Ferguson]] (1767) ‘The Faither o Modren Sociology’ wi his wark An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Scots: An Essay on the History o Civil Societie)&lt;ref&gt;Willcox, William Bradford; Arnstein, Walter L. (1966). The Age of Aristocracy, 1688 to 1830. Volume III of A History of England, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (Sixth Edition, 1992 ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts. p. 133. {{ISBN|0-669-24459-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hypnotism: James Braid (1795–1860) the Faither o Hypnotherapy
* Tropical medicine: [[Patrick Manson|Sir Patrick Manson]] kent as the faither o Tropical Medicine
* Modren [[Geology]]: [[James Hutton]] ‘The Foonder o Modren Geology’&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=American Museum of Natural History|author-link=American Museum of Natural History|year=2000|title=James Hutton: The Founder of Modern Geology|url=http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_hutton.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225940/http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_hutton.html|archive-date=2016-03-03|website=Earth: Inside and Out|quote=The result, therefore, of this physical enquiry,&quot; Hutton concluded, &quot;is that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kenneth L. Taylor (September 2006). &quot;Ages in Chaos: James Hutton and the Discovery of Deep Time&quot;. The Historian (abstract) (Book review of Stephen Baxter, {{ISBN|0-7653-1238-7}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
* The theory of [[Uniformitarianism]]: James Hutton (1788): an important principle o Geology the features o the geologic time taks millions o years.
* The theory o electromagnetism: [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879)
* The diskivery o the Componin o Saturn's Rings [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1859): pit doun thit the rings o Saturn war componed wi sindry wee pairticles, aw gaun aroond the planet on thair ain. At the time it wis thoucht thit the rings war solid. The Maxwell Ringlet an Maxwell Gap war named in his honor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=James Clerk Maxwell on the nature of Saturn's rings|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Extras/Maxwell_Saturn.html|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution bi [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1860): the basis o the kinetic theory o gases, thit speeds o molecules in a gas will chynge at different temperaturs. The oreeginal theory first pit forrit bi Maxwell an confirmt later on in conjunction wi [[Ludwig Boltzmann]].
* Popularisin the decimal point: [[John Napier]] (1550–1617)
* The first theory o the Higgs boson bi Inglis born &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Kenneth|date=2013-04-10|title=Behind the scenes at the Universe|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-22073080|access-date=2018-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peter Higgs particle-physics theorist at the Varsity o Embro (1964)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Peter Higgs and the Higgs Boson|url=https://www.ph.ed.ac.uk/higgs|website=School of Physics and Astronomy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Gregorian telescope: James Gregory (1638–1675)
* The diskivery o [[Proxima Centauri]], the closest kent star tae the [[Sun]], bi Robert Innes (1861–1933)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Davidson, M.|year=1933|title=Anzeige des Todes von Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes|journal=Astronomische Nachrichten|volume=249|issue=2–3|pages=51–52|bibcode=1933AN....249...51D|doi=10.1002/asna.19332490203}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* One of the earliest measurements o distance tae the Alpha Centauri star seestem, the closest sic seestem ootside the [[Solar Seestem]], bi Thomas Henderson (1798–1844)
* The discovery of Centaurus A, a well-known starburst galaxy in the [[constellation]] of [[Centaurus]], by James Dunlop (1793–1848)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~hcs/Cen-A/cen-a-history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101085746/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~hcs/Cen-A/cen-a-history.html|archive-date=2013-01-01|access-date=2013-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The diskivery o the Horsehead Nebula in the [[constellation]] o [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]], bi Williamina Fleming (1857–1911)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kass-Simon|first=Gabriele|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass|title=Women of Science: Righting the Record|last2=Farnes|first2=Patricia|last3=Nash|first3=Deborah|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0253208132|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass/page/92 92]|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The world's first oil refinery an a process for extractin paraffin frae coal pittin doun the foondations for the modren oil industry: James Young (1811–1883)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-11-08|title=Founder of the modern oil industry to be honoured|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-15648088}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Identifyin the minerals yttrialite, thorogummite, aguilarite and nivenite: bi William Niven (1889)&lt;ref&gt;Wicks, Robert S. and Harrison, Roland H. (1999). Buried Cities, Forgotten Gods: William Niven's Life of Discovery and Revolution in Mexico and the American Southwest, Texas Tech University Press. {{ISBN|0-89672-414-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The concept o latent heat bi French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)
* Diskiverin the properties o [[Caurbon dioxide|Carbon dioxide]] bi French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)
* The concept o [[Heat capacity]] bi French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)
* The pyroscope, atmometer an aethrioscope scientific instruments: Sir [[John Leslie (physicist)|John Leslie]] (1766–1832)
* Identifyin the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] in leevin [[Cell (biology)|cells]]: Robert Brown (1773–1858)
* An early version o the Incandescent light bulb: James Bowman Lindsay (1799-1862)
* [[Colloid|Colloid chemistry]]: Thomas Graham (1805–1869)
* The [[kelvin]] [[SI]] unit o [[Temperatur|temperature]] bi Irishman William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907)
* Pittin thegither the diagramatic seestem for representin chemical bonds: Alexander Crum Brown (1838–1922)
* Creeminal fingerprinting: Henry Faulds (1843–1930)
* The [[Noble gas|noble gases]]: Sir [[William Ramsay]] (1852–1916)
* The clood chamber recordin o [[Atom|atoms]]: [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson]] (1869–1959)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: C.T.R. Wilson Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html|access-date=2010-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The diskivery o the ''Wave o Translation'', leadin tae the modren general theory o solitons bi John Scott Russell (1808-1882)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=John Scott Russell and the solitary wave|url=https://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~chris/scott_russell.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.macs.hw.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Statistical graphics: William Playfair foonder o the first statistical line chairts, bar chairts, an pie charts in (1786) an (1801) kent as a scientific ‘milestone’ in statistical graphs an data visualin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Spence|first=Ian|year=2005|title=No Humble Pie: The Origins and Usage of a statistical Chart|url=http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/~spence/Spence%202005.pdf|journal=Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=353–368|doi=10.3102/10769986030004353|access-date=2022-05-12|archive-date=2007-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320232857/http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/~spence/Spence%202005.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Arithmetic mean [[density]] o the Earth: Nevil Maskelyne conductit the Schiehallion experiment conductit at the [[Scotland|Scots]] ben o [[Schiehallion]], [[Perthshire]] 1774&lt;ref&gt;Maskelyne, N. (1772). &quot;A proposal for measuring the attraction of some hill in this Kingdom&quot;. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' 65: 495–499. {{Bibcode|1775RSPT...65..495M}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The first isolation o methylated sugars, trimethyl an tetramethyl glucose: James Irvine&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hirst|first=E. L.|year=1953|title=James Colquhoun Irvine, 1877-1952|journal=Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry|volume=8|pages=xi–xvii|doi=10.1016/S0096-5332(08)60096-X|isbn=9780120072088|pmid=13138381}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Read|first=J|year=1952|title=Sir James Irvine, K.B.E., F.R.S|journal=Nature|volume=170|issue=4314|pages=13–14|bibcode=1952Natur.170...13R|doi=10.1038/170013a0|pmid=14957005|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Diskivery o the Japp–Klingemann reaction: tae synthesize hydrazones frae β-keto-acids (or β-keto-esters) an aryl diazonium salts 1887&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Robert Japp|first=Francis|last2=Klingemann|first2=Felix|year=1887|title=Ueber Benzolazo- und Benzolhydrazofettsäuren|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1425485|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume=20|issue=2|pages=2942–2944|doi=10.1002/cber.188702002165}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pioneerin wark on nutrition an poverty: John Boyd Orr (1880–1971)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Lord Boyd Orr|url=http://cache.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76466/John-Boyd-Orr-Baron-Boyd-Orr-of-Brechin-Mearns|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110914041530/http://cache.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76466/John-Boyd-Orr-Baron-Boyd-Orr-of-Brechin-Mearns|archive-date=September 14, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ferrocene synthetic substances: Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955
* The first cloned mammal ([[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the Sheep]]): Was conductit in The [[Roslin Institute]] resairch centre in 1996 bi English scientists Ian Wilmut (born 1944) an Keith Campbell (1954–2012).
* The seismometer innovations thereof: [[James David Forbes]]
* Metaflex fabric innovations thereof: [[Varsity o Saunt Aundraes|University of St. Andrews]] (2010) appleein the first manufacturin fabrics thit chynge licht bi bendin it aroond a subject. Afore this, sic licht chynge atoms aboot war sortit on flat haurd surfaces. The team at St Andrews are the first tae come up wi the concept tae fabric.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scientists reveal material for 'invisibility cloak' &amp;#124; Scotland &amp;#124; News &amp;#124; STV&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|url=http://news.stv.tv/internet-technology/206620-scientists-reveal-material-for-invisibility-cloak/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110015012/http://news.stv.tv/internet-technology/206620-scientists-reveal-material-for-invisibility-cloak/|archive-date=November 10, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tractor beam innovations thereof: [[Varsity o Saunt Aundraes|St. Andrews University]] (2013) the warld's first tae succeed in pittin thegither a wirkin Tractor beam thit pulls objects on a microscopic level&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=25 January 2013|title=Star-Trek style tractor beam created by scientists|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-21187598}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brzobohatý|first=O.|last2=Karásek|first2=V.|last3=Šiler|first3=M.|last4=Chvátal|first4=L.|last5=Čižmár|first5=T.|last6=Zemánek|first6=P.|date=2013-01-20|title=Experimental demonstration of optical transport, sorting and self-arrangement using a 'tractor beam'|journal=Nature Photonics|language=En|volume=7|issue=2|pages=123–127|bibcode=2013NaPho...7..123B|doi=10.1038/nphoton.2012.332|issn=1749-4885}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Macaulayite: Dr. Jeff Wilson o the Macaulay Institute, [[Aiberdeen|Aberdeen]].
* Diskivery o Catacol whitebeam bi Scottish Natural Heritage an the Ryal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (1990s): a rare tree endemic an unique tae the Isle o Arran in the sooth wast o Scotland. The trees war confirmt tae be a distinct species bi DNA testin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Trees on Arran 'are a whole new species'|language=en|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/sci-tech/trees-on-arran-are-a-whole-new-species-1-904428|access-date=2018-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The first positive displacement liquid flowmeter, the reciprocatin piston meter bi Thomas Kennedy Snr.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Glenfield Valves Limited|url=http://www.glenfield.co.uk/history/|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.glenfield.co.uk|archive-date=2018-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926123841/http://www.glenfield.co.uk/history/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sports innovations ==
Scots hae taen a muckle pairt in the invention an early development o twa-three sports:

* Australian rules fitba  Scots were at the forefront wi mony innovations in the early version o the gemme, includin the foondin o the Essendon Football Club byithe McCracken familie frae Ayrshire&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Australian Rules Football. History And Origins.|url=http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/origins-australian-rules-football.htm|access-date=2018-11-14|website=www.collegesportsscholarships.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blueseum - History of the Carlton Football Club {{!}} Theophilis S. Marshall|url=http://www.blueseum.org/tiki-index.php?page=Theophilis+S.+Marshall|access-date=2018-11-14|website=Blueseum - History of the Carlton Football Club|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In Search of the Blue and White - Heritage Guide to The Geelong College|url=https://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au/wiki/IN-SEARCH-of-the-BLUE-and-WHITE.ashx|access-date=2021-07-13|website=gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713095422/https://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au/wiki/IN-SEARCH-of-the-BLUE-and-WHITE.ashx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Twa-three modren athletics events, i.e. shot put an the hammer thraw, come frae [[Hieland gemmes|Hieland Gemmes]] an [[Scotland]] frae the early 12t yearhunner.
* [[Curlin]]
* Gaelic haundba The modren gemme o handball wis first recordit in Scotland in 1427, whan King James I, an ardent haundba player, haed his men block up a cellar windae in his palace courtyard thit was gittin in the wey o his gemme.
* Cycling, invention o the pedal-cycle
* [[Gowf]]  (see Gowf in Scotland)
* 1848: [[Fitba|Association fitba]]'s Glesgae rules (lairgely the sport's rules as we ken thaim the day) estaiblishit at [[Glesga Varsity|Glesga Vaersity]].
* [[Ice hockey|Ice Hockey]], inventit bi the Scots regiments in Atlantic Canada bi playin Shinty on frozent lochs.
* [[Shinty]] The history o Shinty as a non-staundardtised sport come frae before Scotland as a Nation. The rules war staindardised in the 19t yearhunner bi Archibald Chisholm
* [[Seivins|Rugby seivens]]: Ned Haig an David Sanderson (1883)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Origins of Sevens Rugby|url=http://www.sevensrugby.co.za/history.htm|access-date=2010-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Dugout was inventit bi [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen FC]] Coach Donald Colman in the 1920s
* The warld's first Robot Olympics thit teuk place in Glesga in 1990.

== Medical innovations ==

* Stairtin the uise o surgical anaesthesia wi Chloroform: First in 1842 bi Robert Mortimer Glover than pit tae uise on humans bi Sir [[James Young Simpson]] (1811–1870) First use o chloroform in dentistry bi Francis Brodie Imlach
* The Saline drip bi Dr Thomas Latta o [[Leith]] in 1831/32
* The hypodermic syringe: Alexander Wood (1817–1884)
* First diagnostic uise o an ultrasound scanner: Ian Donald (1910–1987)
* Independent diskivery o inoculation for smallpox: Johnnie Notions ({{Circa|1730|1803}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Brian|date=July 1998|title=Camphor, Cabbage Leaves and Vaccination: the Career of Johnie 'Notions' Williamson of Hamnavoe, Eshaness, Shetland|url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/vol28_3.1_10.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|publisher=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|volume=28|issue=3|pages=395–406|pmid=11620446|access-date=14 January 2021|via=|archive-date=2020-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731014908/https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/vol28_3.1_10.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Diskivery o hypnotism (November 1841): James Braid (1795–1860)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Scottish Inventions &amp; The Inventors Behind Them|url=https://www.scottish-at-heart.com/scottish-inventions.html|access-date=2018-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* General anaesthetic: Pioneered bi Scotsman [[James Young Simpson]] an Inglisman John Snow&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_johnsnow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=John Snow (1813 - 1858)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/snow_john.shtml|access-date=2010-12-06|publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Identifeein the [[Midge|mosquito]] as the carrier for malaria: Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932)
* Funnin the cause for brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931)
* Diskiverin the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir [[William Boog Leishman|William B. Leishman]] (1865–1926)
* Electrocardiography: Alexander Muirhead (1869)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alexander Muirhead|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Alexander_Muirhead|access-date=2018-11-20|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Diskivery o [[Staphylococcus]]: Sir Alexander Ogston (1880)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newsom|first=S. W. B.|date=2008-12-01|title=Ogston's coccus|url=https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(08)00396-4/abstract|journal=Journal of Hospital Infection|language=en|volume=70|issue=4|pages=369–372|doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2008.10.001|issn=0195-6701|pmid=18952323}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Diskiverin [[insulin]]: [[John Macleod (pheesiologist)|John J R Macleod]] (1876–1935) wi ithers&lt;ref name=&quot;insulin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: John Macleod - Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/macleod-bio.html|access-date=2008-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The diskivery led him tae be gien the awaird for Nobel prize in Medicine in 1923.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/|access-date=2011-03-11|publisher=Nobel Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Penicillin]]: Sir [[Alexander Fleming]] (1881–1955)&lt;ref name=&quot;penicillin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nobelprize.org: Sir Alexander Fleming - Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html|access-date=2008-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* First uise o X-ray cinematography: John Macintyre (1896); the first muivin real time X-ray eemage an the first KUB X-ray diagnostic eemage o a kidney stane in situ&lt;ref name=&quot;universitystory.gla.ac.uk&quot; /&gt;
* Estaiblishment o staundardised Ophthalmology: Sir Stewart Duke-Elder, a pioneerin Ophthalmologist in the 1930-50s&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyle, T. K. 1980&quot;/&gt;
* The first hospital Radiation therapy uinit: John Macintyre (1902); tae gie a haun wi the diagnosis an treatment for injuries an illness at Glesga Ryal Infirmary&lt;ref name=&quot;universitystory.gla.ac.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of John Macintyre|url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH3015&amp;type=P|access-date=2018-11-20|website=www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The ''Haldane effect'', a property o hemoglobin: Descrived first bi John Scott Haldane (1907)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Boycott|first=A. E.|last2=Damant|first2=G. C. C.|last3=Haldane|first3=J. S.|year=1908|title=Prevention of compressed air illness|journal=J. Hygiene|volume=8|issue=3|pages=342–443|doi=10.1017/S0022172400003399|pmc=2167126|pmid=20474365}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The first Decompression tables: John Scott Haldane (1908); tae calculate the safe retour o deep-sea divers tae surface atmospheric pressur&lt;ref&gt;Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon &amp; Schuster. p. 411. {{ISBN|0-671-62130-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oxygen therapy: John Scott Haldane (1922), wi the publishin o ‘The Therapeutic Administration of Oxygen Therapy’, stairtin the modren era o Oxygen therapy&lt;ref&gt;The History of Respiratory Therapy: Discovery and Evolution by Dennis W. Glover p37 {{ISBN|1-4490-1491-7}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4490-1491-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Transplant rejection: Professor Thomas Gibson (1940s) the first medical doctor tae unnerstaun the relationship atweesh donor graft tissue an host tissue rejection an tissue transplantation bi his work on aviation burns victims durin World War II&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: World Changing:: Developing our understanding of tissue transplantation|url=http://www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk/article/?id=53|access-date=2018-11-20|website=www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk|archive-date=2018-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072534/https://www.worldchanging.glasgow.ac.uk/article/?id=53|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Diskiverin an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s
* Developin the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964; revolutionised the medical management for angina&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10378820&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=van der Vring JA|date=June 1999|title=Combination of calcium channel blockers and beta blockers for patients with exercise-induced angina pectoris: a double-blind parallel-group comparison of different classes of calcium channel blockers. The Netherlands Working Group on Cardiovascular Research (WCN)|journal=Angiology|volume=50|issue=6|pages=447–454|doi=10.1177/000331979905000602|pmid=10378820}}&lt;/ref&gt; an is seen as ae o the maist important contreebutions tae clinical medicine an [[pharmacology]] o the 20t yearhunner.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9456487&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stapleton MP|year=1997|title=Sir James Black and propranolol. The role of the basic sciences in the history of cardiovascular pharmacology|journal=Texas Heart Institute Journal|volume=24|issue=4|pages=336–42|pmc=325477|pmid=9456487}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1988 Black wis gien the awaird for the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
* Developin modren asthma therapy based on baith bronchodilation (salbutamol) an anti-inflammatory steroids (beclomethasone dipropionate): Sir David Jack (1972)
* Chainsaw inventit bi surgeons John Aitken an James Jeffray for widenin the birth canal during difficult childbirth&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Skippen|first=M.|last2=Kirkup|first2=J.|last3=Maxton|first3=R. M.|last4=McDonald|first4=S. W.|year=2004|title=The chain saw--a Scottish invention - PubMed|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15209147/|journal=Scottish Medical Journal|volume=49|issue=2|pages=72–75|doi=10.1177/003693300404900218|pmid=15209147|access-date=2022-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Glasgow coma scale: Graham Teasdale an Bryan J. Jennett (1974)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Glasgow Coma Scale - Coma Science Group|url=http://www.coma.ulg.ac.be/images/gcs_comments.pdf|access-date=2010-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Glasgow Outcome Scale: Bryan J. Jennett &amp; Sir Michael Bond (1975): diagnostic tuil for patients wi brain injuries, sic as cerebral traumas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Glasgow Outcome Scale — 40 years of application and refinement|url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/121690/1/121690.pdf|url-status=live|website=University of Glasgow}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Diskiverin an developin the anesthetic drug Propofol: Dr. John B. Glen (1977); a surgical anesthetic uised aw aboot the warld, common in general surgery cases. In 2018 Dr. Glen wis gien a Lasker Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lasker Awards Given for Work in Genetics, Anesthesia and Promoting Women in Science|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/health/lasker-awards-genetics-anesthesia-women.html|access-date=2018-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Glasgow Anxiety Scale: J.Mindham an C.A Espie (2003)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mindham J, Espie CA|year=2003|title=Glasgow Anxiety Scale for people with an Intellectual Disability (GAS-ID): development and psychometric properties of a new measure for use with people with mild intellectual disability|journal=J Intellect Disabil Res|volume=47|issue=Pt 1|pages=22–30|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00457.x|pmid=12558692}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Glasgow Depression Scale: Fiona Cuthill (2003); the first accurate self-report scale tae measure the levels o depression in fowk wi lairnin disabilities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cuthill|first=Fiona M.|last2=Espie|first2=Colin A.|last3=Cooper|first3=Sally-Anne|date=April 13, 2003|title=Development and psychometric properties of the Glasgow Depression Scale for people with a Learning Disability: Individual and carer supplement versions|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=182|issue=4|pages=347–353|doi=10.1192/bjp.182.4.347|pmid=12668412|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Diskiverin the Human papillomavirus [[vaccine]]: Ian Frazer (2006); the seicont cancer forfendin vaccine, an the warld's first vaccine made tae forfend a cancer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-03-24|title=Professor Ian Frazer recalls 'lucky' discovery of cervical cancer vaccine|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-25/ian-frazer-recalls-lucky-discovery-of-cervical-cancer-vaccine/8385872|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): Strathclyde Varsity (2014); a laser an nanoparticle test tae airt oot Meningitis or multiple pathogenic agents at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2014-02-12|title=Lasers used for meningitis test|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26146806|access-date=2018-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Household innovations ==

* The [[telly]]: [[John Logie Baird]] (1923)
* The [[refrigerator]]: William Cullen (1748)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The history of the refrigerator and freezer about.com:inventors|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrefrigerator.htm|access-date=2010-06-13|archive-date=2020-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531033655/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-refrigerator-and-freezers-4072564|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The first [[Toaster|electric bread toaster]]: Alan MacMasters (1893)
* The flush toilet: Alexander Cumming (1775)
* The vacuum flask: Sir [[James Dewar]] (1847–1932)
* The first distiller tae triple distill Irish whiskey:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jameson Irish Whiskey - Welcome to the Home of the world’s number one Irish whiskey&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|url=http://www.jamesonwhiskey.com/Home.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320165717/http://www.jamesonwhiskey.com/Home.aspx|archive-date=2009-03-20|access-date=2009-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;John Jameson (Whisky distiller)
* The piano fitpedal: John Broadwood (1732–1812)
* The first automatit can-fillin machine John West (1809–1888)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cunningham|first=Glenn|year=1953|title=Oregon's First Salmon Canner, &quot;Captain&quot; John West|journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly|volume=54|issue=3|pages=240–248|jstor=20612107}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The waterpruif macintosh: Charles Macintosh (1766–1843)
* The kaleidoscope: Sir [[David Brewster]] (1781–1868)
* Keiller's marmalade Janet Keiller (1797) - The first recipe o rind suspendit marmalade or Dundee marmalade producit in [[Dundee]].
* The modren lawnmower: Alexander Shanks (1801–1845)
* The Lucifer friction match: Sir Isaac Holden (1807–1897)
* The self filling pen: Robert Thomson (1822–1873)
* Cotton-reel [[Yairn|thread]]: J &amp;amp;amp; J Clark of [[Paisley]]
* Lime cordial: Lauchlan Rose in 1867
* Bovril beef howkin: John Lawson Johnston in 1874
* The electric clock: Alexander Bain (1840)
* Chemical Telegraph (Automatic Telegraphy) Alexander Bain (1846) In Ingland Bain's telegraph wis uised on the wires o the Electric Telegraph Company tae a limitit stent, an in 1850 it wis uised in America.

== Wapens innovations ==

* The carronade cannon: Robert Melville (1723–1809)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC - ''A History Of The World'' - Object: A model Carronade|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/1Wxny91wQwqMqDKE2lXRSQ|access-date=2010-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Ferguson rifle: Patrick Ferguson in 1770
* The Lee bolt seestem as uised in the Lee–Metford an Lee–Enfield series rifles: James Paris Lee
* The Ghillie suit first uised bi the Lovat Scouts
* The percussion cap: inventit bi Scots Presbyterian clergyman Alexander Forsyth

== Miscellaneous innovations ==

* Boys' Brigade: Sir William Alexander Smith&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8af2f30030024&amp;sectionId=60 Raynor, Tauria (2008-10-30). &quot;Boys' Brigade want alumni to return for a special anniversary&quot;. The Royal Gazette] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720212603/http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8af2f30030024&amp;sectionId=60 |date=2009-07-20 }}. Retrieved 2008-10-30.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bank o Ingland|Bank of England]] devised by William Paterson
* Bank of France devised by John Law
* Grand Theft Auto: developit bi Scots game developers [[Rockstar North|DMA Design]] (kent later on as [[Rockstar North]])
* The industrialisation an modernisation o Japan bi Thomas Blake Glover&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Thomas Glover {{!}} mitsubishi.com|url=https://www.mitsubishi.com/en/profile/history/series/thomas/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.mitsubishi.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Colour photography: the first kent permanent colour photograph wis taen bi [[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879)
* [[Buick|Buick Motor Company]] bi David Dunbar Buick
* ''New York Herald'' newspaper bi James Gordon Bennett, Sr.
* Pinkerton National Detective Agency bi Allan Pinkerton
* ''Forbes'' magazine bi B. C. Forbes
* The estaiblishin o a staundardised botanical institute: [[Isaac Bayley Balfour]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Paterson|first=Leonie|date=2015-03-31|title=Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour (1853-1922)|url=https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/14510|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Botanics Stories|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lunnon Schuil o Hygiene &amp;amp;amp; Tropical Medicine: fooondit bi [[Patrick Manson|Sir Patrick Manson]] in 1899
* Barr's [[Irn-Bru]], saft drink producit bi Barr's in [[Cummernaud|Cumbernauld]] Scotland an exportit aw aroond the warld. The drink is that widely popular in Scotland that it ootsells baith American colas [[Coca-Cola]] an [[Pepsi]] an ranks 3rd maist popular drink in the UK wi Coca-Cola an Pepsi takkin the first twa spot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-02-01|title=15 things you (probably) didn't know about Irn-Bru - Scotsman Food and Drink|language=en-US|work=Scotsman Food and Drink|url=http://foodanddrink.scotsman.com/drink/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-irn-bru/|access-date=2018-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

* [http://www.visitscotland.com/aboutscotland/history/scottishinventions Visit Scotland - Scottish Inventions] {{En}}

=== Publications ===

* Great Scottish Discoveries and Inventions {{En}}, Bill Fletcher, William W. Fletcher, John Harrold, Drew, 1985, University of California, {{ISBN|0-86267-084-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-86267-084-9}}
* Great Scottish inventions and discoveries: a concise guide : a selection of Scottish inventions and discoveries made over a period stretching back to the fifteenth century {{En}}, John Geddes, Northern Books, 1994
* Scottish Inventors {{En}}, Alistair Fyfe, HarperCollins, 1999, {{ISBN|0-00-472326-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-00-472326-6}}
* The Scottish invention of America, democracy and human rights: a history of liberty and freedom from the ancient Celts to the New Millennium {{En}}, Alexander Leslie Klieforth, Robert John Munro, University Press of America, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7618-2791-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2791-7}}
* Philosophical chemistry in the Scottish enlightenment: the doctrines and discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black {{En}}, Arthur L. Donovan

== Freemit Airtins ==

* [http://www2006.org/top20/inventions/ Tap Twinty Scots Inventions] {{En}}, 15t Internaitional Warld Wide Web Conference, Edinburgh, 2006
* [http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/education/inventors.html Scottish Inventors . . . who keep the world in touch] {{En}}, Global Friends of Scotland (a [[Scots Govrenment|Scottish Executive]] website)
* [http://www.scottish-inventions.org.uk/welcome_frame.htm Scottish Inventors and their Inventions] {{En}}, Kenmay Academy

[[Category:Scots inventions]]</text>
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      <text bytes="40130" sha1="1swu8nlt2o8bspdh5987n24t2bg4kgt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox magazine
| title = Spin
| logo = [[File:spin-logo.svg]]
| image_file = 
| image_caption = Kiver o the December 2024 issue, featurin [[Liam Gallagher]] an [[Noel Gallagher]] o [[Oasis (baund)|Oasis]]
| oclc = 801245245
| category = Muisic
| frequency = Quarterly
| founder = [[Bob Guccione Jr.]]
| firstdate = {{start date and age|df=y|1949|5|}}
| country = [[Unitit States]]
| based = [[New York Ceety]], U.S.
| company = Next Management Partners
| language = Inglis
| website = {{URL|spinmagazine.com}}
| issn = 0886-3032
}}

'''''Spin''''' (stylisit as '''''SPIN''''') is an American muisic magazine foondit in 1985 bi publisher Bob Guccione Jr. Later awned bi Next Management Partners, the magazine haes been an onwab publication syne it stappit issuin a prent edition in 2012. It returned as a quarterly publication in September 2024.

== History ==

=== Early history ===
''Spin'' wis establisht in 1985 bi Bob Guccione, Jr. In August 1987, the publisher annoonced it wad stap publishin ''Spin'', but Guccione Jr. retained control o the magazine an pairtnered wi umwhile MTV preses David H. Horowitz tae quickly revive the magazine. Durin this time, it wis published bi Camouflage Publishing wi Guccione Jr. servin as preses an chief executive an Horowitz as investor an chairman.

In its early years, ''Spin'' wis kent fur its narrae muisic kiverage, wi an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, an the ongoin emergence o hip-hop, whiles virtually ignorin ither genres, sic as country an metal. It forby pyntedly providit a naitional alternative tae ''Rolling Stone's'' mair establishment-orientit style. ''Spin'' prominently placed risin acks sic as R.E.M., Prince, Run-D.M.C., Beastie Boys, an Talking Heads on its kivers an did lengthy featurs on establisht feegurs sic as Duran Duran, Keith Richards, Miles Davis, Aerosmith, Tom Waits, an John Lee Hooker.

On a cultural level, the magazine devotit seegnificant kiverage tae punk, alternative country, electronica, reggae an warld muisic, experimental rock, jazz o the maist adventurous sort, burgeonin unnergrund muisic scenes, an a variety o fringe styles. Airtists sic as the Ramones, Patti Smith, Blondie, X, Black Flag, an the umwhile memmers o the Sex Pistols, The Clash, an the early punk an New Wave muivements wur hivily featurt in ''Spin''{{'}}s editorial mix. ''Spin''{{'}}s extensive kiverage o hip-hop muisic an cultur, inspecially that o contributin editor John Leland, wis weel-kent at the time.

Editorial contreibutions bi muisical an cultural feegurs includit Lydia Lunch, Henry Rollins, David Lee Roth an Dwight Yoakam. The magazine forby reportit on cities sic as Austin, Texas, an Glesga, Scotland, as cultural incubators in the independent muisic scene. A 1990 airticle on the contemporar country blues scene brocht R. L. Burnside tae naitional attention fur the furst time. Kiverage o American cartuinists, manga, monster larries, the AIDS creesis, ootsider airtists, ''Twin Peaks'', an ither nan-mainstream cultural phenomena distinguisht the magazine's early years. In Julie 1986, ''Spin'' published an exposé bi Robert Keating on hou the funds brocht up at the Live Aid concert micht hae been inappropriately uised. Beginnin in Januar 1988, ''Spin'' published a monthly series o airticles aboot the AIDS epidemic titled &quot;Wirds frae the Front&quot;.

In 1990, ''Spin'' hired John Skipper in the new poseetion o publishin director an preses whiles Guccione, Jr. continued tae serve as editor an publisher. In the early 1990s, ''Spin'' pleyed an influential role on the grunge era, featurin alternative rock airtists sic as &quot;Nirvana an PJ Harvey on its kivers whan mair mainstream magazines aften dwined tae acknawledge thaim&quot;.

In 1994, twa jurnalists wirkin fur the magazine wur killt bi a laundmine whiles reportin on the Bosnie War in Bosnie an Herzegovinae. A thrid, William T. Vollmann, wis injured.

In 1997, Guccione Jr. left the magazine efter sellin ''Spin'' tae Miller Publishing fur $43.3 million. The new awner appyntit Michael Hirschorn as editor-in-chief. A pairtnership makkit up o Robert Miller, David Salzman, an Quincy Jones, Miller Publishing awned ''Vibe'' an aa, that thegither makkit up Vibe/Spin Venturs. In 1999, Alan Light, wha previously servit as editor o ''Vibe'' succeedit Hirschorn at ''Spin''.

=== Later years ===
Sia Michel wis appyntit editor-in-chief in early 2002 tae succeed Licht. Wi Michel as editor, accordin tae Evan Sawdey o ''PopMatters'', &quot;''Spin'' wis ane o the maist funny, engagin muisic publications oot there, capable o writin aboot everyone frae the Used tae Kanye West wi an enthusiasm an deep-seatit knawledge in genre aircheteeps that makkit fur page-turnin readin&quot;. In 2003, ''Spin'' sent Chuck Klosterman, a senior writer wha jyned the magazine in the 1990s, on a trip tae veesit the daith steids o kenspeckle airtists in rock muisic, that becam the basis o his 2005 beuk, ''Killing Yourself to Live: 85% of a True Story''. Klosterman wrate fur ''Spin'' till 2006.

In Februar 2006, Miller Publishing selt the magazine tae a San Francisco-based company cried the McEvoy Group LLC, that wis the awner o Chronicle Books an aa. The purchase price wis reportit tae be &quot;less nor $5 million&quot;. That company formit Spin Media LLC as a hauldin company. The new awners appyntit Andy Pemberton, a umwhile editor at ''Blender'', tae succeed Michel as editor-in-chief. The furst an anly issue tae be published unner Pemberton's editorship wis the Julie 2006 issue, that featurt Beyoncé on the kiver. Pemberton resigned frae ''Spin'' in Juin 2006 an wis succeedit bi Doug Brod, wha wis executive editor durin Michel's tenur.

In 2008, the magazine begoud publishin a complete deegital edition o ilk issue. Fur the 25t anniversary o Prince's ''Purple Rain'', in 2009, ''Spin'' lowsed &quot;a comprehensive oral history o the film an album an a free dounloadable homage that featurs nine baunds doin sang-fur-sang kivers o the record&quot;.

In Mairch 2010, the entire collection o ''Spin'' magazine back issues becam freely readable on Google Books. Brod remained editor till Juin 2011, whan he wis replaced bi Steve Kandell, wha previously servit as deputy editor. In Julie 2011, fur the 20t anniversary o Nirvana's 1991 album, ''Nevermind'', the magazine lowsed a homage album includin aw 13 sang wi ilk kivert bi a different airtist. The album, lowsed fur free on Facebook, includit kivers bi Butch Walker, Amanda Palmer an Titus Andronicus.

Wi the Mairch 2012 issue, ''Spin'' relaunched the magazine in a lairger, bi-monthly format an, at the same time, expandit its onwab presence unner deegital general manager Jeff Rogers. In Julie 2012, ''Spin'' wis selt tae Buzzmedia, that eventually recried itsel SpinMedia, that wis foondit in 1999 bi Anthony Batt an Marc Brown. The September/October 2012 issue wis the magazine's last prent edition. It continued tae publish entirely onwab wi Caryn Ganz as its editor-in-chief. In Juin 2013, Ganz wis succeedit bi Jem Aswad, wha wis replaced bi Craig Marks in Juin o the follaein year.

In 2016, Puja Patel wis appyntit editor an Eldridge Industries acquired SpinMedia via the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group fur an undisclosed amoont. Matt Medved becam editor in December 2018.

''Spin'' wis acquired in 2020 bi Next Management Partners. Jimmy Hutcheson serves as chief executive officer wi Daniel Kohn as editorial director an ''Spin''{{'}}s foonder, Guccione Jr., wha rejyned the magazine as creative advisor.

In late 2023, the publication receivit backlash fur Guccione Jr.'s airticle defendin umwhile Rolling Stone editor Jann Wenner efter the latter makkit racist an sexist comments that got him oostit frae the Rock an Roll Haw o Fame board o directors as weel as fur &quot;Staund Thegither Muisic&quot;, an initiative uised &quot;tae launder the reputation o Koch Industries&quot;. In 2024 its week-lang activation at the South by Southwest conference wis sponsored bi the Unitit States Airmy, ane o the factors that led tae ower 100 baund droppin aff the fest in protest.

In Mey 2024, the magazine annoonced it wad relaunch its prent edition an publish quarterly stairtin in August.

== Beuks ==
In 1995, ''Spin'' produced its furst beuk, entitled ''Spin Alternative Record Guide''. It compiled writins bi 64 muisic creetics on recordin airtists an baunds relevant tae the alternative muisic muivement, wi ilk airtist's entry featurin thair discography an albums reviewed an ratit a score atween ane an ten. Accordin tae Pitchfork Media's Matthew Perpetua, the beuk featurt &quot;the best an brichtest writers o the 80s an 90s, mony o whom stairtit aff in zines but hae syne become major feegurs in muisic creeticism,&quot; includin Rob Sheffield, Byron Coley, Ann Powers, Simon Reynolds, an Alex Ross. Awtho the beuk wis nae a sales success, &quot;it inspirt a disproportionate nummer o yung readers tae pursue muisic creeticism.&quot; Efter the beuk wis published, its entry on 1960s fowk airtist John Fahey, written bi Byron Coley, helpit renew interest in Fahey's muisic, leadin tae interest frae record labels an the alternative muisic scene.

Fur ''Spin''{{'}}s 20t anniversary in 2005, it published a beuk, ''Spin: 20 Years of Alternative Music'', chroniclin the prior twa decades in muisic. The beuk haes essays on grunge, Britpop, an emo, amang ither genres o muisic, as weel as pieces on muisical acks includin Marilyn Manson, Tupac Shakur, R.E.M., Nirvana, Weezer, Nine Inch Nails, Limp Bizkit, an the Smashing Pumpkins.

== Year-end leets ==
''SPIN'' begoud compilin year-end leets in 1990.

=== Airtist o the Year ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.95em;line-height:1.5em;&quot;
!Year
!Airtist
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1994
|[[The Smashing Pumpkins]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Azerrad|first=Michael|date=December 1994|title=Artist of the Year: Smashing Pumpkins|page=5|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxPc6mYwIxEC&amp;pg=PA5|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1995
|[[PJ Harvey]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=January 1996|title=Artist of the Year: PJ Harvey|page=56|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPmf0Kr8tR0C&amp;pg=PA56|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1996
|[[Beck]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strauss|first=Neil|date=January 1997|title=Artist of the Year: Beck|page=44|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGB0iIRXtJEC&amp;pg=PA44|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1997
|[[The Notorious B.I.G.]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Wallace|first=Charles|date=January 1998|title=Artist of the Year: The Notorious B.I.G.|page=58|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_o5qLt04pz4C&amp;pg=PA58|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1998
|[[Lauryn Hill]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Seymour|first=Craig|date=January 1999|title=Lauryn Hill: Artist of the Year|page=65|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG5YubNw1pgC&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1999
|[[Rage Against the Machine]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Weisbard|first=Eric|date=January 2000|title=Band of the Year: Rage Against the Machine|page=74|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_2Hb3bIqaQC&amp;pg=PA74|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2000
|[[Eminem]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Norris|first=Chris|date=January 2001|title=Artist of the Year: Eminem|page=60|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9KJt3F7IdUC&amp;pg=PA60|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2001
|[[U2]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Light|first=Alan|date=January 2002|title=Band of the Year*: Rock's Unbreakable Heart|page=56|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXGw14ml_M4C&amp;pg=PA56|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2002
|[[The Strokes]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Spitz|first=Marc|date=January 2003|title=The Rebirth of Cool: Band of the Year|page=52|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nxQP3qCjFgC&amp;pg=PA52|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2003
|[[Coldplay]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pepper|first=Tracey|date=Jan 2004|title=Band of the Year: Coldplay|page=54|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CTUGqnYjTwC&amp;pg=PA54|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2004
|[[Modest Mouse]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dolan|first=Jon|date=January 2005|title=Band of the Year: Modest Mouse|page=46|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyLttHWpa9EC&amp;pg=PA46|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2005
|[[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Hermes|first=Will|date=January 2006|title=Artist of the Year: M.I.A.|page=57|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84sBCxdU9RAC&amp;pg=PA57|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2006
|Airtists on [[YouTube]] an [[Myspace|MySpace]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Browne|first=David|date=January 2007|title=Artist of the Year: You ...Him, and Her, and Them|page=82|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNQlLLxbfvoC&amp;pg=PA82|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2007
|[[Kanye West]] an [[Daft Punk]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=McAlley|first=John|date=Jan 2008|title=Entertainers of the Year: K.W. + D.P.|page=60|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMDVIT4pNlwC&amp;pg=PA60|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
|[[Lil Wayne]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Peisner|first=David|date=January 2009|title=Rock Star of the Year|page=60|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_G9SEfNaboC&amp;pg=PA60|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|[[Kings of Leon]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Eells|first=Josh|date=January–February 2010|title=Band of the Year|page=25|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNXPoiKBBvAC&amp;pg=PA25|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2010
|[[LCD Soundsystem]], [[Florence and the Machine]], an [[The Black Keys]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 2011|title=2010 Artists of the Year|page=2|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IB1-MpHtrPoC&amp;pg=PA2|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011
|[[Fucked Up]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Schultz|first=Christopher|date=December 12, 2011|title=One Fucked Up Year: SPIN's Best of 2011 Issue|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2011/12/one-fucked-year-spins-best-2011-issue/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|[[Death Grips]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Weingarten|first=Christopher R.|date=November 20, 2012|title=Artist of the Year: Death Grips|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2012/11/death-grips-artist-year-2012-no-love-deep-web/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|[[Mike Will Made It]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=December 9, 2013|title=Mike WiLL Made It Is Our 2013 Artist of the Year|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2013/12/mike-will-made-it-spin-2013-artist-of-the-year/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|[[Sia]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Brodsky|first=Rachel|date=December 7, 2014|title=Sia Is SPIN's 2014 Artist of the Year|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/featured/sia-2014-artist-of-the-year/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|[[Deafheaven]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=O'Connor|first=Andy|date=2015-12-21|title=Deafheaven Are 2015's Band of the Year|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2015/12/deafheaven-2015-band-of-the-year-new-bermuda-interview/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|[[Billie Eilish]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Medved|first=Matt|date=December 23, 2019|title=Artist of the Year: Billie Eilish|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/featured/billie-eilish-artist-of-the-year-2019/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|[[Run the Jewels]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kohn|first=Daniel|date=December 17, 2020|title=Artist of the Year: Run the Jewels|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/featured/run-the-jewels-artist-of-the-year-2020/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|[[Turnstile (baund)|Turnstile]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chesler|first=Josh|date=December 21, 2021|title=Artist of the Year: Turnstile|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/featured/turnstile-artist-of-the-year-2021/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2022
|[[Weyes Blood]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hochman |first1=Steve |title=Artist of the Year: Weyes Blood |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/featured/weyes-blood-artist-of-the-year |website=SPIN |date=December 15, 2022 |access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2023
|[[Sinéad O'Connor]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lentini |first1=Liza |title=Sinéad O'Connor: 2023 Artist of the Year |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/featured/sinead-oconnor-2023-artist-of-the-year/ |website=SPIN |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2024
|[[Finneas O'Connell|Finneas]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moayeri {{!}} |first=Lily |date=2024-12-13 |title=Finneas Is In the Sweet Spot |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/featured/finneas-artist-of-the-year/ |access-date=2026-08-24 |website=SPIN |language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2025
|[[Deftones]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moayeri |first=Lily |date=2025-12-29 |title=Artist of the Year: Deftones |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2025/12/artist-of-the-year-deftones/ |access-date=2026-08-24 |website=SPIN |language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Single o the Year===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.95em;line-height:1.5em;&quot;
! Year
! Airtist
! Sang
! Naition
! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1994 || [[Beck]] || &quot;[[Loser (Beck sang)|Loser]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 1994|title=Top 20 Singles of the Year|page=77|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxPc6mYwIxEC&amp;pg=PA77|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1995 || [[Moby]] || &quot;[[Feeling So Real]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 1996|title=The Top 20 of '95|page=88|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPmf0Kr8tR0C&amp;pg=PA88|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1996 || [[Fugees]] || &quot;[[Ready or Not (Fugees sang)|Ready or Not]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 1997|title=Singles|page=90|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGB0iIRXtJEC&amp;pg=PA90|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1997 || [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] || &quot;[[Hypnotize (The Notorious B.I.G. sang)|Hypnotize]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 1998|title=Top Albums of the Year; Top 20 Singles|pages=86–87|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_o5qLt04pz4C&amp;pg=PA86|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1998 || [[Norman Cook|Fatboy Slim]] || &quot;[[The Rockafeller Skank]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|England}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 1999|title=The 20 Best Singles of 1998|page=92|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG5YubNw1pgC&amp;pg=PA92|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1999 || [[TLC (group)|TLC]] || &quot;[[No Scrubs]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2000|title=The Top 20 Singles of the Year|page=80|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_2Hb3bIqaQC&amp;pg=PA80|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2000 || [[Eminem]] || &quot;[[The Real Slim Shady]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Clover|first=Joshua|date=Januar 2001|title=Top 20 Singles of the Year|page=74|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9KJt3F7IdUC&amp;pg=PA74|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2001 || [[Missy Elliott]] || &quot;[[Get Ur Freak On]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Clover|first=Joshua|date=Januar 2002|title=Singles of the Year|page=78|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXGw14ml_M4C&amp;pg=PA78|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2002 || [[Eminem]] || &quot;[[Cleanin' Out My Closet]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2003|title=Singles of the Year|page=74|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nxQP3qCjFgC&amp;pg=PA74|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2003 || [[50 Cent]] || &quot;[[In da Club]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2004|title=20 Best Singles of the Year|page=78|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CTUGqnYjTwC&amp;pg=PA78|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2004 || [[Green Day]] || &quot;[[American Idiot (sang)|American Idiot]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2005|title=20 Best Singles of the Year|page=72|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyLttHWpa9EC&amp;pg=PA72|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2005 || [[Gorillaz]] || &quot;[[Feel Good Inc.]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|England}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2006|title=20 Best Singles of 2005|page=67|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84sBCxdU9RAC&amp;pg=PA67|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || [[Gnarls Barkley]] || &quot;[[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley sang)|Crazy]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2007|title=20 Best Singles|page=61|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNQlLLxbfvoC&amp;pg=PA61|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2007 || [[Kanye West]] || &quot;[[Stronger (Kanye West sang)|Stronger]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2008|title=20 Best Songs|page=56|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMDVIT4pNlwC&amp;pg=PA56|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2008 || [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] || &quot;[[Paper Planes (M.I.A. sang)|Paper Planes]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|England}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2009|title=20 Best Songs 2008|page=49|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_G9SEfNaboC&amp;pg=PA49|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2009 || [[Yeah Yeah Yeahs]] || &quot;[[Zero (Yeah Yeah Yeahs sang)|Zero]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=Januar–Februar 2010|title=20 Best Songs of 2009|page=31|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNXPoiKBBvAC&amp;pg=PA31|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2010 || [[CeeLo Green]] || &quot;[[Fuck You (CeeLo Green sang)|Fuck You]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=Januar 2011|title=20 Best Songs|page=42|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IB1-MpHtrPoC&amp;pg=PA42|access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2011 || [[Adele]] || &quot;[[Rolling in the Deep]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|England}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=2011-12-09|title=SPIN's 20 Best Songs of 2011|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2011/12/spins-20-best-songs-2011/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012 || [[GOOD Music]] || &quot;[[Mercy (GOOD Music sang)|Mercy]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Harvilla|first=Rob|date=2012-12-10|title=G.O.O.D. Music, Feat. Kanye West, Big Sean, Pusha T, and 2 Chainz - &quot;Mercy&quot;|work=Spin|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2012/12/best-songs-2012/|access-date=2022-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128023407/https://www.spin.com/2012/12/best-songs-2012/121207-1-kanye-west/|archive-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013 || [[Daft Punk]] || &quot;[[Get Lucky (Daft Punk sang)|Get Lucky]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|France}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=December 2013|title=SPIN's 50 Best Songs of 2013|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2013/12/best-songs-2013/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127212545/https://www.spin.com/2013/12/best-songs-2013/131203-best-songs-2013-migos-daft-punk-haim-lead/|archive-date=2020-01-27|access-date=2026-08-24|website=Spin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2014 || [[Future Islands]] || &quot;[[Seasons (Waiting on You)]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-08|title=The 101 Best Songs of 2014|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2014/12/101-best-songs-2014/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2015 || [[Justin Bieber]] || &quot;[[What Do You Mean?]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|Canada}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-11-30|title=The 101 Best Songs of 2015|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2015/11/the-101-best-songs-of-2015/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2016 || [[Rae Sremmurd]] || &quot;[[Black Beatles]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-12-13|title=The 101 Best Songs of 2016|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2016/12/the-101-best-songs-of-2016/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2017 || [[Calvin Harris]], [[Frank Ocean]], an [[Migos]] || &quot;[[Slide (Calvin Harris sang)|Slide]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|Scotland}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-12-20|title=The 101 Best Songs of 2017|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2017/12/101-best-songs-of-2017/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2018 || [[Valee]] an [[Jeremih]] || &quot;Womp Womp&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-20|title=The 101 Best Songs of 2018|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2018/12/best-songs-2018/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019 || [[Big Thief]] || &quot;Orange&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-18|title=The 10 Best Songs of 2019|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2019/12/best-songs-2019/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2020 || [[Bartees Strange]] || &quot;Boomer&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title=The 30 Best Songs of 2020|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2020/12/30-best-songs-2020/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2021 || [[Japanese Breakfast]] || &quot;Be Sweet&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-14|title=The 30 Best Songs of 2021|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2021/12/best-songs-of-2021/|access-date=2026-08-24|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2022 || [[Sudan Archives]] || &quot;Home Maker&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The 50 Best Songs Of The Year |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2022/12/the-50-best-songs-of-the-year/ |website=SPIN |date=2022-12-16 |access-date=2026-08-24|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2023 || [[Boygenius]] || &quot;[[Not Strong Enough]]&quot; || {{flagcountry|USA}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kohn |first1=Daniel |title=Song of the Year: boygenius, 'Not Strong Enough' |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2023/12/song-of-the-year-boygenius-not-strong-enough/ |website=SPIN |date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Album o the Year===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.95em;line-height:1.5em;&quot;
!Year
!Airtist
!Album
!Naition
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1990
|[[Ice Cube]]
|''[[AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 1990|title=Albums of the Year: Spin's Picks for 1990|page=54|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDWxkmx1bj4C&amp;pg=PA54|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1991
|[[Teenage Fanclub]]
|''[[Bandwagonesque]]''
|{{flagcountry|Scotland}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 1991|title=20 Best Albums of the Year|page=68|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zrzfgLFgUYC&amp;pg=RA1-PA56|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1992
|[[Pavement (baund)|Pavement]]
|''[[Slanted and Enchanted]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 1992|title=20 Best Albums of the Year|page=68|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZFqiGmZIPAC&amp;pg=PT68|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1993
|[[Liz Phair]]
|''[[Exile in Guyville]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 1994|title=Best 20 Albums of the Year|page=40|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJ7nHM_LvUUC&amp;pg=PA40|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1994
|[[Hole (baund)|Hole]]
|''[[Live Through This]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 1994|title=20 Best Albums of '94|page=76|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxPc6mYwIxEC&amp;pg=PA76|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1995
|[[Moby]]
|''[[Everything Is Wrong (album)|Everything is Wrong]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 1996|title=20 Best: Moby unlocks techno, trip-hop arrives and Polly|page=62|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPmf0Kr8tR0C&amp;pg=PA62|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1996
|[[Beck]]
|''[[Odelay]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 1997|title=The 20 Best Albums of '96: Keeping score on where it's at|page=58|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGB0iIRXtJEC&amp;pg=PA58|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1997
|[[Cornershop]]
|''[[When I Was Born for the 7th Time]]''
|{{flagcountry|England}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;/&gt;
|-
|1998
|[[Lauryn Hill]]
|''[[The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 1999|title=Top 20 Albums of the Year|page=91|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG5YubNw1pgC&amp;pg=PA91|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1999
|[[Nine Inch Nails]]
|''[[The Fragile (Nine Inch Nails album)|The Fragile]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 2000|title=The Top 20 Albums of the Year|page=76|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_2Hb3bIqaQC&amp;pg=PA76|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2000
|[[Radiohead]]
|''[[Kid A]]''
|{{flagcountry|England}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;spin20002&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9KJt3F7IdUC&amp;pg=PA72 ''Spin''], January 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2001
|[[System of a Down]]
|''[[Toxicity (album)|Toxicity]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Spencer|date=September 4, 2011|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About 'Toxicity'|url=http://loudwire.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-toxicity/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626235328/https://loudwire.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-toxicity/|archive-date=June 26, 2019|access-date=2026-08-27|work=Loudwire|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2002
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[The White Stripes]]
|''[[White Blood Cells (album)|White Blood Cells]]''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 2003|title=Albums of the Year|page=70|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nxQP3qCjFgC&amp;pg=PA70|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2003
|''[[Elephant (album)|Elephant]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 2004|title=Best Albums of the Year|page=76|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CTUGqnYjTwC&amp;pg=PA76|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2004
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kanye West]]
|''[[The College Dropout]]''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 2005|title=40 Best Albums of the Year|page=68|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyLttHWpa9EC&amp;pg=PA68|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2005
|''[[Late Registration]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=Mikael|date=December 31, 2005|title=The 40 Best Albums Of 2005|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2005/12/40-best-albums-2005/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525204535/https://www.spin.com/2005/12/40-best-albums-2005/|archive-date=2021-05-25|access-date=2026-08-27|website=Spin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2006
|[[TV on the Radio]]
|''[[Return to Cookie Mountain]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 31, 2006|title=The 40 Best Albums of 2006|url=http://www.spinmagazine.com/2006/12/40-best-albums-2006/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308123527/http://www.spin.com/2006/12/40-best-albums-2006/|archive-date=2021-03-08|access-date=2026-08-27|website=Spin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2007
|[[Against Me!]]
|''[[New Wave (Against Me! album)|New Wave]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kandell|first=Steve|date=January 2008|title=Albums of the Year: Against Me!|page=58|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMDVIT4pNlwC&amp;pg=PA58|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
|[[TV on the Radio]]
|''[[Dear Science]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 31, 2008|title=The 40 Best Albums of 2008|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2008/12/40-best-albums-2008/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514014126/https://www.spin.com/2008/12/40-best-albums-2008/|archive-date=2021-05-14|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|[[Animal Collective]]
|''[[Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)|Merriweather Post Pavilion]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aaron|first=Charles|date=January–February 2010|title=Animal Collective: Merriweather Post Pavilion|page=34|work=Spin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNXPoiKBBvAC&amp;pg=PA34|access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2010
|[[Kanye West]]
|''[[My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-12-06|title=SPIN's 40 Best Albums of 2010|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2010/12/spins-40-best-albums-2010/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011
|[[Fucked Up]]
|''[[David Comes to Life]]''
|{{flagcountry|Canada}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Marchese|first=David|date=2011-12-12|title=SPIN's 50 Best Albums of 2011|url=https://www.spin.com/2011/12/spins-50-best-albums-2011/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|[[Frank Ocean]]
|''[[Channel Orange]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 3, 2012|title=SPIN's 50 Best Albums of 2012: Frank Ocean - channel ORANGE (Def Jam)|work=Spin|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2012/12/best-albums-2012/50bestalbums-mock-final/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127055844/https://www.spin.com/2012/12/best-albums-2012/50bestalbums-mock-final/|archive-date=2020-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|[[Kanye West]]
|''[[Yeezus]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Weingarten|first=Christopher R.|date=2013-12-02|title=Kanye West's 'Yeezus' Is 2013's Album of the Year|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2013/12/kanye-west-yeezus-album-of-the-year-enter-the-void/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|[[The War on Drugs (baund)|The War on Drugs]]
|''[[Lost in the Dream]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 9, 2014|title=The War on Drugs, Lost in the Dream (Secretly Canadian)|work=Spin|url=http://www.spinmagazine.com/2014/12/50-best-albums-2014/war-on-drugs/|access-date=2026-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621195602/http://www.spin.com/2014/12/50-best-albums-2014/war-on-drugs/|archive-date=2017-06-21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|[[Kendrick Lamar]]
|''[[To Pimp a Butterfly|To Pimp A Butterfly]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-12-01|title=The 50 Best Albums of 2015|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2015/12/the-50-best-albums-of-2015/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|[[Solange Knowles]]
|''[[A Seat at the Table]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-12-12|title=The 50 Best Albums of 2016|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2016/12/the-50-best-albums-of-2016/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017
|[[Kendrick Lamar]]
|''[[Damn (album)|Damn]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-12-18|title=50 Best Albums of 2017|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2017/12/50-best-albums-2017/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|[[The 1975]]
|''[[A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships]]''
|{{flagcountry|England}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-12|title=The 51 Best Albums of 2018|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2018/12/best-albums-2018/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|[[Big Thief]]
|''[[Two Hands (Big Thief album)|Two Hands]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=The 10 Best Albums of 2019|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2019/12/best-albums-2019/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|[[Fiona Apple]]
|''[[Fetch the Bolt Cutters]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-10|title=The 30 Best Albums of 2020|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2020/12/best-albums-2020/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|[[Turnstile (baund)|Turnstile]]
|''[[Glow On]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-13|title=The 30 Best Albums of 2021|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2021/12/best-albums-of-2021/|access-date=2026-08-27|website=SPIN|language=en-US|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2022
| [[Weyes Blood]]
| ''[[And in the Darkness, Hearts Aglow]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The 22 Best Albums Of 2022 |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2022/12/22-best-albums-of-2022/ |website=SPIN |date=December 22, 2022 |access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2023
|[[Killer Mike]]
|''[[Michael (Killer Mike album)|Michael]]''
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Guccione, Jr. |first1=Bob |title=Album of the Year: Killer Mike, 'Michael' |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2023/12/album-of-the-year-killer-mike-michael/ |website=Spin Magazine |date=December 21, 2023 |access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
Note: The 2000 album o the year wis awairdit tae &quot;yer haurd drive&quot;, acknawledgin the impact that fileskarin haed on the muisic listenin experience in 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;spin20002&quot;/&gt; ''Kid A'' wis leetit as nummer 2, the heichest rankin gien tae an actual album.

Addeetionally, the follaein albums wis selectit bi the magazine as the best albums o thair respective years in retrospective leets published decades later fur years prior tae the magazine's 1990 introduction o year-end album leets:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.95em;line-height:1.5em;&quot;
!Year
!Airtist
!Album
!Naition
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1971
|[[Led Zeppelin]]
|''[[Led Zeppelin IV]]''
|{{flagcountry|England}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The 50 Best Albums of 1971 |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2021/01/50-best-albums-of-1971/3/ |website=SPIN |access-date=2026-08-27 |date=2021-01-26|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1981
|[[King Crimson]]
|''[[Discipline (King Crimson album)|Discipline]]''
|{{flagcountry|England}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The 50 Best Albums of 1981 |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/photos/the-50-best-albums-of-1981/ |website=SPIN |date=2021-04-12 |access-date=2026-08-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1982
|[[Kate Bush]]
|''[[The Dreaming (album)|The Dreaming]]''
|{{flagcountry|England}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The 50 Best Albums of 1982 |url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2022/08/the-50-best-albums-of-1982/ |website=SPIN |access-date=2026-08-27 |date=2022-08-15|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
* {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://www.spinmagazine.com}}
* ''[https://books.google.com/books/serial/ISSN:08863032 Spin]''—Fou view on [[Google Books]] frae vol. 1 no. 1 tae vol. 28 no. 3 (Mey-Juin 2012

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spin (magazine)}}
[[Category:1985 establishments in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Bimonthly magazines published in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablisht in 2012]]
[[Category:Magazines establisht in 1985]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York Ceety]]
[[Category:Muisic magazines published in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Onwab magazines published in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Popular muisic magazines]]</text>
      <sha1>1swu8nlt2o8bspdh5987n24t2bg4kgt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>PC Gamer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-05T20:52:49Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="13756" sha1="9pl3fcmvqe4p8denhhe2bzop972xctm" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Video gemme magazine an wabsteid}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title           = PC Gamer
| logo            =
| image_file      =
| image_size      =
| image_alt       =
| editor          = Phil Savage
| editor_title    = Global Editor-in-Chief
| previous_editor = Evan Lahti
| staff_writer    =
| category        = PC gemmin
| frequency       = Monthly
| circulation     = 22,054 &lt;small&gt;(2013, nae langer audited bi ABC efter 2019)&lt;/small&gt;
| publisher       = Future plc
| firstdate       = November 1993
| finaldate       =
| finalnumber     =
| company         = Future plc
| country         = Unitit Kinrick
| based           = Bath, Somerset
| language        = Inglis
| website         = {{URL|https://www.pcgamer.com}}
| issn            = 1080-4471
| oclc            = 680447102
}}

'''PC Gamer''' is a magazine an wabsteid, foondit in the Unitit Kinrick in 1993, aboot PC gemmin, an published ilka month bi Future plc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.futureus-inc.com/products/pdf/FSM_PCgamer_2-12-07.pdf |title=PC Gamer Press Kit |publisher=Future plc |date=12 February 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011031715/http://www.futureus-inc.com/products/pdf/FSM_PCgamer_2-12-07.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The magazine haes several regional editions, wi the UK an US editions becomin the best-sellin PC gemmes magazines in thair ain kintras. The magazine haes industry news, gemme previews, reviews, an content on hardware an mods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/reviews/ |title=PC game reviews - PC Gamer |newspaper=Pcgamer |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Future an PC Gamer stertit the digital PC Gaming Show at E3 in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;farokhmanesh2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Farokhmanesh |first=Megan |date=2015-05-01 |title=PC gaming is getting its own press conference at E3 2015 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/5/1/8528735/pc-gaming-e3-2015 |website=Polygon |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reviewin seestem ==
In August 2023, ''Baldur's Gate 3'' becam the first gemme tae get a raitin o 97% in the UK edition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Savage |first1=Phil |title=Baldur's Gate 3 is PC Gamer's highest scoring game in 16 years. Here's why |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/baldurs-gate-3-is-pc-gamers-highest-scoring-game-in-16-years-heres-why/ |website=PC Gamer |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afore that, the heichest score gien in the UK edition wis 96%, awardit tae ''Kerbal Space Program'', ''Civilization II'', ''[[Half-Life]]'', ''Half-Life 2'', ''[[Minecraft]]'', ''Spelunky'', an ''Quake II''. In the US edition, the heichest score gien wis 98%, tae ''Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri'', ''Half-Life 2'', an ''Crysis''.

The laichest score gien in the UK edition wis 2%, awardit tae ''Big Brother: The Game'' an the re-release o ''Leisure Suit Larry: Magna Cum Laude''. ''Big Brother 2'' wis gien nae score ava, wi the review sayin: &quot;We'll pit the same effort intae giein it a mark as they've made makkin the gemme.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Curran |first=Ste |title=Big Brother 2 |newspaper=PC Gamer UK |issue=101 |page=95 |date=October 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; The laichest score gien in the US edition wis 4%, tae ''Mad Dog McCree''.

== Editions ==
PC Gamer wis foondit in the UK in November 1993. A sister edition for the Unitit States stertit in Juin 1994. The twa main editions — Breetish an American — are published bi Future plc, thirteen times ilka year.

Ower the years, several regional editions hae been stopped: the Malaysian edition (December 2011), the Roushie edition (December 2008), the Spainyie edition ''PC Juegos y Jugadores'' (2007),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=ManicMiner |date=2007-12-17 |title=PC Juegos y Jugadores: otra revista de videojuegos que cierra |url=https://www.vidaextra.com/industria/pc-juegos-y-jugadores-otra-revista-de-videojuegos-que-cierra |website=Vidaextra |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; an the Australian edition (mid-tae-late 2004). The Swedish edition wis mair independent, lairgely acause o hou popular PC gemmes are in Swaden compared tae console gemmes.

In 2018, Future bocht the Australian video gemme magazine an wabsteid PC PowerPlay frae nextmedia, an brocht PC PowerPlay airticles intae the online version o PC Gamer.

== PC Gamer UK ==
The first issue cam oot in December 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;pcgamerUKfeb2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=PC gamer UK February edition Issue 184 |publisher=Future plc |year=2008 |pages=5–130}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel Roberts wis promotit tae UK Editor-in-Chief in Julie 2017, wi Phil Savage muivin up frae Deputy Editor tae Editor at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=MCV Staff |title=PC Gamer appoints new editor and UK editor-in-chief |url=https://mcvuk.com/business-news/pc-gamer-appoints-new-editor-and-uk-editor-in-chief/ |publisher=MCV/DEVELOP |date=13 July 2017 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Julie 2024, Phil Savage wis made Global Editor-in-Chief o PC Gamer awthegither, takkin ower frae Evan Lahti, wha becam Strategic Director. Tyler Wilde wis made Editor-in-Chief for the US edition at the same time.&lt;ref name=&quot;staffchanges2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=PC Gamer staff |title=PC Gamer announces editorial staff changes and recent hirings |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/pc-gamer-announces-editorial-staff-changes-and-recent-hirings/ |website=PC Gamer |date=July 2024 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The magazine comes oot ilka fower weeks, thirteen times a year, an is based in Bath, Somerset. It is published bi Richard Keith for Future plc.&lt;ref name=&quot;pcgamerUKfeb2008&quot; /&gt;

The magazine yaised tae come wi a 3.5-inch fluppy disk, syne a CD, an syne a DVD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/fingers-on-the-buttons-498330.html |title=Fingers on the buttons |first=Rebecca |last=Armstrong |date=11 July 2005 |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091820/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/fingers-on-the-buttons-498330.html |archive-date=2015-09-25 |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-09-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2011, the UK magazine annoonced it wad stap the disk frae issue 232 on, an pit mair pages o content in its place insteid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/2011/08/23/pc-gamer-video-blog-the-making-of-issue-232-5/ |title=PC Gamer Video Blog - The Making of Issue 232 |date=23 August 2011 |publisher=PCGamer.com |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Regular sections include Eyewitness, Previews, Send (letters frae readers), special features, reviews, Extra Life (mods an classic gemmes), an Systems (hardware).&lt;ref name=&quot;pcgamerUKfeb2008&quot; /&gt; The back page, cried &quot;It's All Over&quot;, haes gemme-relatit airtwork. A section cried &quot;Gamer Snap&quot; (photaes sent in bi readers) wis latterly replaced bi &quot;Guess the Game&quot; (drawin's made in Microsoft Paint).&lt;ref name=&quot;pcgamerUKfeb2008&quot; /&gt;

A blog wis stertit efter PC Gamer jyned up wi the Computer and Video Games network. In 2010, PC Gamer relaunched its wabsteid an blog, bringin thegither the online communities o baith the US an UK magazines intae ae wabsteid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://maximalbet.net/ |title=Future launches PCGamer.com – new online home for global PC gaming authority |publisher=Futureplc.com |date=14 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221234725/http://www.futureplc.com/2010/06/11/future-launches-pcgamer-com-new-online-home-for-global-pc-gaming-authority/ |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-09-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The UK podcast stertit on 4 Mey 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mos.futurenet.com/video/pcgamer/podcast/PCGamer-UK-68.mp3 |title=PC Gamer UK Podcast #68 - Weirdly Positive |publisher=Future plc |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130102325/https://mos.futurenet.com/video/pcgamer/podcast/PCGamer-UK-68.mp3 |archive-date=2026-01-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; an ran for 93 episodes till 5 Julie 2013. It wis relaunched in Mairch 2016 wi a new episode ilka week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://pcgamerukpodcast.wordpress.com/2016/03/11/episode-1/ |title=Episode 1: Tom Clancy's the Podcast |date=11 March 2016 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tirage ===
The magazine's tirage wis 22,054 in aw for the year 2013 (19,125 print, 2,929 digital), per certificates frae the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/18760158.pdf |title=Standard Certificate of Circulation - PC Gamer |publisher=ABC |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/18259702.pdf |title=Standard Certificate of Circulation - PC Gamer |publisher=ABC |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/17651918.pdf |title=Standard Certificate of Circulation - PC Gamer |publisher=ABC |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/17144896.pdf |title=Standard Certificate of Circulation - PC Gamer |publisher=ABC |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/16525751.pdf |title=Standard Certificate of Circulation - PC Gamer |publisher=ABC |date=11 February 2010 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/15784252.pdf |title=Standard Certificate of Circulation - PC Gamer |publisher=ABC |date=12 February 2009 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wis awready weel doun frae earlier in the decade: bi December 2006, tirage haed faun tae 43,620 issues a month, doun frae 45,295 the audit period afore.&lt;ref name=&quot;jenkins2007&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Jenkins |first=David |title=UK Game Magazine Market Shows Continued Decline |work=Game Developer |date=16 February 2007 |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/uk-game-magazine-market-shows-continued-decline |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trend continued: bi 2026, the ABC's ain product page for PC Gamer states plainly that the title &quot;is no longer registered with ABC&quot; for independent tirage-auditin, wi its last full certificate datin frae 2019 — pairt o a wider, decades-lang shift o UK computer an gemmin magazines, an o parent companie Future plc's magazine portfolio athegither, awa frae print an audited tirage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc2026dereg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.org.uk/product/6510 |title=PC Gamer |publisher=Audit Bureau of Circulations |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jenkins2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=InPublishing |title=Future plc releases full year financial results |url=https://www.inpublishing.co.uk/articles/future-publishes-full-year-financial-results-26070 |date=4 December 2025 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== PC Gamer US ==
The first issue cam oot in Mey/Juin 1994. Tyler Wilde becam Editor-in-Chief o the US edition in Julie 2024, takkin ower news operations frae Evan Lahti.&lt;ref name=&quot;staffchanges2024&quot; /&gt; It is published bi Ace St. Germain for Future US.

In 1999, Future US, then cried Imagine Media, bocht the rival magazine ''PC Games'' an brocht its staff intae PC Gamer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Gaming-Magazines-Dig-In-for-Showdown-in-S-F-2929884.php |title=Gaming Magazines Dig in for Showdown in S.F. |first=Dan |last=Fost |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=20 May 1999 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The magazine yaised tae come wi a demo disk. CDs war replaced bi DVDs ower time.

In the 1990s, the demo disk had FMV sequences wi the editors, includin a &quot;basement&quot; navigation gemme lik ''Myst''. A mascot cried &quot;Coconut Monkey&quot; wis brocht in during the chynge frae FMV tae menus. The cover disk o the Julie 1998 issue o the Slovenian, Swedish, an UK editions o PC Gamer wis infectit wi the Marburg virus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Anti-CIH-pating the Future |date=August 1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/Virus_Bulletin-1998-08 |magazine=Virus Bulletin |publisher=Virus Bulletin Ltd |page=2 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Marburg Follow-up |date=August 1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/Virus_Bulletin-1998-08 |magazine=Virus Bulletin |publisher=Virus Bulletin Ltd |page=3 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; which CNN Money reportit becam a &quot;widespread threat&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/1998/08/13/life/q_mgm/ |title=Buggy WarGames |publisher=CNN Money |date=13 August 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616074703/https://money.cnn.com/1998/08/13/life/q_mgm/ |archive-date=2025-06-16 |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-09-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the September 2011 issue, PC Gamer annoonced it wad stap the demo disk awthegither.

== PC Gaming Show ==
The PC Gaming Show, first haudit at E3 in 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;farokhmanesh2015&quot; /&gt; hae become an annual stertin-pynt for PC gemmin annoonces. In 2020, wi E3 cancelled acause o the pandemic, PC Gamer ran it as pairt o a day o live-streamed shows wi ither publishers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Future plc |title=Future plc-PC Gamer Update |url=https://www.investegate.co.uk/announcement/rns/future--futr/future-plc-pc-gamer-update/5959758 |publisher=Investegate (RNS) |date=11 May 2020 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bi 2024, the show haed run for ten years, an PC Gamer merkit the anniversary wi a retrospective o its biggest annoonces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=PC Gamer staff |title=The PC Gaming Show turns 10: Looking back at the biggest moments from each show |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/the-pc-gaming-show-turns-10-looking-back-at-the-biggest-moments-from-each-show/ |website=PC Gamer |year=2024 |access-date=4 September 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Video gemmes]]</text>
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