Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6726 922610 920566 2026-09-09T18:43:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260909sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 922610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox planet | name = Muin | apsis = gee | symbol = [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|20px|☾]] | image = FullMoon2010.jpg | caption = [[Full muin]] as seen frae Yird's [[Northren Hemisphere]] | background = #ddd | adjectives = {{hlist |[[wikt:lunar|Lunar]] |[[wikt:selenic|selenic]]}} | periapsis = {{gaps |362 |600}}&nbsp;km<br />({{gaps |356 |400}}–{{gaps |370 |400}}&nbsp;km) | apoapsis = {{gaps |405 |400}}&nbsp;km<br />({{gaps |404 |000}}–{{gaps |406 |700}}&nbsp;km) | semimajor = {{val |384399 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}({{val |0.00257 |u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val |0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{longitem |class=nowrap |{{val |27.321661 |ul=d}}<br />{{smaller |(27&thinsp;d 7&thinsp;h 43&thinsp;min 11.5&thinsp;s<ref name="W06"/>)}}}} | synodic_period = {{longitem |class=nowrap |{{val |29.530589 |u=d}}<br />{{smaller |(29&thinsp;d 12&thinsp;h 44&thinsp;min 2.9&thinsp;s)}}}} | avg_speed = {{val |1.022 |ul=km/s}} | inclination = {{nowrap |5.145° tae the [[ecliptic]]<ref name="Lang2011"/>{{efn|name=inclination}}}} | asc_node = {{longitem |Regressin bi ane [[orbit|revolution]] in 18.61&nbsp;years}} | arg_peri = {{longitem |Progressin bi ane revolution in 8.85&nbsp;years}} | satellite_of = [[Yird]]{{efn|name=near-Earth asteroids}}<ref name="Morais2002"/> | flattening = {{val |0.0012}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | equatorial_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1738.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | polar_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1736.0 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | mean_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1737.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=David E. |last2=Zuber |first2=Maria T. |last3=Neumann |first3=Gregory A. |last4=Lemoine|first4=Frank G. |title=Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=1 January 1997 |volume=102 |issue=E1 |page=1601 |doi=10.1029/96JE02940 |bibcode=1997JGR...102.1591S}}</ref>}} | circumference = {{nowrap |{{val |10921 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |([[equator]]ial)}}}} | surface_area = {{nowrap |{{val |3.793 |e=7 |u=km2}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.074 o Yird's)}}}} | volume = {{nowrap |{{val |2.1958 |e=10 |u=km3}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.020 o Yird's)<ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | mass = {{nowrap |{{val |7.342 |e=22 |u=kg}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |({{val |0.012300}} o Yird's)<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | density = {{val |3.344 |ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/><br /><small>{{val |0.606}} × Yird</small> | surface_grav = {{nowrap |{{val |1.62 |ul=m/s2}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |({{val |0.1654 |u=[[G-force|g]]}})<ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val |0.3929 |0.0009}}<ref name="Williams1996" /> | escape_velocity = {{val |2.38 |ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{nowrap |{{val |27.321661 |u=d}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |([[tidal lockin|synchronous]])}}}} <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap |4.627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = {{ublist |class=nowrap |1.5424° tae [[ecliptic]]<!--1.533° according to Conn 2007-->|6.687° tae [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbit plane]]<ref name="Lang2011"/><!--6.4° according to Grego;<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to Conn.<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>-->}} | albedo = 0.136<ref name="Saari"/> | temp_name1 = Equator | min_temp_1 = 100 [[Kelvin|K]] | mean_temp_1 = 220 K | max_temp_1 = 390 K | temp_name2 = 85°N&nbsp; | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = 150 K | max_temp_2 = 230 K<ref name="Vasavada1999"/> | magnitude = {{ublist |class=nowrap |−2.5 tae −12.9{{efn |name=maxval}} |−12.74{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(mean [[full muin]])}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | angular_size = {{nowrap |29.3 tae 34.1 [[meenit an seicont o arc|arcmeenits]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn |name=angular size}}}} | atmosphere = yes | atmosphere_ref = <ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = {{ublist |class=nowrap |10{{sup |−7}} [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] (1 [[bar (unit)|picobar]]){{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(day)}} |10{{sup |−10}} Pa (1 femtobar) {{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(nicht)}}{{efn |name=pressure explanation}}}} | atmosphere_composition = {{hlist |[[Helium|He]] |[[Argon|Ar]] |[[Neon|Ne]] |[[Sodium|Na]] |[[Potassium|K]] |[[Hydrogen|H]] |[[Radon|Rn]]}} }} The '''Muin''' is an [[Astronomical object|astronomical bouk]] that [[orbit]]s [[planet]] [[Yird]], bein Yird's anerly permanent [[naitural satellite]]. It is [[Leet o Solar Seestem objects bi size#Leet o objects bi radius|the fift-lairgest]] naitural satellite in the [[Solar Seestem]], an the lairgest amang planetar satellites relative tae the size o the planet that it orbits (its [[Primar (astronomy)|primar]]). Follaein [[Jupiter]]'s satellite [[Io (muin)|Io]], the Muin is seicond-[[Density|densest]] satellite amang thae whase densities are kent. The Muin is thocht tae hae formed aboot 4.51 billion year ago, [[Age o the Yird|nae lang efter Yird]]. The maist widely acceptit explanation is that the Muin formed frae the debris left ower efter a [[giant impact hypothesis|giant impact]] atween Yird an a [[Maurs]]-sized bouk cried [[Theia (planet)|Theia]]. The Muin is in [[tidal lockin|synchronous rotation]] wi Yird, ayeweys shawin the same face, wi its [[near side o the Muin|near side]] merked bi daurk volcanic [[lunar mare|maria]] that fill the spaces atween the bricht auncient crustal hielands an the prominent [[impact crater]]s. As seen frae the Yird, it is the seicont-brichtest regularly veesible [[celestial object]] in Yird's sky, efter the Sun. Its surface is actually daurk, awtho compared tae the nicht sky it appears verra bricht, wi a [[reflectance]] juist slichtly heicher nor that o worn [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]]. Its gravitational influence produces the [[tide|ocean tides]], [[Yird tide|bouk tides]], an the [[tidal acceleration|slicht lenthenin]] o the day. The Muin's current [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|orbital distance]] is {{convert|384400|km|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/ |title=How far away is the moon? :: NASA Space Place |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006220531/http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/ |archivedate=6 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Scott, Elaine. ''Our Moon: New Discoveries About Earth's Closest Companion''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2016) {{ISBN|9780544750586}}. page 7.</ref> or 1.28 licht-seiconts. This is aboot thirty times the diameter o Yird, wi its [[Angular diameter|apparent size]] in the sky awmaist the same as that o the Sun, resultin in the Muin coverin the Sun nearly precisely in tot [[solar eclipse]]. This matchin o apparent veesual size will nae conteena in the faur futur, acause the Muin's distance frae Yird is slawly increasin. The [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Luna programme]] wis the first tae reach the Muin wi [[unmanned spacecraft|uncrewed spacecraft]] in 1959; the Unitit States' [[NASA]] [[Apollo program]] achieved the anerly crewed missions tae date, beginnin wi the first crewed lunar orbitin mission bi [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, an sax crewed lunar laundins atween 1969 an 1972, wi the first bein [[Apollo 11]]. Thir missions returned [[Muin rock|lunar rocks]] that hae been uised tae develop a [[Geology o the Muin|geological]] unnerstaundin o the Muin's oreegin, [[internal structure o the Moon|internal structur]], an [[geology o the Muin|later history]]. Syne the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972, the Muin haes been veesitit anerly bi uncrewed spacecraft. Athin human cultur, baith the Muin's naitural prominence in the yirdly sky, an its regular cycle o [[lunar phases|phases]] as seen frae the Yird hae providit cultural references an influences for human societies an culturs syne time immemorial. Sic cultural influences can be foond in [[leid]], [[Lunar calendar|lunar based calendar seestems]], [[Muin in feection|airt]], an [[Lunar deity|meethologie]]. ==Pheesical chairactereestics== ===Internal structur=== [[File:Moon diagram.svg|thumb|left |Structur o the Muin]] {|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Chemical composeetion o the lunar surface regolith (derived frae crustal rocks)<ref>{{cite book |author=Taylor, Stuart Ross |title=Lunar science: A post-Apollo view |date=1975 |page=64 |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |access-date=2017-08-22 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217153346/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- After Turkevich, A.L. (1973) PLC 4:1159; Moon. 8:365. --> ! rowspan="2" |Compoond ! rowspan="2" |Formula ! colspan="2" |Composeetion (wt %) |- ! style="font-size: smaller;" |Maria ! style="font-size: smaller;" |Hielands |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Seelicon dioxide|seelicae]] |SiO₂ |45.4% |45.5% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Alumeenium oxide|alumina]] |Al₂O₃ |14.9% |24.0% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcium oxide|lime]] |CaO |11.8% |15.9% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[airn(II) oxide]] |FeO |14.1% |5.9% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Magnesium oxide|magnesia]] |MgO |9.2% |7.5% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[titanium dioxide]] |TiO₂ |3.9% |0.6% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[sodium oxide]] |Na₂O |0.6% |0.6% |- ! colspan="2" |Tot ! 99.9% ! 100.0% |} The Muin is a [[planetar differentiation|differentiatit]] bouk: it haes a [[Geochemistry|geochemically]] distinct [[Crust (geology)|crust]], [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], an [[Planetar core|core]]. The Muin haes a solit airn-rich inner core wi a radius o {{Convert |240 |km |abbr=on}} an a fluid ooter core primarily made o liquid iron wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |300 |km |abbr=on}}. Aroond the core is a pairtially mowten boondary layer wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |500 |km |abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Brown|first1= D.|last2= Anderson|first2= J.|website= NASA|url= http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|title= NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core|publisher= [[NASA]] via Web Citation.org|date= 6 January 2011|access-date= 2017-08-22|archive-date= 2012-01-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112210/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Weber2011">{{cite journal|last1= Weber|first1= R. C.|last2= Lin|first2= P.-Y.|last3= Garnero|first3= E. J.|last4= Williams|first4= Q.|last5= Lognonne|first5= P.|title= Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core|journal= Science|volume= 331|issue= 6015|date= 2011-01-21|pages= 309–312|url= http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/351/lunarcore.2011.pdf|doi= 10.1126/science.1199375|pmid= 21212323|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015035756/http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/351/lunarcore.2011.pdf|archivedate= 15 October 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref> This structur is thocht tae hae developed throu the [[Fractional creestallisation (geology)|fractional creestallisation]] o a global [[lunar magma ocean|magma ocean]] shortly efter the Muin's formation 4.5&nbsp;billion year ago.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ngeo417 |title=Timing of crystallization of the lunar magma ocean constrained by the oldest zircon |url=https://archive.org/details/nature-geoscience_2009-02_2_2/page/133 |date=2009 |last1=Nemchin |first1=A. |last2=Timms |first2=N. |last3=Pidgeon |first3=R. |last4=Geisler |first4=T. |last5=Reddy |first5=S. |last6=Meyer |first6=C. |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=133–136 |bibcode=2009NatGe...2..133N}}</ref> Creestallisation o this magma ocean wad hae creatit a [[mafic]] mantle frae the [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] an sinkin o the minerals [[olivine]], [[clinopyroxene]], an [[orthopyroxene]]; efter aboot three-quarters o the magma ocean haed creestallised, lawer-density [[plagioclase]] meenerals coud form an fleet intae a crust atap.<ref name="S06" /> The feenal liquids tae crystallise wad hae been ineetially sandwiched atween the crust an mantle, wi a heich abundance o [[Compatibility (geochemistry)|incompatible]] an heat-producin elements.<ref name="W06" /> Conseestent wi this perspective, geochemical mappin made frae orbit suggests the crust o maistly [[anorthosite]].<ref name="L06" /> The [[Muin rock]] samples o the fluid lavas that erupted ontae the surface frae pairtial meltin in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle composeetion, that is mair airn rich nor that o Yird.<ref name="W06" /> The crust is on average aboot {{Convert|50 |km |abbr=on}} thick.<ref name="W06" /> The Muin is the seicont-densest satellite in the Solar Seestem, efter [[Io (muin)|Io]].<ref name="Schubert2004" /> Houiver, the inner core o the Muin is smaw, wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |350 |km |abbr=on}} or less,<ref name="W06" /> aroond 20% o the radius o the Muin. Its composeetion is nae well defined, but is probably metallic airn alloyed wi a smaw amoont o [[sulfur]] an nickel; analyses o the Muin's time-variable rotation suggest that it is at least pairtly mowten.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams |first=J. G. |last2=Turyshev |first2=S. G. |last3=Boggs |first3=D. H. |last4=Ratcliff |first4=J. T. |title=Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy |journal=[[Advances in Space Research]] |date=2006 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..37...67W |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013 |arxiv=gr-qc/0412049}}</ref> ===Surface geology=== [[File:MoonTopoLOLA.png|thumb|alt=Topografie o the Moon meisurt frae the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], referenced tae a sphere o radius 1737.4&nbsp;km|Topografie o the Muin]] The [[topografie o the Muin]] haes been meisurt wi [[laser altimetry]] an [[stereoscopy|stereo eemage analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Topography of the South Polar Region from Clementine Stereo Imaging |author1=Spudis, Paul D.|author2=Cook, A.|author3=Robinson, M.|author4=Bussey, B.|author5=Fessler, B. |bibcode=1998nvmi.conf...69S |journal=Workshop on New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets |page=69 |date=January 1998}}</ref> Its maist veesible [[Leet o featurs on the Muin|topografic featur]] is the giant far-side [[Sooth Pole–Aitken basin]], some {{Convert|2240 |km |abbr=on}} in diameter, the lairgest crater on the Muin an the seicont-lairgest confirmed impact [[Leet o lairgest craters in the Solar Seestem|crater in the Solar Seestem]].<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1029/97GL01718 |first1=C.M. |last1=Pieters |first2=S. |last2=Tompkins |first3=J.W. |last3=Head |first4=P.C. |last4=Hess |title=Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole‐Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle |url=https://archive.org/details/geophysical-research-letters_1997-08-01_24_15/page/1903 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=24 |issue=15 |pages=1903–1906 |date=1997 |bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.1903P}}</ref> At {{Convert |13 |km |abbr=on}} deep, its fluir is the lawest pynt on the surface o the Muin.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html |title=The Biggest Hole in the Solar System |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |date=17 July 1998 |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820042129/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html |archivedate=20 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The heichest elevations o the Muin's surface are locatit directly tae the northeast, an it haes been suggestit micht hae been thickened bi the oblique formation impact o the Sooth Pole–Aitken basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=P. H. |date=March 1997 |page=1259 |volume=28 |title=Forming the south-pole Aitken basin – The extreme games |journal=Conference Paper, 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |bibcode=1997LPI....28.1259S}}</ref> Ither lairge impact basins, sic as [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]], [[Mare Smythii|Smythii]], an [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], an aa possess regionally law elevations an elevatit rims.<ref name="Spudis1994" /> The faur side o the lunar surface is on average aboot {{Convert |1.9 |km |abbr=on}} heicher nor that o the near side.<ref name="W06" /> The discovery o [[faut scarp]] cliffs bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] suggest that the Muin haes scrinkit athin the past billion year, bi aboot 90 metres (300&nbsp;ft).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[NASA]]|title=NASA's LRO Reveals 'Incredible Shrinking Moon'|date=19 August 2010|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821124252/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html|archivedate=21 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Seemilar scrinkage featurs exist on [[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]]. ====Volcanic featurs==== [[File:Moon names.svg|thumb |[[Near side of the Moon|Lunar nearside]] wi [[Lunar mare|major maria]] an [[Lunar craters|craters]] labeled |alt=Lunar nearside wi major maria an craters labeled]] The daurk an relatively featurless lunar plains, clearly seen wi the nakit ee, are cried ''[[lunar mare|maria]]'' ([[Laitin leid|Latiin]] for "seas"; seengular ''mare''), as thay war ance believed tae be filled wi watter;<ref>{{cite book |author=Wlasuk, Peter |title=Observing the Moon |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C |date=2000 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-85233-193-1 |page=19}}</ref> thay are nou kent tae be vast solitifee'd puils o auncient [[basalt]]ic lava. Awtho seemilar tae terrestrial basalts, lunar basalts hae mair airn an no minerals altered bi watter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html |title=The Oldest Moon Rocks |last=Norman |first=M. |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=21 April 2004 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418152325/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html |archivedate=18 April 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Varricchio |first=L. |title=Inconstant Moon |date=2006 |publisher=[[Xlibris Books]] |isbn=978-1-59926-393-9}}</ref> The majority o thir lavas eruptit or flawed intae the depressions associatit wi [[impact crater|impact basins]]. Several [[geologic province]]s conteenin [[shield volcano]]es an volcanic [[lunar dome|domes]] are foond within the near side "maria".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Head |first=L.W.J.W. |title=Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplacement |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=2003 |volume=108 |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml |accessdate=12 April 2007 |issue=E2 |doi=10.1029/2002JE001909 |page=5012 |bibcode=2003JGRE..108.5012W |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071105/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml |archivedate=12 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg|thumb |150px |left |Evidence of [[Irregular mare patch|young lunar volcanism]]]] Awmaist aw maria are on the near side o the Muin, an civer 31% o the surface o the near side,<ref name="worldbook" /> compared wi 2% o the faur side.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gillis |first1=J.J. |last2=Spudis |first2=P.D. |title=The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria |journal=[[Lunar and Planetary Science]] |date=1996 |volume=27 |pages=413 |bibcode=1996LPI....27..413G}}</ref> This is thocht tae be due tae a [[KREEP|concentration o heat-producin elements]] unner the crust on the near side, seen on geochemical maps obteened bi ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'''s gamma-ray spectrometer, that wad hae caused the unnerleein mantle tae heat up, pairtially melt, rise tae the surface an erupt.<ref name="S06" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484 |title=Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer |author=Lawrence |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume=281 |issue=5382 |pages=1484–1489 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5382.1484 |date=11 August 1998 |accessdate=29 August 2009 |pmid=9727970 |bibcode=1998Sci...281.1484L |name-list-format=vanc |author2=D. J. |display-authors=2 |last3=Barraclough |first3=BL |last4=Binder |first4=AB |last5=Elphic |first5=RC |last6=Maurice |first6=S |last7=Thomsen |first7=DR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516065007/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484 |archivedate=16 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html |title=A New Moon for the Twenty-First Century |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=31 August 2000 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66BdZ4zPb?url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html |archivedate=2012-03-15 |df=dmy-all |url-status=live }}</ref> Maist o the Muin's [[lunar mare|mare basalts]] eruptit in the Imbrian period, 3.0–3.5&nbsp;billion year aby, awtho some radiometrically datit samples are as auld as 4.2&nbsp;billion year.<ref name="Papike" /> Till recently, the youngest eruptions, datit bi [[crater coontin]], appeared tae hae been anly 1.2&nbsp;billion year aby.<ref name="Hiesinger" /> In 2006, a study o [[Ina (crater)|Ina]], a tottie depression in [[Lacus Felicitatis]], foond jagged, relatively dust-free featurs that, due tae the lack o erosion bi infawin debris, appeared tae be anly 2 million year auld.<ref name=Berardelli>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon |title=Long Live the Moon! |publisher=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=9 November 2006 |author=Phil Berardelli|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018153016/http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon |archivedate=18 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Muinquake]]s an releases o gas an aa indicate some continued lunar acteevity.<ref name=Berardelli /> In 2014 NASA annoonced "widespread evidence o young lunar volcanism" at 70 [[irregular mare patch]]es identifee'd bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], some less nor 50 million year auld. This raises the possibeelity o a muckle wairmer lunar mantle nor previously believed, at least on the near side whaur the deep crust is substantially waurmer due tae the greater concentration o radioactive elements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm |title=Volcanoes Erupted 'Recently' on the Moon |publisher=[[Discovery News]] |date=14 October 2014 |author=Jason Major|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190653/http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm |archivedate=16 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo |title=NASA Mission Finds Widespread Evidence of Young Lunar Volcanism |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=12 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095208/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo |archivedate=3 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon |title=Recent volcanic eruptions on the moon |publisher=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=12 October 2014 |author=Eric Hand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014092239/http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon |archivedate=14 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n11/full/ngeo2252.html| title = Evidence for basaltic volcanism on the Moon within the past 100 million years| journal = [[Nature Geoscience]]| last1 = Braden| first1 = S. E.| last2 = Stopar| first2 = J. D.| last3 = Robinson| first3 = M. S.| last4 = Lawrence| first4 = S. J.| last5 = van der Bogert| first5 = C. H.| last6 = Hiesinger| first6 = H.doi=10.1038/ngeo2252| volume = 7| pages = 787–791| bibcode = 2014NatGe...7..787B| doi = 10.1038/ngeo2252| access-date = 2025-10-09| archive-date = 2014-11-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141105124314/http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n11/full/ngeo2252.html| url-status = bot: unknown}}</ref> Juist prior tae this, evidence haes been presentit for 2–10 million years younger basaltic volcanism inside Lowell crater,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=N. |last2=Gupta |first2=R.P. |year=2013 |title=Young viscous flows in the Lowell crater of Orientale basin, Moon: Impact melts or volcanic eruptions? |url= |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=87 |issue= |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.001 |bibcode=2013P&SS...87...37S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R.P. |last2=Srivastava |first2=N. |last3=Tiwari |first3=R.K. |year=2014 |title=Evidences of relatively new volcanic flows on the Moon |url= |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=454–460}}</ref> Orientale basin, locatit in the transeetion zone atween the near an faur sides o the Muin. An ineetially hetter mantle and/or local enrichment o heat-producin elements in the mantle coud be responsible for prolanged acteevities an aa on the faur side in the Orientale basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitten |first1=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Lunar mare deposits associated with the Orientale impact basin: New insights into mineralogy, history, mode of emplacement, and relation to Orientale Basin evolution from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data from Chandrayaan-1 |url= |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=116 |issue= |page=E00G09 |doi=10.1029/2010JE003736 |bibcode=2011JGRE..116.0G09W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=Y. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Young mare volcanism in the Orientale region contemporary with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) volcanism peak period 2 b. y. ago |url= |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=39 |issue= |page=L11203}}</ref> The lichter-coloured regions o the Muin are cried ''terrae'', or mair commonly ''highlands'', acause thay are heicher nor maist maria. Thay hae been radiometrically datit tae haein formed 4.4&nbsp;billion year aby, an mey represent [[plagioclase]] [[Cumulate rock|cumulates]] o the [[lunar magma ocean]].<ref name="Papike" /><ref name="Hiesinger" /> In contrast tae Yird, na major lunar moontains are believed tae hae formed as a result o tectonic events.<ref>{{cite web|last=Munsell |first=K. |publisher=[[NASA]] |work=Solar System Exploration |title=Majestic Mountains |url=http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains |date=4 December 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917055643/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains |archivedate=17 September 2008 |df= }}</ref> The concentration o maria on the Near Side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust o the helands o the Faur Side, that mey hae formed in a slaw-velocity impact o a seicont muin o Yird a few tens o millions o years efter thair formation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard Lovett |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |title=Early Earth may have had two moons : Nature News |publisher=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |accessdate=1 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103145236/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |archivedate=3 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |title=Was our two-faced moon in a small collision? |publisher=Theconversation.edu.au |accessdate=1 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130004522/http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |archivedate=30 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ====Impact craters==== [[File:Moon-craters.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A gray, mony-ridged surface frae heich abuin. The lairgest featur is a circular rainged structur wi heich wawed sides an a lawer central peak: the entire surface oot tae the horizon is filled wi seemilar structurs that are smawer an owerlappin.|Lunar crater [[Daedalus (crater)|Daedalus]] on the [[Faur side o the Muin|Muin's faur side]]]] The ither major geologic process that haes affectit the Muin's surface is [[impact crater]]in,<ref>{{cite book|last=Melosh |first=H. J. |title=Impact cratering: A geologic process |url=https://archive.org/details/impactcrateringg0000melo |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-504284-9}}</ref> wi craters formed whan asteroids an comets collide wi the lunar surface. Thare are estimatit tae be aboot 300,000 craters wider nor {{Convert |1 |km |4=1 |abbr=on}} on the Muin's near side alane.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon Facts |url=http://planck.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31412 |work=SMART-1 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |date=2010 |accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> The [[lunar geologic timescale]] is based on the maist prominent impact events, includin [[Nectarian|Nectaris]], [[Lower Imbrian|Imbrium]], an [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], structurs chairacterised bi multiple raings o upliftit material, atween hunders an thoosands o kilometres in diameter an associatit wi a braid apron o ejecta deposits that form a regional [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic horizon]].<ref name="geologic" /> The lack o an atmosphere, wather an recent geological processes mean that mony o thir craters are well-preserved. Awtho anly a few multi-raing basins hae been definitively datit, thay are uisefu for assignin relative ages. Acause impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, coontin the nummer o craters per unit area can be uised tae estimate the age o the surface.<ref name="geologic" /> The radiometric ages o impact-meltit rocks collectit in the [[Apollo missions]] cluster atween 3.8 an 4.1&nbsp;billion year auld: this haes been uised tae propone a [[Late Heavy Bombardment]] o impacts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann |first=William K. |last2=Quantin |first2=Cathy |last3=Mangold |first3=Nicolas |date=2007 |volume=186 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |journal=[[Icarus (jurnal)|Icarus]] |title=Possible long-term decline in impact rates: 2. Lunar impact-melt data regarding impact history |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.009 |postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode=2007Icar..186...11H}}</ref> Blanketit on tap o the Muin's crust is a heichly [[Comminution|comminutit]] (breuken intae ever smawer particles) an [[impact gairdenin|impact gairdened]] surface layer cried [[regolith]], formed bi impact processes. The finer regolith, the [[lunar sile]] o [[seelicon dioxide]] gless, haes a textur resemblin snaw an a scent resemblin spent [[gunpouder]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2006 |accessdate=15 March 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm |title=The Smell of Moondust |publisher=[[NASA]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308112332/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm |archivedate=8 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The regolith o aulder surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness frae {{Convert|10 |- |20 |km |abbr=on}} in the hielands an {{Convert |3 |- |5 |km |abbr=on}} in the maria.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heiken |first=G. |editor1-last=Vaniman |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=French |editor2-first=B. |title=Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/lunar_sourcebook/|date=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-33444-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik/page/n774 736]}}</ref> Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the ''megaregolith'', a layer o heichly fractured bedrock mony kilometres thick.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=K.L. |author2=Warren, P.H. |title=Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1985-01-10_313_5998/page/n53 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |date=1985 |volume=313 |issue=5998 |pages=121–124 |bibcode=1985Natur.313..121R |doi=10.1038/313121a0}}</ref> Comparison o heich-resolution eemages obteened bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] haes shawn a contemporary crater-production rate signeeficantly heicher nor previously estimatit. A seicontar craterin process caused bi [[Ejecta blanket|distal ejecta]] is thocht tae churn the tap twa centimetres o regolith a hunder times mair quickly nor previous models suggestit{{ndash}}on a timescale o 81,000 year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ |title=The moon has hundreds more craters than we thought |first=Rebecca |last=Boyle |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013143743/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ |archivedate=13 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v538/n7624/full/nature19829.html |title=Quantifying crater production and regolith overturn on the Moon with temporal imaging |first1=Emerson J. |last1=Speyerer |first2=Reinhold Z. |last2=Povilaitis |first3=Mark S. |last3=Robinson |first4=Peter C. |last4=Thomas |first5=Robert V. |last5=Wagner |date=13 October 2016 |publisher= |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=215–218 |via=www.nature.com |doi=10.1038/nature19829 |pmid=27734864}}</ref> [[File:Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg|thumb|200px|Lunar swirls at [[Reiner Gamma]]]] ====Lunar swirls==== Lunar swirls are enigmatic featurs foond across the Muin's surface, which are chairacterised bi a heich albedo, appearin optically immatur (i.e. the optical chairactereestics o a relatively young regolith), an eften displayin a sinuous shape. Thair curvilinear shape is eften accentuated bi law albedo regions that wind atween the bricht swirls. ==== Albedo an true colour o the Moon ==== The sicht o the Moon is shapit bi its reflectin propertie an the composition o its surface. The Moon’s albedo is aboot 0.12<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moon Albedo|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/moon-albedo|access-date=2025-10-04|website=Universe Today|language=en}}</ref>, compairable tae worn asphalt. Sae, altho it appears bricht in the nicht sky, it is realie relativel dark. This low albedo comes fae the lunar regolith, a layer o fine rock fragments formit bi meteorite impacts. Licht scatterin bi the regolith maks the phenomenon kent as the opposition surge, makin the Moon appear muckle brichter at fu Moon than at quarter phases. The Moon’s true colour, wi nae atmospheric effects, is a mutit bruunish-gray<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sayyad|first=Nihal|date=2024-10-08|title=What Is The Colour Of The Moon?|url=https://www.wondersinspace.com/what-is-the-colour-of-the-moon/|access-date=2025-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref>. This comes fae silicate minerals in the regolith, wi darker basaltic plains (maria) an lighter feldspar-rich highlands. The maria, formit bi auld volcanic flows, hae mair iron an titanium, giein them a darker tone. Frae Earth, the Moon’s colour can be altert bi the atmosphere, appearin red durin lunar eclipses or occasionallie blue due tae volcanic particles. The Moon alsa shows retro-reflection, scatterin licht back til its source an creatin a uniform brichtness across its disc wi nae significant limb darkenin. Its apparent size an brichtness vary due tae its elliptical orbit, appearin up tae 30% brichter an 14% lairger at perigee compairit tae apogee, a phenomenon kent as a "Supermoon". At times, the Moon can appear red or blue. It may appear red durin a lunar eclipse, because o the red spectrum o the Sun's licht bein refracted on the Moon bi Earth’s atmosphere. Because o this red colour, lunar eclipses are soms ca’d blood moons. The Moon can alsa seem red whan it appears at low angles an thru a thick atmosphere. The Moon may appear blue dependin on the presence o certain particles in the air, sic as volcanic particles, in which case it is ca’d a blue moon. Sin the words "red moon" an "blue moon" can alsa be used tae refer tae specific fu moons o the year, they dae nae alwais refer tae the presence o red or blue moonlicht. ====Presence o watter==== Liquid watter canna persist on the lunar surface. Whan exposed tae solar radiation, watter quickly decompones throu a process kent as [[photodissociation]] an is lost tae space. Houiver, syne the 1960s, scientists hae hypothesized that watter ice mey be depositit bi impactin [[comets]] or possibly produced bi the reaction o oxygen-rich lunar rocks, an hydrogen frae [[solar wind]], leavin traces o watter that coud possibly survive in cauld, permanently shaidaed craters at aither pole on the Muin.<ref name="Margot1999" /><ref> {{cite journal |first=William R. |last=Ward |title=Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-08-01_189_4200/page/377 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=1 August 1975 |volume=189 |issue=4200 |pages=377–379 |doi=10.1126/science.189.4200.377 |pmid=17840827 |bibcode=1975Sci...189..377W}} </ref> Computer simulations suggest that up tae {{Convert |14000 |km2 |abbr=on}} o the surface mey be in permanent shaidae.<ref name="M03" /> The presence o uisable quantities o watter on the Muin is an important factor in renderin [[Colonisation o the Moon|lunar habitation]] as a cost-effective plan; the alternative o transportin watter frae Yird wad be prohibitively expensive.<ref name="seedhouse2009" /> In years syne, seegnaturs o watter hae been foond tae exeest on the lunar surface.<ref name="moonwater_18032010" /> In 1994, the [[Clementine mission#Bistatic Radar Experiment|bistatic radar experiment]] locatit on the ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' spacecraft, indicatit the existence o smaw, frozen pockets o watter close tae the surface. Houiver, later radar observations bi [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo]], suggest thir findings mey rather be rocks ejectit frae young impact craters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Spudis |first=P. |title=Ice on the Moon |url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1 |publisher=[[The Space Review]] |date=6 November 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222083000/http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1 |archivedate=22 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1998, the [[Lunar Prospector#Neutron Spectrometer (NS)|neutron spectrometer]] on the ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft shawed that heich concentrations o hydrogen are present in the first meter o deepth in the regolith near the polar regions.<ref name="Feldman1998" /> Volcanic lava beads, brocht back tae Yird abuird Apollo 15, shawed smaw amounts o watter in thair interior.<ref name="Saal2008" /> The 2008 ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' spacecraft haes syne confirmed the existence o surface watter ice, uisin the on-buird [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common tae [[hydroxyl]], in reflected sunlicht, providin evidence o lairge quantities o watter ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft shawed that concentrations mey possibly be as heich as 1,000&nbsp;[[pairts per million|ppm]].<ref name="Pieters2009" /> In 2009, ''[[LCROSS]]'' sent a {{Convert|2300 |kg |abbr=on}} impactor intae a permanently shaidaed polar crater, an detectit at least {{Convert |100 |kg |abbr=on}} o watter in a plume o ejectit material.<ref name="Planetary" /><ref name="Colaprete" /> Anither examination o the LCROSS data shawed the amoont o detectit watter tae be closer tae {{Convert |155 |± |12 |kg |abbr=on}}.<ref name="Colaprete2010" /> In Mey 2011, 615–1410 ppm watter in [[melt inclusions]] in lunar saumple 74220 wis reportit,<ref name="hauri" /> the famous heich-titanium "orange gless sile" o volcanic oreegin collectit during the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The inclusions war formed in explosive eruptions on the Muin approximately 3.7 billion year aby. This concentration is comparable wi that o magma in Yird's [[upper mantle]]. Awtho o considerable selenological interest, this announcement affords little comfort tae wad-be lunar colonists—the sample oreeginatit mony kilometres ablo the surface, an the inclusions are sae difficult tae access that it teuk 39 year tae find them wi a state-o-the-airt ion microprobe instrument. ===Gravitational field=== The gravitational field o the Muin haes been meisurt throu trackin the [[Doppler effect|Doppler shift]] o radio signals emittit bi orbitin spacecraft. The main lunar gravity featurs are [[mass concentration (astronomy)|mascons]], lairge positive gravitational anomalies associatit wi some o the giant [[impact crater|impact basins]], partly caused bi the dense mare basaltic lava flaws that fill thae basins.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Muller |first=P. |author2=Sjogren, W. |title=Mascons: lunar mass concentrations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-08-16_161_3842/page/680 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume=161 |pages=680–684 |date=1968 |doi=10.1126/science.161.3842.680 |pmid=17801458 |issue=3842 |bibcode=1968Sci...161..680M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |author=Richard A. Kerr |title=The Mystery of Our Moon's Gravitational Bumps Solved? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-04-12_340_6129/page/138 |volume=340 |pages=138–139 |date=12 April 2013 |doi=10.1126/science.340.6129.138-a |pmid=23580504}}</ref> The anomalies greatly influence the orbit o spacecraft aboot the Muin. Thare are some puzzles: lava flaws bi themsels canna expleen aw o the gravitational signatur, an some mascons exist that are nae linked tae mare volcanism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Konopliv |first=A. |author2=Asmar, S. |author3=Carranza, E. |author4=Sjogren, W. |author5=Yuan, D. |title=Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission |journal=[[Icarus (jurnal)|Icarus]] |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=2001 |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6573 |bibcode=2001Icar..150....1K}}</ref> ===Magnetic field=== The Muin haes a freemit [[magnetic field]] o aboot 1–100 [[Tesla (unit)|nanoteslas]], less nor ane-hundert [[Yird's magnetic field|that o Yird]]. It daes nae currently hae a global [[dipole|dipolar]] magnetic field an anly haes crustal magnetisation, probably acquired early in lunar history whan a dynamo wis still operatin.<ref name="GB2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm |publisher=[[Lunar Prospector]] (NASA) |title=Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer Results |date=2001 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121330/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm |archivedate=27 May 2010 |df= }}</ref> Alternatively, some o the remnant magnetization mey be frae transient magnetic fields generatit in lairge impact events throu the expansion o an impact-generatit plasma clood in the presence o an ambient magnetic field. This is supportit bi the apparent location o the lairgest crustal magnetisations near the [[antipodes]] o the giant impact basins.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hood |first=L.L. |author2=Huang, Z. |title=Formation of magnetic anomalies antipodal to lunar impact basins: Two-dimensional model calculations |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=96 |issue=B6 |pages=9837–9846 |date=1991 |doi=10.1029/91JB00308 |bibcode=1991JGR....96.9837H}}</ref> ===Atmosphere=== [[File:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|thumb|upright |Sketch bi the Apollo 17 astronauts. The lunar atmosphere wis later studied bi [[LADEE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |title=Moon Storms |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=27 September 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912092057/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |archivedate=12 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.VXCc0vBdiM8 |title=LADEE - Lunar Atmosphere Dust and Environment Explorer |first=Jessica |last=Culler |date=16 June 2015 |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408015242/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.VXCc0vBdiM8 |archivedate=8 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]] The Muin haes an atmosphere sae tenuous as tae be nearly [[vacuum]], wi a tot mass o less nor {{Convert|10 |MT}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow |last=Globus |first=Ruth |title=Space Settlements: A Design Study |chapter=Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html |date=1977 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531205037/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html |archivedate=31 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The surface pressur o this smaw mass is aroond 3 × 10⁻¹⁵&nbsp;[[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] (0.3&nbsp;[[nanopascal|nPa]]); it varies wi the lunar day. Its soorces include [[ootgassin]] an [[sputterin]], a product o the bombardment o lunar sile bi [[solar wind]] ions.<ref name="L06" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Crotts |first=Arlin P.S. |title=Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data |date=2008 |url=http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |bibcode=2008ApJ...687..692C |volume=687 |pages=692–705 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |doi=10.1086/591634 |arxiv=0706.3949 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081142/http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Elements that hae been detectit include [[sodium]] an [[potassium]], produced bi sputterin (an aa foond in the atmospheres o [[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]] an [[Io (muin)|Io]]); [[helium-4]] an [[neon]]<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=17 August 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=18 August 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035151/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon/ |archivedate=19 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> frae the solar wind; an [[Argon|argon-40]], [[Radon|radon-222]], an [[polonium-210]], ootgassed efter thair creaution bi [[radioactive decay]] within the crust an mantle.<ref name="Stern1999" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lawson |first=S. |author2=Feldman, W. |author3=Lawrence, D. |author4=Moore, K. |author5=Elphic, R. |author6=Belian, R. |title=Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=110 |issue=E9 |page=1029 |date=2005 |doi=10.1029/2005JE002433 |bibcode=2005JGRE..11009009L}}</ref> The absence o sic neutral species (atoms or molecules) as [[oxygen]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]] an [[magnesium]], that are present in the [[regolith]], is nae unnerstuid.<ref name="Stern1999" /> Watter vapour haes been detectit bi ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' an foond tae vary wi latitude, wi a maximum at ~60–70&nbsp;degrees; it is possibly generatit frae the [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] o watter ice in the regolith.<ref name="Sridharan2010" /> Thir gases aither return intae the regolith due tae the Muin's gravity or are lost tae space, aither throu solar radiation pressur or, if thay are ionized, bi bein swept awey bi the solar wind's magnetic field.<ref name="Stern1999" /> ====Dist==== A permanent asymmetric [[muin dist]] clood exists aroond the Muin, creatit bi smaw particles frae [[comets]]. Estimates are 5 tons o comet pairticles strike the Muin's surface ilk 24 oors. The pairticles strike the Muin's surface ejectin muin dist abuin the Muin. The dist stays abuin the Muin approximately 10 meenits, takkin 5 minutes tae rise, an 5 minutes tae faw. On average, 120 kilogrammes o dist are present abuin the Muin, rising tae 100 kilometers abuin the surface. The dist meisurments war made bi [[Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer|LADEE]]'s Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), atween 20 an 100 kilometres abuin the surface, in a sax-month period. LDEX detectit an average o ane 0.3 micrometer muin dist pairticle ilk meenit. Dist pairticle coonts peaked during the [[Geminids|Geminid]], [[Quadrantids|Quadrantid]], [[Taurids|Northren Taurid]], an [[Omicron Centaurids|Omicron Centaurid]] [[meteor shawer]]s, whan the Yird, an Muin, pass throu comet debris. The clood is asymmetric, mair dense near the boondary atween the Muin's dayside an nichtside.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lopsided Cloud of Dust Discovered Around the Moon |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space |website=National Geographic News |accessdate=20 June 2015 |first=Nadia |last=Drake |first2=National Geographic PUBLISHED June |last2=17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619052915/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space/ |archivedate=19 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=A permanent, asymmetric dust cloud around the Moon |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7556/full/nature14479.html |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |date=18 June 2015 |pages=324–326 |volume=522 |issue=7556 |doi=10.1038/nature14479 |first=M. |last=Horányi |first2=J. R. |last2=Szalay |first3=S. |last3=Kempf |first4=J. |last4=Schmidt |first5=E. |last5=Grün |first6=R. |last6=Srama |first7=Z. |last7=Sternovsky |bibcode=2015Natur.522..324H |pmid=26085272}}</ref> ===Saisons=== The Muin's [[axial tilt]] wi respect tae the [[ecliptic]] is anly 1.5424°,<ref name="SolarViews" /> muckle less nor the 23.44° o Yird. Acause o this, the Muin's solar illumination varies muckle less wi saison, an topografical details play a crucial role in saisonal effects.<ref name="bbc" /> Frae eemages taken bi ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' in 1994, it appears that fower moontainous regions on the rim o [[Peary (crater)|Peary Crater]] at the Muin's north pole mey remeen illuminatit for the entire [[lunar day]], creautin [[Peak o Eternal Licht|peaks o eternal licht]]. No sic regions exist at the sooth pole. Seemilarly, thare are places that remeen in permanent shaidae at the bottoms o mony polar craters,<ref name="M03" /> an thir dark craters are extremely cauld: ''[[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' meisurt the lawest simmer temperaturs in craters at the soothren pole at {{Convert|35 |K |4=0 |abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |title=Diviner News |publisher=[[UCLA]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307031354/http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |archivedate=7 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> an juist {{Convert |26 |K |4=0 |abbr=on}} close tae the winter solstice in north polar [[Hermite (crater)|Hermite Crater]]. This is the cauldest temperatur in the Solar Seestem iver meosurt bi a spacecraft, caulder oven than the surface o [[Pluto]].<ref name="bbc" /> Average temperaturs o the Muin's surface are reportit, but temperaturs o different areas will vary greatly dependin upon whether thay are in sunlicht or shaidae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/ |title=Temperature on the Moon – Surface Temperature of the Moon – PlanetFacts.org |first=Jake |last=Rocheleau |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527194737/http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/ |archivedate=27 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> =={{anchor |Orbit an relationship tae Yird}} Relationship tae Yird== ===Orbit=== [[File:Earth-Moon.PNG|thumb|alt=Yird haes a pronoonced axial tilt; the Muin's orbit is nae perpendicular tae Yird's axis, but lees close tae Yird's orbital plane. |Yird–Muin seestem (schematic)]] [[File:Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif|thumb |[[DSCOVR|DSCOVR satellite]] sees the Muin passin in front o Yird]] The Muin maks a complete orbit aroond Yird wi respect tae the fixed starns aboot ance ivery 27.3&nbsp;days{{efn |name=orbpd}} (its [[sidereal period]]). Houiver, acause Yird is muivin in its orbit aroond the Sun at the same time, it takes slichtly langer for the Muin tae shaw the same [[lunar phase|phase]] tae Yird, which is aboot 29.5&nbsp;days{{efn |name=synpd}} (its [[synodic period]]).<ref name="worldbook"/> Unlik maist satellites o ither planets, the Muin orbits closer tae the [[ecliptic plane]] nor tae the planet's [[equatorial plane]]. The Muin's orbit is subtly [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbed]] bi the Sun an Yird in mony smaw, complex an interactin weys. For ensaumple, the plane o the Muin's orbit [[lunar staundstill|gradually rotates]] ance ivery 18.61<ref>[http://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/global-influences-of-the-1861-year-nodal-cycle-and-885-year-cycle-of-lunar-perigee-on-high-tidal-levels(54ec1689-b2b0-472f-a717-2019f2c6f2b9)/export.html Global influences of the 18.61 year nodal cycle and 8.85 year cycle of lunar perigee on high tidal levels, U. of Western Australia]</ref> years, that affects ither aspects o lunar motion. Thir follae-on effects are mathematically describit bi [[Cassini's Laws|Cassini's laws]].<ref name="Beletskii2" /> ===Relative size=== The Muin is exceptionally lairge relative tae Yird: a quarter its diameter an 1/81 its mass.<ref name="worldbook" /> It is the lairgest muin in the Solar Seestem relative tae the size o its planet,{{efn |Thare is no strang correlation atween the sizes o planets an the sizes o thair satellites. Lairger planets tend tae hae mair satellites, baith lairge an smaw, than smawer planets.}} tho [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] is lairger relative tae the dwarf planet [[Pluto]], at 1/9 Pluto's mass.{{efn|name=Moon vs. Charon}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|title=Space Topics: Pluto and Charon|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]] via Web Citation.org|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=2012-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223842/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yird an the Muin are nivertheless still conseederit a planet–satellite seestem, raither nor a [[dooble planet]], acause thair [[barycentre]], the common centre o mass, is locatit {{Convert|1700 |km |abbr=on}} (aboot a quarter o Yird's radius) aneath Yird's surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet Definition Questions & Answers Sheet |publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] |date=2006 |url=http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc |format=DOC |accessdate=24 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429052436/http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc |archivedate=29 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==={{anchor |Observation |Appearance frae Yird}} Appearance frae Yird=== [[File:Western Moon setting over the San Bernardino Mountains, High Desert, California.jpg|thumb |left |Muin settin in wastren sky ower the [[High Desert (Californie)|High Desert]] in Californie]] The Muin is in [[synchronous rotation]]: it rotates aboot its axis in aboot the same time it takes tae [[orbit]] Yird. This results in it ayeweys keepin nearly the same face turned taewart Yird. Houiver, due tae the effect o [[libration#Lunar libration|libration]], aboot 59% o the Muin's surface can actually be seen frae Yird. The Muin uised tae rotate at a fester rate, but early in its history, its rotation slawed an becam [[Tidal lockin|tidally locked]] in this orientation as a result o [[freection]]al effects associatit wi [[tidal force|tidal]] deformations caused bi Yird.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=M. E. |title=The Weak Friction Approximation and Tidal Evolution in Close Binary Systems |journal=[[Astrophysics and Space Science]] |date=1973 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=459–508 |bibcode=1973Ap&SS..23..459A |doi=10.1007/BF00645172}}</ref> Wi time, the energy o rotation o the Muin on its axis wis dissipatit as heat, till thare wis no rotation o the Muin relative tae the Yird. The side o the Muin that faces Yird is cried the [[Near side o the Muin|near side]], an the opposite the [[Faur side o the Muin|faur side]]. The far side is eften inaccurately cried the "daurk side", but it is in fact illuminatit as eften as the near side: ance per lunar day, in the new muin phase we observe on Yird whan the near side is daurk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Side of the Moon |author=[[Phil Plait]] |publisher=[[Bad Astronomy]]: Misconceptions |url=http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |accessdate=15 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412192834/http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |archivedate=12 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016, planetary scientists, uisin data collectit on the muckle earlier Nasa [[Lunar Prospector]] mission, foond twa hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides o the Muin, probably in the form o watter ice. It is speculatit that thir patches war the poles o the Muin billions o years aby, afore it wis tidally locked tae Yird.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon used to spin 'on different axis' |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576 |accessdate=23 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323203442/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576 |archivedate=23 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Muin haes an exceptionally law [[albedo]], giein it a reflectance that is slichtly brichter nor that o worn asphalt. Despite this, it is the brichtest object in the sky efter the [[Sun]].<ref name="worldbook" />{{efn|name=brightness}} This is pairtly due tae the brichtness enhancement o the [[opposeetion effect]]; at quarter phase, the Muin is anly ane-tent as bricht, raither nor hauf as bricht, as at full muin.<ref name="Moon" /> Addeetionally, [[colour constancy]] in the [[visual seestem]] recalibrates the relations atween the colours o an object an its surroondins, an acause the surroondin sky is comparatively daurk, the sunlit Muin is perceived as a bricht object. The edges o the full muin seem as bricht as the centre, wi no [[limm daurkenin]], due tae the [[Lambert's cosine law#Lambertian scatterers|reflective properties]] o [[lunar sile]], that reflects mair licht back taewart the Sun nor in ither directions. The Muin daes appear lairger whan close tae the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, kent as the [[Muin illusion]], first descrived in the 7t century BC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hershenson |first=Maurice |title=The Moon illusion |date=1989 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-8058-0121-7 |page=5}}</ref> The full muin subtends an arc o aboot 0.52° (on average) in the sky, aboot the same apparent size as the Sun (see {{section link | |Eclipses}}). The heichest [[altitude (astronomy)|altitude]] o the Muin in the sky varies wi the lunar phase an the saison o the year. The full muin is heichest in winter. The 18.61-year [[lunar node|nodes cycle]] an aa haes an influence: whan the [[orbital node|ascendin node]] o the lunar orbit is in the [[vernal equinox]], the lunar [[declination]] can gae as far as 28° ilk month. This means the Muin can gang owerheid at latitudes up tae 28° frae the equator, insteid o anerly 18°. The orientation o the Muin's crescent an aa depends on the latitude o the observation steid: close tae the equator, an observer can see a smile-shaped crescent muin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced |publisher=[[Curious About Astronomy]] |title=Is the Moon seen as a crescent (and not a "boat") all over the world? |date=18 October 2002 |first=K. |last=Spekkens |accessdate=28 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011356/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced |archivedate=16 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Muin is veesible for twa weeks ivery 27.3 days at the [[North Pole|North]] an [[Sooth Pole]]. The Muin's licht is uised bi [[zooplankton]] in the Arctic whan the sun is ablo the horizon for months on end.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Moonlight helps plankton escape predators during Arctic winters |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |date=16 January 2016 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130112225/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/ |archivedate=30 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:Supermoon Nov-14-2016-minneapolis.jpg|thumb|The 14 November 2016 [[supermuin]] wis {{convert|356511|km|mi}} awey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sivertimes.com/super-moon-exceptional-brightest-moon-in-the-sky-of-normandy-Monday-November-14/1872|title="Super Moon" exceptional. Brightest moon in the sky of Normandy, Monday, November 14 - The Siver Times|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232404/http://sivertimes.com/super-moon-exceptional-brightest-moon-in-the-sky-of-normandy-monday-november-14/1872|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> frae the centre of Earth, the closest occurrence syne 26 Januar 1948. It will nae be closer until 25 November 2034.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-sunday-night/|title=Moongazers Delight — Biggest Supermoon In Decades Looms Large Sunday Night|date=10 November 2016|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170208/http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-sunday-night/|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] The distance atween the Muin an Yird varies frae aroond {{convert |356,400 |km |mi |abbr=on}} tae {{convert |406,700 |km |mi |abbr=on}} at [[Apsis|perigees]] (closest) an apogees (faurthest), respectively. On 14 November 2016, it wis closer tae Yird whan at full phase than it haes been syne 1948, 14% closer than its faurthest poseetion in apogee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/34515-supermoon-guide.html|title=Supermoon November 2016|date=13 November 2016|accessdate=14 November 2016|publisher=Space.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114220725/http://www.space.com/34515-supermoon-guide.html|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Reportit as a "[[Supermoon|super muin]]", this closest pynt coincides within an oor o a [[full muin]], an it wis 30% mair luminous than whan at its greatest distance due tae its angular diameter bein 14% greater, acause <math>\scriptstyle1.14^2\approx1.30</math>.<ref> {{cite web |title=Super Full Moon |date=16 March 2011 |author=Tony Phillips |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=19 March 2011 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507035348/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ |archivedate=7 May 2012 |df= }} </ref><ref> {{cite web|title=Full moon tonight is as close as it gets |date=18 March 2011 |author=Richard K. De Atley |publisher=[[The Press-Enterprise]] |accessdate=19 March 2011 |url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html |archivedate=22 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years |title='Super moon' to reach closest point for almost 20 years |work=The Guardian |date=19 March 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225175506/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years |archivedate=25 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At lower levels, the human perception o reduced brightness as a percentage is providit bi the follaein formula:<ref> {{cite web |last=Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics (Astronomy) |title=Perceived Brightness |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |work=Brightnes and Night/Day Sensitivity |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221094605/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |archivedate=21 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |last=Lutron |title=Measured light vs. perceived light |url=http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |work=From IES Lighting Handbook 2000, 27-4 |publisher=[[Lutron]] |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205204351/http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |archivedate=5 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <math>\text{perceived reduction}\%=100 \times \sqrt{\text{actual reduction}\% \over 100}</math> Whan the actual reduction is 1.00 / 1.30, or about 0.770, the perceived reduction is aboot 0.877, or 1.00 / 1.14. This gies a maximum perceived increase o 14% atween apogee an perigee muins o the same phase.<ref> {{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |title=Inconstant Moon |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |work=Earth and Moon Viewer |publisher=[[Fourmilab]] |accessdate=23 January 2014 |location=Fourth paragraph of "How Bright the Moonlight" |date=May 1997 |quote=14% [...] due to the logarithmic response of the human eye. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214123836/https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |archivedate=14 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Thare haes been historical controversy ower whether featurs on the Muin's surface chynge ower time. The day, mony o thir claims are thocht tae be illusory, resultin frae observation unner different lichtin condeetions, puir [[astronomical seein]], or inadequate drawins. Houiver, [[ootgassin]] daes occasionally occur, an coud be responsible for a minor percentage o the reportit [[transient lunar phenomenon|lunar transient phenomena]]. Recently, it haes been suggestit that aboot a {{Convert |3 |km |abbr=on}} diameter region o the lunar surface wis modified bi a gas release event aboot a million years aby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |title=Recent Gas Escape from the Moon |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=8 November 2006 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304055515/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html |archivedate=4 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=P. H. |author2=Staid, M. I. |author3=Pieters, C. M. |date=2006 |title=Lunar activity from recent gas release |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-11-09_444_7116/page/184 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |volume=444 |pages=184–186 |doi=10.1038/nature05303 |pmid=17093445 |issue=7116 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..184S}}</ref> The Muin's appearance, lik that o the Sun, can be affectit bi Yird's atmosphere: common effects are a 22° [[Halo (optical phenomenon)|halo ring]] formed whan the Muin's licht is refractit throu the ice creestals o heich [[cirrostratus]] cloud, an smawer [[Corona (meteorology)|coronal rings]] whan the Muin is seen throu thin cloods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml |title=22 Degree Halo: a ring of light 22 degrees from the sun or moon |publisher=Department of Atmospheric Sciences, [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405070654/http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{wide image |Moon_phases_en.jpg |550px |The monthly cheenges o angle between the direction o illumination bi the Sun an viewin frae Yird, an the [[Lunar phase|phases o the Muin]] that result as viewed frae the northren hemisphere. Yird–Muin distance is nae tae scale.}} The illuminatit area o the veesible sphere (degree o illumination) is gien bi <math>(1-\cos e)/2=\sin^2(e/2)</math>, whaur <math>e</math> is the [[elongation (astronomy)|elongation]] (i.e., the angle atween Muin, the observer (on Yird) an the Sun). ===Tidal effects=== {{main article |Tide}} [[File:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|thumb |alt=Ower ane lunar month mair nor hauf o the Muin's surface can be seen frae Yird's surface. |The [[libration]] o the Muin ower a single lunar month. An aa veesible is the slicht variation in the Muin's veesual size frae Yird.]] The gravitational attraction that masses hae for ane anither decreases inversely wi the square o the distance o thae masses frae ilk ither. As a result, the slichtly greater attraction that the Muin haes for the side o Yird closest tae the Muin, as compared tae the pairt o the Yird opposite the Muin, results in [[tidal forces]]. Tidal forces affect baith the Yird's crust an oceans. The maist obvious effect o tidal forces is tae cause twa bulges in the Yird's oceans, ane on the side facin the Muin an the ither on the side opposite. This results in elevatit sea levels cried [[tide|ocean tides]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> As the Yird spins on its axis, ane o the ocean bulges (heich tide) is held in place "unner" the Muin, while anither sic tide is opposite. As a result, thare are twa heich tides, an twa law tides in aboot 24 oors.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Syne the Muin is orbitin the Yird in the same direction o the Yird's rotation, the heich tides occur aboot ivery 12 oors an 25 minutes; the 25 minutes is due tae the Muin's time tae orbit the Yird. The Sun haes the same tidal effect on the Yird, but its forces o attraction are anerly 40% that o the Muin's; the Sun's an Muin's interplay is responsible for [[Ware tide|ware an neap tides]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> If the Yird war a watter warld (ane wi no continents) it wad produce a tide o anly ane meter, an that tide wad be verra predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified bi ither effects: the freectional cooplin o watter tae Yird's rotation throu the ocean fluirs, the [[inertia]] o watter's muivement, ocean basins that graw shallaer near laund, the sloshin o watter atween different ocean basins.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Le Provost |first=C. |author2=Bennett, A. F. |author3=Cartwright, D. E. |date=1995 |title=Ocean Tides for and from TOPEX/POSEIDON |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-02-03_267_5198/page/638 |pages=639–42 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |pmid=17745840 |volume=267 |issue=5198 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..639L |doi=10.1126/science.267.5198.639}}</ref> As a result, the timing o the tides at maist pynts on the Yird is a product o observations that are explained, incidentally, bi theory. While gravitation causes acceleration an movement o the Yird's fluid oceans, gravitational cooplin atween the Muin an Yird's solit bouk is maistly elastic an plastic. The result is a forder tidal effect o the Muin on the Yird that causes a bulge o the solit portion o the Yird nearest the Muin that acts as a [[torque]] in opposeetion tae the Yird's rotation. This "drains" [[angular momentum]] an rotational [[kinetic energy]] frae Yird's spin, slowing the Yird's rotation.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /><ref name="touma1994" /> That angular momentum, lost frae the Yird, is transferred tae the Muin in a process (confusingly kent as [[tidal acceleration]]), that lifts the Muin intae a heicher orbit an results in its lawer orbital speed aboot the Yird. Sicweys the distance atween Yird an Muin is [[tidal acceleration|increasin]], an the Yird's spin is slawin in reaction.<ref name="touma1994" /> Measurements frae laser reflectors left in the Apollo missions ([[lunar laser rangin experiment|lunar rangin experiments]]) hae foond that the Muin's distance increases bi {{Convert |38 |mm |abbr=on}} per year<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chapront |first=J. |author2=Chapront-Touzé, M. |author3=Francou, G. |date=2002 |title=A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=387 |issue=2 |pages=700–709 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020420 |bibcode=2002A&A...387..700C}}</ref> (aboot the rate at that human fingernails growe).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119 |title=Why the Moon is getting further away from Earth |work=BBC News |date=1 February 2011 |accessdate=18 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925185706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119 |archivedate=25 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Atomic clock]]s an aa shaw that Yird's day lenthens bi aboot 15&nbsp;[[microseicont]]s ivery year,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ray |first=R. |date=15 May 2001 |url=http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html |title=Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation |publisher=[[IERS Special Bureau for Tides]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327084125/http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html |archivedate=27 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> slawly increasin the rate at that [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] is adjuistit bi [[leap seicont]]s. Left tae run its coorse, this tidal drag wad continue till the spin o Yird an the orbital period o the Muin matched, creautin mutual tidal lockin atween the twa. As a result, the Muin wad be suspendit in the sky ower ane meridian, as is awreidy currently the case wi [[Pluto]] an its muin [[Charon (muin)|Charon]]. Houiver, the Sun will become a [[reid giant#The Sun as a reid giant|reid giant]] engulfin the Yird-Muin seestem lang afore this occurrence.<ref>{{cite book |author=Murray, C.D. |author2=Dermott, Stanley F. |title=Solar System Dynamics |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57295-8 |page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dickinson |first=Terence |authorlink=Terence Dickinson |title=From the Big Bang to Planet X |url=https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse |date=1993 |publisher=[[Camden House]] |location=Camden East, Ontario |isbn=978-0-921820-71-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse/page/79 79]–81}} </ref> In a lik manner, the lunar surface experiences tides o aroond {{Convert |10 |cm |4=0 |abbr=on}} amplitude ower 27&nbsp;days, wi twa components: a fixed ane due tae Yird, acause thay are in [[synchronous rotation]], an a varyin component frae the Sun.<ref name="touma1994"/> The Yird-induced component arises frae [[libration]], a result o the Muin's orbital eccentricity (if the Muin's orbit war perfectly circular, thare wad anerly be solar tides).<ref name="touma1994" /> Libration an aa cheenges the angle frae that the Muin is seen, allouin a tot o aboot 59% o its surface tae be seen frae Yird ower time.<ref name="worldbook" /> The cumulative effects o stress biggit up bi thir tidal forces produces [[muinquauks]]. Muinquakes are muckle less common an waiker nor are yirdquauks, awtho muin quauks can last for up tae an oor—a signeeficantly langer time than terrestrial quauks—acause o the absence o watter tae damp oot the seismic vibrations. The existence o muinquauks wis an unexpectit discovery frae [[seismometer]]s placed on the Muin bi [[Apollo program|Apollo]] [[astronaut]]s frae 1969 throu 1972.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Latham |first1=Gary |date=1972 |last2=Ewing |first2=Maurice |last3=Dorman |first3=James |last4=Lammlein |first4=David |last5=Press |first5=Frank |last6=Toksőz |first6=Naft |last7=Sutton |first7=George |last8=Duennebier |first8=Fred |last9=Nakamura |first9=Yosio |title=Moonquakes and lunar tectonism |journal=[[Earth, Moon, and Planets]] |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=373–382 |doi=10.1007/BF00562004 |bibcode=1972Moon....4..373L}}</ref> ===Eclipses=== {{main article |Solar eclipse |Lunar eclipse}} {{multiple image |width1=152 |width2=150 |image1=Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg |alt1=The fiercely bright disk o the Sun is completely obscured bi the exact fit o the disk o the daurk, non-illuminatit Moon, leavin anerly the radial, fuzzy, glawin coronal filaments o the Sun aroond the edge. |image2=STEREO-B solar eclipse.jpg |alt2=The bricht disk o the Sun, shawin mony coronal filaments, flares an grainy patches in the wavelenth o this eemage, is pairtly obscured bi a smaw dark disk: here, the Muin covers less than a fifteent o the Sun. |footer=Frae Yird, the Muin an the Sun appear the same size, as seen in the [[Solar eclipse o August 11, 1999|1999 solar eclipse]] (left), whauras frae the ''[[Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory|STEREO-B]]'' spacecraft in an Yird-trailin orbit, the Muin appears mukle smawer than the Sun (richt).<ref>{{cite web|author=Phillips, Tony |work=Science@NASA |title=Stereo Eclipse |date=12 March 2007 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082213/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |archivedate=10 June 2008 |df= }}</ref> }} Eclipses can anerly occur whan the Sun, Yird, an Muin are aw in a straucht line (termed "[[Syzygy (astronomy)|syzygy]]"). [[Solar eclipse]]s occur at [[new muin]], whan the Muin is atween the Sun an Yird. In contrast, [[lunar eclipse]]s occur at [[full muin]], whan Yird is atween the Sun an Muin. The apparent size o the Muin is aboot the same as that o the Sun, wi baith bein viewed at close tae ane-hauf a degree wide. The Sun is muckle lairger nor the Muin but it is the precise vastly greater distance that gies it the same apparent size as the muckle closer an much smawer Muin frae the perspective o Yird. The variations in apparent size, due tae the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, tho occurrin in different cycles. This maks possible baith [[total eclipse|total]] (wi the Muin appearin lairger than the Sun) an [[annular eclipse|annular]] (wi the Muin appearin smawer than the Sun) solar eclipses.<ref>{{cite web |first=F. |last=Espenak |date=2000 |url=http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html |title=Solar Eclipses for Beginners |publisher=MrEclip]] |accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref> In a tot eclipse, the Muin completely covers the disc o the Sun an the solar [[corona]] becomes vrrsible tae the [[nakit ee]]. Acause the distance atween the Muin an Yird is verra slawly increasin ower time,<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> the angular diameter o the Muin is decreasin. An aa, as it evolves thewarts becomin a [[reid giant]], the size o the Sun, an its apparent diameter in the sky, are slawly increasin.{{efn|name=size changes}} The combination o thir twa cheenges means that hunders o millions o years ago, the Muin wad alyeweys completely civer the Sun on solar eclipses, an no annular eclipses war possible. Likwise, hunders o millions o years in the futur, the Muin will no langer civer the Sun completely, an tot solar eclipses will nae occur.<ref name=fourmilab>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/ |title=Moon near Perigee, Earth near Aphelion |publisher=[[Fourmilab]] |date=10 July 2004 |accessdate=25 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208153430/http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/ |archivedate=8 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Acause the Muin's orbit aroond Yird is inclined bi aboot 5.145° (5° 9') tae the [[ecliptic|orbit o Yird aroond the Sun]], eclipses dae nae occur at ivery full an new muin. For an eclipse tae occur, the Muin must be near the intersection o the twa orbital planes.<ref name="eclipse" /> The periodicity an recurrence o eclipses o the Sun bi the Muin, an o the Muin bi Yird, is describit bi the [[Saros (astronomy)|saros]], that haes a period o approximately 18&nbsp;years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html |last=Espenak |first=F. |title=Saros Cycle |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120524183445/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html |archivedate=24 May 2012 |df= }}</ref> Acause the Muin is continuously blockin oor view o a hauf-degree-wide circular area o the sky,{{efn |name=area}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Square Degree as a Unit of Celestial Area |author=Guthrie, D.V. |date=1947 |magazine=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] |volume=55 |pages=200–203 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200G/abstract|bibcode=1947PA.....55..200G}}</ref> the relatit phenomenon o [[occultation]] occurs whan a bricht starn or planet passes ahint the Muin an is occultit: hidden frae view. In this wey, a solar eclipse is an occultation o the Sun. Because the Muin is comparatively close tae Yird, occultations o individual starns are nae veesible iverywhaur on the planet, nor at the same time. Acause o the [[precession]] o the lunar orbit, ilk year different stars are occulted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm |title=Total Lunar Occultations |publisher=[[Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223022627/http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm |archivedate=23 February 2010 |df= }}</ref> ==References== ===Notes=== {{notes |notes= {{efn |name=inclination |Atween 18.29° an 28.58° tae Yird's [[equator]].<ref name="W06"/> }} {{efn|name=maxval |The ''maximum vailyie'' is gien based on scalin o the brichtness frae the vailyie o −12.74 gien for an equator tae Muin-centre distance o 378&nbsp;000&nbsp;km in the NASA factsheet reference tae the meenimum Yird–Muin distance gien thare, efter the latter is correctit for Yird's equatorial radius o 6&nbsp;378&nbsp;km, giein 350&nbsp;600&nbsp;km. The ''meenimum vailyie'' (for a distant [[new muin]]) is based on a seemilar scalin uisin the maximum Yird–Muin distance o 407&nbsp;000&nbsp;km (gien in the factsheet) an bi calculatin the brichtness o the [[yirdshine]] ontae sic a new muin. The brichtness o the yirdshine is {{nowrap|[ Yird [[albedo]] ×}} {{nowrap|([[Yird radius]] /}} Radius o [[Orbit o the Muin|Muin's orbit]])²&nbsp;] relative tae the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full muin. ({{nowrap |Earth albedo {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap |Yird radius {{=}} (polar}} radius&nbsp;× equatorial {{nowrap |radius)^½ {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn |name=angular size |The range o angular size vailyies gien are based on semple scalin o the follaein vailyies gien in the fact sheet reference: at an Yird-equator tae Muin-centre distance o 378&nbsp;000&nbsp;km, the [[Angular diameter|angular size]] is 1896&nbsp;[[arcseicont]]s. The same fact sheet gies extreme Yird–Muin distances o 407&nbsp;000&nbsp;km an 357&nbsp;000&nbsp;km. For the maximum angular size, the meenimum distance haes ae be correctit for Yird's equatorial radius o 6&nbsp;378&nbsp;km, giein 350&nbsp;600&nbsp;km. }} {{efn|name=pressure explanation |Lucey et al. (2006) gie {{nowrap |10⁷ particles cm⁻³}} bi day an {{nowrap |10⁵ pairticles cm⁻³}} bi nicht. Alang wi equatorial surface temperaturs o 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] bi day an 100&nbsp;K bi nicht, the [[ideal gas law]] yields the pressurs gien in the infobox (roondit tae the nearest [[order o magnitude]]): 10⁻⁷&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] bi day an 10⁻¹⁰&nbsp;Pa bi nicht. }} {{efn |name=near-Earth asteroids |Thare are a nummer o [[near-Yird asteroid]]s, includin [[3753 Cruithne]], that are [[co-orbital]] wi Yird: thair orbits bring them close tae Yird for periods o time but then alter in the lang term (Morais et al, 2002). Thir are [[quasi-satellite]]s&nbsp;– thay are not muins as thay dae nae orbit Yird. For mair information, see [[Ither muins o Yird]]. }} {{efn|name=Moon vs. Charon |Wi 27% the diameter an 60% the density o Yird, the Muin haes 1.23% o the mass o Yird. The muin [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] is lairger relative tae its primar [[Pluto]], but Pluto is nou conseedert tae be a [[dwarf planet]]. }} {{efn |name=orbpd |Mair accurately, the Muin's mean sidereal period (fixed starn tae fixed starn) is 27.321661&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(27 d 07 o 43 meen 11.5 s)}}, an its mean tropical orbital period (frae equinox tae equinox) is 27.321582&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(27 d 07 o 43 meen 04.7 s)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, at p.107). }} {{efn |name=synpd |Mair accurately, the Muin's mean synodic period (atween mean solar conjunctions) is 29.530589&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(29 d 12 h 44 min 02.9 s)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, at p.107). }} {{efn |name=brightness |The Sun's [[apparent magnitude]] is −26.7, while the full muin's apparent magnitude is −12.7. }} {{efn|name=area |On average, the Muin covers an area o {{nowrap |0.21078 square degrees}} on the nicht sky. }} {{efn |name=size changes |See graph in [[Sun#Life phases]]. At present, the diameter o the Sun is increasin at a rate o aboot five percent per billion years. This is verra seemilar tae the rate at that the apparent angular diameter o the Muin is decreasin as it recedes frae Yird. }} }} ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em |refs= <ref name="W06"> {{cite journal | last1 = Wieczorek| first1 = Mark A.| last2 = Jolliff| first2 = Bradley L.| last3 = Khan| first3 = Amir| last4 = Pritchard| first4 = Matthew E.| last5 = Weiss| first5 = Benjamin P.| last6 = Williams| first6 = James G.| last7 = Hood| first7 = Lon L.| last8 = Righter| first8 = Kevin| last9 = Neal| first9 = Clive R.| last10 = Shearer| first10 = Charles K.| last11 = McCallum| first11 = I. Stewart| last12 = Tompkins| first12 = Stephanie| last13 = Hawke| first13 = B. 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Pradeepkumara |author6=Neha Naika |author7=Gogulapati Supriya |date=2010 |pages=947–950 |issue=6 |volume=58 |title='Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013 |bibcode=2010P&SS...58..947S}} </ref> <ref name="SolarViews"> Hamilton, Calvin J.; Hamilton, Rosanna L., ''The Moon'', [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm Views of the Solar System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204134527/http://solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm |date=4 February 2016 }}, 1995–2011. </ref> <ref name="bbc"> {{cite news |title='Coldest place' found on the Moon |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8416749.stm |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |accessdate=20 March 2010 |date=16 December 2009}} </ref> <ref name="Beletskii2"> {{cite book |author=V V Belet︠s︡kiĭ |title=Essays on the Motion of Celestial Bodies |url=https://books.google.com/?id=byWZusmVSecC |date=2001 |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |isbn=978-3-7643-5866-2 |page=183}} </ref> <ref name="Moon"> {{cite web |title=How Bright is the Moon? |author=Luciuk, Mike |url=http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut26-1.htm |publisher=[[Amateur Astronomers]] |accessdate=16 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312092655/http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut26-1.htm |archivedate=12 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="Lambeck1977"> {{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rsta.1977.0159 |last=Lambeck |first=K. |date=1977 |title=Tidal Dissipation in the Oceans: Astronomical, Geophysical and Oceanographic Consequences |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]] |volume=287 |issue=1347 |pages=545–594 |bibcode=1977RSPTA.287..545L}} </ref> <ref name="touma1994"> {{cite journal |last=Touma |first=Jihad |author2=Wisdom, Jack |date=1994 |title=Evolution of the Earth-Moon system |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1943–1961 |doi=10.1086/117209 |bibcode=1994AJ....108.1943T}} </ref> <ref name="eclipse"> {{cite web|last=Thieman |first=J. |author2=Keating, S. |date=2 May 2006 |url=http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html |title=Eclipse 99, Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211120127/http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html |archivedate=11 February 2007 |df= }} </ref> <!-- <ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind"> {{cite book |last=Sarma |first=K. V. |authorlink=K. V. Sarma |editor=Helaine Selin |editor-link=Helaine Selin |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli_136 |edition=2 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli_136/page/n331 317]–321 |contribution=Astronomy in India}} </ref> <ref name="Hall1977"> {{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm |title=Appendix A: LUNAR THEORY BEFORE 1964 |last=Hall |first=R. Cargill |date=1977 |work=NASA History Series. LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger. |publisher=[[Scientific and Technical Information Office]], [[NASA]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |location=Washington, D.C. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410085526/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm |archivedate=10 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="CNN"> {{cite news |last=Coren |first=M. |title='Giant leap' opens world of possibility |publisher=CNN |date=26 July 2004 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |accessdate=16 March 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66CTOLNBW?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="xinhua_20090301"> {{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |title=China's first lunar probe ends mission |date=1 March 2009 |publisher=[[Xinhua]] |accessdate=29 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304124614/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |archivedate=4 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q6"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |title=Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q4"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |title=How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space? |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q5"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |title=Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_moon"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |title=Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809072447/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |archivedate=9 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q7"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |title=The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2004"> {{cite web |url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |title=Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004) |date=2004 |publisher=[[International Institute of Space Law]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |archivedate=22 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2009"> {{cite web |url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |title=Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009) |date=22 March 2009 |publisher=[[International Institute of Space Law]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222022107/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |archivedate=22 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="Marshack"> Marshack, Alexander (1991), ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY. </ref> <ref name="barnhart-and-germania"> For etymology, see {{cite book |last=Barnhart |first=Robert K. |title=The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology |url=https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse |date=1995 |publisher=[[Harper Collins]] |isbn=978-0-06-270084-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse/page/487 487]}}. For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book |last=Birley |first=A. R. (Trans.) |title=Agricola and Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/agricolagermanyo00taci_678 |series=Oxford World's Classics |date=1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=USA |isbn=978-0-19-283300-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/agricolagermanyo00taci_678/page/n164 108]}} </ref> <ref name="spacetoday"> {{cite web |url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title=Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher=[[Space Today]] |date=2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66Bhc1WIC?url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |archivedate=15 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="sciam"> {{cite web |title=Lunacy and the Full Moon |publisher=Scientific American |date=2009 |first1=Scott O. |last1=Lilienfeld |first2=Hal |last2=Arkowitz |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016163312/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |archivedate=16 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> --> <ref name="Williams1996">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=James G. |last2=Newhall |first2=XX |last3=Dickey |first3=Jean O. |title=Lunar moments, tides, orientation, and coordinate frames |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planetary-and-space-science_1996-10_44_10/page/1077 |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=44 |issue=10 |date=1996 |pages=1077–1080 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(95)00154-9 |bibcode=1996P&SS...44.1077W}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="MartensKelly1988">{{cite journal |last1=Martens |first1=R. |last2=Kelly |first2=I. W. |last3=Saklofske |first3=D. H. |title=Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-year Critical Review |url=https://archive.org/details/psychological-reports_1988-12_63_3/page/923 |journal=[[Psychological Reports]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |date=1988 |pages=923–934 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923}}</ref> <ref name="RottonKelly1985">{{cite journal |last1=Rotton |first1=James |last2=Kelly |first2=I. W. |title=Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1985-03_97_2/page/286 |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=97 |issue=2 |date=1985 |pages=286–306 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286}}</ref> <ref name="FosterRoenneberg2008">{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Russell G. |last2=Roenneberg |first2=Till |title=Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=18 |issue=17 |date=2008 |pages=R784–R794 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003 |pmid=18786384}}</ref> <ref name="kelly">{{Citation |last=Kelly |first=Ivan |last2=Rotton |first2=James |last3=Culver |first3=Roger |date=1986 |title=The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=129–43 |url= }}. Reprinted in ''The Hundredth Monkey - and other paradigms of the paranormal'', edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in ''The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal'', edited by [[Joe Nickell]], [[Barry Karr]], and [[Tom Genoni]], 1996, [[CSICOP]].</ref> --> }}<!--(end {{notes}})--> ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC |date=1986 |publisher=[[Caves Books]] |isbn=978-0-521-05801-8 |place=Taipei}} {{refend}} [[Category:Muin| ]] 1czvaptinj3qhfq1mbs6qsbxhsiq0hy 0 6757 922631 917512 2026-09-10T10:10:53Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in infobox an sortit Scots 922631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|flag=|flag_caption=|population='''{{Circa|28|40 million}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6 |title=The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland |publisher=[[Scottish Government]] |date=May 2009 |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115185104/https://www2.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6 |url-status=live }}</ref>|regions=[[Scotland]] 4,226,965<br />{{small|(2022)}} {{small|identifyin as Scots descent anely}}<ref name="2022census_Scot">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 May 2024 |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521173147/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |url-status=live }} [https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by Alternative URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by |date=14 May 2021 }} 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'</ref>|tablehdr=''Significant [[Scottish diaspora]] in'' <!--- Note to editors: If you wish to change the numbers or add a country to this section, PLEASE CITE SOURCES (i.e. use the ref1, ref2, etc parameters) ---->|region1=[[Unitit States]]|pop1=8,422,613 {{small|([[Scottish Americans|Scottish]])}}{{sup|A}}<br>794,478 {{small|([[Scots-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]])}}|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html|title=English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date=October 10, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119140231/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date=September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003132/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|region2=[[Canada]]|pop2=4,799,005|ref2=<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census|date=8 February 2017|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210003951/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|(2016)}}{{sup|B}}|region3=[[Australia]]|pop3=2,176,777|ref3=<ref name="abs.gov.au">{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |title=Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021 |date=28 June 2022 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628064556/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> {{small|(2021)}}{{sup|C}}|region4=[[New Zealand]]|pop4=1,000,000–2,000,000 (Scottish descent)<br> 25,953 Scottish-born|ref4=<ref name="2013 NZ census Scottish">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24658&parent_id=24650&tabname=#24658 |title=2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Scottish |publisher=stats.govt.nz |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220140725/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24658&parent_id=24650&tabname=#24658 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="stats.gov.nz">{{cite web |url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8021 |title=Ethnic group (total responses) by age group and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2001, 2006, and 2013 Censuses (RC, TA) Information on table. |work=stats.govt.nz |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406225404/http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8021 |url-status=live }}</ref><!--the link requires a user to search across multiple editions of the census-->|region5=[[Ingland]]|pop5=795,000|ref5=<ref name="Carr 2009 10">{{sup|D}} {{cite book |last=Carr |first=Julie |url=http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf |title=Scotland's diaspora and overseas-born population |publisher=Scottish Government Social Research |location=Edinburgh |year=2009 |access-date=16 July 2016 |isbn=978-0-7559-7657-7 |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031646/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|region6=[[Argentinae]]|pop6=100,000|ref6=<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624 |title=Stories of Homecoming - We're on the march with Argentina's Scots |first=Jim |last=Gilchrist |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |date=14 December 2008 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110135/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624 |url-status=live }}</ref>|region7=[[Sooth Africae]]|pop7=11,160 (estimate)|ref7=<ref name="Carr 2009 10" />{{rp|10}}|region8=[[Isle o Man]]|pop8=2,403|ref8=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.im/media/207878/censusreport2006.pdf |title=Isle of Man Census Report 2006 |work=Economic Affairs Division, Isle of Man Government Treasury |year=2006 |page=20 |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717004901/http://www.gov.im/media/207878/censusreport2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|region9=[[Hong Kong]]|pop9=1,459|ref9=<ref name="The Stationery Office 2014">{{cite book |format=PDF |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/274477/scotland_analysis_borders_citizenship.pdf#page=70 |title=Scotland analysis: borders and citizenship |publisher=GOV.UK Home Office |location=London |year=2014 |access-date=11 July 2016 |isbn=978-0-10-187262-1 |page=70 |last1=Office |first1=Great Britain: Home |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707053911/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/274477/scotland_analysis_borders_citizenship.pdf#page=70 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Carr 2009 13">{{cite book |last=Carr |first=Julie |url=http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf |title=Scotland's diaspora and overseas-born population |publisher=Scottish Government Social Research |location=Edinburgh |year=2009 |access-date=16 July 2016 |isbn=978-0-7559-7657-7 |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031646/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sup|E}}|languages=[[Scottish English]]<br />[[Scots language|Scots]]<br />[[Scottish Gaelic]]<br />[[Breetish Sign Leid]]|religions=[[Presbyterianism#Scotland|Presbyterianism]]<br />[[Catholic Church in Scotland|Catholicism]]<br />[[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalianism]]<br />[[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|Irreligion]]<br /> other minority groups|footnotes=Data based on offeecial census data o populations. * {{sup|A}} [[Scottish Americans]] an [[Scotch-Irish Americans]] * {{sup|B}} [[Scottish Canadians]] * {{sup|C}} [[Scottish Australians]] * {{sup|D}} Scottish-born people in England only * {{sup|E}} Number of people born in Scotland.}}The '''Scots fowk''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Albannaich''), or '''Scots''', is a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native til [[Scotland]]. Historically thay came frae a mellin o the [[Pechts]] an [[Gaels]], incorporatin neebourin [[Breetons (historical)|Brítons]] tae the sooth as weel as invadin [[Germanic fowk]]s siclike the [[Anglo-Saxons]] an the [[Norsemen|Norse]]. In modren uiss, "Scots fowk" or "Scots" is uised fir tae refer tae onybody that's origins is frae within Scotland. The [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] wird ''Scotti''<ref>Bede uised a Laitin form o the wird Scots as the name o the [[Gaels]] o [[Dál Riata]]. {{cite book |last=Roger Collins |first=Judith McClure |author2=Beda el Venerable, Bede |title=The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle ; Bede's Letter to Egbert |url=https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi00bede_1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi00bede_1/page/386 386] |ISBN=}}</ref> oreeginally applee'd tae a parteecular, 5t century, [[Gaels|Gaelic]] tribe that inhabitit Ireland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anthony Richard (TRN) Birley |first=Cornelius Tacitus |author2=Cayo Cornelio Tácito |title=Agricola and Germany |year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/agricolagermany00taci |publisher=Oxford University Press |ISBN=}}</ref> Tho fir ordinar considert [[Airchaism|airchaic]] or [[pejorative]] whan applied tae fowk,<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Scotch Scotch | Define Scotch at Dictionary.com]</ref><ref name="Scotch_Off">[http://www.bartleby.com/61/8/S0160800.html The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language] Scotch usage note, [http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/scotch.html Encarta Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420062343/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/scotch.html |date=20 April 2006 }} usage note.</ref> the term '''Scotch''' haes been uised fir the Scots fowk an aw, but this uise is nou, tae the maist pairt, bi fowk ootwi Scotland.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/scotch-1 "Scotch is still in occasional contemporary use outwith Scotland"]</ref><ref>[[John Kenneth Galbraith]] in his book ''The Scotch'' (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents how the descendants of 19th century pioneers from Scotland who settled in Southwestern Ontario affectionately referred to themselves as '''Scotch'''. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the Scotch-Canadian community in the early decades of the 20th century.</ref> The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionar]]'' describes ''Scotch'' as an auld-farrant term fur "Scottish".<ref name="OED_Scotch">{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/scotch?view=uk |title=Definition of scotch |publisher=Askoxford.com |date=27 September 2012 |accessdate=3 October 2012 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929231644/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/scotch?view=uk |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ethnic groups o Scotland == In the earlie [[Middle Ages]], the [[Kinrick o Scotland]] saw loads o ethnic or cultural groups, includin the [[Pechts]], the [[Gaels]], the Brítons, an the [[Angles]], wi the latter settlin in the sootheast o the kintra. Cultural-like, thae fowk ur groupit bi leid. Maist o Scotland till the 13t-centurie spak [[Celtic leids]] an thae included, at least tae stairt wi, the Britons, as weel as the Gaels an the Pechts.<ref>Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, ''Language in Pictland''.</ref> Germanic fowk included the Angles o [[Northumbrie]], that bided in sooth-east Scotland in the airt atween the [[Firth o Forth]] tae the north an the [[Watter o Tweid]] tae the sooth. Thay occupied the sooth-wast o Scotland an aw, up tae an the plain o [[Kyle, Ayrshire|Kyle]] an thair leid, [[Auld Inglis]], wis the earliest form o the leid that eventual-like became kent as [[Scots leid|Scots]]. Uiss o the [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic leid]] spreid oothrou near the hail o Scotland bi the 9th-centurie,<ref name="bord-na-gaidhlig1">{{cite web|last=Clancy|first=Thomas Owen|author-link=Thomas Owen Clancy|url=http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html|title=Gaelic Scotland: a brief history|publisher=bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk|date=13 July 2006|accessdate=21 September 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232223/http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html|archivedate=11 September 2007}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-09-22 |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232223/http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> raxin a peak in the 11t tae 13t yearhunners, but wis nivver the leid o the sooth-east o the kintra.<ref name="bord-na-gaidhlig1" /> [[Edgar, King o Scotland|King Edgar]] dividit the [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]] atweesh Scotland an [[Kinrick o Ingland|Ingland]]; at least, maist medieval historians nou accept the 'gift' bi Edgar, in ony case, efter the [[Battle o Carham]] the Scots kinrick encompassed many Inglis fowk, wi even mair mibbie arrivin efter the Norman invasion o Ingland in 1066. Sooth-east o the Firth o Forth, then in [[Lowden]] an the borders (oe: loðene), a northren variety o Auld Inglis, kent as [[Early Scots|earlie Scots]], wis spak. As a result o this, the King o Scots returned fae exile in Ingland in 1113, tae assume the throne in 1124 at the hinder end, wi the help o the [[Normans|Norman]] military force, [[David I, King o Scots|King David]] invitit Norman faimilies fae Fraunce an Ingland tae settle in lands he grantit thaim tae spread a rulin class lyal tae hissel. This Davidian Revolution, as loads o historians caw it, brocht a European pure class o [[feudalism]] til Scotland alang wi an influx o fowk o Norman descent – bi invítation, no like Ingland whaur it wis bi conquest. Tae this day, loads o the common fowk names o Scotland can trace ancestry tae Normans fae this period, sic as the Stewarts, the Bruces, the Hamiltons, the Wallaces, the Melvilles, some Browns an loads o ithers. The [[Northren Isles]] an some bits o [[Caithness]] wis [[Norn leid|Norn]]-speakin (the wast o Caithness wis Gaelic-speakin till the 20t-centurie, as war some wee communities in bits o the mids [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]]). Fae 1200 tae 1500 the earlie Scots leid spreid aw ower the Lawland airts o Scotland atween Galloway an the Hieland line, bein used bi [[John Barbour|Barbour]] in his historical epic [[the Brus|the ''Brus'']] in the late 14t-centurie in [[Aiberdeen]]. Fae 1500 onward, Scotland wis commonly divided bi leid intae twa groups o fowk, Gaelic-speakin "Hielanders" (the leid formerly cried ''Scottis'' bi Inglis speakers an kent bi mony Lawlanders in the 18t-century as [[Erse leid|Erse]]) an the Inglis-speakin "Lowlanders" (a leid efter tae be cried Scots). The day, immigrants hae broucht ower ither leids, but awmaist ilka adult oothrou Scotland is fluent in the Inglis leid. == Etymology  == Oríginally, the Romans uised ''Scotia'' tae refer tae the Gaels bidin in Ireland. The Venerable [[Bede]] (c. 672 or 673 – 27 Mey, 735) uises the wird ''Scottorum'' fur the nation fae Ireland that settlt pairt o the Pictish lands: "''Scottorum nationem in pictorum parte recipit.''" We can infer this tae mean the arrival o the fowk, kent forby as the Gaels, in the kinrick o [[Dál Riata]], in the wastren lip o Scotland. It's tae note that Bede uised the wird ''natio'' (nation) fur tae refer tae the Scots, whaur he aften refers tae ither fowk, sic as the Picts, wi the wird ''gens'' (race).<ref name="Harris 72">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Stephen J. |title=Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityang00harr |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge (UK) |date=1 October 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityang00harr/page/n84 72] |id=ISBN}}</ref> In the 10t-centurie ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', the wird Scot is mentioned as a reference tae the "land o the Gaels". The wird 'Scottorum' wis uised again bi an Erse king in 1005: ''Imperator scottorum'' wis the title gien tae [[Brian Boru|Brian Bóruma]] bi his notary, Mael Suthain, in the Book o Armagh.<ref name="MoodyCróinín2005">{{cite book|last1=Moody|first1=Theodore William|authorlink1=Theodore William Moody|last2=Martin|first2=Francis X.|authorlink2=F. X. Martin|last3=Byrne|first3=F. J.|authorlink3=Francis John Byrne|editor=[[Dáibhí Ó Cróinín|Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí]]|title=A New History of Ireland|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rwRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA862|accessdate=12 July 2016|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-821737-4|page=862|chapter=XXV Ireland and her neighbours, c.1014-c.1072}}</ref> This style wis subsequently copied bi the Scots kings. ''Basileus scottorum'' appears on the Great Seal o [[Edgar, King o Scotland|King Edgar]] (1074–1107).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freer |first=Allan |title=The North British Review |publisher=Edmonston & Douglas |year=1871 |page=119 }} and {{Cite book |last=Robertson |first=Eben William |title=Scotland Under Her Early Kings: a history of the kingdom to the close of the thirteenth century |url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandunderhe00robegoog |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |year=1862 |page=[https://archive.org/details/scotlandunderhe00robegoog/page/n290 286] }} </ref> [[Alexander I o Scotland|Alexander]] (c. 1078–1124) uised the wurds ''rex scottorum'' on his Great Seal, as did mony o his successors up tae [[James VI, King o Scots|Jamie the Saxt]].<ref name="PrydeGreenway1996">{{cite book|editor1=Pryde, E. B.|editor2=Greenway, D. E.|title=Handbook of British Chronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcgxEvGAK_kC&pg=PA55|accessdate=12 July 2016|edition=3rd|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56350-5|page=55}}</ref> In modren times, the wurds ''Scot'' an ''Scots'' ur applied mainly tae inhabitants o Scotland. The maybee aye ancient Irish connotations ur maistly forgat. The leid kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]], spak in bits o North-east Ireland, is the result o 17t an 18t-centurie immigration tae Ireland fae Scotland. == Fitmerks == {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scots Fowk}} [[Category:Scots fowk| ]] [[Category:Celtic cultur]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:History o Scotland]] [[Category:Scots society]] [[es:Escoto]] py00i6uv687j44tif4h6hhf8aekzvvw 922632 922631 2026-09-10T10:12:32Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag as the Inglis airticle is much langer 922632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|flag=|flag_caption=|population='''{{Circa|28|40 million}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6 |title=The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland |publisher=[[Scottish Government]] |date=May 2009 |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115185104/https://www2.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6 |url-status=live }}</ref>|regions=[[Scotland]] 4,226,965<br />{{small|(2022)}} {{small|identifyin as Scots descent anely}}<ref name="2022census_Scot">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 May 2024 |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521173147/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |url-status=live }} [https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by Alternative URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by |date=14 May 2021 }} 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'</ref>|tablehdr=''Significant [[Scottish diaspora]] in'' <!--- Note to editors: If you wish to change the numbers or add a country to this section, PLEASE CITE SOURCES (i.e. use the ref1, ref2, etc parameters) ---->|region1=[[Unitit States]]|pop1=8,422,613 {{small|([[Scottish Americans|Scottish]])}}{{sup|A}}<br>794,478 {{small|([[Scots-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]])}}|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html|title=English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date=October 10, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119140231/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date=September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003132/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|region2=[[Canada]]|pop2=4,799,005|ref2=<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census|date=8 February 2017|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210003951/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|(2016)}}{{sup|B}}|region3=[[Australia]]|pop3=2,176,777|ref3=<ref name="abs.gov.au">{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |title=Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021 |date=28 June 2022 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628064556/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> {{small|(2021)}}{{sup|C}}|region4=[[New Zealand]]|pop4=1,000,000–2,000,000 (Scottish descent)<br> 25,953 Scottish-born|ref4=<ref name="2013 NZ census Scottish">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24658&parent_id=24650&tabname=#24658 |title=2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Scottish |publisher=stats.govt.nz |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220140725/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24658&parent_id=24650&tabname=#24658 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="stats.gov.nz">{{cite web |url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8021 |title=Ethnic group (total responses) by age group and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2001, 2006, and 2013 Censuses (RC, TA) Information on table. |work=stats.govt.nz |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406225404/http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8021 |url-status=live }}</ref><!--the link requires a user to search across multiple editions of the census-->|region5=[[Ingland]]|pop5=795,000|ref5=<ref name="Carr 2009 10">{{sup|D}} {{cite book |last=Carr |first=Julie |url=http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf |title=Scotland's diaspora and overseas-born population |publisher=Scottish Government Social Research |location=Edinburgh |year=2009 |access-date=16 July 2016 |isbn=978-0-7559-7657-7 |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031646/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|region6=[[Argentinae]]|pop6=100,000|ref6=<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624 |title=Stories of Homecoming - We're on the march with Argentina's Scots |first=Jim |last=Gilchrist |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |date=14 December 2008 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110135/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624 |url-status=live }}</ref>|region7=[[Sooth Africae]]|pop7=11,160 (estimate)|ref7=<ref name="Carr 2009 10" />{{rp|10}}|region8=[[Isle o Man]]|pop8=2,403|ref8=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.im/media/207878/censusreport2006.pdf |title=Isle of Man Census Report 2006 |work=Economic Affairs Division, Isle of Man Government Treasury |year=2006 |page=20 |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717004901/http://www.gov.im/media/207878/censusreport2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|region9=[[Hong Kong]]|pop9=1,459|ref9=<ref name="The Stationery Office 2014">{{cite book |format=PDF |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/274477/scotland_analysis_borders_citizenship.pdf#page=70 |title=Scotland analysis: borders and citizenship |publisher=GOV.UK Home Office |location=London |year=2014 |access-date=11 July 2016 |isbn=978-0-10-187262-1 |page=70 |last1=Office |first1=Great Britain: Home |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707053911/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/274477/scotland_analysis_borders_citizenship.pdf#page=70 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Carr 2009 13">{{cite book |last=Carr |first=Julie |url=http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf |title=Scotland's diaspora and overseas-born population |publisher=Scottish Government Social Research |location=Edinburgh |year=2009 |access-date=16 July 2016 |isbn=978-0-7559-7657-7 |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031646/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sup|E}}|languages=[[Scottish English]]<br />[[Scots language|Scots]]<br />[[Scottish Gaelic]]<br />[[Breetish Sign Leid]]|religions=[[Presbyterianism#Scotland|Presbyterianism]]<br />[[Catholic Church in Scotland|Catholicism]]<br />[[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalianism]]<br />[[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|Irreligion]]<br /> other minority groups|footnotes=Data based on offeecial census data o populations. * {{sup|A}} [[Scottish Americans]] an [[Scotch-Irish Americans]] * {{sup|B}} [[Scottish Canadians]] * {{sup|C}} [[Scottish Australians]] * {{sup|D}} Scottish-born people in England only * {{sup|E}} Number of people born in Scotland.}}The '''Scots fowk''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Albannaich''), or '''Scots''', is a [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] native til [[Scotland]]. Historically thay came frae a mellin o the [[Pechts]] an [[Gaels]], incorporatin neebourin [[Breetons (historical)|Brítons]] tae the sooth as weel as invadin [[Germanic fowk]]s siclike the [[Anglo-Saxons]] an the [[Norsemen|Norse]]. In modren uiss, "Scots fowk" or "Scots" is uised fir tae refer tae onybody that's origins is frae within Scotland. The [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] wird ''Scotti''<ref>Bede uised a Laitin form o the wird Scots as the name o the [[Gaels]] o [[Dál Riata]]. {{cite book |last=Roger Collins |first=Judith McClure |author2=Beda el Venerable, Bede |title=The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle ; Bede's Letter to Egbert |url=https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi00bede_1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi00bede_1/page/386 386] |ISBN=}}</ref> oreeginally applee'd tae a parteecular, 5t century, [[Gaels|Gaelic]] tribe that inhabitit Ireland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Anthony Richard (TRN) Birley |first=Cornelius Tacitus |author2=Cayo Cornelio Tácito |title=Agricola and Germany |year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/agricolagermany00taci |publisher=Oxford University Press |ISBN=}}</ref> Tho fir ordinar considert [[Airchaism|airchaic]] or [[pejorative]] whan applied tae fowk,<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Scotch Scotch | Define Scotch at Dictionary.com]</ref><ref name="Scotch_Off">[http://www.bartleby.com/61/8/S0160800.html The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language] Scotch usage note, [http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/scotch.html Encarta Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420062343/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/scotch.html |date=20 April 2006 }} usage note.</ref> the term '''Scotch''' haes been uised fir the Scots fowk an aw, but this uise is nou, tae the maist pairt, bi fowk ootwi Scotland.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/scotch-1 "Scotch is still in occasional contemporary use outwith Scotland"]</ref><ref>[[John Kenneth Galbraith]] in his book ''The Scotch'' (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents how the descendants of 19th century pioneers from Scotland who settled in Southwestern Ontario affectionately referred to themselves as '''Scotch'''. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the Scotch-Canadian community in the early decades of the 20th century.</ref> The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionar]]'' describes ''Scotch'' as an auld-farrant term fur "Scottish".<ref name="OED_Scotch">{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/scotch?view=uk |title=Definition of scotch |publisher=Askoxford.com |date=27 September 2012 |accessdate=3 October 2012 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929231644/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/scotch?view=uk |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ethnic groups o Scotland == In the earlie [[Middle Ages]], the [[Kinrick o Scotland]] saw loads o ethnic or cultural groups, includin the [[Pechts]], the [[Gaels]], the Brítons, an the [[Angles]], wi the latter settlin in the sootheast o the kintra. Cultural-like, thae fowk ur groupit bi leid. Maist o Scotland till the 13t-centurie spak [[Celtic leids]] an thae included, at least tae stairt wi, the Britons, as weel as the Gaels an the Pechts.<ref>Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, ''Language in Pictland''.</ref> Germanic fowk included the Angles o [[Northumbrie]], that bided in sooth-east Scotland in the airt atween the [[Firth o Forth]] tae the north an the [[Watter o Tweid]] tae the sooth. Thay occupied the sooth-wast o Scotland an aw, up tae an the plain o [[Kyle, Ayrshire|Kyle]] an thair leid, [[Auld Inglis]], wis the earliest form o the leid that eventual-like became kent as [[Scots leid|Scots]]. Uiss o the [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic leid]] spreid oothrou near the hail o Scotland bi the 9th-centurie,<ref name="bord-na-gaidhlig1">{{cite web|last=Clancy|first=Thomas Owen|author-link=Thomas Owen Clancy|url=http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html|title=Gaelic Scotland: a brief history|publisher=bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk|date=13 July 2006|accessdate=21 September 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232223/http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html|archivedate=11 September 2007}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-09-22 |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911232223/http://www.bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk/about-gaelic/history.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> raxin a peak in the 11t tae 13t yearhunners, but wis nivver the leid o the sooth-east o the kintra.<ref name="bord-na-gaidhlig1" /> [[Edgar, King o Scotland|King Edgar]] dividit the [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]] atweesh Scotland an [[Kinrick o Ingland|Ingland]]; at least, maist medieval historians nou accept the 'gift' bi Edgar, in ony case, efter the [[Battle o Carham]] the Scots kinrick encompassed many Inglis fowk, wi even mair mibbie arrivin efter the Norman invasion o Ingland in 1066. Sooth-east o the Firth o Forth, then in [[Lowden]] an the borders (oe: loðene), a northren variety o Auld Inglis, kent as [[Early Scots|earlie Scots]], wis spak. As a result o this, the King o Scots returned fae exile in Ingland in 1113, tae assume the throne in 1124 at the hinder end, wi the help o the [[Normans|Norman]] military force, [[David I, King o Scots|King David]] invitit Norman faimilies fae Fraunce an Ingland tae settle in lands he grantit thaim tae spread a rulin class lyal tae hissel. This Davidian Revolution, as loads o historians caw it, brocht a European pure class o [[feudalism]] til Scotland alang wi an influx o fowk o Norman descent – bi invítation, no like Ingland whaur it wis bi conquest. Tae this day, loads o the common fowk names o Scotland can trace ancestry tae Normans fae this period, sic as the Stewarts, the Bruces, the Hamiltons, the Wallaces, the Melvilles, some Browns an loads o ithers. The [[Northren Isles]] an some bits o [[Caithness]] wis [[Norn leid|Norn]]-speakin (the wast o Caithness wis Gaelic-speakin till the 20t-centurie, as war some wee communities in bits o the mids [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]]). Fae 1200 tae 1500 the earlie Scots leid spreid aw ower the Lawland airts o Scotland atween Galloway an the Hieland line, bein used bi [[John Barbour|Barbour]] in his historical epic [[the Brus|the ''Brus'']] in the late 14t-centurie in [[Aiberdeen]]. Fae 1500 onward, Scotland wis commonly divided bi leid intae twa groups o fowk, Gaelic-speakin "Hielanders" (the leid formerly cried ''Scottis'' bi Inglis speakers an kent bi mony Lawlanders in the 18t-century as [[Erse leid|Erse]]) an the Inglis-speakin "Lowlanders" (a leid efter tae be cried Scots). The day, immigrants hae broucht ower ither leids, but awmaist ilka adult oothrou Scotland is fluent in the Inglis leid. == Etymology  == Oríginally, the Romans uised ''Scotia'' tae refer tae the Gaels bidin in Ireland. The Venerable [[Bede]] (c. 672 or 673 – 27 Mey, 735) uises the wird ''Scottorum'' fur the nation fae Ireland that settlt pairt o the Pictish lands: "''Scottorum nationem in pictorum parte recipit.''" We can infer this tae mean the arrival o the fowk, kent forby as the Gaels, in the kinrick o [[Dál Riata]], in the wastren lip o Scotland. It's tae note that Bede uised the wird ''natio'' (nation) fur tae refer tae the Scots, whaur he aften refers tae ither fowk, sic as the Picts, wi the wird ''gens'' (race).<ref name="Harris 72">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Stephen J. |title=Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityang00harr |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge (UK) |date=1 October 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityang00harr/page/n84 72] |id=ISBN}}</ref> In the 10t-centurie ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', the wird Scot is mentioned as a reference tae the "land o the Gaels". The wird 'Scottorum' wis uised again bi an Erse king in 1005: ''Imperator scottorum'' wis the title gien tae [[Brian Boru|Brian Bóruma]] bi his notary, Mael Suthain, in the Book o Armagh.<ref name="MoodyCróinín2005">{{cite book|last1=Moody|first1=Theodore William|authorlink1=Theodore William Moody|last2=Martin|first2=Francis X.|authorlink2=F. X. Martin|last3=Byrne|first3=F. J.|authorlink3=Francis John Byrne|editor=[[Dáibhí Ó Cróinín|Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí]]|title=A New History of Ireland|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rwRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA862|accessdate=12 July 2016|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-821737-4|page=862|chapter=XXV Ireland and her neighbours, c.1014-c.1072}}</ref> This style wis subsequently copied bi the Scots kings. ''Basileus scottorum'' appears on the Great Seal o [[Edgar, King o Scotland|King Edgar]] (1074–1107).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freer |first=Allan |title=The North British Review |publisher=Edmonston & Douglas |year=1871 |page=119 }} and {{Cite book |last=Robertson |first=Eben William |title=Scotland Under Her Early Kings: a history of the kingdom to the close of the thirteenth century |url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandunderhe00robegoog |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |year=1862 |page=[https://archive.org/details/scotlandunderhe00robegoog/page/n290 286] }} </ref> [[Alexander I o Scotland|Alexander]] (c. 1078–1124) uised the wurds ''rex scottorum'' on his Great Seal, as did mony o his successors up tae [[James VI, King o Scots|Jamie the Saxt]].<ref name="PrydeGreenway1996">{{cite book|editor1=Pryde, E. B.|editor2=Greenway, D. E.|title=Handbook of British Chronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcgxEvGAK_kC&pg=PA55|accessdate=12 July 2016|edition=3rd|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56350-5|page=55}}</ref> In modren times, the wurds ''Scot'' an ''Scots'' ur applied mainly tae inhabitants o Scotland. The maybee aye ancient Irish connotations ur maistly forgat. The leid kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]], spak in bits o North-east Ireland, is the result o 17t an 18t-centurie immigration tae Ireland fae Scotland. == Fitmerks == {{reflist|2}}{{Stub/Scotland}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Scots Fowk}} [[Category:Scots fowk| ]] [[Category:Celtic cultur]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:History o Scotland]] [[Category:Scots society]] [[es:Escoto]] keic2r3i9js6k506rvzdhb7p8m8gj6c 0 10266 922629 920518 2026-09-10T01:43:22Z NoahGeo 129838 922629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ryalty | type = monarch | name = Willum III | image = King William III of England, (1650-1702).jpg | caption = Willum II bi Sir Godfrey Kneller | succession = Prince o Orange | reign = 4 November 1650<ref name=OSNS/>&nbsp;–<br > 8 Mairch 1702 | predecessor = Willum II | successor = Ian Willum Friso | succession1 = Stadtholder o Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland an Overijssel | reign1 = July 1672&nbsp;– 8 Mairch 1702 | predecessor1 = William II | successor1 = William IV | succession2 = King o Ingland, [[Leet o Scots monarchs|Scotland]] an Ireland | moretext2 = ([[Styles o Inglis an Scots sovereigns|mair&nbsp;...]]) | reign2 = 13 February 1689 –<br > 8 March 1702 | coronation2 = 11 April 1689 | predecessor2 = [[James II o Ingland|James II & VII]] | successor2 = [[Anne, Queen o Great Breetain|Anne]] | regent2 = [[Mary II o Ingland|Mary II]] | reg-type2 = Co-monarch | spouse =[[Mary II o Ingland]] | spouse-type = Spoose | house = Hoose o Orange-Nassau | father =William II, Prince o Orange | mother = Mary, Princess Ryal | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1650|11|4}}<br />{{small|[<nowiki />[[Auld Style an New Style dates|N.S.]]: 14 November 1650<nowiki />]}}<ref name=OSNS>During William's lifetime, twa calendars wur in uise in Europe: the Auld Style [[Julian calendar]] in Breetain an pairts o Northren an Eastren Europe, an the New Style [[Gregorian calendar]] elsewhar, includin William's birthplace in the Netherlands. At the time o William's birth, Gregorian dates wur ten days ahead o Julian dates: thus William wis born on 14 November 1650 bi Gregorian reckonin, but on 4 November 1650 bi Julian. At William's daith, Gregorian dates wur eleven days ahead o Julian dates. He died on 8 Mairch 1702 by the staundart Julian calendar, but on 19 Mairch 1702 bi the Gregorian calendar. (However, the Inglis New Year fell on 25 Mairch, so bi Inglish reckonin o the time, William died on 8 Mairch 1701.) Unless itherwise notit, dates in this article follae the staundart Julian calendar, in which the New Year faws on 1 Januar.</ref> | birth_place = Binnenhof, [[The Hague]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1702|3|8|1650|11|4}}<br /><small>[<nowiki />[[Auld Style an New Style dates&#124;N.S.]]: 19 Mairch 1702<nowiki />]</small> | death_place = Kensington Palace, Lunnon | place of burial = [[Westminster Abbey]], Lunnon | religion = [[Protestantism]] | signature = WilliamIII Sig.svg ||full name={{ubl|[[Scots|Scots]]: Willum Hendry|[[Inglis|Inglis]]: William Henry|[[Dutch|Dutch]]: Willem Hendrik}}}} '''WiIIum, King o Scots''' (14 November 1650 - 8 Mairch 1702) wis Stadthauder frae 1672, he wis '''Willum III o Orange''' ower Holland, [[Zeeland]], Utrecht, [[Guelders]], an [[Overijssel]] o the [[Dutch Republic]]. He wis [[Scots monarchs|King o Scots]] frae 11 Aprile 1689 an King o Ingland an Ireland frae [[13 Februar]] 1689. In aw thae fower cases, he haudit thae titles til his daith on 8t Mairch 1702. He is cried "'''King Billy'''" an aw. William wis born in the [[Netherlands]]. His mither wis Mary Stuart. Mary wis the sister tae the King o Ingland, Ireland an Scotland, [[James VII, Keeng o Scots|James VII & II]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|William III of England}} {{DEFAULTSORT:William 03 o Ingland}} [[Category:William III o Ingland| ]] [[Category:1650 births]] [[Category:1702 daiths]] [[Category:Coonts o Nassau]] [[Category:Accidental daiths in Ingland]] [[Category:Breetish militar personnel o the Nine Years' War]] [[Category:Buirials at Wastmeenster Aibey]] [[Category:Daiths bi horse-ridin accident]] [[Category:Dutch Anglicans]] [[Category:Dutch fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Dutch stadtholders]] [[Category:Inglis monarchs]] [[Category:Hoose o Orange-Nassau]] [[Category:Knichts o the Gairten]] [[Category:Laird Heich Admirals]] [[Category:Lairds o Breda]] [[Category:Modren bairn rulers]] [[Category:Fowk frae The Hague]] [[Category:Inglis pretenders tae the French throne]] [[Category:Princes o Orange]] [[Category:Protestant monarchs]] [[Category:Scots monarchs]] [[Category:Anti-Catholicism in Ingland]] [[Category:Anti-Catholicism in Scotland]] [[Category:Anti-Catholicism in Wales]] [[Category:Anti-Catholicism in Ireland]] [[Category:Glorious Revolution]] [[Category:Williamite militar personnel o the Williamite War in Ireland]] [[Category:17t-century monarchs in Europe]] [[Category:18t-century monarchs in Europe]] {{stub/Ryal}} qh33k0nucrmjjevpmv80ch49mjkuvce 0 55090 922621 904482 2026-09-10T00:08:11Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] 922621 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] ksz2vgdgxco58emfce657111g6zgztz 0 55157 922606 908129 2026-09-09T18:42:07Z NoahGeo 129838 NoahGeo flittit page [[William, Prince o Wales]] til [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] 908129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ryalty | name =Prince William, Duik o Rothsay | title =[[Prince o Wales]]; [[Duke o Rothesay]]<br>([[#Titles an styles|mair]]) | image =File:William Submarines Crop.png | imagw =245 | caption =Prince William in Juin 2021 | spouse =[[Catherine, Duchess o Cambridge|Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]]<br />(m. 2011) | issue = [[Prince George o Cambridge|Prince George o Wales]]<br/>[[Princess Charlotte o Cambridge|Princess Charlotte o Wales]]<br/>[[Prince Louis o Wales]] | full name =William Arthur Philip Louis<ref group="fn" name="sur"/> | house =[[Hoose o Windsor]] | father =[[Charles III]] | mother =[[Diana, Princess o Wales]] | birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1982|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place =[[St Mary's Hospital, Lunnon|St Mary's Hospital]], [[Lunnon]] | religion =[[Kirk o Ingland]] | signature = }} '''Prince William, Duik o Rothsay''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|KT|ADC(P)}} (William Arthur Philip Louis;{{#tag:ref|As a member o the Ryal Faimily entitled tae be cried ''His Ryal Heichness'', William formally haes na surname. When ane is uised, it is [[Mountbatten-Windsor]]. In his militar career, William uises the surname ''Wales''.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/PeopleInDefence/DukeOfCambridgeToDeployToFalklands.htm|title=Duke of Cambridge to deploy to Falklands|accessdate=11 November 2011|date=10 November 2011|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]}}</ref> Accordin tae [[letters patent]] o Februar 1960, his hoose an faimily name is ''Windsor''. The middle name Louis is pronoonced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|.|i}}.|group = fn|name = sur}} born 21 Juin 1982), is the elder son o [[Charles III]] an his first wife, [[Diana, Princess o Wales]]. His paternal grandparents are Queen [[Elizabeth II]] an [[Prince Philip, Duke o Edinburgh]]. He is in [[line o succession tae the Breetish throne|line]] tae succeed his faither. Prince William wis educatit at fower schuils in the Unitit Kinrick an obtained a degree frae the [[Varsity o St Andrews]]. He spent pairts o a [[gap year]] in Chile, Belize, Tanzania, an Kenyae, whaur he haes lived an holidayed several times. Prince William haes an aa taken [[Kiswahili]] studies at varsities in Kenyae an Tanzanie. He an aa completit trainin as an afficer (eventually bein commissioned as a Lieutenant in the [[Blues an Ryals]] Regiment), an a pilot (earnin his [[Aircrew brevet|wings]] bi completin pilot trainin at [[RAF College Cranwell|Ryal Air Force College Cranwell]]) in the Breetish militar. He then unnerwent helicopter flyin trainin in order tae acome a full-time pilot wi the [[RAF Search an Rescue Force|Search an Rescue Force]]. Prince William [[Weddin o Prince William an Catherine Middleton|mairit]] [[Catherine, Duchess o Cambridge|Catherine Middleton]], on 29 Aprile 2011 at [[Westminster Abbey]]. Oors prior tae the event, he wis creatit [[Duke o Cambridge]], [[Earl o Strathearn]], an [[Baron Carrickfergus]]. Thair first bairn, [[Prince George o Cambridge]], wis born on 22 Julie 2013, an thair seicont, [[Princess Charlotte o Cambridge]], wis born on 2 Mey 2015. A thrid bairn, [[Prince Louis o Cambridge]], wis born on [[Saunt George]]'s Day, 23 Aprile 2018. ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/PrinceWilliam/PrinceWilliam.aspx Royal.gov.uk – The Duke o Cambridge] * [http://www.dukeandduchessofcambridge.org/ The Duke an Duchess o Cambridge] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6181761.stm Prince William graduates frae RMAS] * [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19190534/ Prince William talks wi NBC's Matt Lauer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407142421/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19190534/ |date=2011-04-07 }} * {{IMDb name| id=1056413|title=}} {{Breetish princes}} {{Dukes o Cambridge}} {{Earls o Strathearn}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:William, Cambridge, Duke O, Prince}} [[Category:Prince William, Duke o Cambridge|*]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o St Andras]] [[Category:Blues an Ryals afficers]] [[Category:Breetish watter polo players]] [[Category:Catherine, Duchess o Cambridge]] [[Category:Dukes o Cambridge]] [[Category:Yerls or mormaers o Strathearn]] [[Category:Inglis Anglicans]] [[Category:Inglis polo players]] [[Category:Graduates o the Ryal Militar Academy Sandhurst]] [[Category:Knichts o the Gairten]] [[Category:Knichts o the Thristle]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Helicopter pilots]] [[Category:Hoose o Windsor]] [[Category:Mountbatten-Windsor faimily]] [[Category:Hoose o Glücksburg (Greece)]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Eton College]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Ludgrove Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Wetherby Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Preses o the Fitbaa Association]] [[Category:Princes o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Ryal Air Force officers]] [[Category:Ryal Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Ryal Navy afficers]] [[Category:Spencer-Churchill faimily]] h33beshdnuh02y1wryndm1unwfh8lv2 0 55175 922608 910077 2026-09-09T18:42:54Z NoahGeo 129838 NoahGeo flittit page [[Catherine, Princess o Wales]] til [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] 910077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ryalty | name =Catherine | title =[[Princess o Wales]]; [[Duchess o Rothesay]]<br> ([[#Titles an styles|mair]]) | image =File:Catherine, Princess of Wales in 2022 (cropped).jpg | caption =Catherine in 2022 | spouse =[[Prince William, Duke o Cambridge|Prince William, Duke o Rothesay]]<br />(m. 2011) | issue = [[Prince George o Cambridge|Prince George o Wales]]<br/>[[Princess Charlotte o Cambridge|Princess Charlotte o Wales]]<br/>[[Prince Louis o Wales]] | full name =Catherine Elizabeth | house =[[Hoose o Windsor]] (bi mairiage‎) | father =Michael Middleton | mother =Carole Goldsmith | birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1982|1|9|df=yes}} | birth_place =Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading | signature =File:CatherineSignature.svg }} '''Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay''' (Catherine Elizabeth "Kate"; née Middleton; born [[9 Januar]] [[1982]] in [[Reading, Berkshire]]), the Duchess o Rothesay (the Baroness Craigfergus in [[Northren Ireland]], Princess o [[Wales]] in [[Ingland]]), is the wife of [[Prince William, Duke o Cambridge|William, Prince o Wales]], syne 29 Aprile 2011,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bates|first=Stephen|last2=McCorkell|first2=Andrew|date=2010-11-23|title=Royal wedding date set for 29 April|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/nov/23/royal-wedding-date-29-april|access-date=2025-03-27|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> aifter meetin him at the [[Varsity o Saunt Aundraes|Varsity o St Andraes]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporters|first=Telegraph|date=2018-11-21|title=Duchess of Cambridge reveals studying psychology at university inspired her charity work|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2018/11/21/duchess-cambridge-studied-psychology-university-emerges-reveals/|access-date=2025-03-27|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-25|title=Prince William and Kate Middleton return to St Andrews University for anniversary celebrations|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/8347946/Prince-William-and-Kate-Middleton-return-to-St-Andrews-University-for-anniversary-celebrations.html|access-date=2025-03-27|website=The Telegraph|language=en}}</ref> The Prince o Wales is first in line tae the thrones o the 16 Commonwalth realms; an the Duchess is expectit tae eventually become queen consort. She haes 3 bairns, [[Prince George o Cambridge|Prince George o Wales]] (born [[22 Julie]] [[2013]]), [[Princess Charlotte o Cambridge|Princess Charlotte o Wales]] (born [[2 Mey]] [[2015]]) an [[Prince Louis o Cambridge|Prince Louis o Wales]] (born [[23 Aprile]] [[2018]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Princess of Wales|url=https://www.royal.uk/the-princess-of-wales|access-date=2025-03-25|website=www.royal.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-07-23|title=Royal Family tree: King Charles III's closest family and line of succession|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23272491|access-date=2025-03-25}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Breetish ryalty]] [[Category:Fowk frae Reading, Berkshire]] nixy0h6z9973l79snmoccdpwbxi7jxs 0 55176 922622 904485 2026-09-10T00:08:16Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] 922622 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] ksz2vgdgxco58emfce657111g6zgztz 0 65017 922630 910604 2026-09-10T02:47:04Z Ziv 115323 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Benjamin Harrison by Eastman Johnson (1895).jpg]] → [[File:Eastman Johnson - Benjamin Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:Eastman Johnson - Benjamin Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg]] 922630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox political post |post = Preses |body = the<br/>Unitit States |flag = Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg |flagsize = 110px |flagcaption = [[Seal o the Preses o the Unitit States|Presidential Seal]] |insignia = Flag of the President of the United States.svg |insigniasize = 120px |insigniacaption = [[Flag o the Preses o the Unitit States|Presidential Staundart]] | image = January 2025 Official Presidential Portrait of Donald J. Trump.jpg | incumbent = [[Donald Trump]] |incumbentsince = {{start date |2025|01|20}} |department = [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States#Executive branch|Executive branch o the U.S. Govrenment]]<br/>[[Executive Office o the Preses o the Unitit States|Executive Office o the Preses]] |style = [[Mr. Preses (teetle)|Mr. Preses/Madam Preses]]<br><small>(Informal)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF|title=How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President|date=August 2, 1891|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html|title=USGS Correspondence Handbook - Chapter 4|publisher=Usgs.gov|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2012-11-15|archive-date=2012-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>[[The Honourable#Unitit States|The Honorable]]<br><small>(Formal)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm|title=Models of Address and Salutation|publisher=Ita.doc.gov|accessdate=September 4, 2010|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203123/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>[[Excellency#Unitit States|His Excellency]]<ref>[http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094902/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }}, Protocol and Liaison Service, [[Unitit Naitions]]. Retrieved on November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim|work=WhiteHouse.gov|accessdate=July 19, 2011|author=The White House Office of the Press Secretary|date=September 1, 2010|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203118/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exchange of Letters|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020|publisher=Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations|accessdate=July 19, 2011|date=September 1978|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225203120/https://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><small>(diplomatic, ootside the U.S.)</small> |member_of = [[Unitit States Cabinet|Cabinet]]<br/>[[Unitit States Domestic Policy Cooncil|Domestic Policy Cooncil]]<br/>[[Unitit States Naitional Economic Cooncil|Naitional Economic Cooncil]]<br/>[[Unitit States Naitional Security Cooncil|Naitional Security Cooncil]] |residence = [[The White Hoose]] |seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] |appointer = [[Electoral College (Unitit States)|Electoral College]] |termlength = Fower years |termlength_qualified = renewable ance |constituting_instrument = [[Unitit States Constitution]] |formation = March 4, 1789 |first = [[George Washington]]<br/>Aprile 30, 1789 |salary = $400,000 annually <small>(2001-)</small> |website = [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ The White Hoose] |nativename=President of the United States}} The '''Preses o the Unitit States o Americae''' ('''POTUS''')<ref>Safire, William, [http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "On language: POTUS and FLOTUS," New York Times, October 12, 1997]. Retrieved January 8, 2012.</ref> is the [[heid o state]] an [[heid o govrenment]] o the [[Unitit States]]. The preses leads the [[Executive (govrenment)|executive branch]] o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal govrenment]] an is the [[Commander-in-chief#Unitit States|commander-in-chief]] o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]]. The person in this poseetion is the kintra's leader o whilk haes the [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)#Leets|lairgest economy]] an the [[Leet o kintras bi militar expenditures#SIPRI Yearbook 2013 .E2.80.93 World.27s top 15 military spenders|lairgest militar]], wi command authority ower the [[Leet o states wi nuclear weapons#Statistics|lairgest active nuclear arsenal]]. The preses is afttimes describit as the maist pouerfu person in the warld.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html|title=The World's Most Powerful People|work=Forbes|accessdate=September 4, 2010|first1=Michael|last1=Noer|first2=Nicole|last2=Perlroth|date=November 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasentinel.net/The-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html|title=The Most Powerful Man in the World is a Black Man – The Los Angeles Sentinel|publisher=Lasentinel.net|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world|location=London|title=Who should be the world's most powerful person?|date=January 3, 2008|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Meacham|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html|title=Meacham: The History of Power|work=Newsweek|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Fareed Zakaria|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html|title=The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama|work=Newsweek|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref> ==Leet o Preses o the Unitit States== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! # !! Name !! Took Office !! Left Office !! Party !! Vice President(s) |- |align=center| 1 || [[File:Gilbert Stuart Vaughn Portrait of George Washington.jpg|100px]] [[George Washington]] || 1789 || 1797 || ''Nae party'' || [[John Adams]] |- bgcolor=#E6E6AA |align=center| 2 || [[File:Johnadams.jpg|100px]] [[John Adams]] || 1797 || 1801 || [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]] || [[Thomas Jefferson]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 3 || [[File:02 Thomas Jefferson 3x4.jpg|100px]] [[Thomas Jefferson]] || 1801 || 1809 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Aaron Burr]] an [[George Clinton (politeecian)|George Clinton]]<ref group="n" name="a">Died while [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]].</ref> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 4 || [[File:Chester Harding - James Madison - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Madison]] || 1809 || 1817 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Elbridge Gerry]]<ref group="n" name="a" /> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 5 || [[File:John Vanderlyn - James Monroe - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Monroe]] || 1817 || 1825 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[Daniel D. Tompkins]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 6 || [[File:George Caleb Bingham - John Quincy Adams - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[John Quincy Adams]] || 1825 || 1829 || [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] || [[John C. Calhoun]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 7 || [[File:Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl.jpg|100px]] [[Andrew Jackson]] || 1829 || 1837 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John C. Calhoun]]<ref group="n" name="b">Resigned as Vice Preses.</ref> an [[Martin Van Buren]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 8 || [[File:Mb8.gif|100px]] [[Martin Van Buren]] || 1837 || 1841 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC |align=center| 9 || [[File:William Henry Harrison.jpg|100px]] [[William Henry Harrison]]<ref group="n" name="c">Died o naitral causes.</ref> || 1841 || 1841 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || [[John Tyler]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 10 || [[File:John Tyler by George P. A. Healy.JPG|100px]] [[John Tyler]] || 1841 || 1845 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]]<ref group="n" name="d">Democrat on Whig ticket.</ref> || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 11 || [[File:JamesKnoxPolk.png|100px]] [[James K. Polk]] || 1845 || 1849 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[George M. Dallas]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 12 || [[File:Zachary Taylor 2.jpg|100px]] [[Zachary Taylor]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1849<ref group="n" name="i">Wisnae sworn intae office on the day he wis expeckit tae.</ref> || 1850 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || [[Millard Fillmore]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 13 || [[File:Millard Fillmore 1840.jpg|100px]] [[Millard Fillmore]]|| 1850 || 1853 || [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 14 || [[File:FranklinPierce.png|100px]] [[Franklin Pierce]] || 1853 || 1857 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[William R. King]]<ref group="n" name="e">Died while Vice Preses, wisnae replaced.</ref> |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 15 || [[File:JamesBuchanan.jpg|100px]] [[James Buchanan]] || 1857 || 1861 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John C. Breckinridge]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 16 || [[File:Abrahamlincoln.jpg|100px]] [[Abraham Lincoln]]<ref group="n" name="f">Assassinated.</ref> || 1861 || 1865 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Hannibal Hamlin]] an [[Andrew Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 17 || [[File:Washington Bogart Cooper - Andrew Johnson (after 1866) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]][[Andrew Johnson]] || 1865 || 1869 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref group="n" name="g">Democrat who ran on Union ticket with Republican Lincoln.</ref> || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 18 || [[File:Thomas Le Clear - Ulysses S. Grant - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] || 1869 || 1877 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Schuyler Colfax]] an [[Henry Wilson]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 19 || [[File:Rutherford B. Hayes at NPG.jpg|100px]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] || 1877 || 1881 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[William A. Wheeler]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 20 || [[File:Ole Peter Hansen Balling - James Garfield - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[James Garfield]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1881 || 1881 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Chester A. Arthur]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 21 || [[File:Chester A. Arthur by Ole Peter Hansen Balling.JPG|100px]] [[Chester A. Arthur]] || 1881 || 1885 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''none'' |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 22 || [[File:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|100px]] [[Grover Cleveland]] || 1885 || 1889 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 23 || [[File:Eastman Johnson - Benjamin Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Benjamin Harrison]] || 1889 || 1893 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Levi P. Morton]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 24 || [[File:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|100px]] [[Grover Cleveland]] || 1893 || 1897 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Adlai E. Stevenson]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 25 || [[File:August Benziger - William McKinley - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[William McKinley]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1897 || 1901 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Garret A. Hobart]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> syne [[Theodore Roosevelt]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 26 || [[File:John Singer Sargent - Theodore Roosevelt - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || 1901 || 1909 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 27 || [[File:Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida - William Howard Taft.jpg|100px]] [[William Howard Taft]] || 1909 || 1913 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[James S. Sherman]]<ref group="n" name="e" /> |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 28 || [[File:William Orpen Woodrow Wilson.jpg|100px]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] || 1913 || 1921 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Thomas R. Marshall]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 29 || [[File:Wh29.gif|100px]] [[Warren G. Harding]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1921 || 1923 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Calvin Coolidge]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 30 || [[File:Calvin Coolidge.jpg|100px]] [[Calvin Coolidge]] || 1923 || 1929 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''None'' then [[Charles G. Dawes]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 31 || [[File:Herberthoover.jpg|100px]] [[Herbert Hoover]] || 1929 || 1933 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Charles Curtis]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 32 || [[File:Froosevelt.jpeg|100px]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<ref group="n" name="c" /> || 1933 || 1945 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[John Nance Garner]] an [[Henry A. Wallace]] an [[Harry S. Truman]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 33 || [[File:HarryTruman.jpg|100px]] [[Harry S. Truman]] || 1945 || 1953 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || ''None'' then [[Alben W. Barkley]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 34 || [[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || 1953 || 1961 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Richard Nixon]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 35 || [[File:John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg|100px]] [[John F. Kennedy]]<ref group="n" name="f" /> || 1961 || 1963 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 36 || [[File:Lyndon B. Johnson.jpg|100px]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] || 1963 || 1969 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || ''Nane'' syne [[Hubert H. Humphrey]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 37 || [[File:Richard Nixon - Presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Richard Nixon]]<ref group="n" name="h">Resigned.</ref> || 1969 || 1974 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Spiro Agnew]]<ref group="n" name="b" /> syne ''Nane'' syne [[Gerald Ford]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 38 || [[File:Gerald Ford, second official portrait of the President of the United States, February 1976 (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Gerald Ford]] || 1974 || 1977 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || ''Nane'' syne [[Nelson Rockefeller]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 39 || [[File:Jimmy Carter.jpg|100px]] [[Jimmy Carter]] || 1977 || 1981 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Walter Mondale|Walter F. Mondale]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 40 ||[[File:Ronald Reagan 1981 presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Ronald Reagan]] || 1981 || 1989 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[George H. W. Bush]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 41 || [[File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[George H. W. Bush]] || 1989 || 1993 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Dan Quayle|James Danforth Quayle III]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 42 || [[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|100px]] [[Bill Clinton]] || 1993 || 2001 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Al Gore]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 43 || [[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|100px]] [[George W. Bush]] || 2001 || 2009 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Dick Cheney|Richard B. Cheney]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 44 || [[File:President Barack Obama (cropped) 3.jpg|100px]] [[Barack Obama]] || 2009 || 2017 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Joe Biden]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 45 || [[File:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Donald J. Trump]] || 2017 || 2021 || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[Mike Pence|Michael R. Pence]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 46 || [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Joe Biden]] || 2021 || 2025 || [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] || [[Kamala Harris]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 47 || [[File:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|100px]] [[Donald J. Trump]] || 2025 || || [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] || [[JD Vance]] |} ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Preses O The Unitit States}} [[Category:Preses o the Unitit States| ]] [[Category:Presidency o the Unitit States| ]] 19t3iynvob6hnzg1cru93ce15tr1yk4 0 74707 922614 829599 2026-09-09T20:08:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260909sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 922614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Wiesensalbei 1.jpg |image_caption = Meadow Sage (''[[Salvia pratensis|S. pratensis]]'') |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Lamiales]] |familia = [[Lamiaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Nepetoideae]] |tribus = [[Mentheae]] |genus = '''''Salvia''''' |genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10674 |title=''Salvia'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2004-09-10 |accessdate=2009-12-15 |archive-date=2009-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826233128/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10674 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = see [[Leet o Salvia species|Leet o ''Salvia'' species]] |}} '''''Salvia''''' is the lairgest [[genus]] o plants in the [[Mentha|mint]] faimily, [[Lamiaceae]], wi nearly 1000 species o [[shrub]]s, [[yerbaceous plant|yerbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]], an [[annual plant|annuals]].<ref name="Walker">{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. B. |last2=Sytsma |first2=K. J. |last3=Treutlein |first3=J. |last4=Wink |first4=M. |title=Salvia (Lamiaceae) is not monophyletic: implications for the systematics, radiation, and ecological specializations of Salvia and tribe Mentheae |url=https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-botany_2004-07_91_7/page/1115 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |pages=1115–25 |year=2004 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.7.1115 |pmid=21653467 |issue=7}}</ref><ref name="Sutton">{{cite book|last=Sutton|first=John|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias|publisher=Workman Publishing Company|year=2004|page=17|isbn=978-0-88192-671-2}}</ref><ref name="Clebsch">{{cite book|last1=Clebsch|first1=Betsy|last2=Barner|first2=Carol D.|title=The New Book of Salvias|publisher=Timber Press|year=2003|page=18|isbn=978-0-88192-560-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&pg=PA18}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Salvia| ]] [[Category:Yerbs]] [[Category:Gairden plants]] [[Category:Flouers]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] pf62uthrhj4e38s3rsfd0su8rp0kpvd 0 93596 922603 877865 2026-09-09T15:06:48Z ~2026-45079-41 136936 /* */ 922603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox model | name = Cindy Crawford | image = CindyCrawfordOct09.jpg | caption = Crawford in October 2009 | birth_name = Cynthia Ann Crawford | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1966|2|20}} | birth_place = [[DeKalb, Illinois|DeKalb]], [[Illinois]], U.S. | height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}<ref name=peoplecindy>{{cite journal|title=Supermodel Cindy|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20110291,00.html|work=People|date=May 3, 1993|volume=39|number=17|journal=|access-date=2015-05-27|archive-date=2015-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025457/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20110291,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | haircolor = Broun | eyecolor = Broun | measurements = 34B"-25.5"-36" (86-65-91 cm)<ref name=Storm>[http://www.stormmodels.com/CindyCrawford.html?boardId=1005 Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702003358/http://www.stormmodels.com/CindyCrawford.html?boardId=1005 |date=2011-07-02 }} Storm Models web site</ref> | shoesize = | yearsactive = 1987–present | occupation = Model, actress, televeesion personality | website = {{url|http://www.cindy.com/}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Richard Gere]]|1991|1995}}<br />{{marriage|[[Rande Gerber]]|1998}} | children = 2 }} '''Cynthia Ann "Cindy" Crawford''' (born Februar 20, 1966) is an American [[model (person)|model]]. Her success at modelin made her an internaitional celebrity that haes led tae roles in telly a film, a tae wirk as a spokesperson. In 1995, [[Forbes]] magazine named her the heichest paid model on the planet.<ref>[http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/models/9_cindy_crawford.html Cindy Crawford Biography.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327094120/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/models/9_cindy_crawford.html |date=2015-03-27 }} askmen.com. Retrieved 2012-11-12.</ref> Hello this is Nitesh I never do sexual harassment can u squeeze my pee pee pee pee pee pee pee pee pee pee peep pee peee pee peee pee peepee peep penis ughhhhhhhh ughhhhhhhhhhh ughhhhhhh ughhhhhh ughhhh ughhhh ughhh ughhhhhhhhhh pee pee pee pee pee penis roll it pee pee peepee pee pee ughhhhhh ughhhhpee pee ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Crawford, Cindy}} [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae Illinois]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae DeKalb, Illinois]] [[Category:Female models frae Illinois]] p3r07qk30pojwod0okiqtp9wi3wkjb9 922604 922603 2026-09-09T15:12:26Z NDG 120996 Revertit edit o ~2026-45079-41, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot 877865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox model | name = Cindy Crawford | image = CindyCrawfordOct09.jpg | caption = Crawford in October 2009 | birth_name = Cynthia Ann Crawford | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1966|2|20}} | birth_place = [[DeKalb, Illinois|DeKalb]], [[Illinois]], U.S. | height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}<ref name=peoplecindy>{{cite journal|title=Supermodel Cindy|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20110291,00.html|work=People|date=May 3, 1993|volume=39|number=17|journal=|access-date=2015-05-27|archive-date=2015-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025457/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20110291,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | haircolor = Broun | eyecolor = Broun | measurements = 34B"-25.5"-36" (86-65-91 cm)<ref name=Storm>[http://www.stormmodels.com/CindyCrawford.html?boardId=1005 Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702003358/http://www.stormmodels.com/CindyCrawford.html?boardId=1005 |date=2011-07-02 }} Storm Models web site</ref> | shoesize = | yearsactive = 1987–present | occupation = Model, actress, televeesion personality | website = {{url|http://www.cindy.com/}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Richard Gere]]|1991|1995}}<br />{{marriage|[[Rande Gerber]]|1998}} | children = 2 }} '''Cynthia Ann "Cindy" Crawford''' (born Februar 20, 1966) is an American [[model (person)|model]]. Her success at modelin made her an internaitional celebrity that haes led tae roles in telly an film, an tae wirk as a spokesperson. In 1995, [[Forbes]] magazine named her the heichest paid model on the planet.<ref>[http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/models/9_cindy_crawford.html Cindy Crawford Biography.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327094120/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/models/9_cindy_crawford.html |date=2015-03-27 }} askmen.com. Retrieved 2012-11-12.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Crawford, Cindy}} [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae Illinois]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae DeKalb, Illinois]] [[Category:Female models frae Illinois]] aiay8n61xqlw6sdbdffepf2f5ur4ndf 0 123651 922612 918578 2026-09-09T19:33:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260909sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 922612 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''leet o wather records''', a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories. ==Temperatur== ===Measurin condeetions=== The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").<ref name=running2011 /> The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods. Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50&nbsp;°C.<ref name=running2011>p. 855-857, [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth], David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'', July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.</ref> A grund temperature o 84&nbsp;°C (183.2&nbsp;°F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.<ref>Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.</ref> A grund temperatur o 93.9&nbsp;°C (201&nbsp;°F) wis recordit in [[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]], [[USA]] on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.<ref>A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.</ref> The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100&nbsp;°C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.<ref>[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7&nbsp;°C (159.3&nbsp;°F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]]. The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.) Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.<ref name=running2011 /> Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−136&nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2&nbsp;°C.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.</ref> ===Heat=== ====Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent==== [[File:Koppen World Map BWh.png|280px|thumb|A warld cairt shawin auries wi [[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''BWh'' (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50&nbsp;&deg;C (122&nbsp;°F) during the hettest saisons.]] ==== Africae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at [[Semara]], [[Wastren Sahara]] on 13 Julie 1961.<ref name="reliably">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|publisher=Weather Underground|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}</ref> This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan {{convert|51.3|C|F}} wis recordit at [[Ouargla]], [[Algerie]] on 5 Julie 2018.<ref name=watts2018/>}} ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Algerie}} |{{convert|51.3|C|F}} |[[El Bayadh]], [[El Bayadh Province]] / [[Ouargla]], [[Ouargla Province]] |{{Dts|2 September 1979}}<ref name=AlgeriaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf |title=Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC |publisher=Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement |year=2010 |language=French |page=27 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref>/{{Dts| 5 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018>{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |archivedate=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |title=Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 July 2018 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Maun, Botswana|Maun]] |{{Dts|7 Januar 2016}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html|title=Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]] |{{Dts|1984}}<ref name=burkinaclimatechange>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf |title=Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) |publisher=Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie |language=French |page=11 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chad}} |{{convert|47.6|C|F}} |[[Faya-Largeau]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu">{{cite web|url=https://www.cyprus-weather.org/temperature-breaks-all-records/|title=Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus|author=|first=|date=7 August 2010|website=|publisher=Weather Underground|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |{{convert|36.0|C|F}} |[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport|Hahaya Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|15 November 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 |title=NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2018 |accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Lavumisa]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords>{{cite web|url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=6 |date=December 1992 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Navrongo]] |{{Dts|26 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Koundara]], [[Boké Region]] |{{Dts|29 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Niger}} |{{convert|49.5|C|F}} |[[Diffa]] |{{Dts|7 September 1978}}<ref name=nigerCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |title=Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques |publisher=Republique de Niger |page=8 |accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nigerie}} |{{convert|46.4|C|F}} |[[Yola, Nigerie|Yola]] |{{Dts|3 Apryle 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Réunion}} |{{convert|36.9|C|F}} |[[Le Port, Réunion|Le Port]] |{{Dts|6 Mairch 2004}}<ref name=reunionrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |archivedate=1 January 2019 | url=http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |title=Climat de la Réunion |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Africae}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |[[Dunbrody, Eastren Cape|Dunbrody]], [[Eastren Cape]] |{{Dts|3 November 1918}}<ref name="saws">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |archivedate=17 May 2017|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |title=What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? | publisher=[[South African Weather Service]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |{{convert|49.7|C|F}} |[[Dongola]] |{{Dts|25 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tunisie}} |{{convert|55|C|F}} |[[Kebili]] |{{Dts|7 Julie 1931}}<ref name=bams>{{cite journal|author1=Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli |author2=Randall S. Cerveny |author3=Christopher C. Burt |author4=Philip Eden |author5=David Parker |author6=Manola Brunet |author7=Thomas C. Peterson |author8=Gianpaolo Mordacchini |author9=Vinicio Pelino |author10=Pierre Bessemoulin |author11=José Luis Stella |author12=Fatima Driouech |author13=M.M Abdel wahab |author14=Matthew B. Pace |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|year=2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2 |pages=199–204|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Wastren Sahara}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Semara]] |{{Dts|13 Julie 1961}}<ref name=reliably/> |- |{{flag|Zambie}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Mfuwe]], [[Eastren Province, Zambie|Eastren Province]] |{{Dts|13 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Antarcticae}} (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S) | {{convert|19.8|C|F}} | [[Signy Resairch Station]], [[Sooth Orkney Islands]] |{{Dts|30 Januar 1982}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106025041/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} (mainland an adjynin islands) |{{convert|17.5|C|F}} |[[Esperanza Base]], [[Trinity Peninsula]] |{{Dts|24 Mairch 2015}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists | title = Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings | last = Mccarthy | first = Tom | work = The Guardian | date = 31 March 2015 | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030128/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} ([[Antarctic Plateau]] > {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{Dts|28 December 1989}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau>2500m): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=29 April 2018 |archive-date=2018-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113958/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-12.3|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |{{Dts|25 December 2011}}<ref name="Antarctic Sun">{{cite web |url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |title=Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day |publisher=United States Antarctic Program |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025538/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{convert|49.9|C|F}} |[[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]] |{{Dts|August 2009}}<ref name="afghan record">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws|last=inc|first=Ibp|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-7835-8|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Armenie}} |{{convert|43.7|C|F}} |[[Meghri]] |{{Dts|1 August 2011}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf |title=Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection |year=2015 |page=3 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Armeniarecordhigh>{{cite web |url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html |title=Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius |publisher=Hetq Online |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Julfa, Azerbaijan (ceety)|Julfa]] an [[Ordubad]] |?<ref name=azhydromet>{{cite web |last1=Mahmudov |first1=Rza |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archivedate=24 May 2007 |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bangladesh}} |{{convert|45.1|C|F}} |[[Rajshahi]] |{{Dts|30 Mey 1972}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |title=Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years |work=Asian Tribune |date=27 April 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |archive-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bhutan}} |{{convert|40|C|F}} |[[Phuentsholing]] |{{Dts|27 August 1997}}<ref>{{cite news|author1=Passang Norbu|title=The heat has got into the Himalayas|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Kuensel|date=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cambodie}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F}} |[[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] |{{Dts|15 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |title=Exceptional Heat Wave 2016 |work=[[Meteo France]] |accessdate=29 April 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428202234/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cheenae}} |{{convert|50.5|C|F}} |[[Erbao Tounship]], [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572543886818701&wfr=spider&for=pc|title=50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录|work=baijiahao.baidu.com}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hong Kong}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Macau}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Coloane]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Indie}} |{{convert|51.0|C|F}} |[[Phalodi]], [[Rajasthan]] |{{Dts|19 May 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/indian-summer-makes-history-phalodi-in-rajasthan-boils-at-51c/|title=Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C|work=Skymet Weather}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Indonesie}} |{{convert|39.5|C|F}} |[[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka Regency]], [[Wast Java]] /<br>[[Semarang]], [[Central Java]] |{{Dts|December 2006}} /<br>27 October 2015<ref name=wu20151027>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|title=Indonesia ties all-time national heat record|accessdate=31 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200547/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|archivedate=9 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iran}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Ahvaz]] Airport (OIAW) |{{Dts|29 Juin 2017}}.<ref name=reliably/><ref name="Samenow2016">{{cite web |last1=Samenow |first1=Jason |title=Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/|publisher=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{convert|53.8|C|F}} |[[Basra]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=Samenow2016/><ref name=Tapper2016>{{cite web |last1=Tapper |first1=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c |title=Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Israel}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Tirat Zvi]] |{{Dts|21 Juin 1942}}<ref name="ims">{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |date=21 June 1942 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|The temperature has been reported as {{convert|54|C|F}}, however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.<ref name="htoe">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|website=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=7 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200557/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Japan}} |{{convert|41.1|C|F}} |[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]], [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]] |{{Dts|23 Julie 2018}}<ref name="JMA">{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rankall.php?prec_no=&block_no=&year=&month=&day=&view=|title=former National Rankings|accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |Jordan University Agriculture Research Center |{{Dts|6 September 2002}}<ref name=Jordanrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة |script-title=ar:القيم المتطرفة |publisher=Jordanian Meteorological Department |language=Arabic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kuwait}} |{{convert|53.9|C|F}} |[[Mitribah]] |{{Dts|21 Julie 2016}}<ref name=WMOJune2019>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618130839/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |archivedate=18 June 2019 |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.<ref name=WMOJune2019/>}} |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |title=Country profile |website=mineconom.gov.kg |publisher=Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic |accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |archivedate=20 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Laos}} |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Seno, Laos|Seno]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 2016}}<ref name=meteofranceasia/> |- |{{flag|Malaysie}} |{{convert|40.1|C|F}} |[[Chuping]] |{{Dts|9 Apryle 1998}}<ref name="climate stats 01">{{cite news| title=General Climate Information| url=http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| publisher=Malaysia Meteorological Department| accessdate=30 June 2010| archive-date=2015-11-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maldives}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]] |{{Dts|16 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Mongolia}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Khongor, Darkhan-Uul|Khongor]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 1999}}<ref name=MARCC>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |title=Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia |pages=36–37 |date=September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2016 |archive-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Myinmu]] |{{Dts|14 Mey 2010}}<ref name=Myint2016>{{cite web |last1=Myint |first1=Yee |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html |title=Heat takes its toll |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Soe2016>{{cite web |last1=Soe |first1=Kyaw |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html |title=Warnings of strong El Niño through June |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nepal}} |{{convert|46.0|°C|°F}} |[[Chisapani, Bardiya|Chisapani]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Nepal/Nepal.htm |title=Nepal |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=24 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024140133/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Nepal/nepal.htm |archivedate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Oman}} |{{convert|50.8|C|F}} |[[Buraimi]],<br>[[Sohar]], <br>[[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]] |{{Dts|Julie 1990}}, <br>{{Dts|Mey 2009}}, <br>{{Dts|30 Mey 2017}}<ref name=jfwu17>Jeff Masters, [https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/historic-heat-wave-sweeps-asia-middle-east-and-europe Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe], 6 June 2017</ref> |- |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{convert|53.7|C|F}} |[[Turbat]] |{{Dts|28 Mey 2017}}<ref name=WMOJune2019/> |- |{{flag|Philippines}} |{{convert|42.2|C|F}} |[[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan Valley]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 1912}}, 11 Mey 1969<ref name=PhilippinesCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Government of the Philippines |date=29 December 2014 |page=6 |accessdate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|50.4|C|F}} |[[Doha]] |{{Dts|14 Julie 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]], [[Amur Oblast]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |title=Wunder Blog |publisher=Weather Underground |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041822/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Saudi Arabie}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Jeddah]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 2010}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |deadurl=yes |title=saudigazette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |archivedate=30 September 2015 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|37.0|C|F}} |[[Tengah, Singapore|Tengah]] |{{Dts|17 Apryle 1983}}<ref name=MSSrecords>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature |title=Historical Extremes |publisher=[[Meteorological Service Singapore]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Korea}} |{{convert|41.0|C|F}} |[[Hongcheon]], [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)|Gangwon Province]] |{{Dts|1 August 2018}}<ref name="news1">{{cite web|url=https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&sid1=103&sid2=248&oid=421&aid=0003514221|title=한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 |publisher=[[news1]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sirie}} |{{convert|49.4|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name=SyriaCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf |title=Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic |publisher=Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs |pages=18–20 |date=April 2010|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Tianxiang]], [[Hualien Coonty]] |{{Dts|9 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018/><ref name="Wunderground">{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018|title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018|work=[[Wunderground]]|accessdate=20 September 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{convert|44.6|C|F}} |[[Mae Hong Son]] |{{Dts|28 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Turkey}} |{{convert|49.0|C|F}} |[[Cizre]], [[Şırnak Province]] |{{Dts|27 August 1961}}<ref name="DMIGM">{{cite web|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/sss.aspx?s=sicaklikenleri2|title=Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |accessdate=10 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} |{{convert|50.1|C|F}} |[[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], [[Karakum Desert]] |{{Dts|28 Julie 1983}}<ref name=TurmenistanCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCD>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archivedate=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} |{{convert|52.1|C|F}} |[[Al Jazeera Mairch Gate]] |{{Dts|Julie 2002}}<ref name=Leon>{{cite news |last1=Ponce de Leon |first1=Janice |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=Debunking weather myths in the UAE |publisher=Gulf News |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=UAErecordhigh>{{cite news |last1=Croucher |first1=Martin |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level |publisher=The National |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vietnam}} |{{convert|43.4|C|F}} |[[Huong Khe Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 Apryle 2019}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505153741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archivedate=2019-05-05 |title=Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April |publisher=The Washington Post |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Albanie}} |{{convert|43.9|C|F}} |[[Tirana]] |{{Dts|1973}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/gbpfred/extreme-temperatures-across-the-world?tsId=1000890|title=Extreme Temperatures across the World|publisher=[[knoema.com|knoema]]|accessdate=26 July 2019 |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Austrick}} |{{convert|40.5|C|F}} |[[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg|title=Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg|publisher=[[Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]]|accessdate=9 August 2013 |date=9 August 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Belaroushie}} |{{convert|38.9|C|F}} |[[Gomel]] |{{Dts|7 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{convert|41.8|C|F}} |[[Begijnendijk]], [[Flemish Brabant]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"|Part of the [[July 2019 European heat wave]]}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name=Belgium1>{{cite web |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren |title=Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk |publisher=VRTNWS|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |{{convert|46.2|C|F}} |[[Mostar]] |{{Dts|31 Julie 1901}}<ref name="Federal Hydrometeorological Institute">{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |title=Federal Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=28 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="meteofrance"/> |- |{{flag|Bulgarie}} |{{convert|45.2|C|F}} |[[Sadovo]], [[Plovdiv Province]] |{{Dts|5 August 1916}}<ref name="unfccc">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf |title=Bulgaria Second National Communication |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Croatie}} |{{convert|42.8|C|F}} |[[Ploče]] |{{Dts|5 August 1981}}<ref name="cro">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Croatia Sixth National Communication |format=PDF |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cyprus}} |{{convert|45.6|C|F}} |[[Nicosia]] |{{Dts|1 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{convert|40.4|C|F}} |[[Dobřichovice]], [[Prague-Wast Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 August 2012}}<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ |title=Česká republika – Česká nej |publisher=atlasceska.cz |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Denmark}} |{{convert|36.4|C|F}} |[[Holstebro]], [[Midtjylland]] |{{Dts|10 August 1975}}<ref name="dmi">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |archivedate=26 April 2017 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |title=Vejrekstremer i Danmark |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Estonie}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Võru]] |{{Dts|11 August 1992}}<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en |title=Weather records |publisher=Estonian Weather Services |accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Finland}} |{{convert|37.2|C|F}} |[[Joensuu Airport]], [[Liperi]] |{{Dts|29 Julie 2010}}<ref name=fmirecords>{{cite web|url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia |title=Lämpötilaennätyksiä |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |language=Finnish |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Fraunce}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Vérargues]], [[Hérault]] |{{Dts|28 Juin 2019}}<ref name="meteofrance">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |title=C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin |publisher=Météo France |language=French |accessdate=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Germany}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Lingen, Germany|Lingen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/wetter-sammlung-100.html|title=Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort|website=www1.wdr.de|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greece}} |{{convert|48.0|C|F}} |[[Athens]] {{refn |group="notes"|A temperatur o {{convert|48.7|C|F}} haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in [[Tatoi]], houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.<ref name="meteoclub1">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |title=Τα χαμηλότερα και υψηλότερα ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας στην Ελλάδα |publisher=Meteoclub.gr |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702024059/http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |{{Dts|10 Julie 1977}}<ref name="WMO">{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|accessdate=2 January 2019|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{convert|41.9|C|F}} |[[Kiskunhalas]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name="met.hu">{{cite web|url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service |publisher=Met.hu |accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|30.5|C|F}} | Teigarhorn, [[Djúpivogur]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 1939}}<ref name="iceland">Einarsson, Markús. [http://en.vedur.is/media/loftslag/myndasafn/frodleikur/Einarsson.pdf Climate of Iceland] pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021152/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 |date=2009-06-29 }} ''[[Iceland Review]]'' 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref> |- |{{flag|Ireland}} |{{convert|33.3|C|F}} |[[Kilkenny Castle]], [[Coonty Kilkenny]] |{{Dts|26 Juin 1887}}<ref name="Met Éireann">{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online |publisher=Met.ie |date=2 January 1979 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Italy}} |{{convert|47.0|C|F}} |[[Foggia]], [[Apulie]] {{refn |group="notes"|A disputit record temperatur o 48.5&nbsp;°C (119.3&nbsp;°F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in [[Catenanuova]], Sicily.<ref name=Italy1/>}} |{{Dts|25 Juin 2007}}<ref name=Italy1>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |title=BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C |publisher=Meteogiornale |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |language=Italian |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224114/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Italy>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/ |title=Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C|publisher=CentroMeteoToscana |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/|archivedate=12 May 2014|language=Italian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Latvie}} |{{convert|37.8|C|F}} |[[Ventspils]] |{{Dts|4 August 2014}}<ref name="meteolv">[https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account]. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. {{lv icon}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Lithuanie}} |{{convert|37.5|C|F}} |[[Zarasai]], [[Utena Coonty]] |{{Dts|30 Julie 1994}}<ref name="record lithuania">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |title=(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) |publisher=Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service |language=Lithuanian |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Luxembourg}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Steinsel|Steinsel, Luxembourg]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name="record luxembourg">{{cite web|url=https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|title=40,8°C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=AgriMeteo|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130556/https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|archive-date=2019-07-26|dead-url=|accessdate=25 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maltae}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|9 August 1999}}<ref name="MaltaCC">{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf |title=The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange |publisher=Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs |pages=40–41 |date=May 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=MaltaNSO>{{cite web |last1= Galdies |first1= Charles |url= https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |title= The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 |pages= 6–7 |year= 2011 |publisher= National Statistics Office |accessdate= 26 February 2013 |archive-date= 2016-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203936/http://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Moldovae}} |{{convert|42.4|°C|°F}} |[[Falesti]] |{{Dts|7 August 2012}}<ref name=Moldovarecords>{{cite web |title=Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova |url=http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |publisher=Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat |language=Romanian |accessdate=25 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Podgorica]] & [[Danilovgrad]] |{{Dts|16 August 2007}} /<br/>8 August 2012<ref name="Jeff Masters">{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Gilze en Rijen]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}</ref> |- |{{flag|North Macedonie}} |{{convert|45.7|C|F}} |[[Demir Kapija]], [[Demir Kapija Municipality|Demir Kapija]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name=MacedoniaCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2016 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning |page=24 |date=December 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Norawa}} |{{convert|35.6|°C|°F}} |[[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]] |{{Dts|20 Juin 1970}}<ref name="DNMI">{{cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Klima |publisher=met.no |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |archivedate=29 November 2007 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Poland}} |{{convert|40.2|°C|°F}} |[[Prószków]]{{refn |group="notes" |Record meisurt on [[Weimar Republic|German territory]] at that time: [[Proskau]], [[Landkreis]] [[Opole|Oppeln]], [[Province o Upper Silesie|Oberschlesien]] (nou [[Prószków]], [[Opole Voivodeship]]). The record in [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland proper]] at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o [[Zbiersk]] at 40.0&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|title=Polskie Rekordy|website=MeteoModel.pl|date=31 May 2011|access-date=2016-02-12}}</ref>}} |{{Dts|29 Julie 1921}}<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Portugal}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Amareleja]], [[Beja (destrict)|Beja]] |{{Dts|1 August 2003}}<ref name="meteo1">[https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes] Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA</ref> |- |{{flag|Romanie}} |{{convert|44.5|°C|°F}} |[[Ion Sion]], [[Brăila Coonty]] |{{Dts|10 August 1951}}<ref>[http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909041857/http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 |date=2008-09-09 }} Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie</ref> |- |{{flag|Roushie|}} (in Europe) |{{convert|45.4|°C|°F}} |[[Utta]], [[Kalmykie]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |title=Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070750/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|San Marino}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]] |{{Dts|3 August 2017}}, {{Dts|9 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Serbie}} |{{convert|44.9|°C|°F}} |[[Smederevska Palanka]], [[Podunavlje Destrict|Podunavlje]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name="hidmet">{{cite web|url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php |title=TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |publisher=Hidmet.gov.rs |accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovakie}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Hurbanovo]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name=slovakrecord>{{cite web|title=Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic |url=http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 |publisher=Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovenie}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F}} |[[Cerklje ob Krki]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|title=V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija|url=http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html|publisher=24ur.com|accessdate=8 August 2013|language=Slovenian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Spain}} |{{convert|47.3|C|F}} |[[Montoro, Cordoba]] (as Montoro Vega Armijo) |{{Dts|13 Julie 2017}}<ref name=Benayas2017>{{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |title=Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain |publisher=El País |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818001445/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swaden}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Ultuna]], [[Uppsala Coonty]]/<br>[[Målilla]], [[Kalmar County]] (tied) |{{Dts|9 Julie 1933}} /<br>29 Juin 1947<ref name="SMHI">{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |title=Svenska temperaturrekord |publisher=Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut |accessdate=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175701/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swisserland}} |{{convert|41.5|C|F}} |[[Grono, Swisserland|Grono]], [[Moesa Destrict]] |{{Dts|11 August 2003}}<ref name="Weather in Switzerland">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |title=Records Suisse |publisher=MeteoSwiss |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{convert|42.0|C|F}} |[[Luhansk]] |{{Dts|12 August 2010}}<ref name=cgo>{{cite web |url =http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |script-title =uk:Кліматичні рекорди |publisher =Central Observatory for Geophysics |language =Ukrainian |accessdate =4 August 2016 |archive-date =2016-08-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status =dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |{{convert|38.7|C|F}} |[[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts| 25 Julie 2019|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |publisher=[[Met Office]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="UK Met Office">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes |title=UK climate – Extremes |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vatican Ceety}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Vatican Ceety]] |{{Dts|2 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Anguilla}} |{{convert|34.2|C|F}} |[[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]] |{{Dts|12 September 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html|title=Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 |publisher=Wunderground |date=27 January 2016 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[St. John's, Antigua an Barbuda|St. John's]] |{{Dts|12 August 1995}}<ref name=Antiguaclimate>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |title=Our Climate |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012206/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |title=Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025952/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Breetish Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|35.0|C|F}} |[[Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Henson |first2=Bob |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |title= Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping |publisher= Wunderground |date= 18 January 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Canadae}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Yellow Grass]], [[Saskatchewan]]<br>[[Midale]], Saskatchewan |{{Dts|5 Julie 1937}}<ref name="canadaextremes">{{cite web|url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=en&n=6a4a3ac5-1#1921-1940 |title = Top Weather Events of the 20th Century |publisher = Environment Canada |date = May 2010|accessdate = 26 January 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cayman Islands}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] |{{Dts|21 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Cuba}} |{{convert|39.1|C|F}} |Veguitas ([[Granma Province]]) |{{Dts|30 Juin 2019}}<ref name=Cubarecords>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geoclimat.org/p/records-nationaux-de-temperatures.html|title=Records nationaux de température}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Dominica}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Canefield Airport]] |{{Dts|3 October 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} |{{convert|43.0|C|F}} |[[Mao, Dominican Republic|Mao]] |{{Dts|31 August 1954}}<ref name=mejia>{{cite web |first1=Mariela |last1=Mejía |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |title=Frío extremo, calor agobiante |publisher=Diario Libre |language=Spanish |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2017 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greenland}} |{{convert|30.1|C|F}} |[[Ivittuut]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 1915}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ |title=Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday |work=The Washington Post |date=10 June 2016 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |title=Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut |publisher=Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2016-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080156/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |title=More record lows since 1937 than record highs |work=Iceagenow.info |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Guatemala}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Estanzuela]], [[Zacapa]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH"/> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|36.5|C|F}} |[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] |{{Dts|6 October 2010}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |title=Le climat en Martinique |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mexico}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Mexicali]] area |{{Dts|28 Julie 1995}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html |author=Christopher Burt|title=Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere |accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=García Cueto |first1=O.R. |last2=Santillán Soto |first2=N. |last3=Quintero Núñez |first3=M. |last4=Ojeda Benítez |first4=S. |last5=Velázquez Limón |first5=N. |title=Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions |journal=Atmósfera |date=October 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–520 |doi=10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Panama}} |{{convert|40.0|C|F}} |[[San Francisco, Panamá|San Francisco]] |{{Dts|20 Mairch 1998}}<ref name=ETESA>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |title=Extreme Temperatures |publisher=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Puerto Rico}} |{{convert|104|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Mona Island]] |{{Dts|2 Julie 1996}}<ref name=NWSpuertorico>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |archivedate=19 January 2017|url=http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |title=All Time Extremes for PR and VI |publisher=National Weather Service |accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> |- | |{{flag|United States}} |{{convert|56.7|C|F}} |[[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 1913}}<ref name="KPBS-report">{{cite web |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ |title=Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record|accessdate=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="WMO-Highest">[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |date=4 January 2013 }} [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Retrieved 13 September 2012.</ref><ref name="Burt"/> |- |{{flag|Unitit States Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|99|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]/ [[Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands|Cruz Bay]] |{{Dts|4 August 1994}} an 23 Juin 1996<ref name=NWSpuertorico/><br/> 31 July 1988<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |} ==== Oceanie{{refn |group="notes"|On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53&nbsp;°C (128&nbsp;°F) wis recordit at [[Cloncurry, Queensland]]. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.<ref name="NCDC"/> The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's [[Bureau o Meteorology]].<ref name="BoMExtremes"/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Australie}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie]] |{{Dts|2 Januar 1960}}<ref name="NCDC">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084534/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html |date=2013-11-28 }} [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved 21 June 2007.</ref><ref name="BoMExtremes">{{cite web | title = Australian Temperature Extremes | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf | accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml |title=50.5&nbsp;°C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |date=20 February 1998 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Marshall Islands}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Utirik Atoll]] |{{Dts|24 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|New Zealand}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] /<br>Jordan, [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] (tied) |{{Dts|7 Februar 1973}}<ref name="record NZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |title=Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033058/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Palau}} |{{convert|35|C|F}} |[[Koror]] |{{Dts|22 Mairch 2018}}<ref name=Palauhigh>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/march-2018-earths-5th-warmest-march-record | title = March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record | publisher = Wunderground | date = 18 April 2018 | accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Samoa}} |{{convert|35.3|C|F}} |[[Asau, Samoa|Asau]] |{{Dts|24 December 1968}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate> {{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |archivedate= 5 November 2016 |url= http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |title= Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project |publisher= World Bank |date= 2 December 2011 |page= 53 |accessdate= 5 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Solomon Islands}} |{{convert|36.1|C|F}} |[[Honiara]], [[Guadalcanal Province]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tonga}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Niuafoou]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Vanuatu}} |{{convert|36.2|C|F}} |[[Lamap Malekula]] |{{Dts|8 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}} |{{convert|35.8|C|F}} |[[Futuna Airport]] |{{Dts|10 Januar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |} ==== Sooth Americae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at [[Campo Gallo]], [[Argentinae]] on 16 October 1936.<ref name=reliably/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Argentinae}} |{{convert|48.9|C|F}} * |[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]] |{{Dts|11 December 1905}}<ref name="NCDC"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title=Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="meteofa">The record o 49.1&nbsp;°C (120.4&nbsp;°F) in [[Villa de María del Río Seco|Villa de María]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba Province]], Argentinae, on 2 Januar 1920, is disputit an conseedert dubious{{cite web |url=http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&id=94 |title=Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) |accessdate=31 March 2014}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bolivie}} |{{convert|46.7|C|F}} |[[Villamontes]], [[Tarija Depairtment]] |{{Dts|29 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/>{{refn |group="notes"|Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.}} |- |{{flag|Brazil}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]] |{{Dts|4 November 2020}}, {{Dts|5 November 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra|access-date= 7 November 2020|language=Portuguese||trans-title=Brazil has a new historic heat record|quote=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chile}} |{{convert|44.9|C|F}} |[[Quillón]], [[Biobio Region]]{{refn |group="notes"|This record is disputit acause o the [[2017 Chile wildfires|forest fires]] that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.}} |{{Dts|26 Januar 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017|title=En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Biobiochile.cl|language=Spanish |deadurl=no |accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/|title=Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra|publisher=[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]] |date=26 January 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Colombie}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Puerto Salgar]], [[Cundinamarca Depairtment|Cundinamarca]] |{{Dts|29 December 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |title=Informe Técnico Diario N°364 |publisher=[[IDEAM]] |date=30 December 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085236/http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|French Guiana}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] |{{Dts|27 September 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |-- |{{flag|Paraguay}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] |{{Dts|14 November 2009}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|title=Valores extremos históricos climatológicos de la red de estaciones|date=13 January 2011|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2012-12-21|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221100002/http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Peru}} |{{convert|48.3|C|F}} |[[Juan Guerra]], [[Depairtment o San Martín|San Martín]] |{{Dts|3 November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/senamhi-regiones-han-registrado-temperaturas-altas-nivel-nacional-noticia-503478|title=¿En qué regiones se han registrado las temperaturas más altas a nivel nacional?|work=[[El Comercio Perú]]|date=11 March 2018|language=es}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Uruguay}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Paysandú]], [[Paysandú Depairtment]] |{{Dts|20 Januar 1943}}<ref name="uruguayrecordssum">{{cite web |title = Clima del Uruguay |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |archivedate=13 December 2016 |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |publisher = Red Académica Uruguaya |language=Spanish |accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="uruguayrecordsraw">{{cite web |title = Boletín meteorológico |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología |language = Spanish |trans-title = Meteorologic records of Uruguay |accessdate = 1 October 2010 |archive-date = 2015-06-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150609015041/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Venezuela}} |{{convert|43.6|C|F}} |[[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Falcón]] ||{{Dts|29 Apryle 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |} ====Ither heich-temperature records==== * '''Fastest temperatur rise:''' 27&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in twa minutes; [[Spearfish, Sooth Dakota]], 1943-01-22.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book">{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Walter A | title = The Handy Weather Answer Book | url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | publisher = Visible Ink press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}</ref> * '''Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F):''' 160 days; [[Marble Bar, Wastren Australie]] frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.<ref name="climateextremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm|title=Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924|work=Australian Climate Extremes|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html|archivedate=2009-03-17|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Surface temperatur:''' Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or "skin" surface temperaturs: the [[MODIS]] satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o {{convert|70.7|C|F}}, in the [[Lut Desert]] o Iran, the hettest detectit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77779|title=Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observatory|date=2012-05-02}}</ref> ===[[Cauld]]=== ===Lawest temperaturs recordit=== <!-- Note: Dates should have name of month SPELLED OUT (as in previous table) to avoid confusion over MONTH/DAY. THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS --> ===Bi continent=== ==== Africae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Algerie}} | {{convert|-13.8|C|F}} | [[Mécheria]] | 28 January 2005<ref name=AlgeriaCC/> |- | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | {{convert|5|C|F}} | [[Markoye]] | January 1975<ref name=burkinaclimatechange/> |- | {{flag|Botswana}} | {{convert|-15.0|C|F}} | [[Tsabong]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |archivedate=3 December 2008 |url=http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |title=Botswana's Climate |publisher=Meteorological Services Botswana |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} | {{convert|-6.7|°C|°F}} | [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords/> |- | {{flag|Ghana}} | {{convert|11.0|C|F}} | [[Kumasi]], [[Tafo]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |title=Climatology |publisher=Ghana Meteorological Services Department |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guinea}} | {{convert|2.5|C|F}} | [[Bareing]] | 2 Januar 1982<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |archivedate=9 January 2007 |url=http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |title=Quelques Records en Guinée |publisher=Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Lesotho}} | {{convert|-21.0|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name="lesotho">{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf |title= Lesotho – National report on climate change |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources |date=April 2000 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Morocco}} | {{convert|-23.9|C|F}} | [[Ifrane]] | 11 Februar 1935<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055625/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Niger}} | {{convert|-2.4|C|F}} | [[Bilma]] | {{Dts|13 Januar 1995}}<ref name=nigerCC/> |- | {{flag|Réunion}} | {{convert|-5.0|C|F}} | [[Gite de Bellecome]] | {{Dts|10 September 1975}}<ref name=reunionrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Africae}} | {{convert|-20.1|C|F}} | [[Buffelsfontein]], near [[Molteno, Eastren Cape|Molteno]], [[Eastren Cape]] | 23 August 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&d=1381902030|title=New minimum temperature record for South Africa |accessdate=12 June 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sudan}} | {{convert|-1.0|°C|°F}} | [[Zalingei]] | December 1961 an Januar 1962<ref name=faosudan>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/sudan/sudan.htm |title=Sudan |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm |archivedate=16 October 2016 }}</ref> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} |{{convert|-89.2|C|F}} <!-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article "Lowest temperature recorded on Earth", the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. --> |[[Vostok Station]] |21 Julie 1983<ref name="NCDC"/><ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition | url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | issue=105 | year=1984 | location=Leningrad | publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]] | language=Russian | access-date=2015-07-22 | archive-date=2009-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{refn |group="notes" | This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. [[Satellite]] analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−135.8&nbsp;°F) near [[Dome F]] in [[Queen Maud Land]], but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by [[remote sensin]] methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See [[Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird]] for details.}} |- |Dome A |{{convert|-82.5|C|F}} |[[Dome A]] | Julie 2005<ref>{{cite web|author=Web Team |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/weather/aws/dome-a/index.html |title=''Australian Antarctic Division'' |publisher=Aad.gov.au |date=5 September 2005 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-82.8|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |23 Juin 1982<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp |title=''Office of Polar Programs'' |publisher=Nsf.gov |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060623/https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/support/southp.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} | {{convert|-52.2|C|F}} | [[Shahrak Destrict|Shahrak]] | {{Dts|Januar 1964}}<ref name="afghan record" /> |- | {{flag|Armenie}} | {{convert|-42.0|C|F}} | [[Paghakn]] an [[Ashocq]] | {{Dts|1961}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC/> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|-33.0|C|F}} |Julfa an Ordubad |?<ref name=azhydromet/> |- | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | {{convert|2.6|C|F}} | [[Tetulia Upazila]] | 8 Januar 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Cold claims 8 more |accessdate=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/lowest-temperature-in-bangladesh-bd-on-january-8-2018-recorded-3-degree-celsius-in-nilphamari-1516666 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cheenae}} | {{convert|-58|C|F}} | [[Genhe]], [[Inner Mongolie]] | 31 December 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180123000102-260309/ |title=大陸冷極 內蒙根河室內外溫差90℃ - 中時電子報 |work=Chinatimes.com |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Hong Kong}} | {{convert|-6.0|C|F}} | [[Tai Mo Shan]] | 24 January 2016<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98|title=多雨極寒的一月|date=5 February 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Indie}} | {{convert|-44.9|C|F}} | [[Dras]], [[Jammu an Kashmir]] | 22 Mairch 1911<ref name="IMD">{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=U. |last2=Dube |first2=R. |last3=Rao |first3=G. |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Geophysical Union |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–187 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Iran}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Saqqez]] | 1972<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|title=رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر|website=danakhabar.com|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319165039/http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Israel}} | {{convert|-14.2|C|F}} | [[Merom Golan]] | 10 Januar 2015<ref>Judah Ari Gross, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/golan-sees-record-low-temperatures-during-storm/ "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm"], The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.</ref> |- | {{flag|Japan}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaidō]] | 25 Januar 1902<ref name="JMA"/> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|-16.0|C|F}} |[[Shoubak]] |{{Dts|15 December 2013}}<ref name=Jordanrecords/> |- | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{convert|-4.8|C|F}} | [[Salmy]] | 3 Januar 2009<ref name=kuwaitclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |archivedate=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |title=Climate History |publisher=Kuwait Meteorological Department |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|-53.6|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0" /> |- | {{flag|Malaysie}} | {{convert|7.8|C|F}} | [[Cameron Hielands]] | 1 February 1978<ref name="climate stats 01"/> |- | {{flag|Maldives}} | {{convert|17.2|C|F}} | [[Hulhulé Island]], locatit at [[Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport]] | 11 Apryle 1978<ref name=Maldivesclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |title=Climate of Maldives |publisher=Maldives Meteorological Service |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Mongolie}} | {{convert|-55.3|C|F}} | [[Züüngovi, Uvs|Züüngovi]], [[Uvs Province]] | 31 December 1976<ref name=MARCC/><ref name=MongoliaNC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |title=Mongolia Third National Communication |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Tourism |accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Myanmar}} | {{convert|-57.9|C|F}} | [[Hkakabo Razi]] | unknown<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |title=ASEAN Winter Snow in the Tropics |website=Living ASEAN |access-date=2019-07-31 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925191255/http://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Nepal}} | {{convert|-26.0|C|F}} | [[Thakmarpha]], [[Mustang destrict]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal/> |- | {{flag|North Korea}} | {{convert|-43.6|C|F}} | [[Chunggangjin]] | 12 January 1933<ref>{{cite web |author=선종일 |url=http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |title=Korean Climate |publisher=User.chollian.net |date=1 August 1942 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |archivedate=29 December 2011 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Pakistan}} | {{convert|-24|C|F}} | [[Skardu]] | 7 January 1995<ref>{{cite web |author=Hamayoon Janjua |url=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=crayon.pk |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123907/https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |archivedate=2019-07-05 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Philippines}} | {{convert|6.3|C|F}} | [[Baguio]] | 18 January 1961<ref name=PhilippinesCC/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Luces|first1=Kim|title='Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=GMA News|date=31 January 2014|quote=However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.}}</ref> {{refn |group="notes" |It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in [[Mt. Pulag]] in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as {{convert|2.0|C|F}}. PAGASA cannot verify<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346661/zero-in-mt-pulag-pagasa-clueless|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|1.5|C|F}} |[[Abu Samra]] |{{Dts|5 Februar 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) | {{convert|-67.8|C|F}} | [[Verkhoyansk]] an<br/>[[Oymyakon]], baith in [[Sakha Republic]] | 7 February 1892<br/>6 February 1933<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145102/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Saudi Arabie}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Turaif]] | ?<ref name=SaudiCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |page=2 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|19.0|C|F}} |[[Paya Lebar]] |{{Dts|14 Februar 1989}}<ref name=MSSrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Korea}} | {{convert|-32.6|C|F}} | [[Yangpyeong]] | 5 January 1981<ref name=kma>{{cite web|url=http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp|title=Climate of Korea|publisher=[[Korea Meteorological Administration]]|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sirie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Idlib]] | Januar 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950|title=أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !|work=طقس سوريا – طقس العرب}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|-18.4|C|F}} |[[Yushan Naitional Pairk|Yushan]] |{{Dts|31 Januar 1970}}<ref name="ysnp">{{cite web|url=http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|title=The Climate|publisher=Yushan National Park|accessdate=22 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202523/http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Thailand}} | {{convert|-1.4|C|F}} | [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]] | 2 Januar 1974<ref name="tmd">{{cite web |url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |title=The Climate of Thailand |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |accessdate=31 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |- | {{flag|Turkey}} | {{convert|-46.4|C|F}} | [[Çaldıran (Destrict), Van|Çaldıran]], [[Van Province]] | 9 Januar 1990<ref name="DMIGM"/> |- | {{flag|Turkmenistan}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Daşoguz Region]] | ?<ref name=TurmenistanCC/> |- | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{convert|-5.4|C|F}} | [[Jebel Jais]] | 3 Februar 2017<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Vietnam}} | {{convert|-6.1|C|F}} | [[Sa Pa]] | 4 Januar 1974<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |title=Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? |publisher=Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Country/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Albanie}} | {{convert|-25.8|C|F}} | ? | <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/albania/climate-change/ |title=Albania |website=Climate Change Post}} </ref> |- | {{flag|Austrick}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Grünloch]] doline | 19 Februar 1932<ref name="Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200637/http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belaroushie}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Slavnom]], [[Vitsebsk Voblast]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |author1=Baglasov Andrey |author2=Belov Alexandr |author3=Sinitsa Valentina |author4=Bychenkov Alexandr |url=http://www.pogoda.by/ |title=Department of Hydrometeorology |publisher=Pogoda.by |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154324/http://pogoda.by/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belgium}} | {{convert|-30.1|°C|°F}} | Valley o the [[Lesse]] in [[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]] | 20 Januar 1940<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |title=KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site |publisher=Kmi.be |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928195714/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}} | {{convert|-42.5|°C|°F}} | [[Igman]] in [[Sarajevo Canton]] | 24 Januar 1963<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |title=Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH |publisher=Klix.ba |accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bulgarie}} | {{convert|-38.3|C|F}} | [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]] | 25 Januar 1947<ref name="unfccc"/> |- | {{flag|Croatie}} | {{convert|-35.5|C|F}} | [[Čakovec]] | 3 Februar 1929<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Sixth National Communication and First Biennial Report of the Republic of Croatia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection |language=English |accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{convert|-16|C|F}} | ? | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://viborc.com/lowest-temperatures-records-for-every-european-country/ |title=Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country|accessdate=1 July 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Litvínovice]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=autogenerated2 /> |- | {{flag|Denmark}} | {{convert|-31.2|C|F}} | [[Thisted Municipality]], [[North Denmark Region]] | 8 Januar 1982<ref name="dmi"/> |- | {{flag|Estonia}} | {{convert|-43.5|C|F}} | [[Jõgeva]], [[Jõgeva Coonty]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name=autogenerated3 /> |- | {{flag|Finland}} | {{convert|-51.5|C|F}} | Pokka, [[Kittilä]], [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] | 28 Januar 1999<ref name=fmirecords/> |- | {{flag|France}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Mouthe]], [[Doubs]] | 17 Januar 1985<ref name="Méteo France">{{cite web |url=http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |title=MétéoFrance |publisher=Comprendre.meteofrance.com |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Germany}} | {{convert|-45.9|C|F}} | [[Funtensee]], [[Berchtesgadener Land]], [[Bavarie]] | 24 December 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|title=Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)|author=Andreas Wagner|date=August 2009|publisher=[[Meteomedia AG|MeteoGroup]]|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greece}} | {{convert|-27.8|C|F}} | [[Ptolemaida]] | 27 Januar 1963<ref name="meteoclub1"/> |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | {{convert|-35|C|F}} | [[Görömbölytapolca]] | 16 Februar 1940<ref name="met.hu"/> |- | {{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|-37.9|C|F|sigfig=3}} | [[Grímsstaðir]] | 21 Januar 1918<ref name="iceland"/> |- | {{flag|Ireland}} | {{convert|-19.1|C|F}} | [[Markree Castle]], [[County Sligo]] | 16 Januar 1881<ref name="Met Éireann" /> |- | {{flag|Italy}} | {{convert|-49.6|C|F}} | [[Busa Fradusta]], [[Pale di San Martino]] | 10 Februar 2013<ref name="montagna.tv">{{Cite web|url=https://www.montagna.tv/47324/record-di-freddo-in-italia-49-6c-sulle-pale-di-san-martino/|title=Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino|date=10 May 2013}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Latvie}} | {{convert|-43.2|C|F}} | [[Daugavpils]] | 8 February 1956<ref name="meteolv"/> |- | {{flag|Lithuanie}} | {{convert|-42.9|C|F}} | [[Utena, Lithuanie|Utena]], [[Utena Coonty]] | 1 February 1956<ref name="record lithuania" /> |- | {{flag|Malta}} | {{convert|1.4|C|F}} | [[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] | 29 Januar 1981<ref name="MaltaCC"/><ref name=MaltaNSO/> |- | {{flag|Moldovae}} | {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F}} | [[Brătușeni]], [[Edineț Destrict]] | {{Dts|20 Januar 1963}}<ref name=Moldovarecords/> |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} | {{convert|-27.4|C|F}} | [[Winterswijk]] | 27 Januar 1942<ref name="meteonet1">{{cite web|url=http://weergegevens.nl/extremes_day.aspx?station=9999999&extreem=X_TX&order=1&maand=7&dag=25&country=3|title=Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland|work=weergegevens.nl}}</ref> |- | {{flag|North Macedonie}} | {{convert|-31.5|C|F}} | [[Berovo]], [[Berovo Municipality]] | 27 Januar 1954<ref name="meteomk">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp |archivedate=19 August 2007 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp?X=1 |title=Климатски екстреми |publisher=Hydrometeorological Service |language=Macedonian |accessdate=4 February 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Norawa}} | {{convert|-51.4|C|F}} | [[Karasjok]], [[Finnmark]] | 1 Januar 1886<ref name="DNMI" /> |- | {{flag|Poland}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Siedlce]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]] | 11 Januar 1940<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl"/> |- | {{flag|Portugal}} | {{convert|-16.0|C|F}} | [[Penhas da Saúde]], [[Covilhã Municipality]]<br/>[[Miranda do Douro]] | 16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954<ref name="meteopt">{{cite web |url=http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |title=Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014 |language=pt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |archivedate=12 August 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Romanie}} | {{convert|-38.5|C|F}} | [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]], [[Braşov Coonty]] | 25 January 1942<ref>{{cite web|author=infoTURIST |url=http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html |title=Romania |publisher=Infoturist.ro |date=25 January 1942 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flagdeco|Roushie}} [[European Roushie]] | {{convert|-58.1|C|F}} | [[Ust' Shchugor]], [[Komi Republic]] | 31 December 1978<ref name="WMO"/> |- | {{flag|Serbie}} | {{convert|-39.5|C|F}} | [[Karajukica Bunari]], [[Zlatibor Destrict]] | 13 Januar 1985<ref name="hidmet"/> |- | {{flag|Slovakie}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Vígľaš|Vígľaš-Pstruša]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=slovakrecord/> |- | {{flag|Slovenie}} | {{convert|-34.5|C|F}} | [[Babno Polje]] | 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968{{refn |group="notes" |The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at [[Komna]] on 9 Januar 2009 an reached {{convert|-49|C}}.}}<ref name="ARSO">{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Slovenski vremenski rekordi |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |language=Slovenian |page=2 |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Spain}} | {{convert|-30|C|F}} | [[Calamocha]] Airport, [[Province o Teruel|Teruel Province]] | 17 December 1963<ref name="AEMET">{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf |title=Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |language=Spanish |accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sweden}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Vuoggatjålme]], [[Lapland (Swaden)|Lappland]] | 2 Februar 1966<ref name="SMHI"/> |- | {{flag|Swisserland}} | {{convert|-41.8|C|F}} | [[La Brévine]] | 12 Januar 1987<ref name="Weather in Switzerland"/> |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} | {{convert|-41.9|C|F}} | [[Luhansk]] | 8 Januar 1935<ref name=cgo/><ref name="segodnya1">{{cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |title=Погодные рекорды Украины &#124; Новости Украины &#124; СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801122521/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | {{convert|-27.2|C|F}} | [[Braemar]], [[Aberdeenshire]]<br/>[[Altnaharra]], [[Sutherland]] | 11 Februar 1895<br>10 Januar 1982<br/>30 December 1995<ref name="UK Met Office"/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location ! data-sort-type="ISOdate" | Date |- | {{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} | {{convert|16.1|C|F}} | [[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[Antigua]] | data-sort-value="1974-12-31" | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976<ref name=Antiguaclimate/><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata/> |- | {{flag|Canada}} | {{convert|-63.0|C|F}} | [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]], [[Yukon]] | data-sort-value="1947-02-03" | 3 February 1947<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101839/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cayman Islands}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] | ?<ref name=Caymanclimate>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|title=Climate|publisher=National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government)|accessdate=30 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cuba}} | {{convert|0.6|C|F}} | Bainoa, [[Mayabeque Province]] | data-sort-value="1996-02-18" | 18 February 1996<ref name=Cubarecords/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |title=III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología |page=36 |publisher=ACQ & Asociados |language=Spanish |trans-title=Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology |accessdate=27 October 2011 |quote=Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C. |archive-date=2012-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506113646/http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | {{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Valle Nuevo, [[La Vega Province]] | data-sort-value="1983-01-17" | 17 January 1983<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós|first1=Constancio|title=Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza|journal=Clío|date=July 2012|issue=184|page=222|url=http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015|publisher=Academia Dominicana de la Historia|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greenland}} | {{convert|-66.1|C|F}} | [[North Ice]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-09" | 9 Januar 1954<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102132/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} | {{convert|-11.5|C|F}} | [[Olintepeque]], [[Quetzaltenango Department]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH">{{cite web|url= http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm |title= Datos metorologicos de los departamentos |publisher= INSIVUMEH |language= spanish |accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref> <!-- Note: THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS for example: http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados/193862/madera-el-lugar-mas-frio-de-mexico "aunque pocos lo saben porque aquí no hay medidor oficial", Translation: "though few know it because there is no official measurer" The source itself states that the record is not official! --> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|14.1|C|F}} |[[Le Lamentin]] |{{Dts|25 December 1964}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate/> |- | {{flag|Panama}} | {{convert|2.0|C|F}} | Bajo Grande, [[Chiriquí Province]] | data-sort-value="1995-02-20" | 20 February 1995<ref name=ETESA/> |- | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} | {{convert|40|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Aibonito]]/[[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastian]] | data-sort-value="1911-03-09" | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|US Virgin Islands}} | {{convert|51.0|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Anna's Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Anna's Hope]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-31" | 31 January 1954<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Alaska}}) | {{convert|-62.2|C|F}} | [[Prospect Creek, Alaska|Prospect Creek]], [[Alaska]] | data-sort-value="1971-01-23" | 23 January 1971<ref name="NCEC">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records |title=National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Hawaii}}) | {{convert|-11.1|C|F}} | [[Mauna Kea]], [[Hawaii]] | data-sort-value="1979-05-17" | 17 May 1979<ref name=usstaterecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |archivedate=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> (Mainland) | {{convert|-57.0|C|F}} | [[Rogers Pass (Montana)|Rogers Pass]], [[Montana]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-20" | 20 January 1954<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php?wfo=tfx&type=html&loc=text&fx=topweather| title = Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century | work =National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century | publisher = National Weather Service |accessdate=9 March 2007}}</ref> |} ==== Sooth Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Argentinae}} | {{convert|-32.8|C|F}} | [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]] | 1 Juin 1907<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Arizona State University |url= http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title= World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive |accessdate= 7 June 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Brazil}} | {{convert|-14.0|C|F}} | [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] | 11 Juin 1952<ref name="Caçador municipality">{{cite web |title = História de Caçador |url = http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |publisher = A Notícia |language = Portuguese |trans-title = Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina |year = 2010 |accessdate = 22 December 2010 |quote = Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14&nbsp;°C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8&nbsp;°C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], [[Urubici]], also in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], would give the record to this locality. |archive-date = 2011-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103211/http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140&Itemid=364|title=Recordes de Frio em SC|accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Chile}} | {{convert|-37|C|F|1}} | [[Coyhaique Alto]], [[Aysen Region]] | 21 June 2002<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=Spanish|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818093531/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|French Guiana}} | {{convert|16.9|C|F}} | [[Maripasoula]] | 23 Januar 1964<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url= http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |title= Le Climat Guyanais |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate= 31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Paraguay}} | {{convert|-7.5|C|F}} | [[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] | 13 Julie 2000<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102005334/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 |date=2 January 2013 }}, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.</ref> |- | {{flag|Peru}} | {{convert|-25.2|C|F}} | [[Mazo Cruz]], [[Puno Region]] | 30 Juin 1966<ref>[http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004314/http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.</ref> |- | {{flag|Uruguay}} | {{convert|-11.0|C|F}} | [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]], [[Cerro Largo Depairtment]] | 14 Juin 1967<ref name=uruguayrecordssum/><ref name=uruguayrecordsraw/> |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Pico Piedras Blancas|Piedras Blancas]], [[Estado Mérida (Venezuela)|estado Mérida]] | 15 Januar 2010<ref name="mherrera"/> |} ==== Oceanie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Australie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales]] | 29 Juin 1994<ref name="BoMExtremes"/> |- | {{flag|New Zealand}} | {{convert|-25.6|C|F}} | [[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Central Otago]] | 18 Julie 1903<ref name="TVNZ">{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |title=New record for New Zealand's coldest day |publisher=TVNZ |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024615/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Samoa}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Afiamalu, Samoa|Afiamalu]] | {{Dts|29 September 1971}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate/> |} ===Ither law-temperatur records=== * '''Fastest temperatur drop:''' 27.2&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in 5 meenits; [[Rapid City, Sooth Dakota]], 10 Januar 1911.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere)''': {{convert|-33|C|F|1}} degrees; [[Summit Camp]], Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice|url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice|website=vencore weather|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Precipitation== * '''Least per year (locale)''': {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per year or less, [[Quillagua]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|publisher=Weather Underground|accessdate=10 June 2013|author=Christopher C. Burt|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Rain=== * '''Maist in ane minute''': {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Barot, [[Guadeloupe]], 26 November 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/hydrologie/14877.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> * '''Maist in ane oor''': {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 42 minutes. [[Holt, Missouri]], Unitit States, 22 Juin 1947.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 12 oors''': {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], [[Réunion]], 8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 24 oors''': {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], Réunion, 7–8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 48 oors''': {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 15–16 Juin 1995.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 72 oors''': {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, [[Réunion]], 24–26 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 96 oors''': {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in ane year''': {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 1860–1861.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Heichest average annual tot''': {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Mawsynram]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie.<ref name="WMO"/> ===Snaw=== * '''Maist in ane-year period''': 31.5 meters (102&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin):''' 29.0&nbsp;meters, (95&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Baker]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 1998 throu 1999.<ref name="season snow record">{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | ISBN = 0-393-32658-6 |page=77 }}</ref> * '''Maist in ane calendar month''' an '''greatest snow depth''' in North Americae: 990.6&nbsp;cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in [[Tamarack, Californie]] in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5&nbsp;cm (451 inches).<ref name="season snow record"/><ref>Frank H. Forrester, ''1001 Questions Answered about the Weather'' (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches."</ref> ==Wind speed== * '''Fastest ever recorded''': 484[[±]]32&nbsp;km/h (301[[±]]20&nbsp;mph) 3-second gust; Observed bi a [[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]] ([[Doppler weather radar|Doppler]] On Wheels) radar unit in a [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|tornado]] near [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma on 3 Mey 1999.<ref name="fastest wind">{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 18 February 2007| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an [[anemometer]]:''' 113.2&nbsp;m/s or {{convert|407|km/h|abbr=on}} 3-second gust; ane of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)]], 10 Aprile 1996, during [[Cyclone Olivia]].<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |date=2016-03-03 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an anemometer ootside a [[tropical cyclone]]:''' 372&nbsp;km/h (231&nbsp;mph) sustained 1-minute average; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], 12 Aprile 1934.<ref name="101 earth facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=101 Amazing Earth Facts |publisher=SPACE.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> * '''Fastest daily average:''' 174&nbsp;km/h (108&nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Adélie Land]]), Antarctica, 24-oor period frae 21 Mairch 1951 tae 22 Mairch 1951.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> ==Tornadoes== {{Main|Tornado records}} [[File:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|thumb|250px|The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o [[Bangladesh]].]] ===Deadliest in history=== * '''On Yird''': Approximately 1300 daiths; [[Manikganj Destrict]], Bangladesh on 26 Aprile 1989.<ref name="tornado project Bangladesh">{{cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |publisher=Tornadoproject.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In North Americae:''' 695 daiths ([[Tri-State Tornado]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], United States 18 Mairch 1925.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''In Europe:''' 600 or mair ([[Valletta, Malta Tornado|Grand Harbour Tornado]]); [[Valletta]], Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (soorces conflict)<ref name="TORRO records">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |publisher=TORRO |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In Sooth Americae:''' 63 daiths, [[San Justo, Santa Fe|San Justo]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina, 10 Januar 1973<ref name="Uno Santafe">{{cite web|url=http://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html"|title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica|publisher=Uno Santa Fe|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''In Australie:''' Three daiths, [[Kin Kin]], [[Queensland]] tornado, 14 August 1971<ref>{{cite web |author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |publisher=BOM |accessdate=3 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html |archivedate=2009-03-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ootbreaks=== * '''Lairgest an maist severe:''' The [[Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak. Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF4s]] an 4 EF5s.<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=2013-09-26 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> ==Tropical cyclones== {{Main|Leet o tropical cyclone records}} ===Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur)=== * '''Maist intense iver recordit''': 870&nbsp;hPa (25.63&nbsp;[[Inches o mercury|inHg]]); [[ee (cyclone)|ee]] o [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] ower the Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist intense in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:''' 872&nbsp;hPa (25.75&nbsp;inHg); ee o [[Hurricane Patricia]] ower the eastren Paceefic Ocean, 23 October 2015.<ref name="strongest hurricane">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> * '''Maist intense iver recordit on laund:''' 892&nbsp;hPa (26.35&nbsp;inHg); Craig's Key, Florida, ee o the [[Labor Day Hurricane o 1935|Labor Day Hurricane]], 2 September 1935. While ither laundfawin tropical cyclones potentially haed lawer pressurs, data is vague frae auries ither nor the [[Atlantic basin]], especially afore the invention o [[wather satellite]]s.<ref name="lowest on land">{{cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |publisher=Extremeweatherguide.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither severe wather== [[File:Hailstone.jpg|thumb|right|A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} in [[circumference]]]] ===Hail=== {{Main|Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms}} * '''Hiviest offeecially recordit:''' {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}; [[Gopalganj Destrict (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj Destrict]], Bangladesh, 14 Aprile 1986.<ref name="weather extremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=San Diego, California|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-28|accessdate=1 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest diameter offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|8.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} [[diameter]], {{convert|18.625|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[circumference]]; [[Vivian, Sooth Dakota]], 23 Julie 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| title = Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July&nbsp;23, 2010| author = NWS| date = 30 July 2010| publisher = National Weather Service| location = [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]]| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5rhd1coDR?url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| archivedate = 2010-08-03| accessdate = 3 August 2010| url-status = live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest circumference offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; [[Aurora, Nebraska]], 22 Juin 2003.<ref name="weather extremes"/><ref name="NG Hail">{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> ===Lichtnin=== * '''Langest lichtnin bowt''': {{convert|321|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 20 Juin 2007 in [[Oklahoma]].<ref name=Lang2016>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Timothy |last2=Pédeboy |first2=Stéphane |last3=Rison |first3=William |last4=Cerveny |first4=Randall |last5=Montanyà |first5=Joan |last6=Chauzy |first6=Serge |last7=MacGorman |first7=Donald |last8=Holle |first8=Ronald |title= WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume= 98|issue= 6|pages=1153–1168 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1 |pmid=28111477 |pmc=5240975 |bibcode =2017BAMS...98.1153L }}</ref><ref name=wmolightning>{{cite news|title=WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|accessdate=16 September 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=16 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075936/http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Langest duration for a single lichtnin flash''': 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], Fraunce.<ref name=Lang2016/><ref name=wmolightning/> * '''Maist strikes per year''': [[Catatumbo lichtnin]] in [[Loch Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] earned the tap spot receivin an average rate o aboot 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.<ref name="NASA lightning">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html |title=NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=Albrecht2016>{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Steven |last3=Buechler |first3=Dennis |last4=Blakeslee |first4=Richard |last5=Christian |first5=Hugh |title= Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_2016-11_97_11/page/2051 |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume=97 |issue=11 |page= 2051|date=December 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 |bibcode =2016BAMS...97.2051A }}</ref> ===UV=== *On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.<ref>http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html</ref> ==Ither categories== * '''Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters)''': 1084.8&nbsp;hPa (32.03&nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Khövsgöl Province]], [[Mongolia]], 19 December 2001.<ref name="ASU1">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is the equivalent [[sea-level pressur]]; Tosontsengel is locatit at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} abuin sea level. The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261&nbsp;m (856.3&nbsp;ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).<ref name="ASU2">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.<ref name="ASU1"/><ref name="ASU2"/> ==See an aa== {{Portal|Wather}} * [[Extremes on Yird]] * [[Leet o extreme temperaturs in Canadae]] * [[UK rainfaw records]] * [[U.S. state temperatur extremes]] * [[Wather extremes in Canadae]] * [[2013 extreme wather events]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="notes"}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }} * [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather & Climate Extremes] (Arizona State Varsity) {{Portal bar|Wather}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Wather Records}} [[Category:Leets o wather records| ]] [[Category:Wather extremes o Yird]] 562p0hbbf0bm5lrzv169h0exz5aouyd 0 152668 922611 829592 2026-09-09T19:31:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260909sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 922611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Salicaceae | image = Salix caprea9.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''[[Salix caprea]]'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]]<ref name="UniProt">{{cite web |url=http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3688 |title=Family '''Salicaceae''' |work=Taxonomy |publisher=UniProt |accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref> | familia = '''Salicaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel|Mirb.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?985 |title=''Salicaceae'' Mirb., nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2003-01-17 |accessdate=2010-02-04 |archive-date=2010-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530024953/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?985 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[Tribe (biology)|Tribes]] | subdivision =[[Abatieae]]<br/> [[Bembicieae]]<br/> [[Flacourtieae]]<br/> [[Homalieae]]<br/> [[Prockieae]]<br/> [[Saliceae]]<br/> [[Samydeae]]<br/> [[Scolopieae]]<ref name="UniProt"/> | synonyms = Bembiciaceae<br /> Caseariaceae<br /> [[Flacourtiaceae]]<br/> Homaliaceae<br /> Poliothyrsidaceae<br /> Prockiaceae<br /> [[Samydaceae]]<br /> Scyphostegiaceae<br /> an see text }} '''Salicaceae''' or the '''willae faimily''' is a faimily o [[flouerin plant]]s. ==Genera== {{columns-list|3| *''[[Abatia]]'' *''[[Aphaerema]]'' *''[[Azara (plant)|Azara]]'' *''[[Banara]]'' *''[[Bartholomaea]]'' *''[[Bembicia]]'' *''[[Bennettiodendron]]'' *''[[Bivinia]]'' *''[[Byrsanthus]]'' *''[[Calantica]]'' *''[[Carrierea]]'' *''[[Casearia]]'' *''[[Chosenia]]'' *''[[Dissomeria]]'' *''[[Dovyalis]]'' *''[[Euceraea]]'' *''[[Flacourtia]]'' *''[[Hasseltia]]'' *''[[Hasseltiopsis]]'' *''[[Hecatostemon]]'' *''[[Hemiscolopia]]'' *''[[Homalium]]'' *''[[Idesia]]'' *''[[Itoa (plant)|Itoa]]'' *''[[Laetia]]'' *''[[Lasiochlamys]]'' *''[[Ludia (plant)|Ludia]]'' *''[[Lunania]]'' *''[[Macrohasseltia]]'' *''[[Macrothumia]]'' *''[[Mocquerysia]]'' *''[[Neopringlea]]'' *''[[Neoptychocarpus]]'' *''[[Neosprucea]]'' *''[[Olmediella]]'' *''[[Oncoba]]'' *''[[Ophiobotrys]]'' *''[[Osmelia]]'' *''[[Phyllobotryon]]'' *''[[Phylloclinium]]'' *''[[Pineda (Salicaceae)|Pineda]]'' *''[[Pleuranthodendron]]'' *''[[Poliothyrsis]]'' *''[[Populus]]'' *''[[Priamosia]]'' *''[[Prockia]]''<!-- AnnMOBotGard78:273 --> *''[[Pseudosalix]]''[[extinction|†]]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.90.9.1389 | title = An extinct genus of Salicaceae based on twigs with attached flowers, fruits, and foliage from the Eocene Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado, USA | url = https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-botany_2003-09_90_9/page/1389 | year = 2003 | author = Boucher, L. D. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 90 | pages = 1389–99 | last2 = Manchester | first2 = S. R. | last3 = Judd | first3 = W. S. | postscript = <!--None--> | issue = 9 | pmid = 21659238 }}</ref> *''[[Pseudoscolopia]]'' *''[[Pseudosmelia]]'' *''[[Ryania]]'' *''[[Willae|Salix]]'' *''[[Samyda]]'' *''[[Scolopia]]'' *''[[Scyphostegia]]'' *''[[Tetrathylacium]]'' *''[[Tisonia]]'' *''[[Trichostephanus]]'' *''[[Trimeria]]'' *''[[Xylosma]]'' *''[[Zuelania]]'' }} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Salicaceae| ]] [[Category:Malpighiales faimilies]] {{Stub/Plaunt}} 85q71hrw5xgf65tdvdqqo7inhp5zyfk 0 157543 922616 922533 2026-09-09T23:27:23Z Atlantic306 30244 updated infobox from English Wikipedia article Algeria national football team 922616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Algerie | FIFA Trigramme = ALG | Badge_size = 200 | Nickname = ''الخُضر'' &nbsp; "El Khadra" (The Greens) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|title=CAN-2015 (Algeria): Greens to prepare for CAN 2015 in Equatorial Guinea|website=www.aps.dz|date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174029/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />''الأفناك'' &nbsp;(The Fennecs) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|title=Les Fennecs spring a surprise|website=www.fifa.com|date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917223941/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />''محاربي الصحراء'' &nbsp;(The Desert Warriors) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406250243.html|title=Algeria: Desert Warriors Make History in Brazil|website=allafrica.com|first=Abdou|last=Tajedd|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> | Association = [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Fédération Algérienne <br /> de Football]] (FAF) | Confederation = [[Confederation o African Fitbaa|CAF]] (Africae) | Sub-confederation = [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] (North Africae) | Coach = [[Brahim Hemdani]] | Captain = [[Riyad Mahrez]] | Most caps = [[Aïssa Mandi]] (123) | Top scorer = [[Islam Slimani]] (46) | Home Stadium = Nelson Mandela Stadium | FIFA Rank = 29 (20 July 2026) | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = October 2014 | FIFA min = 103 | FIFA min date = Juin 2008 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Algeria}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = December 1981 | Elo min = 59 | Elo min date = Julie 2008 |pattern_la1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_b1 = _alg15h |pattern_ra1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_sh1 = _adidasonwhite |pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = CFCFCF |socks1 = FFFFFF |pattern_la2 = _alg15a |pattern_b2 = _alg15a |pattern_ra2 = _alg15a |pattern_sh2 = _alg15a |pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white |leftarm2 = 008000 |body2 = 008000 |rightarm2 = 008000 |shorts2 = 008000 |socks2 = 008000 | First game = {{fb|BUL|1946}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br>([[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]]; 6 January 1963) | Largest win = {{fb|Algerie}} 15–1 {{fb-rt|South Yemen}} <br> ([[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]; 17 August 1973) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} 9–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 16 August 1967) | World cup apps = 5 | World cup first = 1982 | World cup best = Roond o 16, [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] | Regional name = [[Africae Cup o Naitions]] | Regional cup apps = 21 | Regional cup first = [[1968 African Cup o Naitions|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, 2021 African Cup o Naitions }} The '''Algerie naitional fitbaa team''' represents [[Algerie]] in association fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation]]. The team plays its hame gemmes at the [[Stade 5 Juillet 1962]] in [[Algiers]] an thair heid coach is [[Brahim Hemdani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260906-algerian-football-chiefs-name-hemdani-to-replace-petkovic-as-head-coach|title=Algerian football chiefs name Hemdani to replace Petkovic as head coach|website=www.rfi.fr|first=Paul|last=Myers|date=6 September 2026}}</ref> Algerie jyned [[FIFA]] on 1 Januar 1964, a year an a hauf efter gainin unthirldom. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Algerie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:African naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Algerie|Fitbaw]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Algerie]] fmh14j6igidmb1q5bgev4mph6yob2mr 922617 922616 2026-09-09T23:30:10Z Atlantic306 30244 ce 922617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Algerie | FIFA Trigramme = ALG | Badge_size = 200 | Nickname = ''الخُضر'' &nbsp; "El Khadra" (The Greens) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|title=CAN-2015 (Algeria): Greens to prepare for CAN 2015 in Equatorial Guinea|website=www.aps.dz|date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174029/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />''الأفناك'' &nbsp;(The Fennecs) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|title=Les Fennecs spring a surprise|website=www.fifa.com|date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917223941/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />''محاربي الصحراء'' &nbsp;(The Desert Warriors) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406250243.html|title=Algeria: Desert Warriors Make History in Brazil|website=allafrica.com|first=Abdou|last=Tajedd|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> | Association = [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Fédération Algérienne <br /> de Football]] (FAF) | Confederation = [[Confederation o African Fitbaa|CAF]] (Africae) | Sub-confederation = [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] (North Africae) | Coach = [[Brahim Hemdani]] | Captain = [[Riyad Mahrez]] | Most caps = [[Aïssa Mandi]] (123) | Top scorer = [[Islam Slimani]] (46) | Home Stadium = Nelson Mandela Stadium | FIFA Rank = 29 (20 Julie 2026) | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = October 2014 | FIFA min = 103 | FIFA min date = Juin 2008 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Algeria}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = December 1981 | Elo min = 59 | Elo min date = Julie 2008 |pattern_la1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_b1 = _alg15h |pattern_ra1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_sh1 = _adidasonwhite |pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = CFCFCF |socks1 = FFFFFF |pattern_la2 = _alg15a |pattern_b2 = _alg15a |pattern_ra2 = _alg15a |pattern_sh2 = _alg15a |pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white |leftarm2 = 008000 |body2 = 008000 |rightarm2 = 008000 |shorts2 = 008000 |socks2 = 008000 | First game = {{fb|BUL|1946}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br>([[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]]; 6 January 1963) | Largest win = {{fb|Algerie}} 15–1 {{fb-rt|South Yemen}} <br> ([[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]; 17 August 1973) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} 9–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 16 August 1967) | World cup apps = 5 | World cup first = 1982 | World cup best = Roond o 16, [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] | Regional name = [[Africae Cup o Naitions]] | Regional cup apps = 21 | Regional cup first = [[1968 Africae Cup o Naitions|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, 2021 African Cup o Naitions }} The '''Algerie naitional fitbaa team''' represents [[Algerie]] in association fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation]]. The team plays its hame gemmes at the [[Stade 5 Juillet 1962]] in [[Algiers]] an thair heid coach is [[Brahim Hemdani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260906-algerian-football-chiefs-name-hemdani-to-replace-petkovic-as-head-coach|title=Algerian football chiefs name Hemdani to replace Petkovic as head coach|website=www.rfi.fr|first=Paul|last=Myers|date=6 September 2026}}</ref> Algerie jyned [[FIFA]] on 1 Januar 1964, a year an a hauf efter gainin unthirldom. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Algerie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:African naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Algerie|Fitbaw]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Algerie]] mmzr8qhj1c2ft8hygd18q8w3jtulww0 922618 922617 2026-09-09T23:31:01Z Atlantic306 30244 ce 922618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Algerie | FIFA Trigramme = ALG | Badge_size = 200 | Nickname = ''الخُضر'' &nbsp; "El Khadra" (The Greens) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|title=CAN-2015 (Algeria): Greens to prepare for CAN 2015 in Equatorial Guinea|website=www.aps.dz|date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174029/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />''الأفناك'' &nbsp;(The Fennecs) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|title=Les Fennecs spring a surprise|website=www.fifa.com|date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917223941/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />''محاربي الصحراء'' &nbsp;(The Desert Warriors) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406250243.html|title=Algeria: Desert Warriors Make History in Brazil|website=allafrica.com|first=Abdou|last=Tajedd|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> | Association = [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Fédération Algérienne <br /> de Football]] (FAF) | Confederation = [[Confederation o African Fitbaa|CAF]] (Africae) | Sub-confederation = [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] (North Africae) | Coach = [[Brahim Hemdani]] | Captain = [[Riyad Mahrez]] | Most caps = [[Aïssa Mandi]] (123) | Top scorer = [[Islam Slimani]] (46) | Home Stadium = Nelson Mandela Stadium | FIFA Rank = 29 (20 Julie 2026) | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = October 2014 | FIFA min = 103 | FIFA min date = Juin 2008 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Algeria}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = December 1981 | Elo min = 59 | Elo min date = Julie 2008 |pattern_la1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_b1 = _alg15h |pattern_ra1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_sh1 = _adidasonwhite |pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = CFCFCF |socks1 = FFFFFF |pattern_la2 = _alg15a |pattern_b2 = _alg15a |pattern_ra2 = _alg15a |pattern_sh2 = _alg15a |pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white |leftarm2 = 008000 |body2 = 008000 |rightarm2 = 008000 |shorts2 = 008000 |socks2 = 008000 | First game = {{fb|BUL|1946}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br>([[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]]; 6 January 1963) | Largest win = {{fb|Algerie}} 15–1 {{fb-rt|South Yemen}} <br> ([[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]; 17 August 1973) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} 9–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 16 August 1967) | World cup apps = 5 | World cup first = 1982 | World cup best = Roond o 16, [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] | Regional name = [[Africae Cup o Naitions]] | Regional cup apps = 21 | Regional cup first = [[1968 Africae Cup o Naitions|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, 2021 Africae Cup o Naitions }} The '''Algerie naitional fitbaa team''' represents [[Algerie]] in association fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation]]. The team plays its hame gemmes at the [[Stade 5 Juillet 1962]] in [[Algiers]] an thair heid coach is [[Brahim Hemdani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260906-algerian-football-chiefs-name-hemdani-to-replace-petkovic-as-head-coach|title=Algerian football chiefs name Hemdani to replace Petkovic as head coach|website=www.rfi.fr|first=Paul|last=Myers|date=6 September 2026}}</ref> Algerie jyned [[FIFA]] on 1 Januar 1964, a year an a hauf efter gainin unthirldom. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Algerie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:African naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Algerie|Fitbaw]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Algerie]] 0eo6zgl66ksrms9331ym9pmafi72nee 922619 922618 2026-09-09T23:35:08Z Atlantic306 30244 added reference 922619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Algerie | FIFA Trigramme = ALG | Badge_size = 200 | Nickname = ''الخُضر'' &nbsp; "El Khadra" (The Greens) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|title=CAN-2015 (Algeria): Greens to prepare for CAN 2015 in Equatorial Guinea|website=www.aps.dz|date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174029/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />''الأفناك'' &nbsp;(The Fennecs) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|title=Les Fennecs spring a surprise|website=www.fifa.com|date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917223941/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />''محاربي الصحراء'' &nbsp;(The Desert Warriors) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406250243.html|title=Algeria: Desert Warriors Make History in Brazil|website=allafrica.com|first=Abdou|last=Tajedd|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> | Association = [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Fédération Algérienne <br /> de Football]] (FAF) | Confederation = [[Confederation o African Fitbaa|CAF]] (Africae) | Sub-confederation = [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] (North Africae) | Coach = [[Brahim Hemdani]] | Captain = [[Riyad Mahrez]] | Most caps = [[Aïssa Mandi]] (123) | Top scorer = [[Islam Slimani]] (46) | Home Stadium = Nelson Mandela Stadium | FIFA Rank = 29 (20 Julie 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-rankings/world-ranking/men?dateId=FRS_Male_Football_20260611|title=Latest Men's World Rankings|work=inside.fifa.com|access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref> | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = October 2014 | FIFA min = 103 | FIFA min date = Juin 2008 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Algeria}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = December 1981 | Elo min = 59 | Elo min date = Julie 2008 |pattern_la1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_b1 = _alg15h |pattern_ra1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_sh1 = _adidasonwhite |pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = CFCFCF |socks1 = FFFFFF |pattern_la2 = _alg15a |pattern_b2 = _alg15a |pattern_ra2 = _alg15a |pattern_sh2 = _alg15a |pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white |leftarm2 = 008000 |body2 = 008000 |rightarm2 = 008000 |shorts2 = 008000 |socks2 = 008000 | First game = {{fb|BUL|1946}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br>([[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]]; 6 January 1963) | Largest win = {{fb|Algerie}} 15–1 {{fb-rt|South Yemen}} <br> ([[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]; 17 August 1973) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} 9–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 16 August 1967) | World cup apps = 5 | World cup first = 1982 | World cup best = Roond o 16, [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] | Regional name = [[Africae Cup o Naitions]] | Regional cup apps = 21 | Regional cup first = [[1968 Africae Cup o Naitions|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, 2021 Africae Cup o Naitions }} The '''Algerie naitional fitbaa team''' represents [[Algerie]] in association fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation]]. The team plays its hame gemmes at the [[Stade 5 Juillet 1962]] in [[Algiers]] an thair heid coach is [[Brahim Hemdani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260906-algerian-football-chiefs-name-hemdani-to-replace-petkovic-as-head-coach|title=Algerian football chiefs name Hemdani to replace Petkovic as head coach|website=www.rfi.fr|first=Paul|last=Myers|date=6 September 2026}}</ref> Algerie jyned [[FIFA]] on 1 Januar 1964, a year an a hauf efter gainin unthirldom. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Algerie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:African naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Algerie|Fitbaw]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Algerie]] my7xyon1lqmjc6ukyxgeqpvpvgvga8w 922620 922619 2026-09-09T23:42:16Z Atlantic306 30244 added ref 922620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Algerie | FIFA Trigramme = ALG | Badge_size = 200 | Nickname = ''الخُضر'' &nbsp; "El Khadra" (The Greens) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|title=CAN-2015 (Algeria): Greens to prepare for CAN 2015 in Equatorial Guinea|website=www.aps.dz|date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174029/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />''الأفناك'' &nbsp;(The Fennecs) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|title=Les Fennecs spring a surprise|website=www.fifa.com|date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917223941/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />''محاربي الصحراء'' &nbsp;(The Desert Warriors) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406250243.html|title=Algeria: Desert Warriors Make History in Brazil|website=allafrica.com|first=Abdou|last=Tajedd|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> | Association = [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Fédération Algérienne <br /> de Football]] (FAF) | Confederation = [[Confederation o African Fitbaa|CAF]] (Africae) | Sub-confederation = [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] (North Africae) | Coach = [[Brahim Hemdani]] | Captain = [[Riyad Mahrez]] | Most caps = [[Aïssa Mandi]] (123) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/54728/Aissa_Mandi.html|title=Aïssa Mandi|work=National Football Teams|access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref> | Top scorer = [[Islam Slimani]] (46) | Home Stadium = Nelson Mandela Stadium | FIFA Rank = 29 (20 Julie 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-rankings/world-ranking/men?dateId=FRS_Male_Football_20260611|title=Latest Men's World Rankings|work=inside.fifa.com|access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref> | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = October 2014 | FIFA min = 103 | FIFA min date = Juin 2008 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Algeria}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = December 1981 | Elo min = 59 | Elo min date = Julie 2008 |pattern_la1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_b1 = _alg15h |pattern_ra1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_sh1 = _adidasonwhite |pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = CFCFCF |socks1 = FFFFFF |pattern_la2 = _alg15a |pattern_b2 = _alg15a |pattern_ra2 = _alg15a |pattern_sh2 = _alg15a |pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white |leftarm2 = 008000 |body2 = 008000 |rightarm2 = 008000 |shorts2 = 008000 |socks2 = 008000 | First game = {{fb|BUL|1946}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br>([[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]]; 6 January 1963) | Largest win = {{fb|Algerie}} 15–1 {{fb-rt|South Yemen}} <br> ([[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]; 17 August 1973) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} 9–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 16 August 1967) | World cup apps = 5 | World cup first = 1982 | World cup best = Roond o 16, [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] | Regional name = [[Africae Cup o Naitions]] | Regional cup apps = 21 | Regional cup first = [[1968 Africae Cup o Naitions|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, 2021 Africae Cup o Naitions }} The '''Algerie naitional fitbaa team''' represents [[Algerie]] in association fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation]]. The team plays its hame gemmes at the [[Stade 5 Juillet 1962]] in [[Algiers]] an thair heid coach is [[Brahim Hemdani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260906-algerian-football-chiefs-name-hemdani-to-replace-petkovic-as-head-coach|title=Algerian football chiefs name Hemdani to replace Petkovic as head coach|website=www.rfi.fr|first=Paul|last=Myers|date=6 September 2026}}</ref> Algerie jyned [[FIFA]] on 1 Januar 1964, a year an a hauf efter gainin unthirldom. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Algerie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:African naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Algerie|Fitbaw]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Algerie]] okoeq0uvd3a810wrj5uuipls87xiou8 0 184107 922625 904486 2026-09-10T00:08:31Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] 922625 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] f0qunsg69f07gd4duy05b71vpxlb46y 0 200462 922623 904483 2026-09-10T00:08:21Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] 922623 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] ksz2vgdgxco58emfce657111g6zgztz 0 208253 922628 904230 2026-09-10T00:17:59Z ~2026-44297-98 136954 922628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web | director = [[Gary Winick]] | producer = [[Jordan Kerner]] | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Susannah Grant]] * [[Karey Kirkpatrick]] }} | based on = {{Based on|''[[Charlotte's Web]]''|[[E. B. White]]}} | narrator = [[Sam Shepard]] | starring = {{Plainlist| <!-- Starring per poster --> * [[Julia Roberts]] * [[Dakota Fanning]] * [[Steve Buscemi]] * [[John Cleese]] * [[Oprah Winfrey]] * [[Cedric the Entertainer]] * [[Kathy Bates]] * [[Reba McEntire]] * [[Robert Redford]] * [[Thomas Haden Church]] * [[André 3000|André Benjamin]] }} | music = [[Danny Elfman]] | cinematography = [[Seamus McGarvey]] | editing = {{Plainlist| * [[Susan Littenberg]] * Sabrina Plisco }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Nickelodeon Movies]] * [[Walden Media]] * [[Jordan Kerner|The K Entertainment Company]] }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2006|12|7|Australia|2006|12|15|Unitit States}} | runtime = 97 minutes | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $85 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=charlottesweb.htm|title=Charlotte's Web (2006)|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=September 4, 2010}}</ref> | gross = $144.9 million }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a 2006 American [[comedy-drama]] film based on the [[Charlotte's Web|1952 bairns' novel o the same name]] bi [[E. B. White]]. Directit bi [[Gary Winick]] an written bi [[Susannah Grant]] an [[Karey Kirkpatrick]], it is the seicont film adaptation o White's beuk follaein a [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|1973 animatit version]] produced bi [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]]. The film starns [[Dakota Fanning]], [[Kevin Anderson (actor)|Kevin Anderson]] an [[Beau Bridges]], wi vyces provided bi [[Dominic Scott Kay]], [[Julia Roberts]], [[Steve Buscemi]], [[John Cleese]], [[Oprah Winfrey]], [[Cedric the Entertainer]], [[Kathy Bates]], [[Reba McEntire]] an [[Robert Redford]]. Produced bi [[Walden Media]], [[Jordan Kerner]]'s The K Entertainment Company an [[Nickelodeon Movies]], the film premiered in [[Australia]] on December 7, 2006 an wis released theatrically bi [[Paramount Pictures]] on December 15, 2006 in the Unitit States. The film wis baith a critical an commercial success, havin grossed $144.9 million against an $85 million budget. ==Cast== * [[Dakota Fanning]] as Fern Arable * [[Kevin Anderson (actor)|Kevin Anderson]] as John Arable * [[Beau Bridges]] as Dr. Dorian * Louis Corbett as Avery Arable * [[Essie Davis]] as Phyllis Arable * [[Siobhan Fallon Hogan]] as Edith Zuckerman * [[Gary Basaraba]] as Homer L. Zuckerman * [[Nate Mooney]] as Lurvy, the Zuckermans' farmhand worker ===Vyces=== * [[Dominic Scott Kay]] as Wilbur the Runt * [[Julia Roberts]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica the Speeder * [[Steve Buscemi]] as Templeton the Rat * [[John Cleese]] as Samuel the Sheep * [[Oprah Winfrey]] as Gussy the Goose * [[Cedric the Entertainer]] as Golly the Gander * [[Kathy Bates]] as Bitsy the Cow * [[Reba McEntire]] as Betsy the Cow * [[Robert Redford]] as Ike the Horse * [[Thomas Haden Church]] as Brooks the Crow * [[André Benjamin]] as Elwyn the Crow * [[Abraham Benrubi]] as Uncle the Pig * [[Sam Shepard]] as the Narrator ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Wikiquote}} {{Portal|Film in the Unitit States|2000s}} * {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20120711232159/http://www.charlotteswebmovie.com/site/index.php}} archived at [[Wayback Machine]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222021207/http://www.nick.com/all_nick/movies/charlottesweb/ Official website at Nick.com], archived at Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516040147/http://www.walden.com/walden/properties/charlotte/ Official website at Walden Media], archived at Wayback Machine * {{IMDb title|0413895|Charlotte's Web}} * {{tcmdb title|612690|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Amg movie|318186|Charlotte's Web}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2006 films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:2000s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2000s fantasie films]] [[Category:2000s bairns' films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy films]] [[Category:American bairns' drama films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:Bairns' comedy-drama films]] [[Category:Films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films aboot animal rights]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films based on bairns' beuks]] [[Category:Films directit bi Gary Winick]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films set in Maine]] [[Category:Films scored bi Danny Elfman]] [[Category:Films shot in Melbourne]] [[Category:Nickelodeon Movies films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures films]] [[Category:Walden Media films]] qpisfj8pu8wxqwkqtr9gyqxox5ruiyr 2 208877 922615 919041 2026-09-09T22:16:48Z UrielAcosta 56283 /* */ 922615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} [[File:Canada goose in Central Park 1.png|thumb|left|234px|A [[Canadae guiss]] in [[Central Pairk]] in The Pool, a bouk o watter aboot 150 metres frae ma apairtment biggin in [[New York City|New York]]]] This is ma uiser page in the Scots leid.<br/>See an aw ma ither pages: * [[:en:User:UrielAcosta|My page in English]]<br/> * [[:es:Usuario:UrielAcosta|Mi página en español]] * [[:pt:Usuário:UrielAcosta|Minha página em português]]<br/> * [[:ia:Usator:UrielAcosta|Mi pagina in interlingua]]<br/><br/> {{userbox | border-c = #adadee | border-s = 0 | id = {{{id|✡}}} | id-c = #e9e9ff | id-fc = blue | id-op = font-size:xx-large; | info = This uiser is '''[[Jewish]]''' | info-s = 12 | info-c = #fafaff | usercategory = <includeonly>Jewish Wikipedians</includeonly> | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }}<noinclude>[[Category:Jews and Judaism user templates|Jew]]</noinclude> {{clear}} {{userbox | border-c = 0 | border-s = 1 | id = [[Image:Anarchy-symbol-red.svg|42px]] | id-c = #000000 | id-fc = #000000 | id-s = 12 | info = This uiser is an '''[[Anarchism|<span style="color:#eeeeee">anarchist</span>]]''' | info-c = #000000 | info-fc = #ffffff | info-s = 12 | info-op = text-align:center; | usercategory = | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }}<noinclude>[[Category:Political user templates|Anarchist]]</noinclude> {{clear}}</div> {{userbox | border-c = 0 | border-s = 1 | id = [[File:Frederick Douglass at the New York Historical Society 25 (cropped).jpg|65px]] | id-c = DarkGoldenrod | id-fc = #000000 | id-s = 12 | info = This uiser kens that '''[[Black Lives Matter|<span style="color:FloralWhite">Black Lives Matter</span>]]'''. | info-c = DarkGoldenrod | info-fc = White | info-s = 13 | info-op = text-align:center; | usercategory = | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }} {{Clear}} </div> </div> {{Clear}} {{Userbox |border-c = black |border-s = 0 |info-c = #00FF00 |info-s = 12 |info-fc = black |info-a = center |id = [[File:Gaza Strip map2 heb.svg|50px]] |id-c = black |info = This user oppones [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Netanyahu]]'s genocide in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]]</span> |nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }} {{Clear}} {{userbox | border-c = 0 | border-s = 1 | id = [[Image:Ashjian family, killed in Armenian genocide 1915.jpg|108px]] | id-c = #ffffff | id-fc = #000000 | id-s = 12 | info = This uiser oppones the denial o the '''[[Armenie Genocide|<span style="color:FloralWhite">Armenie Genocide</span>]]'''. | info-c = Blue | info-fc = White | info-s = 13 | info-op = text-align:center; | usercategory = | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }} <noinclude> [[Category:Political user templates]] </noinclude></div> [[Category:Uiser sco-1|UrielAcosta]] {{clear}}</div> {{multiple image|total_width=360|align=left|direction=horizontal |title= |image1=Rainbow over Malcolm X Boulevard.jpg |caption1=Rainbowe ower [[Malcolm X Boulevard|Malcolm X Bld]] |image2=Cathedral of John the Divine sculpture sitting chimp 3 - Ape & Angel.jpg |caption2=[[Peace Funtain]]: Ape & Aungel}} [[Special:CentralAuth/UrielAcosta|A hae mair nor 85,000 eedits in aw wikis]], includin [[:en:|Inglis]] (whaur A hae mair nor 55,000 edits), [[:ia:|Interlingua]] (10,000+), [[:pt:|Portuguese]] (7000+), [[:es:|Spaingie]] (3000+), an [[:sco:|Scots]] (500+), an forby in [[:commons:|Wikicommons]] (8000+) an [[:wikidata:|Wikidata]] (1000+). Aw o the photaes on this page (includin the twa in ma uiser boxes) are frae ma contreibutions tae Wikicommons. A'm tryin tae learn the Scots leid, whilk isna ma mither tongue.<br/> {{multiple image|total_width=360|align=left|direction=horizontal |title= |image1 = Anais Nin inscriptio to Marjorie Anais Housepian Dobkin.jpg |caption1 =[[Anaïs Nin]]'s [[The Diary of Anaïs Nin|diary]] inscribit tae [[Marjorie Housepian Dobkin|Marjorie Anaïs Housepian]] |image2 = Judith Malina on the grounds of the Actors Fund Home in Englewood NJ circa 2014 photographed by Jay Dobkin.jpeg |caption2 =[[Judith Malina]], foonder & director o [[The Living Theatre]]}} {{multiple image|total_width=360|align=left|direction=horizontal |title=| image2 = Looking west across the Pool in Central Park 16.jpg |caption2 =Lookin wast ower The Pool in [[Central Pairk]] |image1 = Duckling flexing its wings.jpg |caption1 =A [[muir deuk]]lin in [[Central Pairk]] }} {{Babel|en|pt-3|es-3|ia-3|fr-2|sco-1}} cxuicm33920h6tfs12qj50tjim7a432 2 225865 922605 922362 2026-09-09T16:58:14Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 922605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item (wdt:P495)* wd:Q22 } |sort=label |columns=label:label,P31,P18,P571,P577,P136 |thumb=128 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! label ! instance o ! eemage ! date o foondation or creation ! date o publication ! genre |- | ''[[:d:Q16323131|100 Pipers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q883744|blended whiskey]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:100 Pipers bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4638043|44 Scotland Street]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q48814513|5 Star Wrestling]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130348409|A Bear Named Wojtek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17517379|animated short film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q202866|animatit film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4656103|A Cool Head]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q30638714|A Dark so Deadly]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q347332|A Disaffection]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4656829|A Foot in the Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107680425|A frog he would a-wooing go]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1549" | 1549 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4657112|A Good Hanging and Other Stories]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3549611|A Legend of Montrose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Walter Scott Legend of Montrose Illustration.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q120097613|A little child the Saviour came]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1861" | 1861 | |- | ''[[:d:Q28408011|A Lost Lady of Old Years]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55081833|A Practical Guide to a Spectacular Suicide]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4659095|A Question of Blood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4659137|A Ramble Round the Globe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q103296523|A Rooster, "Gallas Furcatus," Forked Tail Wild Cock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1802" | 1802 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103296534|A Rooster, "Gallus Oeneus," Wild Golden Cock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1802" | 1802 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4359779|A Song of Stone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | [[Science fiction|science feection]]<br/>''[[:d:Q197949|post-apocalyptic fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4659839|A Stranger Came Ashore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-08-07 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16575965|horror fiction]]''<br/>[[fantasie]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4660121|A Thread of Scarlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959 | |- | ''[[:d:Q141230061|A Treatise of the Scurvy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:J. Lind; A treatise of the scurvy. Wellcome L0019183.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1753" | 1753 | ''[[:d:Q5977147|medical non-fiction literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4646807|A' Cleachdadh na Gàidhlig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q137165572|Abaire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113336119|Abandoned Stars]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5741069|rock baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010-06-15 | | [[Progressive metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q212348|Aberdeen Angus]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Angus cattle 10.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Abernethy biscuit]] | | [[File:Abernethy Biscuits..jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138880137|Ablutions]]'' | ''[[:d:Q580807|albumen print]]'' | [[File:Ablutions (2015.67.61).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1870" | 1870 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96192714|Accidents and disasters on land]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Accidents and disasters on land.pdf|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4691060|Against a Dark Background]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-05 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q50399495|Ah, Chloris]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11019883|Air ais air an Ran Dan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q13484144|Air Cuan Dubh Drilseach]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013<br/>2020 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q53866684|Aironauts]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q10299630|Amélia II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7605392|steam yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1303735|survey vessel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2601071|royal yacht]]'' | [[File:Iate Amélia II (3º) croped.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4749698|An Account of Capers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16821450|An Account of Corsica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:An Account of Corsica, title page.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1768" | 1768 | ''[[:d:Q185598|diary]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q138179461|An Luingeas Dorcha air Fàire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q135529092|Analecta Graeca Minora]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1790" | 1790s | |- | ''[[:d:Q4751170|Anam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30590462|Ancestor Stones]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4753430|And the Land Lay Still]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q104791679|Andrina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2851345|Anne of Geierstein]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Anne of G 1829.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1829" | 1829 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q108856925|Aon Teanga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4784939|Arbroath smokie]]'' | | [[File:Arbroath Smokies - geograph.org.uk - 481678.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121628098|Argyll aircraft engine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Argyll aircraft engine.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1914" | 1914 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1252344|Armageddon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15075508|beer brand]]''<br/>[[beer]] | [[File:Brewmeister Armageddon label.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2600426|Arms of Mary]]'' | ''[[:d:Q134556|single]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1992 | [[pop muisic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q2047814|Palingsound]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q104099453|Art and archaeology papers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399249|Auld Gudeman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102961830|Autumn River]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | [[File:Autumn River - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1979.0303P.tif|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q793281|Ayrshire cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Biggle cow book (Plate III) (6835787694).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30646489|Bad Hotel]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-14 | ''[[:d:Q1137896|tower defense]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q687397|Ballantine's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q883744|blended whiskey]]'' | [[File:Scotch Whisky (aka).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1827" | 1827 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56275857|Band of the Royal Regiment of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1078286|military band]]'' | [[File:The Band of The Royal Regiment of Scotland.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86752397|Bannan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108472340|Battalion of Flies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | [[Bay City Rollers]] | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:BayCityRollers1976RobBogaerts.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | [[Rock muisic|rock]]<br/>''[[:d:Q484641|pop rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q837837|power pop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q76092|glam rock]]''<br/>[[pop muisic]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89285051|Beach Bounce]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-08-14 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q37619|Bearded Collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Bearded Collie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61642181|Beats]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-01-24<br/>2019-05-17<br/>2019-11-07 | ''[[:d:Q130232|drama film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q102429885|coming-of-age film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q157443|comedy film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4880450|Beggars Banquet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4883072|Bell's whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q431289|brand]]''<br/>[[Whisky]] | [[File:BellScotch.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1851" | 1851 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q816198|Belted Galloway]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Belted Galloway cow J4.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4885960|Ben Jonson Journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399616|Bess the Gawkie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122310744|Big Crown: Showdown]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-12-14 | |- | ''[[:d:Q51756400|Big Gold Dream]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | |- | ''[[:d:Q26492705|Bird Magic No. 10]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | [[abstract airt]] |- | ''[[:d:Q471241|Bis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Bis Buffalo Bar.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q1298934|synthpop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3612973|Black & Blue]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4920219|Black & White]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Black & White (whisky) bottle 04.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Black bun]] | | [[File:Black bun cut open.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16971600|Black Dog Scotch Whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Black Dog Scotch Whisky Logo.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1883" | 1883 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4922585|Blackbird]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q21010853|drama]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q25635147|Blas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q132241|festival]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11483816|annual event]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4925907|Bleeding Hearts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4927621|Blood Hunt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-09-14 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q24256086|Bloons TD 5]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-11-19 | ''[[:d:Q1137896|tower defense]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q885603|Blue Angels Motorcycle Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q182391|motorcycle club]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1849110|outlaw motorcycle club]]'' | [[File:Blue Angels Erpe-Mere.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399465|Blue bonnets over the border]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103297548|Blue Flower]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38450|Blue Paul Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q38672|dog type]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4929839|Blue Shoes and Happiness]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q137649426|Blàrag a' Bhò]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4934527|Bob the Builder: Can We Fix It?]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-01-12 | ''[[:d:Q1153173|educational entertainment]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34222620|Bonnie Chirsty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37710|border collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Argentine border collie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28407754|Border Life]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3326445|Boreray sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Boreray Ewes.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q141284867|Borges and Me]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-08-15 | ''[[:d:Q628165|road movie]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q102429885|coming-of-age film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q130232|drama film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q645928|biographical film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16845069|Bothy band]]'' | [[muisic genre]]<br/>''[[:d:Q105756498|type of musical group]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3066180|bouncy techno]]'' | [[muisic genre]] | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106648058|Bowie family of Maryland]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | data-sort-value="1705" | 1705 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4952596|Boyracers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q223945|Bildungsroman]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q21997425|Break the Chains]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | |- | ''[[:d:Q109923688|Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-09-20 | ''[[:d:Q108611897|horse racing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q63610141|Breve Historia de la Segunda Guerra Mundial]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-03 | |- | [[Bridie]] | | [[File:Bridie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16846610|Brighton Belle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4975393|Brose]]'' | [[fuid]] | [[File:Atholl brose.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138773600|Brothers Reid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103297846|Brount]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1062404|artist's book]]'' | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q32094891|Brut@l]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-02-09 | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q106511534|Bubba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15632617|feectional human]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1569167|gemme character]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4982543|Buchanan's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | | data-sort-value="1879" | 1879 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4984149|Buddha Da]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-01-02 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20200837|Bunessan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1888" | 1888 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16954518|Bunkered]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-04 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20638877|Butcher's Broom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | [[Butterie]] | | [[File:Aberdeen Buttery.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Caber toss]] | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Caber 2.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5016556|Cado Belle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37888|Cairn Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Cairn-Terrier-Garten1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136001349|Cala]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5019561|calf's liver and bacon]]'' | | [[File:Calf's liver, bacon and mash at Staplefield, West Sussex, England 1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q128969|Calimero]]'' | ''[[:d:Q63952888|anime television series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q9335576|comedy television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5027077|Camp Coffee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Bottle, essence (AM 629460).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1876" | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5030993|Canal Dreams]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | |- | ''[[:d:Q131303582|Canty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q617216|caramel shortbread]]'' | | [[File:Millionaire's shortbread.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3221381|Castle Dangerous]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales Volume 4.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1831" | 1831-11 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5050556|Castlemilk Moorit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]'' | [[File:Borris the ram shorn.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2277829|Catriona]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Catriona (novel).jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1893" | 1893 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107537699|Chaotic Youth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97621198|Chick's Day]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 | ''[[:d:Q959790|crime film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5098501|Children of This Earth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1069502|Chivas Regal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]'' | [[File:Chivas regal 12yo.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1801" | 1801 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4021847|Christmas Lemmings]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105702790|Christmas video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17352486|Chronicles of the Canongate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Chronicles of the Canongate 1st series.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1828" | 1828-05-15 | |- | [[Clapshot]] | | [[File:Clapshot and oatcakes.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q463230|claymore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q124078422|weapon type]]'' | [[File:Scottish claymore replica (Albion Chieftain)2.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Clootie dumplin]] | | [[File:Clootie dumpling.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25217364|Close to the Bone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5136184|Club Cupid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[reality telly]] |- | ''[[:d:Q115740539|Club Life]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-04-13 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | [[Clydesdale horse]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:3 Clydesdale horses.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Cock-a-leekie]] | | [[File:Cock-a-leekie Soup.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124851344|Come, Holy Spirit , descend on us]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q119585929|Come, Labor On]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1859" | 1859 | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q122378424|Commands & Colors: Ancients]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-09-12 | |- | ''[[:d:Q28945174|CommonSpace]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1153191|online newspaper]]'' | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-01 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5156663|Complicity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5156775|composite rules shinty–hurling]]'' | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13137940|sport with racquet/stick/club]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5158085|Conall Cra Bhuidhe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16827781|Conquer the Castle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5163254|Consolevania]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q747339|contra dance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q107357104|type of dance]]'' | [[File:Glen Echo Park contra dance.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q139023201|Conversations in Gaelic and English]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q1346592|bitext]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136410671|Corryvreckan]]'' | [[queir]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3436601|Count Robert of Paris]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales Volume 4.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1832" | 1832 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q133224168|Countrywoman's Calendar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16952451|Crabbie's]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98383629|Crabbit Granny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5180351|Cracked]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] |- | [[cranachan]] | ''[[:d:Q182940|dessert]]'' | [[File:Cranachan (4332953688).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3002602|Crime]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q109620644|Crimond]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5188589|Crossfire]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57705951|Cruinn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136001121|Culla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | [[Cullen skink]] | [[soup]] | [[File:Cullen Skink.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7849873|Cunningham]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q202444|gien name]]'' | | | | |- | [[Curlin]] | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]'' | [[File:12-01-20-yog-674.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3007961|Cutty Sark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Bottle of Cutty Sark Scotch Whisky with box.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923-03-23 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126477332|Cygni: All Guns Blazing]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-08-06 | ''[[:d:Q1044478|shoot 'em up]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136410399|Côr Harmony]]'' | [[queir]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38336|Dandie Dinmont Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Dandie Dinmont Terrier 600.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4037031|Dark Planet: Battle for Natrolis]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q208189|real-time strategy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q18350426|Dateline Scotland]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q119585958|Day is Done]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969 | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5243100|Daybreak Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5245078|Dead Air]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q112031241|Dead Pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Dead Pony (52072572184).jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3617562|Dead Souls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5245442|Dead Wood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5247573|Death of a Ladies' Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-07-23 | |- | ''[[:d:Q80657151|Debate Night]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q181761|deep-fried Mars bar]]'' | | [[File:DeepFriedMarsBar.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3301197|deep-fried pizza]]'' | ''[[:d:Q116392487|type of pizza]]'' | [[File:Deep Fried Pizza.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5251004|Deeside]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5251821|Degrassi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | [[Dewar's]] | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:DewarsLogo.png|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1846" | 1846 | | |- | [[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]] | ''[[:d:Q3327521|online dictionary]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q131344705|dictionary of the Scots language]]'' | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9207544|Dimple]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5280892|Dirk dance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q107357104|type of dance]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66456966|Discovery and Excavation in Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q21834496|archaeology journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5296225|Donkey Punch]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-04-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5297243|Doors Open]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q115803710|Doughnuts and Doom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-20 | ''[[:d:Q725377|graphic novel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2561438|slice of life]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q18150777|Downfall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | [[Drambuie]] | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]'' | [[File:New drambuie bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109405060|Dujanah]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-09-19 | ''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17505244|Dumfries Courier]]'' | [[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1809" | 1809 | | |- | [[Dundee cake]] | | [[File:Dundee cake.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1266163|Dunlop cheese]]'' | | [[File:Ayrshire's Dunlop Cheese.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56279760|Dàin do Eimhir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5325340|Eagleowl]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Eagleowl promo.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1317816|indie folk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q959914|Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3002812|Edinburgh Crystal]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5338215|Edinburgh Law Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q746654|law review]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5338306|Edinburgh rock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5159627|confectionery]]'' | [[File:Edinburgh Rock.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137360821|Eemis Stane]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1368848|literary magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5357317|Electric Brae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q83742490|Enough of Him]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020 | | [[Drama]] |- | ''[[:d:Q31970514|Epic Battle Fantasy 4]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q112132374|Epic Battle Fantasy 5]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-11-30 | ''[[:d:Q5923834|Japanese role-playing video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2246627|Eriskay Pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Eriskay pony beinn sciathan.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5398772|Espedair Street]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5399160|Espresso Tales]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q1347298|serialized fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5399414|Essays on Philosophical Subjects]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q33524602|Ettrick Banks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22075098|Even Dogs in the Wild]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-11-05 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5420395|Exit Music]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-09-06 | |- | ''[[:d:Q102964839|Expulsion of the Moneylenders from the Temple]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | [[File:Expulsion of the Moneylenders from the Temple - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1980.013.tif|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529619|External Menace]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97621188|Fantasmagoria]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102964931|Far from the Sea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5435395|Farl]]'' | [[breid]] | [[File:Ben W Bell Soda Bread Farl 05 June 2007.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92480206|Fast & Furious: Adrenaline]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q860750|racin video gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5437606|Father Hilary's Holiday]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5437626|Father Malachy's Miracle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1931" | 1931 | |- | ''[[:d:Q33524785|Fee him, Father]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20012196|FFS]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:FFS (Franz Ferdinand & Sparks) @ Albert Hall, Manchester 25-8-2015 (20284011824).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | | ''[[:d:Q217467|art rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q15749735|Film-Philosophy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q773668|open-access journal]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1256352|Filth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | [[Finnan haddie]] | [[fuid]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102965122|Five Colours]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3797845|Fleshmarket Close]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5464691|Follow Follow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52244114|For ever, Fortune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1725" | 1725 | |- | ''[[:d:Q25171666|Forward]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | data-sort-value="1906" | 1906 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5479814|Francie and Josie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5493518|Fraochy Bay]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q411924|Frazier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5504828|fritter roll]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83450990|From Scenes Like These]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968 | |- | ''[[:d:Q18611377|From The Doctor to my son Thomas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q110879246|video work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | ''[[:d:Q471839|science feection film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3088307|Fromage d'Ayrshire]]'' | | [[File:Block of Ayrshire cheese.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5506087|Frontline]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5506409|fruit pudding]]'' | | [[File:Scottish breakfast pack.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5511555|Féillire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7832290|Gaelic folk music]]'' | ''[[:d:Q106537557|music by ethnic group]]''<br/>[[muisic genre]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16148439|Gaelic music]]'' | [[muisic genre]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5516932|Gahn family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]]<br/>''[[:d:Q62274319|Swedish unintroduced noble family]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66760350|Galaxy Girls]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-09-15 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q505149|Gallagher and Lyle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9212979|musical duo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q109288825|male duo]]'' | [[File:Gallagher and Lyle On Stage In Greenock.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[pop muisic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q613408|country rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5519004|Gallery Whispers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q124609645|Galloway Adriatic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Galloway Adriatic.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12018056|Galloway Atlantic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Paired Galloway Atlantic engines in a Handley Page V1500.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q935155|Galloway cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Galloway.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126326631|Galloway News]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1868552|local newspaper]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138645059|Gangsta Bang - Introduction]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3414877|quest]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5523709|Garnock Way]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q23739|soap opera]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5564471|Girl in May]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | ''[[:d:Q19765983|romantic fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5416645|Glasgow Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1110794|daily newspaper]]''<br/>[[wabsteid]] | | data-sort-value="1876" | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98382842|Glasgow's Docklands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | [[Glayva]] | | [[File:Glayva.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q154306|glen plaid]]'' | | [[File:Glen Plaid aka Prince of Wales check pattern.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1840" | 1840s | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5567537|Glen's Vodka]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2262510|Glue]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | |- | ''[[:d:Q125700841|Gnoss]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q125027573|Go, labor on; spend, and be spent]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q38686|Golden Retriever]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Golden Retriever Dukedestiny01 drvd.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5582797|Good Morning Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131538174|Good Words for the Young]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11780435|monthly magazine]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1029418|children's magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1869" | 1869 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5584773|Gordon & MacPhail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]''<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38301|Gordon Setter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Orrvilas enska w800px.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Gowf]] | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13137940|sport with racquet/stick/club]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q212434|Olympic sport]]''<br/>[[habby]] | [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94830|Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-17 | ''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]'' |- | [[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]] | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | [[File:GTA The Ballad of Gay Tony at Igromir 2009 (4081942358).jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-10-29 | ''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q85422949|video game with LGBT character]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4039669|Grant's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Full Range Grant's Whisky.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122362135|Grants Whisky Price in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]'' | [[File:Grant's Whisky 01.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100414305|Greazy Puzzy Fuckerz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:GPF on The Black stage Defqon1 - 2024-06-30.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q388906|hardcore]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34523520|Gree, bairnies, gree]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1546243|Grice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18786396|pig breed]]'' | [[File:Grice reconstructed.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17778527|Grieg]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84224774|Guilt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-10-24<br/>2019-10-30<br/>2019-11-13 | ''[[:d:Q2101714|police film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q130232|drama film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q157443|comedy film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136384475|Gun Ghaol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[metalcore]] |- | [[haggis]] | | [[File:Haggis Mo.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[haggis hurlin]] | [[sport]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20877220|haggis pakora]]'' | | [[File:Haggis pakora.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5639068|Haig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Bottle Haig Whiskey.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102965929|Half Mile Walk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5642753|Hallam Foe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-04-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q184865|hammer throw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:John Flanagan.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85234272|Hatted kit]]'' | | | | | |- | [[Hawick News]] | [[newspaper]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29587139|Head for the Edge, Keep Walking]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q109566683|Heavy Events]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1816033|competitive sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q21654660|traditional sport]]'' | | data-sort-value="-1829" | -1829 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12059770|Hebridean]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Hebridean ram.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10518891|Hebridean pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Hebridean pony 1905.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q58903|Heelain cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:HighlandCow.01.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124357837|Heisk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q116792313|Henderson family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5713678|Hendrick's Gin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]''<br/>[[gin]] | [[File:Hendrick's gin 001.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600178|Hey, my bonnie wee lassie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5752197|Hide and Seek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | [[Hieland gemmes]] | ''[[:d:Q18608583|recurring sporting event]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q82821|tradition]]'' | [[File:2006 Highland Games (4000821702).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Hieland pownie]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Platier oye poney highland bis.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q165704|high jump]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Yelena Slesarenko jumping 2007.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5757308|High Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-09-30 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4345100|Highland Laddie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q211025|march]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35599840|Highland Minstrel Boy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5759100|Highland River]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Kenn and the Salmon.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5759332|Highlands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q7603925|documentary television program]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5774258|Historical fencing in Scotland]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138950054|Hoagie]]'' | | [[File:Hoagie wrap - interior.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16979295|hodden]]'' | | [[File:Hodden Grey.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5883004|Hollywood Undercover]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1951776|Hooper Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q59557805|unreleased album]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2076441|How Late It Was, How Late]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q120784241|iBomber Defense Pacific]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-03-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5990951|If You Liked School You'll Love Work]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6008981|In Another Light]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q22251966|In the Cold Dark Ground]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4171155|In the Company of Cheerful Ladies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16994870|In:Demand Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108784923|Industria]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-30<br/>2022-06-09 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6035751|Innes Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6052728|International Research in Children's Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q140814705|Interurban Developments Ltd]]'' | ''[[:d:Q783794|company]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2089936|consulting company]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69883|urban plannin]]'' | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-04-11 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121320619|Introduction to Data Mining]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107495778|Inyal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16827651|Iomain]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138635039|Iomall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | [[Irn-Bru]] | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Barr IRN-BRU Sugar Free (3 of 3).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60594312|Iron]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1676212|I’m Gonna Be (500 Miles)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2662148|Celtic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6168304|Jazz Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28408003|John Burnet of Barns]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386474|John Macnab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1232629|John Murray]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2085381|publisher]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1320047|book publisher]]'' | [[File:Murray John First.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1768" | 1768 | | |- | [[Johnnie Walker]] | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2424752|product]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Johnnie Walker Red Label.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1820" | 1820 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q127273724|Johnstone Pipe Band]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3085519|pipe band]]'' | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20877127|Joseph Knight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-04-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6294829|Journal of Beckett Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15709992|Journal of Scottish Historical Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6296188|Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q773668|open-access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16024164|medical journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131749566|Jules and Greg's Wild Swim]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3326476|Kailyard school]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3326717|literary movement]]'' | | data-sort-value="1880" | 1880 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6375447|Kate Crackernuts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Page 210 illustration in English Fairy Tales.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6383736|Keiller's marmalade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q431289|brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1252971|food manufacturer]]'' | [[File:Keillers marmalade cropped.png|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1797" | 1797 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114051611|Kelvingrove]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1821" | 1821 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6407655|Killie pie]]'' | | [[File:Killie Pies and Peas.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83455708|Kinnaris Quintet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102966954|Knackers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | [[File:Knackers - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1971-070.tif|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6423081|Knots and Crosses]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16871486|Knox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18344787|Lady Agnew of Lochnaw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | [[File:John Singer Sargent - Lady Agnew of Lochnaw (1892).jpeg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | | ''[[:d:Q134307|portrait]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q96278979|Lagavulin 16 years whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q902887|Islay single malt whisky]]'' | [[File:Lagavulin Single Islay Malt Whisky 16 years old.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q280|Lagavulin distillery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]'' | [[File:Lagavulin Destillery.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1816" | 1816 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6473776|Laidlaw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6474100|Laird of Burnbrae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q355567|ryal or noble rank]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5737899|hereditary title]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6482902|Lanark: A Life in Four Books]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | [[fantasie]] |- | ''[[:d:Q140681292|Las Vegas Tycoon]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102967917|Laughing - Crying]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16932445|Legit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6532725|Let It Bleed]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q113022702|LF System]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9212979|musical duo]]'' | | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019 | | ''[[:d:Q20502|house]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q138798492|Liberty City Chapter 1: Gangsta Bang]]'' | ''[[:d:Q133296086|video game chapter]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6545063|Life and Work]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1879" | 1879 | | |- | [[Limmy's Show]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q9335576|comedy television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6552852|Lindsay of Evelix]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18759100|baronetcy]]''<br/>[[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138635047|Linne Dhomhain]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021 | |- | ''[[:d:Q48699803|Live at Five]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126364793|Locomotive No. 10 El Esla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q785745|tank locomotive]]'' | [[File:Locomotive No. 10 El Esla - Sabero 2024.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52243731|Logan Braes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q52244260|Logan Water]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17015965|London Calling]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | |- | ''[[:d:Q263673|lorne sausage]]'' | | [[File:Cooked Scottish square sausage.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3823287|Lot No. 249]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Doyle - Une momie qui ressuscite.djvu|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q20669641|Gothic fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16575965|horror fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q9103398|Love Fist]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6619719|fictional musical ensemble]]'' | | | | [[Heavy metal muisic|heavy metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3265916|Luckenbooth brooch]]'' | ''[[:d:Q499916|brooch]]'' | [[File:Luckenbooth brooches .jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386804|Luckypenny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1720712|Luing cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1208989|beef cattle]]'' | [[File:Luing Cattle.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3235797|Machair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q23739|soap opera]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q108829896|Mackenzie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6724904|Maconochie]]'' | | [[File:Maconochie army ration, Musée Somme 1916, pic-110.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6726755|Made in Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134585656|Manual Of Bacteriological Technique and Special Bacteriology]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1902" | 1902 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3992409|Marabou Stork Nightmares]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q109581872|experimental novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q919929|Marmion]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Marmion 1st ed.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1808" | 1808 | ''[[:d:Q474090|narrative poetry]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q114390692|Martyrdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1825" | 1825 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386904|Marx the First]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | |- | ''[[:d:Q25390447|Master Rallye]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q860750|racin video gemme]]'' |- | [[Maud]] | | [[File:Sir John Watson Gordon - James Hogg, 1770 - 1835. Poet; 'The Ettrick Shepherd' - Google Art Project.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Mealie]] | | [[File:Irish black and white pudding slices.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102320800|Mediaeval Scandinavia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112001238|Medicine Cabinet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6942541|musical collective]]'' | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6807652|Meeow!]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-01-05 | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6815614|Memories and Portraits]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | |- | ''[[:d:Q135512349|Men in Love]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q787667|Middle of the Road]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Middle Of The Road 925-3455.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[pop muisic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q997481|bubblegum music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6843484|Midwinter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923 | |- | ''[[:d:Q343749|Milligan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1936983|Miniature Shetland pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96393620|Modern Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3860275|Molly's Lips]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q21030926|Monkey Shoulder]]'' | ''[[:d:Q944887|blended malt whisky]]'' | [[File:Monkey Shoulder Whisky.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4148560|Morality for Beautiful Girls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3222487|More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Le dynamiteur.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1885" | 1885 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6914355|Mortal Causes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6915172|Morvern Callar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6918341|Motormark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | | ''[[:d:Q861823|electroclash]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q56580|digital hardcore]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6935684|munchy box]]'' | | [[File:Munchy Box.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106306552|Murderous Pursuits]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-04-26 | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q472055|strategy video gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6938794|Murmuring the Judges]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q62067286|Murray]]'' | ''[[:d:Q82799|name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35599929|My Highland home]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600031|My Nannie, O]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q61447836|My Romantic History]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35599707|My wife has ta'en the gee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16998421|Nae Danger]]'' | | [[File:Nae Danger Brosef.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106584188|Neon Podcast Evangelion]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105011790|anime and manga podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105885182|science fiction podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105908617|film and television podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q55114857|Night Kaleidoscope]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | |- | ''[[:d:Q126834917|No Scotland No Party]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2489759|football chant]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114909458|sports anthem]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 | |- | ''[[:d:Q35734131|Nora's Vow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | [[North Ronaldsay sheep]] | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:North ron sheep.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3406327|North Tonight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7062764|Nothing Human Left]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7065883|Now You See It]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114105442|NRP Albéria]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1286790|auxiliary vessel]]'' | [[File:Patrulha Albéria.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112920258|NRP Açor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q202527|minesweeper]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3308902|naval trawler]]'' | [[File:Caça-Minas Açor (2º) (1916-1918).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1906" | 1906 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113866724|NRP Tomás Andrea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2074370|minehunter]]'' | [[File:Caça-minas Thomáz Andréa (Tomás Andréa).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1907" | 1907 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4320515|oatmeal raisin cookie]]'' | | [[File:Oatmeal Cookies with orange zest, golden raisins, and chocolate chips.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62604270|Observation]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-05-21 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q27670585|science fiction video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16874548|Ochiltree]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29587083|Of the Balance of Trade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1752" | 1752 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7078954|Off the Ball]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q140090056|Off The Boat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q98528277|Celtic folk music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q42967802|Ogilvie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16880666|Ogilvy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q844519|Oh No! More Lemmings]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3234969|Old Mortality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales of My Landlord 1st series 1st edition.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1816" | 1816 | data-sort-value="1816" | 1816 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102969297|On Imaginative Space]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7094173|Only Fade Away]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7095381|Ooops!]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q725120|OpenTTD]]'' | [[video gemme]]<br/>[[free saftware]] | [[File:Cardhill Transport, 2000-06-25.png|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-03-06 | ''[[:d:Q1198141|business simulation game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q106580670|Orphans of the Tide]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-02-18<br/>2020-02-20 | ''[[:d:Q111984153|young adult fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7107453|Ossian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28452476|Out of Bounds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1646194|oxford]]'' | | [[File:Oxford cloth.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38980|Paisley Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q38672|dog type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Paisley1903.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7134646|Paragraph]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7140169|Partan bree]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102969608|Pastoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98382671|Petrol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q65197873|Philp]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3085519|pipe band]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105756498|type of musical group]]'' | [[File:00 1953 Folklore - bagpipe player.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q816195|plaid]]'' | | [[File:GrantPiper.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Plain laif]] | | [[File:Plain bread.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7225175|Politics Now]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7225719|Pollok, Gilmour and Company]]'' | [[Business|buisiness]] | | data-sort-value="1804" | 1804 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7228828|Poor Things]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q123322|Porno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-08 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7232652|Portuguese Irregular Verbs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | ''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7234119|Postcode Challenge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7239029|Prayer for the Living]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934 | ''[[:d:Q21803247|military fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2068990|Prince Otto]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Prince Otto (first edition) (title page).jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1885" | 1885 | |- | ''[[:d:Q47074303|Pringle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3409032|unisex gien name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7246044|Private Angelo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946 | ''[[:d:Q128758|satire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q908667|war novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q97356280|Project Moonbase]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105580963|music podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105011645|comedy podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q124356748|Psychoanalytic studies of personality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20540385|non-fiction literary work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-01-01 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107018459|Publications of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q953459|quaich]]'' | | [[File:Robinwoodquaich.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2469230|Quentin Durward]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Quentin Durward 1823.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1823" | 1823-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q134717368|Quentin Durward (1912 edition)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | [[File:Quentin Durward 1823.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1823" | 1823-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135209247|Quick As Thieves]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7283174|Ragnarawk]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q584105|music video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q28127686|Rather Be the Devil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7296891|Raw Spirit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | |- | [[Rebus (TV series)|Rebus]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1366112|drama television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107018559|Recent advances in surgery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107018570|Records of the Scottish Church History Society]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | [[Red Kola]] | | | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 | | |- | [[Reestit mutton]] | | [[File:Reestit mutton in butcher's window, Lerwick - geograph.org.uk - 1590613.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130975239|Reforj]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | No/unknown value | ''[[:d:Q116278106|survival sandbox video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7309799|Reheated Cabbage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7312846|Rendition: Guantanamo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61475894|cancelled/unreleased video game]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7316544|Resurrection Men]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q99630482|rivlin]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98383631|Robot Three]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135656125|Roll of the Baronage of Scotland]]'' | [[wabsteid]]<br/>''[[:d:Q33270056|genealogy database]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7094076|online database]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9312094|RollerCoaster Tycoon 2: Time Twister]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11835185|RollerCoaster Tycoon 2: Wacky Worlds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-01-18 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q9312099|RollerCoaster Tycoon: Corkscrew Follies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7362712|Romanno Bridge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7362837|Romanticism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64632119|Rosa ‘Alec’s Red’]]'' | ''[[:d:Q26817508|rose cultivar]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1825420|Rose's lime juice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Rose's Lime Juice.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1867" | 1867 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107018832|Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh publication]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7374788|Royal Salute whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Chivas38years.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116609986|Rumahoy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Rumahoy.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | | ''[[:d:Q3389124|pirate metal]]''<br/>[[Fowk metal]]<br/>[[Pouer metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7380801|Rushen Coatie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Page 150 illustration in More English Fairy Tales.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132175284|Saber Came to Tea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48811805|Sacred Paws]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Sacred Paws at Rough Trade.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | | ''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q598929|post-punk]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q50399865|Sae flaxen were her ringlets]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7398517|Safe as Houses]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17017964|Saints of the Shadow Bible]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-07 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q88296934|Saor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Saor Dark Troll 2023 02.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | | ''[[:d:Q65937017|atmospheric black metal]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7420877|Saorsa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q56289964|Sarah's Room]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | |- | ''[[:d:Q110941133|Scathe]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q27902416|Schaw Statutes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q234460|text]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1598" | 1598 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34221604|Scornfu' Nancy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | [[Scot Squad]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | [[Scotch ale]] | ''[[:d:Q1998962|beer style]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2896374|Scotch broth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18697490|lamb dish]]'' | [[File:Lunch at Inveraray Castle - Scotch broth (14342541740).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3476136|Scotch Fancy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20011823|canary breed]]'' | [[File:Our canaries (18960100635).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Scotch pie]] | | [[File:Scotch pie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q140937730|type of whisky]]'' | [[File:The World of Scotch Whisky.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Scotland]] | [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|constituent kintra o the Unitit Kinrick]] | [[File:Scotland from satellite.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="843" | 843 | | |- | [[Scotland the Brave]] | [[Naitional anthem]] | [[File:Scotland the Brave.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3406251|Scotland Today]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7435657|Scotland Tonight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15607891|Scotland's Future]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107473448|Scotland's Home of the Year]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q125471642|Scotland's National]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125471605|national tartan]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1125192|Scots Confession]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q183770|Christian creed]]'' | [[File:Scots Confession.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1560" | 1560 | |- | [[Scots Tarrie]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Scotish terrier burleska 2005.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7435802|Scotsmac]]'' | | | | | |- | [[Scotsport]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2878361|Scottish Backhold]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37929|Scottish Deerhound]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Deerhound 305.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437707|Scottish Dunface]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42636|Scottish Fold]]'' | ''[[:d:Q43577|cat breed]]'' | [[File:Purple-scottish-fold.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3094259|Scottish Gaelic punk]]'' | [[muisic genre]]<br/>''[[:d:Q28820001|musical scene]]'' | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762641|The Scottish Historical Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1921" | 1921 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437800|Scottish Journal of Theology]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437854|Scottish Medical Journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q73897617|toll-access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5953270|hybrid open access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16024164|medical journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24993955|Scottish Morning Roll]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1970833|Scottish National Antarctic Expedition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q366301|research expedition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69502940|polar expedition]]'' | [[File:Scotia on Laurie Island.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437943|Scottish Review of Books]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005 | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q18163546|Secret of the Sands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q124643088|Seeds of Desolation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[Daith metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q113539840|Sena]]'' | ''[[:d:Q98151017|river gunboat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1121471|paddle steamer]]'' | [[File:Lancha canhoneira Sena (1ª) (1871-1879).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10605137|Set in Darkness]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q633547|sgian-dubh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15142889|weapon family]]'' | | | | |- | [[Shetland (TV series)|Shetland]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q67175872|thriller television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17019069|Shetland cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]'' | [[File:Muscliff, Shetland Cattle - geograph.org.uk - 734933.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7495670|Shetland duck]]'' | ''[[:d:Q110536225|duck breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7495662|Shetland Goose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q59453852|goose breed]]'' | | | | |- | [[Shetland pownie|Shetland pony]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Shetland pony (2).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Shetland sheep]] | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Shetland sheep moorit.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Shinty]] | | [[File:CabersGlasgow.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106586985|Shipwreck Island]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-03-04 | ''[[:d:Q1233720|young adult literature]]'' |- | [[shortbreid]] | | [[File:Shortbread fingers.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q180935|shot put]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Remigius Machura senior CZ championships in athletics Kladno 2005.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7504321|Shrug]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Shrug - December 1994.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q20713615|SIA Scotch Whisky]]'' | | [[File:SIA Scotch Whisky Bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107019022|Sidewalk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q179221|Silly Wizard]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Silly Wizard2007.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q748836|Simple Minds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:-NIMES -170618 Nimes SM2018 mk2 MG 9308-Edit.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 | | ''[[:d:Q187760|new wave]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q217467|art rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q598929|post-punk]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q379033|arena rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1298934|synthpop]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q50399972|Sing on, sing on]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28407918|Sir Quixote of the Moors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q205234|siren]]'' | | [[File:Pneumatic siren.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1799" | 1799 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117743230|Six Four]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q959790|crime film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3486108|Skagboys]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-09-17 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7535484|Skinner's Ghosts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535486|Skinner's Mission]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7535488|Skinner's Ordeal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535492|Skinner's Round]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535490|Skinner's Rules]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535493|Skinner's Trail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535893|skirlie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q746549|dish]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q152532|Skol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15075508|beer brand]]'' | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959 | | |- | [[Skye Tarrie]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Skye terrier 800.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124313941|Sleep, Dearie, Sleep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1229479|lamentation]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q114842527|Slow Roads]]'' | [[video gemme]]<br/>''[[:d:Q178285|freeware]]'' | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-10-22 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q38790|Smooth Collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Smooth Collie 600.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135016000|Snake Venom Beer]]'' | [[beer]]<br/>''[[:d:Q687737|Bock]]'' | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q188407|Snow Patrol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Snow Patrol Band.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q502330|Soay sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Horned Soay ram close-up.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109647834|Solar Flux]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-10-24<br/>2013-12-19<br/>2018-12-11 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q48700473|Soldier's Dream]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-10 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7560123|Something Leather]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7562723|Soor ploom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5159627|confectionery]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7571846|sowans]]'' | [[fuid]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122196512|Spalding family]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10536391|introduced nobility of Sweden]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108412167|Spinning Coin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7579584|Sporting Lucas Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7581984|SquareGo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-08 | ''[[:d:Q69662460|video game magazine]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7582190|Squeak!]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4675044|St. Ives]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:St Ives - frontispiece.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1897" | 1897 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232270|St. Ronan's Well]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:St Ronan 1824.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1823" | 1823-12-27 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16545107|Standing in Another Man's Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-11-08 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7601283|starrie]]'' | | [[File:Star Rock.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q283638|Stealers Wheel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Stealers Wheel - TopPop 1973 9.png|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | ''[[:d:Q484641|pop rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q31797868|STEALL]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1368848|literary magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7615983|Stewart of Balquhidder]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7619276|Stonemouth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-04-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107570722|Stories of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105011823|history podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q106625351|society and culture podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q106462625|places and travel podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7620316|Stornoway black pudding]]'' | | [[File:Stornoway Black Pudding.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Stovies]] | [[fuid]] | [[File:Stovies.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7623883|Striking and Picturesque Delineations of the Grand, Beautiful, Wonderful, and Interesting Scenery Around Loch-Earn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1815" | 1815 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3976065|String Driven Thing]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969 | | ''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q649634|progressive folk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7624072|Strip Jack]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7628082|Studies in World Christianity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394864|STV Appeal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-09-11 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394869|STV News]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1358344|news program]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7394875|STV Rugby]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394876|STV Sports Centre]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4050322|Suffocate Me]]'' | ''[[:d:Q169930|Extended play]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7639411|Sunday Herald]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2302208|Sunday newspaper]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-02-07 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7639435|Sunday Live]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3655833|Sunset Song]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932 | |- | ''[[:d:Q138772740|SVR-Baureihe G4]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20650761|tender locomotive]]'' | [[File:SVR G4 Nr. 186 Lieferfoto.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16884098|Swanston]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112039696|Swim School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Swim School (52074599463).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65958455|Sword of Asumi]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-01-08 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3502845|tablet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q110220935|Sinterklaas candy]]'' | [[File:Butter tablet.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60754147|Talisk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:"Talisk and Gardiner Brothers presents Unleashed" concert 04.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q140088849|Tanzana]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Tanzana - 482.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023 | | |- | [[Tartan]] | | [[File:Three tartans.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q944307|Tartan Noir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1328330|hardboiled]]'' |- | [[Tattie scone]] | | [[File:Scone varieties.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7691104|Tea Time for the Traditionally Built]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7691183|Teacher's Highland Cream]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Teacher's Highland Cream 20cl bottle 1.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4148516|Tears of the Giraffe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q54868317|Teenage Superstars]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | ''[[:d:Q93204|documentarie film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q113539814|Tete]]'' | ''[[:d:Q98151017|river gunboat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1121471|paddle steamer]]'' | [[File:Lancha canhoneira Tete (1ª) (1871-1879).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7711289|That Summer]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2717772|The Abbot]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:The Abbot 1820.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1820" | 1820 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7712228|The Accounting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7712251|The Acid House]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7714323|The Arran Banner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q743137|The Associates]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Billy-Mackenzie-Dundee-Scotland-1985.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | ''[[:d:Q598929|post-punk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3791280|The Bedroom Secrets of the Master Chefs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232591|The Betrothed]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Betrothed 1825.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1825" | 1825-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7718176|The Bishop]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7718257|The Black Book]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3224969|The Black Dwarf]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Sir Walter Scott - Elshie, The Black Dwarf.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1816" | 1816-12-02 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1217958|The Blue Afternoon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2411893|The Body Snatcher]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Wrong Box and The Body-Snatcher book cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-12 | ''[[:d:Q16575965|horror fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34521753|The Book of Scottish Song]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7719471|The Botanist]]'' | | [[File:The Botanist Islay Dry Gin 03.tif|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q896059|The Boys of the Lough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43343|fowk muisic]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35600286|The Bridal Day]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2659725|The Bride of Lammermoor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Charles Robert Leslie - Sir Walter Scott - Ravenswood and Lucy at the Mermaiden's Well - Bride of Lammermoor.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819 | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4304488|The Bridge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34523326|The Brier Bush]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16849669|The Busconductor Hines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984 | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600393|The Bush aboon Traquair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7720737|The Business]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7720943|The Cairngorms]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20617543|The Celtic Monthly]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1876" | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7721856|The Celtic View]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727087|The Complaints]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-09-03 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7727319|The Cone Gatherers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | |- | ''[[:d:Q19902801|The Cookery Book of Lady Clark of Tillypronie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Cookery Book of Lady Clark of Tillypronie cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909 | [[cuikin]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85806850|The Cotter's Saturday Night]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The toil-worn cottar....engraving by William Miller after Faed.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1786" | 1786 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727846|The Course of Time]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1827" | 1827 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727866|The Courts of the Morning]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16241321|The Crow Road]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7728533|The Cutting Room]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7728834|The Dancing Floor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926<br/>1926-07 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q48799259|The Dark Horse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | [[File:The Dark Horse Issue 17.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30078025|The Devil That Danced on the Water: A Daughter's Quest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7730406|The Divided Lady]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7730727|The Double Comfort Safari Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | |- | ''[[:d:Q19362881|The dress]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2927074|internet meme]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123261191|optical illusion image]]'' | [[File:Wikipe-tan wearing The Dress reduced.svg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4674957|The Ebb-Tide. A Trio and a Quartette]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson's new story, The ebb-tide.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q52243476|The Emigrant's Farewell]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3209885|The Fair Maid of Perth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Fair Maid of Perth Illustration 1859.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1828" | 1828-05-15 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7733256|The Falls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16062387|The Field of Blood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85807163|The Fire Gospel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7734296|The Five Thirty Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7734499|The Flood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3230799|The Fortunes of Nigel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Nigel 1822.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822-05-29 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q69780430|The Fourth Sacrifice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7735651|The Gallovidian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1899" | 1899 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106877405|The ghost]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | data-sort-value="1796" | 1796 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7736610|The Girl on the Stairs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7960828|The Good Husband of Zebra Drive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7738170|The Green Isle of the Great Deep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7738755|The Hanging Garden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2091094|The Heart of Midlothian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Whistler James Arrangement in Yellow and Grey Effie Deans 1877.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1818" | 1818 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q109622189|The Hermit of Treig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11578774|broadcasting program]]''<br/>[[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-03-05 | |- | [[The High Life (1994 TV series)|The High Life]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7739651|The Highlander]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | data-sort-value="1873" | 1873-05 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30598561|The Hired Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7739797|The History of Orkney Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q76780872|The Home of a Naturalist]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q112983|memoir]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7740720|The House with the Green Shutters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386409|The Island of Sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1936" | 1936 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7743629|The Journal of Sir Walter Scott]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Journal of Sir Walter Scott.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1890" | 1890 | ''[[:d:Q185598|diary]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4148524|The Kalahari Typing School for Men]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7744522|The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50400004|The Laird o' Cockpen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38063812|The Laird o' Lamington]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q39071320|The Late Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7746381|The Law]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Law.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7747260|The Light Princess]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1864" | 1864 | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16386716|The Little Friend]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7748150|The Loner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-03-31 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20664530|crime literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3521717|The Mackenzies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7749994|The Man Who Wouldn't Stand Up]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2615930|The Master of Ballantrae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Themasterofballantreacover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1889" | 1889 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q29830265|The Memory of Love]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232887|The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Merrymencover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | |- | ''[[:d:Q137362964|The Minstrel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1771" | 1771<br/>1774 | [[Poetry]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7751631|The Miracle at Speedy Motors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q25171819|The Missing and the Dead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3224650|The Monastery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Monastery 1820.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1820" | 1820 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7752117|The Month of the Falling Leaves]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963 | |- | ''[[:d:Q125415042|The monthly record of the Free Church of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102974587|The Mountains of Holland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1062404|artist's book]]'' | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136468173|The Munros]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7753075|The Naming of the Dead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | [[The National]] | [[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-11-24 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7753227|The National Youth Pipe Band of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21997676|The Natural History of Aleppo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1756" | 1756 | |- | ''[[:d:Q89554752|The Nest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-03-22 | ''[[:d:Q67175872|thriller television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7754192|The Nightshift]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65121308|The Nine]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7754620|The Oban Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1861" | 1861 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399414|The Old Scottish Gentleman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30504|The Pastels]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Pastels.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3225628|The Pirate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Pirate 1822.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111143082|pirate fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q133225145|The Place-Names of Dumfriesshire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7757907|The Power-House]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1916" | 1916 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2992437|The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1824" | 1824 | ''[[:d:Q110540276|satirical fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20669641|Gothic fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20737414|philosophical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16259578|The Quarry]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-06-20 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7759357|The Rajah's Diamond]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Rajah's Diamond Cover.png|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1878" | 1878<br/>1878-06 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q27887393|The Red Chair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924 | | ''[[:d:Q170571|still life]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7760409|The Return of John MacNab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399585|The Rose of Allandale]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762300|The Saturday Big Tent Wedding Party]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762630|The Scots Independent]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3522619|The Scots Magazine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1739" | 1739-02-09 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20713036|The Scots Peerage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q277759|book series]]'' | [[File:The Scots Peerage book cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107019566|The Scottish educational journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762640|The Scottish Golf Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762742|The Sea-Maiden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Celtic Fairy Tales - Frontispiece.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18153910|The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7763696|The Sharp Grey Sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Thomas Barker (1769-1847) (style of) - A Shepherdess and Sheep - 960240 - National Trust.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[The Shetland Times]] | [[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3235628|The Silverado Squatters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Silveradosquatters.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1883" | 1883 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7764640|The Skinny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005 | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399516|The Soldier's Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18163405|The Spook School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Spook School (band).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | | ''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7766351|The Stars in the Bright Sky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q151337|The State of the Art]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7766457|The Steep Approach to Garbadale]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7766664|The Stooping Venus]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20713321|The Strange Death of Labour Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2468419|The Suicide Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Image taken from page 296 of 'The Suicide Club and The Rajah's Diamond. (Extracted from “New Arabian Nights.)' (11230166996).jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1878" | 1878 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7767999|The Tale of the Shifty Lad, the Widow's Son]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17022016|The Tales of Para Handy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q952340|The Talisman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Talisman 1825.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1825" | 1825-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1438448|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q193495|monograph]]'' | [[File:Adam Smith Moral Sentiments 1759.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1759" | 1759 | ''[[:d:Q742609|human naitur]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7769008|The Three Hostages]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924 | |- | ''[[:d:Q97823855|The Tourists]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2537887|The Two Babylons]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Two-babylons.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1853" | 1853 | ''[[:d:Q18536349|polemical lampoon]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107019665|The Unicorn review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3230605|The Valorous Years]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7772590|The View from Daniel Pike]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600464|The Widow's Lament]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7775906|The World, the Flesh, and Father Smith]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2753955|The Wrecker]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson, 1885.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3548866|The Wrong Box]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Thewrongboxcover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1889" | 1889 | ''[[:d:Q53094|black comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q15015194|Theory of the Earth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Trans Royal Society of Edinburgh cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1788" | 1788 | |- | ''[[:d:Q65580287|There Grows a Bonnie Brier Bush]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35599554|There lives a young lassie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7785209|Thirty-five years in the Punjab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7797011|Thoughts of My Cats]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7801277|tiffin]]'' | | [[File:Scottish Tiffin.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7802867|Tilllate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7810921|To Every Man a Penny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949 | |- | ''[[:d:Q130442608|Tongues.]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7824261|Tooth and Nail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7824470|Top Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110363629|Torridon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10700627|Tottie family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | [[File:Tottieska malmgården 2009b.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105722111|Towers of Everland]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-05-22 | |- | ''[[:d:Q10915891|TRA Class BT40]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832486|locomotive class]]'' | [[File:Taiwan Railway Steam Locomotive No. 71.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Trainspotting (novel)|Trainspotting]] | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q7834250|transgressive fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107019751|Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3997517|Transition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-09-03 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7834524|Translation and Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124720713|Transport Tycoon: World Editor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q848362|Tremulous]]'' | [[video gemme]] | [[File:Tremulous - alien base grenade.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-08-11 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q748677|Turtlehead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q50399436|Two Original Songs by Tannahill]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17104407|Two Wings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | | [[Rock muisic|rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56244892|Tytler]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3965250|Under the Skin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7897476|Unsolved]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-01-08 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34223348|Up amang yon cliffy rocks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7899993|Urban Realm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1922" | 1922 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7900177|Urban the Ninth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7875683|USS Yacona]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7605392|steam yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1303735|survey vessel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2601071|royal yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q331795|patrol vessel]]'' | [[File:Iate Amélia III.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1518444|Vat 69]]'' | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]''<br/>[[Whisky]] | [[File:Whisky VAT69.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124045104|Verdict Guilty - 유죄 평결]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-06-13<br/>2023-02-16<br/>2023-03-15<br/>2023-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q846224|fechtin gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7923296|Vespers in Vienna]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96414055|Vistas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1342485|Von Wright]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4349149|nobility of Finland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10536391|introduced nobility of Sweden]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q808113|Walking on Glass]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-03-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q115046742|Walmer Castle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12859788|steamship]]'' | | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q127032002|WARD (Scottish)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87712836|Warhammer 40,000: Sanctus Reach]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-01-19 | ''[[:d:Q472055|strategy video gemme]]'' |- | [[Wast Hieland White Tarrie|Wast Hieland White Terrier]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:West Highland White Terrier Krakow.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7973169|Watchman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7977735|We See Lights]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:We See Lights at the Leith Dockers Club.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q42201|independent music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1213386|Weir of Hermiston]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Stevenson - Weir of Hermiston (1896).title.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1896" | 1896 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7989828|Westwind]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17066530|When They Lay Bare]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | |- | [[Whisky]] | | [[File:A Glass of Whiskey on the Rocks.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7887604|Whisky Galore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947 | ''[[:d:Q193979|farce]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7994093|Whit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7995483|White Trash]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[pop muisic]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60421981|Who's That Lady With My Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q134556|single]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976 | ''[[:d:Q517415|Europop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q58339|disco]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q55642686|Wigilia]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | ''[[:d:Q28026639|Christmas film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16531882|William Lawson's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | | data-sort-value="1849" | 1849 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399803|Willie was a wanton wag]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17039057|Witch Hunt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q8027856|Witch Wood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1927" | 1927 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135975528|Without Permission]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025 | |- | ''[[:d:Q8028891|Wknd@stv]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2257155|Wolfstone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Stuart et Colin.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | ''[[:d:Q2662148|Celtic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q606060|women's association football]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10708051|competition class]]'' | [[File:Pepi Piazza.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3003796|women's lacrosse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Womens lacrosse1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3569843|Woodstock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Frontispiece 1863 Woodstock-neat.png|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1826" | 1826-04-28 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q8036851|Worm of Linton]]'' | [[draigon]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130777372|Wrest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | | ''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q8038539|Writing on the Wall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q206159|psychedelic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q113301675|Xena: Warrior Princess]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | |- | ''[[:d:Q113644471|Ye Banks and Braes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1788" | 1788 | |- | ''[[:d:Q80133851|Young Hunting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | [[Rock muisic|rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20714233|Your Cheatin' Heart]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1259759|miniseries]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5839193|Éire Óg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27962852|Étrangers au paradis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959 | |- | ''[[:d:Q97587415|Ímar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1771297|English folk music]]'' |} {{Wikidata list end}} 0q2hlg2qeqbsz8fljffsao3eerup28d 0 229870 922626 904487 2026-09-10T00:08:36Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] 922626 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] f0qunsg69f07gd4duy05b71vpxlb46y 0 232540 922624 904401 2026-09-10T00:08:26Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] 922624 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] ksz2vgdgxco58emfce657111g6zgztz 0 232544 922627 904411 2026-09-10T00:08:41Z Xqbot 2526 Fixin dooble reguidal til [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] 922627 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] f0qunsg69f07gd4duy05b71vpxlb46y 0 233476 922613 919991 2026-09-09T19:53:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260909sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 922613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Developmental coordination ail | synonyms = Developmental motor coordination ail, dyspraxia | field = [[Psychiatry]], [[neurology]] | symptoms = Motor skeels deficit an informational processin difficulties | complications = Learnin difficulties, low sel-esteem, wee tae nae engagement in pheesical activities lik sports, leadin tae [[obesity]] | onset = syne birth | duration = Lifelang | treatment = Pheesical therapy, occupational therapy | frequency = 5–6% (o aw age groups) | differential = Motor impairments owin tae anither medical condeetion, [[autism]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity ail]], [[dysgraphia]], [[jynt hypermobility syndrome]], [[hypotonia]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum ail]] | image = File:Black Chuck Taylors.jpg | alt = Shaes wi unduin laces | caption = Mony fowk wi dyspraxia hae difficulty wi tyin shaelaces, writin, an performin tasks that require coordination. }} '''Developmental coordination''' '''ail''' ('''DCA'''), forby kent as '''developmental motor coordination''' '''ail''', '''developmental dyspraxia''', or simply '''dyspraxia''' (frae Auncient Greek ''praxis'' 'activity'), is a motor ail chairacterised bi impairt coordination o pheesical muivements as a result o harn messages nae bein accurately transmittit tae the bouk. Deficits in fine or gross motor skeels muivements interfere wi activities o daily livin. It is aften descrieved as ail in skeel acquisition, whaur the learnin an execution o coordinatit motor skeels is substantially belaw that expectit gien the individual's chronological age. Difficulties mey present as clumsiness, slawness an inaccuracy o performance o motor skeels (e.g., catchin objecks, uisin cutlery, haundwritin, ridin a bike, uise o tuils or pairteecipatin in team sports or soummin). It is aften accompanee'd bi difficulty wi organisation an/or problems wi attention, wirkin memory an time management. A diagnosis o DCD is reached anly in the absence o ither neurological impairments sic as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's dishailth. The condeetion is lifelang an its onset is in early bairnheid. It is thoucht tae affeck aboot 5% o the population. Occupational therapy can help fowk wi dyspraxia tae develop thair coordination an achieve things that thay micht itherwise find extremely challengin tae accomplish. Dyspraxia haes naething tae dae wi intelligence but fowk wi dyspraxia mey struggle wi sel-esteem acause thair peers can easily dae things thay struggle wi on a daily basis. Dyspraxia is nae aften kent as a disabeelity in the general public. == Signs an symptoms == The Warld Heal Organisation (WHO) recognises DCA as a condeetion an hae published thair defineetion in the Internaitional Clessification o Dishailths. The American Psychiatric Association (APA)'s Diagnostic an Stateestical Manual, DSM-5 clessifies Developmental Coordination Ail (DCA) as a discrete motor ail unner the broader heidin o neurodevelopmental ails. It is aften descrieved as a ail in skeel acquisition or motor learnin, whaur the learnin an execution o coordinatit motor skeels is substantially belaw that expectit gien the individual's chronological age. Mony areas o development can be affeckit bi DCA an thir mey persist intae adultheid. In bairn, DCA mey exhibit as delays in early development o sittin, crawlin, walkin; peer abeelity or difficulties wi bairnheid activities sic as rinnin, jumpin, happin, catchin, sports an soummin; slawness; frequent trippin an bruisin; peer haundwritin skeels; difficulties wi sel care; difficulties wi skeels sic as uisin cutlery or tyin shaelaces; peer spatial unnerstaundin; difficulty follaein instructions; peer time management; an aften losin objecks. In adultheid, in addeetion tae a bairnheid history as abuin, the condeetion mey manifest as a difficulty learnin new motor skeels or applyin skeels in a different or busy environment, peer organisation an time management skeels, missed deidlines an lateness fur appyntments (or earliness as a copin strategy), an awkward pauses afore answerin in conversation. Thare is aften a history o unnerachievement in eddication or the wirkplace. Awthou skeels can be acquired, sic as neat haundwritin, haundwritin speed will then be muckle lower nor expectit. Evidence frae resairch an clinical practice indicates that DCA is nae juist a pheesical ail, an thare mey be deficits in executive functions, behavioural organisation an emotional regulation that extend furth the motor impairments an that are independent o diagnoses o co-morbidities. In addeetion tae the pheesical or motor impairments, developmental coordination ail is associatit wi problems wi memory, inspecially wirkin memory. This teepically results in difficulty myndin instructions, difficulty organisin ane's time an myndin deidlines, increased propensity tae lose things or problems carryin oot tasks that require myndin seevral steps in sequence (sic as cuikin). Whilst maist o the general population experience thir problems tae some extent, thay hae a muckle mair signeeficant impact on the lives o dyspraxic fowk. Houiver, mony dyspraxics hae excellent lang-term memories, in maugre o peer short-term memory. Mony dyspraxic fowk benefit frae wirkin in a structured environment, as repeatin the same routine minimises difficulty wi time-management an allous thaim tae commit procedurs tae lang-term memory. Fowk wi developmental coordination ail whiles hae difficulty moderatin the amoont o sensory information that thair bouk is constantly sendin thaim, sae as a result thir dyspraxic fowk mey be prone tae sensory owerload an panic attacks. Moderate tae extreme difficulty daein pheesical tasks is experienced bi some fowk wi dyspraxia, an fatigue is common acause sae muckle energy is expendit tryin tae execute pheesical muivements correctly. Some dyspraxic fowk hae hypotonia, low muscle tone, that can detrimentally affeck balance an aa. === Gross motor control === Hale bouk muivement an motor coordination issues mean that major developmental targets includin walkin, rinnin, climbin an jumpin can be affeckit. The difficulties vary frae person tae person an can include the follaein: * Peer timin. * Peer balance (whiles even fawin ower in mid-step). Trippin ower ane's awn feet is common an aa. * Difficulty combinin muivements intae a controlled sequence. * Difficulty myndin the nixt muivement in a sequence. * Problems wi spatial awareness, or proprioception. * Trouble pickin up an hauldin ontae simple objecks sic as pincils, owin tae peer muscle tone or proprioception. * Clumsiness tae the pynt o knockin things ower, causin minor injuries tae anesel an bumpin intae fowk accidentally. * Difficulty in determinin left frae richt. * Cross-laterality, ambidexterity, an a shift in the preferred haund are common in fowk wi developmental coordination ail an aa. * Problems wi chewin fuids. === Fine motor control === Fine-motor problems can cause difficulty wi a wide variety o ither tasks sic as uisin a knife an fork, fastenin buttons an shaelaces, cuikin, brushin tuith, stylin hair, shavin, applyin cosmetics, appenin jars an packets, lackin an unlackin duirs, an daein hoosewirk. Difficulties wi fine motor co-ordination lead tae problems wi haundwritin, Problems associatit wi this area mey include: * Learnin basic muivement patterns. * Developin a desired writin speed. * Establishin the correct pincil grip. * Haundwritin that is difficult tae read an mey miss wirds in sentences or place wirds in the incorrect order * Acquirin graphemes, e.g. the letters o the Laitin alphabet, as weel as nummers. === Developmental verbal dyspraxia === Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD) is a teep o ideational dyspraxia, causin speech an leid impairments. This is the favoured term in the UK; houiver, it is whiles referred tae as airticulatory dyspraxia an aa, an in the Unitit States the uisual term is bairnheid apraxia o speech (BAS). Key problems include: * Difficulties controllin the speech organs. * Difficulties makin speech soonds. * Difficulty sequencin soonds athin a wird. * Difficulty sequencin soonds formin wirds intae sentences. * Difficulty controllin breithin, suppressin salivation an phonation whan taukin or singin wi leerics. * Slaw leid development. === Associatit ails an secondary consequences === DCA is kent tae co-occur wi ither neurodevelopmental ails. Maist common is attention deficit hyperactivity ail (ADHA), wi an estimatit 50% o fowk wi ADHA haein DCA an aa, an vice versa. Ither co-occurrin condeetions are autism, developmental leid ail, prosopagnosia an developmental learnin ail. Fowk wha hae developmental coordination ail mey hae ane or mair o thir ither co-morbid condeetions: * Fetal alcohol spectrum ail * Dyscalculia (difficulty wi nummers) * Dysgraphia (an inabeelity tae write neatly or draw) * Dyslexia (difficulty wi readin an spellin) * Hypermobility * Hypotonia (low muscle tone) * Nonverbal learnin ail * Sensory processin ail * Veesual perception deficits Houiver, a person wi DCA is unlikely tae hae aw o thir condeetions. The pattern o difficulty varies widely frae person tae person; an area o major weakness fur ane dyspraxic person can be an area o strenth or gift fur anither. Fur ensaumple, whiles some dyspraxic fowk hae difficulty wi readin an spellin owin tae dyslexia, or wi numeracy owin tae dyscalculia, ithers mey hae brilliant readin an spellin or mathematical abeelities. Co-morbidity atween ADHA an DCA is pairticulairly heich. ==== Sensory processin ail ==== Sensory processin ail (SPA) concerns haein owersensitivity or unnersensitivity tae pheesical stimuli, sic as touch, licht, soond, an smell. This mey manifest itsel as an inabeelity tae tolerate certain texturs sic as saundpaper or certain fabrics sic as wool, oral intolerance o excessively textured fuid (commonly kent as picky eatin), bein touched bi anither individual (in the case o touch owersensitivity) or it mey require the consistent uise o sunglesses ootduirs syne sunlicht mey be intense eneuch tae cause discomfort tae a dyspraxic person (in the case o licht owersensitivity). An aversion tae lood muisic an naiturally lood environments (sic as clubs an bars) is teepical behaviour o individuals wi dyspraxia wha hae auditory owersensitivity, whiles anly bein comfortable in unuisually wairm or cauld environments is teepical o a dyspraxic person wi temperatur owersensitivity. Unnersensitivity tae stimuli mey cause problems an aa, as individuals dae nae receive the sensory inpit thay need tae unnerstaund whaur thair bouks are in space. This can mak it even mair challengin tae complete tasks. Dyspraxic fowk wha are unnersensitive tae pain mey injur thaimsels wioot realisin it. Some dyspraxic fowk mey be owersensitive tae some stimuli an unnersensitive tae ithers. ==== Developmental leid ail ==== Developmental leid ail (DLA) resairch haes foond that students wi developmental coordination ail an normal leid skeels aye experience learnin difficulties maugre o relative strenths in leid. This means that, fur students wi developmental coordination ail, thair wirkin memory abeelities determine thair learnin difficulties. Ony strenth in leid that thay hae is nae able tae sufficiently support thair learnin. Students wi developmental coordination ail struggle maist in veesual-spatial memory. Whan compared tae thair peers wioot motor difficulties, students wi developmental coordination ail are seiven times mair likely nor teepically developin students tae achieve vera peer scores in veesual-spatial memory. As a result o this wirkin memory impairment, students wi developmental coordination ail hae learnin deficits as weel. '''Pheesical consequences''' Dyspraxic individuals face a heicher prevalence o negative ootcomes, includin peer cardiovascular heal, challenges wi pheesical heal an sel-care. ==== Psychological an social consequences ==== '''Psychological domain:''' Bairn wi DCA mey struggle wi lower sel-efficacy an lower sel-perceived competence in peer an social relations. Some demonstrate muckler aggressiveness an hyperactivity. '''Social domain:''' Bairn mey be mair vulnerable tae social rejection an bullyin, possibly resultin in heicher levels o laneliness. '''Support domain:''' In the Unitit Kinrick, dyspraxic adults are less likely tae be awairdit disabeelity support fur heicher eddication nor thair dyslexic peers or thaim wi co-occurrin neurodivergence. Consequently, misinterpretations an inadequate support in thir settins are mair likely tae occur an are less likely tae be includit an supportit. ==In popular cultur== [[File:Daniel Radcliffe SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|Daniel Radcliffe, actor, haes dyspraxia.]] === Feectional chairacters === * Helen Burns, a chairacter frae [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', is allegit tae hae been based on the author's dyspraxic elder sister Maria Brontë. * [[Ryan Sinclair]], a chairacter in the [[BBC]] [[Science feection on televeesion|science feection telly]] programme ''[[Doctor Who]]''. ===Public feegurs=== Fowk wha hae publicly statit thay hae been diagnosed wi developmental coordination ail include: * [[David Bailey (photographer)|David Bailey]], photographer * [[TotalBiscuit|John "TotalBiscuit" Bain]], gemmes creetic * [[Cara Delevingne]], model * [[Ellis Genge]], Rugby Union pleyer * [[Gage Golightly]], actress * [[Olive Gray]], actor * [[Tom Hunt (poleetician)|Tom Hunt]], poleetician * [[Harriet Kemsley]], comedian * [[Emma Lewell-Buck]], poleetician * [[Mel B]], sangster * [[Will Poulter]], actor * [[Daniel Radcliffe]], actor * [[Holly Smale]], author * [[Florence Welch]], sangster * [[Toyah Willcox]], muisicker == See an aw == {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Agin muivement control]] * [[Apraxia]] * [[Autism]] * [[Deficits in attention, motor control an perception]] * [[Fetal alcohol spectrum ail]] * [[Global developmental delay]] * [[Hypermobility (jynts)|Hypermobility]] * [[KE faimily]] * [[Leets o leid ails]] * [[Motor control]] * [[Motor coordination]] * [[Multisensory integration]] * [[Nonverbal learnin ail]] * [[Sensory-motor couplin]] * [[Workin memory]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|4}} === Soorces === {{refbegin|2}} * <!-- To cite the DSM-5-TR ebook, use{{sfn|DSM-5-TR}} -->{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |pages=74–77 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=American Psychiatric Association 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two-step procedure for the identification of children with developmental co-ordination disorder in Singapore | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_1996-12_38_12/page/1099 | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 38 | issue = 12 | pages = 1099–105 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8973295 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15073.x |ref={{harvid|Wright & Sugden 1996}} }} <!-- Z --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Zwicker 2012}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, Boyd LA | title = Developmental coordination disorder: a review and update | journal = European Journal of Paediatric Neurology | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 573–81 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22705270 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.05.005 |ref={{harvid|Zwicker 2012}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Zwicker, Harris & Klassen 2013}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Zwicker JG, Harris SR, Klassen AF | title = Quality of life domains affected in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review | journal = Child: Care, Health and Development | volume = 39 | pages = 562–580 | date = 2012-04-20 | issue = 4 | pmid = 22515477 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01379.x | doi-access = free |ref={{harvid|Zwicker, Harris & Klassen 2013}} }} {{refend}} === Further readin === * {{cite journal|author1-link=Helene Polatajko | vauthors = Polatajko H, Fox M, Missiuna C | title=An International Consensus on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-occupational-therapy_1995-04_62_1/page/3 |journal=Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy|volume=62| issue=1|year=1995|pages=3–6 |doi=10.1177/000841749506200101}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Mandich A, Polatajko HJ | title = Developmental coordination disorder: mechanisms, measurement and management | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_human-movement-science_2003-11_22_4/page/407 | journal = Human Movement Science | volume = 22 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 407–11 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14624825 | doi = 10.1016/j.humov.2003.09.001 }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Talukdar, A | title = Dyspraxia/DCD pocketbook | series = Teachers' Pocketbooks | publisher = Management Pocketbooks | year = 2012 | location = Hampshire; UK | isbn = 978-1-906610-38-8 |oclc = 1162296987 | url=http://www.teacherspocketbooks.co.uk/media_tp/preview/9781906610388(Preview).pdf }} * {{cite book |chapter=6A04 Developmental motor coordination disorder |pages=139–142 |title=Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders |date=2024 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-007726-3 |hdl=10665/375767 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite web |last1=Sutton Hamilton |first1=S |title=Developmental coordination disorder: Management and outcome |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/developmental-coordination-disorder-management-and-outcome |work=UpToDate }} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q1269351|q=no|c=category:Dyspraxia|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Motor control]] [[Category:Neurological ails]] [[Category:Speceefic developmental ails]] npdqie7u035mpqrlt8mn0bw0ndaids4 0 234026 922607 2026-09-09T18:42:07Z NoahGeo 129838 NoahGeo flittit page [[William, Prince o Wales]] til [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] 922607 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Prince William, Duik o Rothesay]] f0qunsg69f07gd4duy05b71vpxlb46y 0 234027 922609 2026-09-09T18:42:54Z NoahGeo 129838 NoahGeo flittit page [[Catherine, Princess o Wales]] til [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] 922609 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Catherine, Duchess o Rothesay]] ksz2vgdgxco58emfce657111g6zgztz