Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1704 922641 909430 2026-09-10T23:15:08Z ~2026-49065-77 137031 few wurdz 922641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description| German Philosopher}} {{Infobox person | name = Karl Marx | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862 |url=http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&pos=9 |work=RSA via internet archive |access-date=19 August 2022 |archive-date=2018-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&pos=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image = Karl Marx 001 (rotated).jpg | alt = | caption = Marx in 1875 | birth_name = Karl Marx{{efn|name=name|His name was spelled ''Carl Marx'' in the birth register of [[Trier]] and he occasionally used this spelling in official contexts up to the 1840s. His full name is sometimes given as ''Karl Heinrich Marx'', but he never officially had a middle name, using the forms ''Karl Heinrich'' or ''Carl Heinrich'' (with his father's first name added after his own) only several times as a student.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=34–35}}}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1818|5|5}} | birth_place = [[Trier]], [[Kinrick o Proushie]], [[German Confederation]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1883|3|14|1818|5|5}} | death_place = Lunnon, England | burial_place = [[Tomb of Karl Marx]] | nationality = {{Plainlist| * [[Prussia|Prussian]] (1818–1845) * [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (after 1845) }} | education = {{Plainlist| * [[Varsity of Bonn]] * [[Varsity of Berlin]] * [[Varsity of Jena]] (PhD, 1841) }} | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jenny von Westphalen]]|19 June 1843|2 December 1881|end=died}} | children = At least 7,<ref name=PadoverXXV>{{cite book |editor-first=Saul |editor-last=Padover |editor-link=Saul K. Padover |chapter=Introduction: Marx, the Human Side |title=Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |date=1975 |page=xxv}}</ref> including [[Jenny Longuet|Jenny]], [[Laura Marx|Laura]] and [[Eleanor Marx|Eleanor]] | father = [[Heinrich Marx]] | mother = [[Henriette Pressburg]] | relatives = {{Plainlist| * [[Louise Juta]] (sister) * [[Edgar Longuet]] (grandson) * [[Jean Longuet]] (grandson) * [[Henry Juta]] (nephew) * [[Frederik Philips]] (cousin) }} | module = {{Infobox philosopher|embed=yes | era = [[19t-century philosophy]] | region = [[Westren philosophy]] | school_tradition = {{hlist|[[Continental philosophy]]|[[Marxism]]}} | thesis_title = [[The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature]] | thesis_year = 1841 | doctoral_advisor = [[Bruno Bauer]] | main_interests = {{hlist|Philosophy|economics|history|politics}} | notable_ideas = {{Plainlist| * [[:Template:Marxism|Marxist terminology]] * [[Value form]] * Contributions to [[Dialectical materialism|dialectics]] and the [[Marxian critique of political economy]] * [[Class conflict]] * [[Marx's theory of alienation|Alienation]] and [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of the worker * [[historical materialism|Materialist conception of history]] }} }} | signature = Karl Marx Signature.svg | signature_alt = }} '''Karl Marx''' ([[5 Mey|5th May]] [[1818]] in [[Trier]], [[Germany]] – [[14 Mairch|14th March]] [[1883]] in [[Lunnon]], [[UK]]) wis a [[Germany|German]] [[Philosophie|philosopher]] and political thinker that wrote about [[economics]] and [[politics]]. Ane o his first beuks wis the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'', written thegither wi [[Friedrich Engels]] in [[1848]]. In this beuk thay set oot the ideas an ettles o the [[Communism|Communist]] muvement for the first time. His theories wis gien the name [[Marxism]] efterhaund, baith bi thaim that gree'd wi him an thaim that criticeesed him. asdfghjkl His maist important contreibution is thocht tae be his beuk ''[[Das Kapital]]'' that wis written ower monie decades; in it he analeesed and criticeesed the system of [[Caipitalism]]. For the maist pairt it disagreed wi [[leiberal]] economic views an haes led tae gran debates atween its supporters an detractors. Juist ae volume haed been finisht bi the time Marx dee'd; Engels teuk his jots an completit twa mair volumes. Born in [[Trier]] in the [[Kinrick o Proushie]], Marx started his studies at the universities o Bonn, Berlin, an Jena, gettin his doctorate in philosophy frae Jena in 1841. He was a Young Hegelian, influencet by the works o [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], an in his ain works, like ''The German Ideology'' an the ''Grundrisse'', he both critiqued an developed Hegel’s ideas. While in Paris in 1844, Marx wrote his ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts'' an met Engels, wha became his closest friend an collaborator. Efter flittin tae Brussels in 1845, the pair war active in the Communist League, an by 1848, they wrate ''The Communist Manifesto'', a pamphlet pittin doon Marx's thoughts an a plan for revolution. After bein expelled from Belgium an Germany, Marx made his way tae [[Lunnon]] in 1849, whaur he penned ''The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'' an ''Das Kapital''. In 1864, Marx got involved in the International Workingmen's Association (First International), whaur he tuik on the [[Anarchism|anarchists]] led by Mikhail Bakunin. In his ''Critique of the Gotha Programme'' (1875), he laid doon his thochts on revolution, the state, an the road tae communism. Marx passed away stateless in 1883 an was buried in Highgate Cemetery. ==Notes== {{Noteslist}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commons|Karl Marx}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marx, Karl}} [[Category:Karl Marx| ]] [[Category:1818 births]] [[Category:1883 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century philosophers]] [[Category:19t-century Proushie fowk]] [[Category:19t-century jurnalists]] [[Category:19t-century economists]] [[Category:19t-century German writers]] [[Category:Victorian writers]] [[Category:Ashkenazi Jews]] [[Category:Atheist filosofers]] [[Category:Buirials at Highgate Seemetry]] [[Category:Creetics o releegions]] [[Category:Economic historians]] [[Category:Umwhile Lutherans]] [[Category:German atheists]] [[Category:German communists]] [[Category:German economists]] [[Category:German emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:German historians]] [[Category:German Jews]] [[Category:German philosophers]] [[Category:German revolutionaries]] [[Category:German socialists]] [[Category:German sociologists]] [[Category:German tax resisters]] [[Category:Historians o economic thocht]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Marxian economists|*]] [[Category:Marxist historians|*]] [[Category:Marxist jurnalists|*]] [[Category:Marxist theorists| ]] [[Category:Marxists| ]] [[Category:Materialists]] [[Category:Members o the Internaitional Workingmen's Association]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Rhine Province]] [[Category:Fowk frae Trier]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Ryal Society o Airts]] [[Category:Poleetical economy]] [[Category:Poleetical filosofers]] [[Category:Social philosophers]] [[Category:Stateless fowk]] [[Category:Writers aboot globalisation]] [[Category:Varsity o Bonn alumni]] [[Category:Humboldt Varsity o Berlin alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Jena alumni]] {{Stub/Germany}} <references /> i3xtrvu335q4uab918fubonqsuryly1 922642 922641 2026-09-10T23:25:40Z Atlantic306 30244 not English this is Scots wikipedia Undae revision [[Special:Diff/922641|922641]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-49065-77|~2026-49065-77]] ([[User talk:~2026-49065-77|Tauk]]) 922642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description| German Philosopher}} {{Infobox person | name = Karl Marx | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862 |url=http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&pos=9 |work=RSA via internet archive |access-date=19 August 2022 |archive-date=2018-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&pos=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image = Karl Marx 001 (rotated).jpg | alt = | caption = Marx in 1875 | birth_name = Karl Marx{{efn|name=name|His name was spelled ''Carl Marx'' in the birth register of [[Trier]] and he occasionally used this spelling in official contexts up to the 1840s. His full name is sometimes given as ''Karl Heinrich Marx'', but he never officially had a middle name, using the forms ''Karl Heinrich'' or ''Carl Heinrich'' (with his father's first name added after his own) only several times as a student.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=34–35}}}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1818|5|5}} | birth_place = [[Trier]], [[Kinrick o Proushie]], [[German Confederation]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1883|3|14|1818|5|5}} | death_place = Lunnon, England | burial_place = [[Tomb of Karl Marx]] | nationality = {{Plainlist| * [[Prussia|Prussian]] (1818–1845) * [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (after 1845) }} | education = {{Plainlist| * [[Varsity of Bonn]] * [[Varsity of Berlin]] * [[Varsity of Jena]] (PhD, 1841) }} | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jenny von Westphalen]]|19 June 1843|2 December 1881|end=died}} | children = At least 7,<ref name=PadoverXXV>{{cite book |editor-first=Saul |editor-last=Padover |editor-link=Saul K. Padover |chapter=Introduction: Marx, the Human Side |title=Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |date=1975 |page=xxv}}</ref> including [[Jenny Longuet|Jenny]], [[Laura Marx|Laura]] and [[Eleanor Marx|Eleanor]] | father = [[Heinrich Marx]] | mother = [[Henriette Pressburg]] | relatives = {{Plainlist| * [[Louise Juta]] (sister) * [[Edgar Longuet]] (grandson) * [[Jean Longuet]] (grandson) * [[Henry Juta]] (nephew) * [[Frederik Philips]] (cousin) }} | module = {{Infobox philosopher|embed=yes | era = [[19t-century philosophy]] | region = [[Westren philosophy]] | school_tradition = {{hlist|[[Continental philosophy]]|[[Marxism]]}} | thesis_title = [[The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature]] | thesis_year = 1841 | doctoral_advisor = [[Bruno Bauer]] | main_interests = {{hlist|Philosophy|economics|history|politics}} | notable_ideas = {{Plainlist| * [[:Template:Marxism|Marxist terminology]] * [[Value form]] * Contributions to [[Dialectical materialism|dialectics]] and the [[Marxian critique of political economy]] * [[Class conflict]] * [[Marx's theory of alienation|Alienation]] and [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of the worker * [[historical materialism|Materialist conception of history]] }} }} | signature = Karl Marx Signature.svg | signature_alt = }} '''Karl Marx''' ([[5 Mey|5t Mey]] [[1818]] in [[Trier]], [[Germany]] – [[14 Mairch|14t Mairch]] [[1883]] in [[Lunnon]], [[UK]]) wis a [[Germany|German]] [[Philosophie|philosopher]] and poleitical thinker that wrat aboot [[economics]] an [[politics]]. Ane o his first beuks wis the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'', written thegither wi [[Friedrich Engels]] in [[1848]]. In this beuk thay set oot the ideas an ettles o the [[Communism|Communist]] muvement for the first time. His theories wis gien the name [[Marxism]] efterhaund, baith bi thaim that gree'd wi him an thaim that criticeesed him. His maist important contreibution is thocht tae be his beuk ''[[Das Kapital]]'' that wis written ower monie decades; in it he analeesed and criticeesed the system of [[Caipitalism]]. For the maist pairt it disagreed wi [[leiberal]] economic views an haes led tae gran debates atween its supporters an detractors. Juist ae volume haed been finisht bi the time Marx dee'd; Engels teuk his jots an completit twa mair volumes. Born in [[Trier]] in the [[Kinrick o Proushie]], Marx started his studies at the universities o Bonn, Berlin, an Jena, gettin his doctorate in philosophy frae Jena in 1841. He was a Young Hegelian, influencet by the works o [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], an in his ain works, like ''The German Ideology'' an the ''Grundrisse'', he both critiqued an developed Hegel’s ideas. While in Paris in 1844, Marx wrote his ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts'' an met Engels, wha became his closest friend an collaborator. Efter flittin tae Brussels in 1845, the pair war active in the Communist League, an by 1848, they wrate ''The Communist Manifesto'', a pamphlet pittin doon Marx's thoughts an a plan for revolution. After bein expelled from Belgium an Germany, Marx made his way tae [[Lunnon]] in 1849, whaur he penned ''The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'' an ''Das Kapital''. In 1864, Marx got involved in the International Workingmen's Association (First International), whaur he tuik on the [[Anarchism|anarchists]] led by Mikhail Bakunin. In his ''Critique of the Gotha Programme'' (1875), he laid doon his thochts on revolution, the state, an the road tae communism. Marx passed away stateless in 1883 an was buried in Highgate Cemetery. ==Notes== {{Noteslist}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commons|Karl Marx}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marx, Karl}} [[Category:Karl Marx| ]] [[Category:1818 births]] [[Category:1883 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century philosophers]] [[Category:19t-century Proushie fowk]] [[Category:19t-century jurnalists]] [[Category:19t-century economists]] [[Category:19t-century German writers]] [[Category:Victorian writers]] [[Category:Ashkenazi Jews]] [[Category:Atheist filosofers]] [[Category:Buirials at Highgate Seemetry]] [[Category:Creetics o releegions]] [[Category:Economic historians]] [[Category:Umwhile Lutherans]] [[Category:German atheists]] [[Category:German communists]] [[Category:German economists]] [[Category:German emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:German historians]] [[Category:German Jews]] [[Category:German philosophers]] [[Category:German revolutionaries]] [[Category:German socialists]] [[Category:German sociologists]] [[Category:German tax resisters]] [[Category:Historians o economic thocht]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Marxian economists|*]] [[Category:Marxist historians|*]] [[Category:Marxist jurnalists|*]] [[Category:Marxist theorists| ]] [[Category:Marxists| ]] [[Category:Materialists]] [[Category:Members o the Internaitional Workingmen's Association]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Rhine Province]] [[Category:Fowk frae Trier]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Ryal Society o Airts]] [[Category:Poleetical economy]] [[Category:Poleetical filosofers]] [[Category:Social philosophers]] [[Category:Stateless fowk]] [[Category:Writers aboot globalisation]] [[Category:Varsity o Bonn alumni]] [[Category:Humboldt Varsity o Berlin alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Jena alumni]] {{Stub/Germany}} <references /> pb4jv387pzhn0qpvhozq28aio34jygg 0 2005 922637 786869 2026-09-10T16:23:04Z FailedLuddite 137007 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 922637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Valles Marineris''' (Latin for Mariner Valley, named efter the Mariner 9 Maurs orbiter o 1971-72 whilk diskivered it) is a vast canyon seestem that rins alang the [[Maurs|Maurtian]] equator juist aest o the Tharsis reegion. At 2,790 mile lang, 124 mile braid an 6.82 mile howe, the Valles Marineris rift seestem is ten times langer, an sax times hower than the [[Grand Canyon]] o Arizona, makkin it the lairgest kent score in the [[Solar seestem|Solar Seestem]]. [[File:ValMar.jpg|center|570px]] [[File:016vallesmarineris reduced0.25.jpg|center|570px]] The Valles Marineris is located alang the equator o Maurs, on the aest side o the Tharsis Bumfle an raxs for naurly a fowert o the [[planet]]’s circumference. The Valles Marineris seestem stairts in the wast wi the [[Noctis Labyrinthus]], proceeds aest tae Tithonium an Ius Chasmata, than Melas an Ophir Chamata, proceedin tae Coprates Chasma, than Ganges, Capri an Eos Chasmata, finally tuimin oot intil an ootflae lade composed o chaotic terrain an finally the Northern Plains. Maist resairchers gree that Valles Marineris is a lairge tectonic "crack" in the Martian crust, furmin as the planet cuilt, affected bi the rising crust in the Tharsis reegion tae the wast, an subsequently braidened bi erosional fushions. Houaniver, naur the aestern flanks o the clift thare seems tae be some lades that micht hae been furmed bi watter or carbon dioxide. {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Maurs]] ih88li7iei3v1uouadhza85wq8env50 0 3655 922633 802219 2026-09-10T13:47:21Z NoahGeo 129838 922633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = James II & VII | image = King James II by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg | caption = Portrait bi [[Sir Godfrey Kneller]], 1684 | succession = Keeng o [[Leet o Inglis monarchs|Ingland]], [[Leet o Scots monarchs|Scotland]] an [[Keeng o Ireland|Ireland]] | moretext = ([[Style o the Breetish sovereign#Styles o Inglis an Scots sovereigns|mair...]]) | reign = 6 Februar 1685&nbsp;–<br>11 December 1688 | coronation = 23 Aprile 1685 | predecessor = [[Charles II o Ingland|Charles II]] | successor = [[William III o Ingland|William III & II]] an [[Mary II o Ingland|Mary II]] | suc-type = Successors | spouse = [[Anne Hyde]]<br> (1660–1671; her daith)<br>[[Mary o Modena]]<br> (1673–1701; his daith) | issue = {{plainlist| *[[Mary II o Ingland]] *[[Anne, Queen o Great Breetain]] *[[James Francis Edward Stuart]] *[[Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart]] *[[Henrietta FitzJames]] *[[James FitzJames, 1st Duke o Berwick]] *[[Henry FitzJames]]}} | issue-link = | issue-pipe = | house = [[Hoose o Stuart]] | father = [[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I]] | mother = [[Henrietta Maria o Fraunce]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1633|10|14|df=y}}<br/><small>([[Auld Style an New Style dates|N.S.]]: 24 October 1633)</small> | birth_place = [[St. James's Palace]], Lunnon | death_date = {{Death date and age|1701|9|16|1633|10|14|df=yes}} ([[Auld Style an New Style dates|N.S.]]) | death_place = [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], [[Kinrick o Fraunce|Fraunce]] | place of burial = Kirk o the Inglis Benedictines, Paris; later St Germain parish kirk<ref>http://paroisses-stgermainenlaye.net/Saint-Germain-une-paroisse-royale</ref> | religion = [[Catholic|Roman Catholicism]] | signature = JamesIISig.svg |}} '''King Jamie VII an II''' ([[14 October]] 1633–[[16 September]] 1701) becam [[King o Ingland]], [[King o Scots|Scots]], an [[King o Ireland|Ireland]] frae [[6 Februar]] 1685. He wis the hindermaist [[Catholicism|Catholic]] ryal tae ring ower the [[Kinrick o Ingland|Ingland]], [[Kinrick o Scotland|Scotland]], or [[Kinrick o Ireland|Ireland]]. His fowk daed mislippen his religious policies an said <!--Alledged--> despotism, willin a group o thaim tae depone him in the [[Glorious Revolution]]. His protestant dochter [[Mary II]] an his guid-son [[William II, Keeng o Scots|King Willum]] wis pitten intil office, no his Catholic son James Francis Edward. James VII wis the last ryal o Scotland tae uise the traditional title "King o Scots", that haed been in uiss sin [[Kenneth I o Scotland]] in 843. Mary II, Willum (King Billy) an Anne I uised "o Scotland" no "o Scots". ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|James II of England}} {{DEFAULTSORT:James 02 Of Ingland}} [[Category:James II o Ingland| ]] [[Category:Breetish monarchs buried abroad|James II an VII]] [[Category:Converts tae Roman Catholicism frae Anglicanism]] [[Category:Daiths frae cerebral hemorrhage]] [[Category:Dukes in the Peerage o Ingland|York]] [[Category:Dukes in the Peerage o Scotland|Albany]] [[Category:Dukes o Albany]] [[Category:Dukes o York]] [[Category:Earls in the Peerage o Ireland|Ulster]] [[Category:Earls o Ulster]] [[Category:Inglis monarchs]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o French strybd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis pretenders tae the French throne]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Glorious Revolution]] [[Category:Govrenors o the Hudson's Bay Company]] [[Category:History o Roman Catholicism in Great Breetain]] [[Category:Hoose o Stuart]] [[Category:Jacobite militar personnel o the Williamite War in Ireland]] [[Category:Knichts o the Gairten]] [[Category:Laird Heich Admirals]] [[Category:Laird Heich Admirals o Scotland]] [[Category:Lairds Heich Commissioner tae the Pairlament o Scotland]] [[Category:Lairds Wairden o the Cinque Ports]] [[Category:New York colonial fowk]] [[Category:Pre-stateheid history o New York]] [[Category:Princes o Ingland]] [[Category:Princes o Scotland]] [[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]] [[Category:Roman Catholic heids o govrenment]] [[Category:Scots monarchs]] [[Category:1633 births]] [[Category:1701 daiths]] [[Category:17t-century monarchs in Europe]] ljh3ocum5ftdm7du0mwf43jts3y6cs6 0 9394 922639 858442 2026-09-10T16:37:15Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag 922639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Paramore | image = Paramore 8-16-2010-2011-29-11.jpg | caption = frae left tae richt: [[Jeremy Davis]], [[Hayley Williams]] an [[Taylor York]] frae Paramore in 2010 | image_size = 250 | landscape = Yes | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Franklin, Tennessee]], Unitit States | genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[pop punk]], [[emo]] | years_active = 2004–present | label = [[Fueled by Ramen]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] | associated_acts = [[Novel American]], [[Half Noise|HalfNoise]], [[Fall Out Boy]] | current_members = [[Hayley Williams]]<br/>[[Jeremy Davis]]<br/>[[Taylor York]] | past_members = Josh Farro<br/>Zac Farro<br/>Jason Bynum<br/>John Hembree<br/>Hunter Lamb | website = {{URL|paramore.net}} }} '''Paramore''' is a rock baund frae [[Unitit States]]. ==Line-up== * [[Hayley Williams]] – [[Lead vocalist|lead vocals]], [[Keybuird instrument|keybuirds]], [[piano]]<ref name="amer-state">{{cite news|last=Caldwell|first=Patrick|title=Music Picks: Adrian Conner of Adrian and the Sickness|url=http://www.austin360.com/music/music-picks-adrian-conner-of-adrian-and-the-710057.html|publisher=[[Austin American-Statesman]]|accessdate=29 May 2010|date=26 May 2010|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008183643/http://www.austin360.com/music/music-picks-adrian-conner-of-adrian-and-the-710057.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <small>(2004–present)</small> * Jeremy Davis – [[bass guitar]] <small>(2004–2005, 2005–present)</small> * Taylor York – lead an rhythm [[guitar]]s, [[glockenspiel]], [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] <small>(2007–present)</small> ==Discography== ===Albums=== * ''All We Know Is Falling'' (2005) * ''Riot!'' (2007) * ''Brand New Eyes'' (2009) * ''Paramore'' (2013) ===EPs=== * 2006: ''The Summer Tic EP'' * 2010: '' The 2010 Summer Tour'' ===DVDs=== * 2008: ''Live in the UK 2008'' * 2008: ''The Final Riot!'' ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/USMuisician}}{{Commonscat}} [[Category:Paramore| ]] [[Category:2004 establishments]] [[Category:Alternative rock groups frae Tennessee]] [[Category:American emo muisical groups]] [[Category:American pop punk muisical groups]] [[Category:American pouer pop groups]] [[Category:Christian rock groups frae Tennessee]] [[Category:Fueled by Ramen airtists]] [[Category:Kerrang! Awards winners]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2004]] [[Category:Muisical groups frae Franklin, Tennessee]] [[Category:Muisical quintets]] [[Category:NME Awards winners]] l15mo3ize9pw3r67x9vprqk5p8bjj8r 0 16717 922654 825636 2026-09-11T08:20:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Errol Cross.jpg|thumb|left|Unicorn atop Errol's Mercat Cross]] '''Errol''' is a [[veelage]] in [[Pairth an Kinross]], [[Scotland]] aboot haufway atween [[Dundee]] an [[Pairth]]. It is ane o the principal settlements o the [[Carse o Gowrie]]. Errol is kent for its reeds, whilk uised tae be collectit up tae a few year syne tae mak thatched ruifs. Thir reeds grow in the banks o the [[River Tay]] an act as hame tae a fairly uncommon bird cried the [[Bearded Reedling|bearded tit]]. Errol haes a lairge kirk, built in 1831, kent as the "Cathedral o The Carse" whilk can be seen frae maist pairts o the veelage an frae far aroond. Errol is an aa kent for its local brick factory. Errol Primary Schuil is ower a century auld an is whaur mony local childer gang tae lear. Errol haes twa general grocery shops; ither local amenities include a chip shop, post office, ane pub/restaurant, community centre, a doctors' surgery, pharmacy an hairdresser. The local winery Cairn o' Mhor haes wan mony awards for its wines made frae local produce lik aik sap, rhubarb an brambles an is situatit on the same fermyard as Gillies & Mackay Ltd, a local shed company. Errol lees on the [[National Cycle Network]] [[National Cycle Route 77|NCN 77]] frae Dundee tae Pitlochry an is situatit aboot a mile frae the [[A90 road|A90]] [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] tae [[Dundee]] Road. This maks it popular for fowk wha commute tae wirk. Errol is surroondit bi agricultural flat fields an haes a prominent attractive location athin this settin. The site o the wartime [[RAF Errol]] [[airfield]] is situatit approximately ane mile east o the veelage. It hosts the Errol [[car buit sale]] ivery Sunday, bringin in mony fowk frae surroondin auries includin Perth an Dundee. The veelage haed a railway station on the line atween [[Perth railway station|Perth]] an [[Dundee railway station|Dundee]] till the mid-1980s. [[British Rail]] annoonced its decision tae close it on 30 September 1985.<ref name="DFT-StationClosures">{{cite web|title=List of dates from 1 January 1985 to 20 January 2006 of last passenger trains at closed BR (or Network Rail stations since privatisation)|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/foi/responses/2006/feb/closuredatesformerbrstations/listofclosuredatestopassenge2682|accessdate=2008-08-09|publisher=Department for Transport|year=2006|work=Department for Transport Website: Freedom of Information Act responses, February 2006}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==See an aa== * [[Earl o Erroll]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *{{oscoor gbx|NO250227}} *[http://www.carseofgowrie.com/Gallery/gallery.htm Errol Kirk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207215852/http://carseofgowrie.com/Gallery/gallery.htm |date=2005-02-07 }} *[http://www.errolprimary.co.uk/index.php Errol Primary Schuil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010409/http://www.errolprimary.co.uk/index.php |date=2007-03-11 }} *[http://www.carseweather.co.uk Carse o Gowrie Weather] *[http://www.errolvillage.org.uk Errol Veelage Wabsited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218123554/http://errolvillage.org.uk/ |date=2014-12-18 }} *[http://www.gilliesandmackay.com Gillies & Mackay Ltd] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Errol, Perth An Kinross}} [[Category:Veelages in Perth an Kinross]] ci0ha1li4toz5sh1sgkakebs39yhrgk 0 36590 922653 683991 2026-09-11T07:25:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Drenthe | native_name = | native_name_lang = nl | image_shield = Drenthe wapen.svg | image_flag = Flag Drenthe.svg | settlement_type = [[Provinces o the Netherlands|Province]] | image_map = Drenthe in the Netherlands.svg | map_caption = Location o Drenthe in the Netherlands | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] | established_title = Inclusion | established_date = 1796 | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Assen]] | seat1_type = Lairgest ceety | seat1 = [[Assen]] | leader_title = [[Queen's Commissioner]] | leader_name = [[Jetta Klijnsma]] (PvdA) | anthem = [[Mijn Drenthe]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 2,642 | total_type = Land | area_water_km2 = 38 | area_rank = [[Rankit list o Dutch provinces#Bi aurie|7t]] | population_total = 489,918 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_rank = [[Rankit leet o Dutch provinces#Bi densitie|12t]] | population_rank = [[Rankit leet o Dutch provinces#Bi population|10t]] | iso_code = NL-DR | website = [http://www.drenthe.nl www.drenthe.nl] | blank_name_sec1 = Religion <small>(2005)</small> | blank_info_sec1 = [[Protestant]] 22.7%<br /> [[Catholic]] 7.6% <br> [[Muslim]] 1.7% }} '''Drenthe''' {{IPA-nl|ˈdrɛn.tə||026 Drenthe.ogg}} is a [[provinces o the Netherlands|province]] o the [[Netherlands]], locatit in the north-east o the kintra. The caipital ceety is [[Assen]]. It is bordered bi [[Overijssel]] tae the sooth, [[Friesland]] tae the wast, [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] tae the north, an [[Germany]] (destricts o [[Emsland]] an [[Bentheim]]) tae the east. ==History== Drenthe, unlike mony ither pairts o the [[Netherlands]], haes been a spairsely populatit rural aurie syne medieval times. Except for some industry in Assen an Emmen, the lands in Drenthe are mainly uised for fermin. Drenthe haes been populatit bi fowk syne prehistory. Airtifacts frae the [[Wolstonian Stage]] (150.000 years ago) are amang the auldest foond in the Netherlands. In fact it wis ane o the maist densely populatit auries o the Netherlands till the Bronze Age. Maist tangible evidence o this are the [[dolmen]]s (''[[hunebed]]den'') built aroond 3500 BC, 53 o the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands can be foond in Drenthe, concentratit in the northeast o the province. Drenthe wis first mentioned in a document frae the year 820, it wis cried '''Pago Treanth''' (destrict Drenthe). In archives frae ''"Het Utrechts Archief"'' frae 1024 tae 1025 the "coonty Drenthe" is mentioned, when Emperor [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] gave it tae Bishop [[Adalbold II o Utrecht]]. Efter lang being subject tae the [[Bishopric o Utrecht|Utrecht diocese]], Bishop [[Henry o the Palatinate (bishop)|Henry o Wittelsbach]] in 1528 ceded Drenthe tae Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V o Habsburg]], who incorporatit it intae the [[Habsburg Netherlands]]. When the [[Dutch Republic|Republic o the Seiven Unitit Provinces]] wis declared in 1581, Drenthe became pairt o it, although it did no gain provincial status till 1 Januar 1796 due tae its poverty. Shortly afore the ootbreak o the [[Warld War II|Seicont World War]], the Dutch govrenment built a camp near the toun o [[Hooghalen]] to accommodate German (Jewish) refugees. Ironically, during the Seicont Warld War, the German occupeers uised the camp (which they namit [[:de:KZ Westerbork|KZ Westerbork]]) as a [[:de:Durchgangslager|"Durchgangslager"]] (transit camp). Mony Dutch [[Jews]], [[Sinti]], [[Romani fowk|Roma]], resistance combatants an poleetical adversaries wur impreesoned afore being transferred tae [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration]] an [[extermination camp]]s in Germany an Poland. [[Anne Frank]] wis deportit on the last train leavin the [[Westerbork transit camp]], on [[3 September]] 1944. The name of this region is said to stem from *''thrija-hantja'' "three lands". ==Gallery== <gallery> File:'t-Hoes-van-Hol-An Aalden Drenthe Nederland-01.JPG|'t Hoes van Hol-An Oud Aalden 11, [[Aalden]] in Drenthe File:20090330 Veenhuizen NL - begraafplaats.jpg|Firthen "heidstanes" at the graveyard o [[Veenhuizen]], Drenthe </gallery> ==Politics== The provincial cooncil (''Provinciale Staten'') haes 51 seats, an is heidit by the [[Queen's Commissioner]], currently [[Jacques Tichelaar]]. While the provincial cooncil is electit bi the inhabitants, the Commissioner is appointit bi the Queen an the cabinet o the Netherlands. Wi 19 seats, the social democratic [[Partij van de Arbeid|PvdA]] is the lairgest pairty in the cooncil. The daily affairs o the province are taken care o bi the ''Gedeputeerde Staten'', which are heidit bi the Commissioner; its members (''gedeputeerden'') can be compared wi meenisters. [[File:2012-P03-DR-basis.jpg|thumb|Map o Drenthe]] {{Provinces of the Netherlands imagemap}} ==Municipalities==<!-- This section is linked from [[Municipalities of the Netherlands]] --> Due tae reorganisations in the 1990s, the number o municipalities in Drenthe haes been reducit tae twal. Maist municipalities therefore nou consist o several touns an veelages. *[[Aa en Hunze]] *[[Assen]] *[[Borger-Odoorn]] *[[Coevorden]] *[[De Wolden]] *[[Emmen, Netherlands|Emmen]] *[[Hoogeveen]] *[[Meppel]] *[[Midden-Drenthe]] *[[Noordenveld]] *[[Tynaarlo]] *[[Westerveld]] ==Geography== Besides the caipital [[Assen]] in the north the major urban centres o the province are [[Emmen, Netherlands|Emmen]], [[Meppel]], [[Hoogeveen]] an [[Coevorden]], aw in the sooth. Drenthe consists maistly o heathland an haes nae significant rivers or lakes. ==Economy== Agricultur is an important employer, although industrial auries are foond near the ceeties. The quietness o the province is attractin a growin number o tourists an aw. Drenthe is kent as the "Cyclin Province" o the Netherlands an is an exceptional place for a cyclin holiday, haein hunders o kilometres o cycle paths through forest, heath an alang canals an mony touns an veelages afferin refreshment alang the wey. ==Leid== Ower hauf the population o Drenthe speaks the [[Drents]] leid. Each toun or veelage haes its awn version. Aw versions are pairt o the [[Dutch Law Saxon|Low Saxon]] leid group. Dutch Law Saxon haes been offeecially recognisit bi the Dutch govrenment as a regional leid an is protectit bi the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]. ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat}} *{{Official website|http://www.drenthe.nl}} *The [http://www.fiets4daagse.nl/ Drentse Fietsvierdaagse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217235250/http://www.fiets4daagse.nl/ |date=2009-02-17 }}, the maist famous o aw ''[[fietsvierdaagse]]s'' o the [[Netherlands]]. {{Provinces_o_the_Netherlands}} {{Burgundian Circle}} [[Category:Provinces o the Netherlands]] [[Category:Drenthe| ]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Seiventeen Provinces|Drenthe]] [[Category:Burgundian Circle|Drenthe]] izbz84bggopkv2dujhyrmcz7q4ci9dz 0 36843 922652 536005 2026-09-11T05:14:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:ChimaltenangoGUAT.PNG|right|thumb|''Chimaltenango'']] '''Chimaltenango''' is a [[Depairtments o Guatemala|depairtment]] o [[Guatemala]]. The caipital is [[Chimaltenango]]. Locatit tae the east are the depairtments o [[Guatemala Depairtment|Guatemala]], hame tae [[Guatemala Ceety]], an [[Sacatepéquez]], while bordered bi the depairtments o [[Quiché Depairtment|El Quiché]] an [[Baja Verapaz Depairtment|Baja Verapaz]] tae the north an aw, [[Escuintla]] an [[Suchitepéquez]] tae the sooth, an [[Sololá Depairtment|Sololá]] tae the wast. The caipital o Chimaltenango is locatit aboot 54 kilometers awa frae Guatemala Ceety. Population estimate for Chimaltenango Depairtment in 2000 wis 448,000 fowk. The majority o the fowk in the depairtment are o [[Cakchiquel]] Maya strynd. The depairtment haes an aurie o 1,979&nbsp;km². In addition tae the ceety o Chimaltenango, the depairtment contains the touns o Santa Apolonia (kent for its [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]]), San Juan Comalapa, an Patzún (kent for its elaborate [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] celebrations in Juin). Chimaltenango is hame tae the [[Maya ceevilization]] ruins o [[Iximché]] an [[Mixco Viejo]] an aw, in addition tae mony smawer steids. Thare are several humanitarian aid groups that provide services in Chimaltenango. Chimaltenango is the hame o the [[Rose Education Foundation]] an aw, a group which wirks tae provide heich quality education opportunities for native Guatemalan childer. ==Municipalities== # [[Acatenango, Chimaltenango|Acatenango]] # [[Chimaltenango]] # [[El Tejar, Chimaltenango|El Tejar]] # [[Parramos]] # [[Patzicía]] # [[Patzún]] # [[Pochuta]] # [[San Andrés Itzapa]] # [[San José Poaquil]] # [[San Juan Comalapa]] # [[San Martín Jilotepeque]] # [[Santa Apolonia, Chimaltenango|Santa Apolonia]] # [[Santa Cruz Balanyá]] # [[Tecpán Guatemala]] # [[Yepocapa]] # [[Zaragoza, Chimaltenango|Zaragoza]] The depairtment abbreviation is CMT. ==Freemit airtins== *[http://chimaltenango.webcindario.com CHIMALTENANGO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718011644/http://chimaltenango.webcindario.com/ |date=2011-07-18 }} *[http://www.inforpressca.com/municipal/mapas_web/chimaltenango/chimaltenango.php Interactive department map] {{Depairtments o Guatemala}} [[Category:Chimaltenango Depairtment| ]] [[Category:Depairtments o Guatemala]] kqzc6djgyz4kg55onxf3ndaz59gwr6e 0 53147 922634 782047 2026-09-10T13:50:25Z NoahGeo 129838 922634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Charles II | image = King Charles II by John Michael Wright or studio.jpg | caption = Charles II in the robes o the [[Order o the Garter]], bi [[John Michael Wright]] or studio, c. 1660–1665 | succession = [[Leet o Inglis monarchs|Keeng o Ingland]], [[Leet o Scots monarchs|Scotland]], an [[Keeng o Ireland|Ireland]] | moretext = ([[Style o the Breetish sovereign#Styles o Inglis an Scots sovereigns|mair...]]) | reign = 29 Mey 1661 –<br>6 February 1685 | predecessor =[[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I]] | successor = [[James II o Ingland|James II & VII]] | coronation = 23 Aprile 1661 | succession1 = [[Leet o Scots monarchs|Keeng o Scotland]] | reign1 = 30 Januar 1649&nbsp;–<br> 3 September 1651 | predecessor1 = [[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I]] | successor1 = ''Militar govrenment'' | coronation1 = 1 Januar 1651 | spouse = [[Catherine o Braganza]] | issue = {{plainlist| * ''Illegitimate:'' * [[James Scott, 1st Duke o Monmouth|James Scott, Duke o Monmouth]] * [[Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl o Plymouth|Charles FitzCharles, Earl o Plymouth]] * [[Charles FitzRoy, 2nt Duke o Cleveland|Charles FitzRoy, Duke o Cleveland]] * [[Charlotte Lee, Coontess o Lichfield]] * [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke o Grafton|Henry FitzRoy, Duke o Grafton]] * [[George FitzRoy, 1st Duke o Northumberland|George FitzRoy, Duke o Northumberland]] * [[Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke o St Albans|Charles Beauclerk, Duke o St Albans]] * [[Charles Lennox, 1st Duke o Richmond|Charles Lennox, Duke o Richmond]]}} | issue-link = | issue-pipe = | house = [[House o Stuart]] | father = [[Charles I o Ingland|Charles I]] | mother = [[Henrietta Maria o Fraunce]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1630|5|29|df=y}}<br /><small>([[Auld Style an New Style dates|N.S.]]: 8 Juin 1630)</small> | birth_place =[[St James's Palace]], Lunnon, Ingland | death_date = {{Death date and age|1685|2|6|1630|5|29|df=yes}}<br /><small>([[Auld Style an New Style dates|N.S.]]: 16 Februar 1685)</small> | death_place = [[Whitehall Palace]], Lunnon | place of burial = [[Westminster Abbey]], Lunnon | signature = CharlesIISig.svg |religion =[[Kirk o Ingland]], convertit tae [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholicism]] on his daithbed |}} '''Chairles II, King o Scots''' (29 Mey 1630-6 Februar 1685) wis a king o Scots, Ingland, an Ireland. Chairles II's faither, [[Charles I o Ingland|Chairles I]], [[Charles I o Ingland#Execution|wis executit]] at [[Palace o Whitehall|Whitehall]] on 30 Januar 1649, at the climax o the [[Inglis Ceevil War]]. Awtho the [[Pairlament o Scotland]] proclaimed Chairles II king on 5 Februar 1649, Ingland entered the period kent as the [[Interregnum (Ingland)|Inglis Interregnum]] or the [[Commonweel o Ingland|Inglis Commonweel]], an the kintra wis a ''de facto'' republic, led bi [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Cromwell defeatit Chairles II at the [[Battle o Worcester]] on 3 September 1651, an Chairles [[Escape o Charles II|fled tae mainland Europe]]. Cromwell becam virtual dictator o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland, an Chairles spent the next nine years in exile in Fraunce, the [[Dutch Republic]] an the [[Spaingie Netherlands]]. A poleetical crisis that follaed the daith o Cromwell in 1658 resultit in the [[Inglis Restoration|restoration]] o the monarchy, an Chairles wis invited tae return tae Breetain. On 29 Mey 1660, his 30t birthday, he wis received in Lunnon tae public acclaim. Efter 1660, aw legal documents war datit as if he haed succeedit his faither as king in 1649. [[Cavalier Pairlament|Chairles's Inglis pairlament]] enactit laws kent as the [[Clarendon Code]], designed tae shore up the poseetion o the re-[[Established Kirk|established]] [[Kirk o Ingland]]. Chairles acquiesced tae the Clarendon Code even tho he favoured a policy o releegious tolerance. The major furrin policy issue o his early ring was the [[Seicont Anglo-Dutch War]]. In 1670, he entered intae the [[Treaty o Dover]], an alliance wi his first cuisin King [[Louis XIV o Fraunce]]. Louis agreed tae aid him in the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] an pay him a pension, an Chairles saicretly promised tae convert tae Catholicism at an unspecifee'd futur date. Chairles attemptit tae introduce [[Freedom o releegion|releegious freedom]] for Catholics an Protestant [[dissenter]]s wi his 1672 [[Ryal Declaration o Indulgence]], but the [[Inglis Pairlament]] forced him tae widraw it. In 1679, [[Titus Oates]]'s revelations o a supposed "[[Popish Plot]]" sparked the [[Exclusion Creesis]] whan it wis revealed that Chairles's brither an heir ([[James II o Ingland|Jamie, Duke o York]]) wis a Catholic. The creesis saw the birth o the pro-exclusion [[Breetish Whig Pairty|Whig]] an anti-exclusion [[Tory]] pairties. Chairles sidit wi the Tories, an, follaein the diskivery o the [[Rye Hoose Plot]] tae murther Chairles an Jamie in 1683, some Whig leaders war executit or forced intae exile. Chairles dissolved the Inglis Parliament in 1681, an ruled alane till his daith on 6 Februar 1685. He wis received intae the [[Roman Catholic Kirk]] on his daithbed. Chairles wis ane o the maist popular an beloved kings o Ingland,{{sfn|Ogg|1955|p=139}} kent as the ''Merry Monarch'', in reference tae baith the liveliness an hedonism o his coort an the general relief at the return tae normality efter ower a decade o rule bi Cromwell an the [[Puritans]]. Chairles's wife, [[Catherine o Braganza]], bore na live childer, but Chairles acknawledged at least twal illegitimate childer bi various mistresses. He wis succeedit bi his brither Jamie. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== * {{citation |author=Ogg |first=David |year=1955 |title=England in the Reign of Charles II |publisher=Clarendon Press |edition=2nd |ref=none}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 02 O Ingland}} [[Category:Charles II o Ingland| ]] [[Category:1630 births]] [[Category:1685 daiths]] [[Category:Buirials at Wastmeenster Aibey]] [[Category:Converts tae Roman Catholicism frae Anglicanism]] [[Category:Dukes o Cornwall]] [[Category:Dukes o Rothsay]] [[Category:Inglis monarchs]] [[Category:Scots monarchs]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Dens strynd]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Hoose o Stuart]] [[Category:Knichts o the Gairten]] [[Category:Laird Heich Admirals]] [[Category:Princes o Wales]] [[Category:Fowk o the Inglis Ceevil War]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wastmeenster]] [[Category:Inglis pretenders tae the French throne]] [[Category:Princes o Ingland]] [[Category:Princes o Scotland]] [[Category:17t-century monarchs in Europe]] nnr8cl4o71hbf81hp8l6p5zhmir09ao 0 54189 922651 919981 2026-09-11T04:58:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|September 2020}} {{Speciesbox | name = Cheetah | fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]]–[[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|1.9|0}} | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Durant, S. |author2=Mitchell, N. |author3=Ipavec, A. |author4=Groom, R.|title=''Acinonyx jubatus'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |date=2015 |volume=2015 |page=e.T219A50649567 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/219/50649567 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en}}</ref> | image = Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) female 2.jpg | image_caption = Female cheetah in [[KwaZulu Natal]], [[Sooth Africa]] | image2 = Acoustic-Structure-and-Contextual-Use-of-Calls-by-Captive-Male-and-Female-Cheetahs-(Acinonyx-pone.0158546.s001.oga | image2_caption = Acoustic repertoire o cheetahs | taxon = Acinonyx jubatus | authority = ([[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], 1775) | subdivision_ranks = Subspeshies | subdivision = *[[Acinonyx jubatus jubatus|''A. j. jubatus'']] <small>(Schreber, 1775)</small> *[[Asiatic cheetah|''A. j. venaticus'']] <small>([[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Griffith]], 1821)</small> *[[Northeast African cheetah|''A. j. soemmeringii'']] <small>([[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1855)</small> *[[Northwast African cheetah|''A. j. hecki'']] <small>([[:de:Max Hilzheimer|Hilzheimer]], 1913)</small> | synonyms_ref = | range_map = Cheetah_range.gif | range_map_caption = The range o the cheetah {{leftlegend|#FBCEB1|Umwhile range|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#EDAD86|Law density|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#EB713C|Medium density|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FE2712|Heich density|outline=gray}} }} [[File:Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) crossing the road.webm|thumb|Cheetah]] The '''cheetah''' (''Acinonyx jubatus''), is a [[big cat]] that for common bides in eastren an soothren Africae an a few pairts o [[Iran]]. The anly [[extant taxon|livin member]] o the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Acinonyx]]'', the cheetah wis first [[scienteefic description|describit]] bi [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] in 1775. The cheetah is kenspeckle for its slender bouk, deep chest, spottit [[Coat (ainimal)|coat]], a smaw roond heid, black tear-lik streaks on the face, lang thin legs an a lang spottit tail. Its lichtly biggit, slender form is in sharp contrast wi the robust big o the ither [[big cat]]s. The cheetah reaches nearly {{convert|70|to|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} at the shouder, an wechs {{convert|21|-|72|kg|abbr=on}}. Tho tawer nor the [[leopard]], it is notably smawer nor the [[lion]]. Basically yellaeish tan or rufous tae greyish white, the coat is uniformly covered wi nearly 2,000 solit black spots. Cheetah are active mainly during the day, wi huntin its major activity. Adult males are sociable despite thair [[Territory (animal)|territoriality]], formin groups cried "coaleetions". Females are nae territorial; thay mey be solitary or live wi thair affspring in [[hame range]]s. [[Carnivore]]s, cheetah mainly prey upon [[antelope]]s an [[gazelle]]s. Thay will stalk thair prey tae within {{convert|100|–|300|m|ft|-1}}, chairge taewart it an kill it bi trippin it during the chase an bitin its throat tae suffocate it tae daith. The cheetah's bouk is specialised for speed; it is the [[Fastest ainimals|fastest]] laund ainimal. The speed o a huntin cheetah averages {{convert|64|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} during a sprint; the chase is interspersed wi a few short bursts o speed, when the ainimal can clock {{convert|112|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Cheetahs are [[Induced ovulation (ainimals)|induced ovulator]]s, breedin throughout the year. [[Gestation]] is nearly three month lang, resultin in a litter o teepically three tae five cubs (the nummer can vary frae ane tae aicht). Weanin occurs at sax month; siblings tend tae stay thegither for some time. Cheetah cubs face heicher mortality nor maist ither mammals, especially in the [[Serengeti]] region. Cheetahs indwall a variety o habitats{{snds}}dry forests, [[scrub forest]]s an [[savanna]]hs. Clessifee'd as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] bi the [[IUCN]], the cheetah haes suffered a substantial decline in its historic range due taeo rampant huntin in the 20t century. Several African kintras hae taken steps tae improve the staundarts o cheetah conservation. Thanks tae its prowess at huntin, the cheetah wis tamed an uised tae kill gemme at hunts in the past. The ainimal haes been widely depictit in airt, leeteratur, advertisin an ainimation. ==Etymology== The vernacular name "cheetah" ({{IPA-en|ˈchē-tə|pron}}) is derived frae the [[Hindi]] wird चीता (''cītā''), which in turn comes frae the [[Sanskrit]] wird चित्रकायः (''{{IAST|citrakāyaḥ}}'') meanin "bricht" or "[[Variegation|variegatit]]". The first recordit uise o this wird wis in 1610.<ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Cheetah|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Oxford Dictionaries|Cheetah|accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref> An alternative name for the cheetah is "huntin leopard".<ref name="mair">{{cite book |last1 = Mair |first1 = V.H. |title = Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World |url = https://archive.org/details/contactexchangei0000unse |date = 2006 |publisher = University of Hawai'i Press |location = Hawai'i, Honolulu |isbn = 978-0-8248-2884-4 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/contactexchangei0000unse/page/116 116]–23 |oclc=62896389}}</ref> The [[scienteefic name]] o the cheetah is ''Acinonyx jubatus''.<ref name=MSW3/> The [[generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Acinonyx'' coud hae oreeginatit frae the combination o twa [[Greek leid|Greek]] wirds: ''akinetos'' means motionless, an ''onyx'' means [[claw]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Acinonyx | title=Definition of Acinonyx | publisher=Merriam-Webster | work=Dictionary and Thesaurus | accessdate=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=The carnivores of West Africa| author=Rosevear, D.R.| year=1974| publisher=British Museum (Natural History)|page=492| url=https://archive.org/stream/carnivoresofwest00rose#page/491/mode/1up}}</ref> A rough translation o the wird wad be "non-muivin claws", a reference tae the leemitit retractability (capability o bein drawn inside the paw) o the claws o the cheetah relative tae ither cats'. The [[speceefic name (zoology)|speceefic name]] ''jubatus'' means "maned" in [[Laitin]], referrin tae the [[Dorsal (location)|dorsal]] crest o this ainimal.<ref name=catsg>{{cite web |title = ''Acinonyx jubatus'' |url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/01_information/1_2_species-information/species-information.htm#Phylogenetic%20history |publisher = [[IUCN]] Cat Specialist Group |accessdate = 6 May 2014 |archive-date = 2017-07-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170721022535/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/01_information/1_2_species-information/species-information.htm#Phylogenetic%20history |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Taxonomy== {{cladogram|align=left|title= |caption=The ''Puma'' lineage, depictit alang wi the ''Lynx'' an ''Felis'' lineages o the faimily [[Felid]]ae<ref name="werdelin" /><ref name="Mattern and McLennan">{{cite journal |last1 = Mattern |first1 = M.Y. |first2 = D.A. |last2 = McLennan |year = 2000 |title = Phylogeny and speciation of felids |journal = [[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume = 16 |pages = 232–53 |doi = 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x |issue = 2 |url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Deborah_Mclennan/publication/229782333_Phylogeny_and_Speciation_of_Felids/links/02e7e521c97244a58a000000.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail }} {{open access}}</ref> |1={{clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |1={{clade |label1=''[[Lynx (genus)|Lynx]]'' |1={{clade |1= {{clade |1=''Lynx rufus'' ([[Bobcat]]) |2={{clade |1=''L. canadensis'' ([[Canadian lynx]]) |2={{clade |1=''L. pardinus'' ([[Iberian lynx]]) |2=''L. lynx'' ([[Eurasian lynx]]) }}}}}} |2={{clade |label1=''[[Puma (genus)|Puma]]'' |1={{clade |1= ''Acinonyx jubatus'' (Cheetah) |2={{clade |1=''Puma concolor'' ([[Cougar]]) |2=''P. yagouaroundi'' ([[Jaguarundi]])}}}} |label2=''[[Felis]]'' |2={{clade |1=''Felis chaus'' ([[Jungle cat]]) |2={{clade |1=''F. nigripes'' ([[Black-footed cat]]) |2={{clade |1=''F. silvestris silvestris'' ([[European wildcat]]) |2=''F. margarita'' ([[Sand cat]]) |3={{clade |1=''F. silvestris lybica'' ([[African wildcat]]) |2=''F. catus'' ([[Domestic cat]]) }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} The cheetah is the anly extant [[species]] o the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Acinonyx]]''. It is clessifee'd unner the [[subfaimily]] [[Felinae]] an [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Felidae]], the faimily that includes lairge cats sic as the [[lion]], [[teeger]] an [[leopard]] an aa. The species wis first [[scienteefic description|describit]] bi German naituralist [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] in his 1775 publication ''Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen''.<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000006 |pages=532-533}}</ref> The cheetah's closest relatives are the [[cougar]] (''Puma concolor'') an the [[jaguarundi]] (''P.{{nbsp}}yagouaroundi''). Thir three species thegither form the ''Puma'' lineage, ane o the aicht lineages o Felidae.<ref name="werdelin">{{cite book|last1=Werdelin|first1=L.|last2=Yamaguchi|first2=N.|last3=Johnson|first3=W.E.|last4=O'Brien|first4=S.J.|chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)|date=2010|pages=59–82|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nobuyuki_Yamaguchi3/publication/266755142_Phylogeny_and_evolution_of_cats_Felidae/links/543ba0710cf2d6698be30c5e.pdf|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor1-first=D.W.|editor2-last=Loveridge|editor2-first=A.J.|title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-923445-5|edition=Reprinted}}</ref><ref name=johnson>{{cite journal |pmid = 9071018 |year = 1997 |last1 = Johnson |first1 = W.E. |last2 = O'Brien |first2 = S.J. |title = Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes |volume = 44 Suppl. 1 |pages = S98–S116 |journal = [[Journal of Molecular Evolution]] |doi = 10.1007/PL00000060 }}</ref><ref name="wcw">{{cite book |last1 = Sunquist |first1 = F. |last2 = Sunquist |first2 = M. |title = Wild Cats of the World |url = https://archive.org/details/wildcatsworld00sunq |date = 2002 |publisher = The University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago, USA |isbn = 978-0-226-77999-7 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/wildcatsworld00sunq/page/n46 14]–36 }}</ref> The [[sister group]] o the ''Puma'' lineage is a clade o smawer Auld Warld cats that includes the genera ''[[Felis]]'', ''[[Otocolobus]]'' an ''[[Prionailurus]]''.<ref name="Mattern and McLennan"/><ref name="heptner">{{cite book |last1 = Heptner |first1 = V.G. |title = Mammals of the Soviet Union |url = https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsovietu0001gept |year = 1992 |publisher = Brill |location = Leiden, Netherlands |isbn = 978-90-04-08876-4 |page = [https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsovietu0001gept/page/61 61] }}</ref> ===Subspecies=== [[File:Acinonyx jubatus subspecies range.png|thumb|right|Subspecies' range]] The five recognised [[subspecies]] o the cheetah are:<ref name=itis>{{ITIS|taxon=''Acinonyx jubatus''|id=183813|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref> *'''[[Asiatic cheetah]]''' (''A. j. venaticus'') <small>([[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Griffith]], 1821)</small>: Cried the '''Iranian''' or '''Indian cheetah''' an aa. Umwhile occurred across soothwastren Asie an Indie.<ref name="hildyard">{{cite book |last1 = Hildyard |first1 = A. |title = Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World |date = 2001 |publisher = Marshall Cavendish |location = New York, USA |isbn = 978-0-7614-7196-7 |pages = 250–1 }}</ref> Accordin tae the Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur an Naitural Resoorces ([[IUCN]]), it is confined tae [[Iran]], an is sicweys the anly survivin cheetah subspecies indigenous tae Asie. It haes been clessifee'd as [[Creetically Endangered]].<ref name=iucn2>{{IUCN |assessors=Durant, S., Marker, L., Purchase, N., Belbachir, F., Hunter, L., Packer, C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Sogbohossou, E. and Bauer, H. |year=2008 |id=220 |title=''Acinonyx jubatus'' ssp. ''venaticus'' |version=2015.2}}</ref> A 2004 study estimatit the tot population at 50 tae 60.<ref name=farhadinia>{{cite journal |last1 = Farhadinia |first1 = M.S. |title = The last stronghold: Cheetah in Iran |journal = Cat News |year = 2004 |pages = 11–14 |url = http://wildlife.ir/Files/library/IranianCheetah_Farhadinia2004.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-03-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235142/http://www.wildlife.ir/Files/library/IranianCheetah_Farhadinia2004.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> Later, a 2007 study gae the tot population in Iran as 60 tae 100; the majority o individuals war likely tae be juveniles. The population haes declined sharply syne the mid-1970s.<ref name="hunter2007">{{cite journal |last2 = Jowkar |first2 = H. |last3 = Ziaie |first3 = H. |last4 = Schaller |first4 = G. |last5 = Balme |first5 = G. |last6 = Walzer |first6 = C. |last7 = Ostrowski |first7 = S. |last8 = Zahler |first8 = P. |last9 = Robert-Charrue |first9 = N.|last10=Kashiri|first10=K. |last11 = Christie |first11 = S. |last1 = Hunter |first1 = L. |title = Conserving the Asiatic cheetah in Iran: launching the first radio-telemetry study |journal = Cat News |year = 2007 |volume = 46 |pages = 8–11 }}</ref> As o 2012, anly twa captive individuals are kent.<ref name="CatWatch">{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=L.|title=Finding the Last Cheetahs of Iran|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/25/finding-the-last-cheetahs-of-iran/|website=Cat Watch|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|accessdate=4 May 2016|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701123053/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/25/finding-the-last-cheetahs-of-iran/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *'''[[Northwast African cheetah]]''' (''A. j. hecki'') <small>Hilzheimer, 1913</small>: Cried the '''Saharan cheetah''' an aa. Foond in northwastren Africae; the IUCN confirms its presence in anly fower countries: [[Algerie]], [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]] an [[Niger]]. Smaw populations are kent tae exist in the [[Ahaggar Naitional Park|Ahaggar]] an [[Tassili N'Ajjer Naitional Park|Tassili N'Ajjer]] Naitional Pairks (Algerie);<ref name="busby">{{cite report |last = Busby |first = G.B.J. |last2 = Gottelli |first2 = D. |last3 = Durant |first3 = S. |last4 = Wacher |first4 = T. |last5 = Marker |first5 = L. |last6 = Belbachir |first6 = F. |last7 = De Smet |first7 = K. |last8 = Belbachir-Bazi |first8 = A. |last9 = Fellous |first9 = A. |last10 = Belghoul |first10 = M. |title = A report from the Sahelo-Saharan interest group – Parc National de L’Ahaggar survey, Algeria (March 2005), Part 5: Using molecular genetics to study the presence of endangered carnivores (November 2006) [Unpublished report] |year = 2006 |pages = 1–19 |url = http://users.ox.ac.uk/~some2456/docs/Carniv_Mol_Gen_Ahaggar_Report_2006.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112439/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~some2456/docs/Carniv_Mol_Gen_Ahaggar_Report_2006.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> a 2003 study estimatit a population o 20 tae 40 individuals in Ahaggar Naitional Pairk.<ref name="hamdine">{{cite journal |last1 = Hamdine |first1 = W. |last2 = Meftah |first2 = T. |last3 = Sehki |first3 = A. |title = Distribution and status of cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'') in the Algerian Central Sahara (Ahaggar and Tassili) |journal = Mammalia |year = 2003 |volume = 67 |issue = 3 |pages = 439–43 |doi=10.1515/mamm.2003.67.3.439}}</ref> In Niger, cheetahs hae been reportit frae the [[Aïr Mountains]], [[Ténéré]], [[Termit Massif]], [[Talak, Niger|Talak]] an Azaouak valley. A 1993 study reportit a population o 50 frae Ténéré. In Benin, the cheetah still survives in [[Pendjari Naitional Pairk]] an [[W Naitional Pairk]]. The status is obscure in Burkina Faso, whaur individuals mey be confined tae the sootheastren region. Wi the tot warld population estimatit at less nor 250 matur individuals, it is leetit as [[Creetically endangered species|Creetically Endangered]].<ref name=iucn3>{{IUCN |assessors=Durant, S., Marker, L., Purchase, N., Belbachir, F., Hunter, L., Packer, C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Sogbohossou, E. and Bauer, H. |year=2008 |id=221 |title=''Acinonyx jubatus'' ssp. ''hecki''|version=2015.2}}</ref> * '''[[Sooth African cheetah]]''' (''A. j. jubatus'') <small>(Schreber, 1775)</small>: Cried the '''Namibian cheetah''' an aa. Occurs in soothren African kintras sic as [[Namibie]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Sooth Africae]] an [[Zambia]]. Diverged frae the Asiatic cheetah nearly 0.32–0.67 million years ago.<ref name="subspecies">{{cite journal |last1 = Charruau |first1 = P. |last2 = Fernandes |first2 = C. |last3 = Orozco-terwengel |first3 = P. |last4 = Peters |first4 = J. |last5 = Hunter |first5 = L. |last6 = Ziaie |first6 = H. |last7 = Jourabchian |first7 = A. |last8 = Jowkar |first8 = H. |last9 = Schaller |first9 = G. |author9-link = George Schaller|last10=Ostrowski|first10=S. |last11 = Vercammen |first11 = P. |last12 = Grange |first12 = T. |last13 = Schlotterer |first13 = C. |last14 = Kotze |first14 = A. |last15 = Geigl |first15 = E.-M. |last16 = Walzer |first16 = C. |last17 = Burger |first17 = P. A. |title = Phylogeography, genetic structure and population divergence time of cheetahs in Africa and Asia: evidence for long-term geographic isolates |journal = Molecular Ecology |year = 2011 |volume = 20 |issue = 4 |pages = 706–24 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04986.x }}</ref> In 2007 the population wis roughly estimatit at less nor 5,000 tae maximum 6,500 adult individuals.<ref name=south1>{{cite report |title = Regional conservation strategy for the cheetah and African wild dog in southern Africa |url = https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/Rep-2007-002.pdf |publisher = [[IUCN]] }} {{open access}}</ref><ref name=south2>{{cite report |last1 = Purchase |first1 = G. |last2 = Marker |first2 = L. |last3 = Marnewick |first3 = K. |last4 = Klein |first4 = R. |last5 = Williams |first5 = S. |title = Regional assessment of the status, distribution and conservation needs of cheetahs in southern Africa |year = 2007 |pages = 1–3 |publisher = [[IUCN]] Cat Specialist Group |url = http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Purchase_et_al_2007_Regional_assessment.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2015-09-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150919120103/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Purchase_et_al_2007_Regional_assessment.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> Nae leetit bi the IUCN.<ref name=iucn/> *'''[[Sudan cheetah]]''' (''A. j. soemmeringii'') <small>([[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1855)</small>: Cried the '''central''' or '''northeast African cheetah''' an aa. Foond in the central an northeastren regions o the continent an the [[Horn o Africae]]. This subspecies wis considered identical tae the Sooth African cheetah till a 2011 genetic analysis demonstratit signeeficant differences atween the twa.<ref name=subspecies/><ref name=distinct1>{{cite news |title = Iran's endangered cheetahs are a unique subspecies |last = Davies |first = E. |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9365000/9365567.stm |publisher = [[BBC]] |date = 24 January 2011 |accessdate = 22 March 2016 }}</ref> *'''[[Tanzanie cheetah]]''' (''A. j. raineyi'' [[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn]]. ''A. j. fearsoni'') <small>[[Edmund Heller|Heller]], 1913</small>: Cried the '''east African cheetah''' an aa. Foond in [[Kenyae]], [[Somalie]], Tanzanie, an [[Uganda]]. The tot population in 2007 wis estimatit at 2,572 adults an independent adolescents. Signeeficant populations occur in the [[Maasai Mara]] an the [[Serengeti]] [[ecoregion]]s.<ref name=iucn/> {{Gallery |title=Subspecies o the cheetah |width=180 |height=200 |lines=1 |align=center ||Asie cheetah |File:Cheetah (Kruger National Park, South Africa, 2001).jpg|Sooth African cheetah |File:Cheetah at Whipsnade Zoo, Dunstable.jpg|Sudan cheetah |File:TanzanianCheetah.jpg|Tanzanian cheetah }} ==Characteristics== The cheetah is a [[big cat]] wi several distinctive features{{snds}}a slender bouk, deep chest, spottit [[Coat (ainimal)|pelage]], a smaw roondit heid, black tear-lik streaks on the face, lang thin legs an a lang spottit tail.<ref name="Estes">{{cite book |last1 = Estes |first1 = R.D. |authorlink = Richard Despard Estes |title = The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates |date = 2004 |publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley, USA |isbn = 978-0-520-08085-0 |pages = 377–83 |edition = 4th }}</ref> Its lichtly biggit, slender form is in sharp contrast wi the robust big o the ither big cats.<ref name=wcw/> The heid-an-bouk lenth ranges frae {{convert|112|–|150|cm}}.<ref name="Estes" /> The cheetah reaches {{convert|70|–|90|cm|in|abbvn=on}} at the shouder, an weichs {{convert|21|–|72|kg|lb}}.<ref name="Estes"/><ref name="nowakmw">{{cite book |last1 = Nowak |first1 = R.M. |title = Walker's Mammals of the World |url = https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |date = 1999 |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |location = Baltimore, USA |isbn = 978-0-8018-5789-8 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa/page/834 834]–6 |edition = 6th }}</ref> Sicweys, it is clearly tawer nor the leopard, which staunds nearly {{convert|55|–|70|cm|in}} at the shouder. The wecht range o the cheetah owerlaps extensively wi that o the leopard, which weichs {{convert|28|–|65|kg|lb}}.<ref name="Estes" /> On the ither haund, the cheetah is signeeficantly shorter nor the lion, whase average hicht is nearly {{convert|120|cm|in}}. Mairower, it is much lichter nor the lion, amang which females weich {{convert|126|kg|lb}} an the muckle hivier males weich {{convert|186|kg|lb}}.<ref name="Estes" /> Based on meisurments, the smawest cheetahs hae been reportit frae the Sahara, northeastren Africae an Iran.<ref name="hunterwcw">{{cite book |last1 = Hunter |first1 = L. |title = Wild Cats of the World |url = https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld0000hunt |date = 2015 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |location = London, UK |isbn = 978-1-4729-1219-0 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld0000hunt/page/167 167]–76 }}</ref> A [[sexually dimorphic]] species, males are generally lairger nor females.<ref name="nowak">{{cite book |last1 = Nowak |first1 = R.M. |last2 = Kays |first2 = R.W. |title = Walker's Carnivores of the World |url = https://archive.org/details/walkerscarnivore00nowa |year = 2005 |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |location = Baltimore, USA |isbn = 978-0-8018-8032-2 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/walkerscarnivore00nowa/page/n280 270]–2 |edition = Illustrated }}</ref> ==Ecology an behaviour== [[File:Okavango Delta, Botwana (2792684218).jpg|thumbnail|right|Cheetahs rest in shade.]] Cheetahs are [[diurnality|diurnal]] (active mainly during the day),<ref name=Estes/> whauras the leopards, teegers, an lions are [[nocturnal]] (active mainly at nicht);<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunter |first1=L. |last2=Balme |first2=G. |last3=Walker |first3=C. |last4=Pretorius |first4=K. |last5=Rosenberg |first5=K. |year=2003 |title=The landscape ecology of leopards (''Panthera pardus'') in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary project report |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=5 |pages=24–30 |url=http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nVirxVYK?url=http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |archivedate=2010-02-13 |access-date=2016-09-02 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-09-02 |archive-date=2006-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819032233/http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Tilson |first = R. |year = 2010 |title = Tigers of the World: The Science, Politics and Conservation of ''Panthera tigris'' |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780815515708 |publisher = Elsevier |page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780815515708/page/22 22] |isbn = 978-0-8155-1570-8 }}</ref><ref name=Schaller1972>{{Cite book |last = Schaller |first = G.B. |authorlink = George Schaller |year = 1972 |title = The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations |url = https://archive.org/details/serengetilionstu0000scha |publisher = University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago, USA |isbn = 978-0-226-73639-6 }}</ref> diurnality allaes better observation an monitorin o the ainimal.<ref name="caro1994">{{cite book |last1 = Caro |first1 = T. M. |title = Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains : Group Living in an Asocial Species |url = https://archive.org/details/cheetahsofsereng0000caro |year = 1994 |publisher = University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago, USA |isbn = 9780226094342 }}</ref> Huntin is the major activity throuoot the day; peaks are observed during dawn an dusk indicatin [[crepuscular]] tendencies.<ref name=hunterwcw/> Groups rest in grassy clearings efter dusk, tho males an juveniles eften roam aroond at nicht. The cheetah is an alert ainimal; individuals eften inspect thair vicinity at observation pynts sic as elevations. Even while restin, thay tak turns at keepin a leukoot.<ref name=wcw/> ===Organisation an territory=== Apairt frae the lion, the cheetah is the anly cat that is gregarious; houever, female cheetahs tend tae remain solitary.<ref name="mills">{{cite book |last1 = Mills |first1 = G. |last2 = Hes |first2 = L. |title = The Complete Book of Southern African mammals |url = https://archive.org/details/completebooksout00mill |date = 1997 |publisher = Struik Publishers |location = Cape Town, South Africa |isbn = 978-0-947430-55-9 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/completebooksout00mill/page/175 175]–7 |edition = 1st }}</ref> Adult males are teepically gregarious despite thair [[territory (animal)|territoriality]], an mey group thegither for life an form "coalitions". Thir groups collectively defend thair territories. In maist cases, a coaleetion will comprise brithers born in the same litter wha stayed thegither efter weanin.<ref name="kingdon">{{cite book |last1 = Kingdon |first1 = J. |authorlink = Jonathan Kingdon |title = The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals |year = 2015 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |location = London, UK |isbn = 978-1-4729-1236-7 |pages = 403–4 |edition = 2nd }}</ref> Houever, if a cub is the anly male in the litter, then twa or three lone males mey form a smaw group, or a lone male mey jyn an exeestin group. ===Communication=== The cheetah is a prominently vocal felid. Thay canna roar but instead purr.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Estrada |first1 = J. |last2 = Elwood |first2 = A. |title = Lions |year = 1993 |publisher = Wildlife Education |location = San Diego, USA |isbn = 978-0-937934-81-4 |page = ix |edition = Hardbound }}</ref> A wide variety o cheetah vocalisations hae been identified bi several terms, but maist o thir lack a detailed [[Acoustics|acoustic]] description, which maks it difficult tae assess reliably which term denotes which soond. In 2010 Robert Eklund (o the [[Varsity o Göteborg]], Swaden) an colleagues published a detailed report on the purrin o the cheetah an compared it wi that observed in ither felids.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |last2 = Peters |first2 = G. |last3 = Dulthie |first3 = E.D. |last4 = Koenig |first4 = F.A. |title = An acoustic analysis of purring in the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') and in the domestic cat (''Felis catus'') |journal = Proceedings of FONETIK 2010 |year = 2010 |pages = 17–22 |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:539494/FULLTEXT01.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref> The cheetah purrs when content, or tae greet kent individuals. A chairacteristic o purrin is that it is realised on baith [[Egressive soond|egressive]] an [[Ingressive sound|ingressive]] airstreams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |last2 = Peters |first2 = G. |last3 = Weise |first3 = F. |last4 = Munro |first4 = S. |title = A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in four cheetahs |journal = Proceedings of FONETIK 2012 |year = 2012 |pages = 41–4 |url = http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2012_Cheetah_Purring.pdf |publisher = University of Gothenburg |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2017-01-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128150932/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2012_Cheetah_Purring.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |last2 = Peters |first2 = G. |url = http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_Peters_2013_Cheetah_Purring.pdf |title = A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in juvenile, subadult and adult cheetahs |journal = Proceedings of FONETIK 2013 |year = 2013 |pages = 25–8 |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2020-08-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200820212524/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_Peters_2013_Cheetah_Purring.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |title = Robert Eklund’s Ingressive Phonation & Speech Page |url = http://ingressivespeech.info/ |website = Robert Eklund's website |accessdate = 17 February 2016 |archive-date = 2019-09-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190911194707/http://ingressivespeech.info/ |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |title = Robert Eklund's Wildlife Experience Page |url = http://roberteklund.info/Wildlife.htm |website = Robert Eklund's website |accessdate = 17 February 2016 |archive-date = 2017-07-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705042429/http://roberteklund.info/Wildlife.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |title = Devoted to felid purring |url = http://purring.org/ |publisher = Purring.org |accessdate = 17 February 2016 |archive-date = 2019-09-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190916090133/http://purring.org/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ither vocalisations Eklund identified include:<ref name=bare_url>{{cite journal |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |last2 = Peters |first2 = G. |last3 = Weise |first3 = F. |last4 = Munro |first4 = S. |title = An acoustic analysis of agonistic sounds in wild cheetahs |journal = Proceedings of FONETIK 2012 |year = 2012 |pages = 37–40 |url = http://www.ida.liu.se/~robek28/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2012_Cheetah_AgonisticVocalizations.pdf }} {{open access}}</ref> * Growlin: Eften accompanied bi hissin an spittin, the cheetah growls tae shaw its annoyance, or when faced wi danger. A study shawed that growls conseest o numerous short [[pulse]]s wi a combined duration o up tae five seiconts.<ref name="volodina">{{cite journal |last1 = Volodina |first1 = E.V. |title = Vocal repertoire of the cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus'' (Carnivora, Felidae) in captivity: sound structure and their potential for estimating the state of adult animals |journal = Zoologicheskiĭ Zhurnal |year = 2000 |volume = 79 |issue = 7 |pages = 833–43 |url = http://www.bioacoustica.org/publ/papers/305_Volodina_2000_ZJ_eng.pdf }} {{open access}}</ref> * Moanin or yowlin: This is an escalatit version o growlin an is eften combined wi it. It is teepically displayed when the danger increases. A study foond that yowls coud last as lang as twa seconds.<ref name="volodina"/> * Agonistic vocalisations: Eklund uised this term as a reference tae a combination o growls, moans, an hisses that is follaeed bi spittin, a featur mair conspicuous in cheetah nor in ither cats. In addeetion tae spittin, the cheetah will hit the grund wi its front paws. ===Huntin an competitors=== The cheetah is a [[carnivore]] that prefers medium-sized prey wi a bouk mass rangin frae {{convert|23|tae|56|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. [[Blesbok]], [[duiker]], [[Grant's gazelle]], impala, [[reedbuck]], [[Springbok (antelope)|springbok]], an Thomson's gazelle are some o the common tairgets o the cheetah. Ither prey ainimals include the [[baukie-eared fox]], [[bushbuck]], [[kudu]], [[hartebeest]], [[nyala]], [[oribi]], [[roan antelope]], [[steenbok]], [[sable antelope]], an [[watterbuck]]; thay prey less frequently on [[African buffalo]], [[gemsbok]], [[giraffe]], [[ostrich]], [[warthog]], [[wildebeest]], an [[zebra]].<ref name=wcw/><ref name=hunterwcw/><ref name="Hayward06">{{cite journal |last1 = Hayward |first1 = M.W. |last2 = Hofmeyr |first2 = M. |last3 = O'Brien |first3 = J. |last4 = Kerley |first4 = G.I.H. |title = Prey preferences of the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive? |journal = [[Journal of Zoology]] |year = 2006 |volume = 270 |issue = 4 |pages = 615–27 |doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x }}</ref><ref name="hunt1">{{cite journal |last1 = Schaller |first1 = G.B. |authorlink = George Schaller |title = Hunting behaviour of the cheetah in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania |journal = [[African Journal of Ecology]] |year = 1968 |volume = 6 |issue = 1 |pages = 95–100 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1968.tb00906.x }}</ref> A study shawed that a major proportion o the diet o Asiatic cheetahs conseests o livestock; local species sic as [[chinkara]], [[desert hare]], [[goitered gazelle]], [[ibex]], [[rodent]]s, an [[wild sheep]] are an aa huntit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Farhadinia |first1 = M.S. |last2 = Hosseini-Zavarei |first2 = F. |last3 = Nezami |first3 = B. |last4 = Harati |first4 = H. |last5 = Absalan |first5 = H. |last6 = Fabiano |first6 = E. |last7 = Marker |first7 = L. |title = Feeding ecology of the Asiatic cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus venaticus'' in low prey habitats in northeastern Iran: Implications for effective conservation |journal = [[Journal of Arid Environments]] |year = 2012 |volume = 87 |pages = 206–11 |doi = 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.05.002 |url = http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad_Farhadinia2/publication/256941642_Feeding_ecology_of_the_Asiatic_cheetah_Acinonyx_jubatus_venaticus_in_low_prey_habitats_in_northeastern_Iran_Implications_for_effective_conservation/links/5518cb4f0cf2f7d80a3e31c5.pdf }} {{open access}}</ref> Generally, anly groups o cheetahs will attempt tae kill lairge ainimals sic as hartebeest,<ref name=Estes/><ref name=hunterwcw/> awtho mithers wi young cubs will attempt tae secure a lairge prey aw bi themsels.<ref name=caro1994/> Thare are na records o cheetah killin human beins.<ref name=hunterwcw/><ref name="hilde">{{cite book |last1 = Hunter |first1 = L. |last2 = Hinde |first2 = G. |title = Cats of Africa: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation |url = https://archive.org/details/catsafricabehavi00hunt |date = 2005 |publisher = Struik Publishers |location = Cape Town, South Africa |isbn = 978-1-77007-063-9 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/catsafricabehavi00hunt/page/1 1]–172 }}</ref> The diet o a cheetah depends on the aurie in which it lives. For ensaumple, on the [[East Africae|East Africa]]n plains, its preferred prey is the Thomson's gazelle, somewhit smawer than the cheetah. In contrast, in [[Kwa-Zulu Natal]] the preferred prey is the signeeficantly lairger nyala, males o which can weich up tae {{convert|130|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=hilde/> Thay dae, houever, opt for young an adolescent tairgets, which mak up aboot 50% o the cheetah diet despite constitutin anly a smaw portion o the prey population.<ref name=wcw/> === Speed an acceleration === The cheetah's bouk is specialised for speed,<ref name="gonyea">{{cite journal |last1 = Gonyea |first1 = W.J. |title = Functional implications of felid forelimb anatomy |journal = Acta Anatomica |year = 1978 |volume = 102 |issue = 2 |pages = 111–21 |pmid = 685643 |doi=10.1159/000145627}}</ref><ref name="hudson">{{cite journal |last1 = Hudson |first1 = P.E. |last2 = Corr |first2 = S.A. |last3 = Payne-Davis |first3 = R.C. |last4 = Clancy |first4 = S.N. |last5 = Lane |first5 = E. |last6 = Wilson |first6 = A.M. |title = Functional anatomy of the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') hindlimb |journal = Journal of Anatomy |year = 2011 |volume = 218 |issue = 4 |pages = 363–74 |doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01310.x }}</ref> an it is the [[Fastest ainimals|fastest]] laund ainimal.<ref name=carwardine08>{{cite book |last = Carwardine |first = M. |title = Animal Records |url = https://archive.org/details/animalrecords0000carw |year = 2008 |publisher = Sterling |location = New York, USA |isbn = 978-1-4027-5623-8 |page = [https://archive.org/details/animalrecords0000carw/page/43 43] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Sears |first = E.S. |title = Running through the Ages |url = https://archive.org/details/runningthroughag0000sear |year = 2001 |publisher = McFarland |location = North Carolina, USA |isbn = 978-0-7864-0971-6 |page = [https://archive.org/details/runningthroughag0000sear/page/5 5] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/08/120802-cheetah-sarah-cincinnati-zoo-fastest-record-science-usain-bolt-olympics/ |title = Cheetah Breaks Speed Record–Beats Usain Bolt by Seconds |newspaper = National Geographic Daily News |publisher = [[National Geographic Society]] |last = Smith |first = R. |date = 2 August 2012 |accessdate = 17 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/collections/p00hldcc#p00715gc |title = Speed Sensation |work = Nature Video Collections |publisher = [[BBC]] Nature |accessdate = 17 May 2016 |archive-date = 2014-12-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141206171105/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/collections/p00hldcc#p00715gc |url-status = dead }}</ref> In general, the speed o a huntin cheetah averages {{convert|64|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} during a chase,<ref name=Estes/> interspersed wi a few short bursts when the speed mey vary atween {{convert|104|and|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}; the maist reliable meisurment o the teepical speed during a short chase is {{convert|112|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=wcw/><ref name="Schaller1972"/><ref name="cbn">{{cite journal |title = Motions of cheetah and horse |last1 = Hildebrand |first1 = M. |year = 1959 |journal = [[Journal of Mammalogy]] |jstor = 1376265 |pages = 481–95 |volume = 40 |issue = 4 |doi=10.2307/1376265}}</ref><ref name="alexander">{{cite journal |last1 = Alexander |first1 = R.M. |title = Legs and locomotion of Carnivora |journal = Symposia of the Zoological Society of London |year = 1993 |volume = 65 |pages = 1–13 }}</ref> The value o the maximum speed is, houever, disputit.<ref name=wcw/> The speeds attained bi the cheetah are anly slichtly greater nor thir achieved bi the [[pronghorn]] {{convert|88.5|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Carwardine|first=Mark|title=Animal Records|url=https://archive.org/details/animalrecords0000carw|year=2008|publisher=Sterling|location=New York|isbn=9781402756238|page=[https://archive.org/details/animalrecords0000carw/page/11 11]}}</ref> an the springbok {{convert|88|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Burton |first1 = M. |last2 = Burton |first2 = R. |title = International Wildlife Encyclopedia |url = https://archive.org/details/internationalwil22burt0 |year = 2002 |publisher = Marshall Cavendish |location = New York, USA |isbn = 978-0-7614-7266-7 |page = 226 |edition = 3rd }}</ref> Yet the cheetah haes a greater probability o succeedin in the chase due tae its exceptional acceleration{{snds}}it can attain a speed o {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in juist twa seiconts.<ref name=wcw/> Ane stride or jump o a gallopin cheetah averages {{convert|6.7|m|ft}}.<ref name="Pappas">{{cite news |last1 = Pappas |first1 = S. |title = Wow! 11-year-old cheetah Breaks Land Speed Record |url = http://www.livescience.com/22080-cheetah-breaks-speed-record.html |accessdate = 24 March 2016 |work = [[LiveScience]] |date = 2 August 2012 }}</ref> Seemilarly, the ability tae rapidly chynge direction is pivotal in ensurin huntin success.<ref name="WilsonBiologyLetters">{{cite journal |last1 = Wilson |first1 = J.W. |last2 = Mills |first2 = M.G.L. |last3 = Wilson |first3 = R.P. |last4 = Peters |first4 = G. |last5 = Mills |first5 = M.E.J. |last6 = Speakman |first6 = J.R. |last7 = Durant |first7 = S.M. |last8 = Bennett |first8 = N.C. |last9 = Marks |first9 = N.J. |last10 = Scantlebury |first10 = M. |title = Cheetahs, ''Acinonyx jubatus'', balance turn capacity with pace when chasing prey |journal = [[Biology Letters]] |volume = 9 |issue = 5 |year = 2013 |page = 20130620 |doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0620 |url = http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/5/20130620 |access-date = 2016-09-03 |archive-date = 2016-10-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161001045053/http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/5/20130620 |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref><ref name = "BBC RVC report">{{Cite news |last = Ghosh |first = P. |date = 12 June 2013 |title = Cheetah tracking study reveals incredible acceleration |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22861142 |publisher = [[BBC]] |accessdate = 22 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = RVC Press Office |year = 2013 |url = http://www.rvc.ac.uk/News/PressReleases/pr1306-Cheetah-speed.cfm |title = Groundbreaking RVC research shows wild cheetah reaching speeds of up to 58 mph during a hunt |publisher = [[Royal Veterinary College]], [[University of London]] |accessdate = 16 June 2013 |archive-date = 2013-07-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130719172831/http://www.rvc.ac.uk/News/PressReleases/pr1306-Cheetah-speed.cfm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Cheetahs teepically walk at {{convert|3|–|4|km/h|mph}}.<ref name=Schaller1972/> === Reproduction === [[File:A nice little cheetah.JPG|thumb|A cheetah cub. Note the lang, bluish grey hair on the nape, shouders an back.]] Cheetahs breed throuoot the year; thay are [[Induced ovulation (animals)|induced ovulators]]. Females acome [[sexually matur]] at 21 tae 22 month o age.<ref name=mammal>{{cite journal |last = Krausman |first = P.R. |last2 = Morales |first2 = S.M. |year = 2005 |title = ''Acinonyx jubatus'' |journal = [[Mammalian Species]] |volume = 771 |pages = 1–6 |url = http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i1545-1410-771-1-1.pdf |doi = 10.1644/1545-1410(2005)771[0001:aj]2.0.co;2 |access-date = 2016-09-03 |archive-date = 2016-05-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160527064127/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i1545-1410-771-1-1.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> Females are [[Polyestrous|polyoestrus]]{{snds}}thay hae an oestrus ("heat") cycle every 12{{nbsp}}days (this can vary frae 10{{nbsp}}tae 20 days),<ref name="fcr">{{cite journal |last1 = Laurenson |first1 = M.K. |last2 = Caro |first2 = T.M. |last3 = Borner |first3 = M. |title = Female cheetah reproduction |journal = National Geographic Research and Exploration |year = 1992 |volume = 8 |issue = 1002 |pages = 64–75 |url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_et_al_1992_Cheetah_reproduction.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-08-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160812015135/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_et_al_1992_Cheetah_reproduction.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> each oestrus lastin ane tae three days. A female can gie birth again efter 17 tae 20 month; houever, on the loss o a whole litter mithers can mate again.<ref name=nowak/> Gestation is nearly three month lang. The nummer o cubs born can vary frae ane tae aicht, tho the common nummer is three tae five. Birth taks place in a sheltered place sic as thick vegetation. Each cub weichs nearly {{convert|150|–|400|g|oz|abbr=on}} at birth; the een, shut at birth, open in 4{{nbsp}}tae 11 days. Newborn cubs can crawl an spit; thay can stairt walkin bi twa weeks. Thair nape, shouders an back are thickly covered wi lang bluish grey hair. This douny unnerlyin fur, cried a "mantle", gies them a [[Mohawk hairstyle|Mohawk-teep]] appearance; this fur is shed as the cheetah grows aulder.<ref name=caro1994/> A study notit that this mane gies a cheetah cub the appearance o the [[honey badger]]; this coud act as a camouflage in baith ainimals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Eaton |first1 = R.L. |title = A possible case of mimicry in larger mammals |journal = [[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |year = 1976 |volume = 30 |issue = 4 |pages = 853–6 |jstor = 2407827 |url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/E/Eaton_1976_A_Possible_Case_of_Mimicry_in_Larger_Mammals.pdf |doi = 10.2307/2407827 |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-09-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924070215/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/E/Eaton_1976_A_Possible_Case_of_Mimicry_in_Larger_Mammals.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> Cheetah cubs are heichly vulnerable during the first few weeks o thair life; mithers keep thair cubs hidden in dense vegetation for the first month.<ref name=Estes/> The affspring mey stay wi the mither for 13 tae 20 month, associatin wi ane anither an feedin on kills thegither. Efter weanin, juveniles mey form mixed-sex herds; young females mey stay back wi thair mither, but thare is haurdly ony interaction atween the mither an dauchters. The females in the mixed-sex herd gradually muive oot as thay near sexual maturity.<ref name="Estes" /> In the Serengeti, average age o unthirldom o 70 observed litters wis 17.1 month. Young females haed thair first litters at the age o aboot 2.4 years an subsequent litters aboot 20 month later.<ref name="Kelly, M. J. 1998">{{cite journal |last1 = Kelly |first1 = M.J. |last2 = Laurenson |first2 = M.K. |last3 = FitzGibbon |first3 = C.D. |last4 = Collins |first4 = D.A. |last5 = Durant |first5 = S.M. |last6 = Frame |first6 = G.W. |last7 = Bertram |first7 = B.C. |last8 = Caro |first8 = T.M. |title = Demography of the Serengeti cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') population: the first 25 years |journal = [[Journal of Zoology]] |year = 1998 |volume = 244 |issue = 4 |pages = 473–88 |doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00053.x |url = http://www.mjkelly.info/Publications/demography.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2011-04-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110401120639/http://www.mjkelly.info/Publications/demography.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> The lifespan o wild cheetahs is 14 tae 15 years for females; thair reproductive cycle teepically ends bi 12 years o age. Males generally live as lang as 10 years.<ref name=iucn/> ==Distribution an habitat== [[File:Kenia 2012 (89).JPG|thumb|left|Cheetahs indwall [[savanna]]hs.]] The cheetah indalls a variety o habitats; in Africae it haes been observed in dry forests, [[scrub forest]]s, an [[savanna]]hs.<ref name=caro1994/> Houever, the distribution o prey mey influence habitat preferences; in a study in the Kruger Naitional Pairk, female cheetahs war foond tae spend a signeeficant amoont o time in widlands, whaur impala occurred. It wis suggestit that tho the forestit aurie wis unsuitable for huntin, the females preferred widlands tae encoonter mair impala. Male coaleetions, on the ither haund, shunned dense habitats an spent maist o the time in open savannahs. An explanation gien for this wis that the coalitions prefer lairger prey than impala.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Broomhall |first1 = L.S. |last2 = Mills |first2 = M.G.L. |last3 = du Toit |first3 = J.T. |title = Home range and habitat use by cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'') in the Kruger National Park |journal = [[Journal of Zoology]] |year = 2003 |volume = 261 |issue = 2 |pages = 119–28 |doi = 10.1017/S0952836903004059 |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231912237_Home_range_and_habitat_use_by_cheetahs_in_the_Kruger_National_Park }} {{open access}}</ref> Tho thay dinna prefer [[montane]] regions, cheetahs can occur at elevations as heich as {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. An open aurie wi some kiver, sic as diffused bushes, is probably ideal for the cheetah acause it needs tae stalk an pursue its prey ower a distance, exploitin its speed. This an aa minimises the risk o encoonterin lairger carnivores. Complete lack o kiver, houever, can be a cause o prey loss an mortality.<ref name=caro1994/><ref name=myers>{{cite report |last1 = Myers |first1 = N. |title = The cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') in Africa |year = 1975 |publisher = [[IUCN]] |pages = 1–43 |accessdate = 22 March 2016 |url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/M/Myers_1975_Cheetah_in_Africa.pdf |archive-date = 2016-08-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813213356/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/M/Myers_1975_Cheetah_in_Africa.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> In prehistoric times, the cheetah wis distributit throuoot Asie, Africae, Europe, an North Americae. Gradually, it vanished frae Europe an North Americae. Nearly 500 years ago, the cheetah wis still common throuoot Africae, tho it avoidit deserts an tropical forests. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Sirie, an the [[Ganga river|Ganga]] an [[Indus River Valley|Indus]] [[river valley]]s sheltered lairge nummers o cheetahs.<ref name=wcw/> Houever, the day the cheetah haes been exterminatit frae the majority o its earlier range. The IUCN estimates that the tot expanse o the range o the cheetah in earlier times wis approximately {{convert|25,344,648|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}; the range (as o 2015) haes syne then reduced tae {{convert|2,709,054|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, a substantial decline o 89%.<ref name=iucn/> In Africae, the cheetah occurs mainly in eastren an soothren Africae; the range across the continent haes declined tae a mere 10% o the historic expanse. The range in eastren Africae haes reduced tae 6% o its oreeginal range, sae that presently it is distributit in an aurie o {{convert|310586|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=iucn/> In the [[Horn o Africae]], the cheetah occurs in Ethiopie, Kenyae, Sooth Sudan, Tanzanie, an Uganda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Marker |first1 = L. |title = Current status of the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') |journal = Proceedings of a Symposium on Cheetahs as Game Ranch Animals: Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa |year = 1998 |pages = 1–17 |url = http://cheetah.org/site/wp-content/uploads/1998/10/status_of_the_cheetah.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-09-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924133238/http://cheetah.org/site/wp-content/uploads/1998/10/status_of_the_cheetah.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> The range haes nae reduced as much in the soothren pairt o the continent, whaur it occurs in an aurie o {{convert|1223388|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, 22% o its oreeginal range. Tho cheetahs na langer occur in Malawi, signeeficant populations thrive in sooth-wastren Angolae, Botswana, sooth-wastren Mozambique, Namibie, northren Sooth Africae, soothren Zambie, an Zimbabwe. Very few isolated populations occur in the [[Sahara Desert (ecoregion)|Sahara]]; the population density in this region is as law as twa tae three individuals per {{convert|10000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Thay occur in very law nummers in northren an wastren Africae. In the past, the cheetah ranged across vast stretches o Asie: frae the Mediterranean an the Arabian Peninsula in the wast tae the Indian subcontinent in the east, an as far north as the Caspian an Aral Seas.<ref name=iucn/> Houever, the cheetah haes disappeared frae the majority o its historic range, save for Iran an possibly a few auries in Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent, an Turkmenistan.<ref name=farhadinia/> == Status and threats == The cheetah has been clessifee'd as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] bi the IUCN; it is leetit unner Appendix{{nbsp}}I o the Convention on the Conservation o Migratory Species o Wild Ainimals ([[Convention on the Conservation o Migratory Species of Wild Ainimals|CMS]]) an Appendix{{nbsp}}I o [[CITES]] (Convention on Internaitional Tred in Endangered Species). The cheetah is threatened bi habitat loss throu agricultural an industrial expansion; however, the ainimal apparently requires a muckle aurie tae live in as indicatit bi its law population densities.<ref name=iucn/> The cheetah appears tae be less capable nor the leopard o coexeestin wi humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Laurenson |first1 = M.K. |last2 = Caro |first2 = T.M. |title = Monitoring the effects of non-trivial handling in free-living cheetahs |journal = [[Animal Behaviour (journal)|Animal Behaviour]] |year = 1994 |volume = 47 |issue = 3 |pages = 547–57 |doi = 10.1006/anbe.1994.1078 }}</ref> As sic, human interference can disturb the activities, sic as huntin an feedin, o cheetah.<ref name=nowak/> Wi 76% o thair range conseestin o unpertectit land, the cheetah are eften taitgetit bi farmers an pastoralists wha attempt tae pertect thair livestock. Houever, cheetahs teepically dae nae prefer livestock for prey.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Voigt |first1 = C.C. |last2 = Thalwitzer |first2 = S. |last3 = Melzheimer |first3 = J. |last4 = Blanc |first4 = A. |last5 = Jago |first5 = M. |last6 = Wachter |first6 = B. |last7 = Fenton |first7 = B. |title = The conflict between cheetahs and humans on Namibian farmland elucidated by stable isotope diet analysis |journal = [[PLOS ONE]] |year = 2014 |volume = 9 |issue = 8 |pages = e101917 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0101917 }} {{open access}}</ref> Gemme hunters mey an aa try tae hairm cheetah as thir carnivores can deprive them o valuable gemme. [[Roadkill]] can be anither threat, especially in auries whaur roads hae been constructit near the naitural habitat or pertectit auries. Cases o roadkill involvin cheetahs hae been reportit frae [[Kalmand, Iran|Kalmand]], [[Turan|Tūrān]], an [[Bafq]]. The threat is posed bi infectious diseases is minor, gien the law population densities an hence the minimal chance o infection.<ref name=iucn/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{eol|328680}} * [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Acinonyx_jubatus Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography] for ''Acinonyx jubatus'' * [http://www.cheetah.org/ Cheetah Conservation Fund] * [http://english.savechinastigers.org/node/487 Save Cheenae's Tigers tae Fund Wild Cat Conservation Warldwide] * [http://www.dewildt.org.za De Wildt Cheetah an Wildlife Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205105919/http://www.dewildt.org.za/ |date=2007-02-05 }} * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/35612/on-the-chase-with-cheetahs On the Chase Wi Cheetahs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328142008/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/35612/on-the-chase-with-cheetahs |date=2010-03-28 }} - slideshaw bi ''[[Life magazine]]'' * [http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=iarsmqA3dck 110km/h Cheetah attack gazelle] Video shawin cheetah's speed, runnin mechanics, an [[hyena]]s stealin a cheetah's prey. [[Category:Acinonyx]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1775]] [[Category:Carnivorans o Africae]] [[Category:Fauna o the Sahara]] [[Category:Mammals o Africae]] [[Category:Mammals o Asie]] [[Category:Mammals o Wastren Sahara]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Monotypic mammal genera]] 1s1teg2f7goc5mh62x3r7nntnirryp0 0 83434 922650 871614 2026-09-11T04:17:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Cangas de Onís | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | official_name = <!-- if different from name --> | native_name = <!-- if different from name --> | image_skyline = Roman bridge at Cangas 1 com.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = The hump-backed "Roman Brig" on the [[Sella River]] | image_flag = Cangas_de_onís.png | image_shield = Escudo de Cangas de Onís.svg | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Cangas de Onis.png | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Asturias}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Asturias]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas o Spain|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Oriente (comarca)|Oriente]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Judicial district]] | subdivision_name4 = Cangas de Onís | seat_type = Caipital | seat = Cangas de Onís | coordinates = {{coord|43|18|52|N|5|04|00|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = 2478 <!-- Peña Santa --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 212.75 | established_title = <!-- Founded --> | established_date = | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = 6731 | population_as_of = | population_demonym = cangués | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Leids o Spain|Offeecial leid(s)]] | blank_info_sec1 = | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Spain|Postal code]] | postal_code = 33547 to 33559 | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in Spain|Dialin code]] | area_code = | leader_title = [[Alcalde]] | leader_name = Jose Manuel González Castro | leader_party = [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|PP]] | website = {{official website|http://www.cangasdeonis.com}} | footnotes = }} '''Cangas de Onís''' ([[Asturian leid|Asturian]]: '''Cangues d'Onís''') is a municipality in the eastren pairt o the province an autonomous commonty o [[Asturias]] in the northwast of Spain. The caipital o the municipality is Cangas de Onís an aw. Mair nor seiventy square kilometres o the ''concejo'' shape pairt o the [[Picos de Europa|Parque nacional de los Picos de Europa]]. Athin the pairk is the veelage o [[Covadonga]], whaur the [[battle o Covadonga]] (aboot 722), the first major victory bi a Christian militar force in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberie]] efter the [[Islamic conquest o Spain|Islamic conquest]], marks the stairtin-point o the [[Reconquista]]. Till 774, Cangas de Onís wis the caipital o the [[Kinrick o Asturias]]. It wis the steid o the first kirk constructit in post-conquest Iberie, [[Santa Cruz de Cangas de Onís]] (737), built on a auncient [[dolmen]]. ==Vegetation== Gien its variet hicht it haes mony teeps o plants, includin mony muntain shrubs, heather; aik, hae an esh trees, roondit bi gressland an copes. ==Economy== The main economical activities o this region are agricultur an nowt rearin, as weel as ferm tourism. Visits tae the Covadonga Sanctuar an its surroondin lochs are ane o the main Asturias destinations, receivin a big portion o the region's total tourists. ==Pairishes== Cangas de Onís is dividit in eleiven pairishes: * [[Abamia]] * Cangas de Onís * [[Con (Cangas de Onís)|Con]] * [[Covadonga]] * [[Grazanes]] * [[Labra (Cangas de Onís)|Labra]] * [[Margolles]] * [[La Riera]] * [[Triongo]] * [[Villanueva (Cangas de Onís)|Villanueva]] * [[Zardón]] The caipital o the municipality is the pairish o '''Cangas de Onís'''. It is {{convert|27.22|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in size wi a population o 4,326 ([http://www.ine.es/ INE] 2005). The postal code is 33550 an is dividit in several veelages: * Cañu * Cabielles * Cangues * Cardes * Celangu * Ḥelgueres * Llueves * Ñarciandi * Ñeda * Onao * Següencu * Torió * Tornín ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Aytocangasdeonis.jpg|Toun Haw File:Don Pelayo.jpg|Statue o the King [[Pelagius o Asturias|Pelayo]] File:EnolLake.jpg|Enol Loch at Covadonga File:Covadonga - Cueva santa y cascada.jpg|''Holy Cave'' o Covadonga File:Monasterio de San Pedro de Villanueva - Iglesia02.jpg|Monastery o San Pedro de Villanueva (12t hunderyear) - Kirk File:Lateral iglesia santa cruz c onis.jpg|Kirk o Santa Cruz - Lateral side File:Capilla de Santo Medero (Isongo) - 04.jpg|Chapel o Santo Medero File:Cangas de Onís - Palacio Pintu.jpg|Pintu Palace </gallery> == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.infocangasdeonis.com Guía turística] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016080805/http://infocangasdeonis.com/ |date=2014-10-16 }} {{es icon}} * [http://www.cangasdeonis.com www.cangasdeonis.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319123100/https://www.cangasdeonis.com/ |date=2020-03-19 }} {{es icon}} * [http://www.cangasdeonisycovadonga.com Cangas de Onís] {{es icon}} * [http://www.casaspron.com Casa Rural] {{es icon}} * [http://www.llanes.as/guia/vec/vec03.htm Cangas de Onís] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716223503/http://www.llanes.as/guia/vec/vec03.htm |date=2012-07-16 }} {{Parishes in Cangas de Onís}} {{Municipalities o Asturias}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cangas De Onis}} [[Category:Municipalities in Asturias]] [[Category:Picos de Europa]] [[Category:Pairishes in Cangas de Onis|*]] ovajtvpg6p0o9vkjgor6mk07hjicrbq 0 136333 922648 916869 2026-09-11T03:46:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name =PhinDeli Town-Buford<br />(Buford, Wyoming) |settlement_type = [[Unincorporatit aurie|Unincorporatit commonty]] |named_for = |image_skyline = Buford wyoming sign.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Street sign for Buford |image_flag = |image_seal = |pushpin_map = USA Wyoming |pushpin_label_position = top |pushpin_map_caption = Location athin the state o Wyoming |pushpin_mapsize = |image_map = |map_caption = Location athin Albany coonty |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wyoming]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Wyoming|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1866 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 0.04 |area_land_km2 = 0.04 |area_water_km2 = 0 |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Moontain Time Zone|Moontain (MST)]] |utc_offset = -7 |timezone_DST = MDT |utc_offset_DST = -6 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = |coordinates = {{coord|41|07|25|N|105|18|09|W|type:city_region:US-WY|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 82052 |area_code = |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ bufordtradingpost.com] |footnotes = }} '''PhinDeli Town Buford''', oreeginally kent as '''Buford''', is an [[unincorporatit aurie|unincorporatit commonty]] in [[Albany Coonty, Wyoming|Albany Coonty]], [[Wyoming]], [[Unitit States]]. It is locatit atween [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] an [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] on [[Interstate 80]]. At {{convert|8000|ft}} o elevation, this is the heichest populatit dounset alang the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] (the day's [[Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad)|Overland Route]]), an on the transcontinental [[Interstate 80]]. The toun wis oreeginally namit Buford (in honour o [[John Buford|Major General John Buford]]), a [[Union Airmy|Union]] [[cavalry]] officer durin the [[American Ceevil War]]. In 2013, the toun wis saud tae a Vietnamese awner, who re-buistit it as "PhinDeli Town Buford". The postal addresses, housomeivver, still bears the toun's oreeginal name o "Buford". In 2013, the population o the toun wis 1.<ref>[http://www.wyomingnews.com/articles/2013/09/04/news/01top_09-04-13.txt#.VICflzHF91Y PhinDeli Town Buford: Open for business]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/17/america-s-tiniest-town-is-sold-and-renamed-phindeli-town-buford-wyoming.html America’s Tiniest Town Is Sold And Renamed PhinDeli Town Buford, Wyoming]</ref> ==History== PhinDeli is a commercial promotional name taggit tae the toun o Buford in 2013, bi the store-awners. The oreeginal toun wis foondit in 1866,<ref name="smalltime"/> durin the construction o the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] in the Wyoming Territory. At its peak, the toun boastit a population o 2000.<ref name="smalltime"/> In 1900, a post office wis biggit, which wis closed in 2004.<ref>http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postmasterfinder/welcome.htm</ref> Don Sammons muivit tae Buford in 1980 wi his wife an son.<ref name=yahoozillow>{{cite web|last=Vecsey|first=Laura|title=America's tiniest town commands a big price|url=http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|publisher=Zillow|accessdate=6 April 2012|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405235725/http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/americas-tiniest-town-commands-a-big-price.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1992, he purchased the toun.<ref name="chitrib"/> His wife dee'd in 1995, an his son muivit awa aroond 2007, makkin him Buford's anerly resident.<ref name="smalltime"/><ref name=yahoozillow/> Housomeivver, at a later time, seiven residents livit in the toun, but eventually muivit awa tae lairger municipalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1366458/The-shop-owner-lives-man-town-8000ft-chilly-mountain.html |title=Population 1: The shopkeeper who lives in a one-man town (and there are no women or children either) |work=[[Daily Mail (UK)|Daily Mail]] |date=March 16, 2011 |accessdate=April 8, 2013}}</ref> The toun, consistin o a [[convenience store]], [[gas station]], an [[modular hame]] on {{convert|4|ha}} o laund, wis put up for sale efter Don Sammons decidit tae muive closer tae his son.<ref name="chitrib"/> The toun wis put up for auction on 5 Apryle 2012, wi the heichest bid o $900,000 wis made bi twa unidentifee'd [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese men]].<ref name=yahoozillow/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/05/us/wyoming-town-auction/index.html |first=Jim |last=Spellman |title= Vietnamese businessmen scoop up smallest U.S. town for $900,000 |publisher=CNN |date=April 5, 2012 |accessdate= 2012-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 Doanh gia Việt Nam qua Mỹ mua trọn thị trấn giá $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409183438/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=146913&zoneid=3 |date=2012-04-09 }}</ref> Later, it wis revealed that ane o thaim wis Phạm Đình Nguyên.<ref>{{vi}} [http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 Lộ danh tánh người Việt mua thị trấn Mỹ $900,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411175238/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/viewarticlesNVO.aspx?articleid=147017&zoneid=1 |date=2012-04-11 }}</ref> The new awners sell "PhinDeli" buist coffee, importit frae Vietnam, in the convenience store.<ref name="ch 5">[http://www.kgwn.tv/story/23314936/buford-wyoming-getting-a-new-name Markley, Kyle. ''Buford, Wyoming getting a new name''. KGWN-TV News.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130903043106/http://www.kgwn.tv/story/23314936/buford-wyoming-getting-a-new-name |date=2013-09-03 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="smalltime">{{cite web | last=Rosenfeld | first=Everett | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | title=Meet the Only Resident of America's Smallest Town | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' | date=July 20, 2011 | accessdate=2012-04-06 | archive-date=2011-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806165154/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/07/20/meet-the-only-resident-of-americas-smallest-town/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="chitrib">{{cite web | url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405,0,5851016,full.story | title= Wyoming town - population 1 - sells for $900,000 to Vietnamese buyer | date= April 5, 2012 | work= Chicago Tribune | agency= Reuters | first= Laura | last= Zuckerman | accessdate= 2012-04-06 | archive-date= 2013-01-02 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130102092949/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-05/business/sns-rt-usa-townauction-update-1-pixl2e8f60ia-20120405_1_buford-town-wyoming | url-status= dead }}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ Community of Buford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722053613/http://www.bufordtradingpost.com/ |date=2012-07-22 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/living/2010/12/23/dnt.wyoming.town.of.one.kusa 2010 video interview] frae CNN {{Albany Coonty, Wyoming}} [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Albany Coonty, Wyoming]] [[Category:Unincorporatit commonties in Wyoming]] 8s5enfldjakgqltmoxoh923w8qcvyrq 0 146666 922649 918225 2026-09-11T03:48:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = българи<br>''bǎlgari''<br>''Bulgaries'' |image = |population = {{circa}} '''9–11.3 million'''<br> 7.3 million Bulgarie naitionals<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271&dq=bulgarians+9+million&hl=en |title=Native Peoples of the World |work=google.bg}}</ref><ref name=Cole>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC&pg=PA55&dq=bulgarians+9+million&hl=en |title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|work=google.bg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=UM3BMtn6TmcC&pg=PA16&dq=bulgarians+four+million+outside+bulgaria&hl=en |title=On the Margins of Nations |work=google.bg}}</ref> |popplace = {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} 6,000,000{{Cref|a}} (2011 est.) |region1 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} |pop1 = 351,000 - 600,000 |ref1 = <ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|editor1=Raymond G. Gordon, Jr.|editor2=Barbara F. Grimes|publisher=SIL International|location=Dallas, Texas|year=2005|issue=15|isbn=978-1-55671-159-6|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/TR/languages|chapter=Languages of Turkey (Europe)|accessdate=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16|title=Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!|date=6 June 2008|accessdate=17 August 2010|language=Turkish}}</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Greece}} |pop2 = 300,000 |ref2 = <ref name="Брой на българите в чужбина по данни от МВнР по ЗДОИ">{{cite web|title=Брой на българите в чужбина по данни от МВнР по ЗДОИ, 2011|url=http://www.eurochicago.com/2012/04/v-tchuzhbina/|language=Bulgarian|publisher=EuroChicago.com}}</ref> |region3 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} (2001 area) |pop3 = 204,574-500,000 |ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=2|title=Ukrainian 2001 census|publisher=ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=2008-04-28|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bulgarians in Ukraine|url=http://www.parliament.bg/bg/news/ID/2098|website=Bulgarian Parliament|accessdate=21 October 2015}} {{bg icon}}</ref> |region4 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} |pop4 = 226,926 |ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200157004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |title=Migration (2015) |access-date=2016-06-19 |archive-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330233442/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200157004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Италианските българи"/> |region5 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} |pop5 = 133,427-350,000 |ref5 = <ref>[http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=00000010.px INE 2016]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.bg/books?id=FXvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=bulgarians+in+spain+350000&hl=en]</ref> |region6 = {{flagcountry|USA}} |pop6 = 99,642-300,000 |ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_B04003&prodType=table |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-06-19 |archive-date=2015-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127060143/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_B04003&prodType=table |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404&dq=bulgarian+descent+united+states&hl=en}}</ref> |region7 = {{flagcountry|Moldova}} (incl. [[Transnistrie]]) |pop7 = 79,520 |ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=295&id=2234|title=Moldovan 2004 census|publisher=statistica.md|accessdate=|last=|first=}}</ref> |region8 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} |pop8 = 70,000 |ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14306&Itemid=390|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Argentina|language=Bulgarian|publisher=mfa.bg|accessdate=2008-04-29|last=|first=|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630020334/https://www.mfa.bg/bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14306&Itemid=390|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region9 = {{flagcountry|UK}} |pop9 = 65,000-150,000 |ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Population+by+Nationality+and+Country+of+Birth#tab-data-tables|title=UK Migration Statistics Quarterly 2014 – Bulgarians in the UK|publisher=ons.gov.uk|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=8c6D4GxwhVsC&pg=PA351&dq=bulgarians+in+uk+number&hl=en|title=Ethnologia Balcanica|page=349}}</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} |pop10 = 62,000 |ref10 = <ref>De acordo com dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), cerca de 62.000 brasileiros declararam possuir ascendência búlgara no ano de 2006, o que faz com que o país abrigue a nona maior colônia búlgara do mundo.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html|title=bTV – estimate for Bulgarians in Brazil|language=Bulgarian|publisher=btv.bg|accessdate=|archive-date=2010-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011093705/http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region11 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} |pop11 = 56,576-120,000 |ref11 = <ref name="Италианските българи">{{cite web |title=Италианските българи |url=http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=2260541 |language=Bulgarian |publisher=24 Chasa}}</ref><ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026080159/http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |date=2019-10-26 }} DEMOSTAT</ref><ref name="Demo ISTAT">{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |title=Demo ISTAT |publisher=ISTAT |accessdate=January 15, 2016 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026080159/http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region12 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |pop12 = 30,485-70,000 |ref12 = <ref name="Брой на българите в чужбина по данни от МВнР по ЗДОИ"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|work=[[Statistics Canada]] |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> |region13 = {{flagcountry|France}} |pop13 = 30,000-50,000 |ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=FXvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39&dq=bulgarians+in+france+number&hl=en |title=Migration from and towards Bulgaria 1989–2011|page=39}}</ref> |region14 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} (2010 area) |pop14 = 24,038-330,000 |ref14 = <ref name=Cole/><ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |title=Russia 2010 census {{ru icon}} |access-date=2016-06-19 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223052305/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |url-status=dead }} Russia 2010 census {{ru icon}}]</ref> |region15 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} |pop15 = 22,436 |ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html|title=Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland|author=STATISTIK AUSTRIA|work=statistik.at}}</ref> |region16 = {{flagcountry|Holland}} |pop16 = 23,308 |ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=a&D6=l&VW=T|title=CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari|work=cbs.nl}}</ref> |region17 = {{flagcountry|Cyprus}} (excl. [[TRNC]]) |pop17 = 19,197 |ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e=|title=Cypriot 2011 census|publisher=cystat.gov.cy|accessdate=|archive-date=2013-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100623/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e=|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region18 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} (excl. [[Kosovo]]) |pop18 = 18,543 |ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2012/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf|title=Serbian 2011 census|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=2012-12-25|archive-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222132740/http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2012/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region19 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}} |pop19 = 15,000 – 20,000 |ref19 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/113/pages/view/5163|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in South Africa|language=Bulgarian|publisher=mfa.bg|accessdate=2011-02-08|archive-date=2012-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117234240/http://www.mfa.bg/bg/113/pages/view/5163|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region20 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} |pop20 = 13,171 |ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp|title=Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010|work=fgov.be|access-date=2016-06-19|archive-date=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222192722/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region21 = {{flagcountry|Poland}} |pop21 = 10,000 – 12,000 |ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/57/pages/view/4924|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Poland|language=Bulgarian|publisher=mfa.bg|accessdate=|archive-date=2012-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321004416/http://www.mfa.bg/bg/57/pages/view/4924|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region22 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} |pop22 = 8,325 |ref22 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/UtrikesFoddaR/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=2b341905-7e62-4ea0-ae41-ccd602b6bed6|title=Statistik Sverige|language=|publisher=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |region23 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}} |pop23 = 7,718 |ref23 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/SelectTable/omrade0.asp?SubjectCode=02&PLanguage=1&ShowNews=OFF|title=Population and elections - StatBank Denmark - data and statistics|work=statistikbanken.dk}}</ref> |region24 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}} |pop24 = 7,553 – 12,000 |ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Distritos_2013.pdf|title=National Institute of Statistics of Portugal – Foreigners in 2013|language=Portuguese|publisher=sefstat.sef.pt|accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref><ref name=SABA> {{cite web |url=http://www.aba.government.bg/?show=38&nid=997 |title=Bulgaria's State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad – Study about the number of Bulgarian immigrants as of 03.2011|language=Bulgarian |publisher=aba.government.bg |accessdate= |last= |first= }} </ref> |region25 = {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} |pop25 = 10,058 |ref25 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20556729/CIZINCI_2015.pdf/c1801bea-485e-4300-abad-8fcf09b93b27?version=1.0|title=Czech Statistical Office – Foreigners in 12.2014|publisher=czso.cz|accessdate=|archive-date=2017-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203052859/https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20556729/CIZINCI_2015.pdf/c1801bea-485e-4300-abad-8fcf09b93b27?version=1.0|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region26 = {{flagcountry|Romania}} |pop26 = 7,336 |ref26 = <ref>{{cite web|format=XLS|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_11.xls|title=Romanian 2011 census|language=Romanian|publisher=edrc.ro|accessdate=|archive-date=2017-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610134819/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_11.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region27 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} |pop27 = 6,915 |ref27 = <ref>{{cite web|url=|title=Kazakh 1999 census|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> |region28 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |pop28 = 6,000-7,000 |ref28 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulgaria-news.bg/category/world/tourism/article/post1110.html|title=UAE|language=Bulgarian|publisher=|accessdate=|archive-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113222/http://www.bulgaria-news.bg/category/world/tourism/article/post1110.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region29 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |pop29 = 5,436 |ref29 = <ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf|title=Australian 2011 census|publisher=abs.gov.au|accessdate=|archive-date=2017-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417222156/https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region30 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} |pop30 = 5,227 |ref30 = <ref>http://www.ssb.no/eninnvbef{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |langs = [[File:Cyrylicka litera Б.PNG|25px|border]] [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] |rels = Predominantly '''† [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christianity]]'''<br />([[Bulgarie Orthodox Kirk]])<br/> wi [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Pomak]]s), [[Catholicism|Catholic]] an [[Protestantism|Protestant]] minorities |related = Ither [[Sooth Slavs]], especially [[Macedonies (ethnic group)|Macedonies]]<ref name="DictEastEur">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dt2TXexiKTgC&pg=PA96&dq=political+and+economic+dictionary+of+Eastern+Europe+bulgarians#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe|first1=Alan John|last1=Day|first2=Roger|last2=East|first3=Richard|last3=Thomas|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|page=96 |accessdate=2011-11-13|isbn=9780203403747}}</ref> |footnotes = {{Cnote|a|The 2011 census figure was 5,664,624.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011final.pdf|title=Bulgarian 2011 census|page=25|language=Bulgarian|publisher=nsi.bg|accessdate=2012-10-15|archive-date=2013-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727085038/http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The question on ethnicity wis voluntarily an 10% o the population didna declare ony ethnicity,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epc2014.princeton.edu/abstracts/140592 |title=EPC 2014 |publisher=Epc2014.princeton.edu |date= |accessdate=2015-08-30 |archive-date=2019-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230164002/https://epc2014.princeton.edu/abstracts/140592 |url-status=dead }}</ref> thus the figur is considert insufficient an ethnic Bulgaries are estimatit at aroond 6 million.<ref>{{cite web|author=Свободно време |url=http://www.dnes.bg/stranata/2011/07/27/eksperti-po-demografiia-osporiha-prebroiavaneto.125031 |title=Експерти по демография оспориха преброяването &#124; Dnes.bg Новини |publisher=Dnes.bg |date=2011-07-27 |accessdate=2015-08-30}}</ref>}} {{Cnote|b|Addeetional nummer o ethnic Bulgaries didna declare thair ethnic group an releegion at the same time at the census so these census stateestics excludes a signeeficant nummer o irreleegious fowk (31% o Bulgarie's population.)<ref name=census/>}} }} The '''Bulgaries''' ({{lang-bg|българи}}, ''bǎlgari'', {{IPA-bg|bɤ̞ɫɡɐri|IPA}}) are a [[Sooth Slavs|Sooth Slavic]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slav Slavs]</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA134&dq=&hl=bg&ei=kPIOTYvSLIyOjAeVn6C9Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, James Minahan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0-313-30984-1, pp. 134 – 135 |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/32675557/Cultural_Proximity_of_the_Slavic_Nations |title=Cultural Proximity of the Slavic Nations |access-date=2018-08-26 |archive-date=2019-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208053220/https://www.academia.edu/32675557/Cultural_Proximity_of_the_Slavic_Nations |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[ethnic group]] wha are native tae [[Bulgarie]] an neighbourin regions. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bulgarie fowk| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Albanie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bulgarie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Greece]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Macedonie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Moldova]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Republic o Macedonie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Sooth Slavs]] [[Category:Thracians]] [[Category:Macedonie]] [[Category:Moesia]] jqo68aracvjlziz4tkp0ivp36taavny 0 157543 922644 922620 2026-09-10T23:37:15Z Atlantic306 30244 added reference 922644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Algerie | FIFA Trigramme = ALG | Badge_size = 200 | Nickname = ''الخُضر'' &nbsp; "El Khadra" (The Greens) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|title=CAN-2015 (Algeria): Greens to prepare for CAN 2015 in Equatorial Guinea|website=www.aps.dz|date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174029/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />''الأفناك'' &nbsp;(The Fennecs) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|title=Les Fennecs spring a surprise|website=www.fifa.com|date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917223941/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />''محاربي الصحراء'' &nbsp;(The Desert Warriors) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406250243.html|title=Algeria: Desert Warriors Make History in Brazil|website=allafrica.com|first=Abdou|last=Tajedd|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> | Association = [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Fédération Algérienne <br /> de Football]] (FAF) | Confederation = [[Confederation o African Fitbaa|CAF]] (Africae) | Sub-confederation = [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] (North Africae) | Coach = [[Brahim Hemdani]] | Captain = [[Riyad Mahrez]] | Most caps = [[Aïssa Mandi]] (123) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/54728/Aissa_Mandi.html|title=Aïssa Mandi|work=National Football Teams|access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref> | Top scorer = [[Islam Slimani]] (46) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/47712/Islam_Slimani.html|title=Islam Slimani|work=National Football Teams|access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> | Home Stadium = Nelson Mandela Stadium | FIFA Rank = 29 (20 Julie 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-rankings/world-ranking/men?dateId=FRS_Male_Football_20260611|title=Latest Men's World Rankings|work=inside.fifa.com|access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref> | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = October 2014 | FIFA min = 103 | FIFA min date = Juin 2008 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Algeria}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = December 1981 | Elo min = 59 | Elo min date = Julie 2008 |pattern_la1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_b1 = _alg15h |pattern_ra1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_sh1 = _adidasonwhite |pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = CFCFCF |socks1 = FFFFFF |pattern_la2 = _alg15a |pattern_b2 = _alg15a |pattern_ra2 = _alg15a |pattern_sh2 = _alg15a |pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white |leftarm2 = 008000 |body2 = 008000 |rightarm2 = 008000 |shorts2 = 008000 |socks2 = 008000 | First game = {{fb|BUL|1946}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br>([[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]]; 6 January 1963) | Largest win = {{fb|Algerie}} 15–1 {{fb-rt|South Yemen}} <br> ([[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]; 17 August 1973) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} 9–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 16 August 1967) | World cup apps = 5 | World cup first = 1982 | World cup best = Roond o 16, [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] | Regional name = [[Africae Cup o Naitions]] | Regional cup apps = 21 | Regional cup first = [[1968 Africae Cup o Naitions|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, 2021 Africae Cup o Naitions }} The '''Algerie naitional fitbaa team''' represents [[Algerie]] in association fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation]]. The team plays its hame gemmes at the [[Stade 5 Juillet 1962]] in [[Algiers]] an thair heid coach is [[Brahim Hemdani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260906-algerian-football-chiefs-name-hemdani-to-replace-petkovic-as-head-coach|title=Algerian football chiefs name Hemdani to replace Petkovic as head coach|website=www.rfi.fr|first=Paul|last=Myers|date=6 September 2026}}</ref> Algerie jyned [[FIFA]] on 1 Januar 1964, a year an a hauf efter gainin unthirldom. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Algerie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:African naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Algerie|Fitbaw]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Algerie]] ij6h0vxedhztnpmd70btjbef183vqdo 922645 922644 2026-09-10T23:42:21Z Atlantic306 30244 updated 922645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox naitional fitbaw team | Name = Algerie | FIFA Trigramme = ALG | Badge_size = 200 | Nickname = ''الخُضر'' &nbsp; "El Khadra" (The Greens) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|title=CAN-2015 (Algeria): Greens to prepare for CAN 2015 in Equatorial Guinea|website=www.aps.dz|date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174029/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />''الأفناك'' &nbsp;(The Fennecs) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|title=Les Fennecs spring a surprise|website=www.fifa.com|date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917223941/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />''محاربي الصحراء'' &nbsp;(The Desert Warriors) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406250243.html|title=Algeria: Desert Warriors Make History in Brazil|website=allafrica.com|first=Abdou|last=Tajedd|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> | Association = [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Fédération Algérienne <br /> de Football]] (FAF) | Confederation = [[Confederation o African Fitbaa|CAF]] (Africae) | Sub-confederation = [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] (North Africae) | Coach = [[Brahim Hemdani]] | Captain = [[Riyad Mahrez]] | Most caps = [[Aïssa Mandi]] (123) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/54728/Aissa_Mandi.html|title=Aïssa Mandi|work=National Football Teams|access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref> | Top scorer = [[Islam Slimani]] (46) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/47712/Islam_Slimani.html|title=Islam Slimani|work=National Football Teams|access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> | Home Stadium = Nelson Mandela Stadium | FIFA Rank = 29 (20 Julie 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-rankings/world-ranking/men?dateId=FRS_Male_Football_20260611|title=Latest Men's World Rankings|work=inside.fifa.com|access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref> | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = October 2014 | FIFA min = 103 | FIFA min date = Juin 2008 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Algeria}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = December 1981 | Elo min = 59 | Elo min date = Julie 2008 |pattern_la1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_b1 = _alg15h |pattern_ra1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_sh1 = _adidasonwhite |pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = CFCFCF |socks1 = FFFFFF |pattern_la2 = _alg15a |pattern_b2 = _alg15a |pattern_ra2 = _alg15a |pattern_sh2 = _alg15a |pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white |leftarm2 = 008000 |body2 = 008000 |rightarm2 = 008000 |shorts2 = 008000 |socks2 = 008000 | First game = {{fb|BUL|1946}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br>([[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]]; 6 January 1963) | Largest win = {{fb|Algerie}} 15–1 {{fb-rt|South Yemen}} <br> ([[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]; 17 August 1973) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} 9–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 16 August 1967) | World cup apps = 5 | World cup first = 1982 | World cup best = Roond o 16, [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] | Regional name = [[Africae Cup o Naitions]] | Regional cup apps = 21 | Regional cup first = [[1968 Africae Cup o Naitions|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, 2021 Africae Cup o Naitions }} The '''Algerie naitional fitbaa team''' represents [[Algerie]] in association fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation]]. The team plays its hame gemmes at the Nelson Mandela Stadium in Baraki, [[Algiers]] an thair heid coach is [[Brahim Hemdani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20260906-algerian-football-chiefs-name-hemdani-to-replace-petkovic-as-head-coach|title=Algerian football chiefs name Hemdani to replace Petkovic as head coach|website=www.rfi.fr|first=Paul|last=Myers|date=6 September 2026}}</ref> Algerie jyned [[FIFA]] on 1 Januar 1964, a year an a hauf efter gainin unthirldom. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Algerie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:African naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Algerie|Fitbaw]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Algerie]] gvpmc1lvwzw0bimjqcfp633jzvy3uww 0 224406 922655 893600 2026-09-11T10:00:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 922655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox person | name = Pádruig Mac Griogair <br>Patrick McGregor | image = Jacobite broadside - Gilder Roy in his genuine Highland Garb.jpg | caption = "Gilder Roy in his [[Hieland dress|Genuine Highland Garb]]" | birth_date = | birth_place = Scotland | death_date = Executed 1636 | death_place = [[Edinburgh]] | occupation = Criminal an blackmailer }} '''Patrick McGregor'''<ref name=s/> {{lang-gd|Pádruig Mac Griogair}}, best kent as '''Gilderoy'''<ref name=ff>Spalding, Page 444</ref>{{efn|Ither spellins uist: '''Gilroy''',<ref name=s>Spalding, Page 437</ref> '''Gilder Roy''' an '''Gilleroy'''.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tcUcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=patrick+mcgregor+gilroy&source=bl&ots=hik2r6I6se&sig=jUZm2WZ37rVdhFgKmsi7Ak2uQLg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnnIqJ7NnJAhVHDxoKHXppBZIQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&q=patrick%20mcgregor%20gilroy&f=false Caledonia]</ref>}} (the Englified version o his [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]] ok-name '''''Gille Ruadh''''', meanin ''reid-haired laddie'')<ref name="s" /> wis a Scots criminal an blackmailer wha herried the launds o [[Strathspey]] ([[:en:Strathspey, Scotland|en]]), [[Braemar]], [[Cromarty]], an ither pairts aroun o [[Aiberdeen]]<ref>Donaldson, Page 83</ref> durin the ring of [[Charles I, Keeng o Scots|Charles I]] (1600–1649) til his execution in 1636. He is muckle kenspeckled an remembered bi Scots in published stories, ballants, tuins, expressions;<ref name=fff>Spalding, Page 445</ref><ref name=fse/> [[Robert Burns|Rabbie Burns]] used a version of the melody ''Gilderoy'' far the sang ''[[From Thee Eliza]]''.<ref name="ss" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.robertburns.org/works/116.shtml |title=Burns Country |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211085648/http://www.robertburns.org/works/116.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life an chairacter== A murtherer, [[kye|cou]]-thief an blackmailer, Gilderoy wis the heid o a menyie of limmers. He's kent bi the ok-name 'Bonnie Lad',<ref name="ftf">Spalding, Page 442</ref> an is bytimes compared an confuised wi ither siclike kenspeckled Scots criminals, fur ensample [[Rab Roy MacGregor]] (1671–1734).<ref name=p/> [[File:Vat from above.JPG|thumb|250px|right|A view wi'in the Burn o'Vat.]] The rock formation at [[Burn O'Vat|Burn o'Vat]] (nearby [[Ballater]] on Deeside) wis said tae be Gilderoy's hiddle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyness |first1=Fenton |title=Royal Valley: the Story of the Aberdeenshire Dee |date=1968 |publisher=Alex P. Reid & Son |isbn=978-0-900961-00-7 |page=209 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G2egAAAAMAAJ&q=burn+o%27vat+gilderoy&dq=burn+o%27vat+gilderoy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr5bfb6fHrAhV2QEEAHSv0AVEQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg |language=en}}</ref> A shallow depression aback the main [[watterfaw]] is kent as "Gilderoy's Cave" (''Gilderoy's Gloup'') as he's ance said tae hae hid fae pursuers ahint the watterfaw.<ref name=elc>{{Cite web |url=http://essonsoflogiecoldstone.co.uk/history/ |title=The Essons of Logie Coldstone |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2016-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031052/http://essonsoflogiecoldstone.co.uk/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Juin 1636 Sir James Grant o Freuchie an Sir Alexander Irvine of [[Drum Castle|Drum]] an his wife Magdalene Scrimgeour war censured fur hairbouring Gilderoy in thair launds.<ref>William Fraser, ''The Chiefs of Grant'', vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1883), pp. 62-3.</ref> He wis executed in 1636.<ref>[http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng20.htm The Newgate Calendar]</ref> ===Details o the trial an his execution=== [[Archibald Campbell, 9t Yerl o Argyll|Archibald Campbell]] (Lord Lorne), heritable justiciar o the Sooth an North Isles an the Sheriffdom of [[Argyll]], finally caucht Gilderoy an on 7 Juin 1636 in [[Edinburgh]] his trial{{efn|Alangside his associates John Forbes, Alistair Forbes, Callum Forbes, George Grant, John McColme, John McGregor McEane, Gillespie McFarlane, Alistair McInneir an Ewin McGregor (alias Accawisch)}} began.<ref name=s/> The trial records a leet o his crime:{{quote|tressonable usurpatioun of our Souerane Lordis royal power and authoritie upone him, in cuming to the dwelling-hous of Alexander Hay in Caimecowlie, and thair, with his complices, breking up the durris thairof, pat violent handes in the persones of the said Alexander and his wyfe, tuik thame captives and prissoneris, caryeid thame as captives tua myles fra thair awin hous under silence of nycht, quhair they keipit the said Alexander and his wife captives the space of twa houris, and wald nocht set thame free quhUl they pro meist thame ane sowme of money for thair ransome and libertie. Lykas, they staw, reft, and away tuik fra the said Alexander the haill guides and geir being within his houss, countit in wynter last, confessit be the said Patrik Gilroy in his depositiones.<ref name="fte">Spalding, Page 438</ref>}} Gilderoy uised muckle violence tae steal fuid an drink fae the tenants o [[Sir Robert Innes o Balvenie]]. In 1635 he an his associates robbed fower hens fae the househauder o Culquharnie. William Dougat of Auchihove an some o his men war taen prisoner an demanded a ransom o twa hunder [[Merk|merks]]. A muckle nummer o ither offences ur recorded involvin common fowk, [[Laird|lairds]] an e'en ministers. He wis involved in sindry "crewall slauchters" (murthers) forby.<ref name=fte/> Gilderoy was fun guilty an the [[dempster]] o the coort pronounced the doom (verdict); that Gilderoy on Friday 29 July wis tae be "drawin backwardis upone upone ane cairt or hurle, fra the tolbuth or wairdhous, to the mercat cross of Edinburgh''.''" He, alangside John Forbes, haed the distinction that they war tae be hanged til deid on a [[gibbet]] that was muckle heicher than that o thair associates.<ref name=ftf>Spalding, Page 442</ref> Gilderoy an Forbes war tae hae thair "... heidis be strukin af from thair bodies, with their richt handis, and the said Gilroy his heid and richt hand to be affixit on the eist or netherbow poirt of Edinburgh, and the said John Forbes his heid and richt hand to be put upone the wast poirt thairof."''<ref name="ftf" />'' His menyie ur registrated as haein herried the landwart for muckle time efter his deith.<ref name=elc/><ref name="np">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxTLSeKfzwc Gilderoy & the Burn O'Vat] Retrieved : 2018-8-18</ref> ==Popular versions o his life== Muckle kenspeckle versions o his life war published, siclike ''Lives and Exploits of English Highwayman, Pirates and Robbers''.<ref name=ftf/> The speel o his activities is aft muyt forrit an his hangin date gien as 1658, wi sindry fause an heichly exaggerated pairts eikit. Gilderoy hae been pit in the same steid as [[Robin Hood]], [[Twm Siôn Cati]] an the aforementioned [[Rab Roy MacGregor]].<ref name=p>Prichard, Preface</ref> Gilderoy wis said tae hae been o guid breed, heir tae an estat in Perthshire upon his faither's deith at twinty-ane yeir auld. Despite advice fae kith an kin, he glegly bankrupts the estat wi his deil-ma-care attitude.<ref name=ftf/> At the hinder end, his mither refuses him ony mair monie, so he cuts her creg, rapes his sister an servand, an havin robbed all her remainin valuables, brent duin her huis.<ref name=ggf>Spalding, Page 443</ref> [[File:Four Excellent Songs- The Wonderful Wig; Meg o' the Mill; The Rantin' Dog the Daddie O't; Gilderoy WDL3413.pdf|thumb|upright|left|A publication containing the sang ''Gilderoy''.]] [[File:Rob Roy - Weir Collection.jpg|thumb|upright|A placad fae the play ''Gilderoy''.]] A muckle reward is then offerit far his captur, an Gilderoy flees tae [[Fraunce]], whaur he coft braw claes an finds hissel ane day in a cathedral near [[Paris|Pairis]] whaur [[Cardinal Richelieu]] is preachin wi the king in attendance.<ref name=pr/> He then robs money fae the cardinal's purse whilk he left on his seat. The king notices this, but Gilderoy gies a sign tae say that it is a prank, the king later findin oot that wis a sittin-duck o joukerie. Fleeing Fraunce, Gilderoy enters [[Spain]], commitin a muckle amount o stouth whaure're he gang. In [[Madrid]], he robs vailuable siller plate fae the [[Duke o Medinaeceli]].<ref name=ggf/> Efter gaun intae hidin for three year, Gilderoy gaes back tae Scotland. Althou Gilderoy wis really kilt in 1636, in these mythologies he is said tae hae taen vantage o the baise o the [[Inglis Ceevil War|Inglis Civil War]] (1642–1651) an assemmled a menyie thit terrorised fowk outthrou the coonties o Athol, Lockable, Angus, Mar, Baquahan, Moray an Sutherland, demandin mony victims tae haund ower their kye tae the bridands tae be protectit. The [[Earl o Linlithgow]] ([[:en:Earl of Linlithgow|en]]) is recorded as a victim, wi Gilderoy robbin a [[diamant]] ring, a [[gowd]] watch an echty gowd coins fae him.<ref name=ggf/> [[Oliver Cromwell]] is brocht intae the story;<ref name=pr>[http://www.exclassics.com/percy/perc49.htm Percy's Reliques]</ref> Gilderoy is said tae hae discovered that Cromwell wis passin thru the Gallowa efter having landed at [[Portpaitrick]] on his return fae Ireland an tries tae commit a stouth on him. Altho Cromwell has only twa servands wi him, he opts to fecht wi Gilderoy, upon whilk Gilderoy shuits an eventually pretends tae flee. Efter a lang chase he suddenly halts, shuits an kills one of his pursuers, injures the other an shuits Cromwell's [[horse]] fae under him, resultin in him breakin his leg. Gilderoy grants Cromwell his life, mounts him on a [[cuddie]] an sends him on his way.<ref name=ggf/> Three o Gilderoy's men ur captured an hanged; in revenge, he kidnaps the judge responsible, murthers his servands, cuts up his coach, kills aw his horse an hangs him on the gey identical gibbet upon whilk his men aye dangle. Efter carrying oot mony ither atrocities, a reward o 1000 merks is shored fur his capture, deid or alive. His mistress, Margaret Cunningham, decides tae betray him as she didnae think he cuid provide fur her ony langer. She arranges fur forty sodgers tae tak him at her hame, however Gileroy murthers her wi muckle barbarity afore managing tae murther echt o the sodgers afore they eventually overwhelm him.<ref name=ff/> Gilderoy is securely chained by his haunds, waist an feet an efter three days so attired in the Edinburgh Tollbooth he is hung fae a thirty-[[Fit (unit)|fit]] heich gibbet in April 1658 huvin expressed nae remorse. His bodie, still hung in chains, is exhibited on another gibbet placed between Edinburgh an Leith as a dire warning tae others. He is said tae hae been thirty-four year auld at his deith.<ref name=ff/> ==In poetry, music an sang== Below is the foremaist stanza fae the 1783 publication o ''Select Scotish Ballads'' bi John Pinkerton<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/selectscottishb00pinkgoog#page/n16/mode/2up Select Scotish Ballads]</ref> showing that despite the harsh an brutal reality o Gilderoy's life, he hud a romantic appeal. The original is said tae hae bin composed shortly efter his execution by ''a young woman who unfortunately was attached to him.''<ref name=ff/> Miss Halket, efter Miss Wardlaw, is kent tae hae ''softened, expunged, and added, as necessity might require.''<ref name=ff/> {| cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto;" |- | style="background:#f4f4f4;"| :''Gilderoy was a bonnie boy'', :''Had roses till his shoon'', :''His stockings were of silken soy'', :''Wi' garters hanging doun''. :''It was, I ween, a comelie sight'' :''To see sae trim a boy''; :''He was my joy, and heart's delight'', :''My handsome Gilderoy.''<ref>Pinkerton, Page 62</ref> |} A black letter copy{{efn|A black letter copy wis a name uised fur the earlie form o type uised by the printers that gave the appearance o a haund-screivit manuscript.}} {{Circa}}1650 shows that it wis weel-kent in England at that time an in 1702 it appeared in Playford's ''Wit and Mirth'' forby.<ref name="fff" /> John Niven, a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] sympathiser, transumed the tuin ''The Flowers of Scotland Gilderoy'' in the 1760s.<ref>[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/scottskinner/display.php?ID=JSS0568 Scottish Music by John Niven, "''The Flowers of Scotland''".]</ref> The tuin ''Gilderoy'' appears in Thomas D'Urfey's ''Pills to Purge Melancholy'' (1707), an in ''Tea Table Miscellany'' ({{Circa}}1726) forby. It appeared in ''Orpheus Caledonius'' of 1733 an aw.<ref name=ss>[http://www.contemplator.com/scotland/gilderoy.html The Songs of Scotland.]</ref> The [[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|''Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'']] o 1870 records the expression "To be hung higher than Gilderoy's kite", meaning tae receive a punishment that is mair severe than that forordinar meted oot tae even the maist despicable o criminals.<ref name=fse>Brewer, Page 478</ref> [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''The Lesson'', screived in 1901 anent the [[Boer War]], uises the phrase an aw: ("''Were all our most holy illusions knocked higher than Gilderoy’s kite. / We have had a jolly good lesson, and it serves us jolly well right!''").<ref>{{cite web |title=Poems - The Lesson |url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/poems_lesson.htm |website=Kipling Society |access-date=18 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> {| cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto;" |- | style="background:#f4f4f4;"| :''Of Gilderoy sae fraid they were'', :''They bound him mickle strong'', :''Tull Edenburrow they led him thair'', :''And on a gallows hung''; :''They hung him high aboon the rest'', :''He was sae trim a boy..''.<ref>[http://www.eponym.ru/content/gilderoys-kite eponym.ru]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Percy |first1=Thomas |title=The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reliques of Ancient English Poetry |edition=Volume 1 of 3 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45939/45939-8.txt |access-date=18 September 2020 |format=.txt}}</ref> |} Ane o the maist recent daursayd memorials tae Gilderoy is that bi Thomas Campbell (1777–1844) wha wrate the [[ballant]] ''Roslin Gilderoy.'' However this likelie relates tae a different bodie wi the identical ok-name, wha in th 18t-century wis hanged in Edinburgh fur stealing sheep, kye, an sindry items forby.<ref>Brewer, Page 88</ref> This is the first stanza :- {| cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto;" |- | style="background:#f4f4f4;"| :''The last, the fatal hour is come,'' :''That bears my love from me'': :''I hear the dead note of the drum'', :''I mark the gallows' tree''!<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/270/3/386.html Poems of Places: An Anthology in 31 Volumes.]</ref> |} ==References== ;Notes {{Notelist|2}} ;Sources {{Reflist|2}} {{Commons category|Burn O'Vat}}{{Portal|Scotland}} {{Refbegin}} * Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1870). ''The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable''. Wordsworth. * Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1892). ''Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Volume 2''. * Donaldson, Gordon & Morpeth, Robert S. (1977). ''A Dictionary of Scottish History''. Edinburgh : John Domald. {{ISBN|0-85976-018-9}}. * Pinkerton, John (1783). ''Select Scotish Ballads''. London : J. Nichols. * Prichard, Thomas Jeffrey Llewelyn (1828). ''The Adventures and Vagaries of Twm Shon Catti, Descriptive of Life in Wales''. Aberystwyth : Prichard. * Spalding, John (1850). ''Memorialls of The Trubles in Scotland and In England. A.D. 1624 - A.D.1645''. Vol. 1. Aberdeen : Spalding Club. {{Refend}} ==Articles outwith== *[http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng20.htm The Newgate Calendar - ''A most barbarous Murderer of his Mother and Sister, who led a bloodthirsty Gang of Outlaws in Scotland and hanged a Judge. Executed in April, 1658.''] *[http://www.bartleby.com/270/3/386.html The Ballad of Gilderoy by Thomas Campbell.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102351/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Historical_Records_of_the_Family_of_Leslie_from_1067_to_1868-9_1000850512/593 Historical records of the trial of Patrick McGregor] *[http://52folksongs.com/2012/08/31/as40-gilderoy/ "Gilderoy" the folk song.] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxTLSeKfzwc Burn O'Vat & the Outlaw Gilderoy video] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gilderoy}} [[Category:1636 deiths]] [[Category:Scots murtherers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Argyll and Bute]] [[Category:17t-century Scots fowk]] [[Category:Scots fowklair]] g4dxsev9oesdep057s21qegfllpsx80 0 226738 922638 817241 2026-09-10T16:24:22Z FailedLuddite 137007 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|2|0 */ 922638 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Geheimnis_der_Weihnacht3.tiff|thumb|An Advent calendar wi the nativity scene ahint the 24t door an the adoration o the shepherds ahint the 25t. Ilka ane o the fower Sundays in Advent haes an it's ain door an aw.]] An '''Advent calendar''' is a special calendar uised tae coont the days o Advent tae gear up fur Christmas. Acause the date o the First [[Sunday]] o Advent chynges, fawin atween 27 November an 3 Dizember includin thae dates, mony Advent calendars, espeicially thae yins thit kin be reuised, Aften stairtit on 1 Dizember. Sometimes yins pit fur a specific year aften hiv the last few days o November thit are pairt of the yuil season.<ref name="ACNS2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|title=Online Advent calendar created by the world|last=|first=|date=November 17, 2016|website=Anglican Communion News Service|publisher=|language=en-gb|trans-title=Onwab Advent calendar pit thegither bi the warld|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082343/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|archive-date=20 Dec 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref><ref name="CI2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|title=Primate launches online calendar for Advent|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=26 Nov 2014|website=Catholic Ireland|publisher=|language=en-ie|trans-title=Primate pits oot online calendar fur Advent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172716/http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|archive-date=26 Apr 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref> The first advent calendars war uised bi German Lutherans in the 19t and 20t yearhunner. == Design an uise == [[File:Diciembre.jpg|thumb|An Advent calendar wi a pictur o [[Santae Claus]] ridin his sleigh]] Tradeetional Advent calendars hiv picturs o the manger scene, [[Saunt Nicholas]] an winter wather. Ither calenders hiv different themes, rinnin fae sports tae technologie. Thay come in a hale wheen o forms, fae seemple paper calendars wi flaps kivverin the days tae fabric dookets on a backgrund scene tae pentit widden boxes wi cubby holes for smaw items. Mony advent calendars hiv the shape o a muckle rectangle caird wi "windaes", Ane fur ilka day in Dizember up tae an includin Christenmas Eve (24 Dizember) or [[Christenmas]] day (25 Dizember). Doors are appent ance a day up tae Christenmas, stairtin fae the stairt o the Advent season fur that year,<ref name="ACNS2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|title=Online Advent calendar created by the world|date=November 17, 2016|publisher=Anglican Communion News Service|language=English|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082343/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|archive-date=December 20, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2016|quote=] Christians across the world are being invited to celebrate the season of Advent through an interactive, multi-lingual online calendar. The website adventword.org goes live on Advent Sunday (27 November) in nine languages including, for the first time, Arabic. It allows people around the globe to create together an advent calendar with images shared by their mobile phones. Advent, which runs from Sunday 27 November to Christmas Eve, is the season when Christians prepare to celebrate the birth of Jesus. It is traditionally marked with the putting up of an Advent calendar to count down the days. The calendars have daily windows which are opened to reveal images, small chocolates or other gifts.}}</ref><ref name="CI2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|title=Primate launches online calendar for Advent|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=November 26, 2014|publisher=Catholic Ireland|language=English|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172716/http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|archive-date=April 26, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2016|quote=The Primate of All Ireland, Archbishop Eamon Martin, on Tuesday launched a specially commissioned 2014 Advent calendar to coincide with the beginning of Advent on Sunday 30 November. The online calendar can be found on the Irish Catholic bishops' website www.catholicbishops.ie. This year's calendar also incorporates a new feature in the form of an audio 'Thought for Today'. In a statement, the Archbishop said "Each day of Advent amounts to a period of time which allows us to journey and reflect on 'the joy of the Gospel." “As Advent is the season of preparation for the coming of our Lord, I encourage the faithful, notwithstanding our hectic schedule over the coming weeks, to make time to pray – alone and with loved ones – and by so doing to draw nearer to Christ," Archbishop Martin encouraged. The first door on the Advent Calendar will open on Sunday next 30 November and each subsequent day after that.}}</ref> or juist on 1 Dizember. The doors are aften pit ootower aboot the calender random-like. The calendar windae appen wi something ahint it, sic as an image, a poyem, a bit o a story (sic as the story o the Nativity o Jesus), or a wee gift, sic as a toy or a chocolate item. Ilka windae aften haes a Bible verse an Christian prayer pit on it, thit Christians hiv as pairt o thair ilka-day Advent worship. Advent calendars micht hiv puzzles an gemms prentit tae thair hintside an aw. Some magazines an beuks hiv advent calendars biggit intae thaim an aw, sic as the lang-rinnin Breetish magazine ''Country Life'' — this is desrived as "wir famous Advent calendar"— in its kiver fur the final issue o November. Thare ur a hale wheen o different teeps o Advent calendars, sic as social media calendars, an strung up calendars thit kin be reuised. Mony touns dae livin advent calendars, whaur, dependin on the toun, an event kin happen somewhaur in the toun ilka day, or lichts in a hame licht up ilka nicht until Christenmas day, hogmany or the 5t Januar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/living-advent-calendar-lighting-up-17443549|title=The living advent calendar lighting up the windows of Scotstoun this Christmas|last=O'Neill|first=Christina|date=19 Dec 2019|website=Glasgow Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=The livin advent calendar lichtin up the windaes o Scotstoun this Christenmas|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/sick-kids-living-advent-calendar-15494416|title=Sick Kids' living advent calendar kicks off with a live pipe band performance|last=Galloway|first=Claire|date=2 Dec 2018|website=Edinburgh Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=Sick bairns' livin advent calendar kicks aff wi a live pipe band performance|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref> Some advent calendars e'en jouk tradeetional Christenmas seembols an themes, juist focusin on Jesus<ref name="Names of Jesus">{{Cite web|url=http://jesusadventcalendar.com/|title=Names of Jesus Advent Calendar}}</ref> as the central character o the Christenmas story. == The Nordic Julekalender/Julkalender == In [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Norawa]] an [[Swaden]], thare is a tradeetion o hivin a ''Julkalender'' ([[Swadish leid|Swadish]]: ''Julkalender'', [[Finnish leid|Finns]]: ''Joulukalenteri'', [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]]: ''Jóladagatal''; Literal-like "Yuil Calendar") as a telly or radio programme stairtin on 1 Dizember an endin on Christenmas Eve (24 Dizember). The first programme came on on radio in 1957 as a Swadish radio series ''Barnens adventskalender''; the first programme on telly wis the Swadish programme ''Titteliture'' in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|title=Julkalendern 50 år - Bakgrund|last=|first=|date=December 10, 2007|website=|publisher=Web.archive.org|language=sv|trans-title=Backgrund - 50 year wi the Christenmas calendar on the radio|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210121106/http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|archive-date=December 10, 2007|access-date=December 9, 2011}}</ref> The first ''julekalender'' aired in Denmark wis ''Historier fra hele verden'' in 1962. The televised ''julkalender'' or ''julekalendar'' has nou been stent tae the ither [[Nordic kintras]]; in Finland, fur exemple, the programme is cawed ''Joulukalenteri''. Ower the years, thare hiv bin twa-three kynds o ''julekalender''; some ur aimed at bairns, some fur bairns an adults, an ithers juist fur adults. Thare is a ''Julkalender'' radio programme in Swaden. It airs in the days near an up tae Christenmas. A classeic exemple o a ''julekalender'' fur bairns is the 1979 Norawa telly programme ''Jul i Skomakergata''; anither is the 1990 Iceland telly programme ''Á baðkari til Betlehem''. == Image gallery == <gallery mode="packed" caption="A collection of Advent calendars"> File:Richard Ernst Kepler - Im Lande des Christkinds.jpg|Advent calendar frae ''Im Lande des Christkinds''. The windaes hiv Christenmas poyems. Images, frae a cut-oot sheet, war pit aw ower thaim. File:Marianne Schneegans Adventskalender.jpeg|A 1946 Advent calendar bi {{Interlanguage link multi|Marianne Schneegans|de|Marianne Schneegans}}. File:Schloss Hellbrunn zur Adventszeit.jpg|The 24 windaes o the front o [[Hellbrunn Palace]] in Salzburg, Austria, uised like an Advent calendar durin the toun's Christenmas mercat. File:Adventkalender andrea.JPG|A hame-made Advent calendar wi presents. File:2014-12 12 Adventskalender St. Elisabeth (Essen-Frohnhausen).jpg|An Advent calendar oot o images thit hiv dates on the hintside. File:Jul cal2.jpg|A Norwegian Advent calendar. File:Adventskalender im Bau.jpg|A hame-made Advent calendar made frae wuid intae the shape o a Christenmas tree. File:Adventskalender am Rathaus. Stollberg. IMG 0831WI.jpg|Advent Calendar at the City Haw in [[Stollberg]], Saxony. File:A few hours too early (4267111411).jpg|Twa lassies try tae appen a massive Advent calendar at the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church]], Berlin. File:Adventskalender.JPG|Advent calendar wi real leevin fowk. File:Adventkalender AR.jpg|Advent calendar wi presents as flaps, pit on random-like. </gallery> == References == {{Reflist|40em}} == Freemit Airtins == * Taylor, Alan (November 30, 2012). "2012 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} * Taylor, Alan (December 1, 2018). "2018 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} [[Category:Calendars]] [[Category:Chocolate]] [[Category:German inventions]] ngw93pc4ac2y05iy9zdxgu76cqcgn87 922640 922638 2026-09-10T17:36:54Z FailedLuddite 137007 922640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Geheimnis_der_Weihnacht3.tiff|thumb|An Advent calendar wi the nativity scene ahint the 24t door an the adoration o the shepherds ahint the 25t. Ilka ane o the fower Sundays in Advent haes an it's ain door an aw.]] An '''Advent calendar''' is a special calendar used tae coont the days o Advent tae gear up for Christmas. Acause the date o the First [[Sunday]] o Advent chynges, faen atween 27 November an 3 December includin thae dates, monie Advent calendars, espeicially thae yins that can be reused, affen start on 1 December. Whiles yins pit for a particular year affen hae the laist few days o November that are pairt of the saison o Advent.<ref name="ACNS2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|title=Online Advent calendar created by the world|last=|first=|date=November 17, 2016|website=Anglican Communion News Service|publisher=|language=en-gb|trans-title=Onwab Advent calendar pit thegither bi the warld|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082343/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|archive-date=20 Dec 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref><ref name="CI2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|title=Primate launches online calendar for Advent|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=26 Nov 2014|website=Catholic Ireland|publisher=|language=en-ie|trans-title=Primate pits oot online calendar fur Advent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172716/http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|archive-date=26 Apr 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref> The first advent calendars wur used by German Lutherans in the 19t an 20t yearhunner. == Design an uise == [[File:Diciembre.jpg|thumb|An Advent calendar wi a pictur o [[Santae Claus]] ridin his sleigh]] Tradeetional Advent calendars hiv picturs o the manger scene, [[Saunt Nicholas]] an winter wather. Ither calenders hiv different themes, rinnin fae sports tae technologie. Thay come in a hale wheen o forms, fae seemple paper calendars wi flaps kivverin the days tae fabric dookets on a backgrund scene tae pentit widden boxes wi cubby holes for smaw items. Mony advent calendars hiv the shape o a muckle rectangle caird wi "windaes", Ane fur ilka day in Dizember up tae an includin Christenmas Eve (24 Dizember) or [[Christenmas]] day (25 Dizember). Doors are appent ance a day up tae Christenmas, stairtin fae the stairt o the Advent season fur that year,<ref name="ACNS2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|title=Online Advent calendar created by the world|date=November 17, 2016|publisher=Anglican Communion News Service|language=English|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082343/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|archive-date=December 20, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2016|quote=] Christians across the world are being invited to celebrate the season of Advent through an interactive, multi-lingual online calendar. The website adventword.org goes live on Advent Sunday (27 November) in nine languages including, for the first time, Arabic. It allows people around the globe to create together an advent calendar with images shared by their mobile phones. Advent, which runs from Sunday 27 November to Christmas Eve, is the season when Christians prepare to celebrate the birth of Jesus. It is traditionally marked with the putting up of an Advent calendar to count down the days. The calendars have daily windows which are opened to reveal images, small chocolates or other gifts.}}</ref><ref name="CI2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|title=Primate launches online calendar for Advent|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=November 26, 2014|publisher=Catholic Ireland|language=English|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172716/http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|archive-date=April 26, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2016|quote=The Primate of All Ireland, Archbishop Eamon Martin, on Tuesday launched a specially commissioned 2014 Advent calendar to coincide with the beginning of Advent on Sunday 30 November. The online calendar can be found on the Irish Catholic bishops' website www.catholicbishops.ie. This year's calendar also incorporates a new feature in the form of an audio 'Thought for Today'. In a statement, the Archbishop said "Each day of Advent amounts to a period of time which allows us to journey and reflect on 'the joy of the Gospel." “As Advent is the season of preparation for the coming of our Lord, I encourage the faithful, notwithstanding our hectic schedule over the coming weeks, to make time to pray – alone and with loved ones – and by so doing to draw nearer to Christ," Archbishop Martin encouraged. The first door on the Advent Calendar will open on Sunday next 30 November and each subsequent day after that.}}</ref> or juist on 1 Dizember. The doors are aften pit ootower aboot the calender random-like. The calendar windae appen wi something ahint it, sic as an image, a poyem, a bit o a story (sic as the story o the Nativity o Jesus), or a wee gift, sic as a toy or a chocolate item. Ilka windae aften haes a Bible verse an Christian prayer pit on it, thit Christians hiv as pairt o thair ilka-day Advent worship. Advent calendars micht hiv puzzles an gemms prentit tae thair hintside an aw. Some magazines an beuks hiv advent calendars biggit intae thaim an aw, sic as the lang-rinnin Breetish magazine ''Country Life'' — this is desrived as "wir famous Advent calendar"— in its kiver fur the final issue o November. Thare ur a hale wheen o different teeps o Advent calendars, sic as social media calendars, an strung up calendars thit kin be reuised. Mony touns dae livin advent calendars, whaur, dependin on the toun, an event kin happen somewhaur in the toun ilka day, or lichts in a hame licht up ilka nicht until Christenmas day, hogmany or the 5t Januar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/living-advent-calendar-lighting-up-17443549|title=The living advent calendar lighting up the windows of Scotstoun this Christmas|last=O'Neill|first=Christina|date=19 Dec 2019|website=Glasgow Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=The livin advent calendar lichtin up the windaes o Scotstoun this Christenmas|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/sick-kids-living-advent-calendar-15494416|title=Sick Kids' living advent calendar kicks off with a live pipe band performance|last=Galloway|first=Claire|date=2 Dec 2018|website=Edinburgh Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=Sick bairns' livin advent calendar kicks aff wi a live pipe band performance|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref> Some advent calendars e'en jouk tradeetional Christenmas seembols an themes, juist focusin on Jesus<ref name="Names of Jesus">{{Cite web|url=http://jesusadventcalendar.com/|title=Names of Jesus Advent Calendar}}</ref> as the central character o the Christenmas story. == The Nordic Julekalender/Julkalender == In [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Norawa]] an [[Swaden]], thare is a tradeetion o hivin a ''Julkalender'' ([[Swadish leid|Swadish]]: ''Julkalender'', [[Finnish leid|Finns]]: ''Joulukalenteri'', [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]]: ''Jóladagatal''; Literal-like "Yuil Calendar") as a telly or radio programme stairtin on 1 Dizember an endin on Christenmas Eve (24 Dizember). The first programme came on on radio in 1957 as a Swadish radio series ''Barnens adventskalender''; the first programme on telly wis the Swadish programme ''Titteliture'' in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|title=Julkalendern 50 år - Bakgrund|last=|first=|date=December 10, 2007|website=|publisher=Web.archive.org|language=sv|trans-title=Backgrund - 50 year wi the Christenmas calendar on the radio|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210121106/http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|archive-date=December 10, 2007|access-date=December 9, 2011}}</ref> The first ''julekalender'' aired in Denmark wis ''Historier fra hele verden'' in 1962. The televised ''julkalender'' or ''julekalendar'' has nou been stent tae the ither [[Nordic kintras]]; in Finland, fur exemple, the programme is cawed ''Joulukalenteri''. Ower the years, thare hiv bin twa-three kynds o ''julekalender''; some ur aimed at bairns, some fur bairns an adults, an ithers juist fur adults. Thare is a ''Julkalender'' radio programme in Swaden. It airs in the days near an up tae Christenmas. A classeic exemple o a ''julekalender'' fur bairns is the 1979 Norawa telly programme ''Jul i Skomakergata''; anither is the 1990 Iceland telly programme ''Á baðkari til Betlehem''. == Image gallery == <gallery mode="packed" caption="A collection of Advent calendars"> File:Richard Ernst Kepler - Im Lande des Christkinds.jpg|Advent calendar frae ''Im Lande des Christkinds''. The windaes hiv Christenmas poyems. Images, frae a cut-oot sheet, war pit aw ower thaim. File:Marianne Schneegans Adventskalender.jpeg|A 1946 Advent calendar bi {{Interlanguage link multi|Marianne Schneegans|de|Marianne Schneegans}}. File:Schloss Hellbrunn zur Adventszeit.jpg|The 24 windaes o the front o [[Hellbrunn Palace]] in Salzburg, Austria, uised like an Advent calendar durin the toun's Christenmas mercat. File:Adventkalender andrea.JPG|A hame-made Advent calendar wi presents. File:2014-12 12 Adventskalender St. Elisabeth (Essen-Frohnhausen).jpg|An Advent calendar oot o images thit hiv dates on the hintside. File:Jul cal2.jpg|A Norwegian Advent calendar. File:Adventskalender im Bau.jpg|A hame-made Advent calendar made frae wuid intae the shape o a Christenmas tree. File:Adventskalender am Rathaus. Stollberg. IMG 0831WI.jpg|Advent Calendar at the City Haw in [[Stollberg]], Saxony. File:A few hours too early (4267111411).jpg|Twa lassies try tae appen a massive Advent calendar at the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church]], Berlin. File:Adventskalender.JPG|Advent calendar wi real leevin fowk. File:Adventkalender AR.jpg|Advent calendar wi presents as flaps, pit on random-like. </gallery> == References == {{Reflist|40em}} == Freemit Airtins == * Taylor, Alan (November 30, 2012). "2012 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} * Taylor, Alan (December 1, 2018). "2018 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} [[Category:Calendars]] [[Category:Chocolate]] [[Category:German inventions]] 6h8cmo31p2b0f0cm8ajdjh9mlrsp1wc 922643 922640 2026-09-10T23:27:52Z Atlantic306 30244 unnecessary link 922643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Geheimnis_der_Weihnacht3.tiff|thumb|An Advent calendar wi the nativity scene ahint the 24t door an the adoration o the shepherds ahint the 25t. Ilka ane o the fower Sundays in Advent haes an it's ain door an aw.]] An '''Advent calendar''' is a special calendar used tae coont the days o Advent tae gear up for Christmas. Acause the date o the First Sunday o Advent chynges, faen atween 27 November an 3 December includin thae dates, monie Advent calendars, espeicially thae yins that can be reused, affen start on 1 December. Whiles yins pit for a particular year affen hae the laist few days o November that are pairt of the saison o Advent.<ref name="ACNS2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|title=Online Advent calendar created by the world|last=|first=|date=November 17, 2016|website=Anglican Communion News Service|publisher=|language=en-gb|trans-title=Onwab Advent calendar pit thegither bi the warld|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082343/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|archive-date=20 Dec 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref><ref name="CI2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|title=Primate launches online calendar for Advent|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=26 Nov 2014|website=Catholic Ireland|publisher=|language=en-ie|trans-title=Primate pits oot online calendar fur Advent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172716/http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|archive-date=26 Apr 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref> The first advent calendars wur used by German Lutherans in the 19t an 20t yearhunner. == Design an uise == [[File:Diciembre.jpg|thumb|An Advent calendar wi a pictur o [[Santae Claus]] ridin his sleigh]] Tradeetional Advent calendars hiv picturs o the manger scene, [[Saunt Nicholas]] an winter wather. Ither calenders hiv different themes, rinnin fae sports tae technologie. Thay come in a hale wheen o forms, fae seemple paper calendars wi flaps kivverin the days tae fabric dookets on a backgrund scene tae pentit widden boxes wi cubby holes for smaw items. Mony advent calendars hiv the shape o a muckle rectangle caird wi "windaes", Ane fur ilka day in Dizember up tae an includin Christenmas Eve (24 Dizember) or [[Christenmas]] day (25 Dizember). Doors are appent ance a day up tae Christenmas, stairtin fae the stairt o the Advent season fur that year,<ref name="ACNS2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|title=Online Advent calendar created by the world|date=November 17, 2016|publisher=Anglican Communion News Service|language=English|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082343/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|archive-date=December 20, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2016|quote=] Christians across the world are being invited to celebrate the season of Advent through an interactive, multi-lingual online calendar. The website adventword.org goes live on Advent Sunday (27 November) in nine languages including, for the first time, Arabic. It allows people around the globe to create together an advent calendar with images shared by their mobile phones. Advent, which runs from Sunday 27 November to Christmas Eve, is the season when Christians prepare to celebrate the birth of Jesus. It is traditionally marked with the putting up of an Advent calendar to count down the days. The calendars have daily windows which are opened to reveal images, small chocolates or other gifts.}}</ref><ref name="CI2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|title=Primate launches online calendar for Advent|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=November 26, 2014|publisher=Catholic Ireland|language=English|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172716/http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|archive-date=April 26, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2016|quote=The Primate of All Ireland, Archbishop Eamon Martin, on Tuesday launched a specially commissioned 2014 Advent calendar to coincide with the beginning of Advent on Sunday 30 November. The online calendar can be found on the Irish Catholic bishops' website www.catholicbishops.ie. This year's calendar also incorporates a new feature in the form of an audio 'Thought for Today'. In a statement, the Archbishop said "Each day of Advent amounts to a period of time which allows us to journey and reflect on 'the joy of the Gospel." “As Advent is the season of preparation for the coming of our Lord, I encourage the faithful, notwithstanding our hectic schedule over the coming weeks, to make time to pray – alone and with loved ones – and by so doing to draw nearer to Christ," Archbishop Martin encouraged. The first door on the Advent Calendar will open on Sunday next 30 November and each subsequent day after that.}}</ref> or juist on 1 Dizember. The doors are aften pit ootower aboot the calender random-like. The calendar windae appen wi something ahint it, sic as an image, a poyem, a bit o a story (sic as the story o the Nativity o Jesus), or a wee gift, sic as a toy or a chocolate item. Ilka windae aften haes a Bible verse an Christian prayer pit on it, thit Christians hiv as pairt o thair ilka-day Advent worship. Advent calendars micht hiv puzzles an gemms prentit tae thair hintside an aw. Some magazines an beuks hiv advent calendars biggit intae thaim an aw, sic as the lang-rinnin Breetish magazine ''Country Life'' — this is desrived as "wir famous Advent calendar"— in its kiver fur the final issue o November. Thare ur a hale wheen o different teeps o Advent calendars, sic as social media calendars, an strung up calendars thit kin be reuised. Mony touns dae livin advent calendars, whaur, dependin on the toun, an event kin happen somewhaur in the toun ilka day, or lichts in a hame licht up ilka nicht until Christenmas day, hogmany or the 5t Januar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/living-advent-calendar-lighting-up-17443549|title=The living advent calendar lighting up the windows of Scotstoun this Christmas|last=O'Neill|first=Christina|date=19 Dec 2019|website=Glasgow Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=The livin advent calendar lichtin up the windaes o Scotstoun this Christenmas|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/sick-kids-living-advent-calendar-15494416|title=Sick Kids' living advent calendar kicks off with a live pipe band performance|last=Galloway|first=Claire|date=2 Dec 2018|website=Edinburgh Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=Sick bairns' livin advent calendar kicks aff wi a live pipe band performance|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref> Some advent calendars e'en jouk tradeetional Christenmas seembols an themes, juist focusin on Jesus<ref name="Names of Jesus">{{Cite web|url=http://jesusadventcalendar.com/|title=Names of Jesus Advent Calendar}}</ref> as the central character o the Christenmas story. == The Nordic Julekalender/Julkalender == In [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Norawa]] an [[Swaden]], thare is a tradeetion o hivin a ''Julkalender'' ([[Swadish leid|Swadish]]: ''Julkalender'', [[Finnish leid|Finns]]: ''Joulukalenteri'', [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]]: ''Jóladagatal''; Literal-like "Yuil Calendar") as a telly or radio programme stairtin on 1 Dizember an endin on Christenmas Eve (24 Dizember). The first programme came on on radio in 1957 as a Swadish radio series ''Barnens adventskalender''; the first programme on telly wis the Swadish programme ''Titteliture'' in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|title=Julkalendern 50 år - Bakgrund|last=|first=|date=December 10, 2007|website=|publisher=Web.archive.org|language=sv|trans-title=Backgrund - 50 year wi the Christenmas calendar on the radio|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210121106/http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|archive-date=December 10, 2007|access-date=December 9, 2011}}</ref> The first ''julekalender'' aired in Denmark wis ''Historier fra hele verden'' in 1962. The televised ''julkalender'' or ''julekalendar'' has nou been stent tae the ither [[Nordic kintras]]; in Finland, fur exemple, the programme is cawed ''Joulukalenteri''. Ower the years, thare hiv bin twa-three kynds o ''julekalender''; some ur aimed at bairns, some fur bairns an adults, an ithers juist fur adults. Thare is a ''Julkalender'' radio programme in Swaden. It airs in the days near an up tae Christenmas. A classeic exemple o a ''julekalender'' fur bairns is the 1979 Norawa telly programme ''Jul i Skomakergata''; anither is the 1990 Iceland telly programme ''Á baðkari til Betlehem''. == Image gallery == <gallery mode="packed" caption="A collection of Advent calendars"> File:Richard Ernst Kepler - Im Lande des Christkinds.jpg|Advent calendar frae ''Im Lande des Christkinds''. The windaes hiv Christenmas poyems. Images, frae a cut-oot sheet, war pit aw ower thaim. File:Marianne Schneegans Adventskalender.jpeg|A 1946 Advent calendar bi {{Interlanguage link multi|Marianne Schneegans|de|Marianne Schneegans}}. File:Schloss Hellbrunn zur Adventszeit.jpg|The 24 windaes o the front o [[Hellbrunn Palace]] in Salzburg, Austria, uised like an Advent calendar durin the toun's Christenmas mercat. File:Adventkalender andrea.JPG|A hame-made Advent calendar wi presents. File:2014-12 12 Adventskalender St. Elisabeth (Essen-Frohnhausen).jpg|An Advent calendar oot o images thit hiv dates on the hintside. File:Jul cal2.jpg|A Norwegian Advent calendar. File:Adventskalender im Bau.jpg|A hame-made Advent calendar made frae wuid intae the shape o a Christenmas tree. File:Adventskalender am Rathaus. Stollberg. IMG 0831WI.jpg|Advent Calendar at the City Haw in [[Stollberg]], Saxony. File:A few hours too early (4267111411).jpg|Twa lassies try tae appen a massive Advent calendar at the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church]], Berlin. File:Adventskalender.JPG|Advent calendar wi real leevin fowk. File:Adventkalender AR.jpg|Advent calendar wi presents as flaps, pit on random-like. </gallery> == References == {{Reflist|40em}} == Freemit Airtins == * Taylor, Alan (November 30, 2012). "2012 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} * Taylor, Alan (December 1, 2018). "2018 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} [[Category:Calendars]] [[Category:Chocolate]] [[Category:German inventions]] 6hv2mbe8er9u3iyarjhfang7ke3kncq 922646 922643 2026-09-11T03:09:04Z CiphriusKane 74958 922646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Geheimnis_der_Weihnacht3.tiff|thumb|An Advent calendar wi the nativity scene ahint the 24t door an the adoration o the shepherds ahint the 25t. Ilka ane o the fower Sundays in Advent haes an it's ain door an aw.]] An '''Advent calendar''' is a special calendar uised tae coont the days o Advent tae gear up fur Christmas. Acause the date o the First Sunday o Advent chynges, fawin atween 27 November an 3 December includin thae dates, monie Advent calendars, espeicially thae yins that can be reuised, aft stairt on 1 December. Whiles yins pit fur a particular year aft hae the laist twathree days o November that are pairt of the saison o Advent.<ref name="ACNS2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|title=Online Advent calendar created by the world|last=|first=|date=November 17, 2016|website=Anglican Communion News Service|publisher=|language=en-gb|trans-title=Onwab Advent calendar pit thegither bi the warld|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082343/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|archive-date=20 Dec 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref><ref name="CI2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|title=Primate launches online calendar for Advent|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=26 Nov 2014|website=Catholic Ireland|publisher=|language=en-ie|trans-title=Primate pits oot online calendar fur Advent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172716/http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|archive-date=26 Apr 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref> The first advent calendars wis uised bi German Lutherans in the 19t an 20t yearhunner. == Design an uise == [[File:Diciembre.jpg|thumb|An Advent calendar wi a pictur o [[Santae Claus]] ridin his sleigh]] Tradeetional Advent calendars hiv picturs o the manger scene, [[Saunt Nicholas]] an winter wather. Ither calenders hiv different themes, rinnin fae sports tae technologie. Thay come in a hale wheen o forms, fae seemple paper calendars wi flaps kivverin the days tae fabric dookets on a backgrund scene tae pentit widden boxes wi cubby holes for smaw items. Mony advent calendars hiv the shape o a muckle rectangle caird wi "windaes", ane fur ilka day in December up tae an includin Christenmas Eve (24 December) or [[Christenmas]] day (25 December). Doors are appent ance a day up tae Christenmas, stairtin fae the stairt o the Advent saison fur that year,<ref name="ACNS2016"/><ref name="CI2014"/> or juist on 1 December. The doors are aften pit ootower aboot the calender random-like. The calendar windae appen wi something ahint it, sic as an image, a poyem, a bit o a story (sic as the story o the Nativity o Jesus), or a wee gift, sic as a toy or a chocolate item. Ilka windae aften haes a Bible verse an Christian prayer pit on it, thit Christians hiv as pairt o thair ilka-day Advent worship. Advent calendars micht hiv puzzles an gemms prentit tae thair hintside an aw. Some magazines an beuks hiv advent calendars biggit intae thaim an aw, sic as the lang-rinnin Breetish magazine ''Country Life'' — this is desrived as "wir famous Advent calendar"— in its kiver fur the final issue o November. Thare ur a hale wheen o different teeps o Advent calendars, sic as social media calendars, an strung up calendars thit kin be reuised. Mony touns dae livin advent calendars, whaur, dependin on the toun, an event kin happen somewhaur in the toun ilka day, or lichts in a hame licht up ilka nicht until Christenmas day, hogmany or the 5t Januar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/living-advent-calendar-lighting-up-17443549|title=The living advent calendar lighting up the windows of Scotstoun this Christmas|last=O'Neill|first=Christina|date=19 Dec 2019|website=Glasgow Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=The livin advent calendar lichtin up the windaes o Scotstoun this Christenmas|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/sick-kids-living-advent-calendar-15494416|title=Sick Kids' living advent calendar kicks off with a live pipe band performance|last=Galloway|first=Claire|date=2 Dec 2018|website=Edinburgh Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=Sick bairns' livin advent calendar kicks aff wi a live pipe band performance|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref> Some advent calendars e'en jouk tradeetional Christenmas symbols an themes, juist focusin on Jesus<ref name="Names of Jesus">{{Cite web|url=http://jesusadventcalendar.com/|title=Names of Jesus Advent Calendar}}</ref> as the central character o the Christenmas story. == The Nordic Julekalender/Julkalender == In [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Norawa]] an [[Swaden]], thare is a tradeetion o hivin a ''Julkalender'' ([[Swadish leid|Swadish]]: ''Julkalender'', [[Finnish leid|Finns]]: ''Joulukalenteri'', [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]]: ''Jóladagatal''; Literal-like "Yuil Calendar") as a telly or radio programme stairtin on 1 December an endin on Christenmas Eve (24 December). The first programme came on on radio in 1957 as a Swadish radio series ''Barnens adventskalender''; the first programme on telly wis the Swadish programme ''Titteliture'' in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|title=Julkalendern 50 år - Bakgrund|last=|first=|date=December 10, 2007|website=|publisher=Web.archive.org|language=sv|trans-title=Backgrund - 50 year wi the Christenmas calendar on the radio|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210121106/http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|archive-date=December 10, 2007|access-date=December 9, 2011}}</ref> The first ''julekalender'' aired in Denmark wis ''Historier fra hele verden'' in 1962. The televised ''julkalender'' or ''julekalendar'' has nou been stent tae the ither [[Nordic kintras]]; in Finland, fur exemple, the programme is cawed ''Joulukalenteri''. Ower the years, thare hiv bin twa-three kynds o ''julekalender''; some ur aimed at bairns, some fur bairns an adults, an ithers juist fur adults. Thare is a ''Julkalender'' radio programme in Swaden. It airs in the days near an up tae Christenmas. A classeic exemple o a ''julekalender'' fur bairns is the 1979 Norawa telly programme ''Jul i Skomakergata''; anither is the 1990 Iceland telly programme ''Á baðkari til Betlehem''. == Image gallery == <gallery mode="packed" caption="A collection of Advent calendars"> File:Richard Ernst Kepler - Im Lande des Christkinds.jpg|Advent calendar frae ''Im Lande des Christkinds''. The windaes hiv Christenmas poyems. Images, frae a cut-oot sheet, war pit aw ower thaim. File:Marianne Schneegans Adventskalender.jpeg|A 1946 Advent calendar bi {{Interlanguage link multi|Marianne Schneegans|de|Marianne Schneegans}}. File:Schloss Hellbrunn zur Adventszeit.jpg|The 24 windaes o the front o [[Hellbrunn Palace]] in Salzburg, Austria, uised like an Advent calendar durin the toun's Christenmas mercat. File:Adventkalender andrea.JPG|A hame-made Advent calendar wi presents. File:2014-12 12 Adventskalender St. Elisabeth (Essen-Frohnhausen).jpg|An Advent calendar oot o images thit hiv dates on the hintside. File:Jul cal2.jpg|A Norwegian Advent calendar. File:Adventskalender im Bau.jpg|A hame-made Advent calendar made frae wuid intae the shape o a Christenmas tree. File:Adventskalender am Rathaus. Stollberg. IMG 0831WI.jpg|Advent Calendar at the City Haw in [[Stollberg]], Saxony. File:A few hours too early (4267111411).jpg|Twa lassies try tae appen a massive Advent calendar at the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church]], Berlin. File:Adventskalender.JPG|Advent calendar wi real leevin fowk. File:Adventkalender AR.jpg|Advent calendar wi presents as flaps, pit on random-like. </gallery> == References == {{Reflist|40em}} == Freemit Airtins == * Taylor, Alan (November 30, 2012). "2012 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} * Taylor, Alan (December 1, 2018). "2018 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} [[Category:Calendars]] [[Category:Chocolate]] [[Category:German inventions]] le4u1s25un6o61tropn6r9zg5rmyf3a 922647 922646 2026-09-11T03:42:56Z FailedLuddite 137007 add hyphen (as per SND) 922647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Geheimnis_der_Weihnacht3.tiff|thumb|An Advent calendar wi the nativity scene ahint the 24t door an the adoration o the shepherds ahint the 25t. Ilka ane o the fower Sundays in Advent haes an it's ain door an aw.]] An '''Advent calendar''' is a special calendar uised tae coont the days o Advent tae gear up fur Christmas. Acause the date o the First Sunday o Advent chynges, fawin atween 27 November an 3 December includin thae dates, monie Advent calendars, espeicially thae yins that can be reuised, aft stairt on 1 December. Whiles yins pit fur a particular year aft hae the laist twa-three days o November that are pairt of the saison o Advent.<ref name="ACNS2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|title=Online Advent calendar created by the world|last=|first=|date=November 17, 2016|website=Anglican Communion News Service|publisher=|language=en-gb|trans-title=Onwab Advent calendar pit thegither bi the warld|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082343/http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/online-advent-calendar-created-by-the-world.aspx|archive-date=20 Dec 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref><ref name="CI2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|title=Primate launches online calendar for Advent|last=Mac Donald|first=Sarah|date=26 Nov 2014|website=Catholic Ireland|publisher=|language=en-ie|trans-title=Primate pits oot online calendar fur Advent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426172716/http://www.catholicireland.net/advent-calendar/|archive-date=26 Apr 2016|access-date=8 Dec 2016}}</ref> The first advent calendars wis uised bi German Lutherans in the 19t an 20t yearhunner. == Design an uise == [[File:Diciembre.jpg|thumb|An Advent calendar wi a pictur o [[Santae Claus]] ridin his sleigh]] Tradeetional Advent calendars hiv picturs o the manger scene, [[Saunt Nicholas]] an winter wather. Ither calenders hiv different themes, rinnin fae sports tae technologie. Thay come in a hale wheen o forms, fae seemple paper calendars wi flaps kivverin the days tae fabric dookets on a backgrund scene tae pentit widden boxes wi cubby holes for smaw items. Mony advent calendars hiv the shape o a muckle rectangle caird wi "windaes", ane fur ilka day in December up tae an includin Christenmas Eve (24 December) or [[Christenmas]] day (25 December). Doors are appent ance a day up tae Christenmas, stairtin fae the stairt o the Advent saison fur that year,<ref name="ACNS2016"/><ref name="CI2014"/> or juist on 1 December. The doors are aften pit ootower aboot the calender random-like. The calendar windae appen wi something ahint it, sic as an image, a poyem, a bit o a story (sic as the story o the Nativity o Jesus), or a wee gift, sic as a toy or a chocolate item. Ilka windae aften haes a Bible verse an Christian prayer pit on it, thit Christians hiv as pairt o thair ilka-day Advent worship. Advent calendars micht hiv puzzles an gemms prentit tae thair hintside an aw. Some magazines an beuks hiv advent calendars biggit intae thaim an aw, sic as the lang-rinnin Breetish magazine ''Country Life'' — this is desrived as "wir famous Advent calendar"— in its kiver fur the final issue o November. Thare ur a hale wheen o different teeps o Advent calendars, sic as social media calendars, an strung up calendars thit kin be reuised. Mony touns dae livin advent calendars, whaur, dependin on the toun, an event kin happen somewhaur in the toun ilka day, or lichts in a hame licht up ilka nicht until Christenmas day, hogmany or the 5t Januar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/living-advent-calendar-lighting-up-17443549|title=The living advent calendar lighting up the windows of Scotstoun this Christmas|last=O'Neill|first=Christina|date=19 Dec 2019|website=Glasgow Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=The livin advent calendar lichtin up the windaes o Scotstoun this Christenmas|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/sick-kids-living-advent-calendar-15494416|title=Sick Kids' living advent calendar kicks off with a live pipe band performance|last=Galloway|first=Claire|date=2 Dec 2018|website=Edinburgh Live|language=en-sco|trans-title=Sick bairns' livin advent calendar kicks aff wi a live pipe band performance|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref> Some advent calendars e'en jouk tradeetional Christenmas symbols an themes, juist focusin on Jesus<ref name="Names of Jesus">{{Cite web|url=http://jesusadventcalendar.com/|title=Names of Jesus Advent Calendar}}</ref> as the central character o the Christenmas story. == The Nordic Julekalender/Julkalender == In [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Norawa]] an [[Swaden]], thare is a tradeetion o hivin a ''Julkalender'' ([[Swadish leid|Swadish]]: ''Julkalender'', [[Finnish leid|Finns]]: ''Joulukalenteri'', [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]]: ''Jóladagatal''; Literal-like "Yuil Calendar") as a telly or radio programme stairtin on 1 December an endin on Christenmas Eve (24 December). The first programme came on on radio in 1957 as a Swadish radio series ''Barnens adventskalender''; the first programme on telly wis the Swadish programme ''Titteliture'' in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|title=Julkalendern 50 år - Bakgrund|last=|first=|date=December 10, 2007|website=|publisher=Web.archive.org|language=sv|trans-title=Backgrund - 50 year wi the Christenmas calendar on the radio|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210121106/http://www.sr.se/barn/jul50/bakgrund.stm|archive-date=December 10, 2007|access-date=December 9, 2011}}</ref> The first ''julekalender'' aired in Denmark wis ''Historier fra hele verden'' in 1962. The televised ''julkalender'' or ''julekalendar'' has nou been stent tae the ither [[Nordic kintras]]; in Finland, fur exemple, the programme is cawed ''Joulukalenteri''. Ower the years, thare hiv bin twa-three kynds o ''julekalender''; some ur aimed at bairns, some fur bairns an adults, an ithers juist fur adults. Thare is a ''Julkalender'' radio programme in Swaden. It airs in the days near an up tae Christenmas. A classeic exemple o a ''julekalender'' fur bairns is the 1979 Norawa telly programme ''Jul i Skomakergata''; anither is the 1990 Iceland telly programme ''Á baðkari til Betlehem''. == Image gallery == <gallery mode="packed" caption="A collection of Advent calendars"> File:Richard Ernst Kepler - Im Lande des Christkinds.jpg|Advent calendar frae ''Im Lande des Christkinds''. The windaes hiv Christenmas poyems. Images, frae a cut-oot sheet, war pit aw ower thaim. File:Marianne Schneegans Adventskalender.jpeg|A 1946 Advent calendar bi {{Interlanguage link multi|Marianne Schneegans|de|Marianne Schneegans}}. File:Schloss Hellbrunn zur Adventszeit.jpg|The 24 windaes o the front o [[Hellbrunn Palace]] in Salzburg, Austria, uised like an Advent calendar durin the toun's Christenmas mercat. File:Adventkalender andrea.JPG|A hame-made Advent calendar wi presents. File:2014-12 12 Adventskalender St. Elisabeth (Essen-Frohnhausen).jpg|An Advent calendar oot o images thit hiv dates on the hintside. File:Jul cal2.jpg|A Norwegian Advent calendar. File:Adventskalender im Bau.jpg|A hame-made Advent calendar made frae wuid intae the shape o a Christenmas tree. File:Adventskalender am Rathaus. Stollberg. IMG 0831WI.jpg|Advent Calendar at the City Haw in [[Stollberg]], Saxony. File:A few hours too early (4267111411).jpg|Twa lassies try tae appen a massive Advent calendar at the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church]], Berlin. File:Adventskalender.JPG|Advent calendar wi real leevin fowk. File:Adventkalender AR.jpg|Advent calendar wi presents as flaps, pit on random-like. </gallery> == References == {{Reflist|40em}} == Freemit Airtins == * Taylor, Alan (November 30, 2012). "2012 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} * Taylor, Alan (December 1, 2018). "2018 Hubble Space Telescope Advent Calendar". In Focus. The Atlantic. {{En}} [[Category:Calendars]] [[Category:Chocolate]] [[Category:German inventions]] jxap7ft1kbw9k0r9id1p423rpoi20nd 0 228161 922635 844746 2026-09-10T16:17:07Z FailedLuddite 137007 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 922635 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tianhe''' (Chinese: 天和; [[pinyin]]: Tiānhé; lit. 'Harmony of the heavens'), code name ''TH'', or ''Tianhe Core Module'' (TCM) is the foremaist module tae launch of the Chinese lairge modular space station. 'Twas launched intae orbit oan 29 april 2021, as the foremaist launch o the final phase o Tiangong Progrum (Project 921), pairt o the Chinese space program. The TCM follows in the footsteps o Salyut, Skylab, Mir, international space station, Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 space stations. It's the foremaist module o a third-generation Chinese modular space station. Ither examples o' modular station projects include the Soviet/Russian Mir, Russian OPSEK, and the International Space Station. Operations wull be controlled fae the [[Beijing]] aerospace command and control center in the People's Republic of China. In 2018, a fullscale mockup o TCM wis publicly presented at China International Aviation & Aerospace exhibition in Zhuhai. In Ochtober 2020, Cheena selected 18 freish astronauts ahead o the space station construction tae participate in the country's space station project. 19iyzftf4l4mlnby4nrmkdkytv6wm5n 922636 922635 2026-09-10T16:19:27Z FailedLuddite 137007 922636 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tianhe''' (Chinese: 天和; [[pinyin]]: Tiānhé; lit. 'Harmony of the heavens'), code name ''TH'', or ''Tianhe Core Module'' (TCM) is the foremaist module tae launch of the Chinese lairge modular space station. 'Twas launched intae orbit oan 29 april 2021, as the foremaist launch o the final phase o Tiangong Progrum (Project 921), pairt o the Chinese space program. The TCM follows in the footsteps o Salyut, Skylab, Mir, [[Internaitional Space Station]], Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 space stations. It's the foremaist module o a third-generation Chinese modular space station. Ither examples o' modular station projects include the Soviet/Russian Mir, Russian OPSEK, and the Internaitional Space Station . Operations wull be controlled fae the [[Beijing]] aerospace command and control center in the People's Republic of China. In 2018, a fullscale mockup o TCM wis publicly presented at China International Aviation & Aerospace exhibition in Zhuhai. In Ochtober 2020, Cheena selected 18 freish astronauts ahead o the space station construction tae participate in the country's space station project. b9lmg9cjnjmochbu4dpiclv36ic0z0k