Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1563 923142 922315 2026-09-23T18:12:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Lunnon | image_skyline = London collage.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_caption = Frae upper left: [[Ceety o Lunnon]], [[Tower Bridge]] an [[Lunnon Eye]], [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] | image_map = London (European Parliament constituency).svg | mapsize = 180px | map_caption = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon region]] in the Unitit Kinrick |settlement_type = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonties]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Greater Lunnon]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Destricts o England|Destricts]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Lunnon burgh|32 burghs]] | seat_type = Heidquairters | seat = [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] | leader_title = Regional authority | leader_name = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] | leader_title1 = [[Regional assembly (Ingland)|Regional assembly]] | leader_name1 = [[Lunnon Assembly]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor o Lunnon]] | leader_name2 = [[Sadiq Khan]] | leader_title3 = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]<br />*Lunnon&nbsp;Assembly<br />*[[European Pairlament]] | leader_name3 = [[Leet o Pairlamentary constituencies in Lunnon|74 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon Assembly constituencies|14 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon (European Parliament constituency)|Lunnon constituency]] | established_title = Settled bi [[Roman Empire|Romans]] | established_date = as [[Roman Lunnon|Londinium]], c. 43 AD | aurie_magnitude = | aurie_total_sq_mi = 607 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019123117/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | total_type = Lunnon | population_as_o = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref name=gla-pop-2015>{{cite web|title=Population Growth in London, 1939–2015|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219160246/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-date=2015-02-19|website=London Datastore|publisher=Greater London Authority|accessdate=7 July 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | population_total = 8,630,000 | population_density_km2 = 5,490 | population_blank1_title = [[Greater Lunnon Biggit-up Area|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 9,787,426 | population_blank2_title = [[Lunnon metropolitan area|Metro]] | population_blank2 = 13,879,757 | population_demonym = Lunnoner {{Collapsible list | title = Ethnic groups | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; <!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)--> | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; | 1 = '''59.8% [[White fowk|White]]''' | 2 = 44.9% [[White Breetish]] | 3 = 2.2% [[Erse migration tae Great Breetain|White Erse]] | 4 = 12.7% [[Ither White]] | 5 = &nbsp; | 6 = '''5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]]''' | 7 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black Caribbean & White]] | 8 = 0.8% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black African & White]] | 9 = 1.2% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed South Asian an White|Sooth Asie & White]] | 10 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither mixed]] | 11 = &nbsp; | 12 = '''16.9% [[Breetish Asie|Sooth Asie]]''' | 13 = 6.6% [[Breetish Indie|Indie]] | 14 = 2.7% [[Breetish Pakistanis|Pakistani]] | 15 = 2.7% [[Breetish Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] | 16 = 4.9% [[Breetish Asiae|Ither Sooth Asie]] | 17 = &nbsp; | 18 = '''13.3% [[Black Breetish|Black]]''' | 19 = 7% [[Black Breetish|Black African]] | 20 = 4.2% [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Black Caribbean]] | 21 = 2.1% [[Ither Black (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither Black]] | 22 = &nbsp; | 23 = '''4.9% [[East Asies in the Unitit Kinrick|East Asie]] [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|or Ither]]''' | 24 = 1.5% [[Breetish Cheenese|Chinese]] | 25 = 3.4% [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|Ither]] | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archivedate = 19 May 2011}} | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = ±0 | timezone_DST = [[Bretish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|51|30|26|N|0|7|39|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes =<ref name = Elevation>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title = London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher = The Weather Underground, Inc. |accessdate = 6 June 2008 |format = online |ref = harv |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7?url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |archivedate = 2011-05-19 |journal = |url-status = live }}</ref> | elevation_m = 24 | postcode_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode areas]] | postcode = {{postcode|E}}, {{postcode|EC}}, {{postcode|N}}, {{postcode|NW}}, {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|SW}}, {{postcode|W}}, {{postcode|WC}}, {{postcode|BR}}, {{postcode|CM}}, {{postcode|CR}}, {{postcode|DA}}, {{postcode|EN}}, {{postcode|HA}}, {{postcode|IG}}, {{postcode|KT}}, {{postcode|RM}}, {{postcode|SM}}, {{postcode|TN}}, {{postcode|TW}}, {{postcode|UB}}, {{postcode|WD}} | aurie_code = [[Leet o telephone exchynges in Lunnon|020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992]] | wabsteid = [http://www.london.gov.uk/ london.gov.uk] }} '''Lunnon''' ({{IPA-sco|ˈlʌnən|}}; {{lang-en|London}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/london?showCookiePolicy=true|title=London|accessdate=23 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref>, {{IPA-endia|ˈlʌndən|}}) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o [[Ingland]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|title=The World Factbook|date=1 February 2014|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Staunin on the [[River Thames]], Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, [[History o Lunnon|its history]] that gangs back tae its foundin bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], wha named it ''[[Londinium]]''.<ref name=Lunnon_001>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |date= n.d. |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080622181424/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |title= Roman London |publisher= [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archivedate= 2008-06-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon's auncient core, the [[Ceety o Lunnon]], lairgely retains its {{convert|1.12|sqmi|adj=on}} [[Middle Ages|medieval]] boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term ''Lunnon'' haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa.<ref name="mills_140">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=140}}</ref> The bulk o this [[conurbation]] forms the [[Greater Lunnon]] [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|admeenistrative area]] (coterminous wi the Lunnon [[regions o England|region]]),<ref name="region">{{cite web|url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|title=Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=4 May 2008|archive-date=2008-01-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080124102915/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="elcock">{{Cite book |last= Elcock |first=Howard |title=Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities |url= https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco |publisher=Routledge |location= Lunnon |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-10167-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco/page/n368 368]|ref=harv}}</ref><ref group="note">See an aa: [[Independent ceety#National capitals|Independent ceety § National capitals]].</ref> govrened bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]] an the [[Lunnon Assembly]].<ref name="politics_uk">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Bill |author2=Kavanagh, Dennis|author3=Moran, Michael|author4=Norton, Philip |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse/page/868 868] |ref=harv |location=Harlow}}</ref><ref group="note">The Lunnon Mayor isnae tae be confused wi the [[Lord Mayor o Lunnon]] wha heids the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]], that administers the ceety o Lunnon.</ref> Lunnon is a leadin [[global ceety]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/shortcuts/2013/mar/10/london-capital-of-world-divorce-breakfast |title= London: the everything capital of the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= Adewunmi, Bim |date=10 March 2013 |location =Lunnon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |title= What's The Capital Of The World? |publisher= More Intelligent Life |accessdate= 4 July 2013 |archive-date= 2013-09-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132807/http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |url-status= dead }}</ref> wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45ghmd/no-1-london |title= The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/gpci/index_e.html |title= Global Power City Index 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Institute for Urban Strategies&nbsp;– The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-is-the-most-desirable-city-in-the-world-to-work-in-study-finds-9779868.html |title= London is 'the most desirable city in the world tae work in', study finds |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |title= London leads the UK for world-class research |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Lunnon & Partners |archive-date= 2019-04-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401181841/https://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is ane o the warld's leadin [[financial centre]]s<ref name="Mastercard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title= Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=Mastercard}}</ref><ref name="Global Financial Centres 10">{{cite web |url=http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres 9 |publisher=[[Z/Yen]] |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222617/http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite news |url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |title= World's Most Economically Powerful Cities |work= Forbes |location= New York |date= 15 July 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0LhcwS?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> an haes the [[Leet o ceeties by GDP|fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld]] dependin on measurement.<ref group="note">Rankings o ceeties by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result o differences in the definition o the boundaries an population sizes o the areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations an the method uised tae calculate throu-pit. Lunnon an [[Paris]] are o about similar size in terms o total economic throu-pit that can result in third party sources varyin as tae whit ane o thaim is defined as haein the fifth- an sixth-lairgest ceety GDP in the warld. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimatit that Lunnon had a ceety GDP o US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared tae US$764.2 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the saxt- an fift-mucklemaist in the warld. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimatit that Lunnon haed a ceety GDP measured in purchasing power parity o US$565 billion in 2008, compared tae US$564 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the fift- an saxt-mucklemaist in the warld. The McKinsey Global Institute study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 14.9 million for Lunnon compared tae 11.8 million for Paris, while the PricewaterhouseCoopers study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 8.59 million for Lunnon compared tae 9.92 million for Paris.</ref><ref name=forpolgdp>{{cite news |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |date=September–October 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144609/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Global ceety GDP rankings 2008-2025">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |accessdate=16 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0M2ast?url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-capital-of-the-world-766661.html |location=Lunnon |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Calder |date=22 December 2007 |title=London, capital of the world}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |author= Teodorczuk, Tom |title= London is the world capital of the 21st century&nbsp;... says New York |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 20 March 2007 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2009-11-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125151618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |title=London is world capital of culture says LSE expert |publisher=Lunnon School o Economics |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118132607/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |title=Cultural Strategy |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210256/http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-tops-ranking-of-destination-cities-2291794.html |title= London tops ranking of destination cities |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper =The Independent |location =Lunnon |date=1 June 2011}}</ref> an haes the [[World's busiest ceety airport systems by passenger traffic|warld's lairgest ceety airport system]] measured bi passenger traffic.<ref name=capa1>{{cite web |url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/beijing-to-overtake-london-as-worlds-largest-aviation-hub-massive-new-airport-planned-58776 |title= Beijing tae overtake london as world's largest aviation hub |accessdate=12 June 2012 |publisher=Centre for Aviation}}</ref> Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2">{{cite press release |date=20 August 2008 |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |title=Number of international students in London continues tae grow |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0OvJq8?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |archivedate=2011-05-19 |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]], Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref name=IOC>{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&articleid=52922 |title=IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 |date=6 July 2005 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |accessdate=3 June 2006}}</ref> Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_006>{{cite web |url= http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |title= Languages spoken in the UK population |publisher= National Centre for Language |accessdate= 6 June 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0PFX8H?url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015,<ref name=gla-pop-2015/> the lairgest o ony [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|municipality in the European Union]],<ref name="lairgest_city_eu">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |title=Largest EU City. Over 7&nbsp;million residents in 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qd8V9JhM?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |archivedate=2007-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |title=Focus on London&nbsp;– Population and Migration &#124; London DataStore |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016225915/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Greater Lunnon Urban area|Lunnon's urban area]] is the seicont [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|maist populous in the EU]], efter [[Paris]], wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census.<ref name="urbanpopulation">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Lunnon metropolitan area|ceety's metropolitan area]] is the ane o the [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] wi 13,614,409 indwallers,{{refn|According tae the [[Eurostat|European Statistical Agency]], Lunnon has the lairgest [[lairger Urban Zones|lairger Urban Zone]] that uises [[conurbation]]s an areas o heich population as its definition. A [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|ranking o population]] wiin municipal boundaries places Lunnon first. Houaniver, the [[University o Avignon]] in France claims that Paris is first an Lunnon second whan includin the hale urban areaan [[hinterland]], that is the [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|outlying ceeties as well]].|group=note}}<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu show">{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title= Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> while the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.<ref>[http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp The London Plan – Introduction – Positioning London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025007/http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp |date=2014-04-07 }}. Greater Lunnon Authority. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Lunnon wis the [[warld's lairgest ceeties|warld's maist populous ceety]] frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.<ref name=Lunnon_030>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon conteens fower [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: the [[Touer o Lunnon]]; [[Kew Gardens]]; the site comprisin the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], [[Westminster Abbey]], an [[St Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's Kirk]]; an the historic dounset o [[Greenwich]] (in whilk the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] marks the [[Prime Meridian]], 0° [[langitude]], an [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]).<ref name=Lunnon_005>{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb|title=Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=26 November 2008}}</ref> Ither famous laundmerks include [[Buckingham Palace]], the [[Lunnon Ee]], [[Piccadilly Circus]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[Tower Bridge]], [[Trafalgar squerr]], an [[The Shard]]. Lunnon is home tae numerous [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|museums]], galleries, libraries, [[Sport in Lunnon|sporting events]] an ither cultural institutions, includin the [[British Museum]], [[National Gallery]], [[Tate Modern]], [[British Library]] an 40 [[West End theatre|West End]] theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821201275286&title=West+End+Must+Innovate+to+Renovate%2C+Says+Report |title=West End Must Innovate tae Renovate, Says Report |accessdate=15 November 2010 |work=What's On Stage |date=25 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0S4x3M?url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |location=Lunnon |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.<ref name=Metro150>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20641351 |title=Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="railwaygazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |title=Shanghai now the world's longest metro |date=4 May 2010 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |accessdate=4 May 2010 |location=Lunnon |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Tj3yO?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == History == ===Toponymy=== [[File:London Thames Sunset panorama - Feb 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The name ''Lunnon'' mey derive frae the [[River Thames]]]] The [[etymology o Lunnon|etymology o ''Lunnon'']] is uncertain.<ref name="mills_139">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}</ref> It is an auncient name, foond in soorces frae the 2nt century. It is recorded c. 121 as ''[[Londinium]]'', that pynts tae [[Romano-British]] origin.<ref name="mills_139"/> The earliest attemptit explanation, nou disregarded, is attributit tae [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] in ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''.<ref name="mills_139"/> This haed it that the name originatit frae a supposed [[Lud son o Heli|Keeng Lud]], wha haed allegedly takken ower the ceety an named it ''Kaerlud''.<ref name=Lunnon_009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070&pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}</ref> Frae 1898, it wis commonly acceptit that the name wis o [[Celts|Celtic]] origin an meant ''place belangin tae a man cawed *Londinos''; this explication haes syne been rejeckit.<ref name="mills_139"/> [[Richard Coates]] pit forrit an explication in 1998 that it is derived frae the pre-Celtic [[Auld European hydronymy|Auld European]] ''*(p)lowonida'', meanin 'burn ower wide for tae ford', an suggestit that this wis a name gien tae the pairt o the [[River Thames]] that rins throu Lunnon; frae this, the dounset gained the Celtic form o its name, ''*Lowonidonjon'';<ref name=coates>{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|year=1998|title=A new explanation of the name of London|journal=Transactions o the Philological Society|volume=96|issue=2|pages=203–229|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|doi=10.1111/1467-968X.00027|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0UqnAy?url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|archivedate=2011-05-19|access-date=2019-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref> this requires quite a serious amendment houiver. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form ''Londinium'' wi the modren Welsh ''Llundain'', that should demand a form ''*(h)lōndinion'' (as opposed tae *londīnion), frae earlier ''*loundiniom''. The possibility canna be ruled oot that the Welsh name wis borrowed back in frae Inglis at a later date, an for that raison canna be uised as a basis frae that tae reconstruct the oreeginal name. Til 1889, the name "Lunnon" offeecially anerly applee'd tae the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] but syne then it haes referred tae the [[Coonty o Lunnon]], an nou [[Greater Lunnon]] an aa.<ref name="mills_140"/> ===Prehistory=== Twa recent discoveries indicate probable vera auld settlements near the Thames in the Lunnon area. In 1999, the remains o a [[Bronze Age]] bridge war foond on the foreshore north o [[Vauxhall Bridge]].<ref name="Denison">{{cite journal|last=Denison|first=Simon|title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall|journal=British Archaeology|date=July 1999|issue=46|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WdLQ0?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> This brig aither gaed athort the Thames, or gaed tae a nou lost island in the burn. Dendrology datit the timbers tae 1500 BC.<ref name="Denison"/> In 2010 the foundations o a lairge timmer structur, datit tae 4500 BC, war foond on the Thames foreshore, sooth o Vauxhall Bridge.<ref name="Milne">{{cite web|last=Milne|first=Gustav|title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!|url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|work=Frog Blog|publisher=Thames Discovery Programme|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WtZpl?url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The function o the mesolithic structur is nae kent. Baith structures are on South Bank, at a naitural crossin pynt whaur the [[River Effra]] flows intae the River Thames.<ref name="Milne"/> ===Roman Lunnon=== [[File:Map of London, 1300.svg|thumb|In 1300, the [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] wis still confined wiin the [[Lunnon Waw|Roman walls]].]] Tho thare is evidence o scattered [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] settlements in the area, the first major dounset wis foondit bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] efter the invasion o 43&nbsp;AD.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book |title=Roman London |last=Perring |first=Dominic |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-203-23133-3|page=1 |ref=harv }}</ref> This anerly lastit til aroond 61, whan the [[Iceni]] tribe led bi [[Boudica|Queen Boudica]] stormed it, burning it tae the grund.<ref name=Lunnon_010>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|title=British History Timeline&nbsp;—Roman Britain|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0V1GXn?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The next, heivy planned, incarnation o Londinium prospered an superseded [[Colchester]] as the caipital o the [[Roman Britain|Roman province]] o [[Britannia]] in 100. At its hicht in the 2nt century, Roman Lunnon haed a population o aroond 60,000. ===Anglo-Saxon Lunnon (an Viking period)=== Wi the collapse o Roman rule in the early 5t century, Lunnon ceased tae be a caipital an the walled ceety o Londinium wis effectively abandoned, awtho Roman civilisation continued in the [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] area until aroond 450.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108092449/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archivedate=2009-01-08|publisher=Museum o Lunnon|title=The last days of Londinium|accessdate=31 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae aroond 500, an [[Anglo-Saxon]] dounset kent as [[Anglo-Saxon Lunnon|Lundenwic]] developed in the same area, slichtly tae the wast o the auld Roman ceety.<ref name=Lunnon_011>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |title= The early years of Lundenwic |publisher= The [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043903/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |archivedate= 2008-06-10 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> By aboot 680, it haed revived sufficiently tae become a major port, awtho thare is little evidence o lairge-scale production o goods. Frae the 820s the toun declined acause o repeatit [[Viking]] invasions. Thare three recordit Viking assaults on Lunnon; twa o whilk wis wun tae in 851 an 886 AD, tho thay war defeatit in the attack o 994 AD.<ref name="Viking Attacks">{{cite web|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1|title=Viking Attacks|publisher=web.cn.edu/kwheeler/|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Siege of London (MS 1168).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hoose o Lancaster|Lancastrian]] siege o Lunnon in 1471 is attacked by a [[Hoose o York|Yorkist]] sally.]] The Vikings established [[Denlaw]] ower a fair feck o the eastren an northren pairt o Ingland wi its mairch gaun frae aboot Lunnon tae [[Chester]]. It wis an area o political an geographical control imposed bi the Viking incursions that wis formally agreed tae bi the [[Dens fowk|Dens]] [[warlord]], [[Guthrum]] an wast-[[Saxon]] [[keeng]], [[Alfred the Great]] in 886 AD. Denlaw lastit in mony pairts o Ingland for centuries tae come. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' recordit that Lunnon wis "refounded" by [[Alfred the Great]] in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment o Lundenwic an a revival o life an tred wiin the auld Roman walls. Lunnon then grew slowly until aboot 950, efter whilk activity increased dramatically.<ref name="blackwell">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vince|first= Alan|year=2001|title=London|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England |publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> Bi the 11t century, Lunnon wis ayont aw comparison the lairgest toun in Ingland. [[Wastmeenster Abbey]], rebiggit in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style by King [[Edward the Confessor]], wis ane o the grandest kirks in Europe. [[Winchester]] haed aforehaun been the caipital o Anglo-Saxon Ingland, but frae this time on, Lunnon becam the main forum for furren traders an the base for defence in time o war. In the view o [[Frank Stenton]]: "It had the resources, an it was rapidly developing the dignity an the political self-consciousness appropriate tae a national capital."<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten/page/538 538]–539|publisher= Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Blair |first= John |year=2001|title=Westminster|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wastmeenster Abbey]], as seen in this pentin (Canaletto, 1749), is a [[World Heritage Site]] an ane o Lunnon's auldest an maist important biggins]] Follaein his victory in the [[Battle o Hastings]], [[William the Conqueror|William, Duke o Normandy]], wis crowned [[Keeng o Ingland]] in the newly finished Wastmeenster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.<ref name=Lunnon_015>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|title=History&nbsp;– 1066&nbsp;– King William|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Yen4R?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> William biggit the [[Touer o Lunnon]], the first o the mony Norman castles in Ingland tae be rebuilt in stone, in the sootheastren corner o the ceety, tae intimidate the native indwallers.<ref name=Lunnon_016>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|title=A History of British Architecture&nbsp;— White Tower|last=Tinniswood|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Tinniswood|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZWxtH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1097, [[William II o Ingland|William II]] began the biggin o [[Wastmeenster Hall]], close bi the abbey o the same name. The hall becam the basis o a new [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]].<ref name=Lunnon_017>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|title=UK Parliament&nbsp;— Parliament: The building|date=9 November 2007|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032051/http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|archivedate=2008-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_018>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|title=Palace of Westminster|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404171249/http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|archivedate=2008-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 12t century, the institutions o central government, whilk haed hitherto accompanied the ryal Inglis court as it moved aroond the kintra, grew in size an sophistication an becam increasingly fixed in ane place. In maist cases this wis Wastmeenster, awtho the ryal treasury, haein been moved frae Winchester, came tae rest in the Tower. While the [[Ceety o Wastmeenster]] developed intae a true caipital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the ceety o Lunnon, remained Ingland's lairgest ceety an principal commercial centre, an it flourished unner its ain unique admeenistration, the [[Ceety o Lunnonn Corporation|Corporation o Lunnon]]. In 1100, its population wis aroond 18,000; by 1300 it haed grown tae nearly 100,000.<ref name=Lunnon_019>{{Cite book|last=Schofield|first=John|last2=Vince|first2=Alan|author2-link=Alan Vince|title=Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6002-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qu7QLC7g7VgC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=london+population+1100+-+1300|page=26|ref=harv}}</ref> Disaster struck during the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14t century, when Lunnon lost nearly a third o its population.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |title=Black Death |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZmE6P?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=3 November 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon wis the focus o the [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381.<ref name=Lunnon_020>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|title=Richard II (1367–1400)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 October 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0aYnXz?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Air modren=== [[File:Great Fire London.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] destroyed mony pairts o the ceety in 1666.]] [[File:London - John Norden's map of 1593.jpg|thumb|Cairt o Lunnon in 1593. Thare is anly ane bridge athort the Thames, but pairts o Southwark on the sooth bank o the river hae been developed.]] During the [[Tudor period]] the [[Inglis Reformation|Reformation]] produced a gradual shift tae Protestantism, wi much o Lunnon passin frae kirk tae private ainership.<ref name=pevsner>[[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner, Nikolaus]]. ''Lunnon I: The ceeties o Lunnon an Westminster'' rev. edition, 1962. Introduction p. 48.</ref> The traffic in [[woollen]] cloths shipped undyed an undressed frae Lunnon tae the nearby shores o the [[Law Kintras]] whaur it wis considered indispensable.<ref>J. G. Pounds (1976). "An Historical Geography o Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". p. 430. CUP Archive,</ref> But the tentacles o English maritime enterprise hardly extendit beyond the seas o north-wast Europe. The commercial route tae [[Italy]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] normally lay throu [[Antwerp]] an ower the [[Alps]]; ony ships passing throu the [[Strait o Gibraltar]] tae or frae England war likely tae be Italian or [[Dubrovnik|Ragusan]]. Upon the re-openin o the [[Netherlands]] tae English shipping in Januar 1565 thare at ance ensued a strang outburst o commercial activity.<ref>Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants an the Revolt o the Netherlands: The End o the Antwerp Mart. Volume 2, pp. 1 an 62–63. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1849-7</ref> The [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] wis foondit.<ref>The life an times o Sir Thomas Gresham, founner o the Royal Exchange: including notices o many o his contemporaries. wi illustrations, Volume 2, pages&nbsp;80–81, John William Burgon, E. Wilson, 1839.</ref> [[Mercantilism]] grew an monopoly trading companies sic as the [[East Indie Company]] war established, wi tred expanding tae the [[New World]]. Lunnon becam the principal [[North Sea]] port, wi migrants arrivin frae England an abroad. The population rose frae an estimatit 50,000 in 1530 tae aboot 225,000 in 1605.<ref name=pevsner/> In the 16t century, [[William Shakespeare]] an his contemporaries lived in Lunnon at a time o hostility tae the development o the [[Elizabethan theatre|theatre]]. By the end o the Tudor period in 1603, Lunnon wis still vera compact. Thare wis an assassination attempt on [[James I o England|James I]] in Westminster, throu the [[Gunpowder Plot]] on 5 November 1605.<ref name=Lunnon_023>{{Cite book |title=James I |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs |last=Durston |first=Christopher|year=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-415-07779-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59 59] |ref=harv }}</ref> Lunnon wis [[Bubonic plague|plagued]] by disease in the early 17t century,<ref name=Lunnon_024>{{cite web |url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |title=A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665 |publisher=Urban Rim |date=4 December 2009 |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gVUqcycW?url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |archivedate=2009-05-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> culminatin in the [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]] o 1665–1666, whilk killt up tae 100,000 bodies, or a fift o the population.<ref name=Lunnon_025>{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |title= Story of the plague |publisher= Channel 4 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bPVKk?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] broke oot in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the ceety an quickly swept throu the widden biggins.<ref name="Samuel Pepys' Diary">{{Cite book | last = Pepys | first = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Pepys | title = The Diary of Samuel Pepys | volume = 45: August/September 1666 | date = 2 September 1666 | origyear = 1893 | editor = [[Mynors Bright]] (decipherer) | editor2 = [[Henry B. Wheatley]] | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-520-22167-3 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bzHYi?url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | archivedate = 2011-05-19 | access-date = 2015-06-04 | url-status = live }}</ref> Rebiggin teuk ower ten year an wis supervised by [[Robert Hooke]]<ref name=Lunnon_026>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |title=London After the Great Fire: Civil War and Revolution |author=Schofield, John |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=4 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ckJxq?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_027>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |title= Rebuilding after the fire |publisher= Museum o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080201204641/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |archivedate= 2008-02-01 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_028>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jX8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=rebuilding+of+london&dq=rebuilding+of+london|title=The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire|publisher=Thomas Fiddian|year=1940|accessdate=27 April 2008}}</ref> as Surveyor o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_029>The curious life o Robert Hooke, the man who measured Lunnon by Lisa Jardine</ref> In 1708 [[Christopher Wren]]'s masterpiece, [[St Paul's Cathedral]] wis completit. During the [[Georgian era]] new destricts sic as [[Mayfair]] war formed in the wast; an new brigs ower the Thames encouraged development in [[South Lunnon]]. In the east, the [[Port o Lunnon]] expanded downstream. In 1762, [[George III o Great Britain|George III]] acquired [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]] an it wis enlairged ower the next 75 year. During the 18t century, Lunnon wis dogged by crime an the [[Bow Street Runners]] war established in 1750 as a professional police force.<ref>"[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/madding/thieftaker.html Thief Taker, Constable, Police]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In tot, mair nor 200 offences war punishable by death,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8181192.stm |title=Rough justice&nbsp;– Victorian style |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2009 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> includin petty theft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |title=National Affairs: Capital punishment: a fading practice |work=Time |location=New York |date=21 March 1960 |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011174652/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most childer born in the ceety died afore reakin thair third birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/foundling_01.shtml |title=The Foundling Hospital |publisher=BBC History |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The [[coffeehouse]] became a popular place tae debate ideas, wi growin [[literacy]] an the development o the [[prentin press]] makkin news widely available; an [[Fleet Street]] became the centre o the British press. Accordin tae Samuel Johnson: {{quote|Ye cannae fin a man, at aw intellectual, wha is willin tae leave Lunnon. Naw, Sir, whan a man is fauchelt Lunnon, he is tired o life; for there in Lunnon aw that life can afford.|[[Samuel Johnson]], 1777<ref name=Lunnon_022>{{cite web |url= http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |title= When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522151652/http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |archivedate= 2015-05-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref>}} ===Late modren an contemporary=== [[File:British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg|thumb|British volunteer recruits in Lunnon, August 1914]] [[File:LondonBombedWWII full.jpg|thumb|A bombed-oot Lunnon street during [[the Blitz]] o the Seicont World War]] Lunnon wis the warld's [[Leet o lairgest ceeties throughout history|lairgest ceety frae aboot 1831 tae 1925]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's overcrowded conditions led tae [[cholera]] epidemics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |title=Hidden extras: cholera comes tae Victorian London |publisher=The Science Museum |location=Lunnon |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213064834/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> claimin 14,000 lifes in 1848, an 6,000 in 1866.<ref>{{cite web |author= Brown, Robert W. |url= http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |title= London in the Nineteenth Century |publisher= University o North Carolina at Pembroke |accessdate= 13 December 2011 |archive-date= 2011-12-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111230164544/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> risin [[traffic congestion]] led tae the creation o the warld's first local urban rail network. The [[Metropolitan Board o Works]] oversaw infrastructure expansion in the caipital an some surroondin counties; it wis abolished in 1889 when the [[Lunnon County cooncil]] wis creatit oot o those areas o the counties surroondin the caipital. [[German strategic bombin during World War I|Lunnon wis bombed bi the Germans during the First World War]] while during the Seicont World War [[the Blitz]] an ither bombin bi the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' killed ower 30,000 Lunnoners an destroyed lairge tracts o housing an ither biggins athort the ceety. Immediately efter the war, the [[1948 Simmer Olympics]] war held at the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], at a time when Lunnon haed barely recovered frae the war. In 1951, the [[Festeeval o Britain]] wis held on the [[Sooth Bank]]. The [[Great Smog]] o 1952 led tae the [[Clean Air Act 1956]], that endit the "[[pea soup fog]]s" for whilk Lunnon haed been notorious. Frae the 1940s onwart, Lunnon became hame tae numerous [[immigrants]], lairgely frae [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]] countries lik [[Jamaica]], Indie, [[Bangladesh]] an [[Pakistan]], makkin Lunnon ane o the maist diverse ceeties in Europe. [[File:London Thames (1930).jpg|thumb|left|A view frae Victoria Touer, in late 1920s.]] Primarily stairtin in the mid-1960s, Lunnon becam a centre for the warldwide [[youth cultur]], exemplified bi the [[Swinging Lunnon]] subculture associatit wi the [[Keeng's Road]], [[Chelsea, Lunnon|Chelsea]] an [[Carnaby Street]]. The role o trendsetter wis revived in the [[punk rock|punk]] era. In 1965 Lunnon's political boundaries wis expandit tae tak intae accoont the growthe o the urban area an a new [[Greater Lunnon cooncil]] wis creatit. Throu [[The Troubles]] in Northren Ireland, Lunnon wis subjectit tae bombin attacks bi the [[Provisional IRA]]. Racial inequality wis hielichtit bi the [[1981 Brixton riot]]. Greater Lunnon's population declined steadily in the decades efter the Seicont World War, frae an estimatit peak o 8.6&nbsp;million in 1939 tae aroond 6.8&nbsp;million in the 1980s. The principal ports for Lunnon moved downstream tae [[Port o Felixstowe|Felixstowe]] an [[Port o Tilbury|Tilbury]], wi the [[Lunnon Docklands]] area becomin a focus for regeneration, includin the [[Canary Wharf]] development. This wis borne oot o Lunnon's ever-increasin role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The [[Thames Barrier]] wis completit in the 1980s tae pertect Lunnon against tidal surges frae the [[North Sea]]. The Greater Lunnon cooncil wis abolished in 1986, whilk left Lunnon as the anerly lairge metropolis in the warld wioot a central admeenistration. In 2000, Lunnon-wide govrenment wis restored, wi the creation o the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]. tae celebrate the stairt o the 21st century, the [[Millennium Dome]], [[Lunnon Eye]] an [[Millennium Bridge (Lunnon)|Millennium Bridge]] war biggit. On 6 Julie 2005 Lunnon wis awairdit the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]], makkin Lunnon the first ceety tae stage the [[Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/4655555.stm |title= London beats Paris tae 2012 Games |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref> The naxt day (7 Julie 2005) Lunnon's tube network wis hit bi major bomb attacks. In Februar 2015, Greater Lunnon's population wis estimatit tae be 8.6 million, the heichest level syne 1939.<ref>{{cite web|title = London's population hits 8.6m record high|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-05-21}}</ref> ==Government== {{Politics o Lunnon}} ===Local government=== {{Main|Local government in Lunnon|History o local government in Lunnon|Leet o heads o Lunnon government}} The admeenistration o Lunnon is formed o twa tiers—a ceety-wide, strategic tier an a local tier. ceety-wide admeenistration is coordinatit bi the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] (GLA), while local admeenistration is carried oot by 33 smawer authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_032>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|title=About the Greater London Authority|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hYGdz?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The GLA consists o twa electit components; the [[Mayor o Lunnon]], wha haes executive powers, an the [[Lunnon Assembly]], whilk scrutinises the mayor's decisions an can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals ilka year. The headquarters o the GLA is [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]], [[Southwark]]; the mayor is [[Sadiq Khan]]. The mayor's [[statutory planning]] strategy is published as the [[Lunnon Plan]], whilk daed it's maist recent revision in 2011.<ref name=Lunnon_plan>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|title=The London Plan|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67vG4jMg5?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|archivedate=2012-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The local authorities are the cooncils o the 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s an the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref name=Lunnon_035>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|title=Links tae other websites&nbsp;— London boroughs|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055428/http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|archivedate=2007-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay are responsible for maist local services, sic as local planning, schuils, [[social work|social services]], local roads an refuse collection. Certaint functions, sic as [[Waste disposal authorities in Lunnon|waste management]], are providit throu jynt arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by Lunnon cooncils an the GLA amountit tae juist ower £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs an £7.4 billion for the GLA).<ref>http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf</ref> Policing in Greater Lunnon, except the [[City o Lunnon]], is providit bi the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police Force]], overseen bi the Mayor throu the [[Mayor's Office for Policing an Crime]] (MOPAC).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |title= About MOPAC |publisher= Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate= 4 May 2013 |archive-date= 2013-04-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130411075040/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |title=MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority |publisher= Metropolitan Police Authority |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon haes its ain police force&nbsp;– the [[City o Lunnon Police]].<ref name="Policing">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |title=Policing |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173357/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |archivedate=2008-01-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[British Transport Police]] are responsible for police services on [[National Rail]] an [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] services.<ref name="BTP">{{cite web |url= http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |title= Areas |publisher= British Transport Police |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hdc31?url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Fire Brigade]] is the [[statute|statutory]] [[Fire service in the UK|fire an rescue service]] for Greater Lunnon. It is run bi the [[Lunnon Fire an Emergency Planning Authority]] an is the third lairgest fire service in the warld.<ref name="LFB">{{cite web |url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |title=Who we are |publisher=Lunnon Fire Brigade |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hzveR?url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Health Service]] [[Emergency medical services|ambulance services]] are providit bi the [[Lunnon Ambulance Service|Lunnon Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust]], the lairgest free-at-the-pynt-o-uise emergency ambulance service in the warld.<ref name="LAS">{{cite web |url= http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |title= About us |publisher= Lunnon Ambulance Service NHS Trust |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0iCW89?url=http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Air Ambulance]] charity operates in conjunction wi the LAS whaur required. [[Her Majesty's Coastguard]] an the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate on the [[River Thames]],<ref name="Coastguard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |title= Station list |year= 2007 |publisher= Maritime an Coastguard Agency |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0jzXE7?url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lifeboat">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |title=Thames lifeboat service launched |date=2 January 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0kXnz9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> whilk is unner the jurisdiction o the [[Port o Lunnon Authority]] frae [[Teddington Lock]] tae the sea.<ref name="portLunnonauthority">{{cite web |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |title=Port of London Act 1968 |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005959/http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===National government=== Lunnon is the seat o the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]]. Mony govrenment departments are based close tae the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], parteecularly alang [[Whitehall]], includin the [[Prime Minister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Minister's]] residence at [[10 Downing Street]].<ref name=Lunnon_036>{{cite web |url= http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510193022/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archivedate= 2008-05-10 |title= 10 Downing Street&nbsp;— Official Website |accessdate= 26 April 2008 |url-status= live }}</ref> The British Parliament is eften referred tae as the "Mother o Parliaments" (awtho this ''[[sobriquet]]'' wis first applied tae England itself by [[John Bright]])<ref name="Lunnon_037">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=3 June 1998 |title=UK Politics: Talking Politics&nbsp;— The 'Mother of Parliaments' |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0l5vww?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> acause it haes been the model for maist ither [[parliamentary system]]s.<ref name="Lunnon_037"/> Thare are 73 Members o Parliament (MPs) frae Lunnon, who correspond tae local parliamentary [[Leet o Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Lunnon|constituencies]] in the national [[British House o Commons|Parliament]]. As o Juin 2017, 49 are frae the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], 21 are [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], an 3 are [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web|title = General Election Results 2015|url = http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|website = Lunnon DataStore|accessdate = 2015-05-10|publisher = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]|date = 2015-05-08|archive-date = 2016-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504063550/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography o Lunnon}} ===Scope=== [[File:London, United Kingdom.JPG|thumb|Satellite view o inner Lunnon]] [[Greater Lunnon]] is the tap-level administrative subdiveesion coverin Lunnon.<ref group="note">Greater Lunnon isnae a ceety in the sense that the word applies in the Unitit Kinrick, that o havin [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] grantit by the Crown.</ref> The wee, ancient [[City o Lunnon]] at its core ance contained the hale dounset, but as the urban area grew the [[City o Lunnon Corporation|City Corporation]] resistit attemps tae amalgamate it wi its suburbs, causin "Lunnon" tae be defined in a nummer weys for different purposes.<ref name="chancery">{{Cite journal|author=Beavan,Charles|author2=Bickersteth, Harry|title=Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court|publisher=Saunners an Benning|year=1865|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YFYDAAAAQAAJ|ref=harv}}</ref> Forty per cent o Greater Lunnon is covered bi the [[Lunnon postal destrict|Lunnon]] post toun, wiin whilk 'Lunnon' forms pairt o postal addresses.<ref name=Lunnon_042>{{Cite book|last=Stationery Office|title=The Inner London Letter Post|publisher=H.M.S.O|year=1980|isbn=978-0-10-251580-0|page=128|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=map_post>{{Cite book|title=London Postcode and Administrative Boundaries|publisher=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|author=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|year=2008|edition=6|isbn=978-1-84348-592-6|ref=harv}}</ref> The Lunnon telephone [[area code]] (020) covers a lairger area, seemilar in size tae Greater Lunnon, awtho some outer destricts are omeetit an some places juist ootside are included. The Greater Lunnon boundary haes been [[Leet o Greater Lunnon boundary changes|aligned tae the M25 motorway]] in places.<ref name=Lunnon_044>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|title=The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order|year=1993|publisher=Office o Public Sector Information|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0lyLLA?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Outward urban expansion is nou preventit bi the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]],<ref name=Lunnon_040>{{Cite book|last=Dilys|first=M Hill|title=Urban Policy and Politics in Britain|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-22745-6|page=268|ref=harv}}</ref> awtho the biggit-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resultin in a separately defined [[Greater Lunnon Urban area]]. Beyond this is the vast [[Lunnon commuter belt]].<ref name=Lunnon_041>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |title=London in its Regional Setting |publisher=Lunnon Assembly |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193714/http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Greater Lunnon is split for some purposes intae [[Inner Lunnon]] an [[Outer Lunnon]].<ref name=Lunnon_045>{{cite book |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |title=London Government Act 1963 |publisher=Office o Public Sector Information |accessdate=6 May 2008 |isbn=978-0-16-053895-7 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mVCtM?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceety is split bi the River Thames intae [[North Lunnon|North]] an [[South Lunnon|South]], wi an informal [[central Lunnon]] area in its interior. The coordinates o the nominal centre o Lunnon, tradeetionally considered tae be the oreeginal [[Eleanor Cross]] at [[Charing Cross]] near the junction o [[Trafalgar squerr]] an [[Whitehall]], are approximately {{Coord|51|30|26|N|00|07|39|W|type:city(7,000,000)_region:GB}}.<ref name=Lunnon_039>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|title=London&nbsp;— Features&nbsp;— Where is the Centre of London?|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msV6aAO0?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Status=== Athin Lunnon, baith the [[City o Lunnon]] an the [[City o Westminster]] hae [[City status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] an baith the ceety o Lunnon an the remainder o Greater Lunnon is the [[Ceremonial counties o England|ceremonial counties]].<ref name=Lunnon_049>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|title=Lieutenancies Act 1997|publisher=OPSI|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mpHnm?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The area o [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan counties o England#Greater Lunnon|Greater Lunnon]] haes incorporatit area that war ance pairt o the [[Historic counties o England|historic counties]] o [[Middlesex]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], [[Essex]] an [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name=Lunnon_050>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=I. M. |title=Metropolitan Government|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl/page/n363 346]|ref=harv}}</ref> Lunnon's status as the caipital o England, an later the Unitit Kinrick, haes never been grantit or confirmed offeecially—by [[statute]] or in written form.{{refn|According tae the ''Collins English Dictionary'' definition o 'the seat o government',<ref name=Lunnon_061>(1994) ''Collins English Dictionary'', Collins Education plc.</ref> Lunnon isnae the offeecial capital o England, as England disnae hae its ain government. Accordin tae the ''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' definition o 'the maist important toun'<ref name=Lunnon_062>''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'', Oxford English.</ref> an mony ither authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_063>"HC 501 0304.PDF" (PDF). Parliament Publications</ref>|group=note}} Its poseetion wis formed throu [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], makkin its status as ''de facto'' caipital a pairt o the [[Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick|UK's unwritten constitution]]. The caipital o Ingland wis moved tae Lunnon frae [[Winchester]] as the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]] developed in the 12t an 13t centuries tae become the permanent location o the [[Noble court|royal court]], an sicweys the political caipital o the naition.<ref name=Lunnon_060>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=John |date=June 1999 |title=British Archaeology |publisher=British Archaeology |issue=45 |issn=1357-4442 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45regs.html |accessdate=6 May 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mw1Sn?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45regs.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Mair recently, Greater Lunnon haes been defined as a [[Regions o England|region o England]] an in this context is kent as ''Lunnon''.<ref name=region/> ===Topography=== [[File:London in snow 2 February 2009 387.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Lunnon|Victoria Memorial]] in the snow in 2009]] Greater Lunnon encompasses a tot area o {{convert|1583|km2|sqmi}}, an area that haed a population o 7,172,036 in 2001 an a population density o {{convert|4542|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. The extendit area kent as the Lunnon Metropolitan Region or the Lunnon Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a tot area o {{convert|8382|km2|sqmi}} haes a population o 13,709,000 an a population density o {{convert|1510|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modern Lunnon stauns on the [[The burn the Thames|Thames]], its primary geographical featur, a [[Navigability|navigable]] river whilk crosses the ceety frae the sooth-wast tae the east. The [[Thames Valley]] is a [[floodplain]] surroondit by gently rolling hills includin [[Parliament Hill, Lunnon|Parliament Hill]], [[Addington Hills]], an [[Primrose Hill]]. The Thames wis ance a fair bit broader, shallaer burn wi extensive [[marsh]]lands; at heich tide, its shores reakit five times thair present width.<ref name=Lunnon_065>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=M9qvtYYhRtAC&pg=PR11&dq=thames+%22iron+age%22+london+wide+geography+shallow+marsh |title=London: A History |first=Francis|last= Sheppard | page=10 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-285369-1 |accessdate=6 June 2008}}</ref> Syne the [[Victorian era]] the Thames haes been extensively [[Thames Embankment|embanked]], an mony o its Lunnon [[Tributaries o the River Thames|tributaries]] nou flow [[Subterranean rivers o Lunnon|unnerground]]. The Thames is a tidal river, an Lunnon is vulnerable tae flooding.<ref name=Lunnon_066>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|title=Flooding|publisher=UK [[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=19 June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215080725/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2006-02-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The threat haes increased ower time acause o a slaw but continuous rise in [[Tide|heich watter]] level bi the slow 'tilting' o Britain (up in the north an doun in the sooth) caused by [[post-glacial rebound]].<ref name=Lunnon_067>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|title="Sea Levels"&nbsp;– UK Environment Agency|publisher=[[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523225152/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2008-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1974, a decade o work began on the construction o the [[Thames Barrier]] athort the Thames at [[Woolwich]] tae deal wi this threat. While the barrier is expectit tae function as designed til aboot 2070, concepts for its future enlairgement or redesign is awready bein discussed.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Adam|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|title=Thames Barrier gets extra time as London's main flood defence|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=31 March 2009|accessdate=7 November 2009|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0n91QT?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Summer Love of Russell Square.jpg|thumb|Average simmertime day temperatures range atween 22°C an 28°C. Awbesit uncommon, temperatures as heich as 40°C hae been recordit]] Lunnon haes a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb&#x202f;''), seemilar tae aw o soothren Britain. Maugre its reputation as bein a rainy ceety, Lunnon receives less precipitation ({{convert|601|mm|0|abbr=on}} in a year), than [[Roum]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Toulouse]], [[Naples]] an even [[Sydney]] in Australie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|work=bom.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |title=Weather Information for Naples |publisher=Worldweather.org |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145214/http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&station=289&name_station=Napoli%20CapodichinoVisualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ The Weather Network] 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517203416/http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 |date=2016-05-17 }} 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm World Weather Information Service – Toulouse] 18 November 2011</ref> Temperature extremes for aw sites in the Lunnon area range frae {{convert|40.2|°C|°F|1}} at [[Heathrow Airport]] during 19 Julie 2022 doun tae {{convert|-17.4|°C|°F|1}} at Northolt during 13 December 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|title=January 1962 weather|accessdate=18 September 2012|archive-date=2015-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235843/https://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1549448971676012546|user=metoffice|title=Here are the highest temperatures across the country today 👇 At least 34 sites have exceeded the UK's previous na…|date=19 Julie 2022}}</ref> Simmers are generally warm an whiles het, Lunnon's average Julie heich is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}. On average, Lunnon will see 31 days abuin {{convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ilka year, an 4.2 days abuin {{convert|30.0|°C|°F|1}} ilka year. Throu the [[2003 European heat wave]] thare war 14 consecutive days abuin {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} an 2 consecutive days whaur temperatures reakit {{convert|38|°C|°F|1}}, leadin tae hunners o heat relatit daiths.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=10|issue=7|date=1 July 2005|first1=H|last1=Johnson|first2=RS|last2=Kovats|first3=G|last3=McGregor|first4=J|last4=Stedman|first5=M|last5=Gibbs|first6=H|last6=Walton6|url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558}}</ref> Winters are generally cuil an damp wi little temperature variation. Snowfall daes occur frae time tae time, an can cause traivel disruption whan this happens. Spring an hairst are mixed seasons an can be leesome. As a lairge ceety, Lunnon haes a considerable [[urban heat island]] effect,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|title=London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|date=October 2006|accessdate=29 April 2015|archive-date=2012-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015955/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> makkin the centre o Lunnon at times {{convert|5|C-change|0|}} warmer than the suburbs an outskirts. The effect o this can be seen ablo whan comparin Lunnon Heathrow that is locatit {{convert|24|km}} wast o Lunnon wi the Lunnon Weather Centre that is locatit in the centre o Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ever warmer as temperatures rival France|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|publisher=Telegraph|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Heathrow 1981-2010 |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 17 |Feb record high C = 20 |Mar record high C = 24 |Apr record high C = 29 |May record high C = 33 |Jun record high C = 36 |Jul record high C = 37 |Aug record high C = 38 |Sep record high C = 35 |Oct record high C = 30 |Nov record high C = 21 |Dec record high C = 17 |year record high C = 38.1 |Jan high C = 8 |Feb high C = 8 |Mar high C = 11 |Apr high C = 14 |May high C = 18 |Jun high C = 21 |Jul high C = 24 |Aug high C = 23 |Sep high C = 20 |Oct high C = 16 |Nov high C = 11 |Dec high C = 8 |year high C = 15 |Jan low C = 2 |Feb low C = 2 |Mar low C = 4 |Apr low C = 6 |May low C = 9 |Jun low C = 12 |Jul low C = 14 |Aug low C = 14 |Sep low C = 11 |Oct low C = 8 |Nov low C = 5 |Dec low C = 3 |year low C = 8 |Jan record low C = -22 |Feb record low C = -10 |Mar record low C = -7 |Apr record low C = -4 |May record low C = 0 |Jun record low C = 3 |Jul record low C = 7 |Aug record low C = 7 |Sep record low C = 3 |Oct record low C = -5 |Nov record low C = -6 |Dec record low C = -12 |year record low C= -22 |Jan precipitation mm = 55.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 40.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 41.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 43.7 |May precipitation mm = 49.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 45.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 44.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 49.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 49.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 68.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 59.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 55.2 |year precipitation mm = 601.7 |Jan sun = 61.5 |Feb sun = 77.9 |Mar sun = 114.6 |Apr sun = 168.7 |May sun = 198.5 |Jun sun = 204.3 |Jul sun = 212.0 |Aug sun = 204.7 |Sep sun = 149.3 |Oct sun = 116.5 |Nov sun = 72.6 |Dec sun = 52.0 |year sun = 1632.6 |source 1= <ref name="UK Met Office" >{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b |title=London Heathrow Airport |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=17 September 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Britain's highest recorded temperatures for each day o the year">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |title=British Weather Extremes: Daily Maximum Temperatures |publisher=Torro |accessdate=17 September 2014 |archive-date=2015-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824032720/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Weather Centre UHI |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 8.5 |Feb high C = 8.9 |Mar high C = 11.7 |Apr high C = 15.7 |May high C = 18.6 |Jun high C = 22.4 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.2 |Sep high C = 20.8 |Oct high C = 16.1 |Nov high C = 11.9 |Dec high C = 8.6 |year high C = 15.8 |Jan mean C = 6.8 |Feb mean C = 6.8 |Mar mean C = 8.8 |Apr mean C = 12.0 |May mean C = 14.8 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 19.6 |Aug mean C = 19.4 |Sep mean C = 17.3 |Oct mean C = 13.5 |Nov mean C = 10.0 |Dec mean C = 7.0 |year mean C = 12.8 |Jan low C = 5.0 |Feb low C = 4.7 |Mar low C = 5.8 |Apr low C = 8.2 |May low C = 10.9 |Jun low C = 14.1 |Jul low C = 15.5 |Aug low C = 15.5 |Sep low C = 13.7 |Oct low C = 10.9 |Nov low C = 8.0 |Dec low C = 5.4 |year low C = 9.8 |source 1= <ref name="Lunnon Weather Centre climate data" >{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=03779&CONT=ukuk&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0003&LAND=UK&MOD=tab&ART=TMX&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2001&LMM=12&LYY=2014 |title=London Weather Centre analysis |publisher=weatheronline.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Climate Lunnon Weather Centre" >{{cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |title=climate: Climate London Weather Centre |publisher=Tutiempo |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archive-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042433/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} ===destricts=== {{Main|Leet o destricts o Lunnon}} Lunnon's vast urban area is aften descrievit uisin a set o destrict names, lik [[Bloomsbury]], [[Mayfair]], [[Wembley]] an [[Whitechapel]]. Thay are aither informal designations, reflect the names o villages that hae been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units sic as parishes or [[Metropolitan boroughs o the County o Lunnon|umwhile boroughs]]. Siclike names hae remained in uise throu tradeetion, ilk o thaim referrin tae a local area wi its ain distinctive character, but wioot official boundaries. Syne 1965 Greater Lunnon haes been dividit intae 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s in addition tae the ancient ceety o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_071>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|title=London boroughs&nbsp;— London Life, GLA|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213025156/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|archivedate=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_072>{{Cite book |last1=Dogan |first1=Mattei |first2=John D. |last2=Kasarda |title=The Metropolis Era |publisher=Sage |year=1988 |page=99 |isbn=978-0-8039-2603-5 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=_GFPAAAAMAAJ&q=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london&dq=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london |ref=harv}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon is the main financial destrict,<ref name=Lunnon_073>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |title= London as a financial centre |publisher= Mayor o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106051217/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archivedate= 2008-01-06 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> an [[Canary Wharf]] haes recently developed intae a new financial an commercial hub in the [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] tae the east. The [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] is Lunnon's main entertainment an shoppin destrict, attracting tourists.<ref name=Lunnon_075>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |title=West End still drawing crowds |work=BBC News |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=22 October 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0o6fkv?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[West (Lunnon sub region)|West Lunnon]] includes expensive residential areas whaur properties can sell for tens o millions o pounds.<ref name=Lunnon_076>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |title=Super Rich |date=17 April 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=James |last=Meek |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ofbib?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average price for properties in [[Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|Kensington an Chelsea]] is ower £2 million wi a seimilarly heich outlay in maist o [[central Lunnon]].<ref name="Lunnon's Properties">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3Dbf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746%26version%3D-1|archivedate=2016-12-30|title=Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough|publisher=Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190409/https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx?docid=bf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746&version=-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=GuardAug14>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/08/housing-london-jump-19-per-cent-year |title= Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year |author=Rupert Jones |newspaper=The Guardian |location= Lunnon |date=8 August 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> The [[East End o Lunnon|East End]] is the area closest tae the oreeginal [[Port o Lunnon]], kent for its heich immigrant population, as weel as for bein ane o the puirest areas in Lunnon.<ref name="East End">{{cite news |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |date=6 July 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829024354/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=2006-08-29 |title=Tomorrow's East End |newspaper=Newsweek |author=Flynn, Emily |location=New York |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The surroondin [[North East (Lunnon sub region)|East Lunnon]] area saw a fair bit o Lunnon's early industrial development; nou, [[brownfield land|brownfield]] sites throughout the area are bein redeveloped as pairt o the [[Thames Gateway]] includin the [[Lunnon Riverside]] an [[Lower Lea Valley]], that wis developed intae the [[Olympic Park, Lunnon|Olympic Park]] for the [[Lunnon 2012 Olympic bid|2012 Olympics an Paralympics]].<ref name="East End" /> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture o Lunnon|Leet o tallest biggins an structures in Lunnon}} [[File:Aerial Tower of London.jpg|thumb|right|The Tower of London]] Lunnon's biggins are ower diverse tae be characterised by ony parteecular [[architectural]] style, partly acause o thair varyin ages. Mony grand houses an public biggins, sic as the [[National Gallery]], are biggit frae [[Portland stone]]. Some areas o the ceety, parteecularly those juist wast o the centre, are characterised by white [[stucco]] or whitewashed biggins. Few structures in central Lunnon pre-date the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]] o 1666, thir bein a few trace [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] remains, the [[Tower o Lunnon]] an a few scattered [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] survivors in the ceety. Faur oot is, for insample, the [[Tudor period]] [[Hampton Court Palace]], England's auldest surviving Tudor palace, biggit by Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] c. 1515.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |title=Hampton Court: The Lost Palace |publisher=BBC History |date=29 March 2011 |author=Foyle, Jonathan |accessdate=16 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pDL3i?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}}</ref> [[Christopher Wren|Wren]]'s late 17t-century kirks an the financial institutions o the 18t an 19t centuries lik the [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] an the [[Bank o England]], tae the early 20t century [[Old Bailey]] an the 1960s [[Barbican Estate]] form pairt o the varied architectural heritage. [[File:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[30 St Mary Axe]], forby kent as "the Gherkin", touers ower [[St Andrew Undershaft]]]] The disuised, but suin tae be rejuvenated, 1939 [[Battersea Power Station]] bi the burn in the sooth-wast is a local laundmerk, while some railway termini are excellent insamples o [[Victorian architecture]], maist notably [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras]] an [[Paddington railway station|Paddington]].<ref name=Lunnon_078>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |title=Paddington Station |publisher=Great biggins |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pwi86?url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The density o Lunnon varies, wi heich employment density in the [[Central Lunnon|central area]], heich residential densities in [[inner Lunnon]] an laicher densities in [[Outer Lunnon]]. [[The Monument]] in the ceety o Lunnon provides views o the surroondin areas while commemoratin the [[Great Fire o Lunnon]], whilk originatit fae a biggin naurhaun. [[Marble Arch]] an [[Wellington Arch]], at the north an sooth ends o [[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]] respectively, hae royal connections, as dae the [[Albert Memorial]] an [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[Kensington]]. [[Nelson's Column]] is a nationally recognised monument in [[Trafalgar squerr]], ane o the focal pynts o the ceety centre. Older biggins are mainly brick biggit, maist commonly the yellae [[Lunnon stock brick]] or a warm orange-red variety, eften decoratit wi carvings an white plaster [[moulding (decorative)|mouldings]].<ref name=Lunnon_077>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=A1&xml=/property/2008/03/27/lpgreen127.xml |title=Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=12 October 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=Sarah |last=Lonsdale |date=27 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0rvzUL?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- [[File:Buckingham Palace frae gardens, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|left|thumb|[[Buckingham Palace]] is the official residence o the British monarch]] --> In the dense airts, maist o the concentration is via medium- an heich-rise biggins. Lunnon's skyscrapers lik [[30 St Mary Axe]], [[Tower 42]], the [[Broadgate Tower]] an [[One Canada squerr]] are maistly in the twa financial destricts, the [[City o Lunnon]] an [[Canary Wharf]]. High-rise development is restrictit at certaint sites if it wad obstruct pertectit views o [[St Paul's Cathedral]] an ither historic biggins. Housomeiver, thare a nummer o verra heich skyscrapers in central Lunnon ''(see [[Tall biggins in Lunnon]])'', includin the 72-storey [[Shard Lunnon Bridge]], the [[Leet o heichest biggins in the European Union|heichest biggin in the European Union]]. Other notable modern biggins include [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] in [[Southwark]] wi its distinctive oval shape,<ref name=Lunnon_079>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |title=Inside London's new 'glass egg' |date=16 July 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=26 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0sZ57q?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> an the [[British Library]] in [[Somers Town, Lunnon|Somers Town]]/[[Keengs Cross, Lunnon|Kings Cross]]. What wis formerly the [[Millennium Dome]], bi the Thames tae the east o Canary Wharf, is nou an entertainment venue cried [[The O2 (Lunnon)|The O2 Arena]]. {{wide image|Horniman London skyline 2013.jpg|1000px|[[The Shard]] dominating the [[City o Lunnon]] skyline, as seen frae [[Forest Hill, Lunnon|Forest Hill]] in July 2013}} ===Natural history=== The Lunnon Natural History Society suggest that Lunnon is "one o the World's Greenest ceeties" wi mair nor 40 percent green space or open watter. Thay indicate that 2000 species o flowering plant hae been foond growin thare an that the [[Tideway|tidal Thames]] supports 120 species o fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lnhs.org.uk/index.htm|title=Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page|work=lnhs.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2007-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212143739/http://www.lnhs.org.uk/Index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay forby state that ower 60 species o bird nest in [[central Lunnon]] an that thair members hae recordit 47 species o butterflee, 1173 moths an mair nor 270 kinds o speeder aroond Lunnon. Lunnon's [[wetland]] airts support nationally important populations o mony watter birds. Lunnon haes 38 [[Sites o Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs), twa [[National Nature Reserves]] an 76 [[Local Nature Reserves]].<ref>Lunnon Natural History Society.</ref> [[Amphibians]] are common in the caipital, includin [[smooth newt]]s livin bi the [[Tate Modern]], an common [[frog]]s, common [[toad]]s, [[palmate newt]]s an [[great crestit newt]]s, housamiver, native reptiles lik [[slow-worm]]s, [[common lizard]]s, [[grass snake]]s an [[Vipera berus|adder]]s, are maistly anly seen in [[outer Lunnon]].<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/27/london-amphibian-reptile-map "London's amphibians and reptile populations mapped". Laurie Tuffrey, ''The Guardian'', Friday 27 July 2012]</ref> [[File:Flickr - Duncan~ - Fox Trot.jpg|thumb|left|Fox on Ayres Street, [[Southwark]], [[South Lunnon]] ]] Amang ither indwallers o Lunnon are 10,000 tods, sae that thare are nou 16 tods for every squerr mile (2.6 squerr kilometres) o Lunnon. Thir urban tods are noticeably bolder than thair kintra cousins, sharin the pavement (sidewalk) wi pedestrians an raisin cubs in people's backyards. Tods hae even sneaked intae the [[Houses o Parliament]], whaur ane wis foond asleep on a filing cabinet. Anither broke intae the grunds o [[Buckingham Palace]], reportedly killin some o Queen Elizabeth II's prized [[pink flamingo]]s. Generally, housamiver, tods an ceety folk appear tae get alang. A survey in 2001 bi the Lunnon-based [[Mammal Society]] foond that 80 percent o Lunnoners liked haein them aroond.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london_2.html "10,000 Foxes Roam London". James Owen in London for ''National Geographic'' News, May 15, 2006]</ref> Other mammals foond in [[Greater Lunnon]] are [[hedgehog]]s, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, an squirrels,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|title=Mammals|work=The Royal Parks|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135419/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|url-status=dead}}</ref> In wilder areas o [[Outer Lunnon]], sic as [[Epping Forest]], a wide variety o mammals are foond includin [[hare]], [[brock]], field, bank an watter [[laund-moose]], [[wid moose]], [[yellae-neck moose]], [[mowdiwarp]], [[shrew]], an [[wheasel]], in addition tae tod, squirrel an hurcheon. A deid otter wis foond at The Highway, in [[Wapping]], aboot {{convert|1|mi|adj=on}} frae the [[Tower Bridge]], that wad suggest that thay hae begun tae muive back efter bein absence a hunner year frae the ceety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/946018.londons_first_wild_otter_found/|title=London's first wild otter found|author=Peter Law|work=This Is Local Lunnon}}</ref> Ten o England's eighteen species o [[bat]]s hae been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius an common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's an leisler's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|title=Mammals|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318070552/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amang the strange sights seen in Lunnon hae been a whale in the Thames,<ref>Liam O'Brien, (24 March 2013). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/dead-whale-found-floating-in-the-thames-estuary-will-be-examined-8547350.html "Dead whale found floating in the Thames Estuary 'will be examined'"]. ''The Independent on Sunday'' (Lunnon).</ref> while The BBC Twa programme "Natural World: Unnatural History o Lunnon", shaws pigeons uisin the [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] tae get aroond the ceety, a [[Pinniped|seal]] that taks fish frae [[fishmonger]]s athoot [[Billingsgate Fish Market]], an tods that will "sit" gif thay're gien sausages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|title=BBC Nature - A Question of Nature: How hidden is the UK's wild side?|work=BBC Nature|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2018-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726124445/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> Herds o [[red deer|red]] an [[fallow deer]] roam freely wiin hantle o [[Richmond Park|Richmond]] an [[Bushy Park]]. A cull takes place ilk November an Februar tae ensure nummers can be sustained.<ref name="Deer cull begins">{{cite news | url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/10026864.Richmond_Park_deer_cull_begins/ | title=Richmond Park deer cull begins | work=Wandsworth Guardian | date=5 November 2012 | accessdate=9 November 2012 | author=Rachel Bishop | location=Lunnon}}</ref> Epping Forest is kent for its [[fallow deer]] an aa, whilk can frequently be seen in herds tae the north o the Forest. A rare population o [[melanistic]], black fallow deer is forby maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near [[Theydon Bois]]. [[Muntjac deer]], that escaped frae deer parks at the turn o the twentieth century, are foond in the wid. While Lunnoners are accustomed tae wildlife sic as birds an tods sharin the ceety, mair recently urban deer hae becomin a regular featur, an hale herds o [[fallow deer|fallow]] an [[white tailed deer]] come intae residential airts at nicht tae tak advantage o the Lunnon's green spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/in-pictures-londons-urban-deer-9149902.html|title=In pictures: London's urban deer|work=The Evening Standard}}</ref> Thare are in Lunnon mony [[muntjak]] deer an aa, but acause thay are shy it is less common tae see them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/9761337.Photographer_snaps_Muntjac_deer_in_Mill_Hill_garden/|title=Photographer snaps Muntjac deer in Mill Hill garden|author=Emma Innes|work=Times Series}}</ref> ==Demography== {{Main|Demographics o Lunnon}} {{Table Lunnon tap 28 birth kintras}}<!--- Ref name=Pop2001 ---> Wi increasin industrialisation, Lunnon's population grew rapidly outthrou the 19t an early 20t centuries, an it wis for some time in the late 19t an early 20t centuries the maist populous ceety in the warld. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately afore the outbreak o the Seicont World War, but haed declined tae 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. Housamiver, the population then grew by juist ower a million atween the 2001 an 2011 Censuses, tae reak 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls "2011 Census. London population"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904221157/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls |date=2022-09-04 }}. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 May 2015</ref> Houiver, Lunnon's continuous urban area extends ayont the borders o Greater Lunnon an wis home tae 9,787,426 people in 2011,<ref name="urbanpopulation"/> while its wider [[Lunnon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] haes a population o atween 12 an 14&nbsp;million dependin on the definition uised.<ref name=metro_area_1>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=The Principal Agglomerations o the World|work=City Population|accessdate=3 March 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archivedate=2010-07-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=metro2>{{cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=British urban pattern: population data |accessdate=22 February 2010 |date=March 2007 |work=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |page=119 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae [[Eurostat]], Lunnon is the [[mucklemaist ceeties an metropolitan areas in the European Union (Eurostat)|maist populous ceety an metropolitan area o the European Union]] an the seicont [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] (or third if [[Istanbul]] is included). in the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000&nbsp;immigrants arrived in Lunnon.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |work=The Times |accessdate=8 August 2009 |location=Lunnon |archive-date=2008-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The region covers an area o {{convert|1579|km2|sqmi}}. The population density is {{convert|5177|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}},<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis World Association o the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |isbn=978-0-7306-2020-4 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mair nor ten times that o ony ither [[NUTS:UK|British region]].<ref name=Lunnon_087>{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195152/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archivedate= 2008-06-24 |title= Population density o London: by London borough, 2006 |publisher= UK Statistics Authority |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> In terms o population, Lunnon is the 19t [[World's mucklemaist ceeties|mucklemaist ceety]] an the 18t [[Leet o metropolitan areas by population|mucklemaist metropolitan]] region in the warld. As o 2014, Lunnon haes the mucklemaist nummer o billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the warld, wi 72 residing in the ceety.<ref name=Billionaires>{{cite news|title='Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|accessdate=11 May 2014|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=11 May 2014}}</ref> Lunnon ranks as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld, alongside Tokyo an Moscow.<ref name=Lunnon_089>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |title=World's Most Expensive Cities 2004 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=16 August 2007 |date=11 June 2004 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ygZWg?url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{Main|Ethnic groups in Lunnon}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Ethnic groups in the 2011 census <ref name=2011censusdemo>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=2016-01-05 }}. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref> |label1 = White |value1 = 59.8 |color1 = Red |label2 = Asian |value2 = 18.4 |color2 = Orange |label3 = Black |value3 = 13.3 |color3 = Yellow |label4 = Mixed |value4 = 5 |color4 = Green |label5 = Arab |value5 = 1.3 |color5 = Blue |label6 = Other |value6 = 2.1 |color6 = Purple }} Accordin tae the [[Office for National Statistics]], based on the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 Census]] estimates, 59.8 per cent o the 8,173,941 indwallers o Lunnon war [[White people|White]], wi 44.9 per cent [[White British]], 2.2 per cent [[Irish migration tae Great Britain|White Irish]], 0.1 per cent [[Gypsy (term)|gypsy]]/[[Irish traveller]] an 12.1 per cent classifee'd as [[Other White]]. 20.9 per cent o Lunnoners are o [[British Asian|Asian]] an mixed-Asian strynd. 19.7 per cent are o full Asian strynd, wi those o mixed-Asian heritage comprisin 1.2 o the population. [[British Indien|Indiens]] accoont for 6.6 per cent o the population, followed by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistanis]] an [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] at 2.7 per cent for ilk o thaim. [[British Chinese|Chinese]] fowks accoont for 1.5 per cent o the population, wi [[British Arabs|Arabs]] comprisin 1.3 per cent. A faur 4.9 per cent are classifee'd as "Other Asian". 15.6 per cent o Lunnon's population are o [[Black British|Black]] an mixed-Black strynd. 13.3 per cent are o fou Black strynd, wi thaim that's o mixed-Black heritage comprisin 2.3 per cent. [[Black British|Black Africans]] accoont for 7.0 per cent o Lunnon's population, wi 4.2 per cent as [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]] an 2.1 per cent as "Other Black". 5.0 per cent are o [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|mixed race]]. athort Lunnon, [[Black British|Black]] an [[British Asian|Asian]] childer outnumber [[White British]] childer by aboot sax tae fower in state schuils.<ref name=Lunnon_094>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-o-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |title=One fifth o children frae ethnic minorities |author=Paton, Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hYR0tUao?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archivedate=2009-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Altogether at the 2011 census, o Lunnon's 1,624,768 population aged 0 tae 15, 46.4 per cent war White, 19.8 per cent war Asian, 19 per cent war Black, 10.8 per cent war Mixed an 4 per cent representit anither ethnic group.<ref>{{cite web |author= ONS |url= https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/livelinks/12297.xlsx |title=LC2109EWls - Ethnic group by age |publisher=www.nomisweb.co.uk |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> In Januar 2005, a survey o Lunnon's ethnic an religious diversity claimed that thare war mair nor 300 leids spoken in Lunnon an mair nor 50 non-indigenous communities wi a population o mair nor 10,000.<ref name=Lunnon_090>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |title= Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth |work= The Guardian |location= Lunnon |accessdate= 6 May 2008 |first= Leo |last= Benedictus |date= 21 January 2005 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0zlxGl?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> figurs frae the [[Office for National Statistics]] shaw that, {{as o|2010|alt=in 2010}}, Lunnon's furren-born population wis 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up frae 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2011 census shawed that 36.7 per cent o [[Greater Lunnon]]'s population war born athoot the UK.<ref name=Lunnon_092>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |title=Census 2001: London |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=3 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11Wpqv?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The table tae the right shows the 30 maist common countries o birth o Lunnon residents in 2011, the date o the last published [[UK Census]].<ref name=Pop2011/> A portion o the German-born population are as lik as tae be British nationals born tae parents servin in the [[British Armed Forces]] in Germany.<ref name=Lunnon_095>{{cite book |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |title=Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities |last=Kyambi |first=Sarah |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=20 January 2007 |isbn=978-1-86030-284-8 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11tc6i?url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Estimates produced bi the [[Office for National Statistics]] indicate that the five mucklemaist furren-born groups bidin in Lunnon in the period Julie 2009 tae Juin 2010 war those born in [[Indie]], Poland, the Republic o Ireland, Bangladesh an [[Nigerie]].<ref name=Estimates>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-o-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |title=Table 1.4: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country o birth, July 2009 tae June 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=7 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12D272?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }} figur given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref> ===Releegion=== {{Main|Releegion in Lunnon}} {{bar box |title=[[Releegion in Lunnon|Releegion in Lunnon (2011 census)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |title=2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=11 December 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent(%) |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|48.4}} {{bar percent|[[Irreleegion|No releegion]]|violet|20.7}} {{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|12.4}} {{bar percent|Undeclared|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|5.0}} {{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|Blue|1.8}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|1.5}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|1.0}} {{bar percent|Ither|grey|0.6}} }} Accordin tae the [[2011 UK Census|2011 Census]], the mucklemaist releegious groupins are [[Christianity|Christians]] (48.4 per cent), follaed bi those o [[Irreleegion|no releegion]] (20.7 per cent), [[Islam|Muslims]] (12.4 per cent), nae reponse (8.5 per cent), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (5.0 per cent), [[Judaism|Jews]] (1.8 per cent), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (1.5 per cent), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.0 per cent) an ither (0.6 per cent). Lunnon haes tradeetionally been Christian, an haes a [[Leet o kirks in Lunnon|hantle o kirks]], parteecularly in the Ceety o Lunnon. The well-kent [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in the Ceety an [[Southwark Cathedral]] sooth o the river are [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] admeenistrative centres,<ref name=Lunnon_096>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|title=About Saint Paul's Cathedral|publisher=Dean an Chapter St Paul's|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407082352/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|archivedate=2008-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[Archbishop o Canterbury]], principal bishop o the [[Krik o Ingland]] an warldwide [[Anglican Communion]], haes his main residence at [[Lambeth Palace]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Lambeth]].<ref name=Lunnon_097>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|title=Lambeth Palace Library|publisher=Lambeth Palace Library|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12b6iD?url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Important national an royal ceremonies are shared atween [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]] an [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=Lunnon_098>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|title=Westminster Abbey|publisher=Dean an Chapter o Westminster|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12pvY3?url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The Abbey is nae tae be confused wi nearby [[Westminster Cathedral]], that is the mucklemaist [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[England an Wales]].<ref name=Lunnon_099>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|title=West Minster Cathedral|publisher=Westminster Cathedral|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327041736/http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|archivedate=2008-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the prevalence o Anglican kirks, observance is verra laich wiin the Anglican denomination. Kirk attendance continues on a lang, slaw, steady decline, accordin tae Kirk o Ingland statistics.<ref name=Lunnon_100>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/info/statistics/2007provisionalattendance.pdf |title=Church o England Statistics |publisher=Church o England |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |archive-date=2014-07-09 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140709133529/http://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:St Paul's Cathedral, 26 August 2012 (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[St Paul's Cathedral]]]] Lunnon is hame tae sizeable [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], an [[Jewish]] commonties an aw. Notable mosques include the [[East Lunnon Mosque]] in Touer Hamlets, [[Lunnon Central Mosque]] on the edge o [[Regent's Park]] an the [[Baitul Futuh]] Mosque o the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]. Follaein the ile boom, increasin nummers o wealthy Hindus an [[Middle-East]]ren Muslims hae based themselves aroond [[Mayfair]] an [[Knightsbridge]] in Wast Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|title=sikhchic.com - The Art and Culture o the Diaspora - Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report|work=sikhchic.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011082625/http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2013/03/14/comment-british-sikhs-are-the-best-example-o-cultural-integ|title=Comment: British Sikhs are the best insample o cultural integration|work=politics.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_102>{{cite web |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming-6890813.html |author= Bill, Peter |title= The $300&nbsp;billion Arabs are coming |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 29 May 2008 |accessdate= 3 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo15MyJm?url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23488244-the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming.do |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> Thare muckle Muslim commonties in the eastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Touer Hamlets|Touer Hamlets]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]].<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719020954/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 |date=2012-07-19 }} Office for National Statistics</ref> lairge Hindu communities are in the north-wastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Harrow|Harrow]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Brent|Brent]]; the latter is hame tae Europe's mucklemaist [[Hindu temple]], [[Neasden Temple]].<ref name=Lunnon_103>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |title= Hindu London |date= 6 June 2005 |publisher= BBC Lunnon |accessdate= 3 June 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |archivedate= 2006-02-18 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon is hame tae 42 Hindu temples. Thare are Sikh communities in East an West Lunnon, parteecularly in Southall, hame tae ane o the mucklemaist Sikh populations an the mucklemaist Sikh temple ootside Indie.<ref name=Lunnon_104>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |title=£17&nbsp;m Sikh temple opens |date=30 March 2003 |work=BBC News |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18FMYP?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority o [[Breetish Jews]] live in Lunnon, wi signeeficant Jewish commonties in [[Stamford Hill]], [[Stanmore]], [[Golders Green]], [[Finchley]], [[Hampstead]], [[Hendon]] an [[Edgware]] in [[North Lunnon]]. [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] in the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] is affiliatit tae Lunnon's heestoric [[Sephardic]] Jewish commonty. It is the anly synagogue in Europe that haes held regular services continuously for ower 300 year. [[Stanmore an Canons Pairk Synagogue]] haes the mucklemaist membership o ony single Orthodox synagogue in the whole o Europe, owertakin [[Ilford]] synagogue (in Lunnon an aa) in 1998.<ref name=Lunnon_106>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Stanmore |accessdate=12 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18Qcmw?url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The commonity set up the [[unnon Jewish Forum]] in 2006 in response tae the growin signeeficance o devolved Lunnon Govrenment.<ref name=Lunnon_107>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Jonny |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1178443551.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+10%2C+2006&author=JONNY+PAUL%2C+Jerusalem+Post+correspondent&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=05&desc=Livingstone+apologizes+to+UK+Jews |title=Livingstone apologizes tae UK's Jews |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo19jSJq?url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856232 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Accent=== Thare are mony accents that are tradeetionally thocht on as Lunnon accents. The maist weel kent o the Lunnon accents lang syne acquired the [[Cockney]] label, that is haurd baith in Lunnon itself, an athort the wider [[South East England]] region mair generally.<ref>"Cracking Up!". p. 178. Lulu.com</ref> The accent o a 21st-century 'Lunnoner' varies widely; what is becomin mair an mair common amongst the unner-30s houiver is some fusion o Cockney wi a whole array o 'ethnic' accents, in parteecular [[Caribbean]], that form an accent labelled [[Multicultural Lunnon English]] (MLE).<ref name="MCLE">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|title=Jafaican and Tikkiny drown out the East End's Cockney twang|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|work=[[The Independent]]|location=Lunnon|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=22 August 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK682mq?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The ither widely heard an spoken accent is RP ([[Received Pronunciation]]) in various forms, that can aften be haurd in the media an mony o ither traditional professions an ayont this area, tho this accent isnae leemitit tae Lunnon an South East England, an can be haurd selectively atouer the hale UK amang certaint social groupins. ==Economy== {{Main|Economy o Lunnon|Media in Lunnon}} [[File:The City London.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[City o Lunnon]] is ane o the lairgest financial centres in the warld.<ref name="Mastercard" /><ref name="forbes.com" />]] Lunnon generates aboot 20 per cent o [[Economy o the Unitit Kinrick|the UK's GDP]]<ref name="Lunnon's place in economy">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06 |publisher=City o Lunnon |accessdate=11 March 2008 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (or $446&nbsp;billion in 2005); while the economy o the [[Lunnon metropolitan area]]—[[Leet o ceeties by GDP#Europe, Western|the lairgest in Europe]]—generates aboot 30 per cent o the UK's GDP (or an estimatit $669&nbsp;billion in 2005).<ref name=Lunnon_109>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195153/http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archivedate=2008-06-24|title=The Economic Positioning of Metropolitan Areas in North Western Europe|date=December 2002|publisher=The Institute for Urban Planning an Development o the Paris Île-de-France Region|accessdate=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon is ane o the pre-eminent financial centres o the warld an vies wi New York ceety as the maist important location for international finance.<ref name="economist1">{{Cite news |title=After the fall |work=[[The Economist]] |date=29 November 2007 |location=Lunnon |url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CAPd8?url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |title=Financial Centres&nbsp;— Magnets for money |date=13 September 2007 |work=The Economist |location=Lunnon |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CVVgP?url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's lairgest industry is finance, an its [[financial export]]s mak it a lairge contributor tae the UK's [[balance o payments]]. Aroond 325,000 fowk wis employed in financial services in Lunnon til mid-2007. Lunnon haes ower 480 owerseas banks, mair nor ony ither ceety in the warld. Ower 85 percent (3.2&nbsp;million) o the employed population o greater Lunnon works in the services industries. Acause o its prominent global role, Lunnon's economy haed been affectit bi the [[Late-2000s financial crisis]]. Housamiver, by 2010 the ceety haes recovered; pit in place new regulatory powers, proceedit tae regain lost ground an re-established Lunnon's economic parity wi New York.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0</ref> The [[City o Lunnon]] is home tae the [[Bank o England]], [[Lunnon Stock Exchange]], an [[Lloyd's o Lunnon]] insurance mercat. Ower hauf o the UK's tap 100 listit companies (the [[FTSE 100]]) an ower 100 o Europe's 500 lairgest companies hae thair headquarters in central Lunnon. Ower 70 per cent o the FTSE 100 are athin Lunnon's metropolitan area, an 75 per cent o [[Fortune 500]] companies hae offices in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_113>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|title=London Stock Exchange|year=2008|publisher=Lunnon Stock Exchange plc.|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FWjWx?url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canary Wharf]] is ane o the biggest financial centres in Europe an is hame tae some o the [[Leet o tallest biggins in the Unitit Kinrick|UK's tallest biggins]].]] Alang wi [[professional services]], media companies are [[Media in Lunnon|concentratit in Lunnon]] an the media distribution industry is Lunnon's seicont maist competitive sector.<ref name=Lunnon_114>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6 |date=November 2005 |work=Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf o the Corporation o Lunnon |page=19 |accessdate=19 June 2006 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BBC]] is a significant employer, while ither broadcasters hae heidquarters aroond the ceety an aa. Mony [[Leet o newspapers in the Unitit Kinrick|naitional newspapers]] are editit in Lunnon. Lunnon is a major retail centre an in 2010 haed the heichest non-food retail sales o ony ceety in the warld, wi a tot spend o aroond £64.2&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|title=London tops world cities spending league|accessdate=29 April 2011|agency=Reuters|date=17 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FVjQo?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|archivedate=2011-05-19|first=Mark|last=Potter|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port o Lunnon]] is the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handlin 45&nbsp;million [[tonne]]s o cargo ilka year.<ref name=handling/> Lunnon haes five major business destricts: the ceety, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington an Lambeth & Southwark. One wey tae get an idea o thair relative importance is tae leuk at relative amounts o office space: Greater Lunnon haed 27&nbsp;million m² o office space in 2001, an the ceety conteens the maist space, wi 8&nbsp;million m² o office space. Lunnon haes some o the heichest real estate prices in the warld.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | location=Lunnon | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Felix | last=Lowe | title=Highgate trumps Chelsea as priciest postcode | date=19 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | work=Forbes | title=U.K.'s Most Expensive Postcodes | date=12 December 2007}}</ref> A growin nummer o technology companies are based in Lunnon notably in [[East Lunnon Tech ceety]], forby kent as Silicon Roundabout. In Aprile 2014, the ceety wis amang the first tae receive a [[geoTLD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|title=Availability|work=mydotLunnon.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113544/http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 2014 Lunnon wis ranked as the European ceety o the Future <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | location=Lunnon | work=Lunnon&Partners | title=London named as European City of the Future | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2018-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625162127/http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | url-status=dead }}</ref> in the 2014/15 leet by [[FDi Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | location=Lunnon | work=fDiIntelligence.com | title=European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15 | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2014-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112110111/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes the heichest property prices o ony European ceety accordin tae the Office for National Statistics an the European Office o Statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html|title=City Mayors: UK and European cities compared|work=citymayors.com}}</ref> On average the price per squerr metre in central Lunnon is €24,252 (Aprile 2014). This is higher than the property prices in ither G8 European caipital ceeties; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 an Paris €11,229.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/United-Kingdom/square-meter-prices|title=Price per Square Meter United Kingdom - British Cost per Square Meter|author=Global Property Guide|work=Global Property Guide}}</ref> The gas an electricity distribution networks that manage an operate the touers, cables an pressure systems that deliver energy tae consumers athort the ceety are managed by [[National Grid plc]], [[SGN (company)|SGN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas distributors|url=https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/gas/distribution-networks/gb-gas-distribution-network|website=www.ofgem.gov.uk/|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> an [[UK Power Networks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity distributor|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|website=www2.nationalgrid.com/|accessdate=15 September 2014|archive-date=2014-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914184550/http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Lunnon}} [[File:British Museum from NE 2 (cropped).JPG|thumb|250pg|The British Museum]] Lunnon is a popular centre for [[Tourism in Lunnon|tourism]], ane o its prime industries, employin the equivalent o 350,000 fou-time workers in 2003,<ref name=Lunnon_117>{{cite web|url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|title=London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK|date=15 February 2005|publisher=PersonnelToday.com|accessdate=3 June 2006|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1GNS8r?url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> while annual expenditure by tourists is aroond £15&nbsp;billion.<ref name=Lunnon_118>"{{cite web |url= http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |title= The Importance of Tourism in London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}", Visit Lunnon. Retrieved 3 June 2006.</ref> Lunnon attracks ower 14&nbsp;million international visitors a year; that gars it Europe's maist visitit ceety.<ref name=EuromonitorCityRanking>{{cite web|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/01/euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking1-.html|title=Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking |publisher=Euromonitor International|date=10 January 2012|accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Lunnon attracts 27&nbsp;million overnicht-stay visitors every year.<ref name="Lunnon 101">"{{cite web |url= http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |title= London 101: One Hundred and One Amazing Facts About London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |publisher= Visit Lunnon |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 2010 the ten maist-visitit attractions in Lunnon war:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |title=Top 10 London Attractions |publisher=Visit Lunnon |date=1 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Gbp7Y?url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> # [[British Museum]] # [[Tate Modern]] # [[National Gallery]] # [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] # [[Imperial War Museum]] # [[Science Museum (Lunnon)|Science Museum]] # [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] # [[Madame Tussauds]] # [[National Maritime Museum]] # [[Tower o Lunnon]] ===Housing crisis=== {{Main|Affordability o housing in the Unitit Kinrick}} Thousans o faimlies athoot hames fin thairsels stuck in emergency accommodation for at least twa year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Housing shortage leaves homeless families 'stuck' in hostels for two years |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/housing-shortage-leaves-homeless-families-stuck-in-hostels-for-two-years-9652684.html |newspaper=The Independent |location= Lunnon |date= 6 August 2014 |author= Emily Dugan |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> A growthe in the nummer o UK households haes led tae the homeless charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] statin: "This growth is a result o people livin langer, mair fowk livin on thair lanesomes or in weeer hoosehauds, an net migration."<ref>{{cite web |title= Immigration and housing |url= http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |publisher= Shelter |page= 9 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2014-11-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141128122805/http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Transport== {{Main|Transport in Lunnon|Infrastructure in Lunnon}} [[File:Black London Cab.jpg|right|thumb|A black Lunnon taxi, forbye kent as a [[hackney carriage]].]] Transport is ane o the fower main area o policy administered bi the Mayor o Lunnon,<ref name=Lunnon_121>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|title=Transport for London|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msa508h4?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> houiver the mayor's financial control disnae extend tae the langer distance rail network that enters Lunnon. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, that nou form the [[Lunnon Overground]] network, adding tae the existin responsibility for the Lunnon Unnergrund, trams an buses. The public transport network is administered by [[Transport for Lunnon]] (TfL) an is ane o the priceymaist in the warld. The lines that formed the Lunnon Unnergrund, as weel as trams an buses, became pairt o an integratit transport system in 1933 when the [[Lunnon Passenger Transport Board]] or ''[[Lunnon Transport (brand)|Lunnon Transport]]'' wis creatit. Transport for Lunnon is nou the statutory corporation responsible for maist aspects o the transport system in Greater Lunnon, an is run by a board an a commissioner appyntit bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]].<ref name=stat_tfl>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055413/http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archivedate=2007-10-19|title=How do I find out about transport in London?|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=5 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Aviation=== {{Main|Airports o Lunnon}} [[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]] is the busiest airport in the UK an Europe as well as the seicont busiest in the warld for international passenger traffic. ([[Lunnon Heathrow Terminal 5|Terminal 5]]C is pictured]] Lunnon is a major international air transport hub wi the lairgest ceety airspace in the warld.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Aicht airports uise the wird ''Lunnon'' in thair name, but maist traffic passes throu sax o thir. [[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]], in [[Lunnon Borough o Hillingdon|Hillingdon]], West Lunnon, is the [[World's busiest airport|busiest airport in the warld]] for international traffic, an is the major hub o the naition's banner carrier, [[British Airways]].<ref name=Lunnon_135>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairport.com/|title=BAA Heathrow: Official Website|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archive-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195656/http://www.heathrowairport.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch 2008 its fift terminal wis opened.<ref name=Lunnon_137>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|title=Heathrow Airport Terminal 5|publisher=TMC Ltd|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1I83JE?url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Thare war plans for a third runway an a sixth terminal houiver thir war cancelled bi the [[Unitit Kinrick coalition government (2010–present)|Coalition Government]] on 12 Mey 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |title=Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=30 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1J2Xuu?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar traffic, wi some [[Low-cost carrier|cheap]] [[short-haul]] flights, is forbye handled at [[Gatwick Airport]], sooth o Lunnon in [[West Sussex]].<ref name=Lunnon_139>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|title=BAA Gatwick: Gatwick Airport|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JBGRX?url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lunnon Stanstit Airport|Stanstit Airport]], north east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a local UK hub an [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton Airport]] tae the north o Lunnon in [[Bedfordshire]], caters maistly for cheap short-haul flights.<ref name=Lunnon_140>{{cite book|url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|title=BAA Stansted : Stansted Airport|year=2008|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-86039-476-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JkALo?url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_141>{{cite book|url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|title=London Luton Airport|publisher=Lunnon Luton Airport|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-11-510256-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1KGPZQ?url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon ceety Airport]], the weeest an maist central airport, in [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]], East Lunnon, is focused on business travellers, wi a mixtur o fou service short-haul schedult flichts an considerable [[business jet]] traffic.<ref name=Lunnon_142>{{cite web|url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|title=London City Airport&nbsp;— Corporate Information|publisher=Lunnon ceety Airport Ltd.|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Kyrhl?url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon Southend Airport]], east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a smawer, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights. The [[Airports Commission]] is due tae report in Summer 2015 on future expansion o airport capacity. ===Rail=== ====Underground an DLR==== [[File:Baker Street tube station MMB 19 S Stock.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the warld's auldest an seicont-langest [[rapid transit]] system]] The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]], commonly referred tae as the Tube, is the auldest<ref name="Metro">{{Cite book |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |title=London Underground: History|author=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=30 December 2012|isbn=978-0-904711-30-1 |ref=harv }}</ref> an seicont langest<ref name="railwaygazette.com"/> [[rapid transit|metro]] system in the warld. The system serves 270 [[metro station|stations]]<ref name="facts">{{Cite journal |title=Key facts |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2009 |ref=harv }}</ref> an wis formed frae several private companies, includin the warld's first unnerground electric line, the [[City an South Lunnon Railway]].<ref name="UrbanRail">{{cite book|url=http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|title=London Underground|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|year=2001|publisher=UrbanRail.net|accessdate=24 September 2006|isbn=978-3-936573-01-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013919/http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|archivedate=2006-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> It dates frae 1863. Ower three million journeys is made ilk a day on the Underground network, ower 1&nbsp;billion ilk a year.<ref name=Lunnon_124>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |title=Tube breaks record for passenger numbers |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |date=27 December 2007 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJy1HWj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An investment programme is attemptin tae reduce congestion an impruive reliability, includin £6.5&nbsp;billion (€7.7&nbsp;billion) spent afore the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The London 2012 legacy |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/25869.aspx|publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 11 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Docklands Light Railway]], that opened in 1987, is a seicont, mair local metro system uisin smawer an lighter tram-teep vehicles that serve [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] an [[Greenwich]]. ====Suburban==== [[File:King's Cross Western Concourse.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's Cross railway station]] Western Concourse]] Thare are 366 [[railway stations]] in the [[Lunnon fare zones|Lunnon Travelcard Zones]] on an extensive abuin-ground suburban railway network. South Lunnon, parteecularly, haes a heich concentration o railways as it haes fewer Underground lines. Maist rail lines terminate aroond the centre o Lunnon, running intae [[Lunnon station group|eighteen terminal stations]], cep for the [[Thameslink]] trains connecting [[Bedford]] in the north an [[Brighton]] in the sooth via [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton]] an [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] airports.<ref name="Lunnon_127">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDd2BCwh?url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archivedate=2010-02-01 |title=First Capital Connect |publisher=First Capital Connect |accessdate=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes Britain's busiest station&nbsp;by nummer o passengers – [[Lunnon Waterloo station|Waterloo]], wi ower 184&nbsp;million people uisin the interchange station complex (whilk includes [[Lunnon Waterloo East railway station|Waterloo East]] station) ilka year.<ref name="National Rail Station Usage">{{cite web |url= http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |title= Rail Station Usage |publisher= Office o Rail Regulation |accessdate= 24 October 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5QO6kHRpk?url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |archivedate= 2007-07-17 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Tube exits">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |title=Tube exits |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=24 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QW719FI3?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |archivedate=2007-07-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{rws|Clapham Junction}} is the busiest station in Europe bi the nummer o trains passing. Wi the need for mair rail capacity in Lunnon, [[Crossrail]] is due tae open in 2018. It will be a new railway line runnin east tae wast throu Lunnon an intae the [[Home Counties]] wi a branch tae [[Heathrow Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/regional-map |title=Crossrail Regional Map |publisher= Crossrail |accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> It is Europe's biggest construction project, wi a £15 billion projectit cost.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |work=BBC News |title= Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |date=2 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |newspaper= The Independent on Sunday |location= Lunnon |title= Crossrail delayed tae save £1bn |date= 29 August 2010 |first= Mark |last= Leftly |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2020-11-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201116062835/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |url-status= dead}}</ref> ====Inter-city an international==== [[File:St Pancras railway station MMB B9 373213.jpg|thumb|[[St Pancras railway station]] is the main terminal for heich speed [[Eurostar]] an [[HS1]] services, as well as suburban [[Thameslink]] an [[East Midlands Trains]] services.]] Lunnon is the centre o the [[National Rail]] network, wi 70 percent o rail journeys stairtin or endin in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail|url=http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|work=Lunnon First|publisher=Lunnon First|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083946/http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lik suburban rail services, regional an inter-ceety trains depart frae several termini aroon the ceety centre, linkin Lunnon wi the rest o Britain includin [[Cambridge]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[Exeter]], [[Birmingham]], [[Holyhead]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Edinburgh]] an [[Glasgow]]. Some international railway services tae [[Continental Europe]] wis operatit during the 20t century as [[boat train]]s, lik the ''[[Admiraal de Ruijter (train)|Admiraal de Ruijter]]'' tae [[Amsterdam]] an the ''[[Night Ferry]]'' tae Paris an Brussels. The openin o the [[Channel Tunnel]] in 1994 connectit Lunnon directly tae the continental rail network, allouin [[Eurostar]] services tae begin. Syne 2007, heich-speed trains link [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras International]] wi [[Lille]], [[Paris]], [[Brussels]] an European tourist destinations via the [[High Speed 1]] rail link an the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref name=Lunnon_128>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |title=Eurostar |publisher=Eurostar |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJz4xiY?url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first [[Southeastern (train operating company)|heich-speed domestic]] trains stairtit in Juin 2009 linking [[Kent]] tae Lunnon.<ref name="Southeastern Highspeed">{{cite web |url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |title=Highspeed |publisher=Southeastern |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJzQVXK?url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare plans for a [[High Speed 2|seicont heich speed line]] linkin Lunnon tae the Midlands, North West England, an Yorkshire. ====Freight==== Awtho [[rail freight]] levels are far doun compared tae thair heicht, significant quantities o cargo are forby carried intae an oot o Lunnon by rail; chiefly biggin materials an [[landfill]] waste.<ref name="Freight Plan">August 2007, [https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/rail-freight-strategy-aug-2007.pdf Rail Freight Strategy], [[Lunnon Rail]]</ref> As a major hub o the British railway network, Lunnon's tracks forby cairy lairge amounts o freight for the ither regions, sic as [[containerisation|container freight]] frae the Channel Tunnel an [[English Channel]] ports, an [[nuclear waste]] for [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]] at [[Sellafield]].<ref name="Freight Plan"/> ===Buses an trams=== [[File:Arriva London bus DW262 (LJ59 GUA), 18 September 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon buses|red double decker bus]] is an iconic seembol o Lunnon]] Lunnon's [[Lunnon Buses|bus network]] is ane o the lairgest in the warld, runnin 24 oor a day, wi aboot 8,500 buses, mair nor 700 bus routes an aroond 19,500 bus stops.<ref name="Buses">{{cite web|title=What we do – Buses|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/buses|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> In 2013, the network haed mair nor 2 billion commuter trips per annum, mair nor the Underground.<ref name="Buses"/> Aroond £850&nbsp;million is taen in revenue ilk a year. Lunnon haes the lairgest wheelchair accessible network in the warld<ref name=Lunnon_131>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|title=London's bus improvements get Parliamentary seal of approval|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Transport For Lunnon|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1M9NgV?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an, frae the 3rd quarter o 2007, becam mair accessible tae hearin- an sicht- impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wis introduced. The distinctive reid [[double-decker bus]]es is a international recognised trademark o Lunnon transport alang wi [[Hackney carriage|black cabs]] an the Tube.<ref name=Lunnon_132>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |title= London Black Cabs |publisher= Lunnon Black Cabs |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1MLOHV?url=http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_133>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |title= Tube |publisher= [[Transport for Lunnon]] |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJwfagc?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon haes a modern tram network, kent as [[Tramlink]], centred on [[Croydon]] in [[South Lunnon]]. The network haes 39 stops an fower routes, an carried 28&nbsp;million bodies in 2013.<ref name=Trams>{{cite web|title=What we do – Trams|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/tramlink|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> Syne Juin 2008 [[Transport for Lunnon]] haes completely owned Tramlink, an it plans tae spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades an capacity enhancements.<ref name=Lunnon_134>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5o8t78IGj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archivedate= 2010-03-11 |date= Summer 2009 |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |title= Tramlink Factsheet |accessdate= 19 February 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> ===Cable car=== Lunnon's first an anly cable car, kent as the [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Emirates Air Line]], opened in Juin 2012. Crossin the [[River Thames]], linking [[Greenwich Peninsula]] an the [[Royal Docks]] in the east o the ceety, the cable car is integratit wi Lunnon's Oyster Card ticketing system. ===Cycling=== [[File:Blue, Yellow and Red Boris Bikes 2015-05-01.jpg|thumb|[[Santander Cycles|Cycle hire]] docking station|200x200px]] [[Cycling in Lunnon|Cycling]] is an increasingly popular wey tae get aroond Lunnon. The launch o [[Santander Cycles|a cycle hire scheme]] in Julie 2010 haes been successfu an generally weel received. The [[Lunnon Cycling Campaign]] lobbies for better provision.<ref name="Lunnon_122">{{cite web|url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|title=London Cycling Campaign|date=20 November 2006|publisher=Rosanna Downes|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Hlskj?url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Port an river boats=== Frae bein the lairgest port in the warld, the [[Port o Lunnon]] is nou anly the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handling 45 million tonnes o cargo each year.<ref name=handling>{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |title=ARCHIVED CONTENT&#93; Provisional Port Statistics 2009 |publisher=Department for Transport&nbsp;– Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJx5cho?url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most o this actually passes throu the [[Port o Tilbury]], ootside the boundary o Greater Lunnon. Lunnon haes frequent river boat services on the Thames kent as [[Thames Clippers]]. Thir run up tae every 20 minutes atween [[Embankment Pier]] an [[North Greenwich Pier]]. The [[Woolwich Ferry]], wi 2.5 million passengers every year,<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/27762.aspx Transport for London: Woolwich Ferry, 50 years on] Retrieved 8 September 2013</ref> is a frequent service linking the [[North Circular Road|North]] an [[South Circular Road|South Circular]] Roads. Other operators run baith commuter an tourist boat services in Lunnon. ===Roads=== [[File:Rush hour on the A102 - geograph.org.uk - 205323.jpg|thumb|right|The [[A102 road|A102]], near [[Greenwich]]. This wis ane o the few routes proposed in the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]] wiin [[Inner Lunnon]] tae be biggit.]] Awtho the majority o journeys involvin central Lunnon are made bi public transport, car traivel is common in the suburbs. The [[Lunnon Inner Ring Road|inner ring road]] (aroond the ceety centre), the [[A406 road|North]] an [[A205 road|South Circular]] roads (in the suburbs), an the outer orbital [[motorway]] (the [[M25 motorway|M25]], athoot the biggit-up area) encircle the ceety an are intersectit by a nummer o busy radial routes—but verra few motorways penetrate intae [[inner Lunnon]]. A plan for a comprehensive network o motorways atouer the ceety (the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]]) wis prepared in the 1960s but wis maistly cancelt in the air 1970s. The M25 is the langest ring-road motorway in the warld at {{convert|121.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>Campbell, Ken (2000). "Guinness World Records 2001". p. 150.</ref><ref name=Lunnon_143>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |title=Beds, Herts and Bucks Travel&nbsp;— All you need tae know about the M25 |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 1988 |accessdate=20 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0nLrV?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] an [[M1 motorway|M1]] connect Lunnon tae [[Leeds]], an [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] an [[Edinburgh]]. Lunnon is notorious for its traffic congestion, wi the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the kintra. The average speed o a car in the rush oor is {{convert|10.6|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Lunnon_147>{{cite news |accessdate=1 September 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |title=Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |first=Hélène |last=Mulholland |date=16 March 2009 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK1Mq9U?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, a [[Lunnon congestion charge|congestion charge]] wis introduced tae reduce traffic volumes in the ceety centre. Wi a few exceptions, motorists are required tae pey £10 a day tae drive wiin a defined zone encompassing a fair bit o central Lunnon.<ref name="Lunnon_144">{{Cite journal |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |title= Charging Zone |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 7 June 2008 |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0vSxb?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |journal= |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lunnon_145">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608124006/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archivedate=2008-06-08 |title=Who pays what |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Motorists wha is resident o the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced saison pass.<ref name="Lunnon_146">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |title=Residents |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK17mHL?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon government initially expectit the Congestion Charge Zone tae increase daily peak period Underground an bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic bi 10 tae 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 tae 15 per cent, an reduce queues by 20 tae 30 per cent.<ref>Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. 15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> Ower the course o several years, the average nummer o cars enterin the centre o Lunnon on a weekday wis reduced frae 195,000 tae 125,000 cars&nbsp;– a 35-per-cent reduction o vehicles driven a day.<ref>Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> ==Eddication== {{Main|Eddication in Lunnon}} ===Tertiary eddication=== [[File:Strand102.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's College Lunnon]], established by Royal Charter haein been foondit by [[Keeng George IV]] an [[Duke o Wellington]] in 1829, is ane o the foundin colleges o the [[University o Lunnon]].]] [[File:Wilkins Building 2, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The Wilkins biggin at [[University College Lunnon]]]] Lunnon is a major centre o heicher eddication lair an research an its 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o heicher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2"/> In 2008/09 it haed a higher education student population o aroond 412,000 (aboot 17 per cent o the UK tot); oot o thaim, aroond 287,000 wis registered for unnergraduate degrees an 118,000 war studyin at postgraduate level.<ref name=Lunnonhigher>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=95&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=393&cHash=66a6e680d7|title=Numbers of students in London|accessdate=26 August 2010|publisher=Lunnon Higher|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK24fXt?url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008/09 thare war aroond 97,150 international students in Lunnon, aboot 25 per cent o aw international students in the UK.<ref name=Lunnonhigher/> A nummer o warld-leadin education institutions are based in Lunnon. In the 2014/15 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', [[Imperial College Lunnon]] is ranked jynt 2nt in the warld (alongside [[The University o Cambridge]]), [[University College Lunnon]] (UCL) is ranked 5t, an [[Keeng's College Lunnon]] (KCL) is ranked 16t.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014|title=QS World University Rankings – Overall for 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Lunnon School o Economics]] haes been describit as the warld's leadin social science institution for baith teaching an research.<ref name=Lunnon_156>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007&nbsp;– Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Sunday Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=23 September 2007 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK36cad?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archivedate=2011-05-20 |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Business School]] is considert ane o the warld's leadin business schuils an in 2015 its MBA programme wis ranked seicont best in the warld bi the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name = "ft">{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |work=Financial Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK3NXwE?url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wi 120,000 students in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|publisher=University o Lunnon|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-date=2016-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905140556/http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the federal [[University o Lunnon]] is the lairgest contact teaching varsity in the UK.<ref>[http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls HESA Statistics: United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044330/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls |date=2007-09-28 }}. HESA. Retrieved 6 April 2015</ref> It includes fower lairge multi-faculty varsities&nbsp;– [[Keeng's College Lunnon]], [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]], [[Royal Holloway]] an [[University College Lunnon|UCL]]&nbsp;– an a nummer o smawer an mair specialised institutions includin [[Birkbeck College|Birkbeck]], the [[Courtauld Institute o Art]], [[Goldsmiths, University o Lunnon|Goldsmiths]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]], the [[Institute o Education]], the [[Lunnon Business School]], the [[Lunnon School o Economics]], the [[Lunnon School o Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], the [[Royal Academy o Music]], the [[Central School o Speech an Drama]], the [[Royal Veterinary College]] an the [[School o Oriental an African Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|title=Colleges and Institutes|accessdate=23 September 2010|publisher=University o Lunnon|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4QvPy?url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Members o the University o Lunnon hae thair ain [[University an college admission|admissions]] procedures, an some awaird thair ain degrees. Thare a nummer o varsities in Lunnon that is ootwi the University o Lunnon system, includin [[Brunel University]], [[City University Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Lunnon]], [[Keengston University]], [[Lunnon Metropolitan University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o East Lunnon]], [[University o West Lunnon]] an [[University o Westminster]], (wi ower 34,000 students, the lairgest unitary varsity in Lunnon),<ref name=Lunnon_157>[http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf About London Met] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124143209/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf |date=2009-01-24 }} Lunnon Metropolitan University, August 2008</ref> [[Lunnon South Bank University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o the Arts Lunnon]] (the lairgest varsity o airt, design, fashion, communication an the performin arts in Europe),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|title=University of the Arts London|accessdate=27 August 2010|work=The Guardian|location=Lunnon|date=1 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4mSBu?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[University o East Lunnon]], the [[University o West Lunnon]] an the [[University o Westminster]]. In addition, thare three international varsities in Lunnon&nbsp;– [[Regent's College]], [[Richmond University]] an [[Schiller International University]]. [[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|The front façade o the [[Royal College o Music]]]] Lunnon is home tae [[Unitit Hospitals|five major medical schools]]&nbsp;– [[Barts an The Lunnon School o Medicine an Dentistry]] (pairt o [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]]), [[Keeng's College Lunnon School o Medicine]] (the lairgest medical schuil in Europe), [[Imperial College School o Medicine]], [[UCL Medical School]] an [[St George's, University o Lunnon]]&nbsp;– an haes numerous affiliatit teaching hospitals. Forbye, it is a major centre for biomedical research, an three o the UK's five [[academic health science centre]]s is based in the ceety&nbsp;– [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]], [[Keeng's Health Partners]] an [[UCL Partners]] (the lairgest sic centre in Europe).<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |title=NHS hospitals tae forge £2bn research link-up with university |accessdate=6 September 2010 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |date=7 August 2008 |first=John |last=Carvel |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK5JH6x?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare are a nummer o business schuils in Lunnon, includin the [[Lunnon School o Business an Finance]], [[Cass Business School]] (pairt o [[City University Lunnon]]), [[Hult International Business School]], [[ESCP Europe]], [[European Business School Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Business School]] an the [[Lunnon Business School]]. Lunnon is hame tae mony specialeet arts education institutions an aa, includin the [[Lunnon College o Contemporary Arts (LCCA)]], the [[Academy o Live an Recorded Arts]], the [[Lunnon Contemporary Dance Scuil]], [[Royal Academy o Dramatic Art|RADA]], the [[Royal College o Art]], the [[Royal College o Music]] an [[Trinity Laban]]. ===Primary an secondary education=== The majority o primary an seicontar schuils an faur education colleges in Lunnon is controlt bi the [[Lunnon boroughs]] or otherwise state-funded; leadin ensaumples include [[City an Islington College]], [[Ealing, Hammersmith an West Lunnon College]], [[Leyton Sixth Form College]], [[Tower Hamlets College]] an [[Bethnal Green Academy]]. Thare a nummer o private schuils an colleges in Lunnon an aa, some auld an famous, lik [[City o Lunnon Scuil]], [[Harrow Scuil|Harrow]], [[St Paul's Scuil (Lunnon)|St Paul's Scuil]], [[University College Scuil]], [[Highgate Scuil]] an [[Westminster Scuil]]. ==Cultur== {{Main|Cultur o Lunnon}} ===Leisure an entertainment=== [[File:Open Happiness Piccadilly Circus Blue-Pink Hour 120917-1126-jikatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piccadilly Circus]]]] Wiin the [[City o Westminster]], the entertainment destrict o the [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] haes its focus aroond [[Leicester squerr]], whaur Lunnon an warld film [[premieres]] are held, an [[Piccadilly Circus]], wi its giant electronic advertisements.<ref name=Lunnon_160>{{cite web|url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|title=Piccadilly Lights|publisher=Land Securities|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7QmKt?url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon's [[West End theatre|theatre]] destrict is here, as is mony cinemas, bars, clubs an restaurants, includin the ceety's [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]] destrict (in [[Soho]]), an juist tae the east is [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], an area hoosin speciality shops. The ceety is the hame o [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], whase musicals hae dominate the West End theatre syne the late 20t century.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical] ''The New York Times''.. refert tae Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the maist commercially successful composer in history"</ref> The Unitit Kinrick's [[Royal Ballet]], [[English National Ballet]], [[Royal Opera, Lunnon|Royal Opera]] an [[English National Opera]] are based in Lunnon an perform at the [[Royal Opera House]], the [[Lunnon Coliseum]], [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]] an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] as weel as tourin the kintra.<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts">{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|title=Theatres and concert halls.|publisher=Your Lunnon|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124185332/http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|archivedate=2008-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Harrods at Night, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Harrods]] in [[Knightsbridge]]]] [[Islington]]'s {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang Upper Street, extendin northlins frae [[Angel, Lunnon|Angel]], haes mair bars an restaurants nor ony ither street in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=Lunnon_161>{{Cite journal|title=2001: Public houses|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|accessdate=4 June 2008|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7ebGH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|archivedate=2011-05-20|journal=|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe's busiest shoppin airt is [[Oxford Street]], a shoppin street near {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang, makin it the langest shoppin street in the Unitit Kinrick. Oxford Street is hame tae vast nummers o retailers an [[department stores]], includin the warld-famous [[Selfridges]] [[Flagship store#Retailing|flagship store]].<ref name=Lunnon_162>{{Cite journal| url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| publisher=[[The Lunnoner]]| title=Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team| date=September 2006| accessdate=19 June 2007| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204913/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| archivedate=2007-09-30| ref=harv| journal=| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Knightsbridge]], hame tae the equally renowned [[Harrods]] [[department store]], lees tae the sooth-wast. [[File:London, UK (August 2014) - 156.JPG|thumb|right|[[Shakespeare's Globe]] is a modren reconstruction o the Globe Theatre on the sooth bank o the River Thames]] Lunnon is home tae designers [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[John Galliano|Galliano]], [[Stella McCartney]], [[Manolo Blahnik]], an [[Jimmy Choo]] amang others; its renowned airt an fashion schuils mak it an international centre o fashion alang wi [[Paris]], [[Milan]], an [[New York ceety]]. Lunnon offers a great variety o cuisine as a result o its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the [[Bangladesh]]i restaurants o [[Brick Lane]] an the [[Chinese food]] restaurants o [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]].<ref name=Lunnon_163>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|title=Chinatown&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Chinatown Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK84XXn?url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare is a variety o [[Leet o annual events in Lunnon|annual events]], beginnin wi the relatively new [[New Year's Day Parade]], fireworks display at the [[Lunnon Eye]], the warld's seicont lairgest [[street party]], the [[Notting Hill Carnival]] is held durin the late [[August Bank Holiday]] ilka year. Traditional parades include November's [[Lord Mayor's Show]], a centuries-auld event celebrating the annual appointment o a new [[Lord Mayor o the ceety o Lunnon]] wi a procession alang the streets o the ceety, an Juin's [[Trooping the Colour]], a formal military pageant performed by regiments o the [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] an [[British Army|British]] armies tae celebrate the [[Queen's Official Birthday]].<ref name=Lunnon_164>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620233221/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archivedate=2008-06-20|title=One Queen, Two Birthdays|publisher=Royal Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature, film an television=== {{Main|Lunnon in fiction|Lunnon in film|Leet o films set in Lunnon|Leet o television shows set in Lunnon|Lunnon Television Archive}} [[File:Keats House.jpg|thumb|[[Keats House]], whaur [[John Keats|Keats]] wrote his ''[[Ode tae a Nightingale]]''. The veelage o [[Hampstead]] haes historically been a literary centre in Lunnon.]] Lunnon haes been the setting for mony works o literature. The literary centres o Lunnon hae tradeetionally been hilly [[Hampstead]] an (syne the early 20t century) [[Bloomsbury]]. Writers closely associatit wi the ceety are the diarist [[Samuel Pepys]], notit for his eyewitness accoont o the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]], [[Charles Dickens]], whose representation o a foggy, snawy, grimy Lunnon o street sweepers an pickpockets haes been a major influence on people's vision o early [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Lunnon, an [[Virginia Woolf]], regarded as ane o the foremost [[modrenism|modrenist]] literary figurs o the 20t century.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature">{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|title=London in Literature,|publisher=Bryn Mawr College|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8S7iR?url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Sherlock Holmes Museum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sherlock Holmes Museum]] in [[Baker Street]], bearing the nummer 221B]] The pilgrims in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s late 14t-century ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' set oot for [[Canterbury]] frae Lunnon&nbsp;– specifically, frae the [[The Tabard|Tabard]] inn, [[Southwark]]. [[William Shakespeare]] spent a lairge pairt o his life livin an working in Lunnon; his contemporary [[Ben Jonson]] wis forby based thare, an some o his work—maist notably his play ''[[The Alchemist (play)|The Alchemist]]''—wis set in the ceety.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> ''[[A Journal o the Plague Year]]'' (1722) bi [[Daniel Defoe]] is a fictionalisation o the events o the 1665 [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]].<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Later important depictions o Lunnon frae the 19t an early 20t centuries are Dickens' novels, an [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Modern writers pervasively influenced bi the ceety include [[Peter Ackroyd]], author o a "biography" o Lunnon, an [[Iain Sinclair]], wha writes in the genre o [[psychogeography]]. Lunnon haes played a significant role in the film industry, an haes major studios at [[Ealing Studios|Ealing]] an a [[special effect]]s an [[post-production]] community centred in [[Soho]]. [[Working Title Films]] haes its headquarters in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_165>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|title=Working Title Films|publisher=Universal Studios|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8c0bN?url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Lunnon haes been the setting for films includin ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1948), ''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'' (1951), ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|The 101 Dalmatians]]'' (1961), ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' (1964), ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), ''[[The Long Good Friday]]'' (1980), ''[[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]]'' (1999), ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003), ''[[V For Vendetta (film)|V For Vendetta]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber o Fleet Street]]'' (2008) an ''[[The King's Speech]]'' (2010). Notable actors an filmmakers frae Lunnon include; [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Jude Law]], [[Tom Hardy]], [[Keira Knightley]] an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. As o 2008, the [[British Academy Film Awards]] haes taen place at the [[Royal Opera House]]. Lunnon is a major centre for television production, wi studios includin [[BBC Television Centre]], [[The Fountain Studios]] an [[The Lunnon Studios]]. Mony television programmes hae been set in Lunnon, includin the popular television soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', broadcast bi the BBC syne 1985. ===Museums an art galleries=== [[File:Galería Nacional, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-07, DD 035.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[National Gallery|The National Gallery]]]] Lunnon is [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|home tae mony museums]], galleries, an ither institutions, mony o thaim free o admission charges an are major [[tourist attraction]]s as weel as playin a research role. The first o thaim tae be established wis the [[British Museum]] in [[Bloomsbury]], in 1753. oreeginally containin antiquities, naitural history specimens an the national leebrar, the museum nou haes 7&nbsp;million artefacts frae aroond the globe. In 1824 the [[National Gallery]] wis foondit tae hoose the British national collection o Western pentins; this nou occupies a prominent poseetion in [[Trafalgar squerr]]. In the latter hauf o the 19t century the locale o [[South Kensington]] wis developed as "[[Albertopolis]]", a cultural an scientific quarter. Three major national museums are thare: the [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] (for the [[applied arts]]), the [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] an the [[Lunnon Science Museum|Science Museum]]. The [[National Portrait Gallery, Lunnon|National Portrait Gallery]] wis foondit in 1856 tae hoose depictions o figurs frae British history; its holdings nou comprise the warld's maist extensive collection o portraits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/organisation.php|title=Organisation|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> The national gallery o British airt is at [[Tate Britain]], oreeginally established as an annexe o the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it wis umwhile kent, became a major centre for modern airt an aa; in 2000 this collection muived tae [[Tate Modern]], a new gallery housed in the umwhile [[Bankside Power Station]]. ===Music=== [[File:Royal Albert Hall Crop, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Royal Albert Hall]] hosts concerts an muisical events]] Lunnon is ane o the major [[Classical music|classical]] an [[popular music]] capitals o the warld an is hame tae major muisic corporations, sic as [[EMI]] an [[Warner Music Group]] as weel as countless bands, musicians an industry professionals. The ceety is home tae mony orchestras an concert halls an aa, lik the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] (principal base o the [[Lunnon Symphony Orchestra]] an the [[Lunnon Symphony Chorus]]), [[Cadogan Hall]] ([[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]) an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] ([[The Proms]]).<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Lunnon's twa main opera houses are the [[Royal Opera House]] an the [[Coliseum Theatre]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> The UK's lairgest [[pipe organ]] is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals an major kirks. Several [[conservatoire]]s are wiin the ceety: [[Royal Academy o Music]], [[Royal College o Music]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]] an [[Trinity College o Music]]. [[File:Abbey Rd Studios.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abbey Road Studios]], 3 [[Abbey Road (street)|Abbey Road]], [[St John's Wood]], ceety o Westminster]] Lunnon haes numerous venues for rock an pop concerts, includin lairge arenas sic as [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court]], [[Wembley Arena]] an the [[The O2 Arena (Lunnon)|O₂ Arena]], as weel as mony mid-sized venues, sic as [[Brixton Academy]], the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] an the [[Shepherd's Bush Empire]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Several [[music festivals]], includin the [[Wireless Festival]], are held in Lunnon. The ceety is hame tae the first an oreeginal [[Hard Rock Cafe]] an the [[Abbey Road Studios]] whaur [[The Beatles]] recorded mony o thair hits. In the 1960s, 1970s an 1980s, musicians an groups lik [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[David Bowie]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[The Kinks]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Small Faces]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Cat Stevens]], [[The Police]], [[The Cure]], [[Madness (baund)|Madness]], [[The Jam]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]] an [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], derived thair sound frae the streets an rhythms vibrating throu Lunnon.<ref name="Top40">{{cite book |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/04/06/garycrowley_londontop40_feature.shtml |title=London's top 40 artists |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-89820-135-2}}</ref> Lunnon wis instrumental in the development o [[punk muisic]],<ref name=Lunnon_172>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |publisher=Allmusic |title=Punk |accessdate=19 February 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426153907/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wi figurs sic as the [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]],<ref name="Top40"/> an [[Vivienne Westwood]] aw based in the ceety. Mair recent artists tae emerge frae the Lunnon music scene include [[George Michael]], [[Kate Bush]], [[Seal (muisicker)|Seal]], [[Siouxsie an the Banshees]], [[Bush (baund)|Bush]], the [[Spice Girls]], [[Jamiroquai]], [[Blur (baund)|Blur]], [[The Prodigy]], [[Gorillaz]], [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Coldplay]], [[Amy Winehouse]] an [[Adele]].<ref name="Scene">{{cite web|url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|title=History of music in London|publisher=The Lunnon Music Scene|accessdate=2 August 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9hhlR?url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Walker, Tim (28 July 2008). [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/mumford--sons-the-luminaire-london-878562.html "Mumford & Sons, The Luminaire, London"]. ''The Independent'' (Lunnon). Retrieved 13 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2011/dec/09/10-classic-club-nights |title=From the Dug Out and dreads tae DMZ and dubstep: 10 classic club nights |work=Guardian Music Blog |location =Lunnon |author=Warren, Emma |accessdate= 13 October 2012 |date=9 December 2011}}</ref> Lunnon is a centre for urban music an aa. In parteecular, the genres [[UK garage]], [[drum an bass]], [[dubstep]] an [[grime (music)|grime]] evolved in the ceety frae the furren genres o [[hip hop]] an [[reggae]], anent local [[drum an bass]]. Black music station [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] wis set up tae support the rise o home-grown urban music baith in Lunnon an in the rest o the UK. ==Notable fowk== {{Main|Leet o fowk frae Lunnon}} ==Recreation== ===Parks an open spaces=== {{Main|Parks an open spaces in Lunnon|Royal Parks o Lunnon}} {{see also|Leet o Sites o Special Scientific Interest in Greater Lunnon|Leet o Local Nature Reserves in Greater Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Aerial view of Hyde Park.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = Aerial view o [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] | alt1 = Hyde Park | image2 = St James's Park Lake – East from the Blue Bridge - 2012-10-06.jpg | width2 = 220 | caption2 = [[St. James's Park]] lake wi the Lunnon Eye in the distance | alt2 = Lake wi Lunnon Eye in the background }} The mucklest pairks in the [[Central Lunnon|central area o Lunnon]] are three o the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]], namely [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] an its neebur [[Kensington Gardens]] in the wast, an [[Regent's Park]] tae the north.<ref name=Lunnon_080>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|title=Kensington Gardens|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0tndiN?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hyde Park in parteecular is popular for [[Lunnon#Sports|sports]] an whiles hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park conteens [[Lunnon Zoo]], the warld's auldest scientific zoo, an is near the tourist attraction o [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum.<ref name=Lunnon_081>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Madame Tussauds|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0uQJ4x?url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_082>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Tourist Information|publisher=Tourist Information UK|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0v6PMD?url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Primrose Hill]] in the northren pairt o Regent's Park at {{convert|256|ft|0}}<ref name=mills>Mills, A., ''Dictionary o Lunnon Place Names'', (2001)</ref> is a popular spot tae view the ceety skyline. Close tae Hyde Park are smawer Royal Parks, [[Green Park]] an [[St. James's Park]].<ref name=Lunnon_083>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|title=Green Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE6fuYvF?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|archivedate=2010-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> A nummer o lairge parks lie ootside the ceety centre, includin the remainin Royal Parks o [[Greenwich Park]] tae the sooth-east<ref name=Lunnon_170>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|title=Greenwich Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0w5wlZ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Bushy Park]] an [[Richmond Park]] (the lairgest) tae the sooth-wast,<ref name=Lunnon_084>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|title=Bushy Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0wb1mJ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_085>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|title=Richmond Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0x5bB5?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hampton Court Park]] is a royal park an aa, but, acause it conteens a palace, it is administered bi the [[Historic Royal Palaces]], unlik the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |title=Richmond Borough Council |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2015-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826172424/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Close tae Richmond Park is [[Kew Gardens]] whilk haes the warld's lairgest collection o livin plants. In 2003, the gardens war pit on the [[Unitit Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] leet o [[Leet o World Heritage Sites o the Unitit Kinrick|World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|title= Kew, History & Heritage|author= |work= |publisher= [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate= 24 January 2013|archive-date= 2008-08-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829192523/http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Thare a thrang o parks administert bi Lunnon's borough cooncils, includin [[Victoria Park, Lunnon|Victoria Park]] in the [[East End]] an [[Battersea Park]] in the centre. Some mair informal, semi-naitural open spaces exist, includin the {{convert|320|ha|acre|sing=on}} [[Hampstead Heath]] o [[North Lunnon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|title=City of London Corporation Hampstead Heath|publisher=City o Lunnon Corporation|accessdate=19 February 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xBire?url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Epping Forest]], whilk covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |title= Epping Forest You & Your Dog |work= brochure |publisher= ceety o Lunnon |accessdate= 13 March 2010 |archive-date= 2011-07-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110704191340/http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> in the east. Baith is controlt bi the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramblers |url=http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |title=Corporation of London Open Spaces |publisher=Ramblers.org.uk |accessdate=12 December 2011 |archive-date=2008-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232404/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=City o Lunnon|title=Green spaces|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-date=2012-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721005003/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hampstead Heath incorporates [[Kenwood House]], the umwhile [[stately home]] an a popular location in the summer months whaur classical muisical concerts is held bi the lake, attracting thousans o fowk ilka weekend tae enjoy the muisic, scenery an fireworks.<ref name=Lunnon_086>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|title=Kenwood House|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xs5EE?url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, includin moontain biking, walking, horse ridin, golf, anglin, an orienteerin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|title=Epping Forest|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2012-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811004010/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Walking=== [[File:Carshalton 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Carshalton]] Ponds, on the [[Wandle Trail]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Sutton]]]] [[Walking in Lunnon|Walking is a popular recreational activity in Lunnon]]. Areas that provide for walks include [[Wimbledon Common]], [[Epping Forest]], [[Hampton Court Park]], [[Hampstead Heath]], the aicht [[Royal Parks]], canals an disuised railway tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|title=Inner London Ramblers - Walk Ideas|author=Phil Marson|work=innerLunnonramblers.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119050940/https://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Access tae canals an rivers haes improved recently, includin the creation o the [[Thames Path]], some {{convert|28|mi|km}} o whilk is wiin [[Greater Lunnon]], an The [[Wandle Trail]]; this rins {{convert|12|mi|km}} throu [[South Lunnon]] alang the [[River Wandle]], a [[tributaries o the River Thames|tributary o the River Thames]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/wandle-trail|title=Wandle Trail - Map|work=Sustrans}}</ref> Ither [[long distance path]]s, linkin green spaces, hae been creatit an aa, includin the [[Capital Ring]], the [[Green Chain Walk]], [[Lunnon Outer Orbital Path]] ("Loop"), [[Jubilee Walkway]], [[Lea Valley Walk]], an the [[Diana, Princess o Wales Memorial Walk]].<ref>Ideas for Lunnon walks frae the Inner Lunnon Walking Group</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Wembley Stadium interior.jpg | width1 = 225 | caption1 = [[Wembley Stadium]], hame o the [[Ingland fitba team]], has a 90,000 capacity. It is the UK's mucklemaist stadium | alt1 = The interior o a empy stadium as viewed frae its upper tier o seatin. The seats is a vivid red an the pick is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible throuch a openin in the ceilin abuin the pick. | image2 = Twickenham Stadium - May 2012.jpg | width2 = 225 | caption2 = [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], hame o the [[Ingland naitional rugby union team|Ingland rugby union team]], has an 82,000 capacity, the warld's lairgest rugby union stadium | alt2 = A rugby union stadium packed wi fans watchin a game | image3 = Centre Court, 28 March 2012.jpg | width3 = 225 | caption3 = [[Centre Court]] at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. First played in 1877, the Championships is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html 125 years of Wimbledon: frae birth of lawn tennis tae modren marvels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218114004/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html |date=2020-02-18 }} CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2011</ref> | alt3 = Centre Court, Wimbledon | image4 = Lord's in 2005.jpg | width4 = 225 | caption4 = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] is widely referred tae as the "hame o cricket".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=22 August 2009}}</ref> | alt4 = A cricket ground during a game }} Lunnon haes hostit the [[Summer Olympic Gemmes|Simmer Olympics]] three times: in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], an [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]].<ref name=Lunnon_173>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|title=London 1908|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9wPnn?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_174>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|title=London 1948|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKBZHIo?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis chosen in Julie 2005 tae host the 2012 Olympics an [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], makin it the first ceety tae host the modren Gemmes three times.<ref name=IOC/> The ceety wis forby the host o the [[Commonweel Gemmes|Breetish Empire Gemmes]] in [[1934 Breetish Empire Gemmes|1934]].<ref name=Lunnon_175>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|title=England&nbsp;— Introduction|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKDfTeZ?url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017 Lunnon hostit the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |title=London Defeats Doha tae host 2017 International Athletics Championships |publisher=Gamesbids.com |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113180038/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon's [[Sport in the Unitit Kinrick#Popularity|maist popular sport]] is [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] an it haes fourteen [[The Football League|League]] fitbaa clubs, includin sax in the [[Premier League]]: [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], an [[West Ham Unitit F.C.|West Ham United]].<ref name=Lunnon_176>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|title=TheFA.com&nbsp;— Premier League|date=17 January 2004|work=The FA.com|publisher=The Football Association|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027030131/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|archivedate=2004-10-27|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mey 2012, Chelsea becam the first Lunnon club tae win the [[UEFA Champions League]]. Frae 1924, the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] wis the hame o the [[Inglish naitional fitba team]]. It hostit the [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final]], wi Ingland defeatin Wast Germany, an serd as the venue for the [[FA Cup Final]] as weel as [[rugby league]]'s [[Challenge Cup]] final.<ref name=Lunnon_178>{{cite web|url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|title=Wembley Stadium History&nbsp;— Official Website|publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limited.|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403102710/http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|archivedate=2008-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new [[Wembley Stadium]] sers exactly the same purposes an haes a capacity o 90,000.<ref name="Wembley Stadium Facts an figurs">{{Cite journal | url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | title=Wembley Stadium&nbsp;— Presspack&nbsp;— Facts and Figures | publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limitit | accessdate=6 June 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516051636/http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 | journal= | url-status=live }}</ref> Five [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]] rugby union teams is based in Lunnon, ([[Lunnon Irish]], [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]], [[Lunnon Wasps|Wasps]], [[Lunnon Welsh]] an [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]), awbesit currently anly Harlequins an Saracens play thair hame gemmes wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_177>{{cite web |url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |title=Premiership Rugby: Clubs |publisher=Premier Rugby |accessdate=5 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKEiEV8?url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lunnon Scottish F.C.|Lunnon Scottish]] play in the [[RFU Championship]] club an ither rugby union clubs in the ceety include [[Richmond F.C.]], [[Rosslyn Park F.C.]], [[Westcombe Park R.F.C.]] an [[Blackheath F.C.]]. [[Twickenham Stadium]] in sooth-wast Lunnon is the naitional [[rugby union]] stadium, an haes a capacity o 82,000 nou that the new sooth staund haes been completit.<ref name="musiccap">{{Cite press release |publisher=Twickenham Rugby Stadium |title=RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007 |url=http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050620/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archivedate=2008-06-25 |date=3 October 2006 |ref=harv |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While [[rugby league]] is mair popular in the north o England, thare are twa professional rugby league clubs in Lunnon&nbsp;– the seicont tier [[Rugby League National Championship 1|Championship One]] team the [[Lunnon Broncos]] wha play at [[The Hive Stadium|The Hive]] in [[Edgware]] an the third tier [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] team the [[Lunnon Skolars]] frae [[Wood Green]], [[Lunnon Borough o Haringey|Haringey]]; in addition, [[Hemel Stags]] frae [[Hemel Hempstead]] north o Lunnon play in League 1 an aa. Ane o Lunnon's best-kent annual sports competitions is the [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Tennis Championships]], held at the [[All England Lawn Tennis an Croquet Club|All England Club]] in the sooth-wastren suburb o [[Wimbledon, Lunnon|Wimbledon]].<ref name=Lunnon_181>{{cite web|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423182334/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archivedate=2008-04-23|title=Wimbledon&nbsp;— official website|publisher=The aw England Tennis an Croquet Club (AELTC)|accessdate=29 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Played in late Juin tae early Julie, it is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld, an widely considered the maist prestigious.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer|work=The New York Times | date=7 May 2008| first=Christopher| last = Clarey| quote = Federer said[:] 'I love playing wi him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html?ref=tennis|accessdate = 17 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia| editor = Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson| encyclopedia = Britain an the Americas| title = Tennis|year = 2005 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| volume=1 : Culture, Politics, an History| isbn = 1-85109-431-8| page=958 |quote = this first tennis championship, whilk later evolved intae the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the warld's maist prestigious event.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Is The Most Prestigious Grand Slam Tennis Tournament?|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/05/30/what-is-the-most-prestigious-grand-slam-tennis-tournament/ |work=Forbes |location= New York |date= 30 May 2012 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |author=Burke, Monte}}</ref> [[Cricket]] in Lunnon is served by twa [[Test cricket]] grunds [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]] (hame o [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex C.C.C.]]) in [[St John's Wood]]<ref name=Lunnon_179>{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|title=About Lord's—the home of cricket&nbsp;— official website|year=2008|publisher=MCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKGCiA3?url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[the Oval]] (home o [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey C.C.C.]]) in [[Kennington]].<ref name=Lunnon_180>{{cite web|url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|title=The Brit Oval&nbsp;— Official Website|year=2008|publisher=Surrey CCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKH3JOW?url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lord's haes hostit fower finals o the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Ither key events is the annual mass-participation [[Lunnon Marathon]], in whilk some 35,000 runners attemp a {{convert|26.2|mi|km}} course aroond the ceety,<ref name=Lunnon_182>{{cite web |url=http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |title=Flora London Marathon 2008 |publisher=Lunnon Marathon Ltd |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426224024/http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |archivedate=2008-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[The Boat Race|Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race]] on the [[River Thames]] atween [[Putney]] an [[Mortlake]].<ref name=Lunnon_183>{{cite web |url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |title=The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race&nbsp;— Official Website |publisher=The Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKHGidM?url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sister ceities == == Twin ceeties == {{Main|Leet o twin touns in the Unitit Kinrick#Lunnon|l1=Leet o touns an ceeties twinned wi Lunnon}} Thare 46 ither places on sax continents namit efter Lunnon. As weel as Lunnon's twinnin, the [[Lunnon burgh]]s hae [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinnins]] wi pairts o ither ceeties the warld ower. Shawn ablo is the leet o ceeties that the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] haes twinnin arrangements wi: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], Peru * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]], Sooth Africae * {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysie * {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], Kuwait * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[New York Ceety]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran |} The follaein ceeties hiv a freendship greement wi Lunnon: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie * {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Los Angeles]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Mumbai]], Indie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce * {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan * {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie |} ==Notes== <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Lunnon}} [[Category:Lunnon| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ceeties in Ingland]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century]] d9m3bvkf5wg4cew3dvwb1ta4no68gsi 0 6141 923107 923050 2026-09-23T12:56:42Z CiphriusKane 74958 923107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= {{transl|ur|ISO|Urdu}} |nativename= {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ur|اردو}}}} Lashkari (لشکری) |pronunciation= {{IPA-hns|ˈʊrd̪u|lang}} |image= URDUARAB.PNG |imagesize= 200px |imagecaption= '''Urdu''' in [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] script <br>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]] style) |states= [[Pakistan]], [[Indie]], [[Bangladesh]] ("Bihari"), [[Nepal]]<!--, [[Mauritius]], [[Sooth Africae]]--><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd | title= Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Urdu | publisher=Ethnologue | accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> |speakers = 66 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |speakers2=Tot (only Urdu): 104 million (2010)<ref>{{cite web|last=Katsiavriades, Qureshi|first=Kryss, Talaat|title=The 30 Most Spoken Languages of the World|url=http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> <br>Tot (includin [[Hindi]]): 490 million (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/steps.shtml |title=A Guide to Urdu |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2012-01-31 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525125610/www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/steps.shtml |archivedate=2012-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |familycolor= Indo-European |fam2= [[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3= [[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4= [[Central zone]] |fam5= [[Wastren Hindi]] |fam6= [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]]<ref name= ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref> |fam7= Seann Punjabi<ref>Bailey, T. Grahame. "Urdu: the Name and the Language." The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1930): 391-400.</ref><ref>Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."</ref> |script= [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]])<br>[[Devanagari]]<br>[[Urdu Braille]] |nation= {{flag|Pakistan}}<br>{{flag|Indie}} (states o [[Jammu an Kashmir]],<br> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]]) |agency=[[Naitional Leid Authority]] (Pakistan);<br /> [[Naitional Cooncil for Promotion o Urdu Leid|Naitional Cooncil for Promotion <br>o Urdu Leid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/ |title=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |publisher=Urducouncil.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> (Indie) |iso1=ur|iso2=urd|iso3=urd|lingua=59-AAF-q (wi Hindi,<br>includin 58 varieties:<br> 59-AAF-qaa tae 59-AAF-qil) |map=Urdu_official-language_areas.png |mapcaption= {{legend|#FFCC2E|Areas where Urdu is offeecial or cooffeecial}} {{legend|#FDF72F|(Ither) areas whaur Hindi is offeecial}} }} '''Urdu''' {{IPA|ˈ|urdu}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''اُردُو'''}}}}, {{transl|ur|''Urdū''}}, {{IPA-hns|ʊrˈd̪u|pron|hi-Urdu.ogg}}), forby said '''Lashkari''' ('''لشکری''' ˈləʃkəri)<ref>http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf</ref>, is the heidmaist leid that is spak in [[Pakistan]]. It is in mony weys seemilar tae [[Hindi]] whan spak (the twa is mutually intelligable) tho it haes a different writin system that's taen frae the [[Arabic]]. There's 60-80 million native speakers, an 160 million tot. {{-}} ====== Letter Names and [[Phoneme]]s ====== {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Isolated<br/>[[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]]<br/> {{ref|Nastaliq_forms|[N]}} ! colspan=4 | [[Phoneme]] ! colspan=3 | Urdu [[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]] [[Name]] {{sfn|Delacy|2003|p=XV–XVI}}<ref name=user.uni-hannover /> ! rowspan=2 | Unicode <br/> <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter |url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> |website=unicode.org |accessdate=7 May 1920<!-- implausible data as a placeholder, i accidentally deleted the version of this that had the info, and since then the unicode website has gone offline -->}}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web |title=Based on ISO 8859-6 |url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} -->|website=unicode.org |accessdate=7 May 1920<!-- implausible date as a placeholder -->}}</ref> ! colspan=2 | [[Nummer]] in <br/> Urdu [[alphabet]] |- ! [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! [[Scots]] [[Letter (alphabet)|Letter]] ! style=font-size:90% | closest [[Phoneme]] in [[Scots]] ! style=font-size:90% | closest [[Phoneme]] in [[Inglis]] ! Nastaliq <br/> {{ref|fonts_1|[footnote 1]}} ! diacritics <br/> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> ! Romanizations <ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | accessdate=29 February 2020 | archive-date=2019-09-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="kindle project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1539047803 |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref> ! ! <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |- <!-- U+0627 {{lang|ur| الِف }} | alif <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 1= |=U+0627 - ا‎ - alef - ALEF<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ا | ا ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ɑː/ /ā/ <br/> /ʔ/ /–/ }} <br/> <small>{{citation needed|i don't think it can do anything by itself without a vowel attached اَ اِ اُ آ but i guess they don't write those? but if we're regarding every possible diacritic that could be implied, shouldn't this list be much longer? And include the first letter of اردو / اُردو as some variation of u?|date=February 2020}}</small> | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|الف}}}} | {{lang|ur| الِف }} | ''alif''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''alef''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ا | U+0627 ]] | 1 | 1 |- <!-- {{lang|ur| بے }} | bē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 2= |=U+0628 - ب‎ - beh - BEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ب | ب ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/b/}} | | (example needed) | B in "bat" | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|بے}}}} | {{lang|ur| بے }} | ''bē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''beh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ب | U+0628 ]] | 2 | 2 |- <!-- {lang|ur| پـے }} | pē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 3= |=U+067E - پ‎ - peh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: پ | پ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/p/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|پے}}}} | {{lang|ur| پے }} | ''pē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''peh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''pē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: پ | U+067E ]] | 3 | 3 |- <!-- U+062A {{lang|ur| تے }} | tē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 4= |=U+062A - ت‎ - teh - TEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ت | ت ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7ffef; | {{IPA|/t̪/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|تے}}}} | {{lang|ur| تے }} | ''tē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''teh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''tē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ت | U+062A ]] | 4 | 4 |- <!-- {{lang|ur| ٹے }} | ṭē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 5= |=U+0679 - ٹ‎ - tteh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٹ | ٹ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʈ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٹے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ٹے }} | ''ṭē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tteh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ṭē''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ٹ | U+0679 ]] | 5 | 5 |- <!-- U+062B {{lang|ur| ثے }} <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 6= |=U+062B - ث‎ - theh - THEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ث | ث ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ثے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ثے }} | ''sē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''s̱ē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ث | U+062B ]] | 6 | 6 |- <!-- jīm <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 7= |=U+062C - ج‎ - jeem - JEEM<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ج | ج ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| جيم }}}} | {{lang|ur| جِيم }} | ''jīm''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''jeem''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''jīm''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ج | U+062C ]] | 7 | 7 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: چ | چ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چے }}}} | {{lang|ur| چے }} | ''čē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''cē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tcheh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: چ | U+0686 ]] | 8 | 8 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ح | ح ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɦ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| بَڑی حے }} | ''baṛī ħē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''baṛī ḥē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ح | U+062D ]] | 9 | 9 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: خ | خ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/x/}} | "guttural" Kh <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate" /> | ch in "loch" <ref name="Aabid Kashani Ultimate">{{cite book | last1=Kashani | first1=Aabid | title=Urdu: The Ultimate Beginners Learning Guide: Master The Fundamentals Of The Urdu Language | date=2019 | publisher=Dirk Alan Llorens? | edition=Kindle}}</ref> <!-- Kashani, Aabid. Urdu: The Ultimate Beginners Learning Guide. KindleEdition. Publication Date: February 24, 2020 --> | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| خے }}}} | {{lang|ur| خے }} | ''xē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''khē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''khah''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''k͟hē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: خ | U+062E ]] | 10 | 10 |- <!-- U+062F {{lang|ur| دال }} | dāl <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 11= |=U+062F - د‎ - dal - DAL<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: د | د ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/d/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|دال}}}} | {{lang|ur| دال }} | ''dāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''dal''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''dāl''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: د | U+062F ]] | 11 | 11 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ڈ | ڈ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɖ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڈال }}}} | {{lang|ur| ڈال }} | ''ḍāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ddal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ḍāl''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ڈ | U+0688 ]] | 12 | 12 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ذ | ذ ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ذال }}}} | {{lang|ur| ذال }} | ''zāl''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ẕāl'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ذ | U+0630 ]] | 13 | 13 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ر | ر ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/r/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| رے }}}} | {{lang|ur| رے }} | ''rē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''reh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''rē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ر | U+0631 ]] | 14 | 14 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ڑ | ڑ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ڑے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ڑے }} | ''ṛē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''rreh''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''ṛē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ڑ | U+0691 ]] | 15 | 15 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ز | ز ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| زے }}}} | {{lang|ur| زے }} | ''zē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zey'' <!--''zē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ز | U+0632 ]] | 16 | 16 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ژ | ژ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ژے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ژے }} | ''žē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zhē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> <!--''zhē''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ژ | U+0698 ]] | 17 | 17 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: س | س ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| سین }}}} | {{lang|ur| سِين }} | ''sīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''seen''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''sīn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: س | U+0633 ]] | 18 | 18 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ش | ش ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| شین }}}} | {{lang|ur| شِين }} | ''šīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''shīn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''sheen''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''shīn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ش | U+0634 ]] | 19 | 19 |- <!-- U+0635 {{lang|ur| صْواد }} | swād <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 20= |=U+0635 - ص‎ - sad - SAD<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ص | ص ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7efff; | {{IPA|/s/}} | style=background:#f7efff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| صاد }}}} | {{lang|ur| صْواد }} | ''swād''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''sad''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''ṣwād''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ص | U+0635 ]] | 20 | 20 |- | colspan=2 style="font-size:125%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ض | ض ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ضاد }}}} | {{lang|ur| ضْواد }} | ''żwād''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ẓwād''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ض | U+0636 ]] | 21 | 21 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ط | ط ]]}}}} | style=background:#f7ffef; | {{IPA|/t/}} <!--is this one also dental? as it is here it seems like it's the closest to European T, but they always translate English and German T as ٹ the retroflex --> | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| طوے }}}} | {{lang|ur| طوئے }} | ''tō’ē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''tah''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''tōē'' / ''t̤o'ē'' / ''toy'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ط | U+0637 ]] | 22 | 22 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ظ | ظ ]]}}}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | {{IPA|/z/}} | style=background:#dff7ff; | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ظوے }}}} | {{lang|ur| ظوئے }} | ''zō’ē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''zōē'' / ''z̤o'ē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ظ | U+0638 ]] | 23 | 23 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ع | ع ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ɑː/ /oː/ /eː/ <br/> /ʔ/ /ʕ/ /∅/ }} <br/> {{ref|ayn|(footnote)}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| عین }}}} | {{lang|ur| عَيْن }} | ''‘ain''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ain''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> ''ayn'' <!--''‘ain''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ع | U+0639 ]] | 24 | 24 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: غ | غ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| غین }}}} | {{lang|ur| غَيْن }} | ''ğain''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''ghain''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''g͟hain'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: غ | U+063A ]] | 25 | 25 |- <!-- U+0641 {{lang|ur| فے }} | fē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 26= |=U+0641 - ف‎ - feh - FEH<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ف | ف ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/f/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| فے }}}} | {{lang|ur| فے }} | ''fē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''feh''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!-- ''fē'' --> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ف | U+0641 ]] | 26 | 26 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ق | ق ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/q/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|قاف}}}} | {{lang|ur| قاف }} | ''qāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''qaf''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''qāf''--> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ق | U+0642 ]] | 27 | 27 |- <!-- U+0643 - ك‎ - kaf - KAF<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> |- <!-- U+06A9 {{lang|ur| کاف }} | kāf <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 28= |=U+06A9 - ک‎ - keheh<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> -->   | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ک | ک ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/k/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| کاف }}}} | {{lang|ur| کاف }} | ''kāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''[[kāf]]''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ک | U+06A9 ]] | 28 | 28 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: گ | گ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گاف }}}} | {{lang|ur| گاف }} | ''gāf''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''gaf''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <!--''gāf''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: گ | U+06AF ]] | 29 | 29 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ل | ل ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/l/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| لام }}}} | {{lang|ur| لام }} | ''lām''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''lam''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''lām''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ل | U+0644 ]] | 30 | 30 |- <!-- U+0645 {{lang|ur| مِيم }} | mīm <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 31= |=U+0645 - م‎ - meem - MEEM<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: م | م ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/m/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| میم }}}} | {{lang|ur| مِيم }} | ''mīm''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''meem''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''mīm''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: م | U+0645 ]] | 31 | 31 |- <!-- U+0646 {{lang|ur| نُون }} | nūn <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 32 U+0646 - ن‎ - noon - NOON<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ن | ن ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/n/ /ɲ/ <br/> /ɳ/ /ŋ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|نون}}}} | {{lang|ur| نُون }} | ''nūn''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''noon''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> <!--''nūn''-->   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ن | U+0646 ]] | 32 | rowspan=3 | 32 |- <!-- U+06BA {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} | nūn-e ğunnah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 32a= = U+06BA - ں‎ - noon ghunna<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ں | ں ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel| ◌̃ ]]/}} <!--leave the spaces so the brackets don't eat the diacritic --> | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| نون غنہ }}}} | rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | {{lang|ur| نُونِ غُنّہ }} | rowspan=2 | ''nūn-e ğunnah''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''noon ghunna''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> / ''nūn g͟hunnah'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ں | U+06BA ]] | rowspan=2 | 33 |- | colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٘ | ◌٘ ]]}}}} &nbsp; {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ٘ |  ٘ ]]}}}} &nbsp; {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ـ | ــ٘ـ ]]}}}} | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ٘ | U+0658 ]] |- <!-- U+0648 {{lang|ur| واؤ }} | ''vāō'' / ''wāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 33= |=U+0648 - و‎ - waw - WAW<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: و | و ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /ʋ/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /oː/ /ɔː/ }} <br/> {{ref|W_V_regional|[V/W]}} | | (example needed) | | style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واؤ }}}} | {{lang|ur| واؤ }} | ''vāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> /  ''wāō''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''waw''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> / ''wā'o'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: و | U+0648 ]] | 34 | 33 |- <!-- U+06C1 {{lang|ur| گول ہـے }} | gōl hē <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 34= |=U+06C1 - ہ‎ - heh goal<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ہ | ہ ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA| /ɦ/ /ɑː/ /e:/ }} | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| گول ہے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| گول ہے }} | ''gōl hē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''heh goal''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> / ''gol hē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ہ | U+06C1 ]] | 35 | rowspan=3 | 34 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ه | ه ]]}}}} | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چهوٹی هے }}}} | {{lang|ur| چهوٹی هے }} | čhōṭī hē <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ه | U+0647 ]] <br/> <ref name=user.uni-hannover /> | Arabic <br/> {{ref|gol_choti_arabic|[footnote]}} |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ھ | ھ ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| دوچَشْمی ہے }} | ''dō-čašmī hē''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / <br/> ''heh&nbsp;doachashmee''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br/> / ''do-cashmī hē'' | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ھ | U+06BE ]] | 36 |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ی | ی ]]}}}} | {{IPA| /j/ /iː/ /ɑː/ }} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| چھوٹی يے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap | {{lang|ur| چھوٹی يے }} | ''čhōṭī yē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / ''choṭī yē''   | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ی | U+06CC ]] | 38 | rowspan=2 | 35 <!-- hannover ref #35 --> |- | colspan=2 style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ے | ے ]]}}}} | {{IPA|/ɛː/ /eː/}} | | (example needed) | | style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| بڑی يے }}}} | style=white-space:nowrap; | {{lang|ur| بَڑی يے }} | ''baṛī yē''<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> / ''yeh&nbsp;barree''<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ے | U+06D2 ]] | 39 |- <!-- U+0621 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref #0 | U+0626 <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> number in Hannover ref = 35a= |=U+0674 - ٴ‎ - high hamza<ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> --> |- <!-- U+0621 - ء‎ - hamza - HAMZA<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> --> | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ء | ء ]]}}}} | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ء | ء ]]}}}} | rowspan=2 | {{IPA|/ʔ/ /∅/}} | rowspan=2 | {{ref|hamza|(footnote)}} | rowspan=2 | (example needed) | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} | rowspan=2 | {{lang|ur|ہَمْزه}} | rowspan=2 | ''hamzah''<ref name=user.uni-hannover/> / ''hamza''<ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ء | U+0621 ]] | rowspan=2 | 37 | rowspan=2 | 0 or 35 |- | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|[[:wiktionary: ئ | ئ ]]}}}} | style=font-size:125%; | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh|[[:wiktionary: ئ | ئ ]]}}}} | <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 ] commented out because unicode tech site has crashed 2020-05-15 --> [[:wiktionary: ئ | U+0626 ]] |- |} [[File:Lashkari Zaban calligraphy.png|thumb|270px|Tiotal cànain Lashkari ann an sgriobt Nastaliq.]] {{note|fonts_nastaliq|Nastaliq:}} See [[Nastaʿlīq]]. {{note|W_V_regional|V/W:}} {{note|hamza|Hamza:}} In the Urdu, hamza ء is silent in aw its forms apairt fae whan it is uised as hamza-e-izafat. The main hamza ء uiss in the Urdu is fur tae indicate a vowel cluster. In Urdu words, Hamza ء is aye attatcht ئ tae a form resemmlin the Arabic ى alef maksura [citation needit]. {{note|ayn|Ayn:}} Ayn ع in its initial عـ an final ـع poseition is uisually silent and is replaced by the forerinnin or follaein vowel soun. {{note|gol_choti_arabic|Arabic Ha:}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Hindustani leid]] [[Category:Urdu|*]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] a32jsp0vy3kvst5g2xkrvk5riqd22e1 0 7374 923120 865562 2026-09-23T14:31:14Z Dr. Thomas Liptak 126687 /* Photos */ photo updated (2026) 923120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German state |Name = Hesse |German_name = ''Hessen'' |state_coa = Coat of arms of Hesse.svg |map = Deutschland Lage von Hessen.svg |flag = Flag of Hesse.svg |capital = Wiesbaden |largest_city = Frankfurt |area = 21120 |area_source = |key = 06 |population = 6073020 |pop_ref = <ref>{{de icon}} {{cite web |url= http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_zs01_he.asp |title= State population |work= Portal of the Federal Statistics Office Germany |accessdate= 2007-04-25 |archive-date= 2014-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140310014618/http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_zs01_he.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref> |pop_date = 2007-09-30 |GDP = 224.98 |GDP_year = 2010<ref>{{de icon}} {{cite web |url=http://vgrdl.de/Arbeitskreis_VGR/tbls/tab01.asp |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |year=2011 |work=Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen |accessdate=22 May 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095947/http://vgrdl.de/Arbeitskreis_VGR/tbls/tab01.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = 37,045 |GDP_per_capita_year = 2010 |GDP_percent = |Website = [http://www.hessen.de/ www.hessen.de] |leader_title = |leader = Volker Bouffier |leader_party = CDU |ruling_party1 = CDU |ruling_party2 = FDP |votes = 5 |NUTS = DE7 |iso region = DE-HE |coordinates = {{coord|50|39|58|N|8|35|28|E|display=inline}} | |date=September 2010 }} '''Hesse''' ([[German leid|German]]: ''Hessen'') is a federal state in the mids o [[Germany]] wi 6 million fowk. Its caipital ceity is [[Wiesbaden]] wi 275,482 fowk. The lairgest ceity is [[Frankfurt]] wi 667,589 fowk. The first meenister is [[Volker Bouffier]] (conservative). == Photos == <gallery> Image:Wilhelmshoehe_-_Herkules_mit_Kaskaden.jpg|Kassel Image:Frankfurt am Main, Skyline mit Flößerbrücke 1.jpg|Frankfurt Image:Wiesbaden Hessische Landtag.jpg|Wiesbaden Image:Wetzlarskyline.jpg|Wetzlar Image:Darmstadt-Mathildenhoehe mit Hochzeitsturm 2005-05-08a.jpg|Darmstadt Image:Wiesbaden hessisches staatstheater 1.jpg|Wiesbaden Image:Hanau Bruder Grimm.jpg|Hanau </gallery> == References == <references/> ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat}} {{States o the Federal Republic o Germany}} [[Category:States o Germany]] [[Category:Hesse| ]] {{Stub/Germany}} {{authority control}} rspuik0uq7oq52024crayfqjmstooi7 0 8650 923150 629544 2026-09-23T18:59:14Z ~2026-49449-44 137632 Not true 923150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|For the staundart leid, see [[Staundart Hindi]].}} {{Infobox language | name = Hindi | nativename = <!--In Devanagari-->{{lang|hi|[[wikt:हिन्दी|हिन्दी]]}}<br /><!--Romanization-->''Hindī'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-hi|ˈɦin̪d̪iː}} | states = [[Northren Indie]] ([[Hindi Belt]]) | ethnicity = [[Hindustani fowk|Hindavi fowk]] | speakers = 260 million<!--These figures are as per 19th Edition of ETHNOLOGUE--> | date = 2001 | ref = e19 | speakers2 = [[L2 speakers]]: 120 million (1999) | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Hindi leids|Central Zone (Hindi)]] | fam5 = [[Western Hindi]] | fam6 = [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]]<ref name=ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref> | fam7 = [[Khariboli dialect|Khariboli]]<ref name=ELL2/> | ancestor = [[Sauraseni Prakrit]] | ancestor2 = Sauraseni Apabhramsa | ancestor3 = Auld Hindi | script = [[Devanagari]]<br />[[Devanagari Braille]] | nation = {{flag|Indie}} | agency = [[Central Hindi Directorate]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html |title=Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504043836/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html |archivedate=4 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | iso1 = hi | iso2 = hin | iso3 = hin | linglist = hin-hin | lingua = 59-AAF-qf | image = Hindi_devnagari.png | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = The wird "Hindi" in [[Devanagari script]] | map = | mapcaption = | notice = Indic | sign = [[Signed Hindi]] | glotto = hind1269 | glottorefname = Hindi }} '''Hindi''' is a leid that's spak in [[Indie]]. It is the heidmaist leid in Indie an is the seicont maist spak leid in the warld. It is mainly spak in an aboot northren an mid Indie, an is spak in [[Fiji]] an aw, aucht the Indie community. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hindi|*]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] [[Category:Offeecial leids o Indie]] [[Category:Staundart leids|Hindi]] [[Category:Leids o Trinidad an Tobago]] [[Category:Leids o Gibraltar]] [[Category:Leid versus dialect]] qpnv1kinmau1m9s8lt9o8drzza3k32e 923154 923150 2026-09-23T19:30:43Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-49449-44, chynged back tae last version bi AmaryllisGardener 629544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|For the staundart leid, see [[Staundart Hindi]].}} {{Infobox language | name = Hindi | nativename = <!--In Devanagari-->{{lang|hi|[[wikt:हिन्दी|हिन्दी]]}}<br /><!--Romanization-->''Hindī'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-hi|ˈɦin̪d̪iː}} | states = [[Northren Indie]] ([[Hindi Belt]]) | ethnicity = [[Hindustani fowk|Hindavi fowk]] | speakers = 260 million<!--These figures are as per 19th Edition of ETHNOLOGUE--> | date = 2001 | ref = e19 | speakers2 = [[L2 speakers]]: 120 million (1999) | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Hindi leids|Central Zone (Hindi)]] | fam5 = [[Western Hindi]] | fam6 = [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]]<ref name=ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref> | fam7 = [[Khariboli dialect|Khariboli]]<ref name=ELL2/> | ancestor = [[Sauraseni Prakrit]] | ancestor2 = Sauraseni Apabhramsa | ancestor3 = Auld Hindi | script = [[Devanagari]]<br />[[Devanagari Braille]] | nation = {{flag|Indie}} | agency = [[Central Hindi Directorate]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html |title=Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504043836/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html |archivedate=4 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | iso1 = hi | iso2 = hin | iso3 = hin | linglist = hin-hin | lingua = 59-AAF-qf | image = Hindi_devnagari.png | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = The wird "Hindi" in [[Devanagari script]] | map = | mapcaption = | notice = Indic | sign = [[Signed Hindi]] | glotto = hind1269 | glottorefname = Hindi }} '''Hindi''' is a leid that's spak in [[Indie]]. It is the heidmaist leid in Indie an is the seicont maist spak leid in the warld. It is mutually intelligable wi [[Urdu]], an mony fowk conseeders thaim tae be twa dialects o the same leid, [[Hindustani]]. It is mainly spak in an aboot northren an mid Indie, an is spak in [[Fiji]] an aw, aucht the Indie community. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hindi|*]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] [[Category:Offeecial leids o Indie]] [[Category:Staundart leids|Hindi]] [[Category:Leids o Trinidad an Tobago]] [[Category:Leids o Gibraltar]] [[Category:Leid versus dialect]] 3xnazuwfiawfm78sh4rrpizlsnrzzeg 0 11145 923152 922107 2026-09-23T19:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923152 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Albums== ===Studio albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" |Year !rowspan="2" style="width:230px;"|Album details !colspan="15" style="width:465px;"|Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2" style="width:190px;"|[[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]]<br /><small>([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])</small> |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="Billboard">{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/metallica/chart-history/5199|title=Metallica – Artist chart history |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK">{{cite web| url=http://www.everyhit.com/ |title=UK Top 40 Hit Database |publisher=Every hit |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Oricon|JPN]]<br /><ref name="Oricon">{{cite web| url= http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/168605/products/release/ |title=Oricon Chart Database |publisher=Oricon |accessdate=September 5, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref name="AUS">{{cite web| url=http://www.australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Australian charts portal |publisher=Australian charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Swisserland|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI">{{cite web| url=http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=German |publisher=Hit parade |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Austria|AUT]]<br /><ref name="AUT">{{cite web| url=http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=German |publisher=Austrian charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Netherlands|NLD]]<br /><ref name="NLD">{{cite web| url=http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=Dutch |publisher=Dutch charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Denmark|DEN]]<br /><ref>danishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=Metallica</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Swaden|SWE]]<br /><ref name="SWE">{{cite web| url=http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=Swadish |publisher=Swedish charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Finland|FIN]]<br /><ref name="FIN">{{cite web| url=http://finnishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=Finnish |publisher=Finnish charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Norawa|NOR]]<br /><ref name="NOR">{{cite web| url=http://norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=a |title=Discography Metallica |language=Norwegian |publisher=Norwegian charts |accessdate=March 30, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="CAN">{{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2&q1=Metallica&x=20&y=5 |title=Metallica Top Albums/CDs positions|publisher=''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'' |accessdate=August 19, 2008}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Germany|GER]]<br /><ref name="GER">{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/METALLICA/?type=longplay |title=Chartverfolgung Metallica Longplay |language=German |publisher=Musicline |accessdate=September 28, 2008 |archive-date=2016-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308185035/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/metallica?type=longplay |url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[New Zealand|NZL]]<br /><ref name="NZ">{{cite web|url=http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Metallica|title=Metallica New Zealand Charting|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]|accessdate=August 15, 2011|archive-date=2012-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308051249/http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Metallica|url-status=dead}}</ref> !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[Irish Albums Chart|IRL]]<br><ref>{{cite web |author=Steffen Hung |url=http://www.irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Metallica |title=Discography Metallica |publisher=irishcharts.com |date=August 17, 2008 |accessdate=November 23, 2010 |archive-date=2011-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005184905/http://www.irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Metallica |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |1983 |align="left"|'''''[[Kill 'Em All]]''''' * Released: Julie 29, 1983 * Label: [[Megaforce Records|Megaforce]] <small>(MRI 069)</small> * Format: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|CS]], [[Gramaphone record|LP]] | 120 | — | 246 | 55 | — | 129 | — | — | 28 | 12 | — | — | — | — | 66 |align="left"| * [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=3&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: Platinum<ref name="CRIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Metallica&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist|title=Gold Platinum Database: Metallica|publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2011-07-12|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023513/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Metallica&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: Gold<ref name="BPI">{{cite web |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/index.asp?Page=stats/content_file_118.shtml |title=British Phonographic Industry statistics |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |accessdate=April 6, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308041552/http://www.bpi.co.uk/index.asp?Page=stats%2Fcontent_file_118.shtml |archivedate=2008-03-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|ARG]]: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> |- |1984 |align="left"|'''''[[Ride the Lightning]]''''' * Released: Julie 27, 1984 * Label: Megaforce <small>(MEG 769)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 100 | 87 | 201 | 37 | — | 126 | — | — | 22 | 9 | 40 | — | — | 32 | 55 |align="left"| * US: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Ride%20the%20Lightning&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=1989-05-16 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * CAN: Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: [[Gold]]<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> |- |1986 |align="left"|'''''[[Master of Puppets]]''''' * Released: Mairch 3, 1986 * Label: [[Elektra Records|Elektra]] <small>(ELK #60439-1)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 29 | 41 | 120 | 33 | 18 | 111 | — | — | 14 | 7 | 34 | 54 | 31 | 33 | 42 |align="left"| * US: 6× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Master%20of%20Puppets&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAN: 2× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="IFPI">{{cite web| url = http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/international-award-levels.pdf| title = IFPI| publisher = International Federation of the Phonographic Industry| accessdate = June 6, 2008| archive-date = 2010-02-15| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100215213127/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/international-award-levels.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> |- |1988 |align="left"|'''''[[...And Justice for All (album)|...And Justice for All]]''''' * Released: August 25, 1988 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #60812-4)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 6 | 4 | 11 | 16 | 7 | 12 | 39 | — | 5 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 5 | 36 | 48 |align="left"| * US: 8× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=And%20Justice%20for%20All&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAN: 3× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum <ref name="IFPI"/> |- |1991 |align="left"|'''''[[Metallica (album)|Metallica]]''''' * Released: August 12, 1991 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61113-1)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP, DVD-A | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 27 |align="left"| * US: 15× Platinum <small></small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond|title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010|publisher=RIAA|date=|accessdate=January 17, 2010|archive-date=2007-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163046/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: 11× Platinum<ref name="ARIA">{{cite web| url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm |title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=July 4, 2008}}</ref> * CAN: Diamond <small>(11× Platinum)</small><ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: 5× Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: 5× Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> |- |1996 |align="left"|'''''[[Load (album)|Load]]''''' * Released: Juin 4, 1996 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61923)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | — |align="left"| * US: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Load&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=1998-11-18 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|BRA]]: Gold<ref name="ABPD">{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados_interna.asp |title=ABPD |publisher=[[Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|Brazilian Association of Phonograph Producers]] |accessdate=June 16, 2008 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=2015-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624065644/http://abpd.org.br/certificados_interna.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAN: 4× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> |- |1997 |align="left"|'''''[[ReLoad]]''''' * Released: November 18, 1997 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #62126)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 1 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | — |align="left"| * US: 3x Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=ReLoad&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=1998-11-18 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AUS: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA" /> * CAN: 2× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> |- |2003 |align="left"|'''''[[St. Anger]]''''' * Released: Juin 5, 2003 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #62853)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |align="left"| * US: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=St.%20Anger&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AUS: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA" /> * BRA: Gold<ref name="ABPD" /> * CAN: 2× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Gold<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> |- |2008 |align="left"|'''''[[Death Magnetic]]''''' * Released: September 12, 2008 * Label: [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] <small>(WB #508732)</small> * Format: CD, CS, LP, [[Music download|digital download]] | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |align="left"| * US: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Death%20Magnetic&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=October 24, 2008 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * AUS: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA" /> * CAN: 4× Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * DEN: 2× Platinum<ref name="IFPI" /> * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI" /> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG">{{cite web|url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=metallica&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP|title=Metallica – Artist chart history Argentina|publisher=[[Capif]]|accessdate=March 30, 2008|archive-date=2009-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914030537/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=metallica&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP|url-status=dead}}</ref> * FIN: 3× Platinum<ref name="IFPI"/> * BRA: Gold<ref name="ABPD"/> |- | colspan="17" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ===Live albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="2" style="width:230px;"|Album details !colspan="13" style="width:465px;"|Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2" style="width:190px;"|Certifications |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|UK !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|JPN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUT !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FRA !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|BEL !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|DEN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWE !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FIN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NOR !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|GER |- |1993 |align="left"|'''''[[Live Shit: Binge & Purge]]''''' * Released: November 23, 1993 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61594)</small> * Formats: VHS, CD, DVD | 26 | — | 38 | 18 | — | — | — | — | — | 149 | 81 | 32 | 68 |align="left"| * US: 15× Platinum <ref name="RIAA"/>{{Ref label|Bubbling|1|}} |- |1999 |align="left"|'''''[[S&M (album)|S&M]]''''' <small>(wi the [[San Francisco Symphony]])</small> * Released: November 23, 1999 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #62463)</small> * Format: CD, DVD, LP | 2 | 33 | 26 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |align="left"| * US: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=S%25M&artist=Metallica&format=album&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=Elektra&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=RIAA Certifications |publisher=Riaa.com |date=January 14, 2000 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * CAN: 3x Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * AUS: 17× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_music.asp?chart=1V40DVD |title=Top 40 DVD Chart - Australian Record Industry Association |publisher=Ariacharts.com.au |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010}}</ref> * NZL: 12× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=62 |title=Latest Gold / Platinum Albums |publisher=RadioScope |date=12 September 2010 |accessdate=14 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014104720/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=62 |archivedate=2008-10-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> |- |2009 |align="left"|'''''[[Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México]]''''' * Released: November 30, 2009 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: [[Blu-Ray]], DVD, CD | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |align="left"| * MEX: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=Metallica&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar|title=Certificaciones - Metallica|publisher=[[AMPROFON]]|accessdate=January 17, 2010|archive-date=2013-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204224304/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=Metallica&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="CAPIF">{{cite web|url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=metallica&album=ORGULLO+PASI%D3N+Y+GLORIA&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP|title=Discos de Oro y Platino|publisher=Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|language=Spanish|accessdate=January 11, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * BRA: 2× Platinum |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria]]''''' * Released: October 15, 2010 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: Blu-Ray, DVD, CD | — | — | — | 71<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm|title=Chartifacts - Week Commencing: 15th November 2010|date=November 15, 2010|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uHCd3PXm?url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm|archivedate=2010-11-16|accessdate=November 16, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> | 63 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 |align="left"| * US: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=13&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=on&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=2010&endYear=2011&sort=CertificationDate&perPage=50 |title=Gold & Platinum - February 20, 2011 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=2011-02-20 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154248/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=13&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=on&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=2010&endYear=2011&sort=CertificationDate&perPage=50 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | colspan="18" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ===Cover albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" |Year !rowspan="2" style="width:230px;"|Album details !colspan="13" style="width:465px;"|Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2" style="width:190px;"|Certifications<br /><ref name="ARIA"/><ref name="RIAA"/> |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|UK !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|JPN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|GER !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUT !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|BEL !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FIN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FRA !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWE !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NLD !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NOR |- |1998 |align="left"|'''''[[Garage Inc.]] ''''' * Released: November 24, 1998 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #62299)</small> * Formats: CD, LP | 2 | 29 | 18 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 1 |align="left"| * US: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Garage%20Inc.&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ARG: Platinum<ref name="ARG"/> * FIN: Platinum<ref name="FIN"/> * GER: Gold |- | colspan="16" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ===Collaboration albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" |Year !rowspan="2" style="width:230px;"|Album details !colspan="13" style="width:465px;"|Peak chairt poseetions !rowspan="2" style="width:190px;"|Certifications<br /><ref name="ARIA"/><ref name="RIAA"/> |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|UK !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|JPN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NZL !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUT !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|BEL !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FIN !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|FRA !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWE !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NLD !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NOR |- |2011 |align="left"|'''''[[Lulu (Lou Reed and Metallica album)|Lulu]]''''' * Released: October 31, 2011 * Label: Warner Bros. <small>(WB #508732)</small> * Formats: CD | | | | | | | | | | | | | |align="left"| * US: * EU: * AU: |- | colspan="16" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ===Video albums=== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !|Year ! style="width:230px;"|Album details !|Top Music Video <br />peak !|Certifications<br /><ref name="CRIA"/><ref name="RIAA"/><ref name="ABPD"/> |- |1987 |align="left"|'''''[[Cliff 'Em All]]''''' * Released: December 4, 1987 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #40106)</small> * Formats: [[VHS]], [[DVD]] | 20<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3007066&cdi=6346359&cid=01%2F09%2F1988 |title=Top Music Videos – Cliff 'em All |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 4× Platinum |- |1989 |align="left"|'''''[[2 of One]]''''' * Released: Juin 20, 1989 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #60812)</small> * Format: VHS | 31<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=389&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+VHS+Sales&ci=3008507&cdi=6426634&cid=07%2F15%2F1989 |title=Top Music Videos – 2 of One |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 7x Platinum |- |1992 |align="left"|'''''[[A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica]]''''' * Released: August 12, 1992 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #40148)</small> * Formats: VHS, DVD | 26<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3013557&cdi=6679956&cid=12%2F05%2F1992 |title=Top Music Videos – A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 13× Platinum |- |1993 |align="left"|'''''[[Live Shit: Binge & Purge]]'''''{{ref label|Live Shit: Binge & Purge video|VI|}} * Released: November 23, 1993 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61594)</small> * Formats: VHS, CD, DVD | 27<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3040189&cdi=7664214&cid=12%2F23%2F2000 |title=Top Music Videos – Live Shit: Binge & Purge |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 15× Platinum |- |1998 |align="left"|'''''[[Cunning Stunts (video)|Cunning Stunts]]''''' * Released: December 8, 1998 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #40202)</small> * Formats: VHS, DVD | 3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3032603&cdi=7389924&cid=12%2F26%2F1998|title=Top Music Videos – Cunning Stunts|publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]]|accessdate=April 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412175037/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3032603&cdi=7389924&cid=12%2F26%2F1998|archivedate=2009-04-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 3× Platinum |- |1999 |align="left"|'''''[[S&M (album)|S&M]]''''' * Released: November 23, 1999 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #40218)</small> * Format: VHS, CD, DVD | 14<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3040189&cdi=7664231&cid=12%2F23%2F2000 |title=Top Music Videos – S&M |publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]] |accessdate=April 1, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> |align="left"| * US: 6× Platinum * CAN: 3x Platinum<ref name="CRIA" /> * BRA: Platinum<ref name="ABPD"/> |- |2001 |align="left"|'''''[[Classic Albums: Metallica – Metallica]]''''' * Released: November 6, 2001 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #61113)</small> * Format: DVD | — |align="left"| * US: Platinum * CAN: Gold<ref name="CRIA" /> |- |2006 |align="left"|'''''[[The Videos 1989–2004]]''''' * Released: December 5, 2006 * Label: Warner Bros. <small>(WB #38696)</small> * Format: DVD | 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3080692&cdi=9138038&cid=12%2F23%2F2006|title=Top Music Videos – The Videos 1989-2004|publisher=[[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]]|accessdate=April 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411223727/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3080692&cdi=9138038&cid=12%2F23%2F2006|archivedate=2009-04-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="left"| * CAN: Gold<ref name="CRIA" /> |- |rowspan=2 | 2009 |align="left"|'''''[[Français Pour Une Nuit]]''''' * Released: November 23, 2009 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: Blu-Ray, DVD |— |align=left| * AUS: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm |title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations |publisher=Aria.com.au |date= |accessdate=November 23, 2010}}</ref> * FRA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/en/pag-259165-CERTIFICATIONS.html?year=2009&type=19 |title=SNEP France |publisher=SNEP |date= |accessdate=August 4, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |align="left"|'''''[[Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México]]''''' * Released: November 30, 2009 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: Blu-Ray, DVD, CD |— |align="left"| * ARG: Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=metallica&album=ORGULLO+PASI%D3N+Y+GLORIA&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP |title=Representando a la Industria Argentina de la Música |publisher=CAPIF |date= |accessdate=January 17, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * BRA: 3× Platinum<ref name="ABPD"/> |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[The Big Four Show DVD|The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria]]''''' * Released: October 29, 2010 * Label: Universal Music Records * Format: Blu-Ray, DVD, CD | 1 |align="left"| * US: 2× Platinum * BRA: Platinum<ref name="ABPD" /> |- |} ==Extended plays== {| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"| Year !rowspan="2" style="width:230px;" | Details !colspan="5"| Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2"| Certifications |- !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|US !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUT !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|SWI !style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|NZL |- |1987 |align="left"|'''''[[The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited]]''''' {{Ref label|Bubbling|2|}} * Released: August 21, 1987 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #48838)</small> * Formats: CD, LP, cassette | 28 | — | — | — | — |align="left"| * US: Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Garage%20Days%20Re-Revisited&artist=Metallica&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum - January 17, 2010 |publisher=RIAA |date=1990-07-23 |accessdate=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151606/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAN: Gold<ref name="CRIA" /> |- |2004 |align="left"|'''''[[Some Kind of Monster (song)|Some Kind of Monster]]''''' * Released: Julie 13, 2004 * Label: Elektra <small>(ELK #48838)</small> * Format: CD | 37 | — | 40 | 71 | — | |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[Six Feet Down Under]]''''' * Released: September 20, 2010 * Label: Universal * Format: CD | — | 12 | — | — | 6 | |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[Six Feet Down Under (Part II)]]''''' * Released: November 12, 2010 * Label: Universal * Format: CD | — | 13 | — | — | — | |- |2010 |align="left"|'''''[[Live at Grimey's]]''''' * Released: November 26, 2010 * Label: Universal * Format: CD, LP | — | — | — | — | — | |- | colspan="8" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes albums that war released but did nae chart. |} ==Singles== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2" | Year !rowspan="2" | Song !colspan="18"| Peak chart poseetions !rowspan="2" | <small>[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA Cert.]]<ref name="RIAA"/></small> !rowspan="2" | Album |- !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|US Main.]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Hot Modern Rock Tracks|US Mod.]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| UK<br><ref>http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/metallica/</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| AUS<br><ref>http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| FRA<br><ref>http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Canadian Singles Chart|CAN]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| [[Canadian rock/alternative chart|CAN<br />Alt]] !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| SWE<br><ref>http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| FIN<br><ref>http://finnishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref><br> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| DEN<br><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://danishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-09-11 |archive-date=2013-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023203718/http://danishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&search=metallica |url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| NOR<br><ref>http://norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| GER<br><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Metallica/17199/single |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-19 |archive-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006113833/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Metallica/17199/single |url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| AUT<br><ref>http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| SWI<br><ref>http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| NLD<br><ref>http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| NZL<br><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-19 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104054727/http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?search=Metallica&cat=s |url-status=dead }}</ref> !style="width:2.5em;font-size:75%"| IRE<br><ref>{{cite web |author=Ward, Jaclyn |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=The Irish Charts - All there is to know |publisher=Irishcharts.ie |date= |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|1983 |align="left"|"[[Whiplash (song)|Whiplash]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan="3"|''Kill 'Em All'' |- |align="left"|"[[Jump in the Fire]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30 | — | style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| |- |align="left"|"[[Seek & Destroy]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |rowspan="2"|1984 |align="left"|"[[Fade to Black (song)|Fade to Black]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 100 | — | — | — | style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| | rowspan="3"|''Ride the Lightning'' |- |align="left"|"[[Creeping Death]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"|1985 |align="left"|"[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica song)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |rowspan="3"|1986 |align="left"|"[[Master of Puppets (song)|Master of Puppets]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan="3"|''Master of Puppets'' |- |align="left"|"[[Battery (song)|Battery]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Welcome Home (Sanitarium)]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |rowspan="3"|1988 |align="left"|"[[Harvester of Sorrow]]" | — | — | — | 20 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30 | 19 | | rowspan="4"|''...And Justice for All'' |- |align="left"|"[[Eye of the Beholder (song)|Eye of the Beholder]]" | — | — | — | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[...And Justice for All (song)|...And Justice for All]]" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"|1989 |align="left"|"[[One (Metallica song)|One]]" | 35 | — | — | 13 | 38 | — | — | — | 3 | — | — | 4 | 31 | — | 22 | 3 | 13 | 7 | <small>Gold</small> |- |rowspan="3"|1991 |align="left"|"[[Enter Sandman]]" | 16 | 10 | — | 5 | 10 | — | 17 | — | 14 | — | — | 1 | 9 | — | 11 | 10 | 8 | 4 | <small>Platinum</small> | rowspan="6"|''Metallica'' |- |align="left"|"[[Don't Tread on Me (Metallica song)|Don't Tread on Me]]" | — | 21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[The Unforgiven (song)|The Unforgiven]]" | 35 | 10 | — | 15 | 10 | 28 | — | — | 32 | — | — | — | 47 | — | — | 25 | 24 | 22 | |- |rowspan="3"|1992 |align="left"|"[[Nothing Else Matters]]" | 34 | 7 | — | 6 | 8 | 10 | 41 | — | 12 | 14 | 23 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 6 | |- |align="left"|"[[Wherever I May Roam]]" | 82 | 2 | — | 25 | 14 | 10 | — | — | 28 | — | 26 | 2 | 30 | — | — | 22 | 8 | 15 | |- |align="left"|"[[Sad but True]]" | 98 | 7 | — | 20 | 48 | — | — | — | 31 | — | — | 5 | 42 | — | — | 10 | 42 | 13 | |- |rowspan="4"|1996 |align="left"|"[[Until It Sleeps]]" | 10 | 1 | 27 | 5 | 1 | — | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | — | 2 | 15 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 3 | <small>Gold</small> | rowspan="6"|''Load'' |- |align="left"|"[[Ain't My Bitch]]" | — | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Hero of the Day]]" | 60 | 1 | — | 17 | 2 | — | 17 | — | 10 | 3 | — | 8 | 39 | 29 | — | 25 | 21 | 16 | |- |align="left"|"[[Mama Said (Metallica song)|Mama Said]]" | — | — | — | 19 | 24 | — | — | — | 24 | 4 | — | 14 | — | — | — | 58 | — | 19 | |- |rowspan="3"|1997 |align="left"|"[[King Nothing]]" | 90 | 3 | — | — | — | — | 67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Bleeding Me]]" | — | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[The Memory Remains]]" | 28 | 3 | — | 13 | 6 | — | 4 | 25 | 4 | 1 | — | 3 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 15 | 23 | 13 | | rowspan="4"|''ReLoad'' |- |rowspan="4"|1998 |align="left"|"[[The Unforgiven II]]" | 59 | 2 | — | 15 | 9 | 89 | — | — | 8 | 1 | — | 8 | 23 | 18 | — | 16 | 22 | 14 | |- |align="left"|"[[Better Than You (Metallica song)|Better Than You]]" | — | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Fuel (song)|Fuel]]" | — | 4 | — | 31 | 2 | — | — | — | 49 | 5 | — | — | 57 | — | — | 53 | 35 | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Turn the Page (Bob Seger song)|Turn the Page]]" | 78 | 1 | 39 | — | 11 | — | 83 | — | 13 | 7 | — | 11 | 23 | 19 | — | 42 | 22 | — | | rowspan="3"|''Garage Inc.'' |- |rowspan="3"|1999 |align="left"|"[[Whiskey in the Jar]]" | — | 1 | — | 29 | 14 | — | — | 5 | 15 | 16 | — | 4 | 23 | 30 | 55 | 47 | 41 | 17 | |- |align="left"|"[[Die, Die My Darling (Metallica song)|Die, Die My Darling]]" | — | 26 | — | — | 82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[No Leaf Clover]]" | 74 | 1 | 18 | — | 41 | — | — | 3 | 50 | — | — | 9 | 40 | — | 99 | 41 | — | — | | ''S&M'' |- |2000 |align="left"|"[[I Disappear]]" | 76 | 1 | 11 | 35 | 20 | 45 | — | 11 | 25 | 2 | — | 8 | 14 | 25 | 20 | 36 | — | — | ||[[Mission: Impossible II (soundtrack)|''Mission: Impossible II'']] |- |rowspan="2"|2003 |align="left"|"[[St. Anger (song)|St. Anger]]" | — | 2 | 17 | 9 | 15 | — | 24 | — | 9 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 28 | 12 | 38 | 12 | | rowspan="4"|''St. Anger'' |- |align="left"|"[[Frantic (song)|Frantic]]" | — | 21 | 22 | 16 | 22 | 59 | — | — | 13 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 21 | 30 | 57 | 22 | 23 | 20 | |- |rowspan="2"|2004 |align="left"|"[[The Unnamed Feeling]]" | — | 28 | — | 42 | 23 | 60 | — | — | 37 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 24 | 42 | 47 | 20 | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Some Kind of Monster (song)|Some Kind of Monster]]" | — | 19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |rowspan="5"|2008 |align="left"|"[[The Day That Never Comes]]" | 31 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 18 | — | 9 | — | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | — | 25 | 32 | 20 | 14 | 14 | | rowspan="6"|''Death Magnetic'' |- |align="left"|"[[My Apocalypse]]" | 67 | 8 | — | 51 | 38 | — | 28 | — | 15 | 3 | 15 | 9 | — | 56 | — | 33 | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[Cyanide (song)|Cyanide]]" | 50 | 1 | 19 | 48 | 48 | — | 19 | — | 14 | 3 | 23 | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[The Judas Kiss]]" | — | — | — | 79 | — | — | 71 | — | 44 | 20 | — | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- |align="left"|"[[All Nightmare Long]]" | — | 7 | — | — | 90 | 55 | — | — | 44 | 11 | — | — | 15 | 51 | — | 7 | — | — | |- |2009 |align="left"|"[[Broken, Beat & Scarred]]" | — | 15 | — | — | 75 | 36 | — | — | — | 4 | — | — | 35 | 74 | — | 25 | — | — | |- |rowspan="1"|2011 |align="left"|"The View" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | rowspan="1"|''Lulu'' |- | colspan="21" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did nae chart or war nae released in that kintra. |} ==Muisic videos== {|class="wikitable" |- !| Year ! style="width:230px; text-align:center;"| Title ! Director(s)<ref>{{cite video |people=Metallica |date=2006-12-05 |title=The Videos 1989-2004 |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Records]] }}</ref> |- | 1989 | "[[One (Metallica song)|One]]" | [[Bill Pope]], [[Michael Salomon]] |- | rowspan="2"| 1991 | "[[Enter Sandman]]" | [[Wayne Isham]] |- | "[[The Unforgiven (sang)|The Unforgiven]]" | [[Matt Mahurin]] |- | rowspan="3"| 1992 | "[[Nothing Else Matters]]" | Adam Dubin |- | "[[Wherever I May Roam]]" | rowspan="2"| Wayne Isham |- | "[[Sad but True]]" |- | rowspan="3"| 1996 | "[[Until It Sleeps]]" | [[Samuel Bayer]] |- | "[[Hero of the Day]]" | rowspan="2"| [[Anton Corbijn]] |- | "[[Mama Said (Metallica song)|Mama Said]]" |- | rowspan="2"| 1997 | "[[King Nothing]]" | Matt Mahurin |- | "[[The Memory Remains]]" | Paul Andresen |- | rowspan="3"| 1998 | "[[The Unforgiven II]]" | Matt Mahurin |- | "[[Fuel (song)|Fuel]]" | Wayne Isham |- | "[[Turn the Page (Bob Seger sang)|Turn the Page]]" | rowspan="2"| [[Jonas Åkerlund]] |- | rowspan="2"| 1999 | "[[Whiskey in the Jar]]" |- | "[[No Leaf Clover]]" | rowspan="2"| Wayne Isham |- | 2000 | "[[I Disappear]]" |- | rowspan="2"| 2003 | "[[St. Anger (sang)|St. Anger]]" | [[The Malloys]] |- | "[[Frantic (sang)|Frantic]]" | Wayne Isham |- | rowspan="2"| 2004 | "[[The Unnamed Feeling]]" | The Malloys |- | "[[Some Kind of Monster (sang)|Some Kind of Monster]]" | [[Bruce Sinofsky]] |- | rowspan="2"| 2008 | "[[The Day That Never Comes]]" | Peter Hjors, [[Thomas Vinterberg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/metallica/271663/the-day-that-never-comes.jhtml|title=The Day That Never Comes|date=September 3, 2008|work=[[MTV]]|publisher=[[MTV Networks]]|accessdate=December 13, 2008|archive-date=2013-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206210310/http://www.mtv.com/videos/metallica/271663/the-day-that-never-comes.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | "[[All Nightmare Long]]" | Roboshobo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2008/12/some-rock-stars.html|title=Metallica "All Nightmare Long"|date=December 12, 2008|work=Video Static|publisher=Steven J. Gottlieb|accessdate=December 13, 2008|archive-date=2012-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727024129/http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2008/12/some-rock-stars.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ||2009 | "[[Broken, Beat & Scarred]]" | Wayne Isham |} ==Box sets== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! | Year ! style="width:230px; text-align:center;"|Album details |- | 1990 | style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[The Good, the Bad and the Live]]''''' * Released: 7 Mey 1990 * Format: [[LP album|LP]] |- | 1993 | style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[Live Shit: Binge & Purge]]''''' * Release: 23 November 1993 * Format: CS, VHS, DVD, CD |- | 2004 | style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[Metallica: Vinyl Box Set]]''''' * Released: 23 November 2004 * Format: LP |- | 2009 | style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[The Metallica Collection]]''''' * Released: 14 Aprile 2009 * Format: [[Digital Distribution|DD]] |} ==Demos== {{Main|Leet o Metallica demos}} <!-- demos are part of discography so do not remove them! -->{|class="wikitable" !| Year ! style="width:230px; text-align:center;"| Title |- | rowspan="4" | 1982 || ''[[Ron McGovney]]'s '82 Garage'' demo |- | ''Power Metal'' |- | ''No Life 'til Leather'' |- | ''Metal Up Your Ass (Live)'' |- | rowspan="3" | 1983 || ''Horsemen of the Apocalypse'' |- | ''Megaforce'' |- | ''Ride the Lightning'' demos |- | 1985 || ''Master of Puppets'' demos |- | 1988 || ''...And Justice for All'' demos |- | rowspan="4" | 1997 || ''Mandatory Metallica'' Radio station demo |- | ''Various tracks from prior albums'' |- | ''Breadfan'' civer demo |- | ''Stone Cold Crazy'' civer demo |- | 2007 || ''Demo Magnetic'' |} ==Ither appearances== <!---1997 Spawn Soundtrack for Whom the bell Tolls ---> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! style="width:230px; text-align:center;"| Sang ! Album |- | 1982 | "[[Hit the Lights (Metallica song)|Hit the Lights]]" | ''[[Metal Massacre#Metal Massacre – 1982|Metal Massacre, Vol. 1]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t1103515|pure_url=yes}} |title=Hit the Lights |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision}}</ref> |- | 1990 | "[[Stone Cold Crazy]]" | ''[[Rubáiyát: Elektra's 40th Anniversary]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t5583568|pure_url=yes}} |title=Stone Cold Crazy |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision}}</ref> |- | 2000 | "[[I Disappear]]" | ''[[Mission: Impossible II]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t3577438|pure_url=yes}} |title=I Disappear |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 2002 | "We Did It Again" | ''[[Presents G.H.E.T.T.O. Stories]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t5954047|pure_url=yes}} |title=We Did It Again |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision}}</ref> |- | 2003 | "[[53rd & 3rd]]" | ''[[We're a Happy Family: A Tribute to Ramones]]''<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=song|id=t6015477|pure_url=yes}} |title=53rd & 3rd |accessdate=March 21, 2009 |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision}}</ref> |- | 2007 | "[[The Ecstasy of Gold]]" | ''[[We All Love Ennio Morricone]]'' |- | 2008 | "[[Remember Tomorrow]]" | ''[[Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden]]'' |- | 2010 | "[[You Really Got Me]]" | ''[[See My Friends (album)|See My Friends]]'' |} ==Notes== {{refbegin}} * '''1.'''{{Note|Bubbling}} Certificatit as video, no an album itsel. * '''2.'''{{Note|Bubbling}} ''Garage Days Re-Revisited'' is kent as ''the $5.98 EP'' an ''the $9.98 CD''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Cosmo |last=Lee |title=Metallica – ''The $5.98 EP: Garage Days Re-Revisited'' – On Second Thought |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/on_second_thought/metallica-the-598-ep-garage-days-re-revisited.htm |publisher=[[Stylus Magazine]] |date=October 11, 2007 |accessdate=June 5, 2009 |archive-date=2016-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309043022/http://stylusmagazine.com/articles/on_second_thought/metallica-the-598-ep-garage-days-re-revisited.htm |url-status=dead }} </ref> This album is an aa foond on the seicont ''Garage Inc.'' disc. {{refend}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.metallica.com Metallica's offeecial wabsteid] {{DEFAULTSORT:Metallica Discografie}} [[Category:Hivy metal discografies]] [[Category:Metallica]] [[Category:Discografies o American airtists]] i87lwxhdmgivd7kxhjsrlwtnh9m95bt 0 12888 923124 879130 2026-09-23T15:52:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Linkrot}} '''Khartoum North''' ('''al-Khartūm Bahrī''') is a ceety close tae, but distinct frae, [[Khartoum]] in central [[Sudan]]. The ceety is close tae the confluence o the White an [[Blue Nile]]s on the eastren bank o the Blue Nile. The ceety, which haed in 1993 a rapidly growin population o 900,000, is connectit bi briges tae Khartoum an [[Omdurman]]. It is forby kent as "Bahrī" ({{lang-arz|بحري}}), meanin North in Egyptian Arabic. (Sooth is ''Qibli'' ({{lang-arz|قبلي}}).) ==Demographics== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! Year ! width=100px | Population<ref>[http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-188&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x.&srt=pnan http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 1956 || align="right" | 39,100 |- | 1973 || align="right" | 150,989 |- | 1983 || align="right" | 341,155 |- | 1993 || align="right" | 700,887 |- | 2007 estimate || align="right" | 1,725,570 |} [[Image:Map Sudan Ohmdurman.png|thumb|right|200px|Location o Khartoum North]] ==History== In 1998 the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory wis destroyed bi the Unitit States for several reasons, includin allegit ties atween the awners o the plant an the terrorist group [[al-Qaeda]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barletta|first=Michael|date=Fall 1998|title=Chemical Weapons in the Sudan: Allegations and Evidence|url=https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/barlet61.pdf|journal=The Nonproliferation Review|pages=115-136}}</ref> ==Economy an industry== The industrial centre o the region an the kintra, the ceety contains dockyards, marine an rail wirkshops, an sawmills. Khartoum North treds in cotton, grains, fruit, an livestock; industries include tannin, brewin, brickmakin, textile weavin, an fuid processin. Syne the year 2000, [[chemical]] plants supplyin hoosehauld products tae the rest o the kintra hae been biggit in the ceety. A wealthy suburb is growin towards the eastren pairt o the ceety, alang the [[Blue Nile]]. ==Neighbourhuids== '''Khartoum North''' haes mony neighbourhuids, some o which are: *Alamlaak *Cooper Ceety *Kafouri *Bahri Industrial Area *St. Joseph *Al Sababi *Al Dnagla north *Al Dnagla sooth *Hilat Hamad *Hilat Khojali *Hilat Koko *Greaf Sharq *Alshabia north *Alshabia sooth *Almazad *Almulazmien *Almerghania *Alsafia ==Infrastructure== ===Briges=== The follaein briges cross the [[Blue Nile]] an connect Khartoum North tae Khartoum: *Mac Nimir Bridge *Blue Nile Road and Railway Bridge *Cooper Bridge *Al Mansheiya Bridge *Shambat Bridge crosses the [[Nile]] an connects the ceety tae [[Omdurman]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|15|38|N|32|38|E|region:SD_type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Populatit places in Sudan]] [[Category:Khartoum]] [[Category:Commonties on the Nile River]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} t31sh53hg688gyzmj9pqrdn311a2hr9 0 13249 923215 900338 2026-09-24T03:44:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{itheruises}} {{Infobox settlement |name=São Paulo |settlement_type=[[Municipalities o Brazil|Municipality]] |official_name=''Município de São Paulo''<br />Municipality o São Paulo ||image_skyline=São Paulo Poster.jpg |image_caption=Photo montage o the ceety o São Paulo. Frae the top, left tae richt: [[São Paulo Cathedral]]; [[Torre Norte|Unitit Naitions Business Center]]; [[São Paulo Museum o Airt]] on [[Paulista Avenue]]; [[Museu Paulista|Paulista Museum]]; Bandeiras Monument; [[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Brig]]; an owerview o the historic dountoun frae [[Altino Arantes Biggin]]. |nickname=''Terra da Garoa'' (Land o [[Drizzle]]) an ''Sampa'' |image_flag=São Paulo City flag.svg |image_seal=Brasao SaoPaulo SaoPaulo Brasil.svg |image_map=SaoPaulo Municip SaoPaulo.svg |mapsize=250px |motto="[[Non ducor, duco]]"{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Laitin]])<br />"A am no led, A lead"</small> |pushpin_map=Brazil |pushpin_map_size=250 |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Brazil |subdivision_type=Kintra |subdivision_type1=[[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2=[[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name={{Flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name1=[[Sootheast Region, Brazil|Sootheast]] |subdivision_name2=[[File:Bandeira do Estado de São Paulo.svg|border|22px]] [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] |leader_title=Mayor |leader_name=[[Gilberto Kassab]] ([[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]]) |established_title=Foondit |established_date=1554 |area_note= |area_magnitude=1 E9 |area_total_km2=1522.986 |population_as_of=2011 |population_metro=19,889,559 |area_metro_km2=7943.818 | population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas]</ref><ref>url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2009/POP2009_DOU.pdf IBGE</ref> |population_total=11,316,149([[Leet o lairgest ceeties in Brazil|1st]]) |population_note= |population_density_km2=7216.3 |population_density_metro_km2=2469.35 |population_demonym_title=[[Demonym]] |population_demonym=[[Paulistano]] |timezone=[[UTC-3]] |utc_offset=-3 |timezone_DST=[[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST=-2 |coordinates = {{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|type:city|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m=760 |elevation_ft=2493.4 |postal_code_type=Postal Code (CEP) |postal_code=01000-000 |website=[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/ Ceety o São Paulo] | maxtemp = 24 | mintemp = 15 | rainfall = 1486 |footnotes=}} '''São Paulo''' is the lairgest ceety o [[Brazil]], the lairgest ceety in the [[soothren hemisphere]], an the warld's [[Leet o metropolitan auries bi population|7t lairgest metropolitan aurie]]. The ceety is the caipital o the [[São Paulo (state)|state o São Paulo]], the maist populous Brazilian state. The name o the ceety honors [[Saunt Paul]]. São Paulo exerts strang regional influence in commerce an finance as well as airts an entertainment. São Paulo is considered an [[Global ceety|Alpha - Warld Ceety]].<ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html www.lboro.ac.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |date=2016-08-11 }} The World According to GaWC 2008&nbsp;– Retrieved on 2009-07-06</ref> The ceety haes mony laundmerks, sic as the Paulista Museum, the neo-gothic Metropolitan Sé Cathedral, the [[São Paulo Museum o Airt]] (MASP), the Monumento às Bandeiras (Portuguese for Monument tae the Banner) an Niemeyer's Ibirapuera Bienal Complex; an mair recently the [[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge]] (Estaiada Bridge) in the Sooth Side. [[Paulista Avenue]], in Midtoun, is the ceety´s maist important [[financial center]]. The ceety is hame tae the [[BM&F Bovespa|São Paulo Stock Exchynge]], or BOVESPA, the Future Markets, an the Cereal Market Stock Exchynges, the seicont lairgest stock exchynge in the Americas. São Paulo haes been hame tae several o the [[Leet o tallest buildins in Brazil|tallest buildins in Brazil]], includin the [[Mirante do Vale|Mirante do Vale Building]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=mirantedovale-saopaulo-brazil |title=Mirante do Vale, São Paulo |publisher=Emporis.com |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2007-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522105709/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=mirantedovale-saopaulo-brazil |url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Edifício Itália|Itália Building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/o-que-visitar/pontos-turisticos/185-edificio-italia|title=Edifício Itália, São Paulo|publisher=Cidade de São Paulo|accessdate=2009-11-01|archive-date=2009-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324043327/http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/o-que-visitar/pontos-turisticos/185-edificio-italia|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi an estimatit population o 11,037,593 residents<ref name="IBGEMunPop2008">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_Projecoes_Populacao/Estimativas_2008/UF_Municipio.zip Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Estimativas das Populações Residentes, em 1o. De Julho de 2008.]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Zip-file from ftp-archive. Estimated population of municipalities in Brazil on 2008-07-01. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> athin an aurie o 1,523 square kilometers (588.0 sq mi),<ref name="IBGESaoPauloArea">[ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/documentos/cartografia/areaterritorial/pdf/areas_2001_35.pdf Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Resolução No. 05, de 10 de Outubro de 2002, Área Territorial: UF&nbsp;– São Paulo&nbsp;– SP - 35]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pdf-file from ftp-archive. Areas of municipalities in São Paulo state. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> São Paulo is the maist populous ceety proper in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/largest_cities1.html |title=Citimayors website&nbsp;— Largest cities |publisher=Citymayors.com |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> The ceety an aa lies at the centre o the hivily urbanized [[Greater São Paulo|São Paulo metropolitan aurie]], wi an estimatit 19,889,559 fowk in 2009<ref name="IBGEMAPop2008">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_Projecoes_Populacao/Estimativas_2008/UF_Municipio.zip Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Estimativas das Populações Residentes, em 1o. De Julho de 2008.]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Zip-file from ftp-archive. Estimated population of municipalities in Brazil on 2008-07-01. 22,105,060 is the total population of the 39 municipalities within the official metropolitan area of São Paulo. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> ower 7,944 square kilometers (3,067.2 sq mi),<ref name="IBGESaoPauloMAArea">[ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/documentos/cartografia/areaterritorial/pdf/areas_2001_35.pdf Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Resolução No. 05, de 10 de Outubro de 2002, Área Territorial: UF&nbsp;– São Paulo&nbsp;– SP - 35]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pdf-file from ftp-archive. Areas of municipalities in São Paulo state. Total area of the 39 municipalities within the official metropolitan area of São Paulo. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> is the lairgest [[metropolitan aurie]] in the naition. São Paulo metropolitan aurie is ranked as the [[Leet o metropolitan auries in the Americas bi population|seicont maist populous]] in the [[Americas]].<ref name="CONAPOProy2">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005-2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |date=2007-10-12 }} The total population o ''Zona metropolitana del Valle de México'' (Distrito Federal plus 60 ither municipalities) wis estimatit tae 19,826,918 in 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.</ref> Fowk frae the ceety o São Paulo are kent as ''paulistanos'', while ''paulistas'' designates onyane frae the whole o São Paulo state, includin the ''paulistanos''. The ceety's [[Latin]] motto, which it haes shared wi [[Brazilian battleship São Paulo|the battleship]] an [[Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12)|the aircraft carrier]] named efter it, is ''Non dvcor, dvco'', which translates as "A am no led, I lead."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm |title=E São Paulo |work=Navios De Guerra Brasileiros |publisher=Brazilian Navy |accessdate=2009-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703230813/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm |archivedate=2008-07-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> A famous nickname for the ceety is "Sampa." São Paulo is kent for its unreliable wather, the size o its helicopter fleet, [[airchitectur]], gastronomy, an multitude o [[skyscraper]]s an aw.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6738905.stm São Paulo holds Gay Pride parade]," ''[[BBC]]''</ref> [[File:São Paulo City.jpg|thumb|right|São Paulo at nicht]] == Twin touns an sister ceeties == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Brazil}} <!--ONLY OFFICIAL SISTER CITIES ARE LISTED HERE. SEE http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml --> São Paulo is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 |title=International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities |publisher=Prefeitura.sp.gov.br |accessdate=April 17, 2010}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffef; float:left;" |- ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Americas</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Europe</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Asie</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Africae</span> |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Argentina}} |'''[[Buenos Aires]]''', Argentinae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|France}} |'''[[Paris]]''', Fraunce<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=March 17, 2010 |accessdate=August 4, 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718050920/http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Armenia}} |'''[[Yerevan]]''', Armenie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Angola}} |'''[[Luanda]]''', Angolae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} |'''[[La Paz]]''', Bolivie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Coimbra]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|China}} |'''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae<ref name="Beijing">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=June 23, 2009|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Mali}} |'''[[Bamako]]''', Mali |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Canada}} |'''[[Toronto]]''', Canadae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Italy}} |'''[[Milan]]''', Italy<ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=July 17, 2009|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} |'''[[Seoul]]''', Sooth Korea<ref name="Seoul">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|author=Seul Metropolitan Government|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities|access-date=2012-04-17|archive-date=2007-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|South Africa}} |'''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Mexico}} |'''[[Mexico Ceety]]''', México |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Funchal]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Israel}} |'''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel<ref name="Tel Aviv">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |title=Tel Aviv sister cities |accessdate=July 14, 2009 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=Hebrew |archive-date=2009-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214183503/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|United States}} |'''[[Chicago]]''', Unitit States |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Lisbon]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Jordan}} |'''[[Amman]]''', Jordan |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} |'''[[Asunción]]''', Paraguay |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Porto]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Syria}} |'''[[Damascus]]''', Sirie |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} |'''[[Montevideo]]''', Uruguay |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Romanie}} |'''[[Bucharest]]''', Romanie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} |'''[[Osaka]]''', Japan |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Peru}} |'''[[Lima]]''', Peru |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Romanie}} |'''[[Cluj-Napoca]]''', Romanie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|China}} |'''[[Ningbo]]''', Cheenae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Argentina}} |'''[[Mendoza, Argentinae|Mendoza]]''', Argentinae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Barcelona]]''', Spain<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades|publisher=2006–2009 [http://www.bcn.es/catala/copyright/welcome2.htm Ajuntament de Barcelona]|language=Catalan|accessdate=July 13, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Macau}} |'''[[Macau]]''' |- | | |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]''', Spain<ref name="Córdoba">{{cite web |url=http://www.netlegis.com.br/indexRJ.jsp?arquivo=%2FdetalhesNoticia.jsp&cod=41796 |title=Os contatos internacionais do município de Limeira: pautas para o intercâmbio e o desenvolvimento |publisher=Revista Jurídica Netlegis |accessdate=March 24, 2010 |language=portuguese |archive-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517032850/http://www.netlegis.com.br/indexRJ.jsp?arquivo=%2FdetalhesNoticia.jsp&cod=41796 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|India}} |'''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie |- | | |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Santiago de Compostela]]''', Spain |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} |'''[[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]]''', Japan<ref name="Naha">{{cite web |url=http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/special/benri/jiti2_1.htm |title=Naha Sister Cities |publisher=City.naha.okinawa.jp |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=2007-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509020028/http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/special/benri/jiti2_1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{-}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|São Paulo City}} {{Geographic location |Centre=São Paulo |North= [[Caieiras]], [[Guarulhos]] an [[Mairiporã]] |Northeast= |East= [[Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[Itaquaquecetuba]] an [[Poá]] |Sootheast= [[Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]], [[Mauá]], [[Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]], [[São Bernardo do Campo]] an [[São Caetano do Sul]] |Sooth= [[Itanhaém]] an [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] |Soothwast= |Wast= [[Cajamar]], [[Cotia]], [[Embu das Artes|Embu]], [[Embu-Guaçu]], [[Itapecerica da Serra]], [[Juquitiba]], [[Osasco]], [[Santana de Parnaíba]] an [[Taboão da Serra]] |Northwast= }} {{Municipalities o São Paulo}} [[Category:São Paulo (ceety)| ]] [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] [[Category:State caipitals in Brazil]] {{Stub/Brazil}} {{Stub/Ceity}} 3yfybusiu1iq4l4d0x2gwy8baykeq5w 0 13602 923097 833830 2026-09-23T12:11:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Human richts in the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]''' is a maiter o differ atween the Cheenae govrenment an ither kintras an [[Nane-govrenmental organisation|NGO]]s. Organisations sic as the ''[[Unitit States Depairtment o State|U.S. State Department]]'', ''[[Amnesty International]]'', an ''[[Human Rights Watch]]'' haes wytit the Cheenae govrenment for stintin the freedoms o [[freedom o speech|speech]], [[freedom o muivement|muivement]], an [[freedom o releegion|releegion]] o its ceetizens. The Cheenae govrenment argies for a braider defineetion o [[human richts]], tae include [[Economic, social an cultural richts|economic an social]] as weel as poleetical richts, aw in relation tae [[Cultural relativism|naitional cultur]] an the [[developin kintra|level o oncome]] o the kintra.<ref name="xinhuanet humanrights">{{Cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-12/12/content_3908887.htm |title=Human rights can be manifested differently |publisher=China Daily |date=12 December 2005 |access-date=2010-11-19 |archive-date=2007-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209093707/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-12/12/content_3908887.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> In this regaird, Cheenae says, human richts is bein bettert in Cheenae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/prhumanrights1996/index.htm |title=Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1996 |month=March | year=1997 }}</ref> Housomeiver, mony [[China human richts organisations|human richts organisations]] mainteens a leetany o plaints agin the Cheenae govrenment. Controversial human richts issues in Cheenae includes policies sic as [[caipital punishment]], the [[ae-bairn policy]], the social status o [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetans]], an want o protections regairdin freedom o the press an releegion. Ane o the foremaist auries o concern is a want o legal richts, for want o a [[Independence o the juidiciar|independent juidiciar]], [[rule o law]], an [[due process]]. Anither kenspeckle aurie o concern is want o labour richts that's is sib tae the [[Hukou seestem|''hukou'' seestem]], the want o independent [[labour union|unions]], an discreemination agin landwart wirkers an [[Ethnic minorities in Cheenae|ethnic minorities]]. Yet anither aurie o concern is the want o releegious freedom, hielichtit bi state clashes wi Christian, [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]], an [[Falun Gong]] groups. Some indeegenous groups is ettlin tae rax thir freedoms; they are ''[[Human Rights in China (organisation)|Human Rights in China]]'', ''[[Chinese Human Rights Defenders]]'' (CHRD) an ''[[China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group]]'' (CHRLCG). ==Legal seestem== The Cheenese govrenment recogneeses that there are problems wi the current legal seestem,<ref>{{Cite journal | author = "Belkin, Ira" | title = China's Criminal Justice System: A Work in Progress | journal = Washington Journal of Modern China | date = Fall, 2000 | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | url = http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Chinas_Criminal_Justice_System.pdf | format = PDF | access-date = 2010-11-19 | archive-date = 2011-10-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111019034145/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Chinas_Criminal_Justice_System.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> sic as: * A want o laws in general, no juist anes tae uphaud ceevil richts. * A want o [[due process]]. * Conflicts o law.<ref>{{Cite web |last = |first = |title = Varieties of Conflict of Laws in China |work = |publisher = |date = 25 November 2002 |url = http://www.humanrights.uio.no/forskning/publikasjoner/wp/2002/02/working_paper-Varietie.html |accessdate = 6 Feb. 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As juidges is appyntit bi the State an the juidiciar as a hale disna hae its ain budget,<ref>{{Cite web |last = Yardley |first = Jim |title = A young judge tests China's legal system |url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/28/news/judge.php |date = 28 November 2005 |accessdate = 23 Aug. 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051130032812/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/28/news/judge.php |archivedate = 2005-11-30 |url-status = live }}</ref> this haes led tae corruption an the abuiss o admeenistrative pouer. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Politeecal repression in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] [[Category:Human richts in Cheenae]] ikwn4bvelxx3la7ix1c2gx885ha6ogv 0 14028 923253 639736 2026-09-24T07:19:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.15em|Ürümqi}} | official_name = {{longitem|style=font-size:110%;|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-cn|乌鲁木齐市}}}} · {{lang|ug|ئۈرۈمچى شەھىرى}}}} | native_name = {{lang|ug|ئۈرۈمچى}}<br />{{lower|0.25em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|乌鲁木齐}}}}}} | settlement_type = [[Prefectur-level ceety]] | motto = | image_skyline = Ürümqi montage.png | imagesize = | image_caption = Frae tap: A panoramic view o Ürümqi's [[Central business destrict|CBD]], Reid Muntain ([[Hong Shan]]), Ürümqi Nicht Mercat, an a view o [[Tian Shan]] frae Ürümqi | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_map = China Xinjiang Ürümqi.svg | mapsize = | map_caption = Ürümqi (reid) in Xinjiang (orange) | city_logo = | citylogo_size = | pushpin_map = China Xinjiang | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location o the ceety centre in Xinjiang | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous region o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Xinjiang]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae#Coonty level|Coonty-level&nbsp;diveesions]] | subdivision_name3 = 8 | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = CPC Committee Secretary | leader_name = Zhu Hailun<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/05/content_12001223.htm | work=[[Xinhua]] | date=5 September 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | title=Urumqi party chief, Xinjiang police chief sacked}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | leader_title1 = Mayor | leader_name1 = [[Jerla Isamudin]] ({{lang|zh-hans|吉尔拉·衣沙木丁}} / {{lang|ug|جەرۇللاھ ھېسامىدىن}}) | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by area|ranked 29th]]) --> | area_total_km2 = 14577<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 =10245 | area_metro_km2 =5057 | population_as_of = 2010 census | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total =3112559 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro =2988715 | population_density_metro_km2 =auto | population_urban =3029372 | population_density_urban_km2 =auto | population_blank1_title = <!-- Mun. Density rank --> | population_blank1 = <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by population density|4th]]) --> | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2= | timezone = ''[[De jure]]:'' [[Cheenae Staundart Time|Cheenae Staundart]] ([[UTC+08:00|UTC+8]])<br>''[[De facto]]:'' [[Asie/Urumqi|Ürümqi Time]] ([[UTC+06:00|UTC+6]]) | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|43|49|30|N|87|36|00|E|region:CN-65|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = [[Postal code o Cheenae|Postal code]] | postal_code = 830000 | area_code = [[Telephone nummers in Cheenae|991]] | blank_name = [[License Plate (Cheenae)|License plate prefixes]] | blank_info = {{lang|zh-cn|新}}A | blank1_name = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (2008) | blank1_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 102 billion <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by gross domestic product|15th]]) --> | blank2_name = &nbsp;- per capita | blank2_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 43,211 <!-- ([[List of China administrative regions by GDP per capita|44th]]) --> | blank3_name = [[ISO 3166-2]] | blank3_info = CN-65-01 | blank4_name = | blank4_info = | website = {{URL|urumqi.gov.cn}} {{zh icon}} | footnotes = }} {{Chinese |t=烏魯木齊 |s=乌鲁木齐 |p=Wūlǔmùqí |w=Wu¹-lu³-mu⁴-ch'i² |j=wu¹lou⁵muk⁶cai⁴ |l=beautiful pasture <!-- in Mongol language. the Mandarin name is merely a transliteration and is thus meaningless. --> |mi={{IPAc-cmn|wu|1|l|u|3|m|u|4|q|i|2}} |order=st |uig=ئۈرۈمچى |uly=Ürümchi |uyy=Ürümqi |sgs=Ürümqi |usy=Үрүмчи |uipa={{IPA-ug|yrymˈtʃi|pron}} |mon=''Үлэмжийн Хот'' |mong=ᠦᠯᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ |j=wu¹lou⁵muk⁶cai⁴ |altname=Tihwa (Dihua) |c2=迪化 |p2=Dǐhuà |w2=Ti³-hua⁴ |mi2={{IPAc-cmn|d|i|3|h|ua|4}} |l2=Tae Enlichten |showflag=p }} '''Ürümqi''' or '''Ürümchi''' ({{ug|ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi}}; {{zh|s=乌鲁木齐|p=Wūlǔmùqí}}), formerly '''Dihua''' ({{zh|c=迪化|p=Dǐhuà}}, [[Wade-Giles]]: ''Tihwa''), is the caipital o [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] o the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], in the [[Northwastren Cheenae|northwast]] o the kintra. Wi an urban population o ower 2.5 million fowk, Ürümqi, whose name means "bonnie pasture" in the [[Mongolie leid]] o the [[Dzungar]] fowk,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/xinjiang/urumqi/valley.htm |title=Southern Pastures (West White Poplar Gully) |publisher=Travelchinaguide.com |date= |accessdate=19 February 2010}}</ref> is the lairgest ceety in Cheenae's wastren interior. Since the 1990s, Ürümqi haes developed economically an nou serves as a regional transport [[Leet o transport topics#Nodes|node]] an commercial centre. == Internaitional relations == {{Main|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Cheenae}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Ürümqi is [[toun twinnin|twinned]] wi: * [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|23px]] [[Osan]], [[Sooth Korea]] * [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|23px]] [[Orem, Utah|Orem]], [[Unitit States]] * [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|23px]] [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]] * [[File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|23px]] [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] * [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|23px]] [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] * [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|23px]] [[Chelyabinsk]], Roushie == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Urumqi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Urumqi}} [[Category:Ürümqi| ]] [[Category:Populatit places alang the Silk Road]] [[Category:Ceeties in Central Asie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Xinjiang]] [[Category:Prefectur-level diveesions o Xinjiang]] [[Category:Provincial caipitals in Cheenae]] {{Stub/Cheenae}} {{Stub/Ceity}} cqam6le0n91pyq75gkf0pxp2adfiqxg 0 14251 923165 922553 2026-09-23T20:22:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Narathiwat | native_name = นราธิวาส | native_name_lang = th | settlement_type = Province | translit_lang1 = Ither | translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|منارا}}}} {{font|size=70%|([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]])}} | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Malay language|Jawi]] | translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|ms| Menara}} {{font|size=70%|([[Malay alphabet|Rumi]])}} | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Malay language|Rumi]] | translit_lang1_info3 = {{Lang|zh-hant| 陶公府}} {{font|size=70%|([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]])}} | translit_lang1_type3 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = พระพุทธทักษิณมิ่งมงคล วัดเขากง - panoramio.jpg | image2 = ชุมชนต่อเรือกอและริมน้ำบางนรา (นราธิวาส).jpg | image3 = Narabeach.jpg }} | image_size = 200px | image_caption = Frae tap: Phra Buddha Thaksin Ming Mongkol o {{ill|Wat Khao Kong|th|วัดเขากง|lt=Wat Khao Kong}}; The eponymous {{ill|Bang Nara River|th|แม่น้ำบางนรา|lt=Bang Nara River}}; Narathat Beach | nickname = Bang Nara | mottoes = ทักษิณราชตำหนัก ชนรักศาสนา นราทัศน์เพลินตา ปาโจตรึงใจ แหล่งใหญ่แร่ทอง ลองกองหอมหวาน <br> ("Thaksin Ratchaniwet Palace, Religious people, Pleasant Narathat (Beach), Fascinating Pacho (Waterfall), Great source of gold and mineral, Fragrant and sweet longan") | image_seal = Seal of Narathiwat province (colored version, as the provincial administration used).svg | image_flag = Flag of Narathiwat.svg | image_map = Thailand Narathiwat locator map.svg | mapsize = frameless | map_caption = Map o Thailand heichlichtin Narathiwat province | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = Thailand | seat_type = Caipital | seat = Narathiwat | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Trakul Totham | leader_title1 = PAO President | area_footnotes = <ref name="AREA">{{cite web |url=https://www.forest.go.th |title=Table 2 Forest area Separate province year 2019 |publisher=Royal Forest Department |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 4,491 | area_rank = [[Provinces of Thailand|48th]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="DOPA2024">{{cite web |url=https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statMenu/newStat/home.php |publisher=Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA) |title=Official statistics registration systems |access-date=10 February 2025 |quote=, year 2024, provincial level, Excel File, no.96 |archive-date=2025-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623084846/https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statMenu/newStat/home.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_total = {{decrease}}823,996 | population_as_of = 2024 | population_rank = [[Provinces of Thailand|29th]] | population_density_km2 = 183 | population_density_rank = [[Provinces of Thailand|16th]] | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NESDB-2017">{{cite journal|title=''Gross Regional and Provincial Product, 2019 Edition''|journal=Gross Regional and Provincial Product|date=July 2019|url=https://www.nesdc.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=5628&filename=gross_regional|access-date=22 January 2020|publisher=Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC)|language=en|issn=1686-0799|archive-date=2023-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125111311/https://www.nesdc.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=5628&filename=gross_regional|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Total | demographics2_info1 = [[baht]] 43 billion<br />([[US$]]1.4 billion) (2019) | demographics_type1 = Human Achievement Index | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="HAI 2565">{{cite web |url=https://www.nesdc.go.th/main.php?filename=Social_HAI |department=Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) |title=ข้อมูลสถิติดัชนีความก้าวหน้าของคน ปี 2565 (PDF) |language=thai |trans-title=Human Achievement Index Databook year 2022 (PDF) |access-date=12 March 2024 |quote=, page 38 |archive-date=2025-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715002518/https://www.nesdc.go.th/main.php?filename=Social_HAI |url-status=dead }}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = HAI (2022) | demographics1_info1 = 0.6233&nbsp;"low"<br />[[#Human achievement index 2022|Ranked 64th]] | timezone1 = ICT | utc_offset1 = +7 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Thailand|Postal code]] | postal_code = 96xxx | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Thailand|Calling code]] | area_code = 073 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:TH|TH-96]] | website = {{URL|narathiwat.go.th}} }} {{Infobox settlement | name = Narathiwat Provincial Administrative Organization | native_name = องค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดนราธิวาส | native_name_lang = th | settlement_type = [[Provincial Administrative Organization]] | image_seal = Seal of Narathiwat Provincial Administrative Organization.png | government_type = [[Administrative divisions of Thailand#Local administrative divisions|Local administrative divisions]] | governing_body = Narathiwat Provincial Administrative Organization | leader_title = President | leader_name = Kuseng Yawhasan | website = {{URL|narathiwatpao.go.th}} }} '''Narathiwat''' ({{lang-th|นราธิวาส}}) is ane o the southern [[Provinces o Thailand|provinces]] (''changwat'') o [[Thailand]]. Neighborin provinces are (frae wast clockwise) [[Yala Province|Yala]] an [[Pattani Province|Pattani]]. Tae the sooth it borders the [[Malaysie|Malaysian]] state o [[Kelantan]]. The soothren railway line ends in this province that is ane o the naition’s five provinces that borders Malaysie <ref name="Tourism">Tourism Authority of Thailand. (2006). ''Narathiwat''. Retrieved February 4, 2007, from https://web.archive.org/web/20061230163221/http://www.tourismthailand.org/destinationguide/list.aspx?provinceid=76&typeid=7</ref>. The name o this province means “the residence o guid fowk” <ref name="Tourism"/>. These are some pairts o Narathiwat, a fertile province in the Sooth. It is ane o the maist fascinatin an mixed places in Thailand acause o the different culturs an multiple natural resources. Narathiwat is locatit some 1,140 kilometers sooth o [[Bangkok]] an occupies an aurie o 4,475 square kilometers. Seiventie five percent o the aurie is jungles an muntains. It is a tropical climate, an there are ae 2 saisons which are simmer an rainy. ==References== {{reflist}}{{Stub/ThailandGeo}}{{Commonscat|Narathiwat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Narathiwat Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Thailand]] [[Category:Gulf o Thailand]] l0t99crhn22vlv4623bgxygn1vzj79o 0 14645 923249 911803 2026-09-24T07:00:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Yerevan |native_name= Երևան |native_name_lang = hy |settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline = Երեւան.JPG |image_caption= Yerevan skyline wi [[Munt Ararat]] in the backgrund |imagesize = 350px |image_flag = Flag of Yerevan.svg |image_seal = Coat of arms of Yerevan.svg |mapsize = 150px |pushpin_map = Armenia |map_caption = Location o Yerevan in Armenie |subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |established_title = Established |established_date = 782 BC |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Karen Karapetyan]] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 300 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2009 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1,119,000 |population_metro = |population_density_km2 = 4896 |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT+4]] |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |area_code = +374 10 |coordinates = {{coord|40|11|N|44|31|E|region:AM|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 989.4 |website = [http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page_id=1&lang=3 www.yerevan.am] |footnotes = Sources: Yerevan city area <ref name="Armstat RA capital">Armstat [http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/81.pdf Yerevan]</ref> Sources: City population <ref name="Armstat">{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf |title=Armenia's Population}}</ref> }} [[File:2014 Erywań, Erebuni, Widok z twierdzy Erebuni (11).jpg|thumb|Erebuni]] [[File:Վարդավառի լիճ, 2015, ArmAg (5).JPG|thumb|Erebuni]] [[File:Erebuni Fortress, Yerevan, Armenia 01.jpg|thumb|Erebuni]] [[File:Erebuni district admin2.jpg|thumb|Erebuni]] [[File:Erebuni district, East_of_Yerevan, June_2016.jpg|thumb|Erebuni]] [[File:2014 Erywań, Kwietnik na Placu Dawida Sasuńskiego (01).jpg|thumb|Erebuni]] '''Yerevan''' ({{lang-hy|[[wikt:Երևան|Երևան]] or [[wikt:Երեւան|Երեւան]]}}, {{IPA-hy|jɛɾɛˈvɑn}}) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an lairgest ceety o [[Armenie]] an ane o the warld's [[Leet o ceeties bi time o continuous habitation|auldest continuously-inhabitit ceeties]]. Situatit alang the [[Hrazdan River]], Yerevan is the admeenistrative, cultural, an industrial centre o the kintra. It haes been the caipital syne 1918, the thirteent in the [[history o Armenie]]. The history o Yerevan dates back tae the 8t century BC, wi the foondin o the fortress o [[Erebuni Fortress|Erebuni]] in 782 BC bi king [[Argishti I]] at the wastren extreme o the [[Ararat plain]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Katsenelinboĭgen |first=Aron |title=The Soviet Union: Empire, Nation and Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionempir0000kats |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1990 |location=New Brunswick |page=[https://archive.org/details/sovietunionempir0000kats/page/143 143] |isbn=0887383327}} </ref> Efter [[Warld War I]], Yerevan became the caipital o the [[Democratic Republic o Armenie]] as thoosans o [[Armenian Genocide survivors|survivors]] o the [[Armenie Genocide]] settled in the aurie. The ceety expandit rapidly durin the 20t century as Armenie became ane o the [[Republics o the Soviet Union|fifteen republics]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. In fiftie years, Yerevan wis transformed frae a toun o a few thoosan residents athin the [[Roushie Empire]], tae Armenie's principal cultural, airtistic, an industrial center, as well as becomin the seat o naitional govrenment. Wi the growthe o the [[Economy o Armenie|economy o the kintra]], Yerevan haes been unnergoin major transformation as mony pairts o the ceety hae been the recipient o new construction syne the early 2000s, an retail ootlets sic as restaurants, shops an street cafes, which wur rare durin Soviet times, hae multiplied. In 2009, the population o Yerevan wis estimatit tae be 1,119,000 fowk wi the [[agglomeration]] aroond the ceety regroupin 1,245,700 fowk (2007 offeecial estimate),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=mayor&lang=eng |title=Population of each district in Yerevan according to the city's official website |publisher=Yerevan.am |date= |accessdate=2010-07-02 |archive-date=2009-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113190256/http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=mayor&lang=eng |url-status=dead }}</ref> mair nor a third o aw the population o Armenie. ==Sports== The maist played an popular sport in Yerevan is [[fitbaa]]. Yerevan haes mony [[:Category:Armenian fitbaa clubs|fitbaa clubs]] wi five in the [[2010 Armenian Premier League|2010 saison]] o the Armenian Premier League. {| style="margin:0 0 0 1em; background:#fff; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:95%;" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" |- style="background:#efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" ! Club !! Stadium |- |[[FC Banants]] || [[Banants Stadium]]</tr> |[[Kilikia FC]] || [[Hrazdan Stadium]]</tr> |[[Mika FC]] || [[Mika Stadium]]</tr> |[[Pyunik FC]] || [[Hanrapetakan Stadium|Republican Stadium]]</tr> |[[Ulisses FC]] || [[Hrazdan Stadium]]</tr> |} Yerevan haes fower major stadiums which are [[Banants Stadium]], [[Mika Stadium]], [[Hanrapetakan Stadium|Republican Stadium]] an [[Hrazdan Stadium]], alang wi twa sma anes; [[Nairi Stadium]] an Erebuni Stadium. Hrazdan is the main an biggest stadium which an aa hooses a sports complex that is componed o [[boxin]] an [[karate]] trainin facilities, soummin puil, [[basketbaw]] arena an tennis courts. The biggest indoor arena o the ceety an the whole kintra is the [[Karen Demirchyan Complex|Karen Demirchyan Sports an Concerts Complex]], which is maistly uised for [[Figure Skatin]] shows an concerts. Armenie haes aye excelled in chess wi its players bein vera aften amang the heichest ranked an decoratit. The heidquarters o the Armenian Chess Federation is locatit in the [[Kentron (destrict)|Kentron]] (central destrict) in Yerevan an thare exists plenty o chess clubs in the ceety. In 1996, despite a severe [[economic crisis]], Yerevan hostit the [[32nt Chess Olympiad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/1996/1996in.html|title=32nd Chess Olympiad: Yerevan 1996|accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref> In 2006, the fower members frae Yerevan o the Armenie chess team wan the [[37t Chess Olympiad]] in [[Turin]] an repeatit the feat at the [[38t Chess Olympiad]] in [[Dresden]]. The Yerevan-born leader o this team, [[Levon Aronian]], is currently ane o the warld's tap chess players an is nummer sax on the Aprile 2008 [[FIDE]] rankins. ==Internaitional relations== {{Main|Leet_o_twin_touns_an_sister_ceeties_in_Asie#Armenie|l1=List o twin touns an sister ceeties in Armenie}} Yerevan is member o 6 internaitional organisations: the "International Assembly of CIS Countries' Capitals an Big Cities" (MAG), the "Black Sea Capitals' Association" (BSCA), the "International Association of Francophone Mayors"<ref>{{cite web| title = AIMF: Liste des membres| url = http://www.aimf.asso.fr/default.asp?id=40| access-date = 2010-12-27| archive-date = 2010-10-26| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101026092436/http://www.aimf.asso.fr/default.asp?id=40| url-status = dead}}</ref> (AIMF), the "Organization of World Heritage Cities" (OWHC), the "International Association of Large-scale Communities" an the "International Urban Community Lighting Association" (LUCI). ===Twin touns — sister ceeties=== Currently, Yerevan haes thirty [[twin touns an sister ceeties|seester an pairtner ceeties]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|title=Yerevan expanding its international relations|language=Armenian|publisher=© 2005-2009 [http://www.yerevan.am www.yerevan.am]|accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref> {| border="1" cellpadding="2" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#fff; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;" |- ! style="width:150px; background:#f9f9f9;"|Ceety ! style="width:150px; background:#f9f9f9;"|Kintra ! style="width:150px; background:#f9f9f9;"|Year |- |'''[[Carrara]]''' |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] |Syne 1965 |- |'''[[Podgorica]]''' |{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] |Syne 1974 |- |'''[[Antananarivo]]''' |{{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Madagascar]] |Syne 1981 |- |'''[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]]''' |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Unitit States]] |Syne 1987<ref name="dept">[http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities,"] 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.</ref><ref name="thompson">Richard Thompson. [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities',"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full |date=2016-03-03 }} ''Boston Globe'', 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.</ref> |- |'''[[Marseille]]''' |{{flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]] |Syne 1992 |- |'''[[Athens]]''' |{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]] |Syne 1993 |- |'''[[Lyon]]''' |{{flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]] |Syne 1993<ref name="Lyon">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |'''[[Stavropol]]''' |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]] |Syne 1994 |- |'''[[Isfahan]]''' |{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]] |Syne 1995 |- |'''[[Kiev]]''' |{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] |Syne 1995 |- |'''[[Moscow]]''' |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]] |Syne 1995 |- |'''[[Odessa]]''' |{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] |Syne 1995 |- |'''[[Florence]]''' |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] |Syne 1996 |- |'''[[Tbilisi]]''' |{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] |Syne 1996 |- |'''[[Beirut]]''' |{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon]] |Syne 1997 |- |'''[[Damascus]]''' |{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Sirie]] |Syne 1997 |- |'''[[Saunt Petersburg]]''' |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]] |Syne 1997 |- |'''[[Paris]]''' |{{flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]] |Syne 1998 |- |'''[[Montreal]]''' |{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadae]] |Syne 1998 |- |'''[[Volgograd]]''' |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]] |Syne 1998 |- |'''[[Bratislava]]''' |{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakie]] |Syne 2001<ref name="Bratislava">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City - Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> |- |'''[[Minsk]]''' |{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belaroushie]] |Syne 2002 |- |'''[[São Paulo]]''' |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] |Syne 2002<ref name="São Paulo">[http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |date=2008-12-24 }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">{{cite web|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 |title=International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities |publisher=Prefeitura.sp.gov.br |date= |accessdate=2010-07-02}}</ref> |- |'''[[Chişinău]]''' |{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldovae]] |Syne 2005 |- |'''[[Rostov-on-Don]]''' |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]] |Syne 2005 |- |'''[[Rio de Janeiro]]''' |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] |Syne 2007 |- |'''[[Los Angeles]]''' |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Unitit States]] |Syne 2007 |- |'''[[Nice]]''' |{{flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]] |Syne 2007<ref>{{cite web| title = Yerevan official web: Sister cities: Nice| url = http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=229&lang=3| access-date = 2010-12-27| archive-date = 2013-10-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131006013347/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=229&lang=3| url-status = dead}}</ref> |- |'''[[Delhi]]''' |{{flagicon|India}} [[Indie]] |Syne 2008 |- |'''[[Sofia]]''' |{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarie]] |Syne 2008 |- |'''[[Shanghai]]''' |{{flagicon|China}} [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |Syne 2009 |- |'''[[Beijing]]''' |{{flagicon|China}} [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |Syne 2011 |- |'''[[Venice]]''' |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] |Syne 2011 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{City of Yerevan}} {{Administrative divisions of Armenia}} {{Cities and towns in Armenia}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Yerevan| ]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Armenie]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Provinces o Armenie]] [[Category:780s BC establishments]] pz7i5ejeaap5qbmferzq7rakq66dc0f 0 15311 923202 912684 2026-09-24T00:42:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Itheruises}} {{Infobox settlement |name = San Francisco |official_name = Ceety an Coonty o San Francisco |nickname = The Ceety bi the Bay<br />Fog Ceety<br />Frisco (''[[wiktionary:deprecated|deprecated]]'')<ref name="Don't Call It Frisco">{{cite news |title = Dinnae Caw It Frisco |url = http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/history/hgoe82.htm |accessdate = July 11, 2011 |newspaper = San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Chronicle |date = April 3, 1918 |page = 6 |archive-date = 2009-04-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090406202114/http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/history/hgoe82.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>Although many residents still maintain that the nickname "Frisco" is taboo, many residents, especially younger and working-class natives, have kept the term alive and well. In any case, this is a matter of ongoing debate that reflects certain cultural divisions within The City. {{cite news | last = Sullivan | first = James | title = Frisco, that once-verboten term for the city by the bay, is making a comeback among the young and hip. Herb Caen is spinning at warp speed. | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/14/DD67721.DTL | work = San Francisco Chronicle | page = D-1 | date = October 14, 2003 | accessdate = June 12, 2008 | archive-date = 2012-04-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120415042247/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/14/DD67721.DTL | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>Some tourists refer to San Francisco as "Frisco." However, locals discourage this. Samuel D. Cohen writes that many credit "Friscophobia" to newspaper columnist [[Herb Caen]], whose first book, published in 1953, was "Don't Call it Frisco" after a 1918 newspaper article of the same name. Caen was considered by many to be the recognized authority on what was, and what was not, beneath the city's dignity, and to him, Frisco was intolerable. {{cite web | last = Cohen | first = Sam | title = Locals know best: only tourists call it 'Frisco' | work = Golden Gater Online | publisher = San Francisco State University | date = September 11, 1997 | url = http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/gater/fall97/sept11/Frisco.html | accessdate = July 13, 2008 | archive-date = 1997-11-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19971123191158/http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/gater/fall97/sept11/Frisco.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />The City that Knows How (''antiquated'')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=2000141201 | title = PPIE: The City That Knows How | accessdate =June 14, 2008 | work = Amusing America | publisher = San Francisco Public Library | date = March 29, 2005 }}</ref><br />Baghdad by the Bay (''antiquated'')<ref>{{cite book | last = Caen | first = Herb | authorlink = Herb Caen | title = Baghdad-by-the-Bay | url = https://archive.org/details/baghdadbybay00caen | publisher = Doubleday | year = 1949 | location = Garden City, New York | id = LC F869.S3 C12 | isbn = 978-0-89174-047-6 | oclc = 31060237 }}</ref><br />The Paris o the Wast<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jHvTZ1RL4I | title = 1939 San Francisco in Color!!! | accessdate =June 5, 2009 | work = UnknownWW2InColor | publisher = UnknownWW2InColor (Ramano-Archives) | year = 1939 | title = The City }}</ref> | settlement_type = [[Consolidatit ceety-coonty|Ceety an coonty]] | motto = ''Oro en Paz, Fierro en Guerra''<br />(Spanish for "Gowd in Peace, Iron in War") | image_skyline = SF From Marin Highlands3.jpg | imagesize = 280px | image_caption = San Francisco frae the Marin Heidlands, with the Gowden Gate Brig in the foregroond | image_flag = Flag of San Francisco, California.svg | flag_size = 100px | image_seal = | seal_size = 100px | image_map = California county map (San Francisco County enlarged).svg | mapsize = 200px | map_caption = Location o San Francisco | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Unitit States <!-- Location ------------------> | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. State|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Californie]] <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_type = [[Mayor-cooncil govrenment]] | leader_title = [[Mayor o San Francisco]] | leader_name = [[Edwin M. Lee]] | leader_title1 = [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]] | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list | title = Supervisors | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = [[Eric Mar]] | 2 = [[Mark Farrell (politeecian)|Mark Farrell]] | 3 = [[David Chiu (politeecian)|David Chiu]] | 4 = [[Carmen Chu]] | 5 = [[Christina Olague]] | 6 = [[Jane Kim]] | 7 = [[Sean Elsbernd]] | 8 = [[Scott Wiener]] | 9 = [[David Campos]] | 10 = [[Malia Cohen]] | 11 = [[John Avalos]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Californie State Assembly]] | leader_name2 = [[Fiona Ma]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])<br />[[Tom Ammiano]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) | leader_title3 = [[Californie State Senate]] | leader_name3 = [[Mark Leno]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])<br />[[Leland Yee]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) | leader_title4 = [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives]] | leader_name4 = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])<br />[[Jackie Speier]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) | established_title = Founded | established_date = 29 Juin 1776 | established_title1 = [[Municipal incorporation|Incorporatit]] | established_date1 = 15 Aprile 1850<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www6.sfgov.org/index.aspx?page=4 | title = San Francisco: Government | publisher = SFGov.org | accessdate = March 8, 2012 | quote = San Francisco was incorporated as a City on April 15th, 1850 by act of the Legislature. | archive-date = 2012-03-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120316222315/http://www6.sfgov.org/index.aspx?page=4 | url-status = dead }}</ref> | founder = Lieutenant [[José Joaquin Moraga]] an [[Francisco Palóu]] | named_for = [[St. Francis o Assisi]] <!-- Area------------------> |area_magnitude = | unit_pref = US | area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2010-GCT-PH1">{{cite web | title = GCT-PH1 – Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County – Census Tract | url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_GCTPH1.CY07 | work = [[2010 Unitit States Census]] Summary File 1 | publisher = United States Census Bureau | accessdate =July 11, 2011}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 231.89 | area_land_sq_mi = 46.87 | area_water_sq_mi = 185.02 | area_water_percent = 79.79 | area_note = | area_metro_sq_mi = 3524.4 <!-- Elevation -------------------------> | elevation_ft = 52 | elevation_max_ft = 925 | elevation_min_ft = 0 <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2010-GCT-PH1"/><ref name="Census 2010-GCT-PL2">{{cite web | title = GCT-PL2 – Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – United States – Combined Statistical Area with Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Components; and for Puerto Rico | url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US40PR | publisher = United States Census Bureau | work = [[2010 Unitit States Census]] Summary File 1 | accessdate =July 11, 2011 }}</ref> | population_total = 805235 | population_density_sq_mi = 17179.2 | population = [[Combined statistical aurie|CSA]]: 7563460 | population_metro = 4335391 | population_urban = 3273190 | population_demonym = San Franciscan <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Paceefic Time Zone|Pacific Staundart Time]] | utc_offset = -8 | timezone_DST = [[Paceefic Time Zone|Paceefic Daylicht Time]] | utc_offset_DST = -7 | coordinates = {{coord|37|46|45.48|N|122|25|9.12|W|region:US-CA|display=inline,title}} | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]] | postal_code = 94101–94112, 94114–94147, 94150–94170, 94172, 94175, 94177 | area_code = [[Aurie code 415|415]] | website = [http://www.sfgov.org/ www.sfgov.org] | footnotes = }} '''San Francisco''', offeecially the '''Ceety an Coonty o San Francisco''', is the fowert maist populous ceety in [[Californie]] an the [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|12t maist populous ceety]] in the [[Unitit States]], wi a 2009 estimatit population o 815,358.<ref name="SF2009pop">{{cite web | url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0667000&_geoContext=01000US&_street=&_county=san+francisco&_cityTown=san+francisco&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= | publisher = US Census Bureau | accessdate = September 15, 2010 | title = San Francisco city, Population Finder | archive-date = 2011-01-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110103041852/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0667000&_geoContext=01000US&_street=&_county=san+francisco&_cityTown=san+francisco&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= | url-status = dead }}</ref> The anerlie [[Consolidatit ceety–coonty|consolidated ceety-coonty]] in Californie,<ref name="CityCounty">{{cite web |url = http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=262 |title = Board of Supervisors – Does San Francisco have a City Council? |accessdate = June 16, 2008 |work = SFGov SF311 |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5rVT9031H?url=http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=262 |archivedate = 2010-07-26 |deadurl = no |url-status = dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=262 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-06-17 |archive-date=2010-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129121724/http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=262 |url-status=dead }}</ref> it encompasses a land aurie o 46.7 square miles (121 km2)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/06075.html | publisher = US Census Bureau | accessdate = November 26, 2009 | title = San Francisco County, California QuickFacts | archive-date = 2011-07-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713075807/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/06075.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> on the northren end o the [[San Francisco Peninsula]], givin it a density o 17,323 fowk/mi² (6,688.4 fowk/km²). It is the maist densely settled lairge ceety (population greater than 200,000) in the state o Californie an the [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population density|seicont-maist densely populatit]] lairge ceety in the [[Unitit States]].<ref name="SF_Population_Density">After New York City, only for cities with greater than 200,000 population. Otherwise it is not 2nd.{{cite web | title = 2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density | url = http://www.demographia.com/db-2000city50kdens.htm | publisher=Demographia | accessdate =August 23, 2007}}</ref> San Francisco is the financial, cultural, an transportation centre o the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], a region o mair nor 7.4 million fowk which includes [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]] an [[Oakland]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2008/CBSA-EST2008-02.xls | publisher = US Census Bureau | accessdate = June 30, 2008 | title = Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 }}</ref> In 1776, the [[Spaingie colonization o the Americas|Spaingie]] establisht [[Presidio o San Francisco|a fort]] at the [[Golden Gate]] an [[Mission San Francisco de Asís|a mission]] namit for [[Francis o Assisi]] on the steid.<ref name="DeAnza-Moraga-Palou">{{cite web | author = Edward F. O'Day | title = The Founding of San Francisco | date = October 1926 | url = http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/founding.html | accessdate = February 14, 2009 | publisher = Spring Valley Water Authority | work = San Francisco Water }}</ref> The [[Californie Gowd Rush]] in 1848 propelled the ceety intae a period o rapid growthe, increasin the population very much, an sicweys transformin it intae the lairgest ceety on the [[Wast Coast o the Unitit States|Wast Coast]] at the time. Efter three-quarters o the ceety wis destroyed bi the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 earthquake an fire]],<ref name="Montagne">{{cite news | last = Montagne | first = Renée | title = Remembering the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake | work=People & Places | publisher=National Public Radio | date = April 11, 2006 | url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5334411 | accessdate =June 13, 2008 }}</ref> San Francisco wis quickly rebuilt, hostin the [[Panama-Paceefic Internaitional Exposition (1915)|Panama-Paceefic Internaitional Exposition]] nine years later. Durin [[Warld War II]], San Francisco wis the port o embarkation for service members shippin oot tae the [[Paceefic Ocean theater o Warld War II|Paceefic Theater]].<ref name="WWII">{{cite web | title = Port of Embarkation Essay—World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area | work = A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary: | publisher = US Department of the Interior | date = August 28, 2007 | url = http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/embarkation.htm | accessdate = June 22, 2011 | archive-date = 2011-06-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624074834/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/embarkation.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Efter the war, the confluence o returnin servicemen, massive immigration, leeberalizin attitudes, an ither factors led tae the [[Simmer o Love]] an the [[LGBT richts muivment|gay richts movement]], cementin San Francisco as a centre o [[Modren leeberalism in the Unitit States|leeberal activism in the Unitit States]]. The day, San Francisco is a popular internaitional tourist destination,<ref>[http://www.hotel-price-index.com/2013/fall/american-travel-habits/top-locations-for-americans.html Top U.S. Destinations for International Visitors]. The Hotel Price Index. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.</ref> renouned for its chilly simmer fog, steep rollin hills, eclectic mix o [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] an modren [[San Francisco architecture|architecture]] an its famous laundmerks, includin the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], [[San Francisco cable caur seestem|cable caurs]], an [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]]. The ceety is an aa a principal bankin an finance center, an the hame tae mair nor 30 internaitional financial institutions,<ref name="CityData.com">{{cite web | title = San Francisco: Economy | work=City-Data.com | publisher=Advameg Inc | url = http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/San-Francisco-Economy.html | accessdate =June 15, 2008 }}</ref> helpin tae mak San Francisco aichteent place in the warld's [[leet o ceeties bi GDP|top producin ceeties]], nint in the Unitit States, an [[Global Financial Centres Index|fifteent place]] in the tap twintie Global Financial Centers. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|San Francisco, California}} [[Category:San Francisco| ]] [[Category:Californie coonties]] [[Category:Consolidatit ceety-coonties in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Coonty seats in Californie]] [[Category:Hudson's Bay Company tredin posts]] [[Category:Port dounsets in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Californie]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1776]] [[Category:Incorporatit ceeties an touns in Californie]] 075kbwv65nklsflb1xutkjvqnshfire 0 15734 923200 918090 2026-09-24T00:22:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Saddam Hussein |native_name = صدام حسين |image = |office = 5t [[Preses o Iraq]] |term_start = 16 Julie 1979 |term_end = 9 Januari 2005 |primeminister = {{Collapsible list |title= |[[Sa'dun Hammadi]] |[[Mohammed Amza Zubeidi]] |[[Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai]]}} |predecessor = [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] |successor = [[Coalition Proveesional Authority]]* |office1 = Chairman o the [[Iraqi Revolutionary Command Cooncil|Revolutionary Command Cooncil]] |term_start1 = 16 Julie 1979 |term_end1 = 9 Januari 2005 |predecessor1 = [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] |successor1 = Post abolished |office2 = Secretary General o the [[Ba'ath Pairty (Iraqi-led faction)#Organisation|Naitional Command]] o the [[Ba'ath Pairty (Iraqi-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty]] |term_start2 = 23 Juin 1989 |term_end2 = 13 December 2005 (''[[de facto]]'', 30 December 2006, ''[[de jure]]'') |predecessor2 = [[Michel Aflaq]] |successor2 = Vacant |office3 = Secretary o the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty – Iraq Region|Iraqi Regional Command]] o the [[Ba'ath Pairty (Iraqi-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty]] | 1blankname3 = National&nbsp;Secretary | 1namedata3 = [[Michel Aflaq]] (till 1989)<br>Hissel |term_start3 = 16 Julie 1979 |term_end3 = 13 December 2005 (''[[de facto]]'', 30 December 2006, ''[[de jure]]'') |predecessor3 = [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] |successor3 = [[Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri]] |office4 = [[Prime Meenister o Iraq]] |term_start4 = 29 Mey 1994 |term_end4 = 9 Januari 2005 |predecessor4 = [[Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai]] |successor4 = [[Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum]]** |term_start5 = 16 Julie 1979 |term_end5 = 23 Mairch 1991 |predecessor5 = [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] |successor5 = [[Sa'dun Hammadi]] |office6 = Deputy Secretary o the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty – Iraq Region|Iraqi Regional Command]] o the [[Ba'ath Pairty (Iraqi-led faction)|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty]] |term_start6 = 1966 |term_end6 = 16 Julie 1979 |predecessor6 = Unkent |successor6 = [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]] |birth_name = Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti |birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|4|28|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Al-Awja]], [[Kinrick o Iraq|Iraq]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|12|30|1937|4|28|df=y}} |death_place = [[Kadhimiya]], Iraq |nationality = {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} Iraqi |party = [[Ba'ath Pairty|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty]] (1957–1966)<br>[[Ba'ath Pairty (Iraqi-led faction)|Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party]] (1966–2006) ([[Naitional Progressive Front (Iraq)|NPF]]) |spouse = [[Sajida Talfah]]<br>[[Samira Shahbandar]] |children = [[Uday Hussein]]<br>[[Qusay Hussein]]<br>[[Raghad Hussein]]<br>[[Rana Hussein]]<br>[[Hala Hussein]] |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |footnotes = *As admeenistrator o the [[Coalition Proveesional Authority]] o Iraq.<br>**As Actin Preses o the [[Iraqi Govrenin Cooncil|Govrening Cooncil o Iraq]]. }} '''Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti''' ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|صدام حسين التكريتي}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī}}'' <!-- --><ref name="ref1">''[[Saddam (name)|Saddam]]'', pronoonced {{IPA-ar|sˤɑdˈdæːm|}}, is his personal name, an means ''the stubborn ane'' or ''he who confronts'' in Arabic (in Iraq an aa a term for a caur's bumper). ''Hussein'' (Sometimes also transliterated as '''''Hussayn''''' or '''''Hussain''''') is no a surname in the Wastren sense but a [[patronymic]], his faither's given personal name; ''Abid al-Majid'' his grandfaither's; ''al-Tikriti'' means he wis born an raised in (or near) [[Tikrit]]. He wis commonly referred tae as ''Saddam Hussein'', or ''Saddam'' for short. The observation that referrin tae the deposed Iraqi preses as anerlie ''Saddam'' is derogatory or inappropriate mey be based on the assumption that Hussein is a family name: thus, the ''[[New York Times]]'' refers tae him as "Mr. Hussein"[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/02/international/middleeast/02IRAQ.html?8br], while [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] uses just ''Saddam'' [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=42559]. A full discussion can be foond [https://web.archive.org/web/20030405221951/http://www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/words/saddam_hussein.html] (Blair Shewchuk, [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News Online]]).</ref><!-- -->; [[28 Aprile]] 1937<ref name="ref2">Unner his govrenment, this date wis his offeecial date o birth. His real date o birth wis niver recordit, but it is believed tae be a date atween 1935 an 1939. From Con Coughlin, ''Saddam The Secret Life'' Pan Books, 2003 (ISBN 0-330-39310-3).</ref> – [[30 December]] 2006)<ref>[[Caipital punishment in Iraq|executit]] bi [[hangin]] efter being convictit of [[Creeme against humanity|creemes against humanity]] follaein [[trial o Saddam Hussein|his trial an conviction]]</ref> wis the fift [[Preses o Iraq|Preses]] o [[Iraq]] frae 16 Julie 1979 till 9 Januari 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aasaddambio.htm |title=Official State Biography of Saddam Hussein<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-02-13 |archive-date=2017-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106133452/http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aasaddambio.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/baghdad_04-09-03.html |title=Online NewsHour Update: Coalition Says Iraqi Regime Has Lost Control of Baghdad - 9 April 2003<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-02-13 |archive-date=2010-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201163438/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/baghdad_04-09-03.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A leadin member o the revolutionary [[Ba'ath Pairty]], an later, the [[Ba'ath Pairty (Iraqi-led faction)|Baghdad-based Ba'ath Pairty]] an its regional organisation [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Pairty – Iraq Region]], which espoused a mix o [[Arab naitionalism]] an [[Arab socialism]], Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brocht the pairty tae lang-term pouer. As vice preses unner the ailin General [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]], an at a time when mony groups wur considered capable o owerthrowin the govrenment, Saddam creatit security forces throu which he tichtly controlled conflict atween the govrenment an the airmed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam spearheidit Iraq's naitionalization o the Wastren-awned [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], which haed lang held a monopoly on the kintra's ile. Throu the 1970s, Saddam cementit his authority ower the apparatuses o govrenment as Iraq's economy grew at a rapid pace.<ref>See PBS Frontline (2003), "The survival of Saddam: secrets of his life and leadership: interview with Saïd K. Aburish" at [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/aburish2.html].</ref> As preses, Saddam maintained pouer durin the [[Iran–Iraq War]] o 1980 throu 1988, an throughoot the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] o 1991. Durin thir conflicts, Saddam suppressed several muivements, pairticularly [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] an [[Kurdish fowk|Kurdish]] muivements seekin tae owerthrow the govrenment or gain unthirldom, respectively. Whereas some [[Arab]]s veneratit him for his aggressive stance against foreign intervention an for his support for the [[Palestinian fowk|Palestinians]],<ref>[[BBC News]], 16 October 2000 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/974987.stm]</ref> he wis widely condemned for the brutality o his dictatorship. Bi 2003, the admeenistration o [[Preses o the Unitit States|U.S. Preses]] [[George W. Bush]] an [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish Prime Meenister]] [[Tony Blair]] claimed that Saddam maintained links tae terrorist organisations, haed wappens o mass destruction, an sicweys needit tae be owerthrown. In Mairch o that year, [[2003 invasion o Iraq|the U.S. an its allies invadit Iraq]], eventually deposin Saddam two years after. [[Operation Red Dawn|Captured bi U.S. forces]] on 13 December 2005, Saddam wis [[Trial o Saddam Hussein|brought tae trial]] unner the [[Iraqi Interim Govrenment|Iraqi interim govrenment set up bi U.S.-led forces]]. On 5 November 2006, he wis convictit o chairges relatit tae the 1982 killin o 148 Iraqi Shi'ites convictit o plannin an assassination attempt against him, an wis sentenced tae daith bi [[hangin]]. [[Execution o Saddam Hussein|Saddam wis executit]] on 30 December 2006.<ref name="BBCexecution">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6218485.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq |date=2006-12-30}}</ref> Bi the time o his daith, Saddam haed acome a prolific author.<ref name=Theodolou>Theodolou, Michael. [http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1211/p1s4-wome.html New Iraqi literary king is not-quite anonymous]. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'': 11 December 2001.</ref><ref name=Boncompagni>Boncompagni, Hala. [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=19732 Saddam's lawyer plans book on president's 'secrets'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612204412/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=19732 |date=2011-06-12 }}. ''Middle East Online'': 23 February 2007.</ref><ref name=Santora>Santora, Marc and John F. Burns. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/04/world/middleeast/04saddam.html?ex=1325566800&en=ecd71d7ae6e6fb6e&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss From Hussein, a florid farewell to the Iraqi people]. ''[[The New York Times]]'': 4 January 2007.</ref><ref name=Barr>Barr, Robert. [http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2004/07/27/hussein_tends_garden_pens_poems_official_says/ Hussein tends garden, pens poems, official says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007103528/http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2004/07/27/hussein_tends_garden_pens_poems_official_says/ |date=2015-10-07 }}. ''[[The Boston Globe]]'': 27 July 2004.</ref> Amang his wirks are [[Saddam Hussein's novels|multiple novels]] dealin wi themes o romance, politics, an war.<ref name=Hogg>Hogg, Chris. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4996116.stm 'Saddam novel' on sale in Tokyo]. ''[[BBC News]]'': 18 May 2006.</ref><ref name=Cockburn>[[Andrew Cockburn|Cockburn, Andrew]] and [[Patrick Cockburn]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=N1gWeWGvJ9MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Saddam Hussein: An American Obsession'']. London: [[Verso Books|Verso]], 2002, p. xviii.</ref><ref name=Blitzer>[[Wolf Blitzer|Blitzer, Wolf]], ''et al''. [http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0605/12/sitroom.03.html CIA corruption probe; President Bush to give immigration speech Monday night; Iraq: militia challenge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810163548/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0605/12/sitroom.03.html |date=2011-08-10 }}. ''[[CNN|Cable News Network]]'': 12 May 2006. Transcript.</ref><ref name=FBI>[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]. [http://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan08/piro012808.html Interviewing Saddam: FBI agent gets to the truth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007204801/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan08/piro012808.html |date=2010-10-07 }}. ''[[United States Department of Justice]]'': 28 January 2008.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{IraqiPres}} {{IraqiPMs}} <!--published writer--> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hussein, Saddam}} [[Category:Saddam Hussein| ]] [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2006 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tikrit]] [[Category:21st-century executions]] [[Category:Arab naitionalist heids o state]] [[Category:Arabic novelists]] [[Category:Cairo Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Cauld War leaders]] [[Category:Executit preses]] [[Category:Filmed executions]] [[Category:Filmed executions in Iraq]] [[Category:Iraqi fowk convictit o creemes against humanity]] [[Category:Iraqi Sunni Muslims]] [[Category:Iraqi writers]] [[Category:Members o Saddam Hussein's faimilie]] [[Category:Maist-wantit Iraqi playin cards]] [[Category:Attemptit assassination survivors]] [[Category:Fowk executit bi hangin]] [[Category:Preses o Iraq]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Iraq]] [[Category:Ba'ath Pairty (Iraq) politeecians]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Beuk}} 320ycy214zusfyr0in9ck0k6kh2z24y 0 15841 923129 903797 2026-09-23T16:31:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kraków | other_name = Cracow | image_skyline = Collage of views of Cracow.PNG | imagesize = | image_caption = [[:en:Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Mercat Square]], [[Wawel Castle]], [[:en:Kraków barbican|Barbican]], [[:en:St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]], [[:en:Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|St. Peter an Paul Kirk]], [[Collegium Maius]] | image_flag = Flag of Krakow.svg | image_shield = POL Kraków COA.svg | pushpin_map = Poland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Poland}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships o Poland|Voivodeship]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|Coonty]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kraków Coonty]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Aleksander Miszalski]] | leader_title2 = First Deputy of the Mayor | leader_name2 = [[Stanisław Mazur]] | established_title = Ceety richts | established_date = 5 Juin 1257 | area_total_km2 = 327 | population_as_of = 31 December 2011 | population_total = 759,137 | population_metro = 1,395,893 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Cracovian | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | coordinates = {{coord|50|3|41|N|19|56|18|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 219 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 30-024 to 31–962 | area_code = +48 12 | website = [http://www.krakow.pl/ www.krakow.pl] }} '''Kraków''' ({{IPA-pl|ˈkrakuf|-|Pl-Krak%C3%B3w.ogg}}), awso '''Cracow''', ''or'' '''Krakow''', is the seicond lairgest and [[Leet o ceeties bi time o continuous habitation|ane o the auldest ceeties]] in [[Poland]]. Situatit on the [[Vistula River]] ({{lang-pl|Wisła}}) in the [[Lesser Poland]] region, the ceety dates back tae the 7t century.<ref name="History">The Municipality Of Kraków [[Press secretary|Press Office]], 1996–2007, in participation with ACK Cyfronet of the [[AGH University of Science and Technology]], {{cite web|title=Our City. History of Krakow, archaeological findings|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html|accessdate=2007-09-11|archive-date=2007-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135248/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kraków haes traditionally been ane o the leadin centres o Pols academic, cultural an airtistic life an is one o Poland's maist important economic centres. It wis the caipital o Poland frae 1038 tae 1596; the caipital o the [[Grand Duchy o Cracow|Grand Duchy o Kraków]] frae 1846 tae 1918; an the caipital o [[Kraków Voivodeship]] frae the 14t century tae 1999. It is nou the caipital o the [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]]. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Poland}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Kraków is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]], or maintains close relations, wi mair nor 30 ceeties aroond the warld:<ref name="Twin">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=www.krakow.pl|accessdate=2009-07-19|last=|first=}}</ref> {|style="width:100%" |- |width=35%| {{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakie]] <small><ref name="Twin"/><ref name="Bratislawa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City - Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]], Hungary <small>''(syne 2005)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, Mass.]], USA <small>''(syne 1989)''<ref name="dept">[http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities,"] February 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12. Also in: Richard Thompson, [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities',"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full |date=2016-03-03 }} ''Boston Globe'', October 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Curitiba]], [[Brazil]] <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], [[Peru]] <small><ref name="Twin"/><ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6|title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities)|publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-09-23|archive-date=2009-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803122352/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6|url-status=dead}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|UK}} [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, [[UK]] <small>''(syne 1995)'' <ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh - Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=2008-12-21 |publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archivedate=2008-03-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Fes]], [[Morocco]] <small>''(syne 2004)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Florence]], Italy <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Frankfurt]], Germany <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645|title=''Frankfurt -Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 [http://www.frankfurt.de/ Stadt Frankfurt am Main]|accessdate=2008-12-05|archive-date=2007-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080201/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645|url-status=dead}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Swaden}} [[Gothenburg|Göteborg]], Swaden <small>''(syne 1990)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> |width=32%| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Grozny]], Roushie <small>''(syne 1997)'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://grozny-virtual.su/|title=Grozny Official Website|accessdate=2008-11-01 |publisher={{fontcolor|Green|(in [[Roushie leid|{{fontcolor|Green|Russian}}]])}} [[copyright|©]] 2000-2008 сайт Грозный Виртуальный при перепечатке материалов в онлайн проектах}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Innsbruck]] in Austrick <small>''(syne 1998)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] {{flagicon|Chile}} [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]], [[Chile]] <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Leipzig]], Germany <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><ref name="Leipzig">{{cite web|url=http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/|title=Leipzig - International Relations|publisher=© 2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2009-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111302/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Leuven]], Belgium <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]] <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]], Italy <small>''(syne 2003)''<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano - Città Gemellate''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=2008-12-05|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|url-status=dead}}</ref></small><br /> {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|France}} [[Orléans]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> |width=33%| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Pécs]], Hungary <small>''(syne 1998)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rochester, New York|Rochester, NY]], USA <small>''(syne 1973)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]] <small><ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saunt Petersburg|St Petersburg]], Roushie <small>''(syne 2006)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco|San Francisco, CA]], USA <small>''(syne 2009)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Seville]], Spain <small>''(syne 2002)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Solothurn]], Swisserland <small>''(syne 1990)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]]<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Veliko Turnovo]], Bulgarie <small>''(syne 1975)''<ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]]<small><ref name="Twin"/></small><br /> {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], [[Croatie]] <small>''(syne 1975)''<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="CloseRelations">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html |title=Foreign co-operation |accessdate=2007-11-01 |archive-date=2007-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215030234/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html |url-status=dead }} from the municipality official website</ref><ref name="Zagreb Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb|publisher=© 2006-2009 City of Zagreb|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2017-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707200910/http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krakow}} [[Category:Kraków| ]] [[Category:Ceety coonties o Poland]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship]] [[Category:Galicie (Eastren Europe)]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Historic Jewish commonties]] [[Category:European Caipitals o Cultur]] {{Stub/Poland}} {{Stub/Ceety}} gakqk3ux6sngyv9ba0frlabuk512qlg 0 15910 923179 884675 2026-09-23T22:46:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie |official_name = Ceety o Pittsburgh |nickname = [[Leet o nicknames for Pittsburgh|Ceety o Brigs, Steel Ceety, <br />Ceety o Champions, The 'Burgh]] |settlement_type = [[Ceety]] |motto = [[Banner o Pittsburgh#Motto|Benigno Numine]] |image_skyline = Montage Pittsburgh.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Clockwise: [[Cathedral o Learning]] at the [[Varsity o Pittsburgh]]; Pittsburgh skyline; [[Carnegie Mellon Varsity]]; [[PNC Park]]; [[Duquesne Incline]] |image_flag = Flag of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.svg |flag_size = 100px |flag_link = Banner o Pittsburgh |image_shield = Coat of arms of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.svg |shield_link = Seal o Pittsburgh |image_map = PAMap-doton-Pittsburgh.PNG |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Location in [[Allegheny Coonty, Pennsylvanie|Allegheny Coonty]], Pennsylvanie |pushpin_map = USA |pushpin_map_label = Pittsburgh |pushpin_map_caption = Location in the US |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o the United States|Commonweel]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvanie]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Pennsylvanie|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Allegheny Coonty, Pennsylvanie|Allegheny]] |subdivision_type3 = Historic Empires |subdivision_name3 = [[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|23px|link=French colonization o the Americas]] [[File:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|23px|link=Breetish Empire]] |subdivision_type4 = [[Colony|Historic Colonies]] |subdivision_name4 = [[File:Royal Standard of King Louis XIV.svg|23px|link=New Fraunce]] [[File:Flag of Quebec.svg|23px|link=Province_o_Quebec_(1763–1791)]] [[File:Banner of the Virginia Colony (after 1714).svg|23px|link=Colony o Virginie]] [[File:Flag of Virginia.svg|25px|link=Virginie]] |government_type = [[Mayor-cooncil govrenment|Mayor-Cooncil]] |leader_title = [[Mayor o Pittsburgh|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Bill Peduto]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |leader_title1 = [[Pittsburgh Ceety Cooncil|Ceety Cooncil]] |leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title = Councilmembers |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = [[Darlene Harris]] |2 = [[Theresa Kail-Smith]] |3 = [[Bruce Kraus]] (President) |4 = [[Natalia Rudiak]] |5 = [[Corey O'Connor]] |6 = [[Daniel Lavelle]] |7 = [[Deborah Gross]] |8 = [[Dan Gilman]] |9 = [[Rev. Ricky Burgess]] }} |leader_title2 = [[Pennsylvania Hoose o Representatives|State Hoose]] |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = Representatives |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = [[Jake Wheatley]] |2 = [[Don Walko]] |3 = [[Dominic Costa]] |4 = [[Chelsa Wagner]] |5 = [[Dan Frankel]] |6 = [[Joseph Preston, Jr.]] |7 = [[Dan Deasy]] |8 = [[Paul Costa]] |9 = [[Harry Readshaw]] }} |leader_title3 = [[Pennsylvania State Senate|State Senate]] |leader_name3 = [[Jim Ferlo]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])<br />[[Jay Costa]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |leader_title4 = [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|U.S. House]] |leader_name4 = [[Michael F. Doyle|Mike Doyle]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |established_title = Settled |established_date = 1717 |established_title1 = Foondit |established_date1 = November 27, 1758 |established_title2 = [[Municipal incorporation]] |established_date2 = Aprile 16, 1771 (Tounship)<br />Aprile 22, 1794 (Borough)<br />Mairch 18, 1816 (Ceety) |founder = [[George Washington]],<br />[[General John Forbes]] |named_for = [[William Pitt, 1st Earl o Chatham|"The Great Commoner": Prime Meenister William Pitt]] |unit_pref = Imperial |area_total_sq_mi = 58.3 |area_land_sq_mi = 55.5 |area_water_sq_mi = 2.8 |area_water_percent = 4.8 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_sq_mi = 5343 |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_ft = 1370 |elevation_min_ft = 710 |population_as_of = [[Unitit States Census Bureau|2013]] |population_footnotes = <ref name="2013 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2014-06-11}}</ref> |population_total = 305,841 |population_rank = US: [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|62nt]] |population_density_sq_mi = 5540 |population_urban = 1,733,853 (US: [[Leet o United States urban auries|27t]]) |population_metro = 2,360,867 (US: [[Leet o Metropolitan Stateestical Auries|22nt]]) |population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical aurie|CSA]] |population_blank1 = 2,659,937 (US: [[Leet o Combined Stateestical Auries|20t]]) |population_blank2_title = [[Gross metropolitan product|GMP]] |population_blank2 = $131.3 billion ([[Leet o U.S. metropolitan auries bi GDP|23rd]]) |population_demonym = Pittsburgher or [[Yinzer]] <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|Eastren Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = −5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren Time Zone|Eastren Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = −4 |coordinates = {{coord|40|26|30|N|80|00|00|W|region:US-PA|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]] |postal_code = {{Collapsible list |title=32 tot ZIP codes:|15106, 15120–15121, 15203–15208, 15210–15222, 15224, 15226–15227, 15230, 15232–15234, 15237, 15239, 15289}} |area_code = [[Aurie code 412|412]], [[Aurie code 724|724]], [[Aurie code 878|878]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processin Staundart|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 42-61000 |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information Seestem|GNIS feature ID]] |blank1_info = 1213644 |blank2_name = Expressways |blank2_info = [[File:I-279.svg|22px|link=Interstate 279]] [[File:I-376.svg|22px|link=Interstate 376]] [[File:I-579.svg|22px|link=Interstate 579]] [[File:PA-28.svg|16px|link=Pennsylvania_Route_28#Pittsburgh_aurie]] [[File:PA-65.svg|16px|link=Pennsylvania_Route_65]] |blank3_name = Watterways |blank3_info = [[Ohio River]],<br /> [[Monongahela River]],<br /> [[Allegheny River]], <br /> [[Chartiers Creek]],<br /> [[Saw Mill Run]], <br />[[Becks Run]] |blank5_name = Transit |blank5_info = [[Port Authority o Allegheny Coonty|Port Authority Transit]],<br /> [[Varsity o Pittsburgh Transportation Seestem|Univ. o Pittsburgh Transit]] |blank6_name = Rail |blank6_info = [[Union Station (Pittsburgh)|Penn Station]] <br /> <small>[[Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)|Capitol Limited]], [[Pennsylvanian (train)|Pennsylvanian]]</small> |website = [http://www.pittsburghpa.gov/ PittsburghPA.gov] |footnote = }} '''Pittsburgh''' ({{pron-en|ˈpɪtsbərɡ}}) is the seicont-lairgest ceety in the [[Unitit States|U.S.]] [[Commonweel (U.S. state)|Commonweel]] o [[Pennsylvanie]] an the [[coonty seat]] o [[Allegheny Coonty, Pennsylvanie|Allegheny Coonty]]. Regionally, it anchors the lairgest urban aurie o [[Appalachie]]<ref name="Appalachia">{{Cite web |url=http://rustwire.com/2009/11/08/pittsburgh-the-paris-of-appalachia/ |title=Pittsburgh: The Paris of Appalachia {{!}} Rust Wire |access-date=2011-02-25 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728062746/http://rustwire.com/2009/11/08/pittsburgh-the-paris-of-appalachia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[Ohio River|Ohio River Valley]], an naitionally, it is the [[Leet o Unitit States urban auries|22nt-lairgest urban aurie]] in the [[Unitit States]].{{Geographic reference|6}}<ref name="Bowling">{{cite news|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/pittsburgh/s_673090.html|title=Census: More people arrive than leave for first time in almost 20 years|last=Bowling|first=Brian|date=24 March 2010|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|accessdate=1 October 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The estimatit population o the ceety in 2009 wis 311,647,<ref name=censuscity>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-01.csv | title = US Census 2009 Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000}}</ref> while the [[Pittsburgh metropolitan aurie|seiven-coonty metropolitan aurie]] wis estimatit at 2,354,957.<ref name="censusmetro">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2009/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv | title = US Census 2009 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population}}</ref> [[Dountoun Pittsburgh]] retains substantial economic influence, rankin at 25t in the naition for jobs athin the urban core an 6t in job density.<ref name="jobsrank">{{cite news | url = http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08216/901307-432.stm | title = Regional Insights: Pittsburgh is a national player in jobs per square mile but needs more population | work = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] | date = 2008-08-03 | accessdate = 2008-08-06 | last = Miller | first = Harold | archive-date = 2008-08-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080817001705/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08216/901307-432.stm | url-status = dead }}</ref> The characteristic shape o [[Central Business Destrict (Pittsburgh)|Pittsburgh's central business destrict]] is a triangular tract carved bi the confluence o the [[Allegheny River|Allegheny]] an [[Monongahela River|Monongahela]] rivers, which form the [[Ohio River]]. The ceety features 151 heich-rise biggins,<ref name="Emporis Skyscraper statistics">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101313 |title=High-rise Buildings of Pittsburgh |publisher=Emporis.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-11 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011753/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101313 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 446 brigs,<ref name="venice">{{cite news|url=http://kdka.com/local/bridge.Pittsburgh.2.383456.html|title=Pittsburgh has Plenty of Bridges|work=[[KDKA-TV]]|date=2006-06-16|accessdate=2009-07-08|archive-date=2009-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121222948/http://kdka.com/local/bridge.Pittsburgh.2.383456.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> twa inclined railways, an a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is kent colloquially as "The Ceety o Brigs" an "The Steel Ceety" for its mony brigs an umwhile steel manufacturin base. ==Sister ceeties== Pittsburgh haes seiventeen [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceeties]]:<ref name="sisters">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080101015103/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/PA Sister Cities Online Directory: Pennsylvania, USA]." [[Sister Cities International]]. Retrieved on January 26, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/money/18188538/detail.html|title=Pittsburgh Has New Vietnamese Sister City|publisher=WTAE-TV|date=2008-12-02|accessdate=2008-12-03|archive-date=2008-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205091252/http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/money/18188538/detail.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Col-begin|width=}} {{Col-2}} * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Bilbao]], [[Spain]] * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Charleroi]], [[Belgium]] * {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Da Nang]], [[Vietnam]] * {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]] * {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Fernando de la Mora]], [[Paraguay]] * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Karmiel]], [[Israel]] * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Matanzas]], [[Cuba]] * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Misgav]], [[Israel]] * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Ostrava]], [[Czech Republic]] * {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Prešov]], [[Slovakie]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Novokuznetsk]], [[Roushie]] {{Col-2}} * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Terrassa]], [[Spain]] * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Saarbrücken]], [[Germany]] * {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]] ([[Ōmiya-ku, Saitama|Omiya-ku]], Umwhile [[Ōmiya, Saitama|Omiya ceety]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20001022172239/http://www.city.omiya.saitama.jp/eng/sister_c.htm Omiya city home page archive]</ref>), [[Japan]] * {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[San Isidro, Matagalpa|San Isidro]], [[Nicaragua]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Sheffield]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] * {{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Skopje]], [[Republic o Macedonie|Macedonie]]<ref name="Skopje">{{cite web|url=http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69|title=Official portal of City of Skopje - Skopje Sister Cities|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2006-2009 [http://www.skopje.gov.mk/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 City of Skopje]|accessdate=2009-07-14|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225153206/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpittsburgh.org/globalbiz/index.jsp?pageId=0690200091781090187613081|title=Pittsburgh Sister Cities Association|publisher=GlobalPittsburgh.org|accessdate=2010-08-02|archive-date=2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719003643/http://www.globalpittsburgh.org/globalbiz/index.jsp?pageId=0690200091781090187613081|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[Wuhan]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Terrassa]], [[Spain]] * {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], [[Croatie]] * {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Rijeka]], [[Croatie]] * {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Melbourne]], [[Australie]] {{Col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Pittsburgh]] [[Category:Pittsburgh metropolitan aurie]] [[Category:Ceeties in Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Ohio River]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1758]] [[Category:1794 establishments]] [[Category:Coonty seats in Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Port dounsets in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Early American industrial centres]] [[Category:Populatit places in Allegheny Coonty]] {{Stub/USA}} {{Stub/Ceity}} n2r5xtmjw7gq2rs12myuhwo3f3v5yuf 0 16252 923101 917886 2026-09-23T12:28:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Igor Vitalyevich Chudinov''' ({{lang-ru|Игорь Витальевич Чудинов}}; born [[21 August]] 1961) is a umwhile Prime Meenister o [[Kyrgyzstan]]. He wis appyntit tae that poseetion on [[24 December]] 2007, follaein the resignation o [[Iskenderbek Aidaraliyev]].<ref name="PM">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-12/24/content_7304442.htm|title=Kyrgyzstan appoints new prime minister|author=|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=2007-12-24|accessdate=2007-12-26|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213024/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-12/24/content_7304442.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior tae his appyntment, he wis a energy an industrie meenister in the Kyrgyz govrenment. Chudinov wis nominatit for the poseetion bi the [[Ak Zhol (Kyrgyzstan)|Ak Zhol]] pairty, that wan a lairge majority o seats in the Kyrgyz pairlament - the [[Supreme Cooncil o Kyrgyzstan|Jogorku Kenesh]] - in the elections o 16 December 2007. He wis confirmed as prime meenister bi Preses [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] on 24 December.<ref name="PM"/> On 21 September 2009, Chudinov wis named Honorary Preses o the [http://www.KyrgyzTradeCouncil.org Kyrgyz-North America Trade Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227075111/http://www.kyrgyztradecouncil.org/ |date=2012-02-27 }}, in recognition o his role in promotin tred an investment atween the USA/Canadae an Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eng.24.kg/business/2009/09/22/9087.html |title="Kyrgyz premier opens joint business-trade development council in New York" |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140159/http://eng.24.kg/business/2009/09/22/9087.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is [[Roushies|Roushie]] ([[Chud]]) an disna speak [[Kyrgyz leid|Kyrgyz]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/01/71e78c53-3782-43fe-aa18-7fbd80e1b442.html |title=Kyrgyzstan: New Prime Minister Makes Economy A Priority - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2008-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621192339/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/01/71E78C53-3782-43FE-AA18-7FBD80E1B442.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Iskenderbek Aidaraliyev]]<br><small>Acting</small>}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Meenister o Kyrgyzstan]]|years=2007–2009}} {{s-aft|after=[[Daniar Usenov]]}} {{s-end}} {{KyrgyzPMs}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chudinov, Igor}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Ak Jol politeecians]] [[Category:Kyrgyzstani fowk o Roushie strynd]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bishkek]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Kyrgyzstan]] 0lxjje1eug7818gbxrup8dyxuj7cn3m 0 16530 923116 867987 2026-09-23T14:12:22Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag 923116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Salkhad | other_name = | native_name = صَلْخَد | nickname = | settlement_type = City | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = Salkhad.jpg | imagesize = 200 | image_caption = Salkhad fortress | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Syria <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_map_caption = Airt in Sirie <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Syria}} | subdivision_type1 = Governorate | subdivision_name1 = as-Suwayda | subdivision_type2 = Destrict | subdivision_name2 = Salkhad | subdivision_type3 = Subdestrict | subdivision_name3 = Salkhad | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 15000 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|32|29|30|N|36|42|40|E|region:SY|display=inline}} | grid_position = 130/211 | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 1350 | elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = 16 | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Salkhad''' ({{lang-ar|'''صلخد'''}}) a [[Sirie|Sirian]] ceety that is locatit in the [[As-Suwayda Govrenorate]]. It is the caipital o the [[Salkhad Destrict]], ane o the govrenorate's three destricts. It haes a population o 15,000 inhabitants. It is locatit at 1350 metres abuin sea level in the central [[Jabal el Druze]] heichlands. ==History== Mentioned several times in the Bible as "[[Salcah]]", as a settlement in biblical [[Baushan]]. Durin the seicont century BC Salcah wis a flourishin [[Nabataean]] ceety, where the gods [[Dushara]] an [[Allat]] wur worshiped. Efterwards it wis incorporatit intae the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] province o [[Arabia Petraea|Arabie]], it wis ane o the important ceeties in [[Hauran]] durin Roman an later [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] epochs, Salkhad is indicatit in the [[Madaba mosaic map]] o the saxt century AD. Due tae the strategic position o the ceety owerleukin Hauran plains tae the wast, the [[Ayyubid]] dynasty built a fortress in Salkhad atween 1214 - 1247 tae coonter a possible attack o the [[Crusades]] intae inner Hauran. It haes an aa been said that [[Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din|Al-Afdal]] wis exiled here bi his uncle an [[Al-Aziz|brither]]. The importance o the ceety decreased efter the Crusades, an it wis occasionally owerrun bi [[Bedouins]] seekin pasture in the simmer for their flocks. A number o [[Greek Orthodox Kirk|Greek orthodox]] Christians, o [[Ghassanid]] ancestry, successively remained in the region. Salkhad an the adjacent region wut re-inhabitit bi [[Druze]] families frae [[Munt Lebanon]] in the late 17t, 18t an 19t centuries. Durin [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] times the ceety enjoyed a feudal-type autonomy like muckle o the [[Jabal el Druze]] aurie unner the chieftaincy o Al-Hamdan family an later Al-Atrash family, mony battles against Ottoman Turks teuk place in this region bi the locals tae maintain their autonomy. In the early 20t century the ceety wis pairt o the 1921-1936 [[Jabal al-Druze (state)|Druze state]] unner the [[French Mandate o Sirie]], the state wis gradually incorporatit intae Sirie efter the [[Great Sirian Revolt]] o 1925-1927 led bi [[Sultan Pasha Al-Atrash|Sultan Al-Atrash]]. The ceety nou is the centre o Salkhad destrict o As Suwayda govrenorate, it is the soothmaist destrict in Sirie. ==Airchaeology== The fortress o Salkhad is the maist important monument locatit in a hill inside the ceety , built atween 1214-1247 bi the Ayyubid dynasty as a pairt o their defences against the crusades. It is said that this fortress wur built in the site o aulder Roman fortifications. A hexagonal basalt [[minaret]] still staundin intact in the ceety’s main square. Mony Roman auld time hooses, still partially inhabitit bi locals. Nabatean, Roman an Ayyubid Tombs are an aa there wi decorative motifs. ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.swaidanet.com/modules/SwaidaAlbum/album/kak/Salkhad_Djebel_D.jpg Old image of the Fortress of Salkhad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928180322/http://www.swaidanet.com/modules/SwaidaAlbum/album/kak/Salkhad_Djebel_D.jpg |date=2007-09-28 }} {{Stub/Sirie}} {{coord|32|29|30|N|36|42|40|E|display=title}} [[Category:Ebreu Bible places]] [[Category:Populatit places in As-Suwayda Govrenorate]] ekah0n4l6ds507yrj0h5ufmhegnln9f 0 17576 923096 850188 2026-09-23T12:08:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birth_name=Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak |name = Hosni Mubarak<br><span style="line-height:120%">{{lang|ar|حسنى مبارك}}</span> |image = Hosni Mubarak ritratto.jpg |office = [[Preses o Egyp|4t Preses o Egyp]] |primeminister = {{List collapsed|title=''See leet''|1={{plain list| * [[Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin]] * [[Kamal Hassan Ali]] * [[Ali Lutfi Mahmud]] * [[Atef Sedki]] * [[Kamal Ganzouri]] * [[Atef Ebeid]] * [[Ahmed Nazif]] * [[Ahmed Shafik]] }} }} |vicepresident = [[Omar Suleiman]]{{Ref label|aaa|a}} <small>(2011)</small> |term_start = 14 October 1981 |term_end = 11 Februar 2011 |predecessor = [[Sufi Abu Taleb]] <small>(Acting)</small> |successor = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] <small>(acting)</small><br>[[Mohamed Morsi]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/30/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-egyptian-president|title=Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egyptian president|author=Conal Urquhart and agencies|date=30 June 2012|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president/story-e6frf7k6-1226413383177|title=Morsi sworn in as Egypt president|author=Samer al-Atrush|date=1 July 2012|work=[[Herald Sun]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE85N04Z20120624|title=Islamist Morsy wins Egyptian presidency with 52 pct|author=Yasmine Saleh and Shaimaa Fayed|date=24 June 2012|work=[[Reuters|Reuters Africa]]|accessdate=1 July 2012|archive-date=2012-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627062027/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE85N04Z20120624|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><small>(president)</small> |office1 = [[Prime Meenister o Egyp]] |president1 = {{List collapsed|title=''See leet''|1={{plain list| * [[Sufi Abu Taleb]] <small>(Actin)</small> * '''Himself''' }} }} |term_start1 = 7 October 1981 |term_end1 = 2 Januar 1982 |predecessor1 = [[Anwar Sadat]] |successor1 = [[Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin]] |office2 = [[Vice Preses o Egyp]] |president2 = [[Anwar Sadat]] |term_start2 = 16 Aprile 1975 |term_end2 = 14 October 1981 |predecessor2 = [[Hussein el-Shafei]] |successor2 = [[Omar Suleiman]]{{Ref label|aaa|a}} |office3 = Secretar General o the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] |term_start3 = 16 Julie 2009 |term_end3 = 11 Februar 2011 |predecessor3 = [[Raúl Castro]] |successor3 = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] <small>(Actin)</small> |office4 = Commander o the [[Egyptian Air Force|Air Force]] |president4 = [[Anwar Sadat]] |term_start4 = 23 Aprile 1972 |term_end4 = 16 Aprile 1975 |predecessor4 = [[Ali Mustafa Baghdady]] |successor4 = [[Mahmoud Shaker]] |office5 = Director o the [[Egyptian Air Academy]] |term_start5 = 1967 |term_end5 = 1969 |predecessor5 = Yahia Saleh Al-Aidaros |successor5 = [[Mahmoud Shaker]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1928|5|4|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Monufia Govrenorate|Kafr-El Meselha]], [[Kineick o Egyp|Egyp]] |death_date = 25 Februar 2020 |death_place = |party = [[Naitional Democratic Pairty (Egyp)|Naitional Democratic Pairty]] <small>(1978-2011)</small> |spouse = [[Suzanne Mubarak|Suzanne Thabet]] <small>(1959–present)</small> |children = {{unbulleted list|[[Alaa Mubarak|Alaa]]|[[Gamal Mubarak|Gamal]]}} |alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Egyptian Militar Academy]]|[[Egyptian Air Academy]]|[[Soviet militar academies|Frunze Militar Academy]]}} |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |signature = Hosni Mubarak Signature.svg |footnotes = a. {{note|aaa}}Affice vacant frae 14 October 1981 tae 29 Januar 2011<br>b. {{note|bbb}}as Chairman o the [[Egyptian Airmed Forces|Supreme Cooncil o the Airmed Forces]]<br>c.{{note|ccc}}c. militar rank widrawn efter trial |allegiance = [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|30px]] [[Egyp]] |branch = [[File:Air Force Ensign of Egypt.svg|30px]] [[Egyptian Air Force]] |rank = [[Air Chief Marshal]]{{Ref label|ccc|c}} |serviceyears = 1950–1975 |commands = Cairo West Air Base<br>Beni Suef Air Base<br>[[Egyptian Air Academy]]<br>[[Egyptian Air Force]] }} '''Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak''' ({{lang-ar|محمد حسني سيد مبارك}}, {{IPA-arz|mæˈħæmːæd ˈħosni ˈsæjːed moˈbɑːɾˤɑk}}, {{transl|ar|ISO|''Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak''}}; born [[4 Mey]] 1928; deed [[25 Februar]] 2020)<ref name="dob">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-02/11/c_13726572.htm|title=Profile: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|date=10 February 2010|accessdate=11 February 2011|archive-date=2011-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214024928/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-02/11/c_13726572.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis the [[Leet o Preses o Egyp|fowert]] [[Preses o Egyp]] frae [[7 October]] 1981 tae [[11 Februar]] 2011. Mubarak wis appointit [[Vice Preses o Egyp]] in 1975, an assumed the presidency on 14 October 1981, follaein the assassination o Preses [[Anwar Sadat]]. The length o his presidency makkit him [[Egyp]]'s langest-servin ruler syne [[Muhammad Ali o Egyp|Muhammad Ali Pasha]].<ref name="Hosni Mubarak">{{cite news|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html|title=Hosni Mubarak|work=The New York Times |date=8 March 2010|accessdate=25 January 2011|first=Michael|last=Slackman}}</ref> Afore he entered politics, Mubarak wis a career officer in the [[Egyptian Air Force]], servin as its commander frae 1972 tae 1975 an risin tae the rank o [[air chief marshal]]. Mubarak wis oostit efter 18 days o demonstrations durin the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Egypt Calls In Army as Protesters Rage | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/29/world/middleeast/29unrest.html |work=New York Times | accessdate=28 January 2011 | first=David D. | last=Kirkpatrick | date=28 January 2011}}</ref> On 11 Februar, Vice Preses [[Omar Suleiman]] annoonced that Mubarak haed resigned as preses an transferred authority til the [[Supreme Cooncil o the Airmed Forces]].<ref name="Kirkpatrick">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html|title=Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=David D.|last2=Shadid|first2=Anthony|last3=Cowell|first3=Alan|work=New York Times |date=11 February 2011|accessdate=11 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12433045|title=Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader|publisher=BBC |date=11 February 2010|accessdate=11 February 2011}}</ref> On that day Mubarak an his faimlie left the presidential palace in [[Cairo]] an muivit tae [[Sharm el-Sheikh]], Egyp. == Poleetical an militar posts == * Chairman o the Nan-aligned Muivement * Re-electit for a fift term o office (2005) * Chairman o the [[Group o 15|G-15]] (1998 & 2002) * Re-electit for a fowert term o office (1999) * Chairman o the Arab Summit syne Juin (1996) * Chairman o the OAU (1993–94) * Re-electit for a third term o office (1993) * Chairman o the [[Organisation o African Unity|OAU]] (1989–90) * Re-electit for a seicont term o office (1987) * Preses o the Naitional Democratic Pairty (1982) * Preses o the Republic (1981) * Vice-Preses o the Naitional Democratic Pairty ([[Naitional Democratic Pairty (Egyp)|NDP]]) (1979) * Vice-Preses o the Arab Republic o Egyp (1975) * Promotit tae the rank o Lieutenant General / Air Marshal (1974) * Commander o the Air Force an Deputy Meenister o Defence (1972) * Chief o Staff o the Air Force (1969) * Director o the [[Egyptian Air Academy|Air Force Academy]] (1968) * Commander o Cairo Wast Air Base (1964) * Jyned [[Soviet militar academies|Frunze Militar Academy]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]] (1964) * Lecturer in Air Force Academy (1952–59) == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mubarak, Hosni}} [[Category:1928 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:Attemptit assassination survivors]] [[Category:Marshals o the air force]] [[Category:Egyptian Militar Academy alumni]] [[Category:Egyptian Sunni Muslims]] [[Category:Fowk o the October War]] [[Category:Egyptian politeecians]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George]] [[Category:Fowk frae Monufia Govrenorate]] [[Category:2011 Egyptian Revolution]] [[Category:Preses o Egyp]] [[Category:Survivors o stabbin]] {{Stub/Egyp}} t4nwq068ganc8jv132e9ez2w1aqt7a4 0 18265 923164 851811 2026-09-23T20:21:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = An Najaf |native_name = النجف |nickname = |image_skyline = Meshed ali usnavy (PD).jpg |imagesize = 200px |image_caption = Shrine o Ali. |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Iraq map najaf.png |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = The location o Najaf (printit in red) athin [[Iraq]]. |pushpin_map = Iraq |pushpin_label_position = |subdivision_type =Kintra |subdivision_name ={{flag|Iraq}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = [[Najaf Province]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_note = Approximate figures<ref name= 'Ring'/> |population_total = 560,000 |timezone = [[UTC+3]] |coordinates = {{coord|32|00|00|N|44|20|00|E|region:IQ|display=inline}} |elevation_m =60 |elevation_ft =200 |website = |footnotes = }} '''Najaf''' ({{lang-ar|النجف}}; [[United States Board on Geographic Names|BGN]]: ''An Najaf'') is a ceety in [[Iraq]] aboot 160&nbsp;km sooth o [[Baghdad]]. Its estimatit population in 2008 is 560,000 fowk.<ref name= 'Ring'/> It is the caipital o [[Najaf Province]]. It is widely considered the third holiest ceety o [[Shia Islam]] an the centre o Shia poleetical pouer in Iraq. ==Releegious significance== Najaf is renowned as the steid o the tomb o [[Ali|Alī ibn Abī Tālib]], kent as "Imām Alī" an aw, the First Imam o Shias, the cousin an son-in-law o the prophet [[Muhammad]] whom the Shia consider tae be the righteous caliph. The ceety is nou a great centre o [[pilgrimage]] frae throughoot the Shi'a [[Islam]]ic warld. It is estimatit that anerlie [[Mecca]] an [[Medina]] receive mair Muslim pilgrims. As the burial steid o Shia Islam's seicont maist important figur,<ref name="Never Again!">''[http://www.shianews.com/hi/articles/politics/0000382.php Never Again!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101244/http://www.shianews.com/hi/articles/politics/0000382.php |date=2015-09-24 }}'' ShiaNews.com</ref> the [[Imam Ali Mosque]] is considered bi aw Shias as the third holiest Islamic steid.<ref name="Never Again!"/><ref>''[http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html Iran Diary, Part 2: Knocking on heaven's door] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904070431/http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |date=2010-09-04 }}'' Asia Times Online</ref><ref>[http://www.chnphoto.ir/gallery.php?gallery_uid=187&lang=en Muslim Shia's Saint Imam Ali Holy Shrine - 16 Images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905090748/http://www.chnphoto.ir/gallery.php?gallery_uid=187&lang=en |date=2010-09-05 }} Cultural Heritage Photo Agency</ref><ref>''[http://www.modarresinews.com/artc.php?id=75/ The tragic martyrdom of Ayatollah Al Hakim calls for a stance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927214648/http://www.modarresinews.com/artc.php?id=75%2F |date=2011-09-27 }}'' Modarresi News, September 4, 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.zaman.org/?bl=international&alt=&trh=20040813&hn=11401/ Zaman Online, August 13, 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028164619/http://www.zaman.org/?bl=international |date=2006-10-28 }}</ref><ref>''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,926947,00.html/ Why 2003 is not 1991]'' The Guardian, April 1, 2003</ref><ref>''[http://www.boston.com/news/daily/02/war_shrine.htm/ Iraqi forces in Najaf take cover in important Shia shrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030407003224/http://www.boston.com/news/daily/02/war_shrine.htm/ |date=2003-04-07 }}, ''[[Boston Globe|The Boston Globe]]'', April 2, 2003. "For the world's nearly 120 million Muslim Shias, Najaf is the third holiest city behind Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia."</ref><ref>''[http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/04/23/sprj.nilaw.religious.rivalry/index.html/ Religious rivalries and political overtones in Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611161414/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/04/23/sprj.nilaw.religious.rivalry/index.html |date=2009-06-11 }}'' CNN.com, April 23, 2003]</ref><ref>[http://www.uga.edu/islam/iraq.html#misc "Miscellaneous Relevant Links"] Muslims, Islam, and Iraq]</ref> The [[Imam Ali Mosque]] is hoosed in a grand structur wi a gowd gilditd dome an moany precious objects in the waws. Nearbi is the [[Wadi-us-Salaam]] cemetery, reputit tae be the lairgest in the warld.<ref name="FattahCaso2009">{{cite book|author1=Hala Mundhir Fattah|author2=Frank Caso|title=A brief history of Iraq|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q_-hrXU-mWYC&pg=PA140|accessdate=18 October 2010|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816057672|page=140}}</ref> It contains the tombs o several prophets an mony o the devout frae aroond the warld aspire tae be buried here, tae be raised frae the deid wi Imām Alī on [[Judgement Day]]. Ower the centuries, numerous hospices, schuils, libraries an [[Sufi]] convents wur biggit aroond the shrine tae mak the ceety the centre o Shīʻa learnin an theology. The Najaf seminary is ane o the maist important teachin centres in the Islamic warld. [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] lectured thare frae 1964-1978.<ref name='Ring'>{{cite web |title= Najaf |publisher=Global Security |year=1996 |last=Ring |first=Trudy |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/najaf.htm |accessdate=2009-09-13}}</ref> Mony o the leadin figures o the new Islamic muivement that emerged in Iraq, Iran an Lebanon in the 1970s haed studied at Najaf.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer As-Sadr, Najaf and the Shi'i International |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |last=Mallat |first=Chibli |url= http://books.google.fr/books?id=5oB4_tohQegC |accessdate=2009-09-13}}</ref> Hintle o Najaf's heritage wis badly damaged durin the rule o [[Saddam Hussein]], wi a heich-gate bein driven throu the middle o the Wādī'u s-Salām. ==Sister ceeties== * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Minneapolis]], [[Unitit States]] ==Relatit pages== *[[Battle o Najaf (2003)]] *[[Battle o Najaf (2004)]] *[[Battle o Najaf (2007)]] *[[Al Najaf Internaitional Airport]] *[[Leet o places in Iraq]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscategory|Najaf}} * [http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=3718 The Holy City of Najaf (Iraq)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217111847/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=3718 |date=2005-02-17 }} *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,,1281852,00.html Interactive Guide: Najaf] - ''[[The Guardian]]'' {{Coord|32.00|N|44.33|E|region:IQ_type:city|display=title}} {{Destricts o Iraq}} [[Category:Najaf| ]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 8t century]] [[Category:791 establishments]] [[Category:Haly ceeties]] [[Category:Shia haly ceeties]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals o Iraq]] t680vgn5kkcoivpp4i37u1m7cehxvlz 0 19634 923102 896438 2026-09-23T12:30:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923102 wikitext text/x-wiki The [[discografie]] o [[In Flames]], a Swadish [[melodic daith metal]] baund formed in the early 1990s, consists o ten [[studio album]]s, ae [[live album]], three [[extendit play]]s, seiven [[Single (muisic)|singles]], ae [[Video|video album]], an twinty [[muisic video]]s. ==Albums== === Studio albums === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Leet o studio albums, wi selectit chairt poseetions ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;" | Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;" | Album details ! scope="col" colspan="10" | Peak chairt poseetions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br /><ref name="SWE">{{cite web | url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=In+Flames | title=Discography In Flames | work=''swedishcharts.com'' | publisher=Hung Medien | accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br /><ref name="AUT">{{cite web | url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=In+Flames | title=Discographie In Flames | work=''austriancharts.at'' | publisher=Hung Medien | accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[The Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br /><ref name="FIN">{{cite web | url=http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=In+Flames | title=Discography In Flames | work=''finnishcharts.com'' | publisher=Hung Medien | accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="FRA">{{cite web | url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=In+Flames | title=Discographie In Flames | work=''lescharts.com'' | publisher=Hung Medien | accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Media Control Charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="GER-albums">{{cite web | url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/In+Flames/?type=longplay | title=Chartverfolgung / In Flames / Longplay | work=''musicline.de'' | publisher=PhonoNet | language=German | accessdate=6 August 2008 | archive-date=2009-02-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201153422/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/In+Flames/?type=longplay | url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br /><ref name="NOR">{{cite web | url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=In+Flames | title=Discography In Flames | work=''norwegiancharts.com'' | publisher=Hung Medien | accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]<br /><ref name="SWI">{{cite web | url=http://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=In+Flames | title=Discography In Flames | work=''swisscharts.com'' | publisher=Hung Medien | accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK-albums">Peak chart positions for albums in the United Kingdom: * All except ''Soundtrack to Your Escape'': {{cite web | url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/In%20Flames | title=In Flames – Official Charts Company | publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] | accessdate=22 January 2013 | format=select "Albums" tab}} * ''Soundtrack to Your Escape'': {{cite web | url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_I.HTM | title=Chart Log UK: I Am Arrows – Laura Izibor | work=''zobbel.de'' | publisher=Tobias Zywietz | accessdate=22 January 2013 | author=Zywietz, Tobias}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="US-albums">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=in flames|chart=Billboard 200}} | title=In Flames – Chart History: Billboard 200 | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | accessdate=19 February 2013 | archive-date=2015-11-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124151250/http://www.billboard.com/artist/303761/flames/chart?f=305 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Independent Albums|US<br />Ind.]]<br /><ref name="US-Independent-albums">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=in flames|chart=Independent Albums}} | title=In Flames – Chart History: Independent Albums | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | accessdate=19 February 2013 | archive-date=2015-04-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419104937/http://www.billboard.com/artist/303761/flames/chart?f=326 | url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Lunar Strain]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/lunar-strain-mw0000209187 | title=Lunar Strain - In Flames| work=[[AllMusic]] | publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]] | accessdate=22 January 2013 | author=Henderson, Alex}}</ref> | * Released: 1 Apryle 1994 * Label: Wrong Again * Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Gramophone record|LP]] | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Jester Race]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/jester-race-mw0000738831 | title=The Jester Race - In Flames | work=[[AllMusic]] | publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]] | accessdate=22 January 2013 | author=Huey, Steve}}</ref> | * Released: 20 Februar 1996 * Label: [[Nuclear Blast]] * Formats: CD, LP, [[music download|digital download]] | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Whoracle]]'' | * Released: 27 October 1997 * Label: Nuclear Blast * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | — || — || 33 || — || 78 || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Colony (In Flames album)|Colony]]'' | * Released: 31 May 1999 * Label: Nuclear Blast * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 34 || — || 27 || — || 69 || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Clayman]]'' | * Released: 3 Julie 2000 * Label: Nuclear Blast * Formats: CD, digital download | 17 || — || 20 || — || 43 || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Reroute to Remain]]'' | * Released: 2 September 2002 * Label: Nuclear Blast * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 5 || 67 || 5 || 81 || 23 || — || — || — || — || 13 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Soundtrack to Your Escape]]'' | * Released: 29 Mairch 2004 * Label: Nuclear Blast * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 3 || 25 || 13 || 82 || 28 || 36 || — || 132 || 145 || 7 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Come Clarity]]'' | * Released: 3 Februar 2006 * Label: Nuclear Blast * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 1 || 16 || 1 || 89 || 6 || 27 || 30 || 67 || 58 || 2 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[A Sense of Purpose]]'' | * Released: 4 Apryle 2008 * Label: Nuclear Blast * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 1 || 6 || 3 || 64 || 6 || 15 || 29 || 54 || 28 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Sounds of a Playground Fading]]'' | * Released: 21 Juin 2011 * Label: [[Century Media Records|Century Media]] * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 2 || 6 || 4 || 34 || 1 || 10 || 12 || 74 || 27 || 5 |- | colspan="15" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that didna chart or wisna released in that territory. |} === Live albums === {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2" width="220"| Album details ! colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"| Peak chairt<br />poseetions |- ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| SWA<br /><ref name="SWA" /> ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| FIN<br /><ref name="FIN" /> |- | align="center"| 2001 | ''[[The Tokyo Showdown]]'' * Released: 6 August 2001 * Label: Nuclear Blast <small>(#636)</small> * Format: CD, LP | align="center"| 43 | align="center"| 31 |} === Video albums === {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2" width="220"| Video details ! colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;"| Peak chairt poseetions |- ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| SWE<br /><ref name="Used">{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Veckolista DVD Album - Vecka 31|date=4 August 2005|work=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|publisher=[[Swedish Recording Industry Association|Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening]]|language=Swadish|accessdate=19 January 2009}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| FIN<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop.yle.fi/lista/musa_dvd?id=2400|title=Suomen virallinen lista - DVD - Viikko 31/2005|work=YLE Pop|publisher=[[YLE]]|language=Finnish|accessdate=2009-01-20}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| GER<br /><ref name="GER" /> ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| US<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3061517&cdi=8443309&cid=10%2F08%2F2005|title=Top Music Video - Used & Abused in Live We Trust|date=8 October 2005|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|accessdate=2009-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129165414/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=388&cfgn=Videos&cfn=Top+Music+Video&ci=3061517&cdi=8443309&cid=10%2F08%2F2005|archivedate=2009-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center"| 2005 | ''[[Used & Abused In Live We Trust|Used & Abused in Live We Trust]]'' * Released: 25 Julie 2005 * Label: Nuclear Blast <small>(#661)</small> * Format: CD & DVD | align="center"| 1 | align="center"| 1 | align="center"| 56 | align="center"| 30 |} == Extendit plays == {|class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Year ! width="220"| EP details |- | align="center"| 1995 | ''[[Subterranean (EP)|Subterranean]]'' * Released: 15 Juin 1995 *Label: Wrong Again <small>(#6)</small> *Format: [[12-inch]], CD |- | align="center"| 1997 | ''[[Black-Ash Inheritance]]'' *Released: 15 August 1997 *Label: Nuclear Blast <small>(#251)</small> *Format: [[Shaped CD]] |- | align="center"| 2003 | ''[[Trigger (EP)|Trigger]]'' *Released: 10 Juin 2003 *Label: Nuclear Blast <small>(#1130)</small> *Format: [[10-inch]], CD & DVD |- | align="center"| 2011 | ''[[8 Songs]]'' *Released: 7 Juin 2011 *Label: Century Media *Format: DI |} == Singles == {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2" width="220"| Sang ! colspan="4" style="font-size:95%;"| Peak chairt poseetions ! rowspan="2" width="200"| Album |- ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| SWA<br /><ref name="SWA" /> ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| AUT<br /><ref name="AUT" /> ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| FIN<br /><ref name="FIN" /> ! style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| GER<br /><ref name="GER" /> |- | align="center"| 2002 | "[[Cloud Connected]]" | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | ''Reroute to Remain'' |- | align="center"| 2004 | "[[The Quiet Place]]" | align="center"| 2 | align="center"| — | align="center"| 16 | align="center"| 91 | ''Soundtrack to Your Escape'' |- | align="center" rowspan="2"| 2006 | "[[Come Clarity|Take This Life]]" | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | rowspan="2"| ''Come Clarity'' |- | "[[Come Clarity (sang)|Come Clarity]]" | align="center"| 52 | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — |- | align="center" rowspan="2"| 2008 | "[[The Mirror's Truth]]" | align="center"| 14 | align="center"| 51 | align="center"| 5 | align="center"| 72 | rowspan="3"| ''A Sense of Purpose'' |- | "[[A Sense of Purpose|Alias]]" | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — |- | 2009 | "[[A Sense of Purpose|Delight and Angers]]" | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — |- | rowspan="1"| 2011 | "[[Sounds of a Playground Fading|Deliver Us]]" | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | align="center"| — | rowspan="1"| ''Sounds of a Playground Fading'' |- | align="center" colspan="7" style="font-size: 8pt"| "—" denotes releases that didna chart or werena released in that kintra. |} == Muisic videos == {|class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Year ! width="220"| Title ! Director |- | align="center"| 1999 | "Ordinary Story" | Tamara Jordan<ref name="Death">{{cite album-notes | title = Death... Is Just the Beginning, Vol. 6 | albumlink = | bandname = Various Airtists | year = 2001 | notestitle = | url = | first = | last = | authorlink = | coauthors = | pages = pp. 2–3 | format = DVD booklet | publisher = Nuclear Blast | publisherid = NB 567-2 | location = | mbid = }}</ref> |- | align="center" rowspan="2"| 2000 | "Pinball Map" | Artoon Animation<ref name="Death" /> |- | "Only for the Weak" | rowspan="3"| Roger Johansson<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/309672/only-for-the-weak.jhtml|title=Only for the Weak|date=25 July 2000|work=[[MTV]]|publisher=[[MTV Networks]]|accessdate=18 January 2009|archive-date=2015-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412081948/http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/309672/only-for-the-weak.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/310170/cloud-connected.jhtml|title=Cloud Connected|date=3 September 2002|work=MTV|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=18 January 2009|archive-date=2015-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412093554/http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/310170/cloud-connected.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center"| 2002 | "Cloud Connected" |- | align="center" rowspan="2"| 2003 | "Trigger" |- | "System" | rowspan="4"| [[Patric Ullaeus]]<ref name="RFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.revolver.se/aaa/music.html|author=Ullaeus, Patric|title=Music Video Archive 1993–2008|publisher=Revolver Film Company|accessdate=9 December 2008|authorlink=Patric Ullaeus}}</ref> |- | align="center" rowspan="2"| 2004 | "The Quiet Place" |- | "Touch of Red" |- | align="center" rowspan="7"| 2005 | "Borders and Shading" |- | "Like You Better Dead" | Thomas Tjäder<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=41300|title=In Flames: Like You Better Dead Video Posted Online|date=6 September 2005|work=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|publisher=[[Roadrunner Records]]|accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> |- | "Evil in a Closet" | rowspan="6"| Patric Ullaeus<ref name="RFC" /> |- | "Episode 666" |- | "Dial 595-Escape" |- | "F(r)iend" |- | "My Sweet Shadow" |- | align="center" rowspan="2"| 2006 | "Take This Life" |- | "Come Clarity" | Lex Halaby<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/103984/come-clarity.jhtml#artist=1184126|title=Come Clarity|work=MTV|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=6 August 2008|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021074600/http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/103984/come-clarity.jhtml#artist=1184126|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" rowspan="2"| 2008 | "The Mirror's Truth" | Popcore<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/209344/the-mirrors-truth.jhtml#artist=1184126|title=The Mirror's Truth|work=MTV|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=6 August 2008|archive-date=2013-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021074558/http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/209344/the-mirrors-truth.jhtml#artist=1184126|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | "Alias" | rowspan="3"| Patric Ullaeus<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/270792/alias.jhtml|title=Alias|date=4 September 2008|work=MTV|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=9 December 2008|archive-date=2015-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412064838/http://www.mtv.com/videos/in-flames/270792/alias.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/Blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=115499|title=In Flames: 'Delight and Angers' Video to Debut This Month|date=March 4, 2009|work=Blabbermouth.net|publisher=Roadrunner Records|accessdate=March 11, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | align="center"| 2009 | "Delight and Angers" |- | align="center"| 2011 | "Deliver Us" |} ==Collaborations== {|class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Year ! width="220"| Title ! Collaboratit wi ! Album |- | align="center"|2010 | "Self vs. Self" | [[Pendulum (baund)|Pendulum]] | ''[[Immersion (album)|Immersion]]'' |} == References == ;General {{ref begin}} *In Flames <small>></small> Discography ** {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/in-flames-p200319/discography/main|title=Main Albums|work=[[Allmusic]]|publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=20 January 2009}} ** {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/in-flames-p200319/discography/singles-eps|title=Singles & EPs|work=Allmusic|publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=20 January 2009}} ** {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/in-flames-p200319/discography/dvds-videos|title=DVDs & Videos|work=Allmusic|publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=20 January 2009}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearblast.de/showDynamicPage.php?ident=releases&aid=30&reset=1|title=In Flames <small>></small> Releases|publisher=[[Nuclear Blast]]|accessdate=20 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201180635/http://www.nuclearblast.de/showDynamicPage.php?ident=releases&aid=30&reset=1|url-status=dead}} {{ref end}} ;Specific {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|In Flames}} *{{Official website|inflames.com}} *{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p200319|label=In Flames}} *{{Discogs artist | artist = In Flames| name = In Flames }} *[http://www.inflamesdiscography.com/ The Complete In Flames Discography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023094447/http://www.inflamesdiscography.com/ |date=2020-10-23 }} [[Category:Hivy metal discografies]] [[Category:In Flames]] [[Category:Discografies o Swadish airtists]] jes9omiugydg4u1joaw1eakpwos28pk 0 32064 923239 922691 2026-09-24T06:14:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birth_name=Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin |name = Vladimir Putin |native_name = Владимир Путин |native_name_lang = ru |image = Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped).jpg |caption = Putin in 2024 |office1 = [[Preses o Roushie]] |primeminister1 = [[Viktor Zubkov]]<br>[[Dmitry Medvedev]] |term_start1 = 7 Mey 2012 |predecessor1 = Dmitry Medvedev |primeminister2 = [[Mikhail Kasyanov]]<br>[[Mikhail Fradkov]]<br>[[Viktor Zubkov]] |term_start2 = 7 Mey 2000 |term_end2 = 7 Mey 2008<br><small>Acting: 31 December 1999 – 7 Mey 2000</small> |predecessor2 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] |successor2 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] |office3 = [[Prime Meenister o Roushie]] |president3 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] |deputy3 = [[Igor Shuvalov]] |term_start3 = 8 Mey 2008 |term_end3 = 7 Mey 2012 |predecessor3 = [[Viktor Zubkov]] |successor3 = [[Viktor Zubkov]] |president4 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] |deputy4 = [[Viktor Khristenko]]<br>[[Mikhail Kasyanov]] |term_start4 = 9 August 1999 |term_end4 = 7 Mey 2000<br><small>Acting: 9 August 1999 – 16 August 1999 |predecessor4 = [[Sergei Stepashin]] |successor4 = [[Mikhail Kasyanov]] |office5 = [[Unitit Roushie|Leader o Unitit Roushie]] |term_start5 = 1 Januar 2008 |term_end5 = 30 Mey 2012 |predecessor5 = [[Boris Gryzlov]] |successor5 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] |office6 = [[Federal Security Service (Roushie)|Director o the Federal Security Service]] |president6 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] |term_start6 = 25 Julie 1998 |term_end6 = 29 Mairch 1999 |predecessor6 = [[Nikolay Kovalyov (politeecian)|Nikolay Kovalyov]] |successor6 = [[Nikolai Patrushev]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|10|7|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Saunt Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |party = [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] <small>(1975-1991)</small><br>[[Oor Hame – Roushie]] <small>(1995–1999)</small><br>[[Unity (Roushie poleetical pairty)|Unity]] <small>(1999–2001)</small><br>[[Independent (politeecian)|Independent]] <small>(1991–1995; 2001–2008)</small><br>[[Unitit Roushie]] <small>(2008–present)</small> |otherparty = [[Fowk's Front for Roushie]] <small>(2011–present)</small> |spouse = {{marriage|[[Lyudmila Putina]]|1983|2013}} |children = Mariya<br>Yekaterina |religion = [[Roushie Orthodoxy]] |alma_mater = [[Saunt Petersburg State Varsity|Leningrad State Varsity]] |signature = Putin signature.svg |website = {{Official website|http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru}} |allegiance = {{USSR}} |branch = [[KGB]] |serviceyears = 1975–1991 |rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel]] |awards = [[File:Orden of Honour.png|40 px|link=Order o Honour (Roushie Federation)]] }} '''Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin''' ({{lang-ru|Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин|p=vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn|a=ru-Putin.ogg}}; born 7 October 1952) is a [[Roushie]] politeecian that is [[Leet o Preses o the Roushie Federation|seicont]] [[Preses o Roushie|Preses o the]] [[Roushie]] Federation the nou an wis the [[Prime Meenister o Roushie]], as weel as chairman o [[Unitit Roushie]] an Chairman o the Cooncil o Meenisters o the [[Union State]]. He became [[Preses o Roushie|actin Preses]] on 31 December 1999, whan preses [[Boris Yeltsin]] resigned in a surprisin muive. Putin wan the 2000 presidential election an in 2004 he wis re-elected for a seicont term lastin till 7 Mey 2008. He wis reelect in 2012. For 16 year Putin wis an officer in the [[KGB]], risin tae the rank o [[Podpolkovnik|Lieutenant Colonel]] afore he retired tae enter politics in his native [[Saunt Petersburg]] in 1991. He flittit tae Moscow in 1996 an jyned Preses [[Boris Yeltsin]]'s admeenistration whaur he rose tite, acomin [[Actin Preses o the Roushie Federation|Actin Preses]] on 31 December 1999 whan Yeltsin unexpectit resigned. Putin won the subsequent [[Roushie presidential election, 2000|2000 presidential election]], despite widespread accusations o vote-riggin,<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/919928.stm</ref> an wis [[Roushie presidential election, 2004|reelectit in 2004]]. Acause o [[Constitution o Roushie|constitutionally mandatit term leemits]], Putin wis ineligible tae run for a third consecutive presidential term in 2008. [[Dmitry Medvedev]] won the [[Roushie presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]] an appyntit Putin as [[Prime Meenister o Roushie|Prime Meenister]], beginnin a period o sae-caed [[Duumvirate|"tandemocracy"]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hale|first=Henry E.|author2=Timothy J. Colton|date=8 September 2009|title=Russians and the Putin-Medvedev "Tandemocracy": A Survey-Based Portrait of the 2007–08 Election Season|journal=The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research|publisher=University of Washington|location=Seattle, WA|url=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2009_823-03_2_Hale.pdf|accessdate=15 March 2012|archive-date=2012-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609172645/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2009_823-03_2_Hale.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2011, follaein a chynge in the law extendin the presidential term frae fower year tae sax,<ref>Vasilyeva, Natallya. [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/2012/04/12/337618/Putin-claims.htm "Putin claims to support term limits as he readies to take helm for 3rd time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828204922/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/2012/04/12/337618/Putin-claims.htm |date=2014-08-28 }}, ''[[China Post]]'' (12 April 2012).</ref> Putin annoonced that he wad seek a third, non-consecutive term as Preses in the [[Russian presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential election]], an announcement that led tae [[2011–13 Roushie protests|lairge-scale protests in mony Roushie ceeties]]. In Mairch 2012, he won the election, that wis criticized for procedural irregularities, an is servin a sax-year term.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120304/171708401.html |title=Putin Hails Vote Victory, Opponents Cry Foul |agency=RIA Novosti |accessdate=22 June 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731182616/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120304/171708401.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2012/03/elections-in-russia-world-awaits-for.html|title=Elections in Russia: World Awaits for Putin to Reclaim the Kremlin|date=March 2012|publisher=The World Reporter|accessdate=March 2012|archive-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110037/https://www.theworldreporter.com/2012/03/elections-in-russia-world-awaits-for.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mony o Putin's actions are regardit bi the domestic opposeetion an foreign observers as undemocratic.<ref>{{cite web|author=Treisman, D|title=Is Russia's Experiment with Democracy Over?|url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294|publisher=UCLA International Institute|accessdate=31 December 2007|archive-date=2004-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111074502/http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2011 [[Democracy Index]] statit that Roushie wis in "a lang process o regression [that] culminatit in a move frae a hybrid tae an [[authoritarian]] regime" in view o Putin's candidacy an flawed pairlamentary elections.<ref>[[Democracy Index]] 2011, http://www.sida.se/Global/About%20Sida/Så%20arbetar%20vi/EIU_Democracy_Index_Dec2011.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617042553/http://www.sida.se/Global/About%20Sida/S%C3%A5%20arbetar%20vi/EIU_Democracy_Index_Dec2011.pdf |date=2012-06-17 }}</ref> In 2014, Roushie wis temporarily suspendit frae the [[G8]] group as a result o its [[annexation o Crimea]].<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/ U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8], CNN</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-temporarily-kicked-out-of-g8-club-of-rich-countries-2014-3 |title=Russia Temporarily Kicked Out Of G8 Club Of Rich Countries |publisher=Business Insider |date=2013-06-18 |accessdate=2014-03-25}}</ref> During Putin's first premiership an presidency (1999–2008) real incomes in Roushie rose bi a factor o 2.5, while real wages mair nor tripled; unemployment an poverty mair nor halved. Roushies' self-assessed life satisfaction rose signeeficantly an aa.<ref name="challenges_p12">{{cite book|editors=Anders Åslund, Sergei Guriev, Andrew C. Kuchins|title=Russia After the Global Economic Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaaftergloba00aslu|chapter=Challenges Facing the Russian Economy after the Crisis|last1=Guriev|first1=Sergei|last2=Tsyvinski|first2=Aleh|publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; New Economic School|year=2010|isbn=9780881324976|pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiaaftergloba00aslu/page/12 12]–13}}</ref> Putin's first presidency wis markit bi heich economic growth: the [[Roushie economy]] grew for aicht year, seein GDP increase bi 72% in [[Purchasing pouer parity|PPP]] (as for nominal GDP, 600%).<ref name="challenges_p12"/><ref name=nbc>{{cite news|title=Russians weigh Putin's protégé|agency=Associated Press|location=Moscow|date=3 May 2008|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24443419/print/1/displaymode/1098/|accessdate=29 December 2008|archive-date=2012-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119131007/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24443419/print/1/displaymode/1098/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=13&sy=1992&ey=2007&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=GDP of Russia from 1992 to 2007] [[International Monetary Fund]]. Retrieved 12 May 2008</ref><ref name=stats>{{cite news |url=http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080301/100381963.html |title=Russia's economy under Vladimir Putin: achievements and failures |agency=RIA Novosti |accessdate=22 June 2013 |archive-date=2013-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020517/http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080301/100381963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=russiaprofile>[http://russiaprofile.org/politics/a1187177738.html Putin's Economy&nbsp;– Eight Years On] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024211354/http://russiaprofile.org/politics/a1187177738.html |date=2011-10-24 }}. Russia Profile, 15 August 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008</ref> This growth wis a combined result o the [[2000s commodities boom]], heich ile prices, as weel as prudent economic an fiscal policies.<ref>''Putin: Russia's Choice'', (Routledge 2007), by [[Richard Sakwa]], Chapter 9</ref><ref>''Fragile Empire: How Russia Fell In and Out of Love with Vladimir Putin'', Yale University Press (2013), by Ben Judah, page 17</ref> As Roushie's preses, Putin an the [[Federal Assembly (Roushie)|Federal Assembly]] passed intae law a flat [[income tax]] o 13%, a reduced profits tax, an new land an legal codes.<ref name=progress>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/06/b99061.html|title=The Putin Paradox|publisher=Americanprogress.org|date=24 June 2004|accessdate=2 March 2010|archive-date=2012-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513113229/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/06/b99061.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=sharlet>{{cite book|last=Sharlet|first=Robert|title=Developments in Russian Politics|editor=White, Gitelman, Sakwa|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2005|volume=6|chapter=In Search of the Rule of Law|isbn=0-8223-3522-0}}</ref> As Prime Meenister, Putin owersaw lairge-scale [[Roushie militar reform|militar]] an [[Roushie polis reform|polis reform]]. His [[energy policy o Roushie|energy policy]] haes affirmed Roushie's poseetion as an [[energy superpouer]].<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=860&&prog=zru How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712025414/http://carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail |date=2016-07-12 }}, by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 March 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/051302Energy.shtml Russia: The 21st Century's Energy Superpower?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013144848/http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/051302Energy.shtml |date=2006-10-13 }}, by Fiona Hill, The Brookings Institution, 5 October 2002</ref> Putin supportit heich-tech industries lik the [[nuclear pouer in Roushie|nuclear]] an [[defence industry o Roushie|defence industries]]. A rise in foreign investment<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/business/invest/in_inv1.htm ПОСТУПЛЕНИЕ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ ПО ТИПАМ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213073312/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/business/invest/in_inv1.htm |date=2022-02-13 }} [[Rosstat]]</ref> contreibutit tae a boom in such sectors as the [[automotive industry o Russia|automotive industry]]. Housamever, caipital investment recently dropped 2.5% acause o the crisis in Ukraine accordin tae forecasts bi economists frae the [[IMF]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IMF cuts Russia 2014 growth outlook, cites Ukraine risk|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/us-russia-economy-imf-idUSBREA3T07H20140430|website=Reuters|access-date=2015-02-28|archive-date=2015-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214011208/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/us-russia-economy-imf-idUSBREA3T07H20140430|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{Current G20 Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Putin, Vladimir}} [[Category:Vladimir Putin| ]] [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:2003 Tuzla island conflict]] [[Category:Actin Preses o Roushie]] [[Category:Directors o the Federal Security Service]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox Christians frae Roushie]] [[Category:FSB officers]] [[Category:Grand Croix o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Heids o govrenment o the Roushie Federation]] [[Category:Independent politeecians]] [[Category:KGB officers]] [[Category:Kyokushin kaikan practeetioners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Oor Hame – Roushie politeecians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Saunt Petersburg]] [[Category:Fowk o the 2014 Crimean crisis]] [[Category:Fowk o the Chechen wars]] [[Category:Fowk o the Roushie-Georgie War]] [[Category:Plagiarism controversies]] [[Category:Preses o Roushie]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o St. Sava]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Zayed]] [[Category:Roushie judoka]] [[Category:Roushie karateka]] [[Category:Roushie Orthodox Christians]] [[Category:Roushie sambo practeetioners]] [[Category:Saunt Petersburg State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Unitit Roushie politeecians]] {{Stub/RoushiePoliteecian}} fpx9v9y38c58025vud657tuxt1r1vmo 0 32302 923119 873774 2026-09-23T14:26:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabukichō''' ({{lang-ja|歌舞伎町|Kabuki-chō}}, {{IPA-ja|ka̠bɯ̟ᵝkʲi t͡ɕo̞ː|}}) is an enterteenment an [[reid-licht destrict]] in [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. Kabukichō is the location o mony [[host an hostess clubs|hostess bar]]s, [[host an hostess clubs|host bar]]s, [[love hotel]]s, shops, restaurants, an nichtclubs, an is aften cried the "Sleepless Toun" (眠らない街). The destrict's name comes frae late-1940s plans tae build a [[kabuki]] theater. Awtho the theater wis niver built, the name stuck. The aurie haes mony movie theaters, an is locatit near [[Shinjuku Station]], [[Seibu Shinjuku Station]], an several ither major railway an subway stations. ==History== Oreeginally, the aurie wis kent as {{nihongo|'''Tsunohazu'''|角筈}} an wis a swamp. Efter the [[Meiji Period]], the aurie became a duck sanctuar. As the Yodobashi Purification Plant wis built in 1893, the ponds were filled in. In 1920, a girl's schuil wis built there, and the surroundings wur developit intae a residential aurie. Durin [[Warld War II]], the [[Bombin o Tokyo in World War II|bombin o Tokyo]] in 1945 razit the aurie tae the grund. Efter the war, a kabuki theatre wis planned tae be built thare an the toun changit its name tae Kabukichō. Though the theatre wis cancelled due tae financial problems, the name remained. Kabukichō wis quickly redevelopit efter the war, mainly due tae the efforts o the [[Cheenese fowk in Japan|owerseas Cheenese in Japan]] who bocht laund left unuised efter the expos an greatly developit them. Examples o such fowk include the foonder o [[Humax]], [[Lin Yiwen]], wha stairtit his business wi a [[cabaret]]. At present, Kabukichō haes transformit frae a residential aurie tae a warld famous red-licht destrict hoosin ower three thoosan bars, nichtclubs, love hotels, massage parlours, hostess clubs an the like. Awtho referred here as a "reid licht destrict", thare are nae red lichts in the literal sense wi prostitutes in the windaes as in Amsterdam. Recently, tourism frae Cheenae an Korea are on the rise, an so, mony tourists can be seen in Kabukichō even durin daytime. ==Creeme== [[File:Kabukicho ichibangai.jpg|thumb|Entrance o Kabukichō at daytime.]] Accordin tae a spokesperson o Metropolitan Tokyo in 2004, there are mair nor 1,000 [[yakuza]] members in Kabukichō, an 120 different enterprises unner their control.<ref name="yakuza">2004年1月19日竹花東京都副知事発言・歌舞伎町住民との懇談会</ref> Enterin the new millennium, laws wur mair strictly enforcit an patrols became mair frequent. These, addin tae the installation o fifty [[closed-circuit camera]]s in Mey 2002, reducit creeminal activities in Kabukichō, amidst controversy. In 2004, the polis unnerteuk an operation clampin doun on illegal clubs an [[bordel]]s, causin mony tae go oot o business. An aw, thare is a muivement tae rid Kabukichō o the yakuza ("bad haund" gangs), kent as the Kabukichō Renaissance. ==In cultur== Kabukichō is featurt in a nummer o media: *''[[Shinjuku Incident]]'', a 2009 [[Jackie Chan]] movie set in the early '90s aboot Cheenese immigrants in Japan *''[[Fuyajo]]'', novel bi [[Hase Seishu]]. An aw, a movie based on the novel that wis filmit in Kabukichō<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0169929/|title=IMDB entry on the movie "Fuyajō"}}</ref> *''[[Enter the Void]]'', a film bi [[Gaspar Noé]], wis pairtly filmit an set in Kabukichō<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/gaspar-noe,45554/|title=Interview with Gaspar Noé for the A.V. club|access-date=2012-03-07|archive-date=2012-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119040351/http://www.avclub.com/articles/gaspar-noe,45554/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''A Guide of the Sleepless Town'', novel bi [[Lee Xiaomu]] *''[http://tokyorealtime.com TOKYO REALTIME: Kabukicho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521222139/https://tokyorealtime.com/ |date=2022-05-21 }}'', an audio guidit tour o Kabukicho producit bi Max Hodges *''[[In the Miso Soup]]'', novel bi [[Ryu Murakami]] *''Dreaming Pachinko'', novel bi [[Isaac Adamson]] *"Kabukichō No Joō", sang bi [[Shiina Ringo]] *''[[The School of Water Business]]'', novel bi [[Hikaru Murozumi]] *''[[Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne]]'', a [[role-playin video game]] bi [[Atlus]] *[[Yakuza (series)|''Yakuza'' series]], an [[Action-adventur gemme]] bi [[Sega]] featurs a fictionalizit Kabukichō as ''Kamurocho'' *''Ugly Americans'', novel bi [[Ben Mezrich]] *''[[Pattern Recognition (novelle)|Pattern Recognition]]'', novel bi [[William Gibson]] *"[[Shin Pet Shop of Horrors]]", manga bi Matsuri Akino *The manga ''[[Gintama]]'' by [[Hideaki Sorachi]] is mostly focused around a fictional version of Kabukichou in the late 19th century *''[[Tokyo Vice]]'', beuk bi [[Jake Adelstein]] <gallery> File:Kabukicho Gate at night.jpg|Ane o the entrances tae Kabukichō File:Kabu001.png|Bricht lichts o Kabukichō </gallery> ==See an aw== * [[Kyabakura Union]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.d-kabukicho.com/en/ Kabukicho Renaissance offeecial wabsteid - Kabukicho toun information -] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804074445/http://www.d-kabukicho.com/en/ |date=2010-08-04 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.kabukicho.or.jp/ KABUKI町 Kabukicho ptal site] {{ja icon}} * [http://kabukicho-commune.jp/ Kabukicho Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012040720/http://kabukicho-commune.jp/ |date=2009-10-12 }} {{ja icon}} * [http://www.kabukicho.or.jp/ @GEHA Kabukicho Renewal Alliance] {{ja icon}} * [http://kabuki-cho.blog.so-net.ne.jp/ Kabukicho Renaissance blog,Koichi Teratani, a documentary maker and authority on Kabukicho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320115837/http://kabuki-cho.blog.so-net.ne.jp/ |date=2012-03-20 }} {{ja icon}} {{Neebourheids o Tokyo}} {{Coord|35.69388|N|139.703422|E|source:dewiki_region:JP-13_type:city|format=dms|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kabukicho, Tokyo}} [[Category:Shinjuku]] [[Category:Reid-licht destricts in Japan]] [[Category:Neebourheids o Tokyo]] jt4ce4zbln8aqqh6u2yl5ha9w8a38pd 0 32449 923248 899386 2026-09-24T06:48:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video gemme |title = Yakuza 4 |image = |caption = |developer = [[Sega]] |publisher = [[Sega]] |designer = [[Toshihiro Nagoshi]] (producer) |composer = ''[[#Soundtrack|See Soundtrack]]'' |series= ''[[Yakuza (series)|Yakuza]]'' |engine = |version = |released = {{vgrelease|JP=18 Mairch 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5422270/yakuza-4-dated-for-japan |title=Yakuza 4 Dated For Japan |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-01 |archive-date=2010-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419071723/http://kotaku.com/5422270/yakuza-4-dated-for-japan |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|NA=15 Mairch 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamestop.com/Catalog/ProductDetails.aspx?product_id=78074&gclid=CMGBvPD4lKQCFc5i2godK2kCGw |title=Yakuza 4 for Pre Order with Date |publisher=Gamestop.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-01 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|EU=18 Mairch 2011}} |genre = [[Action-adventur gemme|Action-adventur]] |modes = [[Single-player]] |ratings = {{vgratings|CERO=D|ESRB=M|BBFC=18|PEGI=18}} |platforms = [[PlayStation 3]] |media = [[Blu-ray Disc]] |requirements = |input = [[Gamepad]] |resolution = }} {{nihongo|'''''Yakuza 4'''''|龍が如く4 伝説を継ぐもの|"Ryū ga Gotoku 4: Densetsu o Tsugumono"|lit. "Like a Dragon 4: Successor of the Legend"}}, is a video gemme developit an published bi [[Sega]] exclusively for the [[PlayStation 3]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.ps3.ign.com/objects/143/14347894.html |title=IGN UK: Yakuza 4 Preview |publisher=Uk.ps3.ign.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-01 |archive-date=2010-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515194127/http://uk.ps3.ign.com/objects/143/14347894.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The gemme wis annooncit on 24 Julie 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Spencer. July 24, 2009. 12:30am |url=http://www.siliconera.com/2009/07/24/of-course-sega-is-working-on-yakuza-4/ |title=Of Course Sega Is Working On Yakuza 4 |publisher=Siliconera.com |date=2009-07-24 |accessdate=2011-02-01}}</ref> A promotion video wis presentit at the 2009 [[Tokyo Game Show]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Dbdfo314OA |title=English subtitled TGS2009 PV |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2009-09-26 |accessdate=2011-02-01}}</ref> and a preview presenting the main story was released on January 13, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuYoOASoSS8 |title=Preview trailer |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2010-03-18 |accessdate=2011-02-01}}</ref> The gemme is the sequel tae ''[[Yakuza 3]]'' an wis released on 18 Mairch 2010 in Japan. A playable demo wis released tae the Japanese [[PlayStation Store]] on 5 Mairch 2010.<ref name="ryu425022010">[http://ryu-ga-gotoku.com/news/index.html#171 Ryū ga Gotoku 4 official website], news 『龍が如く４　伝説を継ぐもの』体験版　配信決定！ 2010.02.25 THU</ref> The gemme haes been confirmit for release in Europe an North Americae in Mairch 2011.<ref name="English">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.sega.com/europe/2010/06/08/iamkazuma/ |title=Yakuza 4 Comes West Spring 2011… & Ask Nagoshi-san A Question! |author=ArchangelUK |date=June 8, 2010 |work= |publisher=[[Sega]] Blog Europe |accessdate=May 30, 2010 |archive-date=2010-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609133523/http://blogs.sega.com/europe/2010/06/08/iamkazuma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2010/06/08/yakuza-4-leaving-japan-arriving-here-in-spring-2011/|title=Yakuza 4 Leaving Japan, Arriving Here In Spring 2011|author=Spencer|date=2010-06-08|accessdate=2010-06-10|publisher=Siliconera}}</ref> ==Reception== {{Video gemme reviews | GR = 79.98%<ref name=GR>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/974869-yakuza-4/index.html|title=Yakuza 4|publisher=GameRankings|accessdate=January 18, 2016|archive-date=2012-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812103430/http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/974869-yakuza-4/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | MC = 78 / 100<ref name=MC>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/yakuza-4|title=Yakuza 4|publisher=MetaCritic|accessdate=January 18, 2016}}</ref> | Fam = 38/40<ref name=fam>http://gematsu.com/2010/03/yakuza-4-scores-3840-in-famitsu|title=Yakuza{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4 scores 38/40 in Famitsu</ref> }} Yakuza 4 receivit maistly positive reviews frae creetics. The gemme receivit a Awaird for Excellence at the 2010 Japan Game Awairds,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.cesa.or.jp/en/prize/year/11.html |title=Japan Game Awards 2010 – "Ryu ga Gotoku 4: Densetsu wo Tsugumono" |publisher=CESA (archived by [[WebCite]]) |accessdate=2010-09-18 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5sp0X5Jdz?url=http://awards.cesa.or.jp/en/prize/year/11.html |archivedate=2010-09-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> an receivit a score o 38 oot o 40 frae ''[[Famitsu]]''.<ref name=fam/> It haes a 79-percent ratin on [[GameRankings]] based on 40 reviews<ref name=GR/> an a valuation o 78 oot o 100 on [[Metacritic]], based on 59 reviews.<ref name=MC/> ==References== {{reflist|3}} ==External links== *{{Official website|http://ryu-ga-gotoku.com/four/index.html}} *[http://ryu-ga-gotoku.com/four/sp/index.html Tie-up Campaign (download item)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220082611/http://ryu-ga-gotoku.com/four/sp/index.html |date=2012-02-20 }} *[http://compforgames.ru/screenshot/yakuza_4/ Screenshots Yakuza 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107051655/http://compforgames.ru/screenshot/yakuza_4/ |date=2012-01-07 }} ===Media links=== *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iPdvNAgX28 Gameplay Digest Trailer/ゲームプレイダイジェスト編 (3rd trailer)] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Dbdfo314OA TGS 2009 w/English subtitles (1st trailer)] *[http://www.videogameplayer.tv/videos/yakuza-4-story-trailer {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315155943/http://www.videogameplayer.tv/videos/yakuza-4-story-trailer |date=2012-03-15 }} Yakuza 4 Story Trailer [English<nowiki>]</nowiki>] {{Yakuza series}} {{Sega}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yakuza 4}} [[Category:2010 video gemmes]] [[Category:Action-adventur gemmes]] [[Category:Organisit crime video gemmes]] [[Category:PlayStation 3 gemmes]] [[Category:Sega gemmes]] [[Category:Video gemme sequels]] [[Category:Yazuka (series)]] [[Category:Open warld video gemmes]] auhmjcjtbnwglul5scrvp1jez7ytinu 0 32561 923223 640517 2026-09-24T04:26:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Tikrit |other_name = |native_name = {{lang|ar|تكريت}} <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Toun |motto = |image_skyline = Tikrit Palace.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Leukin north alang the Tigris towards Saddam's Presidential palace in Aprile 2003 |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = Iraq |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = Tikrit's location inside Iraq |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = [[Saladin Province|Saladin]] |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2002 |population_note = |population_total = 260,000 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|34|36|36|N|43|40|48|E|region:IQ|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends --> '''Tikrit''' ({{lang-ar|تكريت}}, ''Tikrīt'' transliteratit as ''Takrit'' or ''Tekrit'' an aw) is a toun in [[Iraq]], locatit 140&nbsp;km northwast o [[Baghdad]] on the [[Tigris]] river (at 34.61°N, 43.68°E). The toun, wi an estimatit population in 2002 o aboot 260,000 is the admeenistrative centre o the [[Saladin Province]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,83580,00.html | work=Fox News | title=Iraqis � With American Help � Topple Statue of Saddam in Baghdad | date=April 9, 2003 | access-date=2012-03-22 | archive-date=2012-10-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026122111/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,83580,00.html | url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Tigris}} {{coord|34|36|N|43|41|E|type:city|display=title}} {{Destricts o Iraq}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Saladin Province]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals o Iraq]] pbfmkmmdzftncjxmci8ccnxjdd4bwza 0 32723 923159 892898 2026-09-23T19:52:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monzer al-Kassar''' (born in Kalamoon Yabroud Syria in 1945),<ref name="prince-of-marbella">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/armstrade/story/0,,1885191,00.html Meet the 'Prince of Marbella' - is he really supporting Iraq's insurgency?], Aram Roston, ''[[The Observer]]'', October 1, 2006</ref> elk-namit the "Prince o Marbella", is an [[Sirie]] [[airms dealer]]. He haes been connectit tae numerous creemes, includin the ''[[MS Achille Lauro|Achille Lauro]]'' hijackin an the [[Iran-Contra scandal]]. On 20 November 2008, he wis convictit in U.S. federal court as pairt o a U.S. govrenment sting, for greein tae sell airms tae unnercover agents posin as suppleers for the [[Revolutionary Airmit Forces o Colombie]] (FARC), a [[Colombie]] guerrilla organisation.<ref name=AP>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gmIqw0HftJAMNUr0k2Q0STgsFqQgD94IRK2G0 |title=Arms dealer caught in terror sting convicted in NY |author=Larry Neumeister |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 20, 2008 |accessdate=2008-11-21 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/21/nyregion/21arms.html|title=2 Arms Dealers Convicted of Plot to Aid Terrorists |author=Benjamin Weiser |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=November 20, 2008 |accessdate=2008-11-21}}</ref> He wis sentencit tae thirty years' impreesonment.<ref>[[Al Jazeera]], [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/02/20092254658349882.html US jails Syrian-born Arms Dealer], February 25, 2009</ref> ==Early years== His faither, Mohamed al-Kassar, wis a supporter o preses [[Hafez al-Assad]], an wis appointit Sirie ambassador first tae [[Indie]] an later tae [[Canadae]]. Monzer al-Kassar haed links tae the heichest echelons o the Syrian govrenment. Accordin tae U.S. authorities, Monzer's mentor in the drug an airms tred wis his aulder brither, Ghassan, who haed begun sellin drugs in the late 1960s. (Ghassan remained in the airms business till his daith o naitural causes in 2009).<ref name="the trafficker">[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/02/08/100208fa_fact_keefe "The Trafficker -- The Decades-Long Battle to Catch an International Arms Broker], [[Patrick Radden Keefe]], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', February 8, 2010</ref> Al-Kassar attendit law schuil in the late 1960s.<ref name="the trafficker" /> In 1970, al-Kassar haed his first [[Interpol]]-recordit arrest, for theft, in [[Trieste]], [[Italy]].<ref name="the trafficker" /> Al-Kassar became an airms dealer in the "early 1970s", accordin tae him, when the govrenment o [[Yemen Arab Republic|Yemen]] asked him tae buy rifles an pistols frae [[Poland]] for them (it is allegit that those airms wur then sent tae various terror groups). In 80's he wis Commercial Attaché o [[Sooth Yemen|Fowkdemocratic Republic o Yemen]] in [[Fowkrepublic o Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.medianet.pl/~naszapol/0842/0842pazi.php |title=W sieci terroru. Tygodnik Nasza Polska, nr 42 (663) |access-date=2012-03-29 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930040952/http://www.medianet.pl/~naszapol/0842/0842pazi.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Unitit Kinrick== In 1972, he wis arrestit in [[Copenhagen]] for sellin [[hashish]]. He then muivit tae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. He livit in [[Sloane Square]] in [[Lunnon]], whaur he teuk pairt in an operation that importit [[heroin]] an hashish frae [[Lebanon]], then bocht airms wi the profits an smuggled them back tae Lebanon.<ref name="the trafficker" /> In aither 1974 or 1977<ref name="prince-of-marbella" /> (soorces conflict), al-Kassar wis arrestit an jailed in the UK for sellin hashish. He served less nor twa years in jyle.<ref name="the trafficker" /> In 1981, he marriet Raghdaa Habbal, who wis seiventeen year auld at the time, an who came frae a well-connectit Sirie faimily in [[Beirut]].<ref name="the trafficker" /> In 1984, al-Kassar wis expelled frae the UK for drug an airms traffickin. =="The Prince o Marbella"== Efter his expulsion frae the UK, al-Kassar muivit, alang wi his wife an bi then twa childer, tae [[Marbella]], [[Spain]]. Thare he bocht a mansion, that he namit "Palacio de Mifadil" ("Palace o Ma Virtue", in a combination o Spainyie an Arabic), an quickly developit a reputation as a walthy, ostentatious businessman. The European press suin began tae caw him "The Prince o Marbella". In 1985 he wis the subject o a profile in the [[Fraunce|French]] magazine ''[[Paris Match]]'', which wrote, "in a few years, this Sirie merchant became ane o the maist pouerful businessmen in the warld."<ref name="the trafficker" /> The [[Politics o Spain|Spainyie govrenment]] alleges that in 1985, al-Kassar sauld airms tae the hijackers o the ''Achille Lauro'' cruise ship, an that efterwards he flew the hijackers' leader, [[Abu Abbas]], tae safety in ane o his private airplanes. Al-Kassar haes deneed the chairge. In 1987, investigations intae the Iran-Contra scandal foond that al-Kassar haed been peyed 1.5 million pounds bi someane in the U.S. govrenment tae sell airms tae [[Nicaragua]]n [[Contras]];<ref name="prince-of-marbella" /> accordin tae an airticle in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', the money came frae "a [[Swiss bank account]] controlled bi [[Oliver North]] an his co-conspirators."<ref name="the trafficker" /> In 1992, al-Kassar made airms sales valued in the millions o dollars tae [[Croatie]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie]] an [[Somalie]], violatin [[Unitit Naitions]] airms embargoes tae aw three countries. That same year, al-Kassar obtained an [[Argentinae|Argentine]] passport, wi the allegit plan tae muive thare, wi the assistance o then-preses [[Carlos Menem]], whose parents wur frae the same toun in Sirie as those o al-Kassar, an who mey hae been a relative. (In 2000, he wis indictit in Argentinae for "obtainin documents unner false pretences".) In 1992 an aw, the Spainyie govrenment arrestit him for his allegit earlier involvement in the ''Achille Lauro'' hijackin, alang wi "falsification o documents" an "possession o illegal weapons an vehicles". He spent mair nor a year in jyle afore bein released on bail. The trial came in 1995, an he wis foond no guilty on aw chairges.<ref name="prince-of-marbella" /> Up tae [[2002]] he collaboratit wi Pols [[Military Information Services]] in illegal airms tradin.<ref>Tygodnik Nasza Polska, nr 42 (663)</ref> In Julie 2006, the govrenment o [[Iraq]] placit him at #26 on thair "maist wantit" leet, cawin him "ane o the main sources o financial an logistics support" for the [[Iraqi insurgency]].<ref name="prince-of-marbella" /> ==DEA sting== Efter the [[11t September attacks]] in 2001, thare wis renewed interest in the Unitit States in apprehendin those connectit tae terrorism, as well as new laws that gae greater power for "extraterritorial jurisdiction", or the ability o the U.S. govrenment tae investigate an arrest fowk suspectit o committin creemes ootside the Unitit States.<ref name="the trafficker" /> In 2006, the [[Drug Enforcement Agency]] decidit tae put thegither a sting tae trap al-Kassar, code-namit "Operation Legacy" an led bi Jim Soiles an the DEA's Special Operations Diveesion. Thay enleetit a 69-year-auld [[Palestine|Palestinian]] umwhile member o the [[Black September Organization]], referred tae publicly anerlie as "Samir", who wis then bein held in a U.S. preeson. Samir spent hintle o 2006 tryin tae arrange a meetin wi al-Kassar, an wis feenally able tae in December 2006.<ref name="the trafficker" /> In Februar 2007, the DEA haed Samir arrange a meetin atween al-Kassar an twa [[Guatemala]]n informants posin as FARC insurgents who wantit tae purchase wappens tae uise against American military forces. The group met several mair times, an at later meetins the informants wur wearin hidden video cameras, which recordit al-Kassar greein tae the terms o the deal.<ref name="the trafficker" /> The informants, at the request o the DEA, then treed tae lur al-Kassar tae [[Romanie]], ostensibly in order tae collect his payment for the sale, whaur he coud be easily arrestit bi U.S. agents; but al-Kassar refused. Thay instead convincit him tae buiard a flicht tae [[Madrid]] for the same purpose. In Juin 2007, the [[Cuerpo Nacional de Policía]] (Spainyie Naitional Polis) at the [[Barajas Airport]] in Madrid arrestit him efter he got aff the plane.<ref name="the trafficker" /> He wis chairgit wi conspirin tae kill Americans, supplyin terrorists, obtainin anti-aircraft missiles an [[money launderin]].<ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=897152007 "Spain arrests arms dealer Al Kassar on U.S. charges"], ''[[Reuters]]'', June 8, 2007</ref> On 13 Juin 2008, al-Kassar wis [[extradition|extraditit]] tae the Unitit States for trial;<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,366327,00.html "http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,366327,00.html"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020064657/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,366327,00.html |date=2012-10-20 }} FoxNews.com, June 13, 2008</ref> he arrived in New York in shackles the follaein day.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/14/nyregion/14dealer.html "A major arms dealer in shackles, delivered to New York", ''New York Times'', 14 June 2008] Accessed 14 June 2008.</ref> On 20 November 2008, he wis convictit in federal court o five chairges, amang them money launderin an conspirin tae sell airms tae suppleers for FARC.<ref name=NYT/> Sentencing for al-Kassar an co-defendant Luis Felipe Moreno Godoy wis scheduled for Februar 18.<ref name=AP/> The relatives o [[Leon Klinghoffer]], the man murdered in the ''Achille Lauro'' incident, war in court for the verdict.<ref name=NYT/> Al-Kassar wis representit bi [[Ira Sorkin]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/business/11lawyer.html ''New York Times''], March 11, 2009 "Madoff Lawyer Absorbs Part of the Rage"</ref> A ''New Yorker'' airticle aboot the sting speculatit that al-Kassar haed been unuisually lax in his behaviour wi the fake airms buyers, an that this mey hae been caused bi financial desperation on al-Kassar's pairt, syne, due tae a decrease in warld conflicts, the internaitional airms tred wis slawer than it haed been durin the late 20t century.<ref name="the trafficker" /> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sierraleone/alkassar.html "The Prince of Marbella: Arms To All Sides"], bi Matthew Brunwasser, ''Frontline/World'' Mey 2002. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020064657/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,366327,00.html "Spain Extradites Notorious Terrorist Arms Dealer to U.S. for Trial"] FoxNews.com, Juin 13, 2008. * [http://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_3_al-kassar.html "Inside a Terror Trial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419014517/http://city-journal.org/2009/19_3_al-kassar.html |date=2012-04-19 }} ''City'', Simmer 2009. {{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Kassar, Monzer}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Airms smugglin]] [[Category:Airms traders]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rif Dimashq Govrenorate]] [[Category:Sirie creeminals]] 2fz0p44u8xrh8172c713e0x5yldivin 0 33466 923147 922474 2026-09-23T18:51:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} '''Marisol Valles García''' (born 1989, [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], Mexico) is the umwhile polis chief o [[Práxedis G. Guerrero Municipality|Praxedis G. Guerrero]] locatit in the northren Mexican state o [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] near the cities o [[Ciudad Juárez]] an [[Guadalupe Municipality, Chihuahua|Guadalupe]].<ref name=Lundin /> In Mairch 2011, she wis dismissed frae her post efter failin tae sgaw up for wirk. Valles an her family fled tae the Unitit States whaur they are currently seekin asylum.<ref name="Yapp">{{cite news |title=Mexican Student Police Chief Will Live in Fear for Rest of Life |first=Yapp |last=Robin |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/8554971/Mexican-student-police-chief-will-live-in-fear-for-rest-of-life.html |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=3 June 2011 |accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref> ==Backgrund== Syne Mexican Preses [[Felipe Calderón]] declart war on [[drug cartels]] in 2006, the kintra's deith toll relatit tae drug crime haes been aroond 30,000.<ref name="foxnews">{{cite news |title=More Than 30,000 Killed in Mexico's Drug Violence |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/16/killed-mexicos-drug-violence/ |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=16 December 2010 |accessdate=18 December 2010 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180637/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/16/killed-mexicos-drug-violence/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayors and police have been specifically targeted; some beheaded, some tortured to death.<ref name="Lundin">{{cite news |title=A Fistful of Valor |first=Leigh |last=Lundin |url=http://criminalbrief.com/?p=14303 |work=Crime News |publisher=Criminal Brief |date=24 October 2010 |accessdate=25 October 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726071048/http://criminalbrief.com/?p=14303 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In early October 2010, [[Tancítaro]]'s mayor Gustavo Sánchez wis fand beat tae deith wi his hands tied ahint his back. Electit in Januar, he'd statit "The fear is always there, but if you have courage and a desire to make a contribution, that outweighs the fear". ==Praxedis G. Guerrero valley== Afore the war on drugs, rural [[Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua|Praxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua]] wis a quiet toun. Twa rival drug gangs, the [[Juárez Cartel]] an the [[Sinaloa Cartel]], nou fecht for control o the region's main heich-gate, makkin Chihuahua ane o the maist dangerous places in the warld.<ref name="Lundin" /> Residents hide in hooses frae fear o violence an daith. In nearbi Ciudad Juárez in October 2010, a gang killed ower a dozen fowk, includin bairns, at a birthday pairty. Seeveral polis officers in Ciudad Juárez hae been abductit or killt,<ref name="Brice">{{cite news |title=20-year-old woman becomes top cop in violent Mexican municipality |first=Arthur |last=Brice |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/10/20/mexico.female.police.chief/?hpt=C1 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref> an Praxedis G. Guerrero's previous chief, Manuel Castro, haed been tortured an beheidit a year earlier. ===Search for a polis chief=== Wi aw but three polis officers haein quit, mayor José Luis Guerrero desperately socht solutions. Efter a year athoot a polis chief, 20-year-auld Marisol Valles Garcia, who wis a student wirkin on a degree in [[creeminology]] at the [[University o Guadalajara]],<ref name="Lundin" /><ref name="Jazeera">{{cite news |title=Mexican student made police chief |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/10/2010102152617810551.html |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=21 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref> wis the anerlie person willin tae accept the job. She wis sworn in on 18 October 2010.<ref name="Winter">{{cite news |title=Mexico's newest police chief? She's a 20-year-old student |first=Michael |last=Winter |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/10/mexicos-newest-police-chief-shes-a-20-year-old-student/1 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref> This attractit internaitional attention, an haes promptit news media tae caw her the "bravest wumman in Mexico".<ref name="Brice" /><ref name="Ordaz">{{cite news |title=La mujer más valiente de México |first=Pablo |last=Ordaz |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/mujer/valiente/Mexico/elpepuint/20101020elpepuint_5/Tes?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter |newspaper=[[El País]] |language=Spanish |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref> ==Personal life an views== Valles Garcia is marriet an the mither o a baby boy.<ref name=aol>{{cite news |title=Marisol Valles Garcia is Mexico's Youngest Police Chief |first1=Francisco |last1=Mendoza |first2=Marcela |last2=Sarmiento |url=http://noticias.aollatino.com/2010/10/25/marisol-valles-garcia/?icid=main%257Cmain |newspaper=[[AOL|AOL News]] |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=8 March 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121046/http://noticias.aollatino.com/2010/10/25/marisol-valles-garcia/?icid=main%7Cmain |url-status=dead }}</ref> She reportedly teuk the job tae chynge her commonty.<ref name="aol" /> "We're all afraid in Mexico now. We can't let fear beat us", she said efter being sworn in.<ref name="Mangan">{{cite news |title=Most dangerous job in world goes to gal, 20 |first=Dan |last=Mangan |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/most_dangerous_job_in_world_goes_c3lrclI9odN4ZZ0ETg8gVM#ixzz1309kas59 |newspaper=[[New York Post]] |date=21 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref> The destrict haes 9,148 inhabitants, an a polis force o nineteen. Valles Garcia said she intendit tae hire mair weemen, an focus on commonty ootreach an prevention.<ref name="msnbc">{{cite news |title=20-year-old student named polis chief in Mexico town |first= |last= |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39760545/ns/world_news-americas/ |newspaper=[[MSNBC]] |date=20 October 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010 |archive-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206121429/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39760545/ns/world_news-americas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In neighboring Juárez, she was referred to by locals with the iconic nickname "[[La Adelita]]".{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} ==External links== *[http://www.diario.com.mx/notas.php?f=2011/05/11&id=321b2cc081757a4b9457628438a8b741 Mejor estar viva en EU que muerta en México: Marisol Valles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314043930/http://www.diario.com.mx/notas.php?f=2011%2F05%2F11&id=321b2cc081757a4b9457628438a8b741 |date=2012-03-14 }} El Diario de El Paso, 05-11-2011. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Valles Garcia, Marisol}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ciudad Juárez]] [[Category:Mexican polis officers]] [[Category:Female polis officers]] [[Category:Mexican Drog War]] 1dhzeszykp4olk7y9maj7u6lla2g7oq 0 33621 923222 821917 2026-09-24T04:26:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox PRC province | ChineseName = 西藏自治区 | Pinyin = Xīzàng Zìzhìqū | EnglishName = Tibet Autonomous Region<br />Xizang Autonomous Region | LocalName = {{bo-textonly|བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།}} | LocalTranscription1=Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs | LocalLanguage1 = [[Tibetan leid|Tibetan]] | LocalLanguage2 = [[Tibetan leid|Tibetan]] | DesignatedMinority= [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] | Header = '''{{bo-textonly|བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།}}'''{{nbsp|2}}<small>([[Tibetan language|Tibetan]])</small><br />''Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs''{{nbsp|2}}<small>([[Tibetan transliteration (Wylie)|Wylie]])</small><br />'''西藏自治区'''{{nbsp|2}}<small>([[Chinese language|Chinese]])</small><br />''Xīzàng Zìzhìqū''{{nbsp|2}}<small>([[Pinyin]])</small><br />'''Tibet Autonomous Region''' | Name = Tibet | MapLabel = Tibet Autonomous Region is heichlichtit on this map | Abbreviation = 藏 | AbbrevPinyin = Zàng | ISOAbbrev = 54 | Map = Tibet in China (claimed hatched) (+all claims hatched).svg | MapSize = 275px | Flag = [[Fichier:Flag of Tibet.svg]] | OriginOfName = Frae wird ''Tibat'' o [[Definitions o Tibet#In Inglis|disputit oreegin]]. | AdministrationType = [[Autonomous region o Cheenae|Autonomous region]] | Capital = [[Lhasa]] | LargestCity = [[Lhasa]] | Official Languages = [[Tibetan leid|Tibetan]], [[Cheenese leid|Cheenese]] | Secretary = [[Zhang Qingli]] | Governor = [[Padma Choling]] | Area_km2 = 1228400 | AreaRank = 2nd | Latitude = 27° 18' to 36° 29' N<ref>Does no include Sooth Tibet</ref> | Longitude = 78° 55' to 99° 07' E<ref>Does no include ony aurie disputit wi Indie or Pakistan</ref> | PopYear = 2010 | Pop = 3,002,166<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-05/04/c_13858686.htm |title=Tibet's population tops 3 million; 90% are Tibetans |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=2011-05-04 |accessdate=2011-10-11 |archive-date=2011-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513202105/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-05/04/c_13858686.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=张军棉 |url=http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2011-06/10/content_22757346.htm |title=Top 10 least populous Chinese regions |publisher=China.org.cn |date=2011-06-10 |accessdate=2011-10-11}}</ref> | PopRank = 31st | PopDensity_km2 = 2.2 | PopDensityRank = 33rd | GDPYear = 2011 | GDP = 60.5 billion<br /> US$ 9.6 billion | GDPRank = 32nt | GDPperCapita = 17,319<br /> US$ 2,558 | Dialects = | GDPperCapitaRank = 28t | HDIYear = 2008 | HDI = 0.630 | HDIRank = 31st | HDICat = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span> | Nationalities = 92.8% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]]<div style="padding-left:0.5em;">6.1% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]<br />0.3% [[Monpa fowk|Monpa]]<br />0.3% [[Hui fowk|Hui]]<br />0.2% others</div> | Prefectures = 7 | Counties = 73 | Townships = 692 | Website = http://www.xizang.gov.cn/ }} {{Contains Tibetan text}} {{Contains Chinese text}} {{Chinese |s=西藏自治区 |t=西藏自治區 |p=Xīzàng Zìzhìqū |j=sai¹zong⁶ zi⁶zi⁶keoi¹ |wuu=si^平zaon^去 zy^去zy^去chiu^平 |poj=Se-chōng Chū-tī-khu |buc=Să̤-câung Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆ |teo=Sai-tsăng Tsĕu-tī-khu |h=Sî-tshông Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî |tib={{bo-textonly|བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།}} |wylie=Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs |zwpy=Poi Ranggyong Jong |order=st }} The '''Tibet Autonomous Region''' (TAR), '''Tibet''' or '''Xizang''' for short, cried the '''Xizang Autonomous Region''' ({{bo|t=བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།}}; {{zh|s=西藏自治区}}) an aw, is a [[Provinces o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|province]]-level [[Autonomous regions o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|autonomous region]] o the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] (PRC). It wis creatit in 1965 on the basis o an admeenistrative region which haed been [[Battle o Chamdo|incorporatit]] intae the PRC in 1951. Athin the Cheenae, Tibet is identifeed wi the Autonomous Region, which includes aboot hauf o [[Tibet|ethno-cultural Tibet]], includin the traditional provinces o [[Ü-Tsang]] an the wastren hauf o [[Kham]]. The borders o the present Autonomous Region coincide roughly wi the actual zone o control o the then-govrenment o Tibet in 1950. The Tibet Autonomous Region is the seicont-lairgest [[Admeenistrative diveesions o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|province-level diveesion o Cheenae]] bi aurie, spannin ower {{convert|1200000|km2|sqmi}}, efter [[Xinjiang]], an due tae its generally hairsk terrain, is the least densely populatit provincial-level diveesion o the PRC. == Fitmerks == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons|Tibet}} * [http://www.tibet.gov.cn/ Tibet Autonomous Region offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510160210/http://www.tibet.gov.cn/ |date=2010-05-10 }} * [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/tibet.htm Economic profile for Tibet Autonomous Region] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]] * {{wikivoyage|Tibet|Tibet Autonomous Region}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Tibet Autonomous Region |North = [[Xinjiang]] |Northeast = [[Qinghai]] |East = [[Sichuan]] |Southeast = [[Yunnan]]<br />{{flagicon|Myanmar}}[[Kachin State]], [[Burma]]<br />''[[Sooth Tibet|Disputit territory]] |South = {{flagicon|Bhutan}}[[Destricts o Bhutan#Zone Statistics|Wastren through Eastren Zones]], [[Bhutan]] |Southwest = {{flagicon|Nepal}}[[Far-Wastren Region, Nepal|Far-Wastren]], [[Mid-Wastren Region, Nepal|Mid-Wastren]], [[Wastren Region, Nepal|Wastren]], [[Central Region, Nepal|Central]], an [[Eastren Region, Nepal|Eastren Regions]], [[Nepal]]<br />{{flagicon|India}}[[Sikkim]], [[Indie]] |West = {{flagicon|India}}[[Jammu an Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], an [[Uttarakhand]], [[Indie]] |Northwest = ''[[Aksai Chin|Disputit territory]]'' }} {{Tibet Autonomous Region}} {{Province-level diveesions o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae}} {{Tibetan autonomy in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae}} [[Category:Tibet Autonomous Region| ]] [[Category:Tibet]] [[Category:Autonomous regions o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] [[Category:Wastren Cheenae]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1951]] [[az:Tibet]] g21ip28pe53vp7eikiphtxy2o94eiwz 0 37979 923149 920940 2026-09-23T18:58:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Name = Massachusetts | Fullname = Commonweel o Massachusetts | Flag = Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg | Flaglink = [[Banner o Massachusetts|Banner]] | Seal = Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg | Map = Massachusetts in United States (zoom).svg | Nickname = The Bay State | Motto = [[Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem]] ''([[Latin]])''<br /><small>By the sword we seek peace, but peace anely unner leeberty</small> | MottoEnglish = By the sword she seeks peace unner leeberty | Former = Province o Massachusetts Bay | StateAnthem = [[All Hail tae Massachusetts]] | Demonym = Bay Stater (offeecial)<ref>{{cite web|title=Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 2, Section 35: Designation of citizens of commonwealth|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/2-35.htm|publisher=The Commonwealth of Massachusetts|accessdate=February 29, 2008|archive-date=2008-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123060507/http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/2-35.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Massachusite (tradeetional)<ref>{{Cite journal|page=435|title=Collections|publisher=[[Massachusetts Historical Society]]|place=Boston|year=1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbnCkXB2RwC|accessdate=June 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Thomas|page=465|title=History of New York During the Revolutionary War|publisher=[[New York Historical Society]]|editor-first=Edward Floyd|editor-last=DeLancey|place=New York|year=1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbuXATAHXMEC|accessdate=June 10, 2015}}</ref> Massachusettsian (archaic)<ref>[[wiktionary:Massachusettsian]].</ref> | Capital = [[Boston]] | LargestCity = capital | LargestMetro = [[Greater Boston]] | Governor = [[Charlie Baker]] (R) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Karyn Polito]] (R) | Legislature = General Court | Upperhouse = Senate | Lowerhouse = Hoose o Representatives | Senators = [[Elizabeth Warren]] (D)<br />[[Ed Markey]] (D) | Representative = 9 Democrats | PostalAbbreviation = MA | TradAbbreviation = Mass. | OfficialLang = Inglis<ref name="WaPo English">{{cite news|last1=Schwarz|first1=Hunter|title=States where English is the official language|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=The Washington Post|date=August 12, 2014}}</ref> | AreaRank = 44t | TotalAreaUS = 10,555<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite web|title=Massachusetts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html|website=quickfacts.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 10, 2015|archive-date=2015-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821061951/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><!-- To nearest sqmi., from USCensus web page --> | TotalArea = 27,336 <!-- conversion to nearest km² --> | LandAreaUS = 7,840 | LandArea = 20,306 | WaterAreaUS = 2,715 | WaterArea = 22,031 | PCWater = 25.7 <!-- calculation: Water area over Total area --> | PopRank = 15t<ref name="worldAtlus">{{cite web|title=U. S. States by size|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/usabysiz.htm|website=WorldAtlus.com|accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> | 2010Pop = 6,794,422 (2015 est) <ref name="qcensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv|format=CSV|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|date=December 23, 2015|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> | DensityRank = 3rd <ref name="worldAtlus" /> | 2000DensityUS = 840 | 2000Density = 324 | MedianHouseholdIncome = $65,401 (2008) | IncomeRank = 7t | AdmittanceOrder = 6t | AdmittanceDate = 6 Februar 1788 | TimeZone = [[Eastren Time Zone|Eastren]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Eastren Time Zone|-5]]/[[Eastren Daylicht Time|-4]] | Latitude = 41° 14′ N tae 42° 53′ N | Longitude = 69° 56′ W tae 73° 30′ W | LengthUS = 113 | Length = 182 | WidthUS = 183 | Width = 295 | HighestPoint = [[Moont Greylock]]<ref>{{cite ngs|name=Greylock RM 1 Reset|id=MZ1957}}</ref><ref name="NAVD88">Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 3,489 | HighestElev = 1063.4 | MeanElevUS = 500 | MeanElev = 150 | LowestPoint = Atlantic Ocean | LowestElevUS = 0 | LowestElev = 0 | ISOCode = US-MA | Website = http://www.mass.gov/ }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols | Name = Massachusetts | Bird = [[Black-cappit chickadee]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Black-Capped Chickadee:Massachusetts State Bird|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-bird/black-capped-chickadee|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> [[wild turkey]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Wild Turkey:Massachusetts State Game Bird|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-bird/wild-turkey|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="MassFacts">{{cite web|title=Massachusetts Facts|url=http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm|website=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> | Fish = [[Atlantic cod|Cod]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Cod: Massachusetts State Fish|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life/cod|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Flower = [[Epigaea repens|Mayflower]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayflower: Massachusetts State Flower|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-flower/mayflower|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Insect = [[Clock leddy]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Ladybug: Massachusetts State Insect|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-insect/ladybug|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Mammal = [[Richt whaul]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Right Whale: Massachusetts State Marine Mammal|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life-state-mammal/right-whale|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Morgan horse]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Morgan Horse: Massachusetts State Horse|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-horse-state-mammal/morgan-horse|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Tabby cat]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tabby Cat: Massachusetts State Cat|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dog-cat-state-mammal/tabby-cat|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston Terrier]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Terrier: Massachusetts State Dog|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dog-cat-state-mammal/boston-terrier|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Reptile = [[Garter snake]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Garter Snake: Massachusetts State Reptile|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-reptile/garter-snake|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Tree = [[American elm]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=American Elm: Massachusetts State Tree|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-tree/american-elm|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Beverage = [[Cranberry juice]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Cranberry Juice: Massachusetts State Beverage|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/cranberry-juice|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Colors = Blue, green, cranberry<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Blue – Green – Cranberry: Massachusetts State Colors|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-colors/blue-green-cranberry|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Dance = [[Square dance]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Square Dance: Massachusetts State Folk Dance|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dance-music-symbol/square-dance|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Food = [[Cranberry]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Cranberry: Massachusetts State Berry|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/cranberry|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> corn [[muffin]],<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Corn Muffin: Massachusetts State Muffin|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/corn-muffin|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[navy bean]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Baked Navy Bean: Massachusetts State Bean|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/baked-navy-bean|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston cream pie]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Creme Pie: Massachusetts State Dessert|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/boston-cream-pie|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[chocolate chip cookie]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Chocolate Chip Cookie: Massachusetts State Cookie|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/chocolate-chip-cookie|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> [[Boston cream doughnut]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Boston Cream Donut: Massachusetts State Donut|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-food-agriculture-symbol/boston-cream-donut|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref> | Fossil = [[Dinosaur Footprints|Dinosaur Tracks]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dinosaur Tracks: Massachusetts State Fossil|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-dinosaur-fossil/dinosaur-tracks|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Gemstone = [[Rhodonite]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Rhodonite: Massachusetts State Gem|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-gem-gemstone/rhodonite|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Mineral = [[Babingtonite]]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Babingtonite: Massachusetts State Mineral|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-mineral-rock/babingtonite|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Poem = [http://www.masshome.com/mapoem.html "Blue Hills of Massachusetts"]<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Blue Hills of Massachusetts: Massachusetts State Poem|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-language-poetry/blue-hills-massachusetts|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Rock = Rolling Rock<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Rolling Rock: Massachusetts State Glacial Rock |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life/new-england-neptune|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 20, 2015}}</ref> | Shell = [[Neptunea lyrata|New Ingland Neptune]], ''Neptunea lyrata decemcostata''<ref name="MassFacts" /><ref>{{cite web|title=New England Neptune: Massachusetts State Shell |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/massachusetts/state-fish-aquatic-life/new-england-neptune|website=StateSymbolsUSA.org|accessdate=April 23, 2015}}</ref> | Ships = ''[[Schooner Ernestina]]'' <ref name="MassFacts" /> | Slogan = ''Make It Yours'',<br />''The Spirit of America'' <ref>{{cite web|title=State Slogans|url=http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-slogans/|website=Ereferencedesk.com|accessdate=April 21, 2015|archive-date=2015-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502074314/http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-slogans/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Soil = [[Paxton (soil)|Paxton]]<ref name="MassFacts" /> | Song = "[[All Hail tae Massachusetts]]"<ref name="MassFacts" /> | Sport = Basketball<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/09/can_you_guess_the_state_sport_of_massachusetts/|title=Can you guess the state sport of Massachusetts?|first=Michael|last=Levenson|date=August 9, 2006|work=Boston Globe|accessdate=February 14, 2012|archive-date=2012-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216041222/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/09/can_you_guess_the_state_sport_of_massachusetts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Route Marker = MA Route 28.svg | Quarter = 2000 MA Proof.png | QuarterReleaseDate = 2000<ref>{{cite web|title=The Official Massachusetts State Quarter|url=http://www.theus50.com/massachusetts/quarter.php|website=theus50.com|accessdate=April 21, 2015|archive-date=2015-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143527/http://www.theus50.com/massachusetts/quarter.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} '''Massachusetts''' is the maist populous [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[New Ingland]] region o the [[northeastren Unitit States]]. It is mairchit bi the [[Atlantic Ocean]] tae the east, the states o [[Connecticut]] an [[Rhode Island]] tae the sooth, [[New Hampshire]] an [[Vermont]] tae the north, an [[New York (state)|New York]] tae the wast. The state is named efter the [[Massachusett]] tribe, that ance inhabitit the east side o the aurie, an is ane o the original thirteen states. The caipital o Massachusetts is [[Boston]], that is an aw the maist populous ceety in New Ingland. Ower 80% o Massachusetts's population leeves in the [[Greater Boston]] metropolitan aurie, a region influential upon American [[History o the Unitit States|history]], [[academia]], an [[Economy o the Unitit States|industry]].<ref name=GreaterBoston>{{cite web |last1=Douglas |first1=Craig |title=Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2010/03/22/daily22.html?page=all |publisher=bizjournals.com |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Oreeginally dependent on [[agricultur]], [[fishin]] an [[tred]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Maritime Commerce |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/commerce.htm |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509055129/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/commerce.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Massachusetts wis transformed intae a manufacturin centre in the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Lowell, Massachusetts |url=http://www.lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405013026/http://lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 5, 2010 |publisher=City of Lowell |accessdate=April 21, 2015 }}</ref> In the 20t century, Massachusetts's economy shiftit frae manufacturin tae services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staying Power: The Future of Manufacturing in Massachusetts |url=http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf |publisher=The Center for Urban and Regional Policy School of Social Science, Urban Affairs, and Public Policy Northeastern University |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |format=PDF |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071505/http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modren Massachusetts is a global leader in [[biotechnology]], [[ingineerin]], [[Leet o colleges an varsities in Massachusetts|heicher eddication]], [[finance]], an [[maritime tred]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Housing and Economic Development:Key Industries |url=http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/ |website=mass.gov |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=2015-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422015358/http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]] wis the steid o the first colony in New Ingland, foondit in 1620 bi the [[Pilgrim Faithers|Pilgrims]], passengers o the ''[[Mayflower]]''. In 1692, the toun o [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] an surroondin auries experienced ane o Americae's maist infamous cases o [[mass hysteria]], the [[Salem witch trials]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1692 Salem Witch Trials |url=http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education |publisher=Salem Witch Trials Museum |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In 1777, General [[Henry Knox]] foondit the [[Springfield Armory]], that in the [[Industrial Revolution]] catalysed numerous important technological advances, includin [[interchyngeable pairts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Springfield Armory: Technology in Transition |url=http://www.nps.gov/spar/learn/education/upload/Springfield%20Technology%20Lesson.pdf |publisher=[[National Park Service]] [[United States Department of the Interior]] |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040629/http://www.nps.gov/spar/learn/education/upload/Springfield%20Technology%20Lesson.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1786, [[Shays' Rebellion]], a populist revolt led bi disaffectit [[American Revolutionary War]] veterans, influenced the [[Constitutional Convention (Unitit States)|Unitit States Constitutional Convention]].<ref name=shay>{{cite web |title=Shays' Rebellion |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/15a.asp |publisher=ushistory.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In the 18t century, the Protestant [[First Great Awakenin]], that soopit the [[Atlantic World]], oreeginatit frae the poupit o [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]] preacher [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The First Great Awakening – Jonathan Edwards |url=http://www.revival-library.org/pensketches/revivals/1st_edwards.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150422014428/http://www.revival-library.org/pensketches/revivals/1st_edwards.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 22, 2015 |publisher=revival-library.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015 }}</ref> In the late 18t century, Boston becam kent as the "Cradle of Leeberty"<ref>{{cite web |title=Faneuil Hall |url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/faneuil-hall.htm |publisher=Celebrateboston.com |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> for the agitation thare that led tae the [[American Revolution]]. The entire Commonweel o Massachusetts haes played a pouerfu commercial an cultural role in the history o the [[Unitit States]]. Afore the [[American Ceevil War]], Massachusetts wis a centre for the [[aboleetionism in the Unitit States|abolitionist]], [[temperance muivement|temperance]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts |url=http://www.teachushistory.org/second-great-awakening-age-reform/articles/temperance-issue-election-1840-massachusetts |publisher=Teachushistory.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> an [[transcendentalist]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Barbara |title=The Transcendentalists |url=https://archive.org/details/transcendentalis0000pack |publisher=University of Georgia Press; First edition (April 25, 2007) |isbn=978-0820329581|year=2007 }}</ref> movements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts |url=http://www.masshist.org/online/abolition/index.php |publisher=Masshist.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In the late 19t century, the sports o [[basketbaw]] an [[volleybaw]] war inventit in the wastren Massachusetts ceeties o [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] an [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]], respectively.<ref name=basketball>{{cite web |title=Springfield College: The Birthplace of Basketball |url=http://www.springfieldcollege.edu/welcome/birthplace-of-basketball/#.VTa-7CFVhBc |publisher=Springfieldcollege.edu |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504211534/http://www.springfieldcollege.edu/welcome/birthplace-of-basketball/#.VTa-7CFVhBc |archivedate=May 4, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=volleyball>{{cite web |title=The International Volleyball Hall of Fame |url=http://www.volleyhall.org/about-us.html |publisher=Volleyball.org |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> In 2004, Massachusetts becam the first U.S. state tae legally recognise [[same-sex mairiage in Massachusetts|same-sex mairiage]] as a result o the deceesion in ''[[Goodridge v. Department o Public Health]]'' bi the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Coort]].<ref name=CNNmarriage>{{cite news |title=Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/18/gay.marriage.reut/ |accessdate=April 21, 2015 |agency=Reuters |date=November 18, 2003}}</ref> Mony prominent American poleetical dynasties hae hailed frae the state, includin the [[Adams poleetical faimily|Adams]] an [[Kennedy faimily|Kennedy]] faimilies. [[Harvard Varsity]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] is the auldest institution o [[colonial colleges|heicher learnin in the Unitit States]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Harvard University |url=http://www.harvard.edu/history |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref> wi the lairgest [[financial endoument]] o ony varsity,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/us/harvards-endowment-remains-biggest-of-all.html?_r=0 |title=Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All |author=Tamar Lewin |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 28, 2015 |accessdate=March 6, 2015}}</ref> an [[Harvard Law School]] haes eddicatit a contemporaneous majority o Juistices o the [[Supreme Coort o the Unitit States]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/03/16/merrick-garland-supreme-court-obama-nominee/81529760/ |title=Meet Merrick Garland, Obama's Supreme Court nominee |author=Richard Wolf |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=March 16, 2016 |accessdate=March 16, 2016}}</ref> [[Kendall Square]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] haes been cried "the maist innovative squerr mile on the planet", in reference to the heich concentration o [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneurial]] [[stairtup company|stairt-ups]] an quality o innovation that hae emerged in the vicinity o the squerr syne 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/|title=Kendall Square Initiative|publisher=MIT|accessdate=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.boston.com/business/innovation/blogs/inside-the-hive/2013/05/02/when-neighborhood-crowned-the-most-innovative-square-mile-the-world-how-you-keep-that-way/B1QxCjswQZZuG21WBdyBWK/blog.html|title=When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?|author=Lelund Cheung|website=Boston Globe|accessdate=December 3, 2016|archive-date=2016-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165650/http://archive.boston.com/business/innovation/blogs/inside-the-hive/2013/05/02/when-neighborhood-crowned-the-most-innovative-square-mile-the-world-how-you-keep-that-way/B1QxCjswQZZuG21WBdyBWK/blog.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baith Harvard Varsity an the [[Massachusetts Institute o Technology]], an aw in Cambridge, hae been ranked amang the maist heichly regairdit [[academic institution]]s in the warld.<ref name="AcademicRanking2">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only] Times Higher Education. Accessed December 3, 2016.</ref> Massachusetts' public schuil students place amang the tap naitions in the warld in academic performance,<ref name="AcademicRanking3">[http://www.doe.mass.edu/news/news.aspx?id=24050] Accessed 27 Januar 2017.</ref> an the state haes been ranked as ane o the tap states in the naition for ceetizens tae leeve, as weel as ane o the maist expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings|title=Best States Overall Ranking|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=December 29, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== ;State govrenment * [http://www.mass.gov/ {{PAGENAME}} state govrenment wabsteid] ==Relatit information== <gallery perrow="5"> Image:Nobska Lighthouse - Cape Cod, MA.jpg|<center>Woods Hole</center> Image:USA 09562 Boston Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|<center>Boston</center> Image:Hartwell Tavern in October, Lincoln MA.jpg|<center>Lincoln</center> </gallery> {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1788]] {{Stub/USA}} nuohexk5wygsjscj00okrdezhk5smaz 0 38309 923228 916084 2026-09-24T04:42:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NHL team|CAN_eng=1|team_name=Toronto Maple Leafs|current=2025–26 Toronto Maple Leafs season|bg_color=background:#FFFFFF !important; border-top:#00205B 5px solid !important; border-bottom:#00205B 5px solid !important;|text_color=#000000|logo_image=|conference=[[Eastern Conference (NHL)|Eastern]]|division=[[Atlantic Division (NHL)|Atlantic]]|founded=1917|history='''Toronto Hockey Club'''<br />[[1917–18 NHL season|1917–1918]]<br />'''[[Toronto Arenas]]'''<br />[[1918–19 NHL season|1918–1919]]<br />'''[[Toronto St. Patricks]]'''<br />[[1919–20 NHL season|1919]]–[[1926–27 NHL season|1927]]<br />'''Toronto Maple Leafs'''<br />[[1926–27 NHL season|1927]]–present|arena=[[Scotiabank Arena]]|city=[[Toronto, Ontario]]|uniform_image=|uniform_image_size=300px|team_colors=Blue, white<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ledra|first1=Cristina|last2=Pickens|first2=Pat|title=NHL team nicknames explained|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-team-nickname-origins-explained/c-283976168|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=NHL.com|date=November 22, 2016|access-date=June 13, 2019|quote=Conn Smythe bought the Toronto St. Pats in 1927 after the franchise almost had been sold to a group in Philadelphia. He immediately changed the name of the team to the Maple Leafs to honor Canada's soldiers who wore the Maple Leaf while fighting during World War I. "We chose it ... hoping that the possession of this badge would mean something to the team that wore it and when they skated out on the ice with this badge on their chest ... they would wear it with honor and pride and courage, the way it had been worn by the soldiers of the first Great War in the Canadian Army," said Smythe, who also changed the team's colors from green and white to blue and white.|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117191723/https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-team-nickname-origins-explained/c-283976168|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.nhl.com/mapleleafs/team/history|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L.P.|website=MapleLeafs.com|access-date=June 28, 2021}}</ref><br />{{colour box|#00205B}} {{colour box|#FFFFFF}}|media_affiliates=[[Sportsnet Ontario]]<br />[[TSN4]]<br />''[[Sportsnet 590 The Fan]]'' <br />''[[TSN Radio 1050]]'' <!-- Please do not add national networks here -->|owner=[[Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment]]<br />([[Keith Pelley]], president & CEO)|general_manager=[[Ryan Hardy (ice hockey)|Ryan Hardy]] (interim)<br>[[Brandon Pridham]] (interim)|head_coach=[[Craig Berube]]|captain=[[Auston Matthews]]|minor_league_affiliates=[[Toronto Marlies]] ([[American Hockey League|AHL]])<br> [[Cincinnati Cyclones]] ([[ECHL]])|stanley_cups='''13'''<!--Please discuss in talk page before changing this figure--> ([[1918 Stanley Cup Final|1917–18]], [[1922 Stanley Cup Final|1921–22]], [[1932 Stanley Cup Final|1931–32]], [[1942 Stanley Cup Final|1941–42]], [[1945 Stanley Cup Final|1944–45]], [[1947 Stanley Cup Final|1946–47]], [[1948 Stanley Cup Final|1947–48]], [[1949 Stanley Cup Final|1948–49]], [[1951 Stanley Cup Final|1950–51]], [[1962 Stanley Cup Final|1961–62]], [[1963 Stanley Cup Final|1962–63]], [[1964 Stanley Cup Final|1963–64]], [[1967 Stanley Cup Final|1966–67]])|conf_titles='''0'''|presidents'_trophies='''0'''{{notetag|The [[Presidents' Trophy]] was not introduced until [[1985–86 NHL season|1985–86]]. Had the trophy existed since league inception, the Maple Leafs franchise would have won six Presidents' Trophies. The winning seasons would have included [[1917–18 NHL season|1917–18]], [[1920–21 NHL season|1920–21]], [[1933–34 NHL season|1933–34]], [[1934–35 NHL season|1934–35]], [[1947–48 NHL season|1947–48]], and [[1962–63 NHL season|1962–63]].}}|division_titles='''7'''<!-- Please do not add playoff titles here; they are for regular season standings only --> ([[1932–33 NHL season|1932–33]], [[1933–34 NHL season|1933–34]], [[1934–35 NHL season|1934–35]], [[1937–38 NHL season|1937–38]], [[1999–2000 NHL season|1999–2000]], [[2020–21 NHL season|2020–21]], [[2024–25 NHL season|2024–25]])|website={{URL|nhl.com/mapleleafs}}}}The '''Toronto Maple Leafs''' (offeecially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club) is a perfaisonal [[ice hockey]] team based in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canadae]]. Thay are memmers o the Noreast Division o the Eastren Conference o the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). The team is ae o the "Original Six" league memmers. In 1999 thay muived tae the Air Canada Centre, thit replacit Maple Leaf Gardens, thair hame syne 1931. The Leafs last won the Stanley Cup in 1967, the year o Canadae's Centennial. == See an aa == *[[Toronto Argonauts]] [[Category:Sports clubs established in 1917]] [[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs| ]] [[Category:Northeast Diveesion (NHL)]] [[Category:Ice hockey teams in Toronto|Ma]] [[Category:Naitional Hockey League teams based in Canadae]] [[Category:Naitional Hockey League in Ontario]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Notes == <references group="note"/> {{Stub/Canadae}} ave7x418rmab6yitkx2te1ucrzmgzuj 0 39604 923126 893833 2026-09-23T16:17:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox swimmer| | name=Kirsty Coventry | image=2018-10-17 Boxing lightweight Boys' –60 kg at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Victory ceremony (Martin Rulsch) 2.jpg | imagesize= | caption = | fullname = Kirsty Leigh Coventry | nicknames = | nationality = {{flag|Zimbabwe}} | strokes = [[:en:backstroke swimming|Backstroke]], [[:en:Medley swimming|Individual Medley]] | club = Longhorn Aquatics | collegeteam = [[:en:Auburn Tigers swimming and diving|Auburn Tigers]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|9|16}} | birth_place = [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] | death_date = | death_place = | height = {{height|m=1.79|precision=0}} | weight = {{convert|60|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} | medaltemplates= {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[Swimmin (sport)|swimming]]}} {{MedalCountry | {{flag|Zimbabwe}} }} {{MedalOlympics}} {{MedalGold | [[2004 Simmer Olympics|2004 Athens]]| [[Swimmin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke|200 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalGold| [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]| [[Swimmin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke|200 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalSilver| [[2004 Simmer Olympics|2004 Athens]]| [[Swimmin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke|100 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalSilver| [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]| [[Swimmin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke|100 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalSilver| [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]| [[Swimmin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Women's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver| [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]| [[Swimmin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Women's 400 metre individual medley|400 m medley]]}} {{MedalBronze| [[2004 Simmer Olympics|2004 Athens]]| [[Swimmin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Women's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FINA Warld Aquatics Championships|Warld Championships]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2005 Warld Aquatics Championships|2005 Montreal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php |title=Montreal 2005 Results |accessdate=9 June 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128064425/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php |archivedate=2007-01-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>|100 m backstroke}} {{MedalGold|[[2005 Warld Aquatics Championships|2005 Montreal]]|200 m backstroke}} {{MedalGold|[[2009 Warld Aquatics Championships|2009 Roum]]|200 m backstroke}} {{MedalSilver|[[2005 Warld Aquatics Championships|2005 Montreal]]|200 m medley}} {{MedalSilver|[[2005 Warld Aquatics Championships|2005 Montreal]]|400 m medley}} {{MedalSilver|[[2007 Warld Aquatics Championships - Swimmin|2007 Melbourne]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php |title=12th FINA World Championships |accessdate=9 June 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606111744/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php |archivedate=2007-06-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>|200 m backstroke}} {{MedalSilver|[[2007 Warld Aquatics Championships - Swimmin|2007 Melbourne]]|200 m medley}} {{MedalSilver|[[Swimmin at the 2009 Warld Aquatics Championships|2009 Roum]]|400 m medley}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FINA World Championships - Short Course|World Championships – Short Course]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 FINA Short Course Warld Championships|2008 Manchester]]|400 m medley}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 FINA Short Course Warld Championships|2008 Manchester]]|100 m backstroke}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 FINA Short Course Warld Championships|2008 Manchester]]|200 m backstroke}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 FINA Short Course Warld Championships|2008 Manchester]]|200 m individual medley}} {{MedalBronze|[[2008 FINA Short Course Warld Championships|2008 Manchester]]|100 m medley}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Commonweel Gemmes]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2002 Commonweel Gemmes|2002 Manchester]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/bsp/statistics/results.stm |title=BBC Sport Commonwealth Games 2002 Statistics |accessdate=29 August 2007 | work=BBC News}}</ref>|[[2002 Commonweel Games results#Swimming|200 m individual medley]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Aw-Africae Gemmes]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|50 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|800 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|50 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|100 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|200 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|400 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2011 Maputo]] | [[Swimmin at the 2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|100 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2011 Maputo]] | [[Swimmin at the 2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|200 m backstroke]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2011 Maputo]] | [[Swimmin at the 2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2011 Maputo]] | [[Swimmin at the 2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|400 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|100 m breaststroke]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|4x100 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2007 Algiers]] | [[Swimmin at the 2007 Aw-Africae Gemmes|4x200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2011 Maputo]] | [[Swimmin at the 2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|100 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2011 Maputo]] | [[Swimmin at the 2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|4x100 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2011 Maputo]] | [[Swimmin at the 2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|4x100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|2011 Maputo]] | [[Swimmin at the 2011 Aw-Africae Gemmes|4x200 m freestyle]]}} }} '''Kirsty Leigh Coventry''' (born 16 September 1983 in [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]) is a Zimbabwean swimmer an umwhile warld record holder. She attendit an swam competitively for [[Auburn University]] in [[Alabama]], in the Unitit States.<ref name="USA Today">[http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/athens/swimming/2004-08-25-conventry-homecoming_x.htm "Zimbabwe puts aside racial tensions to give hero's welcome to triple medal winner"], USA Today, 25 August 2004</ref> At the [[2004 Simmer Olympics]], in [[Athens]], [[Greece]], Coventry wan three Olympic medals: a gowd, a siller, an a bronze,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html |title=2004 Olympic Games swimming results |accessdate=22 July 2007 |work=CNN |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230044501/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> while in the [[2008 Simmer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]] she wan fower medals: a gowd an three siller. She wis subsequently describit bi Paul Chingoka, heid o the Zimbabwe Olympic Committee, as "our naitional treasur".<ref name="USA Today"/> Zimbabwean Preses [[Robert Mugabe]] haes cried her "a gowden girl,"<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/06/2267264.htm?site=olympics/2008/athletes "Kirsty Coventry: Success brings rare cheer to Zimbabwe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419115321/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/06/2267264.htm?site=olympics%2F2008%2Fathletes |date=2015-04-19 }}, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 6 June 2008</ref> an awairdit her US$100,000 in cash for her 2008 Olympic performance.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7589297.stm BBC NEWS | Africa | Zimbabwe swimmer gets cash prize] 29 August 2008</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.kirstycoventry.org/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712183308/http://www.kirstycoventry.org/ |date=2012-07-12 }} *[http://auburntigers.cstv.com/sports/c-swim/mtt/coventry_kirsty00.html Auburn University profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828082324/http://auburntigers.cstv.com/sports/c-swim/mtt/coventry_kirsty00.html |date=2008-08-28 }} *[http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1819129_1819134_1826042,00.html "Kirsty Coventry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822214138/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1819129_1819134_1826042,00.html |date=2013-08-22 }}, n°83 on ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''’s list of "100 Olympic Athletes To Watch" {{DEFAULTSORT:Coventry, Kirsty}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Auburn Tigers soummers]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Olympic soummers o Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Fowk frae Harare]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2016 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Warld record hauders in soummin]] [[Category:Zimbabwean expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Zimbabwean soummers]] [[Category:Zimbabwean fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2002 Commonweel Gemmes]] [[Category:Commonweel Gemmes gowd medallists for Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Commonweel Gemmes competitors for Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Female backstroke soummers]] [[Category:White Zimbabwean sportsfowk]] [[Category:Female medley soummers]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in soummin]] [[Category:Female freestyle soummers]] [[Category:Warld Aquatics Championships medallists in soummin]] [[Category:Zimbabwean sportsfowk]] [[Category:Internaitional Olympic Committee members]] e5xhce0zqcg9m2bqezfd1bpcz9lejka 0 41941 923138 919947 2026-09-23T17:45:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{short descreeption|Big cat o the family Felidae}} {{Speciesbox | name = Lion | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg <!-----Please do not replace these featured images without a consensus----> | image_caption = Male lion in [[Okonjima]], [[Namibie]] | image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg | image2_caption = Female (lioness) in Okonjima | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |year=2016 |volume=2016 |title=''Panthera leo'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/115130419}}</ref> | taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=''Panthera leo''}}</ref> | authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name="Linn1758" /> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspeshies]] | subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]'' :''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Sri Lanka lion|P. l. sinhaleyus]]'' | range_map = Lion distribution.png | range_map_caption = Historical an present distribution o ''Panthera leo'' in [[Africae]], [[Asie]] an [[Europe]] }} [[File:Lion Cubs Phinda 2011.ogv|thumb|right]] The '''lion''' (''Panthera leo'') is ane o the five big cat species in the [[genus]] ''[[Panthera]]'' an a memmer o the faimily [[Felidae]]. Wi some males ootdingin {{convert|250|kg|abbr=on}} in wicht,<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> it is the second mucklest livin cat efter the [[tiger]]. Thir days, thare wild lions in [[sub-Saharan Africae]] an in [[Asie]], wi an [[endangered]] remnant population in [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in [[Indie]], haein disappeart frae [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]] in heestoric times. Till the late [[Pleistocene]], aboot 10,000&nbsp;year syne, the lion wis the maist widespreid muckle laund mammal efter humans. Thay wur foond in maist o Africae, athort Eurasie frae wastren Europe tae Indie, an in the Americas frae the [[Yukon]] tae [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">{{cite journal|last=Harington |first=C. R. (Dick) |year=1969 |title=Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-earth-sciences_1969-10_6_5/page/1277 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1277–88|doi=10.1139/e69-127}}</ref> The lion is a [[vulnerable species]], haein seen a major population decline o 30–50% ower the past seicont hauf o the 20t century.<ref name="IUCN" /> Lion populàtions is untenable ootwi designate reserves an naitional pairks. Awbesit the decline's cause isnae fou unnerstuid, habitat loss an conflicts wi humans is the greatest causes o concern thir days. Athin Africae, the [[Wast African lion]] populàtion is pairtìcular endangert. Lions lives fur 10–14 year in the wild, awbesit in captivity thay can be livin mair nor 20 year. In the wild, males seendle lives langer than 10 years, as injuries sustained frae continual fechtin wi rival males greatly reduce thair longevity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smuts |first=G. L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillan South Africa |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> Thay teepically inhabit [[savanna]] an [[grassland]], awbesit thay mey tak tae [[Shrub|bush]] an [[wid]]. Lions is unuisually [[social animal|social]] compared wi ither cats. A lion pride consists o sib females an affspring an a smaw nummer o adult males. Groups o female lions teepically hunt thegither, preying maistly on lairge [[ungulate]]s. Lions is [[apex predator|apex]] an [[keystone species#Predators|keystone predators]], awbesit thay are forby expert [[scavengers]] obteenin ower 50 percent o thair fuid bi scavengin as opportunity allows. While lions dae nae teepically hunt humans, some hae been kent tae dae sae. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are primarily [[nocturnality|nocturnal]], awbesit bordering on [[crepuscular]] in naitur.<ref name="earthtouch">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120420172909/http://www.earth-touch.com/result.php?i=Lions-nocturnal-chorus Lions' nocturnal chorus]. Earth-touch.com. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref><ref name="phxzoo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415054339/http://www.phoenixzoo.org/learn/animals/animal_detail.aspx?FACT_SHEET_ID=100001 African Lion ''Panthera leo'']. Phoenix Zoo Fact Sheet.</ref> Heichly distinctive, the male lion is easy recognised bi its mane, an its face is ane o the widest recognised ainimal seembols in human [[cultur]]. Depictions hae existit frae the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period, wi carvins an pentins frae the [[Lascaux]] an [[Chauvet Cave]]s, throu virtually aw auncient an medieval culturs whaur thay ance occurred. It haes been extensively depicted in sculpturs, in pentins, on naitional banners, an in contemporary films an leeteratur. Lions hae been kept in [[menagerie]]s syne the time o the [[Roman Empire]], an hae been a key species socht fur exhibeetion in [[zoo]]s ower the warld syne the late aichteent century. Zoos is cooperatin warldwide in breedin programs fur the endangered [[Asiatic lion|Asiatic subspecies]]. ==Etymology== The lion's name, seemilar in mony [[Romance leids]], is derived frae the [[Laitin]] ''{{lang|la|leo}}'',<ref>{{Cite book | last=Simpson |first=D. P. | title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary | url=https://archive.org/details/cassellslatineng0000unse_w6a1 | publisher=Cassell Ltd. | year=1979 | edition=5th | location=London | page=342 | isbn=0-304-52257-0}}</ref> an the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|λέων}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|leon}}'').<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{Cite book | authorlink=Henry George Liddell |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |authorlink2=Robert Scott (philologist) |last2=Scott |first2=Robert | year=1980 | title=[[A Greek-English Lexicon]] (Abridged Edition)|page=[https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd/page/411 411] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=United Kingdom | isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref> The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] wird {{lang|he|לָבִיא}} ({{lang|he-Latn|''lavi''}}) mey be sib an aw.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title=Lion|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|editor=Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund| year=1989 |edition= 2nd| location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press| isbn=0-19-861186-2}}</ref> It wis ane o the species oreeginally describit bi [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], wha gae it the name ''Felis leo'', in his aichteent-century wirk, ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linn1758">{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. |publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) |year=1758 |page=41 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726936 |accessdate=8 September 2008 |language=Latin |volume=1 |edition=10th}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Lion and eland.jpg|thumb|right|A skeletal moont o an African Lion attackin a [[Common Eland]] on display at [[The Museum o Osteology]], [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]]] Ahind anerly the trrger, the lion is the seicont mucklemaist livin felid in lenth an wecht. Its harnpan is verra seemilar tae that o the teeger, awbesit the frontal region is uisually mair depressed an flattened, wi a slichtly shorter postorbital region. The lion's skull haes braider nasal appenins than the tiger, housamiver, due tae the amoont o skull variation in the twa species, uisually, anly the lawer jaw structur can be uised as a moleskin indicator o species.<ref name="USSR">{{Cite book | last = Heptner |first=V. G. |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A.| title = Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 | year = 1992| isbn = 90-04-08876-8 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden u.a.}}</ref> Lion colouration varies frae licht buff tae yellowish, reiddish, or dark ochraceous broun. The unnerpairts are generally lichter an the tail tuft is black. Lion cubs is born wi broun [[Rosette (zoology)|rosettes]] (spots) on thair body, rather lik thaim o a leopard. awbesit thir spots fade as lions reak adultheid, faint spots eften mey still be seen on the shanks an unnerpairts, parteecularly on lionesses. Lions is the anerly memmers o the cat faimily tae be displayin obvious [[sexual dimorphism]] – that is, males an females leuk distinctly different. Thay forby hae specialised roles that ilka gender plays in the pride. Fur instance, the lioness, the hunter, lacks the male's thick mane. The colour o the male's mane varies frae blond tae black, generally becomin darker as the lion grows aulder. The maist distinctive characteristic skared bi baith females an males is that the tail ends in a hairy tuft. In some lions, the tuft conceals a haurd "spine" or "spur", thareaboot 5&nbsp;mm lang, formed o the feenal sections o tail bane fused thegither. The lion is the anly felid tae hae a tufted tail – the function o the tuft an spine are unkent. Absent at birth, the tuft develops aroond 5½&nbsp;months o age an is readily identifiable at 7&nbsp;months.<ref name="Schaller28">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 28.</ref> Adult lion size varies athort thair range wi thaim frae the soothren African populations in Zimbabwe, the Kalahari an Kruger Pairk averagin aroond {{convert|189.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|126.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males an females respectively compared tae {{convert|174.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|119.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o male an female lions frae [[East Africae]].<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980>{{Cite journal |last=Smuts|first=G. L.|author2=Robinson, G.A.|author3=Whyte, I.J.|title=Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (Panthera leo)|journal=Journal of Zoology|year=1980|volume=190|issue=3|pages=365–373|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x/abstract|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x}}</ref> Reportit body measurements in males are heid-body lenths rangin frae {{convert|170|to|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|90|–|105|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}. In females reportit heid-body lenths range frae {{convert|140|to|175|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|70|–|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}},<ref name="nowak"/> houiver, the aften citit maximum heid an body lenth o {{convert|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} fits rather tae extinct Pleistocene forms, lik the [[American lion]], wi even lairge modren lions meisurin several centimetres less in lenth.<ref>[[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák, Vratislav]] (April 2004) ''Der Tiger'', Westarp Wissenschaften, 5th ed., pp. 178 ff., ISBN 3-89432-759-6.</ref> Record measurements frae huntin records are supposedly a tot lenth o naur {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} for a male shot naur Mucsso, soothren [[Angolae]] in October 1973 an a wecht o {{convert|313|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for a male shot ootside [[Hectorspruit]] in eastren [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[Sooth Africae]] in 1936.<ref>Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9</ref> Anither notably outsized male lion, that wis shot naur [[Moont Kenyae]], wiched in at {{convert|272|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |last=Nowell |first=Kristin |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |title= Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |format=PDF |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location= Gland, Switzerland |isbn=2-8317-0045-0 |pages= 17–21, 37–41|chapter= Panthera Leo}}</ref> ===Mane=== [[File:HansomeLion 002.jpg|thumb|right|During agonistic confrontations wi ither lions, the mane maks the lion appear lairger.]] The adult male lion's mane, unique amang cats, is ane o the maist distinctive characteristics o the species. It mey provide an excellent intimidation display; aidin the lion durin confrontations wi ither lions.<ref>{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first=Bijal P. | title=Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness? | publisher=National Geographic | year=2005 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html | accessdate=7 July 2007 | archive-date=2002-06-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605184139/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html | url-status=dead}}</ref> The presence, absence, colour, an size o the mane is associatit wi genetic precondeetion, sexual maturity, climate, an [[testosterone]] production; the rule o thumb is the darker an fouer the mane, the healthier the lion. Sexual selection o mates bi lionesses favors males wi the densest, darkest mane.<ref name="Trivedi02">{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first =Bijal P. | title=Female Lions Prefer Dark-Maned Males, Study Finds | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=22 August 2002 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0822_020822_TVlion.html| accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> Research in [[Tanzanie]] an aa suggests mane lenth signals fechtin success in male–male relationships. Darker-maned individuals mey hae langer reproductive lives an higher affspring survival, awbesit thay suffer in the hettest months o the year.<ref name=West>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Peyton M. |author2=Packer, Craig |date=August 2002 |title=Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-08-23_297_5585/page/1338 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=297 |issue=5585 |pages= 1339–43 |doi=10.1126/science.1073257 |pmid=12193785}}</ref> [[File:Maneless lion from Tsavo East National Park.png|thumb|A maneless lion.]] Scientists ance believed that the distinct status o some subspecies coud be juistified bi [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], includin the mane size. Morphology wis uised tae identifee subspecies lik the [[Barbary lion]] an [[Cape lion]]. Research haes suggestit, houiver, that environmental factors influences the colour an size o a lion's mane, lik the [[Ruim temperatur|ambient temperatur]].<ref name=West/> The cuiler ambient temperatur in European an North American [[zoo]]s, fur ensaumple, mey result in a hivier mane. Sicweys, the mane isnae an appropriate merker for identifyin subspecies.<ref name="CG">{{cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Ross |author2=Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki |author3=Barnes, Ian|author4=Cooper, Alan |date=August 2006 |title=Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion ''Panthera leo'': Implications for its ''ex situ'' conservation |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–14 |doi=10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0}}</ref><ref name="yamaguchi-haddane">{{cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=Nobuyuki |author2=Haddane, B. |year=2002 |title=The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project |journal=International Zoo News |volume=49 |pages=465–81}}</ref> The males o the Asiatic subspecies, housomiver, is characterised bi sparser manes nor average African lions.<ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Vivek |year=2003 |title=A Field Guide to Indian Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoindi0000meno |location=Delhi |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=0-14-302998-3| pages=}}</ref> In the [[Pendjari Naitional Pairk]] area, awmaist aw males is maneless or hae verra waik manes.<ref>Schoe, Marjolein; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Kaandorp, Jacques and de Iongh, Hans (2010) ''Progress Report – collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin.'' Funded by the Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund.</ref> Maneless male lions haes forby been reportit frae [[Senegal]], frae Sudan ([[Dinder Naitional Pairk]]), an frae [[Tsavo East Naitional Pairk]] in Kenyae, an the oreeginal male white lion frae Timbavati wis maneless an aa. The testosterone hormone haes been linked tae mane growthe, therefore [[castration|castratit]] lions eften hae minimal tae no mane, as the removal o the gonads inhibits testosterone production.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Linda | last = Munson| date = 3 March 2006 | title = Contraception in felids | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_theriogenology_2006-07-01_66_1/page/126 | journal = Theriogenology| pmid = 16626799 | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 126–34 | doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.06 }}</ref> [[Cave pentin]]s o extinct European [[Panthera leo spelaea|cave lion]]s awmaist exclusively shaw ainimals wi no manes, suggestin that thay war aither athoot manes,<ref name="Koenigswald02">{{cite book |last=Koenigswald |first=Wighart von |year=2002 |title=Lebendige Eiszeit: Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Theiss |isbn=3-8062-1734-3| pages=|language=de}}</ref> or that the pentins depict lionesses as seen huntin in a group. ===White lions=== [[File:White Lion.jpg|thumb|right|[[White lion]]s owe thair colourin tae a recessive allele; thay are rare forms o the subspecies ''Panthera leo krugeri'']] The [[white lion]] is nae a distinct subspecies, but a special [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] wi a genetic condeetion, [[leucism]],<ref name = "zoos_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Grisham | first= Jack | editor-first = Catherine E | editor-last = Bell |title=Lion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos |volume=2: G–P |year=2001 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn |location=Chofago |isbn=1-57958-174-9 |pages=733–39}}</ref>> that causes paler colouration akin tae that o the [[white teeger]]; the condeetion is seemilar tae [[melanism]], that causes [[black panther]]s. Thay are nae albinos, haein normal pigmentation in the een an skin. White Transvaal lion (''Panthera leo krugeri'') individuals occasionally hae been encountered in an aroond [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] an the adjacent [[Timbavati Private Game Reserve]] in eastren Sooth Africae, but are mair commonly foond in [[captivity (ainimal)|captivity]], whaur breeders deliberately select them. The unuisual cream colour o thair coats is due tae a [[recessive allele]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McBride |first=Chris |title=The White Lions of Timbavati |url=https://archive.org/details/whitelionsoftimb00mcbr |year=1977 |publisher=E. Stanton |location=Johannesburg |isbn= 0-949997-32-3 }}</ref> Reportedly, thay hae been bred in camps in South Africae fur uiss as trophies tae be killt during [[canned hunt]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker|first=Linda |title=Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God|year=2003 |publisher=Npenvu Press|location=Mapumulanga |isbn= 0-620-31409-5}}</ref> ==Behaviour== [[File:Panthera leo stretching (Etosha, 2012).jpg|thumbnail|left|Adult male lion stretching.]] Lions spends a feck o thair time restin an is inactive fur aboot 20&nbsp;oor per day.<ref name="Schaller122">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 122.</ref> awbesit lions can be active at ony time, thair activity generally peaks efter dusk wi a period o socialisin, gruimin, an defecatin. Intermittent bursts o activity follae throu the nicht oors till dawn, whan huntin maist eften taks place. Thay spend an average o twa oors a day walkin an 50&nbsp;minutes eatin.<ref name="Schaller120">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 120–21.</ref> ===Group organization=== [[File:pride leader.jpg|thumb|right|Twa lionesses an a matur male o a pride.]] [[File:Lions Family Portrait Masai Mara.jpg|thumb|right|Twa males an a female lion.]] Lions is the maist socially inclined o aw wild [[felid]]s, maist o thaim remainin quite solitar in naitur. The lion is a predatory [[carnivore]] wi twa teeps o social organisation. Some lions is ''indwallers,'' livin in groups centerin aroond relatit lionesses, cried ''prides''.<ref name="Schaller33">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 33.</ref> Females form the stable [[social unit]] in a pride an dinnae tolerate ootside females.<ref name="Schaller37">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 37.</ref> Membership anly chynges wi the births an daiths o lionesses,<ref name="Schaller39">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 39.</ref> awbesit some females dae leave an become nomadic.<ref name="Schaller44">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 44.</ref> awbesit extremely lairge prides, consistin o up tae 30 individuals, hae been observed, the average pride consists o five or sax females, thair cubs o baith sexes, an ane or twa males (kent as a ''coaleetion'' if mair nor ane) wha mate wi the adult females. The nummer o adult males in a coaleetion is uisually twa but mey increase tae as mony as fower afore decreasin again ower time.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The sole exception tae this pattern is the [[Tsavo lion]] pride that aye haes juist ane adult male.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Milius |first=Susan |date=April 2002 |title= Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-news-us_2002-04-20_161_16/page/253 |journal=Society for Science & the Public |volume=161 |issue=16 |pages=253 |doi=10.1002/scin.5591611614}}</ref> Male cubs are excluded frae thair maternal pride whan thay reach maturity at aroond 2–3 years o age.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The seicont organisational behaviour is labeled ''nomads'', wha range widely an muive aboot sporadically, aither singularly or in pairs.<ref name="Schaller33"/> Pairs is mair frequent amang sib males that haes been excludit frae thair birth pride. Note that a lion mey switch lifestyles; nomads mey become indwallers an vice versa. Males, as a rule, live at least some portion o thair lifes as nomads, an some can neir jyne anither pride. A female wha becomes a nomad haes a fair feck greater difficulty jynin a new pride, as the females in a pride is sib, an thay reject maist attempts bi an unrelated female tae jyne thair faimily group. The area a pride occupies is cried a ''pride area'', whauras that bi a nomad is a ''range''.<ref name="Schaller33"/> The males associated wi a pride tend tae stay on the fringes, patrollin thair [[Territory (ainimal)|territory]]. Why [[Social behaviour|sociality]] – the maist pronoonced in ony cat species – haes developed in lionesses is the subject o much debate. Increased huntin success appears an obvious reason, but this is less nor sure upon examination: coordinated huntin daes allou for mair successfu predation but an aa ensurs that non-huntin memmers reduce per capita calorific intake; housomiver, some tak a role raisin cubs, wha mey be left alane for extendit periods o time. Memmers o the pride regularly tend tae play the same role in hunts an hone thair skills. The heal o the hunters is the primary need for the survival o the pride, an thay are the first tae consume the prey at the site it is taen. Ither benefits include possible [[kin selection]] (better tae share fuid wi a relatit lion than wi a stranger), pertection o the young, maintenance o territory, an individual insurance against injury an hunger.<ref name=CAP/> [[File:Lion.ogv|thumb|right|Video o a wild lioness]] Lionesses dae maist o the huntin for thair pride. Thay are mair effective hunters, as thay are smawer, swither, an mair agile than the males an unencumbered bi the hivy an conspicuous mane, that causes owerheatin during exertion. Thay act as a coordinatit group wi members wha perform the same role consistently fur tae stalk an bring doun the prey sonsie-like. Smawer prey is eaten at the location o the hunt, tharebi bein shared amang the hunters; whan the kill is muckler it eften is dragged tae the pride area. Thare is mair sharin o muckler kills,<ref name="Schaller133">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 133.</ref> awbesit pride members aften behave aggressively toward ane anither as ilkane ettles at consumin sae muckle a hantle o fuid as possible. Naur the conclusion o the hunt, males hae a tendency tae dominate the kill ance the lionesses hae succeeded. Thay are mair lik tae share this wi the cubs as wi the lionesses, but males rarely share fuid thay hae killt bi thairsels. Baith males an females can defend the pride agin intruders, but the male lion is better-suitit for this purpose due tae its stockier, mair powerful big.<ref>[http://www.lionconservationfund.org/lion_adopt.html Join the Pride]. Lion Conservation Fund. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref> Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders, while ithers lag behind.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinsohn|first= R. |author2=C. Packer |year=1995 |title=Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1260|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1260–62 |doi=10.1126/science.7652573 |pmid=7652573}}</ref> Lions tend tae assume speceefic roles in the pride. Those laggin behind mey provide ither valuable services tae the group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morell|first= V. |year=1995 |title=Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1216|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1216–17|doi=10.1126/science.7652566 |pmid=7652566}}</ref> An alternative hypothesis is that thare is some reward associated wi bein a leader wha fends aff intruders, an the rank o lionesses in the pride is reflectit in thir responses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahn|first= Gary C. |year=1996 |title=Lioness Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-03-01_271_5253/page/1214|journal=Science |volume=271 |issue=5253 |page=1215 |doi=10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a |pmid=17820922 }}</ref> The male or males associatit wi the pride must defend thair relationship tae the pride frae ootside males wha attempt tae tak ower thair relationship wi the pride. ===Huntin an diet=== [[File:Female Lion.JPG|thumb|Lion teeth are teepical o a carnivore.]] Lions prefer tae [[Scavenger|scavenge]] whan the opportunity presents itsel<ref name = "Schaller213" /> wi [[carrion]] providin mair nor 50% o thair diet.<ref name=AWF>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | accessdate =6 June 2014}}</ref> Thay scavenge ainimals aither deid frae [[naitural causes]] (disease) or killt bi ither predators, an keep a constant lookout for circlin vultures, bein keenly aware that thay indicate an ainimal dead or in distress.<ref name = "Schaller213">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 213.</ref> In fact, maist deid prey on whilk baith hyenas an lions feed upon are killt bi the hyenas insteid o the lions.<ref name="nowak" /> The lionesses daes maist o the huntin for the pride. The male lion associatit wi the pride uisually stays an watches ower young cubs till the lionesses return frae the hunt. Teepically, several wirk thegither an encircle the herd frae different pynts. Ance thay hae closed in on the herd, thay uisually target the ainimal closest tae them. The attack is short an pouerfu; thay attempt tae catch the victim wi a fast rush an feenal leap. The prey uisually is killt bi [[strangulation]],<ref>{{cite web | title = About lions—Ecology and behaviour | first = Gus | last = Mills | publisher = African Lion Working Group | url = http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | accessdate = 20 July 2007 | archive-date = 2014-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331141011/http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> that can cause [[cerebral ischemia]] or [[asphyxia]] (that results in [[hypoxemia|hypoxemic]], or "general", [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]). The prey an aa mey be killt bi the lion enclosin the ainimal's mooth an nostrils in its jaws (that wad result in asphyxia an aa).<ref name="nowak" /> Lions uisually hunts in coordinatit groups an stalk thair chosen prey. Housomiver, thay arnae parteecularly kent fur thair stamina – fur instance, a lioness' hert maks up anly 0.57% o her body wecht (a male's is aboot 0.45% o his body wecht), whauras a hyena's hert is close tae 1% o its body wecht.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 248.</ref> Sicweys, thay anly run fast in short bursts,<ref name="Schaller2478">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 247–48.</ref> an need tae be close tae thair prey afore stairtin the attack. Thay tak advantage o factors that reduce veesibility; mony kills tak place naur some form o civer or at nicht.<ref name="Schaller237">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 237.</ref> Thay sneak up tae the victim till thay reach a distance o approximately {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off}} or less. [[File:Serengeti Lion Running saturated.jpg|thumb|left|Lioness in a burst o speed while huntin.]] The [[Predation|prey]] consists mainly o medium-sized mammals, wi a preference fur [[wildebeest]], [[zebra]]s, [[African Buffalo|buffalo]], an [[warthog]]s in Africae an [[nilgai]], [[Boar|wild boar]], an several [[deer]] species in Indie. Mony ither species are huntit, based on availability, mainly [[ungulate]]s wichin atween {{convert|50|and|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}} lik [[kudu]], [[hartebeest]], [[gemsbok]], an [[Taurotragus|eland]].<ref name="nowak" /> Occasionally, thay tak relatively smaw species lik [[Thomson's gazelle]] or [[Springbok (antelope)|springbok]]. Lions huntin in groups is capable o takkin doun maist ainimals, even adults in guid heal, but in maist pairts o thair range thay rarely attack verra lairge prey lik fully grown male [[giraffe]]s due tae the danger o injury. Giraffes an buffaloes are awmaist invulnerable tae a solitary lion as well.<ref name="Schaller259">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 259.</ref> Extensive studies shaws that lionesses normally preys on mammals wi an average wecht o {{convert|126|kg|abbr=on}}, while kills made bi male lions average {{convert|399|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author1=Radloff, Frans G. T.|author2=Du Toit, Johan T. |year= 2004 |title= Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-ecology_2004-05_73_3/page/410|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=73 |pages=410–423 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x}}</ref> In Africae, wildebeest rank at the tap o preferred prey (makin nearly hauf o the lion prey in the [[Serengeti]]) follaed bi zebra.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn=88-8095-752-X| title = The Art of Being a Lion |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni| page = [https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni/page/186 186] | first1 = Christine | last1 = Denis-Huot | first2 = Michel | last2 = Denis-Huot | publisher = Friedman/Fairfax | year = 2002}}</ref> Lions dinnae prey on fou grown adult [[elephant]]s; maist adult [[hippopotamus]]es, [[rhinoceros]]es, an smawer [[gazelle]]s, [[impala]], an ither agile antelopes are generally excludiy. Houiver, giraffes an buffaloes are eften taken in certaint regions. For instance, in Kruger Naitional Pairk, giraffes is regularly huntit.<ref name=Pienaar1969>{{Cite journal |last1=Pienaar|first1=U. de V.|title=Predator-prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park|journal=Koedoe|date=1969|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753|url=http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/view/753}}</ref> In Manyara Pairk, Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62% o the lion's diet,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Among the Elephants | url = https://archive.org/details/amongelephants00iain | first1 = Iain | last1 = Douglas-Hamilton | first2 = Oria | last2 = Douglas-Hamilton | year = 1975 }}</ref> due tae the heich nummer density o buffaloes. Occasionally hippopotamus is an aa taken, but adult rhinoceroses are generally avoidit. Warthogs are eften taken dependin on availability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 =Hayward|first1 = Matt W. | last2 = Kerley | first2 = Graham | year = 2005 | title= Prey preferences of the lion (''Panthera leo'') | journal= Journal of Zoology | volume = 267 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–22 |doi= 10.1017/S0952836905007508}}</ref> The lions o [[Chobe Naitional Pairk#Geografie an ecoseestems|Savuti]], Botswana, hae adaptit tae huntin young elephants during the dry saison, an a pride o 30 lions haes been recordit killin individuals atween the ages o fower an eleven years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Power |first=R. J. |last2=Shem Compion |first2=R. X.|year=2009|title=Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana|journal=African Zoology|volume=44|issue=1|pages=36–44|doi=10.3377/004.044.0104}}</ref> In the [[Kalahari desert]] in [[Sooth Africae]], black-maned lions mey chase baboons up a tree, wait patiently, then attack them whan thay try tae escape: [[File:Lion and baboon 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Baboons trapped up a tree bi lions.]] Lions forby attack domestic livestock an in Indie cattle contribute signeeficantly tae thair diet.<ref name = "Menon" /> Lions is capable o killin ither predators lik [[leopard]]s, [[cheetah]]s, [[hyena]]s, an [[African Wild Dug|wild dugs]], awbesit (unlik maist felids) thay seldom devour the competitors efter killin them. A lion mey gorge itsel an eat up tae {{convert|30|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in ane sittin;<ref name="simba">{{Cite book | last= Guggisberg|first= Charles Albert Walter| title = Simba: the life of the lion. |year=1961 |publisher=Howard Timmins |location=Cape Town}}</ref> if it is unable tae consume aw the kill it will rest for a few oors afore consumin mair. On a het day, the pride mey retreat tae shade leavin a male or twa tae staund guard.<ref name="Schaller2706">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 270–76.</ref> An adult lioness requires an average o aboot {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o meat per day, a male aboot {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 276.</ref> [[File:Lions taking down cape buffalo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Four lionesses catch a cape buffalo.]] Acause lionesses hunt in open spaces whaur thay are easy seen bi thair prey, cooperative huntin increases the likelihood o a sonsie hunt; this is especially true wi lairger species. Teamwork an aa enables them tae defend thair kills easier against ither lairge predators lik hyenas, that mey be attractit bi [[vulture]]s frae kilometres away in open savannas. Lionesses dae maist o the huntin; males attacht tae prides dae nae uisually pairteecipate in huntin, except in the case o lairger quarry lik giraffe an buffalo. In teepical hunts, ilka lioness haes a favored poseetion in the group, aither stalkin prey on the "weeng" then attackin, or muivin a smawer distance in the centre o the group an capturin prey in flicht frae ither lionesses.<ref name=hunt>{{Cite journal | last = Stander | first = PE | title= Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=29|issue=6|pages=445–54|year=1992|doi = 10.1007/BF00170175}}</ref> Thare is evidence that male lions are juist as successfu at huntin as females; thay are solo hunters wha ambush prey in smaw bush.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott R. Loariea |author2=Craig J. Tamblingb |author3=Gregory P. Asnera|year=2013|title=Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=85|issue=5|pages=899–906|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018}}</ref> Young lions first display stalkin behaviour aboot three month o age, awbesit thay dae nae pairteecipate in huntin till thay are awmaist a year auld. Thay begin tae hunt effectively whan thay are naur twa yeir auld.<ref name="Schaller153">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 153.</ref> ====Predator competeetion==== [[File:Panthera leo & Crocuta crocuta.jpg|thumb|250px|Subadult male lion an [[spotted hyena]]]] Lions an [[spottit hyena]]s occupy the same [[ecological niche]], meanin thay compete for prey an carrion in the areas whaur thay coexist. A review o data across several studies indicates a dietary owerlap o 58.6%.<ref name="prey">{{Cite journal | url = http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf | format = PDF | title = Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (''Crocuta crocuta'') and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (''Panthera leo'') | last = Hayward | first = Matt W. | journal = Journal of Zoology | year = 2006 | volume = 270 | pages = 606–14 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183 | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033155/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf%20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions teepically ignore spottit hyenas unless the lions are on a kill or are bein harassed bi the hyenas, while the latter tend tae visibly react tae the presence o lions whether thare is fuid or nae. Lions seize the kills o spottit hyenas: in the [[Ngorongoro crater]], it is common for lions tae subsist largely on kills stolen frae hyenas, causin the hyenas tae increase thair kill rate.<ref name="Kruuk21">{{Cite book |chapter = Interactions between Hyenas and other Carnivorous Animals | first = Hans | last = Kruuk | title = The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |url = https://archive.org/details/spottedhyenastud0000kruu | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | place = Chicago | year = 1972|isbn=0-226-45508-4 }}</ref> On the ither haund, in Northren Botswana's Chobe Naitional Pairk, the situation is reversed: hyenas frequently challenge lions an steal thair kills: thay obtain fuid frae 63% o aw lion kills.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite book | title = Carnivore Conservation | url = https://archive.org/details/carnivoreconserv0000unse |edition=1 |editor1-first=John L. |editor1-last=Gittleman |editor2-first=Stephan M. |editor2-last=Funk |editor3-first=David W. |editor3-last=Macdonald |editor4-first=Robert K. |editor4-last=Wayne| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001|isbn=978-0-521-66232-1|displayeditors=4}}</ref> whan confrontit on a kill bi lions, spottit hyenas mey aither leave or wait patiently at a distance o {{convert|30|–|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} till the lions hae finished,<ref name="schaller272">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 272.</ref> but thay are forby bauld eneuch tae feed alangside lions, an even force the lions aff a kill. The twa species mey attack ane anither even whan thare is nae fuid involved for nae apparent reason.<ref name="schaller273">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 273–274.</ref><ref name="enemies">{{cite video|people=Joubert, Dereck and Joubert, Beverley|title= Eternal Enemies: Lions and Hyenas |medium=[[DVD]] | publisher = [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]|year= 1992}}</ref> Lion predation can accoont for up tae 71% o hyena daiths in [[Etosha]]. Spottit hyenas hae adaptit bi frequently mobbin lions that enter thair territories.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia| last1 =Trinkel | first1 = Martina | last2 = Kastberger | first2 = Gerald |journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=43|issue=3|year=2005|pages=220–24|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x}}</ref> Experiments on captive spottit hyenas revealed that specimens wi no prior experience wi lions act indifferently tae the sicht o them, but will react fearfully tae the scent.<ref name="Kruuk21" /> The size o male lions allows them occasionally tae confront hyenas in itherwise evenly matched brawls an sae tae tip the balance in favour o the lions. Lions tend tae dominate smawer felines lik [[cheetah]]s an [[leopard]]s whaur thay co-occur, stealin thair kills an killin thair cubs an even adults whan gien the chance. The cheetah haes a 50% chance o losin its kill tae lions or ither predators.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = O'Brien | first1 = Stephen J | last2 = Wildt | first2 = David E | last3 = Bush | first3 = Mitchell | year = 1986 | title = The Cheetah in Genetic Peril | format = PDF | journal = Scientific American | issue = 254 | pages = 68–76 | url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-09-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180930022126/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions are major killers o cheetah cubs, up tae 90% o thaim are lost in thair first weeks o life due tae attacks bi ither predators. Cheetahs evit competeetion bi huntin at different times o the day an hide thair cubs in thick brush. Leopards forby uise siclike tactics, but hae the advantage that thay can tae subsist a fair bit better on smaw prey nor on aither lions or cheetahs. Wanlik cheetahs, leopards can clim trees an uise them tae haud thair cubs an kills awa frae lions; housomiver, lionesses will occasionally be sonsie in climmin tae retrieve leopard kills.<ref name = "Schaller293">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 293.</ref> Seemilarly, lions dominate [[African Wild Dug|African wild dugs]]; thay nae juist tak thair kills but preying on young an (rarely) adult dugs an aa. Population densities o wild dugs are laich in areas whaur lions are mair abundant.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Conserving the African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus''. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline | last1 =Woodroffe | first1 = Rosie | last2 = Ginsberg | first2 = Joshua R |year=1999| journal =Oryx | volume = 33| pages =132–42|doi= 10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x |issue=2}}</ref><!-- cites twa previous refs --> Houiver, thare are a few reportit cases o auld an woondit lions fawin prey tae wild dugs.<ref name=Pienaar1969/><ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 188.</ref> The [[Nile crocodile]] is the anly [[Sympatry|sympatric]] predator (aside humans) that can singly threaten the lion. Dependin on the size o the crocodile an the lion, aither can lose kills or carrion tae the ither. Lions haes been kent tae kill crocodiles venturin ontae laund,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2509crocs.html |title=Crocodiles! | publisher = PBS | work = Nova | type = transcript |date= 28 April 1998 |accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> while the reverse is true for lions enterin watterways, as evidenced bi the occasional lion claw foond in crocodile stomachs.<ref name="Guggisberg">{{Cite book | last = Guggisberg | first = Charles Albert Walter |url =http://books.google.com/?id=92NuQgAACAAJ| title = Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation| year = 1972 | page = 195 | isbn = 0-7153-5272-5 | publisher = David & Charles | location = Newton Abbot}}</ref> ====Man-eatin==== {{Main|Man-eater}} While lions disnae uisually hunt fowk, some (uisually males) seem tae seek oot human prey; ane well-publicised case includes the [[Tsavo maneaters]], whaur 28 offeecially recordit railwey wirkers biggin the [[Uganda Railway|Kenyae-Uganda Railway]] war taken bi lions ower nine month during the construction o a brig ower the [[Tsavo River]] in [[Kenyae]] in 1898.<ref name=Patterson>{{cite book | last = Patterson |first=Bruce D. | year = 2004 | title = The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters | url = https://archive.org/details/lionsoftsavoexpl0000patt | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 0-07-136333-5}}</ref> The hunter wha kill the lions wrote a beuk detailin the ainimals' predatory behaviour. The lions war lairger than normal, lacked manes, an ane seemed tae suffer frae tuith decay. The infirmity theory, includin tuith decay, is nae favored bi aw researchers; an analysis o teeth an jaws o man-eatin lions in museum collections suggests that while tuith decay mey expleen some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominatit areas is a mair likely cause o lion predation on humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Bruce D. |author2=Neiburger, Ellis J.|author3=Kasiki, Samuel M. |date=February 2003 |title=Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2003-02_84_1/page/190 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=190–96|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> In thair analysis o Tsavo an general man-eatin, Kerbis Peterhans an Gnoske acknowledge that sick or injurt ainimals mey be mair prone tae man-eatin, but that the behaviour is "nae unuisual, nor necessarily 'aberrant'" whaur the opportunity exists; if inducements lik access tae livestock or human corpse are present, lions will regularly prey upon human beins. The authors note that the relationship is well-attestit amang ither pantherines an primates in the paleontological record.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031426/http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archivedate=2007-10-30 |accessdate=7 July 2007 |last=Peterhans |first=Julian C. Kerbis |author2=Thomas Patrick Gnoske |title=The Science of Man-eating |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=90 |issue=1&2 |year=2001 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lion's proclivity fur man-eatin haes been seestematically examined. American an Tanzanian scientists report that man-eatin behaviour in rural areas o Tanzanie increased a fair bit frae 1990 tae 2005. At least 563 veelagers war attacked an mony eaten ower this period – a nummer far exceedin the mair famed "Tsavo" incidents o a century earlier. The incidents occurred naur aboots [[Selous Gemme Reserve|Selous Naitional Pairk]] in [[Rufiji River|Rufiji Destrict]] an in [[Lindi Region|Lindi Province]] near the [[Mozambique|Mozambican]] border. While the expansion o villagers intae bush kintra is ane concern, the authors argues that conservation policy maun mitigate the danger acause, in this case, conservation contreibutes directly tae human daiths. Cases in Lindi hae been documentit whaur lions seize humans frae the centre o substantial veelages.<ref name="Packer05">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |author2=Ikanda, D. |author3=Kissui, B. |author4= Kushnir, H. |date=August 2005 |title=Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-08-18_436_7053/page/926 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=436 |issue=7053 |pages=927–28 |doi=10.1038/436927a| pmid=16107828}}</ref> Anither study o 1,000 fowk attacked bi lions in soothren Tanzanie atween 1988 an 2009 foond that the weeks follaein the [[full muin]] (whan thare wis less muinlight) war a strang indicator o increased nicht attacks on fowk.<ref name="fullmoon">{{cite journal | title=Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions | last=Packer |first=C | journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |date=July 2011 | volume=6 | issue=7 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 |author2=Swanson A |author3=Ikanda D |author4=Kushnir H | editor1-last=Rands | editor1-first=Sean A. | pages=e22285}}</ref> [[File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg|thumb|The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the [[Field Museum o Naitural History]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] ]] Author Robert R. Frump wrote in ''The Man-eaters of Eden'' that Mozambican refugees regularly crossin Kruger Naitional Pairk at nicht in [[Sooth Africae]] is attacked an eaten bi the lions; pairk offeecials hae concedit that man-eatin is a problem thare. Frump believes thoosands mey hae been killt in the decades efter [[Sooth Africae unner apartheid|apartheid]] sealed the pairk an forced the refugees tae cross the pairk at nicht. Fur naur a century afore the mairch wis sealed, Mozambicans haed regularly walked athort the pairk in daytime wi little harm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frump |first=RR |title=The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park |url=https://archive.org/details/maneatersofedenl0000frum |year=2006 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=1-59228-892-8}}</ref> Packer estimates mair nor 200 Tanzanians is killt ilka year bi lions, [[crocodile]]s, elephants, hippos, an [[snake]]s, an that the nummers coud be dooble that amount, wi lions thocht tae kill at least 70 o thaim. Packer haes documented that atween 1990 an 2004, lions attacked 815 fowk in Tanzanie, killin 563. Packer an Ikanda are amang the few [[conservation movement|conservationists]] wha believe wastren conservation efforts maun tak accoont o thir matters nae juist acause o ethical concerns aboot human life, but fur the lang term success o conservation efforts an lion preservation an aw.<ref name="Packer05"/> A man-eatin lion wis killt bi gemme scouts in Soothren Tanzanie in Aprile 2004. It is believed tae hae killt an eaten at least 35&nbsp;fowk in a series o incidents coverin several veelages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Toothache 'made lion eat humans' |last=Dickinson |first=Daniel |date=19 October 2004 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3756180.stm |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> Dr Rolf D. Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, commentit that it wis likely that the lion preyed on humans acause it haed a lairge [[abscess]] unnerneath a [[molar (tuith)|molar]] that wis cracked in several places. He faur commentit that "This lion probably experienced a lot o pain, pairteecularly whan it wis chewin."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldus |first=R |date=March 2006 |title=A man-eating lion (''Panthera leo'') from Tanzania with a toothache |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=52 |issue= 1 |pages= 59–62|doi=10.1007/s10344-005-0008-0}}</ref> GTZ is the German development cooperation agency an haes been wirkin wi the Tanzanian govrenment on wildlife conservation for nearly twa decades. As in ither cases this lion wis lairge, lacked a mane, an haed a tuith problem. The "Aw-Africae" record o man-eatin generally is conseidert no tae be Tsavo, but incidents in the early 1930s throu the late 1940s in whit wis then [[Tanganyika]] (nou Tanzanie). [[George Gilman Rushby|George Rushby]], gemme warden an professional hunter, eventually dispatched the pride, that ower three generations is thocht tae hae killt an eaten 1,500 tae 2,000 fowk in what is nou [[Njombe]] destrict.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rushby |first=George G. |title= No More the Tusker |year= 1965 |publisher=W. H. Allen |location=London}}</ref> ===Reproduction an life cycle=== {{commons category|Mating lions}} Maist lionesses will hae reproduced bi the time thay are fower years o age.<ref name="Schaller29">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 29.</ref> Lions dae nae [[matein|mate]] at ony speceific time o year, an the females are [[polyestrous]].<ref name="Schaller174">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 174.</ref> As wi ither [[Cat's penis|cats' penises]], the male lion's penis haes [[penile spines|spines that pyntin backward]]. During penis widrawal, the spines rake the waws o the female's [[vagina]], that mey cause ovulation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asdell |first=Sydney A. |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=yQzSe71g2AcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Patterns of mammalian reproduction] |year=1993|origyear= 1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca |isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5}}</ref> A lioness mey mate wi mair nor ane male whan she is [[Estrous cycle|in heat]].<ref name="Schaller142">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 142.</ref> [[File:Panthera leo -Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania -mating-8.jpg|thumb|left|Matin lions.]] The average gestation period is aroond 110&nbsp;days,<ref name="Schaller174"/> the female giein birth tae a litter o ane tae fower cubs in a secluded den (that mey be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some ither sheltered area) uisually awa frae the rest o the pride. She will eften hunt bi hersel while the cubs is still helpless, stayin relatively close tae the thicket or den whaur the cubs are kept.<ref name="Scott45">[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 45.</ref> The cubs themsels is born blind – thair een dae nae open till roughly a week efter birth. Thay wecht {{convert|1.2|–|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at birth an is awmaist helpless, beginnin tae crawl a day or twa efter birth an walkin aroond three weeks o age.<ref name="Schaller143">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 143.</ref> The lioness muives her cubs tae a new den steid several times a month, carrying them ane bi ane bi the nape o the neck, tae prevent scent frae biggin up at a single den steid an sicweys avoidin the attention o predators that mey harm the cubs.<ref name="Scott45"/> Uisually, the mither daes nae integrate hersel an her cubs back intae the pride until the cubs are sax tae aicht weeks auld.<ref name="Scott45"/> Whiles this introduction tae pride life occurs earlier, houiver, parteecularly if ither lionesses hae gien birth at aboot the same time. For instance, lionesses in a pride eften synchronise thair reproductive cycles sae that thay cooperate in the raisin an souklin o the young (ance the cubs are past the initial stage o isolation wi thair mither), wha suckle indiscriminately frae ony or aw o the nouricin females in the pride. In addition tae greater pertection, the synchronization o births an aa haes an advantage in that the cubs end up bein roughly the same size, an sicweys hae an equal chance o survival. If ane lioness gies birth tae a litter o cubs a couple o months efter anither lioness, for instance, then the younger cubs, bein much smawer than thair aulder brethren, uisually are dominatit bi lairger cubs at mealtimes – consequently, daith bi starvation is mair common amang the younger cubs. [[File:PregnantLioness.jpg|thumb|A pregnant lioness (richt).]] In addition tae stairvation, cubs an aa face mony ither dangers, lik predation bi jackals, hyenas, leopards, mairtial eagles, an snakes. Even buffaloes, should thay catch the scent o lion cubs, eften stampede toward the thicket or den whaur thay are bein kept, daein thair best tae trample the cubs tae daith while wardin ff the lioness. Furthermair, whan ane or mair new males oust the previous male(s) associatit wi a pride, the conqueror(s) eften kill ony existin young cubs,<ref name="Packpus83">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |last2=Pusey |first2=A. E. |date=May 1983 |title= Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1983-05_121_5/page/716 |journal= American Naturalist |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=716–28 |doi= 10.1086/284097}}</ref> aiblins acause females dinnae become fertile an receptive till thair cubs mature or dee. Aw in aw, as mony as 80% o the cubs will dee afore the age o twa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=David |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/31 31]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}</ref> <gallery> File:Black-maned lion and cub 1.jpg|1 o 4: A tolerant black-<br/>maned male File:Black-maned lion and cub 2.jpg|<centre>2 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 3.jpg|<centre>3 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 4.jpg|<centre>4 o 4</centre> </gallery> whan first introduced tae the rest o the pride, the cubs initially lack confidence whan confrontit wi adult lions ither than thair mither. Thay suin begin tae immerse thairsels in the pride life, houiver, playin amang thairsels or attemptin tae initiate play wi the adults. Lionesses wi cubs o thair ain are mair likely tae be tolerant o anither lioness's cubs than lionesses wioot cubs. The tolerance o the male lions toward the cubs varies – whiles, a male will patiently let the cubs play wi his tail or his mane, whauras anither mey snarl an bat the cubs away.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 46.</ref> [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG|thumb|Male lions are generally mair likely tae share fuid caught bi the pride wi cubs than wi lionesses, but rarely share thair ain catches wi ithers.]] Weanin occurs efter sax tae seeven month. Male lions reach maturity at aboot 3 years o age an, at 4–5 years o age, are capable o challengin an displacing the adult male(s) associatit wi anither pride. Thay begin tae age an waiken atween 10 an 15 years o age at the latest,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crandall |first=Lee S. |title=The management of wild animals in captivity |year=1964 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=557916}}</ref> if thay hae nae already been creetically injured while defendin the pride (ance ousted frae a pride bi rival males, male lions rarely manage a seicont tak-ower). This leaves a short windae for thair ain affspring tae be born an matur. If thay are able tae procreate as suin as thay tak ower a pride, potentially, thay mey hae mair affspring reachin maturity afore thay an aa are displaced. A lioness will eften attempt tae defend her cubs fiercely frae a usurpin male, but sic actions are rarely successfu. He uisually kills aw o the existin cubs wha are less nor twa year auld. A lioness is waiker an much lichter than a male; success is mair likely whan a group o three or fower mithers within a pride jyn forces agin ane male.<ref name="Packpus83"/> Contrary tae popular belief, it isnae anly males that is oostit frae thair pride tae become nomads, awbesit maist females certainly dae remain wi thair birth pride. Houiver, whan the pride becomes ower muckle, the next generation o female cubs mey be forced tae leave tae eke oot thair ain territory. Furthermair, whan a new male lion taks ower the pride, subadult lions, baith male an female, mey be evictit.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 68.</ref> Life is harsh for a female nomad. Nomadic lionesses rarely manage tae raise thair cubs tae maturity, wioot the pertection o ither pride members. ===Heal=== Awbesit adult lions haes nae naitural predators, evidence suggests that the majority dee violently frae humans or ither lions.<ref name="Schaller183">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 183.</ref> Lions eften inflict serious injuries on ilka ither, aither members o different prides encoonterin ilka ither in territorial disputes, or members o the same pride fechtin at a kill.<ref name="Schaller1889">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 188–89.</ref> Crippled lions an lion cubs mey faw victim tae hyenas, leopards, or be trampled bi buffalo or elephants, an careless lions mey be maimed whan huntin prey.<ref name="Schaller1890">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 189–90.</ref> [[File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG|thumb|Lions seekin refuge frae flies bi climbin a tree.]] Various species o [[tick]] commonly infest the lugs, neck an groin regions o maist lions.<ref name="Schaller184">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 184.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yeoman |first=Guy Henry|author2=Walker, Jane Brotherton |title=The ixodid ticks of Tanzania|year=1967 |publisher=Commonwealth Institute of Entomology |location=London |oclc=955970}}</ref> Adult forms o several species o the tapeworm genus ''[[Taenia (tapeworm)|Taenia]]'' hae been isolatit frae thairms, the lions haein ingestit larval forms frae antelope meat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sachs |first=R |year=1969|title=Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere [Differentiation and species determination of muscle-cysticerci in East African game animals] |journal=Zeitschrift für tropenmedizin und Parasitologie |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |pmid=5393325|language=de}}</ref> Lions in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Ngorongoro Crater]] war afflictit bi an ootbreak o stable flee (''[[stable flee|Stomoxys calcitrans]]'') in 1962; this resultit in lions becomin covered in bluidy bare patches an emaciatit. Lions soucht unsuccessfully tae evade the bitin flees bi climbin trees or crawlin intae hyena burrows; mony perished or emigratit as the population dropped frae 70 tae 15 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fosbrooke |first=Henry |year=1963 |title=The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro |journal=East African Wildlife Journal |volume=1 |issue=6|pages=124–26 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x}}</ref> A mair recent ootbreak in 2001 killt sax lions.<ref name="Nkwame06">{{Cite news | last=Nkwame | first=Valentine M | title=King of the jungle in jeopardy | publisher=The Arusha Times | date=9 September 2006 | url=http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | accessdate=4 September 2007 | archive-date=2018-12-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033132/http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lions, especially in captivity, are vulnerable tae the [[canine distemper]] virus (CDV), [[feline immunodeficiency virus]] (FIV), an [[feline infectious peritonitis]] (FIP).<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> CDV is spread throu domestic dugs an ither [[carnivora|carnivores]]; a 1994 outbreak in [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] resultit in mony lions developin neurological seemptoms lik seizurs. During the ootbreak, several lions dee'd frae pneumonia an [[encephalitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roelke-Parker |first=M. E. |date=February 1996 |title=A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (''Panthera leo'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1996-02-01_379_6564/page/440 |journal= Nature|volume=379 |issue= 6564|pages=441–45 |doi=10.1038/379441a0|pmid=8559247|last2=Munson|first2=Linda|last3=Packer|first3=Craig|last4=Kock|first4=Richard|last5=Cleaveland|first5=Sarah|last6=Carpenter|first6=Margaret|last7=O'Brien|first7=Stephen J.|last8=Pospischil|first8=Andreas|last9=Hofmann-Lehmann|first9=Regina |displayauthors=9|first10=Hans|last10=Lutz|first11=George L. M.|last11=Mwanengele|first12=M. N.|last12=Mgasa|first13=G. A.|last13=Machange|first14=Brian A.|last14=Summers|first15=Max J. G.|last15=Appel}}</ref> FIV, that is seemilar tae [[HIV]] while nae kent tae adversely affect lions, is worrisome eneuch in its effect in domestic cats that the Species Survival Plan recommends systematic testin in captive lions. It occurs wi heich tae endemic frequency in several wild lion populations, but is maistly absent frae Asiatic an Namibian lions. ===Communication=== [[File:Lion cub with mother.jpg|thumb|right|Heid rubbin an lickin are common social behaviours athin a pride]] whan restin, lion socialization occurs throu a nummer o behaviours, an the ainimal's expressive movements are heichly developed. The maist common peacefu tactile gestures are heid rubbin an [[social lickin]],<ref name="Schaller85">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 85.</ref> that hae been compared wi gruimin in primates.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Desmond Morris|last=Sparks |first=J |title=Primate Ethology |chapter=Allogrooming in primates:a review |year=1967 |publisher=Aldine |location=Chicago |isbn=0-297-74828-9}} (2007 edition: 0-202-30826-X)</ref> Heid rubbin – nuzzlin ane's foreheid, face an neck against anither lion – appears tae be a form o greetin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leyhausen |first=Paul |title=Verhaltensstudien an Katzen|edition= 2nd |year=1960 |publisher=Paul Parey |location=Berlin |isbn=3-489-71836-4 |language=de}}</ref> as it is seen eften efter an ainimal haes been apart frae others, or efter a fecht or confrontation. Males tend tae rub ither males, while cubs an females rub females.<ref name="Schaller858">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 85–88.</ref> Social lickin eften occurs in tandem wi heid rubbin; it is generally mutual an the recipient appears tae express pleasure. The heid an neck are the maist common pairts o the body licked, that mey hae arisen oot o utility, as a lion canna lick thir airts individually.<ref name="Schaller8891">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 88–91.</ref> {{sound|filename=Lion raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg|title=Lion roar|description=A lion in captivity roaring}} Lions hae an array o facial expressions an body posturs that serve as veesual gesturs.<ref name="Schaller92102">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 92–102.</ref> Thair repertoire o vocalisations is an aa lairge; variations in intensity an pitch, rather than discrete signals, appear central tae communication. Lion soonds include snarlin, hissin, coughin, miaowin, woofin, an roarin. Lions tend tae [[roar (ainimal)|roar]] in a verra characteristic manner, stairtin wi a few deep, lang roars that trail off intae a series o shorter anes.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics |last=Ananthakrishnan |first=G. |last2=Eklund |first2=Robert |last3=Peters |first3=Gustav |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=5 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060746/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses |last=Eklund |first=Robert |last2=Peters |first2=Gustav; |last3=Ananthakrishnan |first3=G |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=1 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060941/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thay maist eften roar at nicht; the soond, that can be heard frae a distance o {{convert|8|km}}, is uised tae advertise the ainimal's presence.<ref name="Schaller10313">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 103–113.</ref> Lions hae the loudest roar o ony big cat. ==Distribution an habitat== [[File:India Animals.jpg|thumb|Twa male [[Asiatic lions]]. The wild population o the endangered Asiatic lions is restrictit tae the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Miller |first = Brian |title = Endangered animals: a reference guide to conflicting issues |url = https://archive.org/details/endangeredanimal0000unse_m4q9 |publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 2000 |isbn = 0-313-30816-0}}</ref>]] In Africae, lions can be foond in savanna grasslands wi scattert ''[[Acacia]]'' trees, that serve as shade;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rudnai|first= Judith A. |title=The social life of the lion |year=1973 |publisher=s.n. |location=Wallingford |isbn=0-85200-053-7 }}</ref> thair habitat in Indie is a mixtur o dry savanna wid an verra dry deciduous scrub wid.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Gir—Floristic | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | accessdate=14 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzrEcoS?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The habitat o lions oreeginally spanned the soothren pairts o [[Eurasie]], rangin frae [[Greece]] tae Indie, an maist o [[Africae]] except the central [[rainwid]]-zone an the [[Sahara]] desert. [[Herodotus]] reportit that lions haed been common in Greece in 480 BC; thay attacked the baggage camels o the Persie keeng [[Xerxes I o Persie|Xerxes]] on his march throu the kintra. [[Aristotle]] considered them rare bi 300 BC. Bi 100 AD thay war extirpated.<ref name="Schaller5">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 5.</ref> A population o [[Asiatic lion]]s survived till the tent century in the [[Caucasus]], thair last European ootpost.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Heptner| first= V. G.|author2=A. A. Sludskii | year=1989| title=Mammals of the Soviet Union: Volume 1, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)|publisher=Amerind| location=New York| isbn=90-04-08876-8}}</ref> The species wis eradicatit frae [[Palestine]] bi the [[Middle Ages]] an frae maist o the rest o Asie efter the arrival o readily available firearms in the aichteent century. Atween the late nineteent an early twentiet century, thay became extinct in [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]]. Bi the late nineteent century, the lion haed disappeart frae [[Turkey]] an maist o northren Indie,<ref name=zoos_encyclopedia /><ref>{{cite web |title=Past and present distribution of the lion in North Africa and Southwest Asia. |year=2001 |publisher=Asiatic Lion Information Centre |url=http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |accessdate=1 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510060942/http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |archivedate=2008-05-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while the last sichtin o a live Asiatic lion in [[Iran]] wis in 1941 (atween [[Shiraz]] an Jahrom, [[Fars Province]]), awbesit the corpse o a lioness wis foond on the banks o the [[Karun]] river, [[Khūzestān Province]] in 1944. Thare are no subsequent reliable reports frae [[Iran]].<ref name="simba"/> The subspecies nou survives anly in an aroond the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk|Gir Wid]] o northwastren Indie.<ref name="Asiaticweb">{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—History | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzLUsTo?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Approximately 500 lions live in the area o the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} sanctuary in the state o [[Gujarat]], that covers maist o the wid. Thair nummers haes waxt frae 180 tae 523 ainimals mainly acause the naitural prey species haes rekivert.<ref name="Singh, Gibson">{{Cite journal |author1=Singh, H. S.|author2=Gibson, L.|title=A conservation success story in the itherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir Wid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2011-05_144_5/page/1753|journal= Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=5|pages=1753–1757|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—Population | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzriYLb?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Population an conservation status== {{Main|Lion huntin}} [[File:Lion Gir.jpg|thumb|The Asiatic lion, whase habitat ance ranged frae the Mediterranean tae north-wast Indian subcontinent, is thir days foond anly in the [[Gir Wid]] o [[Gujarat]], Indie. It wis estimatit that anly 523 Asiatic lions survives in the wild.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220509 |title=The Mane Don't Fit |last=Desai |first=Darshan |work=Outlook India Magazine |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=23 June 2003 |accessdate=21 November 2010 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110190202/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220509 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]] Maist lions nou lives in eastren an soothren Africae, an thair nummers thare is swith decreasin, wi an estimatit 30–50% decline per 20 years in the late hauf o the 20t century.<ref name=IUCN/> Estimates o the African lion population range atween 16,500 an 47,000 livin in the wild in 2002–2004,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |year= 2002|title=The African lion database |journal=Cat news |volume=36 |pages=41–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chardonnet|first=P.|year=2002|title=Conservation of African lion|url=http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|publisher=International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife|location=Paris, France|access-date=2015-06-02|archive-date=2013-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184540/http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> doun frae early 1990s estimates that ranged as heich as 100,000 an aiblins 400,000 in 1950. Primary causes o the decline include disease an human interference.<ref name=IUCN/> Habitat loss an conflicts wi humans are considered the maist signeeficant threats tae the species.<ref name="awf">{{cite web |title=AWF Wildlife: Lion|url=http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/lion|publisher=[[African Wildlife Foundation]]|accessdate=29 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NATURE. The Vanishing Lions |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-vanishing-lions/introduction/545/ |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> The remainin populations are aften geografically isolatit frae ane anither, that can lead tae [[inbreedin]], an consequently, reduced [[genetic diversity]]. Tharefore the lion is considered a [[vulnerable species]] bi the [[Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur]], while the Asiatic subspecies is [[endangered]].<ref>{{IUCN2010.4|assessors=Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C.|year=2008|id=15952|title=Panthera leo ssp. persica|downloaded=13 December 2010}}</ref> The lion population in the region o Wast Africae is isolatit frae lion populations o Central Africae, wi nae or naur nae exchynge o breedin individuals. The nummer o matur individuals in Wast Africae is estimatit bi twa separate recent surveys at 850–1,160 (2002/2004). Thare is disagreement ower the size o the lairgest individual population in Wast Africae: the estimates range frae 100 tae 400 lions in [[Burkina Faso]]'s [[Arly-Singou]] ecoseestem.<ref name=IUCN/> Anither population in northwastren Africae is foond in [[Waza Naitional Pairk]], whaur approximately 14–21 ainimals persist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tumenta |first=P. N. |last2=Kok |first2=J. S. |last3=van Rijssel |first3=J. C. |last4=Buij |first4=R. |last5=Croes |first5=B. M. |last6=Funston |first6=P. J. |last7=de Iongh |first7=H. H. |last8=de Haes |first8=H. A. Udo |year= 2009|title=Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (''Panthera leo leo'') in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x |pages=1–7|volume=48|issue=4}}</ref> [[File:The Big Game of Africa (1910) - Male lion Sotik Plains May 1909.png|left|thumb|Black maned male lion, shot in the Sotik Plains, Kenyae (Mey 1909)]] Conservation o baith African an Asian lions haes required the setup an maintenance o naitional parks an gemme reserves; amang the best kent are [[Etosha Naitional Pairk]] in [[Namibie]], [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] in Tanzanie, an [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] in eastren [[Sooth Africae]]. The [[Ewaso Lions]] Project protects lions in the [[Samburu Naitional Reserve]], [[Buffalo Springs Naitional Reserve]] an [[Shaba Naitional Reserve]] o the [[Ewaso Ng'iro]] ecoseestem in Northren [[Kenyae]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html |title = Winning with lions |publisher = The East African Magazine |access-date = 2015-06-02 |archive-date = 2018-12-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033317/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html%0A%20 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ootside thir areas, the issues arising frae lions' interaction wi livestock an fowk uisually results in the elimination o the umwhile.<ref>{{cite web | last=Roach | first=John | title=Lions Vs. Farmers: Peace Possible? | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=16 July 2003 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0716_030716_lions.html | accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> In Indie, the last refuge o the Asiatic lion is the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie, that haed thareaboot 180&nbsp;lions in 1974 an aboot 400 in 2010.<ref name="Singh, Gibson"/> As in Africae, numerous human habitations is naurhaun wi the eftercomin problems atween lions, livestock, locals an wildlife offeecials.<ref name="C4WDefault-10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x">{{cite journal |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x/abstract;jsessionid=FF3227E78A0339404CEBBA045818D361.f04t04 |title=Lion‐Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India |date=1 June 1994 |publisher=Blackwell Science Inc |issn=1523-1739 |accessdate=1 May 2014 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x |issue=2 |volume=8 |pages=501–7 |journal=Conservation Biology |first1=Vasant K. |last1=Saberwal |first2=James P. |last2=Gibbs |first3=Ravi |last3=Chellam |first4=A. J. T. |last4=Johnsingh}}</ref> The [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]] plans tae establish a seicont independent population o [[Asiatic lion]]s at the [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the Indian state o [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnsingh |first=A. J. T. |year=2004 |title=WII in the Field: Is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary ready to play second home to Asiatic lions? |journal=Wildlife Institute of India Newsletter |volume=11 |issue=4 |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii%20in%20field.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222341/http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii+in+field.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 |accessdate=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is important tae stairt a seicont population tae serve as a [[gene puil]] for the last survivin Asiatic lions an tae help develop an mainteen [[genetic diversity]] enablin the species tae survive. The umwhile popularity o the Barbary lion as a zoo ainimal haes meant that scattered lions in captivity is as lik tae be descendit frae Barbary lion stock. This includes lions at [[Port Lympne Zoo|Port Lympne Wild Ainimal Pairk]] in [[Kent]], Ingland that is descendit frae ainimals awned bi the [[Keeng o Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217091555/http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archivedate=2005-12-17 |title=Barbary Lion News |accessdate=24 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither eleven ainimals believed tae be Barbary lions war foond in [[Addis Ababa]] zoo, descendants o ainimals ained bi [[Haile Selassie I o Ethiopie|Emperor Haile Selassie]]. WildLink Internaitional, in collaboration wi [[Oxford Varsity]], launched thair ambeetious Internaitional [[Barbary Lion#The Barbary Lion Project|Barbary Lion Project]] wi the aim o identifyin an breedin Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction intae a naitional pairk in the [[Atlas Moontains]] o [[Morocco]].<ref name="yamaguchi-haddane"/> Follaein the discovery o the decline o lion population in Africae, several coordinatit efforts involvin lion [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] haes been organised in an attempt tae stem this decline. Lions is ane species included in the [[Species Survival Plan]], a coordinatit attempt bi the [[Association o Zoos an Aquariums]] tae increase its chances o survival. The plan wis oreeginally stairtit in 1982 fur the Asiatic lion, but wis suspendit whan it wis foond that maist Asiatic lions in North American zoos war nae [[genetic pollution|genetically pure]], haein been hybridised wi African lions. The African lion plan stairtit in 1993, focusin especially on the Sooth African subspecies, awbesit thare are difficulties in assessin the genetic diversity o captive lions, syne maist individuals is o unkent origin, makkin maintenance o genetic diversity a problem.<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> ===In captivity=== Lions is pairt o a group o exotic ainimals that is the core o [[zoo]] exhibits syne the late aichteent century; memmers o this group is invariably lairge vertebrates an include elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, lairge primates, an ither big cats; zoos socht tae gather as mony o thir species as possible.<ref name="dc81">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 81</ref> awbesit mony modren zoos is mair selective aboot thair exhibits,<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 82</ref> thare is mair nor 1,000 African an 100 Asiatic lions in zoos an wildlife pairks aroond the warld. Thay are considered an ambassador species an are kept for tourism, eddication an conservation purposes.<ref name="WAZA">{{cite web |last1= Dollinger |first1= P |last2= Geser |first2= S |title= Lion: In the Zoo (subpage) |work= Visit the Zoo |publisher= WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums) |url= http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |accessdate= 5 April 2011 |archive-date= 2018-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033251/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |url-status= dead }}</ref> Lions can reach an age o ower 20 years in captivity; Apollo, a resident lion o [[Honolulu Zoo]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], dee'd at age 22 in August 2007. His twa sisters, born in 1986, war still alive in August 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aguiar|first=Eloise|date=August 2007|title=Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|accessdate=4 September 2007|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033236/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Breedin programs need tae note origins tae avoid breedin different subspecies an sicweys reducing conservation value.<ref>{{Cite book | url= http://books.google.com/?id=vLZKnsCk89wC&pg=PA437|accessdate=12 September 2010| last1= Frankham |first1= Richard |last2= Ballou |first2= Jonathan |last3= Briscoe |first3= David |title= Introduction to Conservation Genetics |page=437|publisher=Cambridge University Press| year= 2009| isbn= 0-521-70271-2| location= Cambridge, England}}</ref> Houiver, several Asiatic-African lion crosses hae been bred.<ref name="AviseHamrick1996">{{Cite book |last1=Avise|first1=J. C.|last2=Hamrick|first2=J. L.|title=Conservation Genetics|url=https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse|date=31 January 1996|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780412055812|page=[https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse/page/67 67]|quote=Furthermore, whan Asiatic lions were inadvertently bred to African lion subspecies in North America, the fecundity, reproductive success, and spermatozoal development improved dramatically (Box 3.3; O'Brien et al., 1987b).}}</ref> [[File:MP-panthera leo krugeri 8.jpg|thumb|Male African lion o the Transvaal subspecies (''P. l. krugeri'')]] At the ancient Egyptian ceeties o [[Taremu]] an [[Per-Bast]] war temples tae the lioness goddesses o Egyp, [[Sekhmet]] an [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]] an at Taremu thare wis a temple tae the son o the deity, [[Maahes]] the lion prince, whaur live lions war kept an allaed tae roam within his temple. The Greeks cried the ceety Leontopolis, the "Ceety o Lions" an documentit that practice. Lions war kept an bred bi [[Assirie]] keengs as early as 850 BC,<ref name="Schaller5"/> an [[Alexander the Great]] wis said tae hae been presentit wi tame lions bi the [[Malhi]] o northren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|title= The Early History of India|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154 |year=1924|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154/page/n117 97]|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=}}</ref> Later in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, lions war kept bi emperors tae tak pairt in the gladiator arenas or for executions (see [[bestiarii]], [[damnatio ad bestias]], an [[venatio]]). Roman notables, includin [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Pompey]], an [[Julius Caesar]], eften ordered the mass slaughter o hunders o lions at a time.<ref>{{Cite book | first= Thomas |last= Wiedemann | title= Emperors and Gladiators |publisher= Routledge |year= 1995 |page= 60 | isbn= 0-415-12164-7 }}</ref> In the East, lions wis tamed bi Indian princes, an [[Marco Polo]] reportit that [[Kublai Khan]] kept lions inside.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 17.</ref> The first European "zoos" spread amang noble an ryal faimilies in the thirteent century, an till the seiventeent century war cried [[seraglio]]s; at that time, thay came tae be cried [[menagerie]]s, an extension o the [[cabinet o curiosities]]. Thay spread frae Fraunce an Italy durin the [[Renaissance]] tae the rest o Europe.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 19–21, 42.</ref> In England, awbesit the seraglio tradeetion wis less developed, Lions war [[Touer o Lunnon#Menagerie|kept at the Touer o Lunnon]] in a seraglio established bi [[John o Ingland|Keeng John]] in the thirteent century,<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Owen|first=James|title=Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"|work=National Geographic Magazine|publisher=National Geographic|date=3 November 2005|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html|accessdate=5 September 2007|archive-date=2005-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105025912/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> probably stocked wi ainimals frae an earlier menagerie stairtit in 1125 bi [[Henry I o Ingland|Henry I]] at his huntin lodge in [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire|Woodstock]], near [[Oxford]]; whaur lions haed reportedly been stocked bi [[William o Malmesbury]].<ref name="Blunt15">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 15.</ref> Seraglios served as expressions o the nobility's pouer an wealth. Ainimals lik big cats an [[elephant]]s, in parteecular, seembolised pouer, an wad be pittit in fechts against ilka ither or domesticatit ainimals. Bi extension, menageries an seraglios served as demonstrations o the dominance o humanity ower naitur. Consequently, the defeat o sic naitural "lairds" bi a cou in 1682 astonished the spectators, an the fecht o an elephant afore a rhinoceros drew jeers. Sic fechts wad slowly fade oot in the seiventeent century wi the spread o the menagerie an thair appropriation bi the commoners. The tradeetion o keepin big cats as pets wad last intae the nineteent century; at that time it wis seen as heich eccentric.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 24–28.</ref> [[File:Albrecht Dürer - Two seated lions - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Albrecht Dürer]], Lions sketch. (circa 1520)]] The presence o lions at the Touer o Lunnon wis intermittent, bein restocked whan a monarch or his consort, lik [[Margaret o Anjou]] the wife o [[Henry VI o Ingland|Henry VI]], aither soucht or war gien ainimals. Records indicate thay war kept in puir condeetions thare in the seiventeent century, in contrast tae mair open condeetions in [[Florence]] at the time.<ref name="Blunt16">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 16.</ref> The menagerie wis appen tae the public bi the aichteent century; admission wis a sum o three hauf-pence or the supply o a cat or dug for feedin tae the lions.<ref name="Blunt17">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 17.</ref> A rival menagerie at the [[Exeter Exchynge]] an aa exhibitit lions till the early nineteent century.<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], pp. 8–9.</ref> The Touer menagerie wis closed doun bi [[William IV o the Unitit Kinrick|William IV]],<ref name="Blunt17"/> an ainimals transferred tae the [[Lunnon Zoo]], that opened its gates tae the public on 27 Aprile 1828.<ref name="Blunt32">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 32.</ref> The wild ainimals tred flourished alangside improved colonial tred o the nineteent century. Lions wis conseidered fair common an wanpricey. Awbesit thay wad barter heicher nor teegers, thay war less costly than lairger, or mair difficult tae transport ainimals lik the giraffe an hippopotamus, an much less nor [[giant panda]]s.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 122.</ref> Lik ither ainimals, lions war seen as little mair nor a naitural, boundless commodity that wis mercilessly exploited wi terrible losses in captur an transportation.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 114, 117.</ref> The widely reproduced imagery o the heroic hunter chasin lions wad dominate a lairge pairt o the century.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 113.</ref> Splorers an hunters exploitit a popular [[Manichaeism|Manichean]] division o ainimals intae "guid" an "evil" tae add thrillin value tae thair adventurs, castin thairsels as heroic figurs. This resultit in big cats, ayeweys suspectit o bein man-eaters, representin "baith the fear o naitur an the satisfaction o havin owercome it."<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 173, 180–83.</ref> [[File:Lion - melbourne zoo.jpg|thumb|Lion at [[Melbourne Zoo]] enjoyin an elevatit gressy area wi some tree shelter]] Lions wis kept in cramped an squalid condeetions at Lunnon Zoo till a lairger lion hoose wi roomier cages wis biggit in the 1870s.<ref name="Blunt208">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 208.</ref> Faur changes teuk place in the early twentiet century, whan [[Carl Hagenbeck]] designed enclosurs mair closely resemblin a naitural habitat, wi concrete 'rocks', mair appen space an a moat insteid o bars. He designed lion enclosurs for baith [[Melbourne Zoo]] an Sydney's [[Taronga Zoo]], amang ithers, in the early twentiet century. awbesit his designs war popular, the auld bars an cage enclosurs prevailed till the 1960s in mony zoos.<ref name="dc69">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 69.</ref> In the later decades o the twentiet century, lairger, mair naitural enclosurs an the uise o [[mesh|wire mesh]] or [[laminatit glass]] insteid o lawered dens allaed veesitors tae come closer nor ever tae the ainimals, wi some attractions even placin the den on grund heicher than visitors, lik the Cat Wid/Lion Owerleuk o [[Oklahoma City Zoo an Botanical Gairden|Oklahoma City Zoological Pairk]].<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> Lions is nou placed in gey muckler naturalistic areas; modren recommendit guidelines mair closely approximate condeetions in the wild wi closer attention tae the lions' needs, heichlichtin the need fur dens in separate areas, elevatit poseetions in baith sun an shade whaur lions can sit an adequate grund civer an drainage as weel as sufficient space tae roam. Thare hae an aa been instances whaur a lion wis kept bi a private individual, lik the lioness [[Elsa the Lioness|Elsa]], wha wis raised bi [[George Adamson]] an his guidwife [[Joy Adamson]] an came tae develop a strang bond wi them, parteecularly the latter. The lioness later achieved fame, her life bein documentit in a series o beuks an films. ===Baitin an tamin=== {{Main|Lion-baitin|Lion tamin}} [[File:Lion tamer (LOC pga.03749).jpg|left|thumb|Nineteent century [[etchin]] o a lion tamer in a cage o lions]] Lion-baitin is a [[bluid sport]] involvin the [[ainimal-baitin|baitin]] o lions in combat wi ither ainimals, uisually dugs. Records o it exists in auncient times throu till the seiventeent century. It wis feenally banned in [[Vienna]] bi 1800 an Ingland in 1835.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hone |first=William |editor=Kyle Grimes |title=The Every-Day Book |origyear=1825–1826 |url=http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |accessdate=25 January 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Alabama at Birmingham |page=26 |chapter=July |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624080642/http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |archivedate=2008-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blaisdell |first=Warren H. |date=November 1997 |title=How A Lion Fight Caused England To Stop The Breeding Of Both Ring And Pit Bulldogs |journal=American Bulldog Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |url=http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424001716/http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archivedate=2008-04-24 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lion tamin refers tae the practice o tamin lions fur enterteenment, aither as pairt o an established [[circus]] or as an indiveedual act, lik [[Siegfried & Roy]]. The term is forby eften uised fur the tamin an display o ither big cats lik teegers, leopards, an [[cougar]]s. The practice wis pioneered in the first hauf o the nineteent century bi Frenchman Henri Martin an American [[Isaac A. Van Amburgh|Isaac Van Amburgh]] wha baith toured widely, an whase techniques war copied bi a nummer o follaers.<ref name = "baratay187"/> Van Amburgh performed afore [[Queen Victoria]] in 1838 whan he toured Great Breetain. Martin componed a [[pantomime]] titled ''Les Lions de Mysore'' ("the lions o Mysore"), an idea that Amburgh quickly borraed. Thir acts eclipsed [[equestrianism]] acts as the central display o circus shaws, but truly entered public consciousness in the early twentiet century wi cinema. In demonstratin the superiority o human ower ainimal, lion tamin served a purpose seemilar tae ainimal fichts o previous centuries.<ref name="baratay187">[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 187.</ref> The ultimate pruif o a tamer's dominance an control ower a lion is demonstratit bi placin his heid in the lion's gab. The nou iconic lion tamer's chair wis possibly first uised bi American [[Clyde Beatty]] (1903–1965).<ref>{{Cite book | first=David | last=Feldman | authorlink=David Feldman (author) | year=1993 | title=How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? | url=https://archive.org/details/howdoesaspirinfi00davi | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn= 0-06-016923-0 }}</ref> ==Notes==<!-- ContribZool76:87. --> {{reflist|30em}} ===Citit texts=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last1 = Baratay |first1 = Eric | first2 = Elisabeth | last2 = Hardouin-Fugier |title= Zoo: a history of zoological gardens in the West | url = https://archive.org/details/zoohistoryofzool0000bara |year=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn = 1-86189-111-3|ref=Baratay}} * {{cite book |last=Blunt |first= Wilfred |title= The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313 |year = 1975 | publisher =Hamish Hamilton |location=London |isbn=0-241-89331-3|ref=Blunt}} * {{cite book |last=de Courcy |first=Catherine |title= The Zoo Story |year= 1995 |publisher= Penguin Books | location = Ringwood, Victoria |isbn=0-14-023919-7|ref=Courcy}} * {{cite book | last= Schaller |first= George B. |authorlink= George Schaller|year= 1972 |title= The Serengeti lion: A study of predator-prey relations| url= https://archive.org/details/serengetilionstu0000scha |publisher= University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago |isbn = 0-226-73639-3 | ref =Schaller}} * {{cite book | last= Scott |first=Jonathon |last2=Scott |first2=Angela |year=2002 |title=Big Cat Diary: Lion | url= https://archive.org/details/lion0000scot_g1p0 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-00-714666-3 |ref=Scott}} {{refend}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Greek loanwirds]] [[Category:Mammals o Africae]] [[Category:Mammals o Indie]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Burundi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Chad]] [[Category:Fauna o Wast Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o the Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Kenyae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Malawi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Morocco]] [[Category:Fauna o East Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Singapore]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Swaziland]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Togo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Tunisie]] [[Category:Predators]] [[Category:Felids o Indie]] 9n247tupn9xtrxm6egcd1snjzl43m5g 0 43140 923174 854459 2026-09-23T22:01:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains Korean text}} {{Infobox album| | italic_title = force | name = PSY 6 (Six Rules), Part 1 | type = EP | artist = [[PSY]] | cover = | alt = | released = 15 Julie 2012 | recorded = | venue = | studio = | genre = [[K-pop]] | length = 22:37 | language = [[Korean leid|Korean]], [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | label = [[YG Entertainment]]<br>KMP Holdings<br>[[Universal Music Group]] (Asia ex. Japan)<br>[[Avex Trax|YGEX/avex trax]] (Japan) | producer = [[Yang Hyun-suk]] (executive), PSY, u-type | prev_title = PSY Five | prev_year = 2010 | next_title = PSY's Best 6th Part 2 | next_year = 2013 | misc = {{Singles | name = PSY's Best 6th Part 1 | type = EP | single1 = [[Gangnam Style]] | single1date = 15 Julie 2012 }} }} '''''PSY 6 (Six Rules), Part 1''''' is an EP bi Korean pop rapper [[PSY|Psy]]. The EP is dividit intae twa pairts, wi the first pairt being released on 15 Julie 2012. Part 2 haes been annooncit tae be released in Mairch o 2013. <ref>http://www.billboard.com/news/psy-wants-tom-cruise-to-go-gangnam-style-1008031142.story#/news/psy-wants-tom-cruise-to-go-gangnam-style-1008031142.story</ref> The album haes sauld 96,272 copies in Sooth Korea. == Track leetin<small><ref>{{cite web| url= https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/psy-6jia-six-rules-pt.-1-ep/id544198755| title= PSY 6甲 (Six Rules), Pt. 1 - EP by Psy| publisher= [[iTunes]]| accessdate= October 24, 2012| archive-date= 2017-05-31| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170531062041/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/psy-6jia-six-rules-pt.-1-ep/id544198755| url-status= dead}}</ref></small>== {{tracklist | collapsed = no | headline = CD | music_credits = yes | lyrics_credits = yes | title1 = Blue Frog (청개구리) | note1 = featuring [[G-Dragon]] | music1 = PSY, [[Yoo Gun-hyung]] | lyrics1 = PSY, [[G-Dragon]] | length1 = 3:27 | title2 = Passionate Goodbye (뜨거운 안녕) | note2 = featuring [[Sung Si Kyung]] | lyrics2 = PSY, Yoo Heeyeol | music2 = Yoo Heeyeol, Kim Taehoon | length2 = 3:28 | title3 = [[Gangnam Style]] (강남스타일) | note3 = | music3 = PSY, Yoo Gun-hyung | lyrics3 = PSY | length3 = 3:39 | title4 = Year of 77 (77학개론) | note4 = featuring [[Leessang|LeeSsang]] & [[Kim Jin Pyo]] | lyrics4 = PSY, Kim Jin Pyo, [[Garie]] | music4 = PSY, Yoo Gun-hyung | length4 = 4:39 | title5 = What Would Have Been? (어땠을까) | note5 = featuring [[Lena Park|Park Jung Hyun]] | lyrics5 = PSY | music5 = PSY, Yoo Gun-hyung | length5 = 4:03 | title6 = Never Say Goodbye | note6 = featuring [[Yoon Do Hyun]] | lyrics6 = PSY | music6 = PSY, Yoo Gun-hyung | length6 = 3:21 |total_length = 22:37 }} ==Chairt performance== === Album chairt === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chairt !Peak<br/>position |- |Japan ''[[Oricon]]'' weekly albums<ref name="OricSubsc">{{cite web | title=オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」 |trans-title=Oricon Ranking Information Service "You Big Tree" | url=http://ranking.oricon.co.jp | work=[[Oricon]] | accessdate=October 16, 2012}} (subscription only)</ref>{{Ref label|note_a1|A}} |align="center"|92 |- |Sooth Korea ''[[Gaon Chart|Gaon]]'' Weekly album chairt<ref name=gaon>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/search/chart_list.gaon?Search_str=%EC%8B%B8%EC%9D%B4|title=Gaon Search - PSY|date=|work=|publisher=Gaon|accessdate=2012-09-30|language=Korean}}</ref> |align="center"| 1 |- |Sooth Korea ''Gaon'' Weekly domestic album chart<ref name=gaon /> |align="center"| 2 |- |Sooth Korea ''Gaon'' Monthly album chart<ref name=gaon /> |align="center"| 5 |- |Sooth Korea ''Gaon'' Monthly domestic album chairt<ref name=gaon /> |align="center"| 5 |} *{{Note|note_a1}} Sales come frae the Sooth Korean importit version. ==== Ither sangs chartit ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="3" | Sang ! colspan="9" | Peak chairt position |- !colspan="1" width="40"|<small>KOR</small> !colspan width="40"|<small>US</small> |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! [[Gaon Chart]]<ref name=gaon /> !width="30"|<small>[[Korea K-Pop Hot 100|K-Pop]] [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]</small><ref name=billboard>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/k-pop-hot-100|title=Korea K-Pop Hot 100 Music Chart |work= Billboard.com|date=2012-09-01|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=2012-09-30|language=}}</ref> |- | align="left" | "Passionate Goodbye" | 4 | 6 |- | align="left" | "What Whould Have Been?" | 9 | 7 |- | align="left" | "Blue Frog" | 9 | 17 |- | align="left" | "Year of 77" | 10 | 13 |- | align="left" | "Never Say Goodbye" | 14 | 29 |} == References == {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons}} * [http://www.psypark.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] * [http://www.me2day.net/psyfive Offeecial Me2Day Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019144206/http://me2day.net/psyfive |date=2012-10-19 }} [[Category:PSY albums]] [[Category:2012 albums]] [[Category:YG Entertainment albums]] 6gx4vunwnnbsfatl0zhkues1pucvbxn 0 44029 923227 895460 2026-09-24T04:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = City of Topeka |settlement_type = [[Ceety (Kansas)|Ceety]] |nickname = Capitol City, T-Town, Top City<ref name="Topeka Capitol Journal Online">{{Cite web |url=http://cjonline.com/news/local/2010-03-01/topeka_to_be_google_kansas |title=Topeka Capitol Journal Online |access-date=2013-01-09 |archive-date=2011-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807073029/http://cjonline.com/news/local/2010-03-01/topeka_to_be_google_kansas |url-status=dead }}</ref> |image_skyline = Topeka, Kansas.JPG |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Dountoun Topeka Skyline frae Burnett's Mound |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Shawnee_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Topeka_Highlighted.svg |mapsize = 250x200px |map_caption = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Kansas|Coonty]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kansas]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Shawnee Coonty, Kansas|Shawnee]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Cooncil-Manager]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Larry E. Wolgast]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lkm.org/directory/cities.php?ID=7 |title=Topeka - Directory of Public Officials|publisher=The League of Kansas Municipalities}}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[City Manager]] |leader_name1 = Jim Colson<ref name="Topeka-CityManager">{{cite web|url=http://www.topeka.org/citymanager/|accessdate=26 November 2012|title=City of Topeka - Office of the City Manager}}</ref> |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 5 Dizember 1854 |established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date2 = 14 Februar 1857 <!-- Area --> | area_footnotes = <ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 61.47 | area_land_sq_mi = 60.17 | area_water_sq_mi = 1.30 | area_total_km2 = 159.21 | area_land_km2 = 155.84 | area_water_km2 = 3.37 | unit_pref = Imperial <!-- Population --> | population_as_of = [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010]] | population_est = 127265 | pop_est_as_of = 2015 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="2015 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 20, 2016}}</ref> | population_footnotes = <ref name="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> | population_total = 127473 | population_rank = US: [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|215t]] | population_density_sq_mi = auto | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 150,003 (US: [[Leet o Unitit States urban auries|217t]]) | population_metro = 233,791 (US: [[Leet o Metropolitan Stateestical Auries|193rd]]) | population_demonym = Topekan |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time (North Americae)|CST]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time (North Americae)|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |coordinates = {{coord|39|03|21|N|95|41|22|W|region:US-KS|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 288 |elevation_ft = 945 |website = [http://www.topeka.org/ www.topeka.org] |postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s |postal_code = 66601-66612, 66614-66622, 66624-66626, 66628-66629, 66636-66637, 66642, 66647, 66652-66653, 66667, 66675, 66683, 66692, 66699 |area_code = [[Aurie code 785|785]] |area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Aurie code]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 20-71000{{GR|2}} |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = 0485477{{GR|3}} |footnotes = }} '''Topeka''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɵ|ˈ|p|iː|k|ə}}; [[Kaw (tribe)|Kansa]]: ''Tó Pee Kuh'') is the [[caipital ceety]] o the U.S. state o [[Kansas]] an the [[coonty seat]] o [[Shawnee Coonty, Kansas|Shawnee Coonty]]. It is situatit alang the [[Kansas River]] in the central pairt o Shawnee Coonty, locatit in northeast Kansas, in the [[Central Unitit States|Central]] Unitit States. As o the [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010 census]], the ceety population wis 127,473.<ref name="Census2010">{{cite web|title=2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=March 6, 2011}}</ref> The Topeka [[Topeka metropolitan aurie|Metropolitan Statistical Aurie]], which includes Shawnee, [[Jackson Coonty, Kansas|Jackson]], [[Jefferson Coonty, Kansas|Jefferson]], [[Osage Coonty, Kansas|Osage]], an [[Wabaunsee Coonty, Kansas|Wabaunsee]] coonties, haed an population o 233,870 in 2010 census. The ceety is weel kent for the landmark United States Supreme Court case [[Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka]], which owerturned Plessy vs. Ferguson an declared [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] in public schuils on accoont o race tae be unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/brvb/historyculture/upload/brown%20US%20supreme%20court.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-09 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529230121/http://www.nps.gov/brvb/historyculture/upload/brown%20US%20supreme%20court.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Three ships o the [[US Navy]] hae been named [[USS Topeka|USS ''Topeka'']] in honor o the ceety. ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Topeka, Kansas}} * [http://www.topeka.org/ City of Topeka] * [http://www.topekachamber.org/ Greater Topeka Chamber of Commerce] * [http://www.kshs.org/ Kansas State Historical Society] * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Kansas/Localities/T/Topeka}} {{Shawnee Coonty, Kansas}} {{Kansas}} {{Unitit States state caipitals}} [[Category:Ceeties in Kansas]] [[Category:Coonty seats in Kansas]] [[Category:Populatit places in Shawnee Coonty, Kansas]] [[Category:Topeka]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1854]] [[Category:Topeka metropolitan aurie]] bq63zobnjpawojt226hwkpdvw6303op 0 44093 923146 916897 2026-09-23T18:48:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox tennis biography |name=Maria Sharapova <!-- PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO PLACE THE RELATED DATE IN THE "UPDATED" PARAMETER BELOW AFTER EACH UPDATE, THANKS --> |nickname=Masha([[Diminutive#Roushie|diminutive]]) |image=Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg |image_size= 200px |caption= |country={{flag|Roushie}} |residence=[[Bradenton, Florida]], <br>[[United States]] |birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|4|19}} |birth_place=[[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |height=<!-- UNSOURCED CHANGES TO THIS WILL BE REMOVED -->.88 m (6 ft 2 in)<ref name="wtatennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~9499,00.html|title=WTA &#124; Players &#124; Stats &#124; Maria Sharapova|publisher=Wtatennis.com|accessdate=January 25, 2012}}</ref> |weight=<!-- UNSOURCED CHANGES TO THIS WILL BE REMOVED -->{{convert|59|kg|lb}}<ref name="wtatennis"/> |turnedpro=19 Aprile 2001 |retired= |plays=Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney=[[Unitit States dollar|$]]23,151,623<ref>WTA Official Site: [http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Millionaires.pdf WTA Million Dollar Club]. Retrieved October 8, 2012.</ref> *<small>[[WTA Tour records#WTA Prize money leaders|4t in aw-time rankins]]</small> |singlesrecord= 472–115 (80.41%) |singlestitles=27 WTA, 4 ITF |highestsinglesranking=No. '''1''' (22 August 2005) |currentsinglesranking=No. 180 (Julie 3, 2017) |AustralianOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2008 Australian Open – Women's Singles|2008]]) |FrenchOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2012 French Open – Women's Singles|2012]]) |Wimbledonresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2004]]) |USOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2006 US Open – Women's Singles|2006]]) |Othertournaments=Yes |WTAChampionshipsresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 WTA Tour Championships - Singles|2004]]) |Olympicsresult = [[Image:Silver medal.svg|20px]] [[Olympic medal|Siller medal]] ([[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2012]]) |doublesrecord=23–17 |doublestitles=3 WTA |highestdoublesranking=No. 41 (14 Juin 2004) |AustralianOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003, 2004) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult= |WimbledonDoublesresult= |USOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003) |updated=December 31, 2012 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[:en:Tennis at the Summer Olympics|tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{flag|Roushie}}}} {{MedalSilver | [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Singles]]}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Maria Yuryevna Sharapova''' ({{lang-rus|Мари́я Ю́рьевна Шара́пова|p=mɐˈrʲijə ˈjʉrʲjɪvnə ʂɐˈrapəvə|a=Maria_sharapova.ogg}}; born 19 April 1987) is a [[Roushies|Roushie]] professional [[tennis]] player, that is rankit warld No. 180 bi the [[Weemen's Tennis Association]] (WTA). A [[Permanent residence (United States)|United States resident]] syne 1994,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/8728691/US-Open-2011-Elena-Baltacha-warns-Heather-Watson-of-the-extreme-intensity-of-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=US Open 2011: Elena Baltacha warns Heather Watson of the extreme intensity of Maria Sharapova|work=The Telegraph|author=Simon Briggs|date=August 28, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haes competit on the WTA tour syne 2001. She haes been rankit [[List of WTA number 1 ranked players|warld No. 1]] in singles bi the WTA on five separate occasions, for a tot o 21 weeks. She is ane o ten weemen, an the ae Roushie, tae haud the [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|career Grand Slam]] an is an [[Olympic medalist]], haein earnt [[Olympic silver medal|silver]] for Roushie in [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Weemen's singles|weemen's singles]] at the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] in [[Lunnon]]. Sharapova became the warld No. 1 for the first time on August 22, 2005 at the age o 18, an last haudit the rankin for the fift time for fower week frae 11 Juin 2012 til 8 Julie 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Archive/Notes&Netcords/2012/july16.pdf|title=Notes& Netcords|date=July 16, 2012|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 19, 2013|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova reclaims world number one ranking|publisher=MediaWorks TV|work=3News|date=June 8, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161149/http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her 35 singles titles an five [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles — twa at the [[French Open]] an ane ilka at the [[Australian Open]], [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] an the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] — rank third amang active players, ahint [[Serena Williams|Serena]] an [[Venus Williams]]. She won the year-endin [[WTA Finals]] in her debut in 2004. She haes won three doubles titles anaa. Despite an injury-prone career, Sharapova haes achieved a rare level o longevity in the weemen’s gemme. She haes won at least ane singles title a year frae 2003 until 2015, a streak anly bested bi [[Steffi Graf]], [[Martina Navratilova]] an [[Chris Evert]]. Several tennis pundits an umwhile players hae cried Sharapova ane o tennis’s best competitors, wi [[John McEnroe]] calling her ane o the best the sport haes ever seen.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZUeNoPV-F0 | title= McEnroe Insights: Maria Sharapova|publisher=Youtube|work=3News|date=January 26, 2011|accessdate=January 11, 2015}}</ref> Sharapova haes been featurt in a feck o modelin assignments, includin a featur in the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]''. She appeared in mony advertisements, includin thaim for Nike, Prince, an Canon, bein the face o several [[fashion house]]s, maist notably [[Cole Haan]]. Syne Februar 2007, she haes been a [[UNDP Goodwill Ambassador|United Nations Development Programme Goodwill Ambassador]], concerned speceefically wi the [[Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme]]. In Juin 2011, she wis named ane o the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" bi ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future – Maria Sharapova|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|work=[[Time Magazine|Time]]|accessdate=August 19, 2011|author=William Lee Adams|date=June 22, 2011|archive-date=2012-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228142231/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an in Mairch 2012 wis named ane o the "[[100 Greatest of All Time]]" bi [[Tennis Channel]]. ==Early life== Maria Sharapova wis born on 19 Aprile 1987 in [[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]]. Her parents, Yuri an Yelena, are frae [[Gomel]], [[Belarussian SSR]]. Concerned aboot the regional effecks o the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear accident]], thay left thair homeland shortly afore Sharapova wis born.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13">{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14164248/|publisher=[[Lenta.ru]]|script-title=ru:Шарапова, Мария|trans_title=Sharapova, Maria|language=Roushie|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> ===Introduction tae tennis=== In 1989, whan Sharapova wis twa, the faimily flittit tae [[Sochi]], [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Roushie]]. Ance yonder, her faither Yuri befreindit Aleksandr Kafelnikov, whase son [[Yevgeny Kafelnikov|Yevgeny]] wad gang on tae win twa Grand Slam singles titles an acome Roushie's first warld No. 1 rankit tennis player. Aleksandr gied Sharapova her first tennis racquet in 1991 whan she wis fower, whaurupn she began practicin raiglar-lik wi her faither at a local pairk.<ref name="times">{{cite news|author=Paul Kimmage|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|title=The Big Interview: Maria Sharapova|work=[[The Times]]|date=January 13, 2008|accessdate=2008-07-23|location=London|archive-date=2008-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918015756/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria teuk her first tennis lessons wi veteran Roushie coach Yuri Yutkin, wha wis instantly impressed whan he saw her play, notin her "exceptional [[haun-ee coordination]]".<ref name="Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|author=Will Stewart|work=London Evening Standard|location=UK|title='Masha' was a star at four|date=July 2, 2004|accessdate=2010-06-12|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185603/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Start o professional training=== In 1993, at the age o sax, Sharapova attendit a tennis clinic in Moscow run bi [[Martina Navratilova]], wha recommendit professional trainin at the [[Nick Bollettieri|Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy]] in [[Bradenton, Florida]], whilk haed previously trained players lik [[Andre Agassi]], [[Monica Seles]], an [[Anna Kournikova]].<ref name="times"/> Wi him bein skint, Yuri Sharapov borraed the sum that wad enable him an his dochter, neither o wham coud speak the Inglis, tae traivel tae the United States o Americae, whilk thay finally did in 1994.<ref name="Article" /> Visa restrictions preventit Sharapova's mither frae jynin thaim for twa year.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13"/> Arrivin in Florida wi savings o US$700,<ref name="Article" /> Sharapova's faither teuk various law-paying jobs, includin dishwashing, tae fund her lessons tilt she wis auld eneuch tae be admit tae the academy. Afore she entert the IMG business, she trained wi Rick Macci, in the Rick Macci Tennis Academy. She wis then offered a deal frae IMG whilk forced her tae chynge academies. Oreeginally, she did train wi Rick Macci, but efter the deal wi IMG, she coudnae see Rick Macci ony mair. In 1995, she wis signed bi [[IMG (business)|IMG]], wha greed tae pey the annual tuition fee o $35,000 for Sharapova tae stey at the Academy, allouin her tae finally enroll at the age o 9.<ref name="times"/> ==Tennis career== ===Junior and early career=== Sharapova first hit the tennis scene in November 2000, when she won the Eddie Herr International Junior Tennis Championships in the girls' 16 division at the age o juist 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725075033/http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|archivedate=2012-07-25|title=Eddie Herr Past Champions|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> She wis then gien a special distinction, the Rising Star Awaird, which is awairdit anly tae players o exceptional promise.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317171129/http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-17|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|title=Eddie Herr International Special Awards|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharapova made her professional debut in 2001 on her 14t birthday on Aprile 19, an played her first WTA tournament at the [[Pacific Life Open]] in 2002, winnin a match afore losin tae [[Monica Seles]]. Due tae restrictions on how mony professional events she coud play, Sharapova went tae hone her gemme in junior tournaments, whaur she reached the finals o the girls' singles events at the Australian Open an Wimbledon in 2002. She wis the youngest girl ever tae reach the final o the Australian Open junior championship at 14 years an 9 month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5567102/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-20-facts-you-didnt-know.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova – 20 facts you didn't know|author=Nick Collins|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 24, 2009|accessdate=July 19, 2010}}</ref> Sharapova reached No. 6 in the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior warld singles ranking on October 21, 2002. In all, she won three junior singles tournaments an wis runner-up at five, includin twa junior Grand Slam events. Her win-loss record in junior competeetion wis 47–9.<ref>[http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 ITF Tennis Player Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616051543/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 |date=2013-06-16 }}, ITF Juniors</ref> <u>Junior Grand Slam results:</u><br/> Australian Open: F ([[2002 Australian Open|2002]])<br/> French Open: 3R ([[2002 French Open|2002]])<br/> Wimbledon: F ([[2002 Wimbledon Championships|2002]])<br/> US Open: 2R ([[2001 US Open (tennis)|2001]]) ===Junior Grand Slam tournament finals=== ====Singles: 2 finals (2 runners-up)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" !Outcome !Year !width=200|Championship !Surface !width=200|Opponent !width=125|Score |-bgcolor=FFFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2002 Australian Open|2002]]||[[Australian Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Strýcová]]||0–6, 5–7 |-bgcolor=CCFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2002 Wimbledon Championships|2002]]||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Gress||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vera Dushevina]]||6–4, 1–6, 2–6 |} ===2003: First toornament titles=== Frae 2003, Sharapova played a full saison an made a rapid climb intae the tap 50 bi the end o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|author=Liz Schroeder|publisher=WTA|title=WTA Tour Singles Ranking 2003|date=November 10, 2003|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193303/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She made her debuts at baith the [[2003 Australian Open|Australian Open]] an the [[2003 French Open|French Open]], but failed tae win a match in aither. Then, as a wildcard at [[2003 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], she defeatit 11t seed [[Jelena Dokić]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/wimbledon_2003/3028488.stm|title=Sharapova dismisses Dokic|publisher=BBC|date=June 28, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> her first win ower a tap-20 player, tae reach the fowert roond, whaur she lost in three sets tae [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]. Bi the end o September, Sharapova haed already captured her first WTA title at a smawer event, the [[Japan Open Tennis Championships]], afore winnin her seicont in her final toornament o the saison, the [[Bell Challenge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2003-11-02-quebec_x.htm|title=Sharapova handed Bell Challenge title|work=[[USA Today]] Co.|date=November 2, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> Tae cap off her first full saison as a professional, she wis awairdit the WTA Newcomer o the Year honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/scontent/article/3010014/title/wta-awards|title=WTA Awards|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> ===2004: Wimbledon champion an rise tae fame=== Sharapova wis defeatit in the third roond o the [[2004 Australian Open|Australian Open]] bi saxt seed [[Anastasia Myskina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/tennis/specials/australian_open/2004/01/24/bc.sport.tennis.open.myskina/|accessdate=May 29, 2013|date=January 24, 2004|work=Sports Illustrated|title=Myskina downs Sharapova in Russian clash|archive-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616031055/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/tennis/specials/australian_open/2004/01/24/bc.sport.tennis.open.myskina/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She later reached the semifinals at the [[2004 Kroger St. Jude International and the Cellular South Cup|Cellular South Cup]], whaur she lost tae eventual champion [[Vera Zvonareva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2004-02-20-roundup_x.htm|title=Federer upset in Rotterdam; Roddick falls at Kroger|date=February 20, 2004|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref> During the spring clay-court saison, Sharapova entered the tap 20 on the WTA warld rankings as a result o reachin the third roond o the [[Qatar Telecom German Open]] an the [[Internazionali BNL d'Italia]], baith o which war Tier I events. At the latter event, she defeatit a player ranked in the tap 10 for the first time wi a straucht-sets win ower warld No. 10 an [[2004 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2004 French Open]] finalist [[Elena Dementieva]]. Later that clay-court saison, she went on tae mak the quarterfinals o a Grand Slam for the first time at the [[2004 French Open|French Open]], losin thare tae [[Paola Suárez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/01/1086058856148.html|title=Suarez strikes another blow for Argentina|publisher=The Age|date=June 2, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova at Wimbledon (2004) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sharapova at Wimbledon in 2004]] Sharapova won the third title o her career at the [[2004 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] warm-up [[DFS Classic]], defeatin [[Tatiana Golovin]] in the final. Seedit 13t an aged 17 at Wimbledon, she reached her first Grand Slam semifinal bi defeatin [[Ai Sugiyama]]. Thare, she defeatit fift seed an umwhile champion [[Lindsay Davenport]]. In the final, Sharapova upset tap seed an defendin champion [[Serena Williams]] tae win her first Grand Slam singles title, an acome the third-youngest woman tae win the Wimbledon title, behind anly [[Lottie Dod]] an [[Martina Hingis]]. Sharapova an aa became the seicont Roushie woman (efter [[Anastasia Myskina]] haed won the year's previous major at [[French Open|Roland Garros]]) tae win a Grand Slam singles title. The victory wis hailed bi the media as "the most stunning upset in memory",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25495-2004Jul3.html|title=Sharapova Wins Wimbledon After Improbable Journey|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Liz Clarke|date=April 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010}}</ref> wi ither writers commentin on her arrival as a serious challenger tae the [[Williams sisters|Williams']] dominance at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-11722204-birth-of-a-superstar.do|title=Birth of a superstar|publisher=This Is London|author=Adrian Warner|date=February 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912142226/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-11722204-birth-of-a-superstar.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> She entered the tap 10 in the rankings for the first time as a result o the win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=1834581|title=Sharapova vaults into top 10|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=July 6, 2004|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Follaein her Wimbledon win, attention an interest in Sharapova in the media greatly increased, a rise in popularity dubbed "Maria Mania."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|title=Maria Mania: no stopping her now|publisher=CNN|author=Chris Isidore|date=August 30, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224172851/http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> She won three o sax matches in her preparations for the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. At the US Open itself, she reached the third roond, afore bein eliminated bi [[Mary Pierce]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/3628366.stm|title=Pierce shocks Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 4, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> In order tae regain confidence, Sharapova played an won consecutive titles in Asia in the faw, the [[Hansol Korea Open Tennis Championships]] an the [[Japan Open Tennis Championships]]. In October, Sharapova defeatit [[Venus Williams]] en route tae makin the final o a Tier I event for the first time at the [[Zurich Open]], losin in the final tae [[Alicia Molik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098556329960.html?from=storylhs|title=Molik stuns Sharapova in Zurich final|publisher=The Age|date=October 25, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> She then made her debut at the year-endin [[WTA Tour Championships]]. Thare, she won twa o her three roond-robin matches (includin a win ower US Open champion [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]) in order tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she defeatit Myskina. In the final, she defeatit Serena Williams, efter trailing 4–0 in the final set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4015111.stm|title=Sharapova wins season's finale|publisher=BBC|date=November 16, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> ===2005: Rise tae warld No. 1 ranking=== Sharapova stairtit the year at the [[2005 Australian Open|Australian Open]], whaur she defeatit fift seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] tae reach the seicont Grand Slam semifinal o her career. Sharapova held match pynts in the third set o her semifinal match, afore losin tae eventual champion [[Serena Williams]]. In Februar, Sharapova won back-tae-back toornaments, the [[Toray Pan Pacific Open]] an the [[Qatar Total Open]], allouin her tae reach number 3 in the warld rankings for the first time. In the semifinals o the Tier I [[Pacific Life Open]], Sharapova wis defeatit bi [[Lindsay Davenport]], the first time she haed failed tae win a gemme in a match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4363185.stm|title=Sharapova humiliated by Davenport|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 players [[Justine Henin]] an [[Venus Williams]] tae reach the final at the Tier I [[NASDAQ-100 Open]], whaur she lost tae [[Kim Clijsters]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/01/sports/tennis/01tennis.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fSharapova%2c%20Maria&_r=0|title=Sharapova Rights Her Game vs. Venus Williams|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Sandra Harwitt|date=April 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21225-2005Apr2.html|title=Clijsters's Dream Continues|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Amy Shipley|date=April 3, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova made the semifinals o a clay-court tournament for the first time at the [[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]], whaur she lost tae [[Patty Schnyder]]. Sharapova wad hae acome warld No. 1 for the first time haed she won the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4544729.stm|title=Sharapova edges nearer to summit|publisher=BBC|date=May 13, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova then reached the quarterfinals o the [[2005 French Open|French Open]] for the seicont consecutive year, afore losin tae eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2005/jun/01/tennis.frenchopen2005|title=Henin reduces Sharapova to dust|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|author=Stephen Bierley|date=June 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova won her third title o the year when she successfully defended her title at the [[DFS Classic]], defeatin [[Jelena Janković]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4085880.stm|title=Sharapova keeps Birmingham title|publisher=BBC|date=June 12, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> As the defendin champion at [[2005 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], Sharapova reached the semifinals wioot dropping a set an losin a service gemme juist ance, extendin her winnin streak on gress tae 24 matches. Houiver, she wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Venus Williams]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4639341.stm|title=Williams ends Sharapova's defence|publisher=BBC|date=June 30, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haed far fewer pynts tae defend, an sae she became the first Roushie woman tae haud the warld No. 1 ranking on August 22, 2005.<ref name="wtacareer">{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/qa-sharapovas-first-business-aims-for-the-sweet-spot/479274.html|title=Q&A: Sharapova's First Business Aims for the Sweet Spot|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=April 26, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her reign lasted anly ane week, houiver, as Davenport reclaimed the tap ranking efter winnin the [[Pilot Pen Tennis]] tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> As the tap seed at the [[2005 US Open – Weemen's Singles|US Open]], Sharapova lost in the semifinals tae [[Kim Clijsters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4228310.stm|title=Clijsters battles past Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 9, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> meanin she haed lost tae the eventual champion in every Grand Slam o the saison. Houiver, she ance again leapfrogged Davenport tae tak the warld No. 1 ranking on September 12, 2005. She retained it for sax weeks, but efter playin few tournaments while injured, she again relinquished the ranking tae Davenport.<ref name="wtacareer"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|title=Davenport regains No. 1 ranking|publisher=NDTV|date=August 27, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610183939/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tae conclude the year, Sharapova failed tae defend her title at the year-end [[Sony Ericsson Championships]] in Los Angeles, defeatin Davenport in ane o her roond-robin matches, but ultimately losin in the semifinals tae eventual champion [[Amélie Mauresmo]]. ===2006: US Open champion=== [[File:MariaSharapova (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright|Sharapova celebrating efter winnin the [[2006 US Open (tennis)|2006 US Open]]]] Sharapova stairtit 2006 bi losin in the semifinals o the [[2006 Australian Open|Australian Open]] in three sets tae Henin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2579411|title=Sharapova, Henin-Hardenne advance to Open final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 8, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> an aa losin a rematch several weeks later at the [[Dubai Tennis Championships]], haein defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Martina Hingis]] an warld No. 3 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in earlier roonds o the tournament. Sharapova claimed her first title in nine month at the Tier I tournament in Indian Wells, defeatin Hingis in the semifinals an [[Elena Dementieva]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4818828.stm|title=Sharapova into all-Russian final|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|title=Sharapova wins Pacific Life|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=March 19, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211142/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|url-status=dead}}</ref> She reached the final in [[2006 NASDAQ-100 Open – Weemen's Singles|Miami]] afore losin tae Kuznetsova.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/apr/02/tennis.richardevans|title=Kuznetsova quiets Sharapova scream on the way to title|publisher=The Guardian|date=April 2, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned for the [[2006 French Open – Weemen's Singles|French Open]]. Thare, efter saving match pynts in defeatin [[Mashona Washington]] in the first roond, she wis eliminated bi [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/sports/tennis/04french-wire.html?_r=0|title= Sharapova Falls at French Open |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 4, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis unsuccessful in her attempt tae win in Birmingham for the third consecutive year, losin in the semifinals tae [[Jamea Jackson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5091134.stm|title= Sharapova suffers surprise defeat |publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Despite that, she wis amang the title favorites at [[2006 Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], whaur the eventual champion Mauresmo ended up beatin her in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sport/content/200607/s1680842.htm|title=Mauresmo survives lapse to reach Wimbledon final|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]|date=July 7, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova claimed her seicont title o the year at the Tier I [[Acura Classic]], defeatin Clijsters for the first time in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2006-08-06-acura-classic_x.htm|title=Sharapova outlasts Clijsters in Acura final|date=August 6, 2006|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> As the third seed at the [[2006 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Sharapova defeatit tap seed Mauresmo for the first time in the semifinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/open/2006-09-08-day-12_x.htm?POESPOISVA|title=Sharapova stops No. 1 Mauresmo, will meet Henin-Hardenne in U.S. Open final|date=September 8, 2006|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> an then followed up bi beatin seicont seed [[Justine Henin]] tae win her seicont Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2581102|title=Sharapova drops Henin-Hardenne to win U.S. Open title|date=September 12, 2006|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> That hairst, Sharapova won titles in back-tae-back weeks at the [[Zurich Open]] an the [[Generali Ladies Linz]]. Bi winnin aw three o her roond-robin matches at the [[2006 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|WTA Tour Championships]], she extendit her win streak tae 19 matches, afore it wis snapped in the semifinals bi eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|title=Henin-Hardenne came up aces|publisher=[[Sun Sentinel]]|date=November 26, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606204706/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova wad hae finished the saison as warld No. 1 haed she won the event. As it wis, she finished ranked warld No. 2, her best year-end finish yet. ===2007: Shoulder injury an faw frae the tap 5=== Sharapova wis the tap seed at the [[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|Australian Open]] due tae tap-rankit [[Justine Henin]]'s withdrawal. Efter bein twa pynts awa frae defeat in the first roond agin [[Camille Pin]], she gaun on tae win till the final o the tournament for the first time, but wis routed thare bi [[Serena Williams]] wha wis rankit warld No. 81 at the time. Efter winnin till the final, Sharapova recaptured the warld No. 1 rankin.<ref name="wtacareer"/> She held it for seiven week, surrenderin it back tae Henin efter failin tae defend her title at the [[Pacific Life Open]], insteid losin in the fowert roond tae [[Vera Zvonareva]] efter strauchlin wi a hamstring injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6326809.stm|title=Leg injury forces Sharapova out|publisher=BBC|date=February 3, 2007|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> The follaein fortnight, she defeatit [[Venus Williams]] in the third roond o the [[Sony Ericsson Open]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|title=Sharapova sets up Venus showdown in rainy Miami|publisher=Reuters|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113408/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|url-status=dead}}</ref> afore bein beaten again bi Serena Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|title=Serena Williams Defeats Maria Sharapova Today in Key Biscayne|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|author=Verdell A. Wright|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729030341/http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shoulder injury forced Sharapova tae miss maist o the clay-court saison for the seicont consecutive year, resultin in her anly tune-up for the [[2007 French Open|French Open]] bein the [[İstanbul Cup]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6689561.stm|title=Sharapova battles to Istanbul win|publisher=BBC|date=May 24, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> whaur she lost in the semifinals tae [[Aravane Reza&iuml;]]. She reached the semifinals o the French Open for the first time in her career, afore losin tae [[Ana Ivanovic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/07/tennis.frenchopen2007|title=Ivanovic stuns Sharapova to set up Henin showdown|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 7, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis runner-up tae [[Jelena Janković]] at the [[DFS Classic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6762093.stm|title=Jankovic seals win over Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Follaein that, she experienced her earliest Wimbledon loss syne 2003 bi losin in the fowert roond tae eventual champion Venus Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jul/04/tennis.wimbledon1|title=Henin sends Serena crashing out|publisher=The Guardian|date=July 4, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova clinched the [[US Open Series]] bi defendin her title at the [[Acura Classic]], her anly championship o the year, an reachin the semifinals in Los Angeles.<ref name="wtacareer"/> In her [[2007 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] title defence, Sharapova wis upset in her third-roond match tae 30t seed [[Agnieszka Radwańska]],<ref name="radwanska">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6974187.stm|title=Sharapova loses to teen Radwanska|publisher=BBC|date=September 1, 2007|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> makin it her earliest exit at a Grand Slam singles tournament syne the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|2004 US Open]], whaur she lost in the same roond.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Follaein the US Open loss, Sharapova did nae play again until the [[Kremlin Cup]] in October, whaur she lost her openin match tae [[Victoria Azarenka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7038379.stm|title=Sharapova crashes out in Moscow|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Shortly efter this, she fell oot o the tap 5 in the warld rankings for the first time syne 2004. She qualified for the aicht-woman year-end [[2007 WTA Tour Championships|Sony Ericsson Championships]] acause o a withdrawal bi Venus Williams afore the stairt o the tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Despite haein nae previously won a match in twa month, Sharapova topped her roond-robin group at the tournament, efter winnin aw three o her matches, defeatin [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]], Ana Ivanovic, an [[Daniela Hantuchová]]. She then defeatit [[Anna Chakvetadze]] in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/nov/11/tennis.news|title=Sharapova straight in|author=Richard Evans |date=November 11, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she lost tae warld No. 1 Henin in a match that lasted 3 oors an 24 minutes. Sharapova reached the tap five again tae end the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3149968|title=Strong finish for Sharapova; stronger return by Davenport|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Joel Drucker|date=December 13, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> ===2008: Australian Open champion an seicont shoulder injury=== Sharapova wis seedit fift at the [[2008 Australian Open|Australian Open]], but wis nae considered a favorite. Housomeiver, she defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in the seicont roond, an then warld No. 1 Henin in the quarterfinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7201953.stm|title=Brilliant Sharapova hammers Henin|publisher=BBC|date=January 22, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> endin the latter's 32-match winnin streak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/sports/tennis/24tennis.html?fta=y|title=Sharapova Reaches the Final Again and Hopes for a Better Outcome|work=The New York Times |date=January 24, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She proceeded tae the finals bi defeatin [[Jelena Janković]] in the semifinals, an defeatit [[Ana Ivanovic]] in the final tae win her third Grand Slam title, haein nae dropped a set all tournament. Efter the Australian Open, Sharapova extendit her winnin streak tae 18 matches. This run encompassed twa wins includin at the Tier I [[2008 Qatar Total Open|Qatar Total Open]]. Her winnin streak wis ended in the semifinals o the [[2008 Pacific Life Open|Pacific Life Open]] bi Kuznetsova. In Aprile, Sharapova won the [[2008 Bausch & Lomb Championships|Bausch & Lomb Championships]], haein survived her langest-ever match, at 3 oors an 26 minutes lang, in the third roond against [[Anabel Medina Garrigues]].<ref name="epicbattle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7341970.stm|title=Sharapova wins epic battle|publisher=BBC|date=April 11, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, at the [[2008 Family Circle Cup|Family Circle Cup]], she lost in the quarterfinals tae [[Serena Williams]], her fowert consecutive loss tae the American.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/othersports/2004359654_digs19.html|title=Tennis: Serena Williams beats Maria Sharapova 4th time in a row|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|date=April 19, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In Mey, Sharapova regained the warld No. 1 ranking acause o Henin's suddent retirement frae professional tennis an request tae the [[Weemen's Tennis Association|WTA]] that her ain ranking be removed immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=tennis&id=3397722|title=Sharapova to take over top ranking from retired Henin|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> As the tap-seedit player at the [[2008 French Open – Weemen's Singles|French Open]] Sharapova wis within twa pynts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french08/news/story?id=3415126|title=Sharapova needs 8–6 win in third set to overcome Rodina|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> o bein knocked oot bi [[Evgeniya Rodina]] in the first roond, afore eventually winnin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215040319/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archivedate=2009-02-15|title=Sharapova a long way from Grand Slam form|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result o losin tae eventual finalist [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond (efter serving for the match),<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/sports/tennis/03tennis.html|title=Sharapova Roars, but She Is Silenced by Safina Once Again|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> she relinquished her No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3424588|title=Sharapova to drop from top spot after French Open|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Her dip in form continued at [[Wimbledon 2008|Wimbledon]], whaur she lost in the seicont roond tae warld No. 154 [[Alla Kudryavtseva]]. This wis her earliest loss at Wimbledon, an at ony Grand Slam in awmaist five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3462202|title=Sharapova loss just the start of a chaotic day at Wimbledon|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova withdrew frae the [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] tournament in August follaein a shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/30/rogers-cup-three.html|title=Sharapova withdraws from Rogers Cup|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|date=July 31, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> An [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scan revealed that she haed been sufferin frae a [[rotator cuff tear]] syne Aprile, forcing her oot o aw tournaments for the rest o the saison, includin the [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], the [[2008 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], an the [[2008 WTA Tour Championships|WTA Tour Championships]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/tennis/7536416.stm|title=Sharapova to miss US Open & Games|publisher=BBC|date=August 1, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In spite o that, she still finished the year ranked warld No. 9. In October, efter a failed attempt tae rehabilitate the shoulder, Sharapova haed surgery tae repair the tear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/brennan/2011-06-30-Brennan-maria-sharapova-wimbledon-final_n.htm|title=Sharapova back at last where she belongs|work=[[USA Today]]|author=Christine Brennan|date=June 30, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2009: Shoulder surgery an rehabilitation=== Sharapova did nae attempt tae defend her [[2009 Australian Open|Australian Open]] title, as she continued tae recover frae surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/sharapova-out/2009/01/11/1231608525444.html|title=Sharapova out after shoulder fails to recover|publisher=Fairfax Digital|work=The Age|author=Linda Pearce|date=January 12, 2009|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She returned tae the sport in Mairch, in the doubles tournament at the [[2009 BNP Paribas Open – Weemen's Doubles|BNP Paribas Open]], but she an pairtner [[Elena Vesnina]] lost in the first roond. Efter this, Sharapova withdrew frae further singles tournaments, resultin in her staundin in the warld rankings bein severely affected. She dropped oot o the tap 100 for the first time in sax years in Mey, the nadir bein warld No. 126.<ref name="wtatennis" /> [[File:Maria Sharapova at 2009 Roland Garros, Paris, France.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Sharapova made the quarterfinals o the [[2009 French Open|French Open]], her best Grand Slam performance o 2009]] Playin her first singles tournament in nearly ten month, Sharapova made the quarterfinals o the clay-court [[2009 Warsaw Open – Singles|Warsaw Open]] in Mey, losin tae finalist [[Alona Bondarenko]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4192265|title=Bondarenko wins in straight sets|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 21, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, in her first Grand Slam appearance syne her surgery, she reached the quarterfinals o the [[2009 French Open – Weemen's Singles|French Open]], afore her run wis ended bi [[Dominika Cibulková]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/5430320/French-Open-2009-Maria-Sharapova-and-the-curse-of-the-cover-stars.html|title=French Open 2009: Maria Sharapova and the curse of the cover stars |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 2, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> During the summer gress-court saison, Sharapova played in [[2009 Aegon Classic – Singles|Birmingham]], losin in the semifinals tae Li Na.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4256242|title=Sharapova broken six times in loss|date=June 13, 2009|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then played at [[2009 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] as the 24t seed. She wis upset in the seicont roond bi [[Gisela Dulko]] in three sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5624035/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-suffers-shock-defeat-by-Gisela-Dulko.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova suffers shock defeat by Gisela Dulko|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|date=June 24, 2009|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova enjoyed considerable success in the summer months, reachin the quarterfinals at the [[2009 Bank o the Wast Classic|Bank o the Wast Classic]], the semifinals at the [[2009 LA Weemen's Tennis Championships|LA Weemen's Tennis Championships]], an finishinrunner-up at the [[2009 Rogers Cup|Rogers Cup]] tae [[Elena Dementieva]]. At the [[2009 US Open (tennis)|2009 US Open]], Sharapova wis seedit 29t. She foond her wey intae the third roond, defeatin [[Tsvetana Pironkova]] an [[Christina McHale]] all in straucht sets. She wis stunned in the third roond bi American teenager [[Melanie Oudin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4448907|title=Oudin's run continues; Safina exits early|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 6, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> It wis the seicont time in Sharapova's career that she lost tae a teenager at a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]], haein lost tae [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] during the same event in 2007. The loss made Sharapova's ranking go doun tae No. 32.<ref name="wtatennis" /> The final stretch o the saison brocht Sharapova her first title o the year in [[2009 Toray Pan Pacific Open|Tokyo]], efter opponent [[Jelena Janković]] retired efter bein doun 2–5 tae Sharapova in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/10/03/tennis.sharapova.jankovic.venus/|title= Sharapova lands Tokyo title as Jankovic quits |publisher=CNN|date=October 3, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Bi virtue o that result, she wis the recipient o a bye at the [[2009 China Open (tennis)|China Open]], but failed tae capitalize on it, losin tae [[Peng Shuai]] in the third roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> She ultimately finished the saison at warld No. 14, haein improved frae No. 126 when she stairtit her comeback frae injury.<ref name="wtatennis" /> ===2010: Comeback an struggles wi form=== Efter playin twa exhibition tournaments in Asia, Sharapova offeecially began her saison at the [[2010 Australian Open|Australian Open]], whaur she wis upset in her first-roond match against [[Maria Kirilenko]]. The loss meant that for the first time syne 2003, Sharapova haed lost her openin match at a Grand Slam event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/7016124/Australian-Open-2010-Maria-Sharapova-dumped-out-by-Maria-Kirilenko.html|author=Mark Hodgkinson|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|title=Australian Open 2010: Maria Sharapova dumped out by Maria Kirilenko|date=January 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=London}}</ref> She then rebounded bi winnin a smawer American event, the [[2010 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup|Cellular South Cup]], her 21st career WTA title an first o the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8526723.stm|title=Maria Sharapova beats Sofia Arvidsson in Memphis final|date=January 21, 2010|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> At the [[2010 BNP Paribas Open|BNP Paribas Open]], Sharapova lost in the third roond tae [[Zheng Jie]], aggravating a bruised bane on her right elbow in the process, which resulted in her eventual withdrawal frae the [[2010 Sony Ericsson Open|Sony Ericsson Open]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/tennis/03/18/tennis.sharapova.injury.elbow/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Sharapova suffers fresh setback after elbow injury|date=March 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> an the [[2010 Family Circle Cup|Family Circle Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|publisher=United States Tennis Association|title=Serena Williams, Sharapova withdraw from Family Circle Cup|date=April 9, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2010-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413075534/http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Returning at the [[2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], Sharapova lost in the first roond tae [[Lucie Šafářová]]. She continued her French Open preparation at the [[2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg|Internationaux de Strasbourg]] as a wildcard, advancing tae the final, whaur she beat [[Kristina Barrois]]. This wis her first title on reid clay an 22nt oweraw title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|work=The China Post|location=Taiwan (ROC)|title=Sharapova wins second 2010 title at Strasbourg|date=May 24, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925202148/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2010 French Open|French Open]], Sharapova's brief clay saison culminatit wi a third-roond loss tae fower-time champion [[Justine Henin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/7785938/French-Open-2010-Justine-Henin-defeats-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=French Open 2010: Justine Henin defeats Maria Sharapova|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=May 30, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova began her preparations for Wimbledon at the [[2010 Aegon Classic|Aegon Classic]]. She advanced tae the final for the fowert time, whaur she lost tae [[Li Na]]. As the 16t seed at [[2010 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], Sharapova lost in the fowert roond tae warld No. 1 an eventual champion [[Serena Williams]], despite haein three set pynts in the openin set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6236218,00.html|title=Sharapova tests Serena|work=Sky Sports|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2010-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701033332/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0%2C25174%2C18898_6236218%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The match wis seen as anither encouraging performance for Sharapova, wi some statin thair belief that she wis approachin the form that wad see her contending for Grand Slams ance mair,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|title=Serena forced into top gear to tame Sharapova|author=Chris McGrath|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182144/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Sharapova hersel statin that she felt that she wis "in a much better spot than I was last year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/serena-williams-avoids-flashback-beats-sharapova/|title=Serena Williams Avoids Flashback, Beats Sharapova|author=John Martin|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010}}</ref> During the [[US Open Series]], Sharapova made twa straucht finals, losin tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] at the [[2010 Bank o the Wast Classic – Singles|Bank o the Wast Classic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-08-01-bank-of-the-west-classic_N.htm|title=Azarenka rolls past Sharapova to win Bank o the Wast title|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=February 8, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> an tae [[Kim Clijsters]] at the [[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Weemen's Open – Singles|Western & Southern Financial Group Weemen's Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|title=Clijsters Storms Back to Win 2010 Women's Open|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182310/http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the latter match, Sharapova held three match pynts while leadin 5–3 on Clijsters's serve late in the seicont set, but coud nae convert them. At the [[2010 US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]], Sharapova wis the 14t seed. She made it tae the fowert roond, whaur she played tap seed an 2009 finalist [[Caroline Wozniacki]] an lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen10/news/story?id=5539423|title=Maria Sharapova loses in 4th round|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 7, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova's last twa tournaments o the saison ended in disappointment. She played in the [[2010 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Singles|Toray Pan Pacific Open]] in Tokyo, whaur she wis upset in the first roond bi 39-year-auld [[Kimiko Date-Krumm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-09-27-pan-pacific-open_N.htm|title=Japan's Date Krumm ousts Sharapova at Pan Pacific Open|work=USA Today|date=September 29, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her last tournament o the year wis the [[2010 Cheenae Open – Weemen's Singles|China Open]], whaur she lost in the seicont roond tae fellae Roushie [[Elena Vesnina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She ended the year at number 18 in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/photos/article/2213795/title/2010-year-end-top-20|title=2010: Year-End Top 20|publisher=WTA|date=November 10, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2011: Return tae the tap 10=== It wis annoonced that Sharapova wad bring in [[Thomas Högstedt]] as a coach for the 2011 saison, joining [[Michael Joyce (tennis)|Michael Joyce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|title=Sharapova hires Hogstedt to co-coach with Joyce|author=Matthew Cronin|publisher=TENNIS.com|date=December 4, 2010|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 5, Sharapova won an exhibition match against warld No. 2 [[Vera Zvonareva]] in Monterrey, Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.wtatennis.com/page/OffCourtNews/Read/0,,12781~2239156,00.html|title=Maria & Vera In Monterrey|publisher=WTA|date=December 7, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615221220/http://origin-www.wtatennis.com/page/OffCourtNews/Read/0,,12781~2239156,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Sharapova's first offeecial Australian Open warm-up tournament at the [[2011 ASB Classic – Singles|2011 ASB Classic]] in Auckland, New Zealand, she wis seedit first. She lost tae the Hungarian veteran an eventual champion [[Gréta Arn]] in the quarterfinals. Efter the ASB Classic, Sharapova decidit tae split up wi Joyce, endin a successfu cooperation that haes brocht her twa Grand Slam victories an the Warld No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|title=Sharapova's long-time coach leaves job|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=January 16, 2011|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023230658/http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova participated in the first Grand Slam o the saison at the [[2011 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|Australian Open]], whaur she wis the 14t seed, but lost tae [[Andrea Petkovic]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|title=Russia's Sharapova loses out to Germany's Petkovic in Australian Open|author=Anton Denisov|date=January 23, 2011|accessdate=July 5, 2011|archive-date=2011-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327084430/http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She an aa haed tae pull oot o the [[2011 Dubai Tennis Championships]] an [[2011 Qatar Ladies Open]] acause o an lug infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/blog/_/name/espntennis/month/february-2011|title=Work to do for Roddick and the Americans|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Ravi Ubha|date=February 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned tae the tour in Mairch bi takin pairt in the [[2011 BNP Paribas Open]], whaur she wis seedit 16t. She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Dinara Safina]], in the fowert roond en route tae the semifinal, whaur she lost tae warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/wozniacki-wins-bnp-paribaas-open_n_838169.html|title= Wozniacki Wins BNP Paribas Open, Beats Marion Bartoli In Finals |work=[[The Huffington Post]]|author=Beth Harris|date=March 20, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> At the [[2011 Sony Ericsson Open]] in Key Biscayne, Sharapova defeatit 26t seed [[Alexandra Dulgheru]] in the quarterfinals, in a match lasting 3 oors an 28 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|title=Russia's Sharapova moves into semis at Miami tennis tournament|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=March 30, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2012-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329023553/http://www.en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals, Sharapova teuk her [[2011 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|Australian Open]] reprisal on Germany's [[Andrea Petkovic]] bi defeatin her. In the final, she wis defeatit bi [[Victoria Azarenka]], despite a late comeback in the seicont set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7513049/2012-australian-open-victoria-azarenka-routs-maria-sharapova-win-title|title=Victoria Azarenka routs Sharapova|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 29, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Wi this result, Sharapova returned tae the tap 10 for the first time syne Februar 2009.<ref name="wtatennis"/> During the clay-court saison, Sharapova participated in [[2011 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], whaur she lost tae [[Dominika Cibulková]] in the third roond, an the [[2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]], whaur she wis seedit seivent. She defeatit tap seed Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinals an saxt seed Samantha Stosur in the final tae tak home the title, merking her biggest clay-court victory tae date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2360583/title/sharapovas-greatest-clay-court-triumph|title=Sharapova's Greatest Clay Court Triumph|publisher=WTA|date=May 15, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the [[2011 French Open]], Sharapova wis seedit seivent. She defeatit French wildcard [[Caroline Garcia]] in the seicont roond, despite trailing 3–6, 1–4, afore winnin the last 11 gemmes o the match. In the quarterfinals, she defeatit 15t seed [[Andrea Petkovic]], merking her first Grand Slam semifinal syne her comeback frae the career-threatening shoulder injury. She then lost tae saxt seed an eventual champion [[Li Na]], in the semifinals, endin her clay saison wi a win-loss record o 12–2.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322014754/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|archivedate=2012-03-22|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|title=Li sweeps Sharapova aside for tilt at title|author=Louisa Baker|date=June 2, 2011|accessdate=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[2011 Wimbledon Championships]], Sharapova haed nae dropped a set entering the final, afore losin tae aicht seed [[Petra Kvitová]] in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/14002512|title=Wimbledon 2011: Petra Kvitova beats Maria Sharapova to title|publisher=BBC|author=Piers Newbery|date=July 2, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> This merked her first final in ower three years at a Grand Slam event. Sharapova stairtit her summer haurd-court saison at the [[2011 Bank o the Wast Classic]] in [[Stanford, Californie]]. In a heichly anticipatit match, Sharapova lost tae the eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2405569/title/serena-shines-in-qfs-lisicki-awaits-in-sfs|title=Serena Shines In QFs, Lisicki Awaits In SFs|publisher=WTA|date=July 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In her next event at the [[2011 Rogers Cup – Weemen's Singles|2011 Rogers Cup]] in Toronto, Canadae, Sharapova lost tae [[Galina Voskoboeva]] in the third roond, merking her 100th career loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2417634/title/stosur-dismisses-li-tough-day-for-faves|title=Stosur Dismisses Li, Tough Day For Faves|publisher=WTA|date=August 11, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the [[2011 Western & Southern Open|Western & Southern Open]], August 2011]] Sharapova then contested the [[2011 Western & Southern Open – Weemen's Singles|2011 Western & Southern Open]] in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio. As the fowert seed, she received a bye intae the seicont roond. On the wey tae her fowert final o the year, she beat [[Anastasia Rodionova]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2422838/title/bartoli-back-on-track-serena-edges-hradecka|title=Bartoli Back On Track, Serena Edges Hradecka |publisher=WTA|date=August 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> 14t seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2425089/title/hantuchova-gets-past-bartoli-zvonareva-next|title=Hantuchova Gets Past Bartoli, Zvonareva Next|publisher=WTA|date=August 18, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tenth seed Samantha Stosur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2426294/title/zvonareva-sharapova-to-clash-in-semifinals|title=Zvonareva & Sharapova to clash in semifinals|publisher=WTA|date=August 19, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an 2nt seed Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2427204/title/former-world-no1s-to-collide-in-cincinnati|title=Former world No. 1s to Collide in Cincinnati|publisher=WTA|date=August 20, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she defeatit fellae umwhile warld No. 1 [[Jelena Janković]], in 2 oors an 49 minutes, makin it the langest WTA tour final o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110821/SPT/308210027/Sharapova-wins-women-s-title?odyssey|title=Sharapova wins women's title|publisher=Cincinnati.com|author=Shannon Russell|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She subsequently moved up tae warld No. 4, her heichest ranking syne August 2008 an the heichest syne her comeback frae her shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2428859/title/ranking-watch-maria-moves-up-to-no4|title=Ranking Watch: Maria Moves Up To No. 4|publisher=WTA|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova entered the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], whaur she wis seedit third. She beat [[Heather Watson]], an [[Anastasiya Yakimova]], tae reach the third roond. She wis then upset bi [[Flavia Pennetta]]. Houiver, acause o the faw o [[Kim Clijsters]] an Vera Zvonareva in the rankings, Sharapova climbed tae warld No. 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova Shocked Out of US Open, More From New York|publisher=Tennisnow|date=September 2, 2011|accessdate=September 2, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706213624/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the [[2011 Toray Pan Pacific Open]] in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|title=Sharapova limps out of Pan Pacific Open|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company|author=Rob Smaal|date=September 30, 2011|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221231212/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|url-status=dead}}</ref> As seicont seed, she received a bye intae the seicont roond, whaur she beat [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]]. She then beat 13t seed [[Julia Görges]], afore retiring against Petra Kvitová in the quarterfinal, 3–4, efter slipping on the baseline, sufferin an ankle injury. This an aa forced her tae withdraw frae the [[2011 China Open (tennis)|2011 China Open]] the follaein week. Sharapova then flew tae Istanbul tae prepare for the [[2011 WTA Tour Championships]], her first time qualifying syne 2007. During the WTA Tour Championships, Sharapova withdrew during the roond-robin stage efter defeats against Samantha Stosur an [[Li Na]], as a result o the ankle injury she haed suffered in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110929/167244910.html|title=Ankle injury forces Sharapova to retire in Tokyo QF against Kvitova|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=September 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sharapova ended the year as No. 4 in the warld, her first tap-10 finish syne 2008 an first tap-5 finish syne 2007. ===2012: Career Grand Slam, return tae world No. 1 an Olympic siller medal=== Sharapova withdrew frae the [[2012 Brisbane International]] acause o her ongangin ankle injury.<ref>{{cite web|last=Musall|first=Jeff|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|title=Maria Sharapova Withdraws from Brisbane, Still on for Australian Open: Fan Reaction – Tennis – Yahoo! Sports|publisher=Sports.yahoo.com|date=April 20, 2011|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HXaiB2Dt?url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her first tournament o the saison wis the [[2012 Australian Open]], whaur she wis seedit fowert. Sharapova advanced tae the final roond conceding five gemmes, defeatin [[Gisela Dulko]], [[Jamie Hampton]], an 30t seed [[Angelique Kerber]], compatriot [[Ekaterina Makarova]] an warld No. 2 [[Petra Kvitová]]. She lost tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] in twa sets. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 3. She then played in the [[2012 Open GDF Suez|Paris]], whaur she lost in the quarterfinals tae eventual champion Angelique Kerber. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 2. [[File:Flickr - Carine06 - Maria Sharapova (1).jpg|thumb|left|Sharapova at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Julie 2012]] At the [[2012 BNP Paribas Open – Weemen's Singles|Indian Wells]], efter battling for ower three oors, Sharapova defeatit compatriot [[Maria Kirilenko]] tae set up a semifinal meetin wi [[Ana Ivanovic]]. Sharapova advanced tae the final efter Ivanovic retired due tae a hip injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jkWBQLZ15wdEi6m7Hpp14Jg8J8mg?docId=CNG.697f089e0b767f4cfb209463a0122c94.61|title=Ivanovic sweats on extent of hip injury|publisher=[[Google]]|author=Greg Heakes|date=May 17, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615221223/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jkWBQLZ15wdEi6m7Hpp14Jg8J8mg?docId=CNG.697f089e0b767f4cfb209463a0122c94.61|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the final, she played warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in a rematch o the Australian Open final, but lost again in straucht sets. Sharapova's next tournament wis the [[2012 Sony Ericsson Open]], whaur she wis seedit 2nt an received a bye. In the final, Sharapova lost in straucht sets tae 5t seedit [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]. This wis her third loss o the year in finals oot o fower tournaments played sae far. In the [[2012 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles|Porsche Tennis Grand Prix]] in Stuttgart, Sharapova wis seedit seicont. She haed a bye in the first roond, an advanced tae the third roond efter [[Alizé Cornet]] retired in the seicont set. She won her first title o the year in Stuttgart efter defeatin warld number ane Victoria Azarenka. In daein sae, Sharapova defeatit three current Grand Slam title holders tae win the tournament. Sharapova then played on the [[2012 Mutua Madrid Open]], a premier mandatory event. In the third roond, Sharapova's opponent [[Lucie Šafářová]] wis unable tae compete an withdrew frae the tournament, earnin Sharapova a walkover intae the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|title=Sharapova, Serena reach Madrid Open quarters|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=May 10, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103236/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets. As the defendin champion an seicont seed at the [[2012 Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Italian Open]], Sharapova haed a bye in the first roond. In the semifinals, Sharapova defeatit Angelique Kerber tae advance tae the final for the seicont year in a row. In the final, Sharapova saved match pynt for a 2-oor 52 minute win ower [[Li Na]] for her 26t career title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18138072|title=Maria Sharapova |publisher=BBC|date=May 20, 2013|accessdate=May 21, 2012}}</ref> This merked the fowert time Sharapova haed successfully defended a title. Sharapova wis seedit seicont at the [[2012 French Open|French Open]], whaur she defeatit [[Alexandra Cadanțu]], [[Petra Kvitová]] on her wey tae the finals, allouin her tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking. In the final, she defeatit [[Sara Errani]] for her first French Open title. Sharapova became anly the tenth woman tae complete a Career Grand Slam wi the French Open victory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|title=Sharapova savours her 'sweetest triumph' as reward for comeback|date=June 11, 2012|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=June 11, 2012|archive-date=2012-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615110556/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the tournament, Sharapova wis an aa asked bi the [[Roushie Olympic Committee]] tae [[Leet o banner bearers for Roushie at the Olympics|cairy the Roushie banner]] in the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]], makin her the first female banner bearer for Roushie in Olympic history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/blog/eye-on-olympics/19352136/maria-sharapova-to-carry-russian-flag-in-opening-ceremony|title=Maria Sharapova to carry Russian flag in opening ceremony|publisher=CBS Sports|author=Reid Cherner|date=June 14, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then extendit her win streak tae 15 matches when she competit in the [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles#Section 1|Wimbledon Championships]] as the tap seed thare for the first time in her career. Houiver, she wis upset in the fowert roond bi 15t-seedit [[Sabine Lisicki]], whom she beat in last year's semifinals. As a result, she lost her No. 1 ranking tae Victoria Azarenka. She played in the [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympic Gemmes]] in Lunnon, her first Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/tennis/story/_/id/8229534/2012-london-olympics-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-play-gold-medal|title=Serena, Maria Sharapova in final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=August 3, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the quarterfinals, Sharapova defeatit fellae umwhile No. 1 [[Kim Clijsters]] tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she faced her compatriot, [[Maria Kirilenko]]. Sharapova defeatit Kirilenko tae reach the Olympic final, whaur she lost tae Serena Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/tennis/9452056/London-2012-Olympics-Serena-Williams-storms-to-gold-medal-as-she-thrashes-Maria-Sharapova-in-womens-final.html|title=London 2012 Olympics: Serena Williams storms to gold medal as she thrashes Maria Sharapova in women's final |accessdate=August 4, 2012}}</ref> merking her worst defeat bi the American. Wi this performance, Sharapova owerteuk Agnieszka Radwańska as warld No. 2. Sharapova wis seedit third at the [[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|US Open]], but haed no haurd-court tune-ups efter the Olympics due tae a painch virus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/27/sports/la-sp-sn-sharapova-not-pregnant-20120827|title=Maria Sharapova isn't pregnant, denies Istanbul wedding rumor|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Diane Pucin|date=August 27, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the fowert roond, [[Nadia Petrova]] teuk it tae a third set an wis winnin tilt a rain delay. Efter the delay, Sharapova came back an bure the gree. In the quarterfinals, she faced [[Marion Bartoli]], wha wis 4–0 up afore a rain delay, whilk delayed the match a hale day. Sharapova then came back frae a set doun tae win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|title=Maria Sharapova reigns after rain|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Jane McManus|date=September 6, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2012-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907134135/http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals Sharapova lost tae warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka. Sharapova's next tournament wis the [[2012 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Singles|Toray Pan Pacific Open]] in Tokyo. She made it tae the quarterfinals, losin tae [[Samantha Stosur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|title=Sharapova and Azarenka out in Tokyo|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 27, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224184335/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2012 Cheenae Open – Weemen's Singles|China Open]] she wis seedit seicont. In the finals she wis again defeatit bi Azarenka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|title=Azarenka overwhelms Sharapova to win China Open|publisher=China Central Television|date=October 8, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104184818/http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the [[2012 WTA Tour Championships|year-end championships]] in Istanbul, whaur she wis seedit [[2012 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|seicont]]. She defeatit [[Sara Errani]], [[Agnieszka Radwańska]], an [[Samantha Stosur]] in the roond-robin matches. In the semifinals, Sharapova beat Azarenka, bringin thair head-tae-head meetins tae 7–5 in Azarenka's favour. Awtho Sharapova made it tae the final, Azarenka clinched the year-end No. 1 rankin wi her twa roond-robin wins. She losst tae Serena Williams for the 13t consecutive time in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|title=Scores|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810072751/http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2013: Third shoulder injury=== Sharapova's first scheduled toornament o the [[2013 WTA Tour|2013 saison]] wis the [[2013 Brisbane International|Brisbane International]], whaur she wis seedit seicont. Housomiver, she withdrew frae the tournament afore it began, citin a collarbone injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8798746/maria-sharapova-withdraws-brisbane-international-due-collarbone-pain|title=Maria Sharapova skips Brisbane|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 1, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref> She stairtit her saison at the [[2013 Australian Open|Australian Open]] seedit seicont. She defeatit [[Olga Puchkova]] an [[Misaki Doi]] in the first twa roonds wioot losin a gemme in aither match, the first time a player haes won in back-tae-back [[double bagel]]s at a Grand Slam tournament syne the [[1985 Australian Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3042968/title/once-in-a-lifetime-for-sharapova|title=Once In A Lifetime For Sharapova|publisher=WTA|date=January 16, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then defeatit [[Venus Williams]], [[Kirsten Flipkens]], an [[Ekaterina Makarova]], whaur in losin anly nine gemmes she broke [[Monica Seles]]' record o fewest gemmes dropped heidin intae a Grand Slam semifinal.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21133423 Maria Sharapova and Li Na reach Australian Open semi-finals], BBC Sport, Retrieved 22 January 2013</ref> She lost tae [[Li Na]] in the semifinals. [[File:Maria Sharapova - Roland-Garros 2013 - 002.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the French Open, Mey 2013]] She reached the semifinals at the [[Qatar Total Open]], losin tae [[Serena Williams]] for the 10t straucht time in her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/436019/20130216/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-wta-qatar-victoria.htm|title= Qatar Total Open: Williams Blasts Sharapova as New World Number One Rolls into Doha Final |publisher=International Business Times|author=Martin Baccardax|date=February 16, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Her next tournament wis [[BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]], whaur she wis seedit seicont. She received a bye intae the seicont roond an successfully reached the final wioot dropping a set, whaur she faced 2011 Indian wells champion an umwhile warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Efter an oor an twenty-ane minutes, Sharapova won the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/9062961/maria-sharapova-wins-indian-wells-title-caroline-wozniacki|title=Maria Sharapova wins Indian Wells|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Martin Baccardax|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> This wis Maria's 28t career title an seicont at Indian Wells. Her win an aa made her the No. 2 player in the warld behind [[Serena Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2013/03/17/sharapova-wins-indian-wells-bnp-wozniacki/|title=Maria Sharapova dominates Caroline Wozniacki for second Indian Wells title|publisher=SI.com|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|title=Sharapova aims for coast-to-coast double|publisher=Ubisporting|date=March 23, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213820/http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|title=Sharapova sails past Wozniacki in Indian Wells final|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326045302/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria then competit at the [[2013 Sony Open Tennis|Sony Open]]. Ance again she reached the final wioot dropping a set an faced warld No. 1 [[Serena Williams]]. Maria stairtit the match strang, winnin the first set. Houiver, Serena won the seicont an dominated the third set. This wis Maria's 11t consecutive loss against Serena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/12/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-madrid-final_n_3262472.html|title= Serena Williams Beats Maria Sharapova To Win Madrid Open 2013, Retain No. 1 Ranking |author=Joseph Wilson|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1636598-serena-williams-vs-maria-sharapova-world-no-1-will-dominate-madrid-open-final|title=Serena Williams vs. Maria Sharapova: World No. 1 Will Dominate Madrid Open Final|publisher=Bleacher Report|author=Patrick Clarke|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played at the indoor clay event in Stuttgart, whaur she wis the defendin champion. Maria wis tap seed an haed a bye in the first roond. Her first three matches war lang three-setters: she first beat warld No. 25 [[Lucie Šafářová]], dropping the seicont set on a tiebreak, then [[Ana Ivanovic]], then in the semifinals she won against third seed [[Angelique Kerber]]. In the final, in what wis her ninth victory against the Cheenese oot o 14 matches, she beat seicont seed warld No. 5 [[Li Na]] in straucht sets tae win her 29t career title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova beats Li Na to retain Stuttgart title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22331232|accessdate=April 28, 2013}}</ref> A week later, she competit at the [[2013 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid Open]], reachin the final, again wioot dropping a set. She faced [[Serena Williams]] for the 15t time, losin for the 12t consecutive time in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/05/12/Serena-Williams-repeats-as-Madrid-Open-champion/UPI-57451368363562/|title=Serena Williams repeats as Madrid Open champion|publisher= United Press International|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played in Roum, whaur she wis seedit seicont an haed a bye in the first roond. She beat 16t seed [[Sloane Stephens]] in straucht sets (wi the loss o juist three gemmes) in the third roond, but then did nae play her quarterfinal match against seivent seed [[Sara Errani]] an retired frae the tournament due tae a viral illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/17/sport/tennis/djokovic-nadal-tennis-sharapova|title=Djokovic loses at Rome Masters, hurting French Open preparations|publisher=CNN|date=May 18, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|title=Serena, Azarenka reach semis; Sharapova pulls out in Rome|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=May 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103228/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2013 French Open]], Sharapova reached the final again, beatin Azarenka in three sets in the semifinals, but thare she lost in straucht sets tae [[Serena Williams]]. At [[2013 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] she wis comprehensively beaten in the seicont roond bi qualifier [[Michelle Larcher de Brito]]. Sharapova then returned tae the tour at the [[2013 Western & Southern Open]], whaur she lost her openin match tae Sloane Stephens in three sets. A week later Sharapova withdrew frae the U.S. Open citing a shoulder injury, which prematurely ended her saison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova withdraws from the U.S. Open|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/08/21/maria-sharapova-withdraws-us-open/2683231/|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> ===2014: Comeback and second French Open title=== {{main|2014 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova haed nae played syne August 2013 due tae a recurring shoulder injury an made her comeback at the [[2014 Brisbane International]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova to make tennis comeback at Brisbane International|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|publisher=News.com.au|accessdate=14 November 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova advanced tae the semi-finals whaur she wis beaten in straucht sets bi [[Serena Williams]]. At the [[2014 Australian Open]] Sharapova, ranked 3rd, wis knocked oot o the tournament in the 4t roond bi the 20t seed, an eventual finalist, [[Dominika Cibulkova]]. Sharapova lost the match in 3 sets. Sharapova then participated in [[2014 Open GDF Suez – Singles|GDF Suez]] whaur she wis upset in the semifinals tae fellae Roushie an eventual tournament winner [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] in three sets. In Mairch, playin in the [[2014 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells Masters]], she wis beaten bi 22-year-auld Italian [[Camila Giorgi]] in the third roond, in three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2014/03/10/maria-sharapova-camila-giorgi-indian-wells/ |title=Maria Sharapova ousted by Camila Giorgi in third round at Indian Wells &#124; Beyond The Baseline |publisher=Tennis.si.com |date= |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> Therefore, due tae the WTA ranking seestem, this wad mean anither drop in ranking, bringin her tae warld No. 7. In Aprile, she won [[Weemen's Stuttgart Open|Stuttgart Open]], her first title o the year an 30t o her career bi defeatin [[Ana Ivanovic]] in three sets. Stuttgart is the anly tournament Sharapova haes won three times. In Mey, Maria won the [[2014 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid Open]], her seicont title o the year an first in [[Madrid]], defeatin [[Simona Halep]] in three sets. Wi nine clay titles, she joins Venus Williams as the third maist successfu active player on the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sharapova-wins-Madrid-Open-title/articleshow/34985579.cms|title=Sharapova wins Madrid Open title|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=May 11, 2014}}</ref> Sharapova then competit in the [[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]] in Roum, whaur she made the third roond. She lost tae [[Ana Ivanovic]] in straucht sets. Sharapova wis seedit 7t at 2014 French Open an defeatit Ksenia Pervak, Tsvetana Pironkova, an Paula Ormaechea in the first 3 roonds, all in straucht sets. In the fowert roond she defeatit Samantha Stosur, reeling off nine straucht gemmes frae a set an 3–4 doun. This merked her 14t win in 16 meetins wi the Australian. In the quarters, she defeatit [[Garbine Muguruza]], again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach the semifinals at the French for the fowert consecutive year. In the semi-finals, she defeatit [[Eugenie Bouchard]], ance again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach her third consecutive [[French Open]] final. In the final, she defeatit [[Simona Halep]] in three sets tae win her seicont French Open title an fift oweraw Major title. This wis the first time syne 2001 whaur a third set wis contested in the final. The match teuk juist ower three oors, an haes been describit as ane o the best weemen's finals in recent years. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Meyers|first1=Nalia-Jean|title=Maria Sharapova Wins French Open|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/sports/tennis/maria-sharapova-wins-french-open.html?_r=0|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref> The [[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2014 Wimbledon Championships]] will be her next tournament as Sharapova chose nae tae play a warm-up event afore the third Grand Slam o the saison gets underway.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2654515/Maria-Sharapova-hops-London-Underground-seeing-boyfriend-Grigor-Dimitrov-beat-James-Ward-Queens-Club.html#ixzz34HRs4TtE Maria Sharapova hops on the London Underground] Dailymail. 10-06-2014. Retrieved 11-06-2014.</ref> At the [[2014 Wimbledon Championships]], Sharapova reached the fowert roond, whaur she lost tae German [[Angelique Kerber]], the ninth seed, in three sets. Sharapova then played the [[2014 Rogers Cup]] in [[Montreal]] whaur she wis the 4t seed. She received a first roond bye an faced [[Garbine Muguruza]] in her opener, she won in 3 sets. In the follaein roond she lost in 3 sets tae Muguruza's compatriot, [[Carla Suarez Navarro]]. At the [[2014 Western & Southern Open]], Sharapova wis seedit 5t an defeatit [[Madison Keys]] efter haein a first roond bye. She then went on tae defeat Pavlyuchenkova an newly crowned warld no.2 [[Simona Halep]] tae reach the last fower. She faced Ivanovic again but lost in a roller coaster three-setter despite haein twa match pynts. Sharapova then travelled tae New York for the [[2014 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] whaur she wis the 5t seed. She defeatit compatriot [[Maria Kirilenko]] an Romanian [[Alexandra Dulgheru]] afore overcoming 26t seedit German [[Sabine Lisicki]] in roond 3 tae set up a clash wi [[Caroline Wozniacki]] in the roond o 16. Sharapova lost tae the Dane in 3 sets. Sharapova next played the inaugural 2014 Wuhan open whaur she wis seedit 4t. Efter receiving a first roond bye she defeatit compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova in 3 sets an next faced [[Timea Bacsinszky]]. Awtho Sharapova won thair 2 previous encounters she wis stunned bi Timea in 2 tight sets sicweys endin her campaign at the premier 5 tournament. The follaein week Sharapova played the China Open in Beijing a Premier Mandatory-level tournament. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova defeatit warld No. 9 Ana Ivanovic in the semis. In the final Sharapova met reigning Wimbledon champion an warld No. 3 Petra Kvitova. Sharapova won the match in 2 oors 30 minutes, defeatin the Czech in three sets. Bi virtue o the win, Sharapova's ranking rose frae No. 4 tae No. 2 in the warld an she secured hersel the seicont seeding for the WTA year end Championship. An aa, Sharapova closed in on the year end number ane ranking spot, bein juist 467 pynts behind Williams. Maria wis ranked No. 2 heidin intae the WTA Tour Championships, wi a chance o owertakin [[Serena Williams]] as warld No. 1. She wis drawn in the white group, wi [[Petra Kvitova]], [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] an [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Her first match wis a three set loss tae Wozniacki. Maria an aa lost her 2nt roond robin match tae Kvitova in straucht sets; her first loss tae Petra syne 2011. Maria still haed a chance o makin the Semis, houiver she needed tae beat Radwanska in twa sets, an Wozniacki needed tae beat Petra in straucht sets as well. She ended her year wi a win against Radwanska in three sets, finishin3rd oweraw in the White group. She ended the year as warld No. 2, behind [[Serena Williams]]. ===2015: Fourth Australian Open final=== {{main|2015 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova kicked off her 2015 saison at the Brisbane International whaur she wis tap seed an received a bye in the first roond. Sharapova defeatit Yaroslava Shvedova an Carla Suarez Navarro. In the semi finals Sharapova faced Elina Svitolina, beatin her in straucht sets. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova played an intense match against seicont seed Ana Ivanovic but came throu in three sets. This wis Sharapova's 10t win ower Ivanovic an bi winnin her 34th title, it meant that Sharapova haes won at least ane title every year for 13 consecutive years. An aa, it wis juist her seicont title in Australie sae far, an for baith she beat Ivanovic. Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2015 Australian Open, whaur she beat [[Petra Martić]] an fellae countrywoman [[Alexandra Panova]] (despite haein twa match pynts against her) in the first twa roonds, afore beatin [[Zarina Diyas]] an [[Peng Shuai]] in straucht sets. Thare, she beat seivent-seedit [[Eugenie Bouchard]] an fellae Roushie [[Ekaterina Makarova]] in straucht sets tae mak her fowert Australian Open final, whaur she lost tae [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets, worsening her record against her tae 2–17. In Februar, follaein her participation in the [[2015 Fed Cup|Fed Cup]], Sharapova played in [[2015 Abierto Mexicano Telcel|Acapulco]], whaur she beat [[Shelby Rogers]], [[Mariana Duque Mariño]] an [[Magdaléna Rybáriková]] tae advance the semifinals. Sharapova later withdrew frae her match against [[Caroline Garcia]], citing a painch virus. Next, in [[2015 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]], she beat [[Yanina Wickmayer]] an [[Victoria Azarenka]] in straucht sets, afore losin tae defendin champion [[Flavia Pennetta]] in the fowert roond in three sets. Efter receiving a bye in the first roond o the [[2015 Miami Open|Miami Open]], Sharapova lost in the seicont roond tae fellae Roushie [[Daria Gavrilova]] in straucht sets, merking her earliest exit frae the tournament syne her first appearance in Miami in 2003. Sharapova began her clay saison in [[2015 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|Stuttgart]] whaur she wis the three time defendin champion. Efter receiving a first roond bye, she lost in the seicont roond tae [[Angelique Kerber]] in three sets, snapping Sharapova's win streak at the tournament an merking her first ever loss at the tournament haein won it three times in a row ([[2012 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|2012]], [[2013 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|2013]], & [[2014 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|2014]]). The loss an aa snapped a 64 match win streak on clay whaur Sharapova won the first set an went on tae win the match. The last time Sharapova lost a match on clay efter winnin the first set wis against [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond at the [[2008 French Open]]. As a result o the loss Sharapova lost the No. 2 ranking tae [[Simona Halep]]. Sharapova's next clay court tournament wis the Madrid Open whaur she wis the defendin champion. She advanced tae the semifinals. Thare, she wis beaten bi Svetlana Kuznetsova for the first time syne 2008. Sharapova's next tournament wis be the Italian Open in Roum whaur she wis seedit 3rd. She beat [[Victoria Azarenka]] in the quarterfinals in straucht sets tae set up a re-match wi [[Daria Gavrilova]]. She beat Gavrilova in straucht sets tae advance tae the final, whaur she faced [[Carla Suarez Navarro]]. Efter losin the first set, Sharapova managed tae claim the next twa sets an her third [[Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Roum]] title. Bi winnin Roum, Sharapova reclaimed the No. 2 ranking ower Halep. ==Fed Cup participation== Sharapova haes lived in the United States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven, but retains her Roushie citizenship, an is therefore eligible tae play in the [[Fed Cup]] for Roushie.<ref name="pravda">{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/11-10-2005/9051-sharapova-0/|title=Maria Sharapova unwilling to trade her Russian citizenship for anything|publisher=[[Pravda]]|date=October 11, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, the behaviour o Sharapova's faither during her matches on the WTA Tour, combined wi a perceived lack o commitment bi her tae the Fed Cup, haes made her selection for the [[Roushie Fed Cup team]] cause controversy in the past. Efter Sharapova haed beaten fellae Roushie [[Anastasia Myskina]] at the [[2004 WTA Tour Championships]], Myskina criticized Sharapova's faither, saying: "He was just yelling and screaming instructions to her and I thought he just might jump right on the court at one point in the match." At the Fed Cup semifinals twa weeks later, Myskina stated she wad stap playin for Roushie if Sharapova jynt the Roushie team the follaein saison: "If she joins our team next season you won't see me there for sure. His behaviour is totally incorrect, simply rude. I don't want to be around people like him." [[Larisa Neiland]], assistant tae Roushie Fed Cup captain Shamil Tarpishchev, added: "Her father's behaviour (at the WTA Tour Championships) was simply outrageous. I just don't see how he could work with the rest of us." Houiver Tarpishchev himsel played doun the problem, insisting: "I feel that things will calm down soon and we'll have Myskina, Sharapova, Kuznetsova and everyone else playing for Russia."<ref name="myskina">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4040243.stm|title=Myskina stands by Fed Cup threat|publisher=BBC|date=November 25, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the end o 2005, Sharapova stated she wis nou keen tae mak her Fed Cup debut<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4326784.stm|title=Sharapova keen to play for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an wis set tae play against Belgium in Aprile 2006, but withdrew.<ref name="sharapovadelays">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4788132.stm|title=Sharapova delays debut for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=March 8, 2006|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She later withdrew frae ties against Spain in Aprile 2007<ref name="missfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6520271.stm|title=Sharapova to miss Fed Cup debut|publisher=BBC|date=April 2, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an against the United States in Julie 2007 acause o injuries.<ref name="pulloutangers">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6288526.stm|title=Sharapova pull-out angers Russia|publisher=BBC|date=July 10, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The latter withdrawal led tae Roushie's captain saying she wad be "ineligible for selection" for the Fed Cup final in September.<ref name="forfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6904802.stm|title=Russia drop Sharapova for Fed Cup|publisher=BBC|date=July 16, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, Sharapova attended the final, cheering frae the sidelines an actin as a "hitting partner" in practices, resultin in some o her Roushie teammates implying that she wis attending anly tae enable her tae play at the [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]] (rules state that players must hae "shown commitment" tae Fed Cup in order tae play). [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] said, "She said she wanted to be our practice partner but if you can't play how then can you practice?"<ref name="rowover">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6999113.stm|title=Row over Sharapova's Fed Cup show|publisher=BBC|date=September 17, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova finally made her Fed Cup debut in Februar 2008, in Roushie's quarterfinal tie against [[Israel Fed Cup team|Israel]].<ref name="Fedcupdebut" >{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut|work=The Age|accessdate=May 4, 2013|date=January 23, 2008}}</ref> She won baith her singles rubbers, against [[Tzipora Obziler]] an [[Shahar Pe'er]], helpin Roushie tae a 4–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630213658/http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archivedate=2008-06-30|publisher=Fed Cup|title=Fed Cup: Israel vs. Russia tie|date=February 2–3, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> For the semifinals, she wis gien permission tae skip the tie, wi Tarpishchev annooncin that she will be on the team for the final.<ref name="theage">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|publisher=The Age Company Ltd.|work=The Age|accessdate=September 6, 2011|date=January 23, 2008|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut}}</ref> Houiver, the date o the final coincided wi the lay-off frae her shoulder injury, an sicweys she did nae play.<ref name="theage" /> In the 2011 first-roond tie, Sharapova played [[Virginie Razzano]] o Fraunce an lost. Sharapova wis supposed tae play [[Alizé Cornet]] but she wis sufferin frae a viral illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/tennis/sharapova-france-viral-illness/|title=Sharapova pulls out of Gaz de France due to viral illness|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=[[Roushie Today]]|date=February 10, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616031235/http://rt.com/sport/tennis/sharapova-france-viral-illness/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Teammate [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] played an defeatit Cornet tae secure the 3–2 win for Roushie against Fraunce. Sharapova continued tae participate in 2012 an helped Roushie tae a 3–2 win against Spain in the first-roond tie. Sharapova defeatit [[Silvia Soler Espinosa]] in the first rubber, but wis unable tae play her seicont rubber due tae illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/tennis/sharapova-russia-serbia-fed-cup-tarpischev-573/|title=Sharapova to miss Fed Cup semis|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=[[Roushie Today]]|date=February 6, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615221251/http://rt.com/sport/tennis/sharapova-russia-serbia-fed-cup-tarpischev-573/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, Sharapova helped Roushie earn a place in the semifinals efter beatin Pole [[Urszula Radwanska]] in the first tie an her sister [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] in the seicont tie. ==Playing style== Sharapova is an aggressive baseliner wi pouer, depth, an angles on her forehaund an backhaund.<ref name="profile">Jeff Cooper. [http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm Maria Sharapova – Tennis Game Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208143919/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm |date=2016-12-08 }}, About.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> She is ane o the few players on the WTA tour that aften uises the reverse forehaund. Insteid o uisin a tradeetional [[volley (tennis)|volley]] or owerheid [[Smash (tennis)|smash]], she wad as leif hit a pouerfu "swingin" volley whan approachin the net or attackin [[Lob (tennis)|lobs]].<ref>Douglas Robson. [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/wimb/2007-06-24-volleys_N.htm Swinging, midcourt volley becomes key weapon among pros], ''USA Today'', June 25, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Sharapova is thocht tae hae guid speed aroond the court, inspecially conseederin her heicht.<ref name="profile"/> At the beginnin o 2008, some observers noted that Sharapova haed developpit her game, shawin improved movement an footwork an the addition o a [[drop shot]] an sliced backhaund tae her repertoire o shots.<ref>Steve Bierley. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jan/23/tennis.australianopen2008 Sharapova adds variety to end Henin run], ''The Guardian'', January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova Scouting report|publisher=Thetennistimes.com|accessdate=August 7, 2011|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007231236/http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite her powerful game, Sharapova's greatest asset is considered tae be her mental toughness an competitive spirit, wi Nick Bollettieri statin that she is "tough as nails". Haw-o-famer [[John McEnroe]] said o Sharapova, "she's one of the best competitors in the history of the sport."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/04/1088879371559.html|author=Linda Pearce|work=The Age |title=Sharapova's arrival a victory for mental toughness|date=July 5, 2004|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=Melbourne}}</ref> Sharapova is kent for on-court "[[grunting (tennis)|grunting]]", which reached a recorded 101 [[decibel]]s during a match at [[2005 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon in 2005]].<ref name="grunting">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4118708.stm|title=Why do women tennis stars grunt?|author=Megan Lane|publisher=BBC|date=June 22, 2005|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> During her seicont roond match in Birmingham in 2003, Sharapova wis asked tae tone doun the level o her grunt efter opponent [[Nathalie Dechy]] complained tae the umpire, wi Sharapova's response saying that her grunting wis "a natural instinct."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/06/12/878185.htm|title=Scream queen Sharapova warned to silence screams|date=June 12, 2003|accessdate=July 4, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Monica Seles]] suggestit that gruntin is involuntary an a pairt o tennis.<ref name="GruntTelegraph">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1523117/Grunting-is-just-part-of-my-game-claims-Sharapova.html|title=Grunting is just part of my game, claims Sharapova|author=Catriona Davies|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=September 24, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2008}}</ref> When questioned bi the media aboot her grunting, Sharapova urged the media tae "just watch the match."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4649550.stm|title=Beaten Sharapova turns on media|publisher=BBC|date=January 26, 2006|accessdate=June 2, 2008}}</ref> Her defensive gemme haes been worked on bi her new coach, an this haes reflected in her results, makin consecutive semi-finals at premier mandatory events on the tour. Later in her career, Sharapova an aa added drop shots tae her repertoire, makin for a mair unpredictable gemme style. ===Serve=== [[File:Maria Sharapova at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sharapova at The Championships, Wimbledon in 2009.]] Early in her career Sharapova's first an seicont serves war regarded as powerful,<ref name="profile"/> an she wis believed tae possess ane o the best deliveries on the Tour.<ref name="Serve1" /> Syne the beginnin o 2007, houiver, problems wi her shoulder hae reduced the effectiveness o her serve.<ref name="Serve1">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3046996|author=Joel Drucker|publisher=ESPN Tennis|title=Lingering injuries or limitations coming to light for Sharapova|date=October 3, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> The shoulder injury nae anly resulted in her inconsistent first serves, but an aa her hitting heich nummers o double faults.<ref>[http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 "Bottom line for the top women, 2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124055318/http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 |date=2007-11-24 }}, Tennis.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Twa-time US Open singles champion [[Tracy Austin]] believes that Sharapova eften loses confidence in the rest o her gemme when she experiences problems wi her serve an consequently produces mair unforced errors an generally plays mair tentatively,<ref name="austin">{{cite web|author=Tracy Austin|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|title=Austin: Sharapova loss a win for Venus and Serena|work=NBC Sports|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714023402/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|url-status=dead}}</ref> while tennis writer Joel Drucker remarked that her serve wis the "catalyst for her entire game", an that her struggles wi it left her "unmasked."<ref name="Serve1" /> In her return frae layoff in 2008 tae 2009, she uised an abbreviated motion, which wis somewhat less powerful, an tho producin aces an aa gae a very heich number o double faults. Efter her early loss at the [[2009 US Open (tennis)|2009 US Open]], Sharapova returned tae a mair elangatit motion, seemilar tae her pre-surgery serve. She haes syne been able tae produce speeds greater than afore, includin a 121&nbsp;mph serve hit at the Birmingham tournament in 2010 – the fastest serve o her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/7841792/Wimbledon-2010-Maria-Sharapova-fighting-fit-at-last-and-ready-to-reclaim-her-SW19-crown.html|title=Wimbledon 2010: Maria Sharapova fighting fit at last and ready to reclaim her SW19 crown|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 21, 2010|accessdate=June 21, 2010|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Houiver syne her shoulder operation Sharapova haes been unable tae control her serve. This haes led tae numerous faults, as she is unable tae feel how much power she is generating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/09/sports/sp-la-women-tennis9|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Diane|last=Pucin|title=Maria Sharapova can't control her serve|date=August 9, 2009}}</ref> The new action led tae an elbow injury, but unner Thomas Högstedt it haes improved but can still be erratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|title=Maria Sharapova Serve Analysis – A Look Behind the Sharapova Serve Technique|publisher=Optimumtennis.net|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2015-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216153525/http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> This improvement in serving can be seen in the 2013 Australian Open an follaein tournaments whaur Maria Sharapova committed fewer double faults than in previous years. ===Surfaces=== Acause she predicates her gemme on power, Sharapova's preferred surfaces early in her career war the fast-playin haurd an gress courts, as evident throu her 25 victories on haurd court an gress court. This is maist notable when she won the [[2004 Wimbledon]], [[2006 US Open (tennis)|2006 U.S. Open]] an [[2008 Australian Open]] crowns, whaur she haed her career breakthrough an played her peak tennis level, respectively. Sharapova initially wis nae as well-suited tae the slower clay courts as she is on haurd an gress courts. Sharapova admitted in 2007 that she wis nae as comfortable wi her movement on clay compared wi ither court surfaces an ance describit hersel as lik a "cow on ice" efter a match on clay,<ref name="cow">Barry Flatman. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article1867693.ece Sharapova: a cow on ice?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322090351/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=2020-03-22 }}, ''The Times'', May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> due tae her inability tae slide. Later in her career, she showed improvement on this surface wi respect tae experience, as evidenced wi her first WTA reid clay title at the [[2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg]], 7 years syne playin on the WTA circuit. She won her first French Open title an capturt the career grand slam at the [[2012 French Open]] an as o 2014 leads the WTA tour o active players wi the heichest winnin percentage on clay, wi an 84.25% winnin rate.<ref name="tennis.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |title=tennis.com – Don't Have a Cow<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2016-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne her shoulder injury, her best surface haes acome clay ower gress & haurd courts, an wi her victory at the [[2014 French Open]], she haes nou won the French Open twice, which is mair times than she haes won ony ither slam, an her last 3 Grand Slam Finals hae all been at the French Open (3 consecutive finals frae 2012–2014). ==Personal life== ===Relationships=== Sharapova haes dated [[Maroon 5]] sangster [[Adam Levine]]. The couple dated for a short time in 2005 efter meetin at Sharapova's 18t birthday pairty. Houiver, the couple broke up suin. In 2008, Sharapova briefly dated American telly producer [[Charlie Ebersol]] but the pair split suin efter. In 2011, Sharapova wis engaged tae Slovenian professional basketball player [[Sasha Vujačić]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2010/10/21/maria-sharapova-sasha-vujacic-engaged-proposed-los-angeles-lakers/|title=Maria Sharapova & Sasha Vujacic – Engaged|publisher=[[TMZ.com|TMZ]]|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5713080|title=Maria Sharapova betrothed to guard|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 22, 2010}}</ref> The twa haed been datin syne 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/11/lakers-sasha-vujacic-maria-sharapova-dating.html|title=The Fabulous Forum: Are Sasha Vujacic and Maria Sharapova dating?|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 3, 2009|accessdate=June 18, 2010}}</ref> On August 31, 2012, Sharapova confirmed that the pair haed ended the engagement an separated during early 2012. Later that year, she began datin Bulgarian tennis player [[Grigor Dimitrov]]. The twa confirmed thair relationship efter the 2013 Madrid Open. ===Public profile=== Sharapova haes lived in the United States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven. Besides a home in [[Bradenton]], Florida, she an aa haes a residence in [[Manhattan Beach, California]].<ref name="peoplemagazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1183711,00.html|title=Celebrity Q & A – Maria Sharapova|publisher=[[People Magazine]]|date=April 17, 2006|author=Kathy Ehrich-Dowd|access-date=2015-06-09|archive-date=2008-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223093250/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C26334%2C1183711%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Frae 2005 tae 2011, Sharapova wis named tae the [[Forbes Celebrity 100]], which attempts tae compile the tap 100 maist powerful celebrities o that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/maria-sharapova|title=The Celebrity 100|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 28, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova haes made varyin remarks on how lang she intends tae maintain her tennis career. Follaein the retirement o 25-year-auld [[Justine Henin]] in 2008, Sharapova said, "If I was 25 and I'd won so many Grand Slams, I'd quit too."<ref name="henin">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7401565.stm|title=Henin is best of her generation|publisher=BBC|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> In an interview efter the [[2008 Australian Open]], she balked at the idea o playin for anither ten years, saying that she hoped tae hae a "nice husband and a few kids" bi then.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|title=Billie Jean King's text inspired Sharapova|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=January 26, 2008|accessdate=October 24, 2008|archive-date=2008-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607055611/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houiver in an interview afore her [[2012 Australian Open]] semifinal, Sharapova changed her stance, saying she intendit tae continue playin tennis for as lang as she enjoyed playin the game. Sharapova stated "I'm sure when I was 17 years old and someone said, you'll be playing for another eight years, it would be like, you're not going to see me at a press conference at 25 years old. But years go on. I missed a year in my career—I didn't play that year. I've said this, just before the tournament, a few weeks before, I woke up and I was just so happy to be going back on the court. I felt so fresh, full of energy, just with a really good perspective. Times change, obviously. I see myself playing this sport for many more years because it's something that gives me the most pleasure in my life. I think it helps when you know you're good at something, and you can always improve it. It obviously helps with the encouragement."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportal.com.au/tennis-opinion-display/maria-not-ready-for-veterans-list-158083 |title=Maria not ready for veteran's list – Tennis – Sportal Australia |publisher=Sportal.com.au |date= |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |first=Bren |last=O'Brien at |archive-date=2012-09-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915060011/http://www.sportal.com.au/tennis-opinion-display/maria-not-ready-for-veterans-list-158083 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|2004 US Open]], Sharapova, alang wi several ither Roushie female tennis players, wore a black ribbon in observance o the tragedy efter the [[Beslan schuil hostage crisis]], whilk teuk place anly days afore.<ref name="espn">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1874900|title=Sharapova puts loss in perspective|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=David Boroff|date=September 6, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In 2005, she donated aroond US$50,000 tae thaim that wis affeckit bi the crisis.<ref name="wtacareer"/> On Februar 14, 2007, Sharapova wis appyntit a [[UNDP Goodwill Ambassador|Goodwill Ambassador]] for the [[UNDP|United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) an donated US$210,000 tae [[Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme (CRDP)|UNDP Chernobyl-recovery projects]]. She stated at the time that she wis planning tae traivel back tae the aurie efter Wimbledon in 2008,<ref name="usatoday">{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2007-08-13-799623401_x.htm|title=Maria Sharapova plans 1st trip back to Chernobyl since family fled|publisher=USAToday|author=Beth Harris|date=August 13, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tho it didn't happen, as she haed tae traivel back tae the US acause o shoulder injury.<ref name="wimbledon">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629223721/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|archivedate=2010-06-29|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|title=Interview with Sharapova|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 4, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> She fulfilled the trip in late Juin – early Julie 2010. Sharapova haes helped tae promote the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], Roushie,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/interview-with-maria-sharapova/|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=[[Roushie Today]]|accessdate=May 4, 2013|title=Interview with Maria Sharapova|date=May 11, 2007}}</ref> an wis the first torch bearer in the torch-lichtin ceremony during the openin festivities. In addition, wi [[Angela Haynes]], [[Maria Kirilenko]], [[Nicole Vaidišová]], [[Rennae Stubbs]], Governor [[Jeb Bush]] an [[Jennifer Capriati]], Sharapova participated in an exhibition in Tampa in December 2004, raisin money for the Florida Hurricane Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/7874647|title=Capriati, Sharapova to play benefit for hurricane victims|publisher=CBS Sports|date=November 10, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615221331/http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/7874647|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Julie 2008, Sharapova sent a message on DVD tae the memorial service o cancer victim Emily Bailes, wha haed performed the coin toss aheid o the [[2004 Wimbledon Championships|2004 Wimbledon final]] that Sharapova haed gane on tae win.<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/7489565.stm|title=Service held for Wimbledon girl|publisher=BBC|date=July 4, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ==Endorsements== [[File:Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg|thumb|Sharapova at offeecial unveilin o her [[Canon PowerShot]] Diamond lineup]] Sharapova's tennis success an appearance hae enabled her tae secure commercial endorsements that greatly exceed the value o her tournament winnins.<ref name="marcganis">Marc Ganis, the president of SportsCorp Ltd., a sports-industry consultant in Chicago, said, "Never underestimate the importance of physical beauty to an athlete's endorsement opportunities. Other than performance on the court, it may be the single most important asset." ''The New York Times''. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/sports/tennis/03endorse.html?fta=y Serving Their Clients], September 7, 2006</ref><ref name="hbswk">"It does not hurt that Sharapova is regarded as one of the most beautiful athletes in the world." [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html Marketing Maria: Managing the Athlete Endorsement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025025827/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html |date=2015-10-25 }}, [[Harvard Business School]] Lessons from the classroom, Sara Jane Gilbert, October 29, 2007. Retrieved on June 1, 2008.</ref> In Mairch 2006, Forbes magazine listed her as the heichest-peyed female athlete in the warld, wi annual earnins o ower US $18&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/22/woods-sharapova-nike_cx_lr_0322athletes_2.html|title=The World's Best-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 22, 2006}}</ref> the majority f which wis frae endorsements an sponsorships. She haes topped that leet every year syne, even efter her 2007 shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|title = World's Highest-Paid Women Athletes|url =http://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/earnings/women-paid.htm|accessdate =May 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/22/women-athletes-endorsements-biz-sports-cx_tvr_kb_0722athletes.html|title=Top-Earning Female Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=July 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/08/18/top-earning-female-athletes-business-sportsmoney-female-athletes.html|title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=August 18, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, ''Forbes'' listed Sharapova as No. 29 in thair leet o 50 tap-peyed athletes, the anly woman on the leet.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kurt Badenhausen |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106040824/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/2/ |archivedate=2012-11-06 |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/ |title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 18, 2012 |accessdate=May 5, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, she wis listed as No. 15, an wis jynt in the tap 20 bi [[Li Na]] at No. 16 an [[Serena Williams]] at No. 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/06/18/mayweather-tops-list-of-the-worlds-100-highest-paid-athletes/|title=Mayweather Tops List Of The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=June 18, 2012|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> In Aprile 2005, ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' named her ane o the 50 maist beautiful celebrities in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title = PEOPLE's 50 Most Beautiful People|url = http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|date = April 27, 2005|accessdate = May 5, 2013|archive-date = 2016-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504191335/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'' ranked Sharapova the hettest athlete in the warld for the fowert consecutive year. She posed in a sax-page bikini photoshuit spread in the 2006 [[Valentine's Day]] issue o the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]'', alangside 25 supermodels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|title=2006 SWIMSUIT COVER|work=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=September 4, 1995|accessdate=May 5, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209072152/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a poll run bi Britain's ''[[FHM]]'' magazine, she wis voted the seivent maist eligible bachelorette,<ref name="newscomau">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|work=News.com.au|title=Rod's daughter most eligible|date=February 28, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2007-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303091807/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> based on baith "wealth and looks." Immediately efter her win at the 2004 Wimbledon Championship, mobile phone company [[Motorola]] signed Sharapova tae endorse thair mobile phone line.<ref name=nytdress/> Additionally, she appeared in commercials for [[Land Rover]] an [[Canon (company)|Canon]], as well as approved o namesake items bi watch brand [[Tag Heuer]] an jeweller [[Tiffany & Co.|Tiffany]].<ref name=nytdress/> Tiffany an aa provides Sharapova wi earrings frae the "Tiffany for Maria Sharapova" collection at the fower major events, that are an aa retailed globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |title=Tiffany & Co. For The Press &#124; News &#124; Maria Sharapova to Wear Tiffany Earrings at the 2011 French Open &#124; United States |publisher=Tiffany & Co. |date=May 11, 2011 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108004447/http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She an aa starred in an awaird winnin campaign for the sports claedin brand Nike, "[[Pretty (advertisement)|Pretty]]", in the simmer o 2006. She signed a sponsorship deal in Januar 2007 wi [[Gatorade]] an [[Tropicana Products|Tropicana]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2007/01/Issue-72/Sponsorships-Advertising-Marketing/Pepsico-Inks-Sharapova-To-Promote-Gatorade-Tropicana-Brands.aspx |title=PepsiCo Inks Sharapova To Promote Gatorade, Tropicana Brands |publisher=SportsBusiness Journal |date=January 3, 2007 |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> which ended in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/mariasharapova/5163203/Maria-Sharapova-loses-tennis-fizz-as-Pepsi-end-deal.html |title=Maria Sharapova loses tennis fizz as Pepsi end deal |publisher=''The Telegraph'' |date=April 16, 2009 |first=Rod |last=Gilmour |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> In 2007, Sharapova wis featurt in a nummer o Canon USA's commercials for the PowerShot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letsgodigital.org/en/14539/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova in Canon PowerShot commercial|publisher=LetsGoDigital|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haes an aa been depicted in mony tennis-relatit video gemmes. Some o the titles include the ''[[Top Spin (video game)|Top Spin series]]'', ''[[Virtua Tennis]]'' series, an ''[[Grand Slam Tennis]]'' series. During the layoff due tae her shoulder surgery, sensing the fleeting naitur o a professional athlete's career, Sharapova decidit tae focus on developin her name as a brand, beginnin wi meetin wi her sponsors mair extensively tae further her brand.<ref name=nytdress/> In Januar 2010, it wis annoonced that Sharapova haed renewed her contract wi Nike, signin an 8-year deal for $70&nbsp;million. This is the maist lucrative deal ever for a sportswoman, dwarfing the previous record, which wis Venus Williams' $43&nbsp;million deal wi Reebok.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jan/12/maria-sharapova-nike-deal|title=Maria Sharapova signs £43m deal with Nike|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Simon Cambers|accessdate=May 5, 2013|date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> Follaein in the fitsteps o tennis players wha stairtit claedin lines lik [[Fred Perry]] an [[René Lacoste]], Sharapova launched her ain tennis apparel line, the "Nike Maria Sharapova Collection", in 2010. The collection includes dresses that she designed for aw the major tournaments, in collaboration wi Nike an [[Cole Haan]].<ref name=cnn-ms>{{cite web| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/27/sport/tennis/tennis-sharapova-grand-slam-design/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Grand slam designs: Maria Sharapova's fashion statement | date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> She haed previously foond that the outfits gien tae her bi Nike did nae suit her frame an war worn bi ower mony ither players.<ref name=nytdress/> She comes up wi design ideas an sketches in a process that begins 18 month afore the event<ref name=cnn-ms/> an receives royalties frae the sale o the collection, o which the corresponding dresses are coordinated tae be available simultaneously wi the correspondin major tournament.<ref name=nytdress/> The collection is worn bi ither WTA players, includin [[Sofia Arvidsson]], [[Eugenie Bouchard]], [[Kai-Chen Chang]], [[Andrea Hlaváčková]], [[Madison Keys]], [[Anastasia Pivovarova]] as well as junior players sic as [[Indy De Vroome]].<ref name=cnn-ms/> Sharapova haed earlier collaboratit wi Nike on the "little black dress" that she wore for her nicht matches at the 2006 US Open.<ref name=nytdress/> The dress featurt a roond crystal studded collar an wis inspired bi [[Audrey Hepburn]].<ref name=nytdress>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/fashion/maria-sharapovas-campaign-to-establish-herself-as-a-brand.html?pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Eric | last=Wilson | title=Maria Sharapova's Campaign to Establish Herself as a Brand | date=May 25, 2011|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> The dress wis well publicized an received but wis nae mass-produced.<ref name=nytdress/><ref name=cnn-ms/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] | first=MacKenzie | last=Carpenter | title=Sharapova's little black dress provokes a big racket at U.S. Open | date=September 1, 2006 | accessdate=May 5, 2013 | archive-date=2013-08-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828155914/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, she designs shoes an handbags for Cole Haan, for which her signature ballerina flats are ane o the biggest sellers o the entire brand.<ref name=nytdress/> Sharapova uised the [[Prince Sports|Prince]] Triple Threat Hornet for pairt o 2003 an then uised several different Prince racquets until the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. She gae the racquet she uised in the [[2004 Wimbledon]] final tae [[Regis Philbin]] when taping ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]''. Sharapova began uisin the Prince Shark OS at that tournament specially designed for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|title=Prince Shark Racquet Review|accessdate=June 18, 2012|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|archive-date=2008-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327130507/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She then switched tae the Prince O3 White racquet in Januar 2006. She switched tae the Prince O3 Speedport Black in Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|title=Tennis Racquets, Tennis Footwear, String, EXO3 Racquet|publisher=Prince Tennis|accessdate=August 31, 2010|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022085350/http://www.princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter bein wi Prince for ten years,<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228161310/http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |archivedate=2010-12-28 |url=http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |title=Gear – Maria Sharapova’s New Head for the New Year? |publisher=TENNIS.com |date=December 21, 2010 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sharapova began endorsing [[Head (company)|Head]] racquets in 2011 an uses the Head YOUTEK IG Instinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|title=Performance meets Style – Maria Sharapova joins the HEAD team!|publisher=Head Tennis|date=January 3, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713071147/http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|title=Maria Sharapova|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527060103/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova signed a three-year deal tae be brand ambassador for [[Porsche]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harley|first=Michael|title=Porsche picks Maria Sharapova as brand ambassador|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/04/23/porsche-picks-maria-sharapova-as-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=2013-08-25}}</ref> ==Sugarpova== ''Sugarpova'' is a [[candy]] line creaut bi Maria Sharapova an candy veteran Jeff Rubin, foonder o internaitional retailer IT'SUGAR.<ref name="Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success">{{cite web|title=Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-17/sugarpova-candy-sharapovas-sweet-taste-of-success|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'">{{cite news|title=Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|accessdate=22 January 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordin tae the Sugarpova wabsteid, "Sugarpova is a premium candy line that reflects the fun, fashionable, sweet side of international tennis sensation Maria Sharapova."<ref name="sugarpova.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803094456/http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The line currently consists o 12 different flavors that range frae Flirty, tae Smitten Sour, tae Splashy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2014-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022826/http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A portion o aw proceeds goes tae the Maria Sharapova Foundation, Sharapova's charity.<ref name="sugarpova.com"/> Sugarpova wis launched warldwide in 2013 throu IT'SUGAR an [[Selfridges]] stores. Accordin tae her agent, Sharapova seriously considered changing her last name tae "Sugarpova" for the [[2013 US Open (tennis)|2013 US Open]], but ultimately decidit against it.<ref>{{cite web|title=No name switch for Maria Sharapova|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen13/story/_/id/9584846/2013-us-open-maria-sharapova-nixes-sugarpova-name-change|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, some reports suggest that she made an application tae a Florida Court tae that effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova wants to change her name|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/20/maria-sharapova-wants-to-change-her-name|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{Main|Maria Sharapova career statistics}} ===Grand Slam tournaments=== ====Singles performance timeline==== {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !width=145|Tournament!![[2003 WTA Tour|2003]]!![[2004 WTA Tour|2004]]!![[2005 WTA Tour|2005]]!![[2006 WTA Tour|2006]]!![[2007 WTA Tour|2007]]!![[2008 WTA Tour|2008]]!![[2009 WTA Tour|2009]]!![[2010 WTA Tour|2010]]!![[2011 WTA Tour|2011]]!![[2012 WTA Tour|2012]]!![[2013 WTA Tour|2013]]!![[2014 WTA Tour|2014]]!![[2015 WTA Tour|2015]]!!width=65|{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !!width=65|{{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}}!!width=65|Win % |- |align=left|'''[[Australian Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2005 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2006 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |bgcolor=lime|'''[[2008 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|W]]''' |A |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2013 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2015 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |1 / 12 |48–11 |81.36% |- |align=left|'''[[French Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 French Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2004 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2007 French Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2009 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2011 French Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2012 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2013 French Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2014 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |2 / 13 |53–11 |82.81% |- |align=left|'''[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|F]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | |1 / 12 |42–11 |79.25% |- |align=left|'''[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2005 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2006 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |A |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |A |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | |1 / 10 |32–9 |78.38% |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !4–4 !15–3 !19–4 !20–3 !16–4 !11–2 !7–3 !8–4 !16–4 !21–3 !12–3 !16–3 ! !5 / 46 !172–41 !80.25% |} <small> ''Note: At the [[2003 Australian Open]] an [[2003 French Open]], Sharapova won three qualifyin roond matches at each toornament in order tae enter the main draw.'' </small> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharapova, Maria}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox Christians frae Roushie]] [[Category:Expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit States]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bradenton, Florida]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nyagan]] [[Category:Roushie expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Roushie female models]] [[Category:Roushie female tennis players]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Roushie]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Roushie]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] nrmu6y64l0ytwdnp124qcl46uh2x88h 0 44858 923145 918368 2026-09-23T18:33:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox War on Terror detainee | name = Mamdouh Habib<br/>{{Lang-ar|ممدوح حبيب}} | image = Mamdouh Habib.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Habib at an anti-war convention | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|6|3}} | birth_place = [[Alexandria]], [[Egyp]] | date_of_arrest = 5 October 2001 | place_of_arrest= | arresting_authority= | date_of_release = 11 Januar 2005 | place_of_release= | death_date = | death_place = | detained_at = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay detainment camps]] | id_number = 661 | group = | alias = | charge = | penalty = | status = Released | occupation = | spouse = Maha Habib | parents = | children = Islam Hassam, Ahmed Mandouh Habib,<br/> Mustafa Habib, Hajer Habib }} '''Mamdouh Habib''' is an [[Egyp]]tian-born [[Australie]] [[Muslim]] best kent for his [[extrajudicial detention]] in the [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]s, in [[Cuba]], on suspicion o involvement in terrorism.<ref name=DoDList2>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf | format=PDF | title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May&nbsp;15, 2006 | author=[[OARDEC]] | publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] | date=15 May 2006 | accessdate=29 September 2007 | archive-date=2007-09-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184034/http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit States accuised Habib o haein haed knawledge o the [[11t September attacks|11 September 2001 attacks]], trainin the hijackers, stayin at an [[al-Qaeda]] safe hoose in Afghanistan, conductin surveillance, helpin tae transfer chemical wappens, an plannin tae hijack the aircraft uised in the 11 September attacks. Housomeivver thare wis nae evidence tae support thir claims an he wis eventually released. Australie offeecials acknawledgit that he "ken naething aboot terrorism".<ref name="mayer"/> In November 2008, Habib released a beuk co-written wi Julia Collingwood teetled ''My Story: The Tale of a Terrorist Who Wasn't'' detailin his experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scribepublications.com.au/book/mystory |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2008-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121075954/http://scribepublications.com.au/book/mystory |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Life== He wis born in 3 Juin 1955 in [[Alexandria]], [[Egyp]], muivit tae [[Australie]] in 1980, became a ceetizen thare, marriet a wumman namit Maha, haed fower childer, an taucht Islam, while runnin a [[café|coffee shop]] in [[Sydney]].<ref name="mayer">[[Jane Mayer|Mayer, Jane]], "[[The Dark Side (book)|The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals]]", 2008. p. 125</ref> He is a dual ceetizen o Australie an o Egyp.<ref>http://inside.org.au/mamdouh-habib-who-knew-what-and-when/</ref><ref>http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2005/s1377847.htm</ref> Efter bein released athoot chairge he ran as an unthirlt poleetical candidate in [[:en:New South Wales state election, 2007|New South Wales state election, 2007]], but failed tae gain a seat efter pollin less nor 5% in his electorate.<ref name=ElectionResult20070305/> ==1990s== Accordin tae the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] Current Affairs program ''[[Four Corners (TV program)|Four Corners]]''<ref name="4CWorst">ABC TV [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1157599.htm ''Four Corners'' Worst of the Worst?] retrieved 29 April 2008</ref> the (Australian) Defence Housing Authority teuk oot an apprehendit violence order against him, claiming he made a threatenin phone caw follaein the unjustifeed cancellation o a contract Habib haed wi the organisation. Habib says the allegit phone caw wis naething mair nor an argument ower a contract. In court his psychiatrist testified that Habib wis sufferin frae major depression an wis bein treatit wi [[Prozac]], but that he wis no prone tae violence. A witness statit at the trial; "He is irritable. He haes been preoccupeed wi a sense o howplessness about his futur. He haes become athdrawn an he haes been vera agitatit at hame an he haes been cryin excessively as well. There is nae evidence tae suggest that he is aggressive or aboot tae become aggressive or violent. He is no dangerous at this point." Accordin tae the same programme, in early 2001 at a meetin wi polis, Habib wis describit as showin "signs o hostility towards govrenment organisations an the commonty generally". The Protective Services Group wis askit tae dae "a detailed threat assessment" o Mr Habib. The feenal conclusion wis that thare wis nae information tae support concerns that Habib micht cairy oot an act o violence. The polis decidit Habib wis "a repetitious an vexatious complainant" an that "little credibility coud be attributit tae ony threats or allegations he mey mak". On 1 Mey 2009, Habib lost an appeal in the Full Federal Court against a 2007 Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) decision that affirmit the umwhile Foreign Affairs meenister's decision in 2006 tae refuse Mr Habib an Australie passport. Mr Habib haed appealed tae the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) against that decision. The AAT concludit that Mr Habib an his wife haed gien false evidence in the proceedins. The tribunal uised this conclusion tae fynd Mr Habib still held the same extremist sentiments that it wis acceptit he haed held afore 2001. ==2001 tae 2005 impreesonment: Pakistan, Egyp, Afghanistan, Cuba== Habib traveled tae Pakistan in 2001, howpin tae find employment an releegious schuils for his childer.<ref name="mayer"/> He wis arrestit in [[Pakistan]], deportit tae [[Egyp]] whaur he wis held for 5 month, transferred tae US militar custody, impreesoned in [[Afghanistan]], then sent tae [[Camp X-ray]], the [[Unitit States]] militar preeson camp at [[Guantánamo Bay]], [[Cuba]].<ref name="4CWorst"/> His documents frae Guantanamo Bay war released bi Wikileaks: http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} A [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] spokesman said that Habib wis a terrorist who spent his trip athort the mairch in Afghanistan, "either supportin hostile forces, or on the battlefield fechtin illegally against the U.S.".<ref name="mayer"/> ===Arrest=== Habib wis arrestit on 5 October 2001 while travelin bi bus tae [[Karachi]], Pakistan. The bus wis stoppit bi local polis who arrestit Habib an twa Germans. The twa German ceetizens arrestit wi Habib wur released shortly thareefter.<ref name="4CWorst"/> The ''Four Corners'' airin statit that, unner intense an lenthy interrogation, the twa Germans wur askit whether thay haed seen Habib, an whether he haed tauld them that he haed been in [[Afghanistan]]. Thay said naething that incriminatit Habib; ane repleed; "Nae. A didna see him in the camps A wis in. Nor did he tell us that he haed been in a trainin camp." Australie govrenment authorities allege that Habib wis in Afghanistan, an that while thare he teuk an advancit [[al-Qaeda]] trainin course in a camp near Kabul. It is claimit that the course includit surveillance an photografin facilities, the establishment an uise o safe hooses, covert traivel an writin secret reports. Australie authorities say that several ither men who teuk pairt in the course identifeed Habib as haein been thare. Evidence tae support thir claims haes no been made public.<ref name="4CWorst"/> In an interview wi the Australie ABC Habib refused tae confirm whether he haed been in Afghanistan, no acause he did no want tae answer, but acause he haed court hearins comin up.<ref name="SPMH">ABC radio Sunday Profile [http://www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1611352.htm Mamdouh Habib: Australia's Guantanamo Bay survivor] retrieved 30 April 2008</ref> ===Tortur allegations=== Habib alleges that he wis beaten an humiliatit in Pakistan efter his arrest. He alleges that an Australie offeecial wis present at some o thir interrogations an aw, but the Australie Govrenment haes denied this.<ref name=Smh051006>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/Global-Terrorism/Habib-details-torture-claim-in-court-documents/2005/01/06/1104832208379.html Australian official saw Habib tortured: report], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 6 January 2005</ref> Habib claims tae hae been suspendit tae a ceilin bi his airms an aw, staundin atop a [[barrel drum]], an that whan he gae an answer his Pakistani interrogators didna believe, thay wad jolt him wi electricity till he faintit.<ref name="mayer"/> Habib wis then sent tae Egyp for five month.<ref name=WashingtonPost20050106> {{Cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A51726-2005Jan5?language=printer | title=Terror Suspect Alleges Torture: Detainee Says U.S. Sent Him to Egypt Before Guantanamo | author=[[Dana Priest]]|author2=[[Dan Eggen]] | publisher=[[Washington Post]] | date=6 January 2005 | accessdate=1 September 2007 }}</ref> His Egyptian captors allegitly shockit him wi heich-voltage wires, hung him frae metal heuks on waws, an beat him. An Egyptian offeecial statit that he coud no comment on thir specific allegations, but addit that accusations that the Egyptian govrenment wis torturin fowk "tend tae be meethologie". Housomeivver the claims hae been substantiatit bi [[Moazzam Begg]] an ither witnesses. "They ootsource tortur," said Stephen Hopper, Habib's Australie lawyer.<ref name=AustralianBc050106>{{Cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200501/s1277343.htm | title=Documents reveal Habib torture allegations | publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=6 January 2005 | accessdate=1 September 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306202838/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200501/s1277343.htm | archivedate=2005-03-06 | url-status=live }}</ref> "You get your friends an allees tae dae your dirty wirk for you." Habib housomeivver, haes said that some of his interrogators in Pakistan clearly haed American accents, an that ane haed a tattoo o an American banner attached tae a flagpole depictit as a [[middle finger]].<ref name="mayer"/> The umwhile coffee shop awner suin confessed tae a litany o terrorism-relatit creemes, includin teachin mairtial airts tae several o the [[:en:Responsibility for the September 11 attacks|11 September hijackers]] an plannin a hijackin hissel. Habib later insistit that his confessions wur false an gien unner "duress an tortur."<ref name=WashingtonPost20050106/> Habib wis then sent tae [[Camp X-Ray|Guantanamo Bay]] for twa years whaur he alleges further abuis. He says that he wis tauld bi interrogators that his faimily haed been killed, an that he wis teed tae the grund while a prostitute menstruatit on him.<ref name=Bbc050213>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4262095.stm Fresh Guantanamo torture claims], ''[[BBC]]'', 13 February 2005</ref> Australie Foreign Meenister [[Alexander Downer]] haes publicly challengit Habib's claims, sayin "nae evidence haes been foond tae pruive that tortur haes been uised at the camp.". The ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'' interviewed [[Christopher Tennant]], the director o [[Sydney University]]'s Psychological medicine unit.<ref name=Abc7-30>[http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2005/s1304488.htm Habib was tortured, psychiatrist says], ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'', 16 February 2005</ref> In the interview Tennant said: *"''He showed me marks on his back, he showed me cigarette burns on his body, and the subsequent examination by another professor of medicine, more expert in physical examination than me, confirmed that he's got skin discolouration on his right loin which would be consistent with old bruising, which in turn would be consistent with beating...''" *"''Well, the main feature of the medical report from Guantanamo was that he had had repeatedly blood in his urine, which is a very significant symptom and a worrying symptom, and that was consistent with his reports both to me and to the specialist physician who also examined him, and was consistent with the fact that, on examination, he had evidence of discolouration to his skin on his right loin, just over his kidney, which in turn was consistent with old bruising and possibly due to being beaten.''" ==Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush== A [[writ o habeas corpus]], [[Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush]], wis submittit on Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib's behauf.<ref name=GuantanamoHabeasMamdouhIbrahimAhmedHabibVGeorgeBush> {{Cite web | url=http://humanrights.ucdavis.edu/projects/the-guantanamo-testimonials-project/testimonies/testimonies-of-the-defense-department/csrts/csrt_isn_661.pdf | title=Mamdouh Ibrahim Ahmed Habib v. George Bush | date=1 October 2004 | pages=1–63 | publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] | accessdate=5 May 2008 |format=PDF}}</ref> In response, on 1 October 2004, the Department of Defense released 63 pages o unclassifeed documents relatit tae his Combatant Status Review Tribunal. On 20 September 2004 his "enemy combatant" status wis confirmit bi [[Tribunal panel 6]]. ==2005 on: release an post-release== On 11 Januar, the day afore his chairges wur scheduled tae be laid, [[Dana Priest]] at the [[Washington Post]] publisht a front-page story givin Habib's side o the story, an detailin his rendition an tortur. Later that day, the American govrenment annooncit thay wad no be chairgin Habib efter aw, an wad gree tae release him tae Australie.<ref name="mayer"/> Australian [[Attorney-General]] [[Phillip Ruddock]] annooncit that Habib wad be repatriatit athin days. A special plane wis chairtered bi the Australie govrenment (for approximately $500,000) tae flee Habib hame acause the US wad no allou him tae traivel on an ordinar commercial flicht.<ref name=Smh050121>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/US-wants-Habib-shackled-on-flight-papers/2005/01/21/1106110906903.html US wants Habib shackled on flight], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 21 January 2005</ref> Habib wis released bi the US Militar an returned tae Australie on 28 Januar 2005. Wi Habib back hame, Australie offeecials hae revokit his passport, say he remains unner suspicion, an warn his activities will be constantly monitored tae ensur he daes no acome a security threat. He haes no been chairgit an remains relatively free. His records frae Guantanamo Bay indicate that he wis considered a relatively heich risk: http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} The Australie govrenment wants tae prevent Habib bein peyed bi the media for interviews or "makkin profits frae committin a creeme" an aw even tho he haes no been convictit o ony creeme bi ony kintra (it is important tae note whilst anti-terrorism laws in Australie currently mak it illegal tae be involvit in terrorist organisations, Habib wis awready in custody when thir laws wur introducit an sae he canna be convictit unner them). The then Australie Prime Meenister, [[John Howard]], ruled oot ony apologie tae Habib. Habib tauld his faimily iverything that haed happened syne he left Sydney in Julie 2001. Juist in case something baed happens tae him, he said, "A want them tae ken fully iverything". On 22 August 2005 Habib wis allegitly attackit bi three men wi a knife while walkin wi his wife near his hame in Guildford.<ref name=Smh050824>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/men-trailed-and-knifed-me--habib/2005/08/23/1124562863772.html Men trailed and knifed me - Habib], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 24 August 2005</ref> He tauld polis that he wis follaeed bi a caur that cut its heidlichts as he an his wife, Maha, went for a walk juist efter midnicht, an that as the men ran awa the body hauldin the knife haed yelled "something like 'this shoud keep you quiet"'. On 29 Mairch 2006, Habib an his son Moustafa said that thay witnessed the eftermath o a dooble murther in the [[Sydney]] suburb o [[Granville, New Sooth Wales|Granville]]. When thay reportit the murder tae police, Habib alleges thay wur abuisit, assaultit an interrogatit bi polis officers. On 3 Aprile, he annooncit he intendit tae sue [[New South Wales Police]] for false impreesonment an assault.<ref name=Age030406>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/habib-to-sue-nsw-police/2006/04/03/1143916459272.html Habib to sue NSW police], ''[[The Age]]'', 3 April 2006</ref> On 11 Juin 2007 the Australian Broadcasting Commission's (ABC) investigative journalism program ''Four Corners'' aired a documentar on extraordinar renditions, hintle o which focussed on Habib's case.<ref name=FourCorners> {{Cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2007/s1945119.htm | title=Four Corners: Ghost Prisoners | publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=11 June 2007 | accessdate=1 September 2007 }}</ref> On 7 Mairch 2008 Habib lost his defamation case against Nationwide News, publisher o The Daily Telegraph. Juistice Peter McClellan foond Habib wis "prone tae exaggerate", "evasive" an haed made claims aboot mistreatment in Pakistan an Egyp which coud no be sustained. He foond that "Habib's claims that he wis seriously mistreatit in the place o detention in Islamabad canna be acceptit" an "that this evidence wis given in order tae enhance his forensic position in the present litigation." His records frae Guantanamo Bay indicate that he wis frequently deceptive an aw. http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} Habib will appear in a ten minute play ''Waiting For Mamdouh'', in which he will deliver monologues aboot his time in detention, at the ''Short+Sweet'' theatrical festival in Sydney in Februar 2010.<ref>Break a leg, Mamdouh Habib, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 11 December 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127181001/http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Dizember 2010, Habib reached an oot-o-court dounset wi the Australie govrenment. He receivit a secret sum in exchynge for absolvin the govrenment o liability in his tortur case. Habib nou plans tae uise the money tae begin an internaitional lawsuit against the Egyptian an Unitit States governments. Habib says he haes fresh evidence includin film fuitage.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/habib-to-sue-us-and-egypt-over-torture-case-20110108-19j93.html Habib to sue US and Egypt over torture case: SMH 9 January 2011]</ref> His documents frae Guantanamo Bay wur released bi Wikileaks in Aprile 2011. <ref [http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf]</ref> In Mey 2011, Habib haes been grantit an Australie passport an [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation|ASIO]] confirmit it nae langer considers him a security risk.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/habib-no-longer-a-threat-asio-20110527-1f7zw.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=27 May 2011}}</ref> ==Entrance intae Australie politics== In the Mairch 2007 [[:en:New South Wales state election, 2007|New South Wales state election]], Habib stuid as an unthirlt candidate in the safe Labor seat o [[:en:Electoral district of Auburn|Auburn]] in Sydney. He receivit less nor 5% o the vote<ref name=ElectionResult20070305>{{Cite web | url=http://vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/lasummary.Auburn.aspx | title=State Electoral District of AUBURN: Summary of First Preference Votes Polled for Each Candidate | publisher=[[New South Wales Electoral Commission]] | date=5 March 2007 | accessdate=1 September 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830054640/http://vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/lasummary.Auburn.aspx | archivedate=2007-08-30 | url-status=live }}</ref> an the seat wis comfortably retained bi the [[Australie Labor Pairty]]. He campaigned for the remuival o the Federal Govrenment's [[:en:Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005|anti-terror laws]], statin "The terror laws are if you have terrorists, but we don't have terrorists".<ref name=DT030207>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070402171838/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,21159240-5007132,00.html Littering's a nasty Habib], ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)]]'', 3 February 2007</ref> He is linkit tae the [[:en:Socialist Alternative (Australia)|Socialist Alternative]], an haes made speeches at Socialist Alternative events tae promote his beuk an raise awareness o the anti-terror laws in Australie. ==Faimily members== Habib haes fower childer, includin twin sons Ahmed Mandouh Habib an Islam Hassam. [[Bob Brown]] invitit Ahmed Habib tae pairlament tae attend [[George W. Bush]] 24 October 2003 speech tae pairlament. Ahmed wis escortit frae pairlament efter cawin oot "What about my father's rights?"<ref name=Smh031023>[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/23/1066631572994.html?from=storyrhs Son shown door after asking about Habib], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 23 October 2003</ref> ==See an aw== * [[:en:List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad|Leet o Australies in internaitional preesons]] * [[David Hicks]] * [[Tortur]] ==References== <div class="references-small"> {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623064421/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/04/15/3192845.htm Habib sues Egyptian VP over alleged torture] Apryle 15, 2011 * [http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/mamdouh-habib-wins-defamation-case-20100316-qawx.html Habib wins defamation case] 16 Mairch 2010 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8535960.stm Ex-Guantanamo detainee Mamdouh Habib to sue Australia] [[BBC]] 25 Februar 2010 * [http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse Link to Mamdouh's one man play about his experiences in Guantanamo Bay being presented at Short+Sweet Sydney 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127181001/http://www.shortandsweet.org/shortsweet-theatre/sydney/top-100-nida-parade-playhouse |date=2010-01-27 }} * [http://prisonerswithouttrials.net/cases/Folder.2004-04-17.5039429079#documentContent Prisoners without Trials - news and analysis of the Habib case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222145857/http://prisonerswithouttrials.net/cases/Folder.2004-04-17.5039429079/#documentContent |date=2006-02-22 }} * [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-habib13jan13,1,3477159.story?coll=la-headlines-world&ctrack=2&cset=true LA Times] Comprehensive article. * [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1155171.htm ABC "4 Corners" documentary "Worst of the Worst"] &ndash; Aired 19 Julie 2004 &ndash; includes link tae transcript. This fills in some background tae Habib, suggestin that he wis "a man on the edge". * [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/07/1097089497937.html Habib trained terrorists: US], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 7 October 2004 * [http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Prostitute-used-in-Habib-torture-lawyer/2005/01/26/1106415668003.html Prostitute used in Habib torture &ndash; lawyer], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' 27 Januar 2005 * [http://wsws.org/articles/2009/mar2009/habi-m25.shtml Rudd Govt. tries to block Guantanamo torture case] * [http://www.cageprisoners.com/prisoners.php?pri_id=9 cageprisoners.com entry for Mamdouh Habib] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107164313/http://www.cageprisoners.com/prisoners.php?pri_id=9 |date=2004-11-07 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4214747.stm Profile: Mamdouh Habib], ''[[BBC]]'',_January_28, 2005 * [http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1291441.htm Mamdouh Habib reunites with family &ndash; a transcript], ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'', 28 Januar 2005 * [http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3523397 Maha and Mamdouh Habib with their two daughters, May 2005] / John Immig * {{Cite news | url=http://news.theage.com.au/national/secret-defence-delays-habib-case-20081009-4xgh.html | title='Secret defence' delays Habib case | publisher=[[The Age]] | date=9 October 2008 | accessdate=28 September 2008 | quote= | location=Melbourne | first=Amy | last=Coopes }} Wikileaks release of Guantanamo Documents http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172920/http://resources.news.com.au/files/2011/04/25/1226044/528311-mamdouh-habib-file.pdf |date=2012-03-19 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009220148/http://news.theage.com.au/national/secret-defence-delays-habib-case-20081009-4xgh.html mirror] {{DEFAULTSORT:Habib, Mamdouh}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australie extrajudicial preesoners o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Australie Muslims]] [[Category:Australie tortur victims]] [[Category:Egyptian expatriates in Pakistan]] [[Category:Egyptian extrajudicial preesoners o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Egyptian emigrants tae Australie]] [[Category:Egyptian Muslims]] [[Category:Egyptian tortur victims]] [[Category:Guantanamo detainees kent tae hae been released]] [[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Australie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Alexandria]] [[Category:Fowk subject tae extraordinar rendition bi the Unitit States]] dz1vdofaa9o9bzo3bv5s5wdvl0sjp4f 0 46412 923247 833635 2026-09-24T06:44:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = |name = Xochitepec |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Toun & Municipality |total_type = Municipality |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_lo |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[States o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Morelos]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Municipal&nbsp;Preses |leader_name = Rodolfo Tapia López |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = |established_title2 = Municipal Status |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =99.13 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes = Municipality |population_note = |population_total = 53368 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Seat |population_blank1 = 16627 <!-- population of seat --> |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Central Staundart Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |coordinates = {{coord|18|42|N|99|11|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postal code (of seat) <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Demonym]] |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Xochitepec''' is a ''[[municipio (Mexico)|municipio]]'' ([[Municipalities o Mexico|municipality]]) o the [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|state]] o [[Morelos]], in central [[Mexico]]. Xochitepec is the name o its principal tounship an seat o the municipal govrenment an aw. It is locatit approximately 13 km (8.1 mi) tae the sooth o the caipital o Morelos, [[Cuernavaca]], on the soothern ootskirts o that ceety's greater [[metropolitan aurie]]. The municipality reportit 53,568 inhabitants in the year 2005 census. The [[toponym]] ''Xochitepec '' {{IPA-nah|ʃot͡ʃi'tepek||}} comes frae the [[Nahuatl]] leid, meanin "on the hill o flouers". In Juin 2006 a research team frae Mexico's [[:en:National Institute of Anthropology and History|Naitional Institute o Anthropologie an History]] (INAH) began excavations at [[Zazacatla]], a [[pre-Columbie]] [[Mesoamerica]]n [[airchaeological steid]] locatit athin the municipal boondaries. The INAH team led bi Giselle Canto reportit fyndin evidence o [[Olmec]] cultural influences at the steid. Prior tae the fynd Olmec-influencit [[Olmec figurine|statuar]] an airchitectur haed been amaist completely unkent for ither steids in the wastren Morelos region, an Zazacatla's excavation represents the strangest evidence yet for some form o trade or contact atween the aurie an the "[[Olmec heartland]]" in the [[Guwf Coast o Mexico|Guwf Coast]] region, some 400 km (249 mi) tae the east.<ref>García (2007), Lovgren (2007, pp.1–2).</ref> In Januar 2007 the [[govrenor o Morelos]], [[Marco Adame Castillo]], annooncit an affer for the state tae unnerwrite the preservation o Zazacatla an tae incorporate it intae the tourism an cultural heritage plans for Morelos. He foreshadaeed that a tourism project wad be initiatit at the steid's location in Xochitepec ance the airchaeological investigations haed further developit.<ref>García (2007).</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|1}} ==References== * {{cite news |author={{aut|García, Miguel Ángel}} |date=2007-01-26 |title=Posible, nuevo plan arqueológico en Xochitepec |url=http://www.lajornadamorelos.com/index.php?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=22322 |work=La Jornada Morelos |publisher=Editora de Medios de Morelos |accessdate=2007-02-09 |archive-date=2007-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008074437/http://www.lajornadamorelos.com/index.php?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=22322 |url-status=dead }}{{es icon}} * {{cite news |author={{aut|Lovgren, Stefan}} |date=2007-01-26 |title=Ancient City Found in Mexico; Shows Olmec Influence |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070126-mexico-olmec.html |work=National Geographic News |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |accessdate=2007-02-08 |archive-date=2007-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202011007/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070126-mexico-olmec.html |url-status=dead}} ==Freemit airtins== *http://www.e-morelos.gob.mx/e-gobierno/DirMunicipios/xochitepec.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813085414/http://www.e-morelos.gob.mx/e-gobierno/DirMunicipios/xochitepec.htm |date=2006-08-13 }} *http://e-municipios.e-morelos.gob.mx/xochitepec.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125085133/http://e-municipios.e-morelos.gob.mx/xochitepec.htm |date=2005-01-25 }} {{Morelos}} [[Category:Municipalities o Morelos]] [[Category:Populatit places in Morelos]] n435r5dr9vork60t2tkmd3drskycylb 0 46612 923188 921313 2026-09-23T23:54:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox bodie |background = solo_singer |image = File:Ricky Martin 7, 2013.jpg |caption = Ricky Martin in store appearance at Westfield Parramatta, Sydney, Australia 2013 |birth_name = Enrique Martín Morales |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|12|24}} |birth_place = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]] |occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster-sangwriter * muisicker * actor * author }} |instrument = Vocals |years_active = 1984–present | spouse = Jwan Yosef | children = 4 | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[Laitin pop]] * [[dance-pop]] * [[reggae]] * [[contemporar R&B|urban pop]] }} |label = {{flatlist| * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Sony Music Latin]] * [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Mexico]] }} |associated_acts = [[Menudo (baund)|Menudo]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Draco Rosa]], [[Ednita Nazario]], [[Luciano Pavarotti]], [[Nina Moric]] | website = {{url|rickymartinmusic.com}} }} }} '''Enrique Martín Morales'''<ref group=note>{{Spanish name|'''Martín'''|'''Morales'''}}</ref> (born 24 December 1971), kent professionally as '''Ricky Martin''', is a Puerto Rican<ref name="NE">{{cite web|url=http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2011/11/04/ricky-martin-benicio-toro-nacionalidad-espanola/1152213.html |title=Ricky Martin y Benicio del Toro ya tienen la nacionalidad española|publisher=lne.es |date=November 4, 2011|accessdate=November 4, 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="ES">{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/ces-gens-la/nationalite-espagnole-accordee-a-ricky-martin-et-benicio-del-toro-04-11-2011-1392750_264.php|title=RSS Nationalité espagnole accordée à Ricky Martin et Benicio del Toro|publisher=lepoint.fr|date=November 11, 2011|accessdate=November 4, 2011|language=French|archive-date=2013-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101032544/http://www.lepoint.fr/ces-gens-la/nationalite-espagnole-accordee-a-ricky-martin-et-benicio-del-toro-04-11-2011-1392750_264.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> pop muisicker, actor an author. Grammy haes cried him ''The King of Latin Pop''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/ricky-martin-host-biggest-night-latin-music-19-years-after-performing-inaugural-show |title=Grammy.com - Ricky Martin To Host The Biggest Night In Latin Music 19 Years After Performing At Inaugural Show |access-date=2020-02-13 |archive-date=2019-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114061046/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/ricky-martin-host-biggest-night-latin-music-19-years-after-performing-inaugural-show |url-status=dead}}</ref> Martin begoud his career at age twal wi the aw-lad pop group [[Menudo (baund)|Menudo]]. Efter five years wi the group, he lowsed seevral Spainish-leid solo albums throuoot the 1990s. He actit on stage an on TV in [[Mexico]] an aw, becomin a modest starn in the kintra. In 1994 he starned on the American TV saip opera ''[[General Hospital]]'', pleyin a Puerto Rican sangster. In late 1999, efter lowsin seevral albums in Spainie, Martin performit "[[The Cup of Life]]" at the [[41st Grammy Awairds]] programme, whilk becam a catalyst in bringin Laitin pop tae the forefront o the U.S. muisic scene.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9905/17/latin.music/ CNN.com - Ricky Martin Leading The Latin (music) revolution]</ref> Follaein its success, Martin lowsed "[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]" whilk helpit him obteen enormous success warldwide an is generally seen as the sang that begoud the [[Laitin pop]] explosion o 1999 an makkit the transeetion easier fur ither Spainie-speakin airtists tae muive intae the Inglis-speakin mercat. Syne its lowse, the sang haes selt ower 8 million copies, makkin it ane o the best sellin singles o aw time.<ref name="20 Best Selling Since 1990">{{cite web|url=http://www.listzblog.com/best_selling_music_singles_history_list.html|title=20 Best Selling Music Singles Since 1990|publisher=The List Blog|date=|accessdate=2012-03-25|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104112329/http://www.listzblog.com/best_selling_music_singles_history_list.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His furst Inglis-leid album (titled ''[[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|Ricky Martin]]'' an aw), haes selt 22 million copies an is ane of the best sellin albums o aw time.<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/M/Martin_Ricky/2011/04/11/17949796.html Martin wants to be a dad again]. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref><ref name="amillionlives.net">[http://www.amillionlives.net/ricky-martin-biography-a-prominent-figure-from-latin-pop-music.html Ricky Martin Biography – A Prominent Figure from Latin Pop Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030160418/http://www.amillionlives.net/ricky-martin-biography-a-prominent-figure-from-latin-pop-music.html |date=2015-10-30 }}. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref><ref name="entertainment-focus.com">[http://www.entertainment-focus.com/news/ricky-martin-to-release-greatest-hits Ricky Martin To Release Greatest Hits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315085017/http://www.entertainment-focus.com/news/ricky-martin-to-release-greatest-hits |date=2012-03-15 }}. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref> His ither studio albums include: ''[[Me Amarás (album)|Me Amarás]]'' (1993), ''[[A Medio Vivir (album)|A Medio Vivir]]'' (1995), ''[[Vuelve (album)|Vuelve]]'' (1998), ''[[Sound Loaded]]'' (2000), ''[[Almas del Silencio]]'' (2003), ''[[Life (Ricky Martin album)|Life]]'' (2005), ''[[Música + Alma + Sexo]]'' (2011), ''[[A Quien Quiera Escuchar]]'' (2015), an [[Movimiento]] (2020). He haes selt ower 85 million albums, an haes haed 95 platinum records, sax #1 ''Billboard'' albums, 11 Nummer 1 hit sangs, twa [[American Muisic Awaird|American Muisic Awairds]], sax [[Grammy Awaird|Grammy Awairds]], aicht [[Warld Muisic Awairds]], ten [[Billboard Muisic Awaird|''Billboard'' Muisic Awairds]], aicht [[MTV Muisic Video Awaird|MTV Muisic Video Awairds]], wi concerts in mair nor 60 kintra athort the globe. ==Life an career== ===Early life: 1971–83=== Martin wis born on 24 Dizember 1971, in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], the son o Nereida Morales, an accoontant, an Enrique Martín Negroni, a psychologist.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p29272|pure_url=yes}}|title=Ricky Martin – Biography|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|work=[[AllMusic]]|publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=April 8, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Otfinoski138">Otfinoski, 2007. p. 138</ref><ref name="zen">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20133136,00.html|title=Ricky Martin : Zen and Now|work=People|publisher=Time, Inc.|last=Tresniowski|first=Alex|date=December 4, 2000|accessdate=August 1, 2012|archive-date=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405080326/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20133136,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Martin42">Martin, 2010. p. 42</ref> His parents divorcit when he wis twa year auld and Martin spent hintle o his childhood shifting atween his faither's home in the suburb of Varsity Gardens and his paternal grandmither's hoose nearby.<ref name="favorite">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20128580,00.html|title=My Favorite Martin|work=People|publisher=Time, Inc.|last=Schneider|first=Karen S.|date=June 28, 1999|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2014-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104194538/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20128580,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Martin20">Martin, 2010. p. 20</ref> Martin haes twa maternal hauf-brithers, Fernando and Ángel Fernández, an twa paternal hauf-brithers, Eric an Daniel Martín, an a paternal hauf-sister Vanessa Martín.<ref name="zen"/> Martin haes Catalan ([[Spainyie fowk|Spainyie]]) ancestry throu his maternal grandmither who wis born in Spain as well as [[Corsican fowk|Corsican]] ancestry throu his paternal grandmither.<ref name=galaz>{{cite web|url =http://www.elpais.com/articulo/gente/tv/gobierno/concede/Ricky/Martin/nacionalidad/espanola/poder/casarse/elpepugen/20111104elpepuage_3/Tes |title = El gobierno concede a Ricky Martin la nacionalidad española para poder casarse|work=[[El País]]|author = Galaz, Mabel|date = November 4, 2011|accessdate =November 8, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Martin21">Martin, 2010. p. 21</ref> Martin grew up in a [[Roman Catholic]] hame an wis a [[altar server|altar boy]] throuoot his bairnheid.<ref name="Martin18">Martin, 2010. p. 18</ref> He began singin at age sax, uisin firthen kitchen spoons as pretend microphones; he aften interpretit sangs bi Menudo as well as Inglis-leid rock groups sic as [[Led Zeppelin]], Journey, an [[REO Speedwagon]].<ref name="Martin16">Martin, 2010. p. 16</ref> His mither's side o the faimily wis muisically inclined and his maternal grandfaither wis a poet, which inspired young Martin tae write sangs.<ref name="Martin16"/> Martin later reflectit on his time spent wi his faimily as a bairn: "Every time I find myself in front of an audience, be it twenty people or one hundred thousand, once again I feel the energy that consumed me back at the family gatherings of my youth."<ref name="Martin17">Martin, 2010. p. 17</ref> Efter discoverin a newspaper advertisement anent audeetions for commercials wi his faither, nine-year-auld Martin began appearin in Puerto Rican telly commercials for products siclik saft drinks, toothpaste, an fast-fuid restaurants.<ref name="Martin2425">Martin, 2010. pp. 24-25</ref> In a year an a hauf, he starred in eleiven commercials.<ref name="Martin2425"/> ===Menudo: 1984–89=== Efter achievin a smaw amoont o fame in Puerto Rico for his wirk in telly commercials, Martin auditioned for membership in [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] [[boy baund]] [[Menudo (baund)|Menudo]]. Awtho the executives enjoyed his dancin an singin at his first twa audeetions, Martin wis rejectit acause he wis too short.<ref name="Martin31">Martin, 2010. p. 31</ref> Bi the third audeetion, his persistence impressed executives an in 1984, thirteen-year-auld Martin became a member.<ref name="Martin3132">Martin, 2010. pp. 31-32</ref> A month efter joinin Menudo, he made his debut performance wi the group at the [[Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center]] in San Juan.<ref name="Martin33">Martin, 2010. p. 33</ref> Durin this performance, he inadvertently disobeyed the choreografie bi walkin aroond the stage when it wis planned that he wad stay still, an wis chastisit bi the baund manager efter the show: "The mistake wis such a big deal that frae that moment on, niver again did A muive when A wisna supposed tae muive...That wis the discipline o Menudo: You either did things the wey you wur tauld or you wur no pairt o the group."<ref name="Martin3334">Martin, 2010. pp. 33-34</ref> The sang "Asignatura Pendiente" frae ''[[Almas del Silencio]]'' (2003) wis inspired bi the first time Martin left Puerto Rico tae tour wi Menudo.<ref name="Martin47">Martin, 2010. p. 47</ref> Awtho Martin enjoyed travelin an performin onstage wi Menudo, he foond the baund's busy schedule an strict managin tae be exhaustin an later reflectit that the experience "cost" him his bairnheid.<ref name="Martin28">Martin, 2010. p. 28</ref> He considered leavin the group while on tour in Brazil, but ultimately decidit tae stay oot o fear o media backlash an bein sued for breach o contract.<ref name="Martin3637">Martin, 2010. pp. 36-37</ref> Martin began strugglin wi his sexuality an aw, notin the stark contrast atween his status as a [[sex seembol]] an his awn emotions.<ref name="VH1behindthemusic">(2002) ''[[Behind the Music]]'': Ricky Martin episode. [[VH1]].</ref> Despite this, Martin acknawledgit his "opportunity tae hae so mony amazin experiences wi so mony amazin fowk" durin his time wi the group.<ref name="Martin37">Martin, 2010. p. 37</ref> He developit an interest in filanthropy when the group became [[UNICEF]] ambassadors, aften wirkin wi impoverished childer in third warld kintras.<ref name="Martin37"/> His experiences as a ambassador affectit him greatly an inspired him tae continue wirkin with charities later in life.<ref name="Martin37"/> Bi 1987, Menudo's record sales began tae decline an the group chyngit its image, adoptin a edgier leuk an performin mair rock-influencit sangs.<ref name="Martin44">Martin, 2010. p. 44</ref> The baund released the album ''[[Somos Los Hijos del Rock]]'' in Spainyie, an tae appeal tae the Menudo's Filipino fanbase, the group released ''[[In Action]]'', recordin sangs in baith Inglis an [[Tagalog leid|Tagalog]].<ref name="Martin44"/> Efter recordin eleiven albums wi the group, Martin left Menudo in Julie 1989 at age seiventeen, howpin tae rest an evaluate his career path.<ref name="Martin46">Martin, 2010. p. 46</ref> He performed his feenal show wi the group at the same venue as his first performance as a member.<ref name="Martin46"/> Martin returned tae Puerto Rico tae graduate frae heich schuil, an thirteen days efter turnin aichteen, he muivit tae New York Ceety tae celebrate his financial unthirldom; syne he wis a minor durin his time as a member o Menudo, Martin wis no allouit tae access his awn bank accoonts.<ref name="Martin58">Martin, 2010. p. 58</ref> He wis acceptit intae [[New York Varsity]]'s [[Tisch School of the Arts]], but months afore clesses began, Martin droppit oot an muivit tae [[Mexico Ceety]] tae perform in the play ''Mama Ama el Rock''.<ref name="Martin1819">Martin, 2010, pp. 18-19</ref> ===Actin an first twa solo albums: 1991–1994=== While he wis performin in onstage in ''Mama Ama el Rock'', a producer in the audience teuk notice o Martin's actin an affered him a role in the Mexican [[telenovela]] ''[[Alcanzar una estrella]]'' efter the show.<ref name="Martin66">Martin, 2010. p. 66</ref> He jynt the cast for the seicont series o the show an aw, titled ''[[Alcanzar una estrella II]]''.<ref name="Martin66"/> A film based on the TV series entitled ''Más que alcanzar una estrella'' wis producit an aw in which Martin starred an earned a El Heraldo Award in 1993 for his role.<ref name="Martin67">Martin, 2010. p. 67</ref> The show centred aroond a feectional muisical group cried [[Muñecos de Papel]] in which Martin played Pablo Loredo, ane o the sax members; the group toured several ceeties in Mexico an recordit twa albums.<ref name="Martin66"/> Awtho he haed howpit tae tak a break frae tourin efter Menudo, Martin enjoyed the experience acause he got alang wi the ither members well.<ref name="Martin67"/> In 1990, Martin wis signed to [[Sony Music Latin|Sony Discos]], the [[Sony Music Entertainment]]'s Latin imprint. Eager tae mak his first solo album, Martin signed the contract athoot readin it an inadvertently signed a deal in which he wad anerly be awairdit ane cent o ryalties for each album sauld.<ref name="Martin70"/> Despite viewin the contract as unfair, Martin referred tae the record as "the stairt o something phenomenal" for him.<ref name="Martin70"/> Efter wirking "aroond the clock" tae feenish filmin ''Alcanzar una estrella II'' an recordin muisic, Martin released his debut solo album, the Spainyie-leid ''[[Ricky Martin (1991 album)|Ricky Martin]]'', in November 1991.<ref name="Martin7071">Martin, 2010, pp. 70-71</ref> ''Ricky Martin'' includit the singles: "Fuego Contra Fuego" an "El Amor de Mi Vida". "Fuego Contra Fuego" wis certifee'd Gowd in Mexico, Argentinae, Puerto Rico, an the Unitit States.<ref name="Martin71">Martin, 2010. p. 71</ref> Tae promote the album, Martin toured throuoot Laitin Americae, which the sangster referred tae as "a indescribable feelin, amaist like comin hame."<ref name="Martin71"/> Efter the success o ''Ricky Martin'' an its subsequent tour, Martin's record company met him wi acclaimi producer Juan Carlos Calderón on his seicon solo album, ''[[Me Amarás (album)|Me Amarás]]''. Awtho Martin felt "very grateful" for the opportunity tae wirk wi Calderón, he notit, "I always felt that that record was more his than mine."<ref name="Martin87">Martin, 2010, p. 87</ref> Released in Mey 1993, ''Me Amarás'' features a Spainish-leid civer o the [[Laura Branigan]] sang "Self Control", titled "Que Dia Es Hoy".<ref name="MeamarasAM">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/me-amar%C3%A1s-mw0000100600|title=Review: Ricky Martin - Me Amarás|last=Henderson|first=Alex|work=AllMusic|publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=July 10, 2012}}</ref> In his review, Alex Henderson o [[AllMusic]] wrote, "The CD isn't without its pleasures...but on the whole, ''Me Amarás'' is too glossy, too calculated, and much too contrived for its own good."<ref name="MeamarasAM"/> In 1994, Martin's agent encouragi him tae muive tae Los Angeles tae act in a American sitcom cried ''[[Getting By]]''.<ref name="Martin76">Martin, 2010. p. 76</ref> The show wis canceled efter twa series, but suin efter, Martin wis gien the role o sangster/bartender Miguel Morez on the soap opera ''[[General Hospital]]''.<ref name="Martin7778">Martin, 2010, pp. 77-78</ref> Martin felt that he lacki chemistry wi the rest o the ''General Hospital'' cast, an observit that fowk treati him differently acause o his Puerto Rican accent.<ref name="Martin7879">Martin, 2010, pp. 78-79</ref> At the time, it wis relatively uncommon for Hispanic fowk tae appear on American telly, an fowk suggestit that he tak accent reduction clesses, which he refused.<ref name="Martin7778"/> It wis this time, housomeivver, that Martin began his first committi relationship wi a man.<ref name="Martin81">Martin, 2010. p. 81</ref> He "stoppit fearin his sexuality", an suin [[Comin oot|came oot]] tae his mither, who wis supportive o him.<ref name="Martin81"/> Housomeivver, efter the relationship endit, Martin "lockit [his] feelins even deeper inside", an began datin weemen again.<ref name="Martin82">Martin, 2010. p. 82</ref> He recried, "I already felt it was hard to be a Latino in Hollywood; what could have been more difficult than being Latino and gay?"<ref name="Martin84">Martin, 2010. p. 84</ref> ===''A Medio Vivir'', ''Vuelve'', an breakthrou: 1995–1998=== In 1995, Martin refocused on his muisic career, an began wirk on his third album, ''[[A Medio Vivir (album)|A Medio Vivir]]''. The first single, the ballad "[[Te Extraño, Te Olvido, Te Amo]]", wis reminiscent o his earlier wirk.<ref name="Martin102">Martin, 2010. p. 102</ref> Wi the sang, Martin furthered his expansion frae Laitin American an Spainyie-speakin audiences tae the European an Asie mercats.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r224606|pure_url=yes}} AllMusic]</ref> Housomeivver, the record made a shift frae his tradeetional ballad-style compositions tae a mair risky fusion o muisic centred aroond tradeetional Latin soonds an aw, epitomisit bi the sang "[[María (sang)|Maria]]". Taken aback bi the starkly different muisical style, record label executives felt that the sang wad ruin Martin's career.<ref name="Martin103">Martin, 2010. p. 103</ref> Despite this, "Maria" wis chosen as the album's seicont single, an became a breakthrou hit, reachin nummer ane in Fraunce, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Swisserland, Finland, Italy, Turkey, an the entire continent o Sooth Americae.<ref name="Martin103"/> Wi ''A Medio Vivir'', Martin wis creditit, alang wi sangsrers [[Chayanne]] an [[Marc Anthony]], for popularizin the muisic o Puerto Rico in Spain.<ref name="spanishmarket">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uhAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA61-IA2&lpg=RA1-PA61-IA2&dq=ricky+martin+a+medio+vivir&source=bl&ots=bqqrnCl1FZ&sig=fBmYD5iWZNkusJcpy1xthEWLRMI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xa0LUL7rCIfMqAHrtK28Cg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=ricky%20martin%20a%20medio%20vivir&f=false|title=Breaking Into the Spanish Market|last=Llewellyn|first=Howell|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media |date=October 7, 2000|accessdate=July 21, 2012}}</ref> The album haes sauld ower 3 million copies warldwide. In a 1996 interview wi ''[[The Miami Herald]]'', Martin expressed a interest in performin on Broadway. Days efter the interview wis released Martin receivit a phone caw frae producer [[Richard Jay-Alexander]], offerin him the lead role o [[Marius Pontmercy]] in the play ''[[Les Misérables (muisical)|Les Misérables]]''.<ref name="Martin89">Martin, 2010. p. 89</ref> Efter the conclusion o a warldwide tour in support o ''A Medio Vivir'', Martin returned tae New York tae appear in the play in a eleiven-week run.<ref name="Martin90">Martin, 2010. p. 90</ref> He greatly enjoyed the experience, cawin his time in the play a "honor" an "the role of [his] life".<ref name="Martin90"/> Martin continued tae tour efter the conclusion o the show's run, an notit that his audiences wur growin in baith size an enthusiasm.<ref name="Martin104">Martin, 2010. p. 104</ref> In 1997, Martin wis invitit tae the prestigious [[Sanremo Muisic Festival]] in [[Sanremo]], Italy. efter landin in Milan, Martin's scheduled helicopter trip tae Sanremo haed tae be postponed due tae poor wather conditions.<ref name="Martin106">Martin, 2010. p. 106</ref> Howpin tae arrive at the festival on time, Martin an his crew drove throu the muntainous terrain at ower 120 mile per oor. The caur then turned too quickly an flippit ower.<ref name="Martin106"/> Housomeivver, "none of us had more than a couple of scratches and bruises" an he arrivit at the festival on time bi taxi later that day.<ref name="Martin106"/> In the simmer o 1997, Martin embarkit on a tour o Spain, performin 45 shows in 36 ceeties.<ref name="Martin107">Martin, 2010. p. 107</ref> While on tour, Martin returned tae the studio tae record his fowert album, ''[[Vuelve (album)|Vuelve]]'' (1998). He cried the experience o tourin an recordin at the same time "brutal and incredibly intense".<ref name="Martin108">Martin, 2010. p. 108</ref> As he wis feenishin the record, the sangster wis contactit bi [[FIFA]] tae write a sang for the [[1998 FIFA Warld Cup|1998 Warld Cup]]; Martin subsequently wrote "[[La Copa de la Vida]]" wi [[K. C. Porter]] an [[Draco Rosa]].<ref name="Martin108109">Martin, 2010. pp. 108-109</ref> He performit the sang at the Warld Cup feenal in the [[Stade de France]] on 12 Julie 1998.<ref name="Martin109">Martin, 2010. p. 109</ref> The performance, which wis broadcast tae ower a billion viewers in 187 kintras, wis describit as a "global moment for Latin pop".<ref name="Holt165">Holt, 2007. p. 165</ref> "La Copa de la Vida" reached nummer ane on the chairts aroond the warld an went gowd an platinum in various kintras. It wis awairdit Pop Sang o the Year at the 1999 [[Lo Nuestro Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=490994 |title=Lo Nuestro 1999 – Historia de Premio lo Nuestro |publisher=Univision |accessdate=August 2, 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403132343/http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=490994 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Vuelve (sang)|title track]] an the ballad "[[Perdido Sin Tí]]" baith hit nummer ane on the [[Hot Latin Songs]]. Further singles includit: "[[La Bomba (Ricky Martin sang)|La Bomba]]", "[[Por Arriba, Por Abajo]]" an "[[Corazonado]]". ''Vuelve'' spent twinty-sax weeks at nummer ane on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]]. It became Martin's first top forty album on the [[Billboard 200]] in the Unitit States, whaur it wis certifee'd platinum bi the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]. The album went tae nummer ane in Spain an Norawa, an sauld ower aicht million copies warldwide.<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ricky+Martin&titel=Vuelve&cat=a/ Ricky Martin – Vuelve]. norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> Martin wis nominatit for his first Grammy Award for ''Vuelve'' in the category o [[Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album|Best Latin Pop Album]], an wis beukit tae sing on the [[41st Grammy Awards]] live TV broadcast. His acclaimit performance o "La Copa de la Vida" earned Martin a unexpectit staundin ovation an introducit him tae the mainstream American audience.<ref name="smashing">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/01/entertainment/ca-34681|title=A Smashing Start for Ricky Martin|work=Los Angeles Times |publisher=Tribune Company|date=May 1, 1999|accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Martin115">Martin, 2010. p. 115</ref> Martin won the Grammy Award later that evening.<ref name="Martin116">Martin, 2010. p. 116</ref> His appearance spairkit naitionwide interest in Laitin Writing for ''Billboard'' on 24 Apryle 1999, Michael Paoletta notit, "In the weeks since [the performance], it seems like every record label exec has been in a heated search for the next Latin hottie."<ref name="paoletta">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eigEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=ricky+martin+sensation&source=bl&ots=-XoJZ-_KcN&sig=YqsasIUw3LbdUP1fhkzilnoqdAM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZPkbUJjdB4GciQLV9YDoCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=ricky%20martin%20sensation&f=false|title=Can New Jersey's Spicy Sin Match Martin's Latin Sizzle?|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media |last=Paoletta|first=Michael|date=April 24, 1999|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> ===Crossover tae Inglis: 1999–2002=== Efter receivin commercial success throuoot [[Asie]], [[Europe]], an [[Latin America]], Martin prepared his first Inglis album in 1999 in a attempt tae cross ower tae the Unitit States mercat.<ref name="Martin112">Martin, 2010. p. 112</ref> The [[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|sel-titled]] album, which debuted at nummer ane on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] an sauld 661,000 copies in its first week o release, became the maist successfu album debut on the ''Billboard'' chairts bi a Hispanic airtist.<ref name="debuts">{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-05-21/news/9905210215_1_ricky-martin-pop-music-charts-divorce|title=Ricky Martin Debuts As No. 1|work=Orlando Sentinel|publisher=Tribune Company|date=May 21, 1999|accessdate=August 1, 2012|archive-date=2013-02-03|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203200030/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-05-21/news/9905210215_1_ricky-martin-pop-music-charts-divorce|url-status=dead}}</ref> It conteenit material bi writers an producers sic as [[Desmond Child]], [[Diane Warren]], [[William Orbit]], [[George Noriega]] an his langtime bairnheid friend [[Draco Rosa]]. The album featurt special guests an aw: [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] on the Spainyie-Inglis duet "Be Careful (Cuidado con mi Corazón)" an [[Meja]] on "[[Private Emotion]]".<ref name="rickymartinrev">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ricky-martin-1999-mw0000238986|title=Ricky Martin - Album Review|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|work=AllMusic |publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref> Twa weeks efter the album's release, Martin wis featurt on the civer o ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' wi the title "Latin Music Goes Pop!".<ref name="timecover">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19990524,00.html|title=Time Magazine Cover: Ricky Martin - May 24, 1999|work=Time|publisher=Time, Inc.|accessdate=August 2, 2012|archive-date=2013-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825025139/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19990524,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore the album's release, [[Janet Jackson]] collaboratit wi Ricky Martin for the Liatin American version o "[[Ask for More]]", a promotional single an commercial released as pairt o a advertisin campaign for saft drink company [[Pepsi]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXQnfMiZIos Janet Jackson & Ricky Martin - "Ask for More" Pepsi Ad (Latin American Version)]. Retrieved on June 17, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Basham |first=David |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431862/ricky-martin-inks-endorsement-deal-with-pepsi-preps-fall-tour.jhtml |title=Ricky Martin Inks Endorsement Deal With Pepsi, Preps For Fall Tour |publisher=Mtv.com |date=1999-10-15 |accessdate=2013-12-05 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110095903/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431862/ricky-martin-inks-endorsement-deal-with-pepsi-preps-fall-tour.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first an maist prominent single wis "[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]", which reached nummer ane in mony kintras aroond the warld, includin the Unitit States, Unitit Kinrick, Canadae, Ireland an New Zealand. "Livin' la Vida Loca" is Ricky Martin's biggest hit. The video for "Livin 'La Vida Loca" wis directit bi [[Wayne Isham]] an starrin model [[Nina Moric]]. It wis follaeed bi "[[She's All I Ever Had]]" which peakit at nummer twa on the [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Baith tracks peakit at nummer ane on the [[Hot Latin Songs]]. "Livin' la Vida Loca" is generally seen as the sang that began the [[Latin pop]] explosion o 1999 an made the transition o ither Laitin airtists (first [[Jennifer Lopez]] an [[Enrique Iglesias]], then later [[Shakira]]) intae the Inglis-speakin mercat easier. ''[[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|Ricky Martin]]'' became ane o the top-sellin albums o 1999, an wis certifee'd 7× platinum in the Unitit States, sellin ower 22 million copies warldwide. In October 1999, Martin embarkit on a vera successfu year-lang [[Livin' la Vida Loca Tour]]. Efter this success, a new Inglis-leid album, ''[[Sound Loaded]]'', wis released in November 2000. It debuted at nummer fower on the [[Billboard 200]] an wis certifee'd 2× platinum bi the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]. "[[She Bangs]]" an "[[Nobody Wants to Be Lonely]]" (duet wi [[Christina Aguilera]]) peakit at nummer twal an thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. Baith singles reached nummer ane on the Hot Latin Songs. ''Sound Loaded'' haes sauld ower 8 million copies warldwide. In Februar 2001, Martin released a Spainyie-leid greatest hits album entitled ''[[La Historia (Ricky Martin album)|La Historia]]'', which went tae nummer ane for five weeks on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]] an debuted at nummer aichty-three on the Billboard 200. It toppit the chairt in Swaden for three weeks an aw. The album conteenit rewirkins o twa o his early sangs "[[Fuego Contra Fuego]]" an "[[El Amor de Mi Vida (sang)|El Amor de Mi Vida]]". In November 2001, a Inglis-leid greatest hits album, ''[[The Best of Ricky Martin]]'' wis released ootside North Americae. It conteenit twa new remixes o "[[Amor (Ricky Martin sang)|Amor]]". ===''Almas del Silencio'' an ''Life'': 2003–2006=== [[File:Ricky Martin (2005).jpg|190px|thumb|Ricky Martin in 2005.]] In Mey 2003, Martin released a new Spainyie-leid album ''[[Almas del Silencio]]''. The first single, "[[Tal Vez]]", debuted at nummer ane on the [[Hot Latin Songs]] an stayed thare for eleiven weeks becomin the best performin Latin single o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/2003/htltitl.jsp|title=Year-End Charts: Hot Latin Songs|date=December 27, 2003|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Martin said o the new album: "I really needed to go back to focus, to my center, to the beginning. I had the need to search within, and really dig deep, and find those emotions that, because of the adrenaline and the euphoria that I lived for a couple of years, were probably sabotaged."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n26/LivinSerious-en.html |title=Livin' The Serious Life; Ricky Martin's New Album Matches His Outlook |publisher=Puertorico-herald.org |accessdate=February 15, 2010 |archive-date=2009-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719094628/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n26/LivinSerious-en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Almas del Silencio'' debuted at nummer twal on the [[Billboard 200]] an reached nummer ane on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]] whaur it stayed for sax weeks. The album sauld mair nor ane million copies warldwide.<ref name=BB>Adams, Steve: "Martin's World View", ''Billboard'' magazine, November 4, 2006, pp. 64–66.</ref> The next singles, "[[Jaleo]]" an "[[Y Todo Queda en Nada]]", reached nummer ane on the Hot Latin Songs. "Jaleo" toppit the chairt in Spain for fower weeks an aw. In October 2005, Martin released his first Inglis-leid album syne 2000's ''Sound Loaded'' an the tent album o his career. Maist o the sangs on the album, cried ''[[Life (Ricky Martin album)|Life]]'', wur co-written bi Martin. He commentit on the album: "I was really in touch with my emotions. I think this album is very multi-layered, just like life is. It's about feeling anger. It's about feeling joy. It's about feeling uncertainty. It's about feeling. And all my emotions are part of this production."<ref>{{cite news |author=Tatiana Morales |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/11/earlyshow/leisure/music/main1038774.shtml |title=Ricky Martin Lets 'Life' Happen |publisher=Cbsnews.com |date=November 11, 2005 |accessdate=February 15, 2010 |archive-date=2013-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614040013/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/11/earlyshow/leisure/music/main1038774.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The album debuted at nummer sax on the Billboard 200. The first single frae the album, "I Don't Care", featurt guest appearances bi [[Fat Joe]] an [[Amerie]]. It peakit at nummer three on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] an nummer saxty-five on the [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Anither sang frae the album, "It's Alright" wis re-recordit as a duet wi French sangster [[M. Pokora]]. It wis successfu in French-speakin kintras, reachin nummer fower in Fraunce. Suin efter, Martin announcit his [[One Night Only with Ricky Martin]] tour. Stairtin in Mexico Ceety, the tour premiered on 15 November 2005. Efter feenishin the first leg which includit Laitin Americae an the Unitit States, Martin performit at the [[2006 Winter Olympics closin ceremony]] in [[Turin]]. A few days later, he annooncit the seicont leg o his warld tour, which includit Europe an Africae. The seicont leg stairtit on 21 Apryle 2006 in [[Manchester]], UK, an endit on 3 Juin 2006 in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel. ===''MTV Unplugged'' an a warld tour: 2006–2007=== On 17 August 2006, Ricky Martin tapit his ''[[MTV Unplugged (Ricky Martin album)|MTV Unplugged]]'' concert in Miami. It premiered on [[MTV Latin America]], [[Tr3s|MTV Tr3s]] an [[WJPX|MTV Puerto Rico]] in October 2006 an wis released on CD an DVD in November 2006. The album wis a creetical an commercial success. It debuted at nummer ane on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]] an nummer thirty-aicht on the [[Billboard 200]]. At the [[Latin Grammy Awards o 2008]], ''MTV Unplugged'' receivit [[Latin Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Album]] an for [[Latin Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video|Best Long Form Music Video]]. The first single, "[[Tu Recuerdo]]" which featurt La Mari o [[Chambao]], reached nummer ane for three weeks on the [[Hot Latin Songs]]. The next single, "[[Pégate]]" peakit at nummer sax on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs]]. On 19 Februar 2007, Martin began his warldwide [[Black and White Tour]]<ref name="Hollywood"/> which stairtit wi a performance at the [[José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum]] in Puerto Rico an concludit wi a presentation at the [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York Ceety on 14 October 2007.<ref name="Hollywood"/> He recordit a duet wi [[Eros Ramazzotti]] an aw, "[[Non siamo soli]]" which toppit the Italian chairt for eleiven consecutive weeks. ===Career break: 2007–2010=== Efter feenishin his warldwide tour, Martin teuk a break frae the muisic industry an focused on his private life. In November 2007, [[Sony Music Latin|Sony BMG Norte]] released ''[[Ricky Martin Live: Black and White Tour]]'' on CD, DVD an Blu-ray Disc. Ane year later, a Spainyie-leid greatest hits album wis released, entitled ''[[17 (Ricky Martin album)|17]]''. It wis a summary o seiventeen years o Martin's muisical career, which includit maistly Spainyie-leid sangs. ===Autobiografie, ''Música + Alma + Sexo'' an ''Evita'': 2010–2013=== [[File:Ricky Martin Chicago.jpg|thumb|180px|Martin performin in Chicago on 19 Apryle 2011.]] Ricky Martin's autobiografie, ''Me'', wis published on 2 November 2010. The beuk became pairt o the [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2010-11-21/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jennifer | last=Schuessler | title=Hardcover}}</ref> debutin at nummer five on the Hardcover Nonfiction leet. A Spainyie-leid edeetion entitled ''Yo'' wis published simultaneously. Martin's single, "[[The Best Thing About Me Is You]]" featurin [[Joss Stone]] premiered on 2 November 2010 an an aw peakit at nummer seiventy-fower on the [[Billboard Hot 100]]. The Spainyie version, "[[The Best Thing About Me Is You|Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú]]" toppit the [[Hot Latin Songs]] for twa weeks. It wis follaeed bi a new studio album, ''[[Música + Alma + Sexo]]'' released on 31 Januar 2011.<ref name = "2011 album">[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i1c1499752deb3a60c4f4222c2ce37750 Leila Cobo, "Ricky Martin Confirms Bilingual Album"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120803165352/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i1c1499752deb3a60c4f4222c2ce37750 |date=2012-08-03 }}, ''Billboard'', October 20, 2010</ref> It debuted at nummer three on the [[Billboard 200]] an became the heichest chairtin, primarily-Spainyie leid album in the Unitit States, syne ''[[Dreaming of You (album)|Dreaming of You]]'' bi [[Selena]].<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473151/nicki-minaj-hits-no-1-on-billboard-200-crosses-1-million-sales Nicki Minaj Hits No. 1 on Billboard 200, Crosses 1 Million Sales]. Retrieved February 11, 2011.</ref> ''Música + Alma + Sexo'' represents the heichest iver chairt debut on the Billboard 200 for a [[Sony Music Latin]] release.<ref>[http://www.rickymartinmusic.com/Blog/Post/ec65e9ba-ec27-42da-9908-4ef3431c4c02 Ricky Martin delivers Latin music’s highest chart debut in the last 15 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129190129/http://www.rickymartinmusic.com/Blog/Post/ec65e9ba-ec27-42da-9908-4ef3431c4c02 |date=2013-01-29 }}. Retrieved February 11, 2011.</ref> It spent twa weeks at nummer ane on the [[Billboard Top Latin Albums]]. On 25 Mairch 2011, Martin stairtit his [[Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour]], which endit on 12 November 2011. The seicont single frae the album, "Más" wis released on 5 Apryle 2011 an peakit at nummer seiven on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs]]. "[[Frío]]" featurin [[Wisin & Yandel]] wis chosen as the third single. ''[[17: Greatest Hits]]'' wis released on 11 Julie 2011 exclusively in the Unitit Kinrick. Ricky Martin wis playin Ché Guevara in the Broadway revival o the show ''[[Evita (muisical)|Evita]]'', scheduled tae begin previews on Broadway in Mairch 2012, aheid o a openin in Apryle 2012.<ref>[http://broadwayworld.com/article/EVITA_w_Martin_Roger_Begins_Previews_Mar_2012_Opens_Apr_2012_20110121 EVITA w/ Martin & Roger Begins Previews Mar. 2012; Opens Apr. 2012 2011/01/21]. Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> He receivit mixed reviews. Martin guest-starred as a Spainish teacher on the Fox TV show ''Glee'' episode "The Spanish Teacher" on 7 Februar 2012. Martin premiered his "Ricky's Lip Conditioner" lip balm in Apryle 2012 as pairt o the M.A.C Cosmetics "Ricky and Nicki for Viva Glam" campaign. The advertisements for the range paired him wi rapper [[Nicki Minaj]]. Martin's signatur is featurt on the lip balm packagin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maccosmetics.com/vivaglam2012/collection.html |title=M.A.C Viva Glam Collection |publisher=Maccosmetics.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-06 |archive-date=2013-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126195524/http://www.maccosmetics.com/vivaglam2012/collection.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===''The Voice Australia'', "Come with Me" an a Australie tour: 2013–present=== In November 2012, Martin wis annoonced as a coach on ''The Voice Australia'' an debuted in the first episode o series twa, on 7 Apryle 2013.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/ricky-martin-replaces-keith-urban-on-the-voice/story-e6frg6n6-1226526911581 Cookies must be enabled. | The Australian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/first-review-of-the-voice-2013/story-e6freuy9-1226613645581 First review of The Voice 2013. The Telegraph 6 April 2013 | Retrieved 7 April 2013 ]</ref> In Apryle 2013, Martin released his ''[[Greatest Hits: Souvenir Edition]]'' album in Australie, whaur it reached nummer twa on the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]] an wis certifee'd Gowd. In Juin 2013, he released a new Inglis single titled "Come With Me", which serves as the lead single frae his upcomin fowert Inglis-leid studio album.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin-notas/1566940/ricky-martins-new-single-come-with-me-listen |title=Ricky Martin's New Single, 'Come With Me': Listen |publisher=Billboard |date= |accessdate=2013-12-05}}</ref> He embarkit on the [[2013 Australian Tour]] in October 2013 an aw. In Februar 2014, he appeared wi [[Jennifer Lopez]] & [[Wisin & malorie|Wisin]] on the single an video "Adrenalina" taen frae Wisin's solo album ''[[El Regreso del Sobreviviente]]''. The album version conteens Spainyie leerics but the single wis made available in a [[Spanglish]] version an aw. In Apryle 2014, the single & video war released for "Vida", frae the FIFA compilation album ''[[One Love, One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album]]''. Here, the album version conteens Spanglish leerics, but the digital EP conteened versions in Spainyie & Portuguese as well as various dance remixes. ==Personal life== Martin is kent as “Kiki” or “Quiquito" bi intimates.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195156003|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195156003.001.0001/acref-9780195156003-e-573?rskey=hO1evK&result=1&q=Kiki%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9CQuiquito}}</ref> Martin wis raised Catholic, but says he is open tae aw sorts o releegious beliefs, especially the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] filosofie, awtho he daes no identifee as a Buddhist.<ref name="buddhist">{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=9,3467,0,0,1,0|title=Ricky Martin admires Buddhist philosophy|work=The Buddhist Channel|publisher=Asian News International|date=November 28, 2006}}</ref> He feels that subscribin tae a specific releegion can "limit" a individual in certaint aspects, an notit in 2006, "I really like the Buddhist philosophy but that doesn’t mean that I am of the religion. If I subscribe to Buddhism, I can’t be of anything else...I am not going to follow those rules."<ref name="buddhist"/> Martin began practicin [[yoga]] efter a trip tae Thailand in 1997.<ref name="zen"/> He enjoys surfin, skydivin, an vacationin in the [[Indie subcontinent]], includin in Indie an Nepal, pairtly on accoont o his interest in yoga an Buddhism, in view o the oreegins o Buddhism an its sacred pilgrimage steids sic [[Bodhgaya]], [[Sarnath]] an [[Kushinagar]] bein in Indie.<ref name="zen"/> In November 2011, he acquired [[Spainyie naitionality law|Spainyie naitionality]] in recognition o his airtistic talents an for haein ruits in the kintra - Martin's grandmither is Spainyie, an he awns a residence in [[Madrid]]. On 9 September 2011 he sauld his hame in [[Miami]] for $16.3 million that he haed bocht in 2007 for $16.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.miamism.com/ricky-martins-golden-beach-home-for-sale/|title =Ricky Martin's Golden Beach Home For Sale|author =Ines Hegedus-Garcia|date =September 21, 2011|accessdate =January 22, 2012|archive-date =2011-12-27|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111227081420/http://www.miamism.com/ricky-martins-golden-beach-home-for-sale/|url-status =dead}}</ref> In a public statement, written in Spainyie, Martin explicitly statit that he haes no abandoned his Puerto Rican identity: "I was born in Puerto Rico, I am a Puerto Rican, and Puerto Rico is my country. I made the request for Spanish citizenship some time ago, I was just waiting for a response. This step is part of planning for the future within a global community of whom I am part. Spain is a country with which I share many memories and strong ties born of my roots and the love they have given me since I first visited."<ref name=galaz/> Martin went [[vegetarian]] in Mairch 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title = PETA honra a Ricky Martin con una gallina | agency = Associated Press | date = March 20, 2013= http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/ESP_CEL_RICKY_MARTIN_PETA_SPEN-?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2013-03-20-15-05-13/}}</ref> ===Relationships an sexuality=== In the past Martin statit he wis in luve wi Mexican TV host [[Rebecca de Alba]], wi whom he haed a on-again aff-again relationship for ower 14 years. Thay even talkit o stairtin a faimily thegither,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hellomagazine.ca/profiles/rickymartin/ |title=Ricky Martin |publisher=Hellomagazine |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=2009-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721105047/http://www.hellomagazine.ca/profiles/rickymartin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hellomagazine.ca/music/2003/06/20/rickymartin/|title=Ricky Martin |publisher=Hellomagazine }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telemundo52.com/cotorreando/4537195/detail.html |title=Rebeca de Alba saw Ricky Martin as the father of their children (translated) |publisher=TelemundoLA |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=2011-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006021124/http://www.telemundo52.com/cotorreando/4537195/detail.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an at ane pynt Martin planned on proposin.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?in_article_id=59812&in_page_id=7&in_a_source=&expand=true Ricky likes being alone]. Metro.co.uk (August 2, 2007). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> In August 2008, Martin became the faither o twin boys, Matteo an Valentino. The babies wur birthit bi a [[Surrogacy|surrogate mither]] <ref>[http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2008/12/59800522/1 Ricky Martin has twins babies and 'no nanny' – USATODAY.com]. Content.usatoday.com (December 10, 2008). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> Efter the success o "Livin' la Vida Loca", Martin's personal life became a subject o interest due tae his lairge gay follaein, an he wis questioned aboot his sexual orientation. In a Dizember 2000 interview wi ''[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]]'', Martin wis askit tae comment on the rumors surroondin his sexuality. He replee'd that "I don't think I should have to tell anyone if I am gay or not, or who I've slept with or not."<ref>Sally Morgan [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67755270.html "Ricky Martin – It's no one's business whether I've been to bed with a cow, a broom or a woman...",] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102141/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67755270.html |date=2012-11-06 }} ''The Mirror'', December 9, 2000</ref><ref>Sally Morgan [http://www.rmtee.com/rmtee/html/press70.shtml "Ricky Martin – It's no one's business whether I've been to bed with a cow, a broom or a woman...",] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043719/http://www.rmtee.com/rmtee/html/press70.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }} ''The Mirror'', December 9, 2000, as reproduced on rmtee.com</ref> On 29 Mairch 2010, Martin publicly [[comin oot|acknawledgit his homosexuality]] in a post on his offeecial wabsteid statin, "I am proud to say that I am a fortunate homosexual man. I am very blessed to be who I am."<ref>[http://www.popeater.com/2010/03/29/ricky-martin-gay/ "Ricky Martin Gay Bombshell: 'I am a Fortunate Homosexual Man'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006035234/http://www.popeater.com/2010/03/29/ricky-martin-gay/ |date=2018-10-06 }}, PopEater.com Staff, March 29, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/29/ricky-martin-comes-out-im_n_517625.html |title=Ricky Martin Comes Out: "I'm A Fortunate Homosexual Man" |work=Huffington Post |date= March 29, 2010|accessdate=August 2, 2010 |first=Katherine |last=Thomson}}</ref> Martin said that "these years in silence and reflection made me stronger and reminded me that acceptance has to come from within, and that this kind of truth gives me the power to conquer emotions I didn't even know existed."<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/14639/81249 Yep, He's Gay: Ricky Martin Comes Out of the Closet | Rolling Stone Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208161915/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/14639/81249 |date=2010-12-08 }}. Rollingstone.com (March 29, 2010). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> In 2010, prior tae Martin comin oot, [[Barbara Walters]] expressed some regret for pushin Martin in a 2000 interview tae admit if he wis gay. The ''[[Toronto Star]]'' quotit her as sayin, "When I think back on it now, I feel it was an inappropriate question."<ref>{{cite web |author=Comments |url=http://www.popeater.com/2010/03/09/barbara-walters-ricky-martin-interview/ |title=Barbara Walters Regrets Ricky Martin Interview |publisher=PopEater.com |date=March 9, 2010 |accessdate=August 2, 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213924/http://www.popeater.com/2010/03/09/barbara-walters-ricky-martin-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ouzounian |first=Richard |url=http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/article/775131--barbara-walters-what-kind-of-tree-is-she |title=Barbara Walters: What kind of tree is she? |work=Toronto Star |date=March 6, 2010 |accessdate=August 2, 2010 |location=Toronto}}</ref> Martin annooncit on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' that he wis in a relationship.<ref>[http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Ricky-Martin-on-Coming-Out/10 Ricky Martin on Love] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101211412/http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Ricky-Martin-on-Coming-Out/10 |date=2014-01-01 }}. Oprah.com (November 2, 2010). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> In 2011, durin his acceptance speech o the Vito Russo Award at the [[22nd GLAAD Media Awards]], Martin publicly thankit his boyfriend, Carlos González Abella, a economist.<ref>[http://www.elnuevodia.com/secasarickymartin-1156746.html Se casa Ricky Martin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103223920/http://www.elnuevodia.com/secasarickymartin-1156746.html |date=2015-01-03 }} on ''[[El Nuevo Día]]'' (January 1, 2012)</ref><ref>[http://www.popeater.com/2011/03/21/ricky-martin-partner-glaad-media-awards/ Ricky Martin thanks partner at GLAAD Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101024114/http://www.popeater.com/2011/03/21/ricky-martin-partner-glaad-media-awards/ |date=2014-01-01 }} on PopEater; Mitchell, John (March 21, 2011)</ref> His relationship wi Abella endit in Januar 2014 [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ricky-martin-splits-from-boyfriend-carlos-gonzalez-abella/] Martin haes expressed support for [[same-sex marriage]] in a interview on ''[[Larry King Live]]'' an aw , an commentit on his experience o bein [[closetit]] an comin oot. "Everything about saying that I am gay feels right...", Martin statit, addin "if I’d known how good it was going to feel, I would have done it ten years ago."<ref name = "LK_Live">{{cite web|url = http://www.samesame.com.au/news/international/6110/Let_Ricky_Martin_get_married|title = Let Ricky Martin Get Married!|publisher = samesame.com.au|author = Akersten, M.|date = November 11, 2010|accessdate = November 14, 2010|archive-date = 2010-11-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101113135622/http://www.samesame.com.au/news/international/6110/Let_Ricky_Martin_get_married|url-status = dead}}</ref> ===Humanitarian wirk=== [[File:Ricky Martin at the National Puerto Rican Day Parade.jpg|thumb|left|Ricky Martin at a [[Puerto Rican Day Parade|Puerto Rican Day annual parade]] in New York Ceety]] Martin is the foonder o ''Fundación Ricky Martin'' (''Ricky Martin Foundation''), a nan-profit organisation. Amang the events promotit bi the foundation wis a simmer camp, which includit Martin's personal pairticipation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/ricky_martin_sorprende_a_sus_ahijados/208318| title=Ricky Martin sorprende a sus "ahijados"| publisher=Primera Hora| language=Spanish| date=July 9, 2008| accessdate=July 14, 2008| archive-date=2009-07-19| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719114639/http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/ricky_martin_sorprende_a_sus_ahijados/208318| url-status=dead}}</ref> Martin haes been honored wi mony accolades for his humanitarian efforts includin: Leadership in the Arts Award, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'''s Spirit of Hope Award, [[ALMA Award]], [[GLAAD Media Award|Vanguard Award]], International Humanitarian Award bi the [[International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children]], Hispanic Heritage Award for his humanitarian wirk throu the Sabera Foundation in rescuin three orphan girls frae the streets o [[Kolkata]] (September 2002). Martin haes collaboratit wi the [[International Organization for Migration]] an aw on the ''Llama y Vive'' (''Call and Live''), a campaign which is aimit tae facilitate prevention o human trokin, pertection o the youngest victims o bairn trokin, an prosecution o the trokers. For his wirk against [[human trokin]], the [[Unitit States Depairtment o State]] namit Martin ane o its Heroes in Endin Modren-Day Slavery in 2005. Its primar project is the Fowk for Children project, which aims tae eliminate [[trokin o childer]]. Tsunami Relief Fund – thegither wi [[Habitat for Humanity]], biggin hames in Thailand<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_570.htm?vid=0 |title=Profile by the Convention on the Rights of the Child |publisher=Unicef.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-05 |archive-date=2013-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928032434/http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_570.htm?vid=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *RMF Simmer Camp *Children 4 Children *Haiti Relief The Foundation wirks closely wi [[UNICEF]] an aw. ===Politics=== [[File:Ricky Martin in Congress.jpg|thumb|right|Ricky Martin (mid richt) in Congress, wi [[Luis Fortuño]] (far left), [[Tom Lantos]] (mid left) an Chris Smith (far richt).]] Martin wis a heidliner in the 2001 inauguration celebration for Preses [[George W. Bush]]; he even invitit the newly electit preses tae jyne him on stage tae dance. This image wis captured bi photographers an broadcast in various media throuoot the warld. Martin referred tae it in a later sang, "[[Asignatura Pendiente]]". Martin haes syne chyngit his poseetion on the umwhile Preses. In a concert in Puerto Rico durin the sang ''Asignatura Pendiente'' Martin thrust his middle finger disappruivinly in the air while singin the line "photo with Bush". The gestur met wi audience appruival but caused a minor controversy wi the media. Martin said in a e-mail statement sent tae the [[Associated Press]] via a spokesman: "My convictions of peace and life go beyond any government and political agenda and as long as I have a voice onstage and offstage, I will always condemn war and those who promulgate it".<ref name="NewsMax">"[http://newsmax.com/archives/ic/2007/2/16/85325.shtml?s=ic Singer Ricky Martin 'Fingers' Bush for Iraq Criticism]". [[Associated Press]], February 16, 2007.</ref> Durin his appearance at the ''Billboard'' Latin Music Awards on 29 Apryle 2010, Martin expressed his disagreement wi the [[Arizona SB 1070]] act, a law that requires polis officers tae request documents frae indwallers who thay suspect tae be illegal immigrants.<ref name="speaksout">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/958416/ricky-martin-criticizes-arizonas-immigration-law|title=Ricky Martin Criticizes Arizona's Immigration Law|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media |date=April 30, 2010|accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref> He criticisit the law for "discriminating against us for the simple fact of looking Latino" an further addressed the Latino commonty bi sayin, "Long live love, long live peace...You are not alone. We are with you. Put a stop to discrimination. Put a stop to hate. Put a stop to racism."<ref name="speaksout"/> Martin endorsed Preses [[Barack Obama]] for [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012|his reelection campaign]] bi hostin a fundraiser wi the Preses in [[New York]] on 21 Mey 2012.<ref name="endorses">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/ricky-martin-endorses-president-obama/story?id=16343760|title=Pop Star Ricky Martin Courts Latino, Gay Supporters For President Obama|publisher=ABC News|date=May 14, 2012|accessdate=August 1, 2012|last=Bingham|first=Amy}}</ref> He endorsed the Preses for declarin his support for same-sex marriage.<ref name="endorses"/> ==Discografie== {{Main 2|Ricky Martin discografie|Ricky Martin videografie}} ===Wi Menudo=== * ''[[Evolución (Menudo album)|Evolución]]'' (1984) * ''[[Menudo (album)|Menudo]]'' (1985) * ''[[Ayer y Hoy (Menudo album)|Ayer Y Hoy]]'' (1985) * ''[[Ayer y Hoy (Menudo album)|A Festa Vai Começar]]'' (Portuguese) (1985) * ''[[Viva! Bravo!]]'' (Italian) (1986) * ''[[Refrescante]]'' (1986) * ''[[Can't Get Enough (Menudo album)|Can't Get Enough]]'' (1986) * ''[[Menudo (album)|Menudo]]'' (Portuguese) (1986) * ''[[Somos Los Hijos del Rock]]'' (1987) * ''[[In Action]]'' (Inglis-Tagalog) (1987) * ''[[Sons of Rock]]'' (1988) * ''[[Sombras & Figuras|Sombras Y Figuras]]'' (1989) ===Solo=== * ''[[Ricky Martin (1991 album)|Ricky Martin]]'' (1991) * ''[[Me Amarás (album)|Me Amarás]]'' (1993) * ''[[A Medio Vivir (album)|A Medio Vivir]]'' (1995) * ''[[Vuelve (album)|Vuelve]]'' (1998) * ''[[Ricky Martin (1999 album)|Ricky Martin]]'' (1999) * ''[[Sound Loaded]]'' (2000) * ''[[Almas del Silencio]]'' (2003) * ''[[Life (Ricky Martin album)|Life]]'' (2005) * ''[[MTV Unplugged (Ricky Martin album)|MTV Unplugged]]'' (2006) * ''[[Música + Alma + Sexo]]'' (2011) * ''[[A Quien Quiera Escuchar]]'' (2015) * ''[[Movimiento]]'' (2020) ==Filmografie== *1985 : ''[[The Love Boat]]'' (TV series) as Ricky *1987 : ''[[Por siempre amigos]]'' (Argentina TV series) as Ricky *1991 : ''[[Alcanzar una estrella II]]'' (TV series) as Pablo Loredo *1992 : ''[[Más que alcanzar una estrella]]'' as Enrique *1993 : ''[[Getting By]]'' (TV series) as Martin *1994 : ''[[General Hospital]]'' (TV series) as Miguel Morez (1994–95) *1996 : ''[[Barefoot in Paradice]]'' (TV series) as Sandoval *1997 : ''[[Hercules (1997 film)|Hercules]]'' (Spainyie leid, Voice Anerlie) as Hercules *2006 : ''[[Sos mi vida]]'' (Argentina TV series) as the same *2011 : ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' guest *2011 : ''[[Susana Giménez (TV show)|Susana Giménez]]'' guest *2012 : ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' (TV series) as David Martinez *2013: The Voice Australia as Hissel (Coach) ==Theatre== *''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'' (1996), Broadway&nbsp;– Marius *''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]'', (2012), Broadway&nbsp;– Ché ==Tours== * Ricky Martin Tour (1992) * Me Amaras Tour (1993–1994) * A Medio Vivir Tour (1995–1997) * Vuelve World Tour (1998) * [[Livin' la Vida Loca Tour]] (1999–2000) * [[One Night Only with Ricky Martin]] (2005–2006) * [[Black and White Tour]] (2007) * [[Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour]]<ref>[http://twitter.com/ricky_martin/status/13011345884581888 Twitter / Ricky Martin: First stop on my "Music+So]. Twitter.com (December 9, 2010). Retrieved on February 25, 2011.</ref> (2011) * [[Ricky Martin Live]] (2013–2014) * Live in Mexico (2014) * [[One World Tour (Ricky Martin)|One World Tour]] (2015–2017) * Ricky Martin en Concierto (2018) * [[Movimiento Tour]] (2020) ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|17em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons}} * {{Official website|http://rickymartinmusic.com/}} * {{IMDb name|id=0005193|name=Ricky Martin}} * {{Twitter|ricky_martin}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Ricky}} [[Category:Ricky Martin| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:20t-century actors]] [[Category:American humanitarians]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:Gay actors]] [[Category:Gay Hispanic an Latino American fowk]] [[Category:Gay muisickers]] [[Category:GLAAD Media Award winners]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Hispanic an Latino American male actors]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Honorees]] [[Category:LGBT muisickers frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:LGBT fowk frae Puerto Rico]] [[Category:LGBT sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Male actors frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Menudo members]] [[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Spain]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Pseudonymous muisickers]] [[Category:Puerto Rican male sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican fowk o Catalan strynd]] [[Category:Puerto Rican fowk o Corsican strynd]] [[Category:Puerto Rican fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Puerto Rican pop sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican male soap opera actors]] [[Category:Puerto Rican male stage actors]] [[Category:Spaingie-leid sangsters o the Unitit States]] [[Category:World Music Awards winners]] 59shctu1q57s6hht4hjc1m1sncuwjek 0 46837 923141 921295 2026-09-23T18:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the sangster|ither uisses}} {{Infobox muisical airtist | Name = Luis Miguel | Alias = El Sol de México, "Luismi", "Micky" | Img = Luis Miguel.jpg | Background = solo_singer | Birth_name = Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|4|19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Santurce, Puerto Rico|Santurce]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]] | Origin = Mexico | Instrument = Vocal, piano | Genre = [[Laitin pop]], pop muisic, [[bolero]], [[mariachi]] | Occupation = Sangster, sangwriter, record producer | Years_active = 1981–present | Label = [[EMI Latin]] (1981-1986)<br />[[Warner Music Latina|Warner Music]] (1987-present) | Website = [http://www.luismigueloficial.com Official website] | Associated_acts = [[Frank Sinatra]]<br />[[Armando Manzanero]]<br />[[Manuel Alejandro]]<br />[[Sheena Easton]]}} '''Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri''' (born 19 Aprile 1970) is a Mexican sangster.<ref name="Consulta CURP">{{cite web|url=http://consultas.curp.gob.mx/CurpSP/curp1.do;jsessionid=HVPLT5LCvf5T8qQyTzQ2FwcJhqxXlLGT1vgnT9v3QhMN8LcjMMpp!2050431593?strPrimerApellido=GALLEGO&strSegundoAplido=BASTERI&strNombre=LUIS%20MIGUEL&strdia=19&strmes=04&stranio=1970&sEntidadA=NE&sSexoA=H&strTipo=A|title=Consulta CURP|language=Spanish|access-date=2013-02-26|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055004/http://consultas.curp.gob.mx/CurpSP/curp1.do%3Bjsessionid%3DHVPLT5LCvf5T8qQyTzQ2FwcJhqxXlLGT1vgnT9v3QhMN8LcjMMpp%212050431593?strPrimerApellido=GALLEGO&strSegundoAplido=BASTERI&strNombre=LUIS%20MIGUEL&strdia=19&strmes=04&stranio=1970&sEntidadA=NE&sSexoA=H&strTipo=A|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p40380|pure_url=yes}}</ref> He is widely kent bi his stage name '''Luis Miguel'''. He is aften cried "'''El Sol de México'''" (The Sun o Mexico) or simply "'''El Sol'''" (The Sun).<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC">{{cite web|url=http://www.gaymagazine.cl/musica/?contenido=1690|date=May 6, 2008|title=LUIS MIGUEL: Complices_WARNER MUSIC|publisher=gaymagazine.cl|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512100613/http://www.gaymagazine.cl/musica/?contenido=1690|archivedate=2008-05-12|accessdate=September 27, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Buzz Briefs: Luis Miguel, Bon Jovi">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/08/entertainment/main4240526.shtml?source=RSSattr=Entertainment_4240526|title=Buzz Briefs: Luis Miguel, Bon Jovi|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=July 8, 2008|access-date=2013-02-26|archive-date=2013-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811094422/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/08/entertainment/main4240526.shtml?source=RSSattr=Entertainment_4240526|url-status=dead}}</ref> Beginnin his muisical career in his bairnheid, Luis Miguel accolades include five [[Grammy]]s an fower [[Latin Grammy]]s<ref name="Artist Biography-Luis Miguel">{{cite web|url=http://www.mundoluismiguel.com|title=Artist Biography – Luis Miguel|work=Billboard Magazine|access-date=2013-10-03|archive-date=2008-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006090634/http://www.mundoluismiguel.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an is considered ane o the warld's best male pop vocalists. His contribution tae [[Latin pop]] muisic, alang wi his hermetic personal life, haes made him a global figur o Laitin muisic for nearly three decades. He first performit profeesionally at 11 year auld, an at the age o fifteen, Luis Miguel receivit his first Grammy for his duet "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" wi [[Sheena Easton]].<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> In 1991, the [[RIAA]] recognisit his heich sales for the albums ''[[Romance (Luis Miguel album)|Romance]]'' an ''[[Segundo Romance]]''.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> Luis Miguel is the anerly Laitin airtist tae hae twa Spainyie-leid albums (''Romance'' an ''Segundo Romance'') go platinum in the USA, an his album ''[[Luis Miguel (album)|Luis Miguel]]'' achieved gowd an platinum certifications in fower kintras athin three days o its release. Luis Miguel is kent for his heich-grossin live performances an aw. His [[Amarte Es Un Placer Tour]] lastit echt month durin 1999–2000 an run throu 8 kintras in twa continents. The tour consistit o 105 concerts, becomin the maist extendit tour bi a Laitin airtist, an wis attendit bi approximately 1.5&nbsp;million fans. It wis the heichest-grossin tour performit bi a Laitin airtist. He surpassed these records wi his [[Mexico En La Piel Tour]] o 2005–2007, amassin a total o 129 concerts, ower 1.4 millions spectators, an ower $95&nbsp;million grossed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/reports/mexico/tourims-culture-mexico-n1222 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=2013-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010204902/http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/reports/mexico/tourims-culture-mexico-n1222 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Career== ===First recordins an commercial breakoot=== Durin his bairn year, his faither Luisito Rey, wha wis his manager forby, encouragit him tae watch an analyse near ivery movie, recordin, an concert performance o [[Elvis Presley]].<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> In 1981, at the age o 11, Miguel released his first album, ''[[Un Sol]]'', bi the Mexican branch o EMI Records.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on German Warner Music">{{cite web|url=http://www.warnermusic.de/luismiguel/bio|title=Biography: Luis Miguel on German Warner Music|publisher=Warner Music Germany|language=German|access-date=2013-10-03|archive-date=2008-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126164738/http://www.warnermusic.de/luismiguel/bio/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Twa year later, he stairtit tourin Latin American kintras includin [[Colombie]], [[Venezuela]], [[Chile]] an [[Argentinae]]. In 1985, at age o 15, he teuk pairt at the [[Sanremo Music Festival]], whaur he wan the seicont place awaird wi his sang "Noi Ragazzi Di Oggi".<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> That same year, he wis presentit wi the "Antorcha de Plata" Award an aw in the [[Viña del Mar Internaitional Sang Festival|Viña del Mar Muisic Festival]] for his duet single "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" ("A Like You Juist As You Are") wi Scots sangster [[Sheena Easton]].<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> In 1983, he co-starred in the film ''Ya Nunca Más'' an in 1985, ''[[Fiebre de Amor (Film)|Fiebre de Amor]]'' wi sangster [[Lucero (entertainer)|Lucero]] as his co-starn.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> In 1986, Luis Miguel gave his career a brief break, as his relationship wi his faither wis sourin due tae allegit mismanagement, poor financial decisions an riskin his earnins o his career. Shortly efter signin wi Warner Records, in 1987, he fired his faither an stairtit tae wirk wi Juan Carlos Calderón.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> Luis Miguel's album ''[[Soy Como Quiero Ser]]'' in Mey 1987 sauld well.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/><!-- specifics?--> The album featured coverin hits such as "[[:en:Love Me with All Your Heart|Cuando Calienta El Sol]]", "[[:en:I Only Want to Be with You|Ahora Te Puedes Marchar]]", an "[[:en:You Don't Have to Say You Love Me|Yo Que No Vivo Sin Ti]]". On 25 November 1988, Luis Miguel's seicont album ''[[Busca Una Mujer]]'' wis released. The first single ''[[La Incondicional]]'' became a top-ten hit throuoot Laitin Americae in the first hauf o 1989,<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> thanks in pairt tae the muisic video. The video wis shockin tae mony fans as he haed cut his signatur lang hair. This cementit his transition frae a bairn starn intae an adult superstarn. By the end o 1989, the second single ''[[Fría Como el Viento]]'' reached No.&nbsp;1 on the [[Hot Latin Tracks]].<ref name="Artist Chart History: Luis Miguel"/> He haed a top-ten single ''Separados'' in early 1990 an aw, peakin at #8. In 1990, he made a successful transition frae a bairn sangster tae an adult showman wi the album ''[[20 Años]]'' an a ensuin string o sauld-oot shows first in Mexico then throuoot Laitin Americae an elsewhaur in the warld. ''[[20 Años]]'' which sauld 600,000 copies in its first week o release,<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> resultit in release o three singles ''Tengo Todo Excepto A Ti'', ''Entrégate'', ''Amante Del Amor'' wi the twa umwhile hittin nummer 1 on Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks in 1990.<ref name="Artist Chart History: Luis Miguel">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=luis miguel|chart=all}}|title=Artist Chart History: Luis Miguel|work=Billboard Magazine|access-date=2013-10-03|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110153227/http://www.billboard.com/artist/308532/luis+miguel/chart|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Internaitional superstardom=== In 1991, Luis Miguel's career went tae even greater hichts an earned his the respect o a wider audience wi the release o ''[[Romance (Luis Miguel album)|Romance]]'', an album o romantic boleros, maist o thaim from the 1950s. He haes been creditit wi reinventin the bolero for modren audiences. The album ''Romance'', which became his maist successful material iver eventually sauld 15 million units warldwide.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> In 1993, Luis Miguel's fift studio album, ''Aries'', wis released, which wan him that year's [[Grammy Award]] for Best Latin Pop Album.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> That same year, Luis Miguel wis personally invitit bi [[Frank Sinatra]] tae join him on his ''[[Duets II]]'' album an tae perform live in a naitionally televisit special in honour o Sinatra's 80t birthday; alang wi ither starns such as [[Stevie Wonder]] an [[Natalie Cole]].<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> In 1994, he released a sequel tae ''Romance'', ''[[Segundo Romance]]'', featurin Luis Miguel as a convincin pop sangster wi mastery ower timeless Laitin classics such as "Solamente Una Vez" an "Sin Ti". The album went on tae earn a Grammy Award<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> as well as reachin a Platinum status in the Unitit States.<ref name="RIAA Certifications on Luis Miguel">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=LUIS%20MIGUEL&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25|title=RIAA Certifications on Luis Miguel|publisher=[[RIAA]]|access-date=2013-10-03|archive-date=2013-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811162808/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=LUIS%20MIGUEL&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1996, Luis receivit a starn in the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> Suin efter, Luis Miguel quickly returned tae the studios an released ''[[Nada Es Igual (Luis Miguel album)|Nada Es Igual]]'', a pop album featurin "Sueña", the main theme for Disney's ''[[:en:The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]''.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> In 1997, Luis Miguel released his third album o the bolero series ''[[Romances]]'', which earned him a [[World Music Award]] an anither [[Grammy Award]].<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> In 1999, Luis Miguel released his nint studio album ''[[Amarte Es Un Placer]]'' which, in 2000, earned him twa Latin Grammys for bein Best Album of the Year an Best Pop Album of the Year.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> The single "O Tú, O Ninguna" o ''Amarte Es Un Placer'' became nummer 1 on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks an perched at the top position for aicht consecutive weeks.<ref name="Artist Chart History: Luis Miguel"/> Follaein the success o ''Amarte Es Un Placer'', Luis Miguel released ''[[Mis Romances]]'' in 2001, his fowert album in the bolero series. The album, which sauld over twa million copies warldwide wis follaeed bi the launch o ''[[Mis Romances Tour]]'' which teuk place throuoot the U.S., Europe, an Laitin Americae. In 2003, Luis Miguel released his first pop album in ower fower year entitled ''[[33 (Luis Miguel album)|33]]'', indicative o his age. The album, which featurt a collection o [[ballad]]s an [[uptempo]] sangs climbit tae nummer 1 on Billboard's Latin Charts earnin Luis Miguel twa Billboard Awards as well as Grammy an Latin Grammy awaird nominations.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on German Warner Music"/> On the ''[[33 Tour]]'', Luis Miguel filled the lairgest haws in the U.S., toured throuoot Laitin Americae, includin Chile whaur his album ''33'' sauld 2.5 million copies (mair records than ony ither airtist in the history o Chile).<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on German Warner Music"/> He performit at Mexico's sauld-oot [[Auditorio Nacional]] an aw, an various sauld-oot shows at [[Buenos Aires]], as well as ither prestigious internaitional venues such as [[Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas]] in Spain. That same year, [[Felipe, Prince o Asturias|Prince Felipe]] o Spain presentit him wi a special awaird for bein the best-sellin foreign airtist in his kintra's history, an hostit a special pairty in his honor in [[Madrid]].<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> In 2004, Luis Miguel released his ''[[Mexico En La Piel]]''. The album, which wis a collection o tradeetional Mexican ''mariachi'' sangs went on tae sell three million copies warldwide.<ref name="Artist Biography - Luis Miguel">{{cite web|url=http://www.mundoluismiguel.com|title=Artist Biography – Luis Miguel|work=Billboard Magazine|access-date=2013-10-03|archive-date=2008-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006090634/http://www.mundoluismiguel.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He launched his ''[[Mexico En La Piel Tour]]'' in 2005. In 2006, Luis Miguel performit thirty sauld oot shows atween 18 Januar an 27 Februar at the [[Auditorio Nacional]] in Mexico Ceety.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> The 123-date tour stairtit in September 2005 in Mexico which then stretched tae Argentinae, Chile an Uruguay. [[File:Luismiguelconcierto2.png|thumb|right|220px|Luis Miguel in 2005]] In 2005, Luis Miguel released ''[[Grandes éxitos (Luis Miguel album)|Grandes éxitos]]'', his first greatest hits album, that featured his greatest sangs he recordit durin aw his career, includin twa niver-released singles: "Misterios Del Amor" an "Si Te Perdiera". That same year, he released a Christenmas album cried ''[[Navidades]]''. The playleet includes mony Christenmas staundarts in Spainyie. The album reached nummer ane on Billboard's Top Latin Albums chairt durin the first week o its release.<ref name="Artist Chart History: Luis Miguel (Albums)">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=luis miguel|chart=all}}|title=Artist Chart History: Luis Miguel (Albums)|work=Billboard Magazine|access-date=2013-10-03|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110153227/http://www.billboard.com/artist/308532/luis+miguel/chart|url-status=dead}}</ref> The album released twa singles "Santa Claus Llegó A La Ciudad" ("[[Santa Claus Is Coming to Town]]"), an "Mi Humilde Oración" ("My Grown-up Christmas List"). On 6 Mey 2008, Luis Miguel released ''[[Cómplices]]'', producit bi him an written bi Spainyie componer [[Manuel Alejandro]]. It sold amaist 350,000 copies in the first 24 oors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utpac.org/media/press/Luis_Miguel|title=Luis Miguel|publisher=University of Texas at Austin Performing Arts Center|access-date=2013-10-03|archive-date=2009-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227180809/http://utpac.org/media/press/Luis_Miguel|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first single, "[[Si Tú Te Atreves]]" wis released on 7 Apryle 2008, the seicont single o the album wis "[[Te Desean]]". His ''[[Complices Tour]]'' began in [[Seattle]], Washington on 3 September 2008. Luis Miguel released his [[Luis Miguel (album)|sel-titled]] studio album on 14 September 2010. Its first single "Labios de Miel" is a smooth Latin pop sang. His [[Luis Miguel Tour|warld tour]] stairtit on 4 November 2010 in the ceety o [[Lima]], [[Peru]] an runs throu the Unitit States, Sooth Americae, Mexico an Spain amang ither kintras.<ref>[http://www.luismigueloficial.com/main_ncaln.html Luis Miguel Sitio Oficial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818230351/http://www.luismigueloficial.com/main_ncaln.html |date=2013-08-18 }}. Luismigueloficial.com. Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref> On 22 Februar 2012, he sang at the [[Viña del Mar Internaitional Sang Festival]]. Wi ane million dollars for his performance, he became the maist expensive airtist in the history o the festival. Luis Miguel performit at the [[Curaçao]] [[North Sea Jazz Festival]] on 31 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.curacaonorthseajazz.com/es/prensa/comunicados-de-prensa/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-08-31 |archive-date=2013-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402182658/http://www.curacaonorthseajazz.com/es/prensa/comunicados-de-prensa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Personal life== Luis Miguel constantly refuses tae speak tae the media aboot his personal life an keeps the matter private.<ref name="suntimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/music/5662641-421/luis-miguel-opening-up.html|title=Usually reserved, Latin pop hitmaker Luis Miguel cuts loose|publisher=suntimes.com}}</ref> Awtho his parents livit in Mexico, Luis Miguel wis bairn in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico|Santurce]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], while his faither wis performin a show.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.elixic.de/Luis-Miguel|title=Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de|publisher=elixic.de|language=German|access-date=2013-06-12|archive-date=2013-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713135457/http://www.elixic.de/luis-miguel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His faither wis the Spainyie sangster, sangwriter an guitarist Luis Gallego Sanchez, kent as "Luisito Rey". His mither wis Italian Marcela Basteri. His faither wis frae [[Cadiz]], a ceety in soothwastren Spain, an his mither wis frae the [[Province o Massa an Carrara]], Italy. He wis namit Luis Miguel in honor o Spainyie bullfechter [[Luis Miguel Dominguín]].<ref name="Quien">{{cite web|url=http://www.quien.com/perfiles/luis-miguel|title=LuisMiguel|publisher=Quien.com|access-date=2013-06-12|archive-date=2012-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125085714/http://www.quien.com/perfiles/luis-miguel|url-status=dead}}</ref> Luis Miguel haes twa younger brithers, Alejandro an Sergio. He haed a difficult relationship wi his faither, wha wis his manager an aw. His faither wis vera strict an demandin durin the incessant rehearsals, awtho, it haes been creditit the strict discipline o his faither wi playin a lairge role in his success. Due tae his early fame, Luis Miguel haed a difficult bairnheid. In 1986, his mither disappeared mysteriously an her whareabopts wur unkent till November 2012, when Luis Miguel allegedly foond her in a mental hospital.<ref>[http://msnlatino.telemundo.com/shows/Un_Nuevo_Dia/video/aparece-mama-de-luis-miguel/d30a0678-2413-4d1a-97b4-aec760a32e65 Aparece mamá de Luis Miguel]</ref> In the late 1980s, due tae financial problems Luis Miguel fired his faither. Efter their detachment, his faither fell intae depression an dee'd on 9 Dizember 1992 in Spain.<ref name="Biography: Luis Miguel on elixic.de"/> Luis Miguel is recognisit for his taste for [[haute cuisine]] an for bein a sel-taucht [[sommelier]]. Luis Miguel released his awn vintage o wine, "Único. Luis Miguel", a [[Cabernet Sauvignon]].<ref>[http://www.luismiguelsite.com/pubhtml/ingles/vineart.htm Luis Miguel website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811131404/http://www.luismiguelsite.com/pubhtml/ingles/vineart.htm |date=2013-08-11 }}. Luismiguelsite.com (2005-10-18). Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.wine.com/v6/Unico-Luis-Miguel/learnabout.aspx?winery=6219&ct=1925&iid=ProductDetail:WineryLink www.wine.com]. www.wine.com. Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref> A native Spainyie speaker, he speaks fluent Inglis, Italian an Portuguese an aw.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQZwH89xeyw LUIS MIGUEL NO BRASIL PROGRAMA DO FAUSTÃO 1999 [HQ&#93;.mp4]. YouTube (2010-03-15). Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d-KHLAdrss LUIS MIGUEL – il cielo]. YouTube (2008-05-03). Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref> Luis Miguel is the faither o three childer: Michelle Salas, bairn on 13 Juin 1989, frae his relationship wi [[Stephanie Salas]]; Miguel, bairn on 1 Januar 2007 an Daniel, bairn on 18 Dizember 2008, baith frae his relationship wi actress [[Aracely Arámbula]]. His numerous relationships are widely covered bi the Laitin media.<ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/563978.html Nacé el tercer hijo de Luis Miguel]. Eluniversal.com.mx. Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref> In Aprile 2010, he wis briefly hospitalisit at the [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] in Los Angeles. The cause o the hospitalization wis no disclosed.<ref>[http://extratv.warnerbros.com/2010/04/reports_singer_luis_miguels_plastic_surgery_mishap.php Hospitalization of Luis Miguel]. Extratv.warnerbros.com (2010-04-16). Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref> ==Airtistry an image== Luis Miguel rarely grants interviews or attends awaird ceremonies. He is aye escortit bi a diligent security team an he is transportit in several larries tae distract paparazzis an reporters. Luis Miguel is kent for bein an hermetic an meesterious individual.<ref>[http://www.tmz.com/2007/06/14/who-is-chows-mystery-vip/ TMZ website]. Tmz.com (2007-06-14). Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref> [[File:Luis Miguel Hollywood Star.jpg|thumb|right|Luis Miguel's starn on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]]] Luis Miguel is considered as ane o the top male pop sangsters warldwide the day. In a career that haes spanned ower twinty-five year, he haes become the main male sangster frae Laitin Americae, haein performit successfully pop muisic, [[bolero]], [[mariachi]] an [[romantic ballad]]s.<ref name="articles.latimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997/sep/20/entertainment/ca-34128 | title=Luis Miguel's Crossroad|work=Los Angeles Times | first=Robert | last=Hilburn | date=September 20, 1997}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jan/31/news/wk-gurza31 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Agustin | last=Gurza | date=January 31, 2002|title=Crooner in Cruise Control}}</ref> In the late 1980s, Luis Miguel made the transition frae bairn starn tae consolidatit internaitional sangster, an syne then, he became ane o the maist revered an popular Laitin American airtists iver.<ref name="articles.latimes.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> Dubbit as a crooner an aw, his wide vocal range an performance haes been praised bi creetics an ither airtists aw ower the warld.<ref name="articles.latimes.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Frank Sinatra]] personally invitit Luis Miguel tae pairticipate on a duet in the album ''[[Duets II]]''. Luis Miguel haes been dubbit several times bi the press an the media as the "Latin Frank Sinatra".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/08/entertainment/main4240526.shtml?source=RSSattr=Entertainment_4240526 | work=CBS News | title=Buzz Briefs: Luis Miguel, Bon Jovi | date=July 8, 2008 | access-date=2013-02-26 | archive-date=2013-08-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811094422/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/08/entertainment/main4240526.shtml?source=RSSattr=Entertainment_4240526 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His muisic haes reached tae nan-Spainyie speakin continents such as Asie an Africae. The press statit that at the time o his captur, the dictator [[Saddam Hussein]], had the album ''[[Segundo Romance]]'', amang his belangins.<ref>[http://www.terra.com/musica/noticias/luis_miguel_es_el_preferido_de_saddam_hussein/oci81495 Luis Miguel es el preferido de Saddam Hussein]. Terra. Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref> ===Summary o distinctions=== At the age o fifteen, Luis Miguel receivit a [[Grammy Award]] for his duet "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" (I Like You Just The Way You Are) wi [[Sheena Easton]].<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> In 1991, the [[RIAA]] gave him a recognition for the heich sales o the albums ''[[Romance (Luis Miguel album)|Romance]]'' an ''[[Segundo Romance]]''.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> Luis Miguel is the anerly Laitin airtist tae hae twa Spainyie-leid albums (''Romance'' an ''Segundo Romance'') go platinum in the USA. He wis the anerly Laitin airtist tae perform at the show ''"[[Frank Sinatra|SINATRA]]: 80 Years My Way"'', alang wi ither pop icons such as [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Natalie Cole]] an [[Bob Dylan]].<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> His album ''[[Romances]]'' o 1997, became the first Spainyie-leid album iver debutin at No.&nbsp;14 on the Billboard Top 200.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> [[Warner Music]] recognisit Luis Miguel as the best-sellin airtist in the history o Chile wi ower 2.5&nbsp;million records sauld.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> In 2003, [[Felipe, Prince o Asturias|Prince Felipe]] o Spain presentit him wi a special awaird for bein the best-sellin foreign airtist in his kintra's history. In 2008, Luis Miguel's album ''[[Navidades]]'' became the first [[Christenmas muisic|Christenmas album]] iver bein nominatit tae the [[Grammy]] in the category o Pop.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> His album ''[[Cómplices]]'' breuk records in Mexico, bi sellin ower 320,000 copies in its first day o release.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> Juist three days efter its release, his new [[Luis Miguel (album)|album]] achievit Quadruple Platinum certification in Mexico, Platinum in Argentinae an gowd records in Chile an the Unitit States. Luis Miguel is kent bi his heich-grossin tours an his ootstaundin live performances an aw. His [[Amarte Es Un Placer Tour]] haed a lenth o echt month an run throu Mexico, USA, Argentinae, Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela, Brazil an Spain atween 1999 an 2000. The tour consistit o 105 concerts an wis attendit bi approximately 1.5&nbsp;million fans. It wis the heichest-grossin tour ever made by a Laitin airtist, as well as the maist extendit. These twa records hae been breuken bi his [[Mexico En La Piel Tour]]. His [[33 Tour]] peakit at No.&nbsp;1 in the ''Billboard World Top Boxscore''.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> The [[Mexico En La Piel Tour]] o 2005–2007, wi a total o 124 concerts, peakit at No.&nbsp;1 in the ''Billboard World Top Boxscore''. The tour spanned twa year wi a tot o 124 concerts attendit bi ower 1.5 millions spectators, an grossed aroond $950&nbsp;million.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> In 2006, durin the ''Mexico En La Piel Tour'', efter givin 30 consecutive sauld-oot concerts at the [[Auditorio Nacional]] in Mexico, gatherin ower 260,000 spectators he wis awairdit wi the ''"Estela de Plata"'' at the last concert.<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/> His [[Luis Miguel Tour]] is rankit at nummer five o the heichest-grossin tours o 2011 in North Americae.<ref>[http://www.pollstarpro.com/files/Charts2011/07181Ttop100NorthAmericanTours.pdf 071811top100.pmd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815160637/http://www.pollstarpro.com/files/Charts2011/07181Ttop100NorthAmericanTours.pdf |date=2011-08-15 }}. (PDF) . Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref> ===Awairds an recognitions=== {{Main|Leet o awairds an nominations receivit bi Luis Miguel}} ==Discografie== {{Main|Luis Miguel discografie}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} *1982: ''[[Un Sol]]'' *1982: ''[[Directo Al Corazón]]'' *1983: ''[[Decídete]]'' *1984: ''[[Ya Nunca Más]]'' *1984: ''[[Palabra De Honor]]'' *1984: ''[[Meu Sonho Perdido]]'' *1985: ''[[Fiebre de Amor (album)|Fiebre de amor]]'' *1986: ''[[Amándote A La Italiana|Canta in italiano]]'' *1986: ''[[Tambien es Rock]]'' *1987: ''[[Soy Como Quiero Ser]]'' *1988: ''[[Busca Una Mujer]]'' *1990: ''[[20 Años]]'' *1991: ''[[Romance (Luis Miguel album)|Romance]]'' *1992: ''[[América & En Vivo]]'' *1993: ''[[Aries (album)|Aries]]'' *1994: ''[[Segundo Romance]]'' *1995: ''[[El Concierto]]'' *1996: ''[[Nada Es Igual (Luis Miguel album)|Nada Es Igual]]'' *1997: ''[[Romances]]'' *1998: ''[[Todos Los Romances]]'' *1999: ''[[Amarte Es Un Placer]]'' *2000: ''[[Vivo (Luis Miguel album)|Vivo]]'' *2001: ''[[Mis Romances]]'' *2002: ''[[Mis Boleros Favoritos]]'' *2003: ''[[33 (Luis Miguel album)|33]]'' *2004: ''[[Mexico En La Piel]]'' *2005: ''[[Mexico En La Piel|Mexico En La Piel: Edición Diamante]]'' *2005: ''[[Grandes éxitos (Luis Miguel album)|Grandes éxitos]]'' *2006: ''[[Navidades]]'' *2008: ''[[Cómplices]]'' *2009: ''[[Cómplices|Cómplices: Edición Especial]]'' *2009: ''[[No Culpes a La Noche]]'' *2010: ''[[Luis Miguel (album)|Luis Miguel]]'' {{col-2}} ===Videografie=== *1989: ''[[Un Año De Conciertos]]'' *1991: ''[[Luis Miguel: 20 Años]]'' *1992: ''[[Romance: En Vivo]]'' *1995: ''[[El Concierto]]'' *1996: ''Los Videos'' *2000: ''[[Vivo (Luis Miguel album)|Vivo]]'' *2001: ''[[Romances|Romances (DVD Audio)]]'' *2002: ''[[Mis Boleros Favoritos]]'' *2005: ''[[Mexico En La Piel|Mexico En La Piel: Edición Diamante]]'' *2005: ''[[Grandes Exitos (Luis Miguel)|Grandes Exitos Videos]]'' {{col-end}} ==Album certifications== * '''Soy Como Quiero Ser:''' 5 Platinum Discs, 8 Gowd Discs * '''Romance:''' 1 Diamond Disc, 70 Platinum Discs, 3 Gowd Discs * '''Aries:''' 1 Diamond Disc, 40 Platinum Discs 6 Gowd Discs * '''Segundo Romance:''' 1 Diamond Disc, 50 Platinum Discs, 2 Gowd Disc * '''El Concierto:''' 13 Platinum Discs, 3 Gowd Disc * '''Nada Es Igual:''' 30 Platinum Discs, 1 Gowd Disc * '''Romances:''' 1 Diamond Disc, 50 Platinum Discs * '''Amarte Es Un Placer:''' 14 Platinum Discs, 4 Gowd Discs * '''Mis Romances:''' 8 Platinum Discs, 3 Gowd Discs * '''33:''' 11 Platinum Discs, 2 Gowd Discs * '''México En La Piel:''' 1 Diamond Disc, 11 Platinum Discs, 1 Gowd Disc * '''Grandes Exitos:''' 5 Platinum Discs, 3 Gowd Discs * '''Grandes Exitos Videos:''' 1 Platinum Discs, 1 Gowd Disc * '''Navidades Luis Miguel:''' 1 Diamond Discs, 10 Platinum Discs, 2 Gowd Disc. * '''Cómplices:''' 1 Diamond Disc, 9 Platinum Discs, 1 Gowd Disc '''Total career: 7 Diamond Discs, 327 Platinum Discs, 40 Gowd Discs '''Total career coontin singles: 16.7 million discs<ref name="LUIS MIGUEL: Complices - WARNER MUSIC"/><ref name="RIAA Certification Database">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database|title=RIAA: Searchable Database|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|work=Recording Industry Association of America|accessdate=2011-12-09}}</ref><ref name="Spanish Certifications ">{{cite web|url=http://promusicae.es/english.html|title=Spanish Certifications|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|work=Productores de Música de España|language=Spanish|accessdate=2011-12-09|archive-date=2012-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Brazil's Certification Database">{{cite web|url=http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados.asp|title=ABPD: Certificados|publisher=[[Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos]]|work=Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|accessdate=2011-12-09|language=Portuguese|archive-date=2010-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906003856/http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AMPROFON Certification Database">{{cite web|url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?item=menuCert&contenido=certificados|title=AMPROFON: Certificaciones|publisher=[[AMPROFON]]|work=AMPROFON|accessdate=2011-12-09|archive-date=2010-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412161601/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?item=menuCert&contenido=certificados|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Argentina's Certification Database">{{cite web|url=http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp=ESOP&CO=5|title=CAPIF: Discos de Oro y Platino|publisher=[[CAPIF]]|work=CAPIF|accessdate=2011-12-09|archive-date=2011-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084412/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp=ESOP&CO=5|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tvyespectaculos.com/2008/05/06/luis-miguel-y-su-disco-complices-vende-320-mil-copias/ "Luis Miguel y su disco Cómplices vende 320 mil copias"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201180245/http://www.tvyespectaculos.com/2008/05/06/luis-miguel-y-su-disco-complices-vende-320-mil-copias/ |date=2014-02-01 }}. Tvyespectaculos.com (2008-05-06). Retrieved on August 13, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2008/05/28/obtiene-luis-miguel-disco-de-diamante-en-mexico-por-complices |title=Obtiene Luis Miguel Disco de Diamante en México por "Cómplices" – La Jornada |access-date=2014-02-08 |archive-date=2008-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529134648/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2008/05/28/obtiene-luis-miguel-disco-de-diamante-en-mexico-por-complices |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tours== {{main|Leet o Luis Miguel concert tours}} *'''(1982)''' Un Sol Tour *'''(1983)''' Directo Al Corazon Tour *'''(1983-1984)''' Decídete Tour *'''(1984-1985)''' Palabra De Honor Tour *'''(1985-1986)''' Fiebre de Amor tour *'''(1987–1988)''' Soy Como Quiero Ser Tour *'''(1989–1990)''' Un Hombre Busca Una Mujer Tour *'''(1990–1991)''' [[Gira 20 Años|20 Años Tour]] *'''(1991–1992)''' [[Romance: En Vivo|Romance Tour]] *'''(1993–1994)''' Aries Tour *'''(1994–1995)''' [[Segundo Romance Tour]] *'''(1995)''' [[El Concierto Tour]] *'''(1996)''' [[Tour America 1996|America Tour]] *'''(1997–1998)''' [[Romances Tour]] *'''(1999–2000)''' [[Amarte Es Un Placer Tour]] *'''(2002)''' [[Mis Romances Tour]] *'''(2003–2004)''' [[33 Tour]] *'''(2005–2007)''' [[Mexico En La Piel Tour]] *'''(2008–2009)''' [[Complices Tour]] *'''(2010–TBA)''' [[Luis Miguel Tour]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.luismigueloficial.com/ Offeecial Steid] * [http://www.facebook.com/luismiguelofficial/ Offeecial Facebook] * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p40380}} * [http://www.mundoluismiguel.com/ Mundo Luis Miguel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006090634/http://www.mundoluismiguel.com/ |date=2008-10-06 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miguel, Luis}} [[Category:Luis Miguel| ]] [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Mexican male bairn actors]] [[Category:Mexican male film actors]] [[Category:Mexican male sangsters]] [[Category:Mexican pop sangsters]] [[Category:Mexican fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Mexican fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Italian-leid sangsters]] [[Category:Puerto Rican emigrants tae Mexico]] [[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]] 0t0qxdjx3hagsi7hvdkf2zxqw09q5e9 0 48760 923153 894466 2026-09-23T19:21:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox swimmer | name = Michael Phelps | image = Michael Phelps 2009.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Michael Phelps, Aprile 2009 | fullname = Michael Fred Phelps II<ref name="TV Guide">{{cite web|title=Michael Phelps|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/michael-phelps/258249|publisher=TVGuide.com|accessdate=2012-07-28|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184528/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/michael-phelps/258249/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | nicknames = MP; The Baltimore Bullet;<ref>{{cite news|title = 'Baltimore Bullet' has history in his sights|last = Harris|first = Nick|url = http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/baltimore-bullet-has-history-in-his-sights-889968.html|newspaper = The Independent|date = August 11, 2008|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5sFuQpI5B?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/baltimore-bullet-has-history-in-his-sights-889968.html|archivedate = 2010-08-25|accessdate = 2010-08-25|location = London|url-status = live}}</ref> Flying Fish<ref>{{cite web|publisher=MSNBC|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26249018/ns/beijing_olympics-beijing_olympics_news/t/flying-fish-phelps-largely-unknown-china/|title='Flying Fish' Phelps largely unknown in China|date=August 17, 2008|accessdate=2012-04-21|archive-date=2012-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114045159/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26249018/ns/beijing_olympics-beijing_olympics_news/t/flying-fish-phelps-largely-unknown-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | nationality = {{USA}} | strokes = [[Backstroke]], [[Butterfly stroke|butterflee]], [[Freestyle swimmin|freestyle]], [[Medley swimmin|individual medley]] | club = [[North Baltimore Aquatic Club]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|6|30|mf=y}}<ref name="phelpsbio">{{Cite news|publisher=USA Swimming|title=USA Swimming bio: Michael Phelps|url=http://www.usaswimming.org/DesktopModules/BioViewManaged.aspx?personid=4beec290-d7ae-483d-a512-36b18a4e022a&TabId=1453&Mid=10312|accessdate=2010-08-25|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405075041/http://www.usaswimming.org/DesktopModules/BioViewManaged.aspx?personid=4beec290-d7ae-483d-a512-36b18a4e022a&TabId=1453&Mid=10312|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Towson, Maryland]] | height = 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)<ref name="phelpsbio"/> | weight = {{convert|194|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="MichaelPhelps Overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/phelps-michael-1131796/ |title=Overview Michael Phelps |publisher=London2012.com |accessdate=2012-08-01 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121208141823/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/phelps-michael-1131796/ |archivedate=2012-12-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's swimmin}} {{MedalCountry | the {{USA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Gemmes]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2004 Simmer Olympics|2004 Athens]]|[[Soummin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterflee|100 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2004 Athens|[[Soummin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2004 Athens|[[Soummin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2004 Athens|[[Soummin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley|400 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2004 Athens|[[Soummin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2004 Athens|[[Soummin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2008 Beijing|[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterflee|100 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2008 Beijing|[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2008 Beijing|[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2008 Beijing|[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley|400 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2008 Beijing|[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2008 Beijing|[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2008 Beijing|[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]]|[[Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterflee|100 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2012 Lunnon|[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2012 Lunnon|[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2012 Lunnon|[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold | [[Soummin at the 2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Soummin at the 2016 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | [[Soummin at the 2016 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | [[Soummin at the 2016 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2012 Lunnon|[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalSilver|2012 Lunnon|[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|2004 Athens|[[Soummin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|2004 Athens|[[Soummin at the 2004 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FINA Warld Aquatics Championships|Warld Championships – Long Course]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2001 Warld Aquatics Championships|2001 Fukuoka]]|[[Soummin at the 2001 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2003 Warld Aquatics Championships|2003 Barcelona]]|[[Soummin at the 2003 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2003 Barcelona|[[Soummin at the 2003 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2003 Barcelona|[[Soummin at the 2003 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre individual medley|400 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2003 Barcelona|[[Soummin at the 2003 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2005 Warld Aquatics Championships|2005 Montreal]]|[[Soummin at the 2005 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2005 Montreal|[[Soummin at the 2005 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2005 Montreal|[[Soummin at the 2005 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2005 Montreal|[[Soummin at the 2005 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2005 Montreal|[[Soummin at the 2005 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|[[Soummin at the 2007 Warld Aquatics Championships|2007 Melbourne]]|[[Soummin at the 2007 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2007 Melbourne|[[Soummin at the 2007 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 100m butterflee|100 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2007 Melbourne|[[Soummin at the 2007 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200m butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2007 Melbourne|[[Soummin at the 2007 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200m individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2007 Melbourne|[[Soummin at the 2007 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 400m individual medley|400 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2007 Melbourne|[[Soummin at the 2007 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2007 Melbourne|[[Soummin at the 2007 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2009 Warld Aquatics Championships|2009 Roum]]|[[Soummin at the 2009 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 100m butterflee|100 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2009 Roum|[[Soummin at the 2009 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200m butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2009 Roum|[[Soummin at the 2009 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2009 Roum|[[Soummin at the 2009 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2009 Roum|[[Soummin at the 2009 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|[[Soummin at the 2011 Warld Aquatics Championships|2011 Shanghai]]| [[Soummin at the 2011 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre butterflee|100&nbsp;m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2011 Shanghai|[[Soummin at the 2011 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre butterflee|200 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalGold|2011 Shanghai|[[Soummin at the 2011 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200&nbsp;m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2011 Shanghai | [[Soummin at the 2011 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100&nbsp;m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|2003 Barcelona|[[Soummin at the 2003 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre butterflee|100 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalSilver|2003 Barcelona|[[Soummin at the 2003 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2005 Montreal|[[Soummin at the 2005 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre butterflee|100 m butterflee]]}} {{MedalSilver|2009 Roum|[[Soummin at the 2009 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200m freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2011 Shanghai|[[Soummin at the 2011 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2011 Shanghai|[[Soummin at the 2011 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalBronze|2011 Shanghai|[[Soummin at the 2011 Warld Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FINA Warld Championships - Short Course|Warld Championships – Short Course]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2004 FINA Warld Swimmin Championships (25 m)|2004 Indianapolis]]|200 m freestyle}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Pan Paceefic Swimmin Championships|Pan Paceefic Championships]]}} {{MedalGold| [[2002 Pan Paceefic Swimmin Championships|2002 Yokohama]] | 200 m medley}} {{MedalGold| 2002 Yokohama | 400 m medley}} {{MedalGold| 2002 Yokohama | 4×100 m medley}} {{MedalGold| [[2006 Pan Paceefic Swimmin Championships|2006 Victoria]] | 200 m butterflee}} {{MedalGold| 2006 Victoria | 200 m medley}} {{MedalGold| 2006 Victoria | 400 m medley}} {{MedalGold| 2006 Victoria | 4×100 m freestyle}} {{MedalGold| 2006 Victoria | 4×200 m freestyle}} {{MedalGold|[[2010 Pan Paceefic Swimming Championships|2010 Irvine]]|100 m butterflee}} {{MedalGold|2010 Irvine|200 m butterflee}} {{MedalGold|2010 Irvine|4×100&nbsp;m freestyle}} {{MedalGold|2010 Irvine|4×200&nbsp;m freestyle}} {{MedalGold|2010 Irvine|4×100&nbsp;m medley}} {{MedalSilver| 2002 Yokohama | 200 m butterflee}} {{MedalSilver| 2002 Yokohama | 4×200 m freestyle}} {{MedalSilver| 2006 Victoria | 200 m backstroke}} {{MedalSilver| 2014 Gold Coast| [[2014 Pan Paceefic Soummin Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver| 2014 Gold Coast| [[2014 Pan Paceefic Soummin Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} }} '''Michael Fred Phelps II''' (born Juin 30, 1985) is an American [[soummin (sport)|swimmer]] an the [[Leet o multiple Olympic medallists|maist decoratit Olympian o aw time]], wi a tot o 28 medals. Phelps haulds the aw-time records for [[Leet o multiple Olympic gowd medallists#Leet o maist Olympic gowd medals ower career|Olympic gowd medals]] (23, dooble the seicont heichest record holders), [[Leet o multiple Olympic gowd medallists#Leet o maist career gowd medals in individual events|Olympic gowd medals in individual events]] (13), an [[Leet o multiple Olympic medallists#Leet o maist career medals in individual events|Olympic medals in individual events]] (16). In winnin aicht gowd medals at the [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing Gemmes]], Phelps teuk the record for the maist [[Leet o multiple Olympic gowd medallists at a single Gemmes|first-place finishes at ony single Olympic Gemmes]]. Five o thae veectories war in individual events, tyin the [[Leet o multiple Olympic gowd medallists at a single Gemmes#Leet o maist individual gowd medals won at a single Olympic Gemmes|single Gemmes record]]. In the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] in Lunnon, Phelps won fower gowds an twa siller medals, makkin him the [[Leet o multiple Olympic gowd medallists at a single Gemmes|maist successfu]] athlete o the Gemmes for the third Olympics in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swimnews.com/News/view/9743 |title=Franklin Pips Phelps For Top Honour |access-date=2013-04-06 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130751/http://www.swimnews.com/News/view/9743 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Career best times== ===Long course (50 meter pool)=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Event ! Time ! Venue ! Date ! Notes |- | 100&nbsp;m freestyle | '''47.51''' (r) | [[Beijing]] | August 11, 2008 | |- | 200&nbsp;m freestyle | '''1:42.96''' | [[Beijing]] | August 12, 2008 | '''[[Leet o Americas records in swimmin|AM]]''', '''[[Leet o Unitit States records in swimmin|NR]]''' |- | 400&nbsp;m freestyle | '''3:47.79''' | [[Indianapolis]] | Aprile 1, 2005 | |- | 100&nbsp;m backstroke | '''53.01''' | [[Indianapolis]] | August 3, 2007 | |- | 200&nbsp;m backstroke | '''1:54.65''' | [[Indianapolis]] | August 1, 2007 | |- | 100&nbsp;m breaststroke | '''1:02.57''' | [[Columbie, Missouri|Columbie]] | Februar 17, 2008 | |- | 200 m breaststroke | '''2:11.30''' | [[San Antonio]] | August 10, 2015 | |- | 100&nbsp;m butterflee | '''49.82''' | [[Roum]] | August 1, 2009 | '''[[Leet o Americas records in swimmin|AM]]''', '''[[Leet o Unitit States records in swimmin|NR]]''', '''[[Leet o Warld records in swimmin|WR]]''' |- | 200&nbsp;m butterflee | '''1:51.51''' | [[Roum]] | Julie 29, 2009 | '''[[Leet o Americas records in swimmin|AM]]''', '''[[Leet o Unitit States records in swimmin|NR]]''', '''[[Leet o Warld records in swimmin|WR]]''' |- | 200&nbsp;m IM | '''1:54.16''' | [[Shanghai]] | Julie 28, 2011 | |- | 400&nbsp;m IM | '''4:03.84''' | [[Beijing]] | August 10, 2008 | '''[[Leet o Americas records in swimmin|AM]]''', '''[[Leet o Unitit States records in swimmin|NR]]''', '''[[Leet o Warld records in swimmin|WR]]''' |} r = relay lead-off ===Short course meters (25 meter pool)=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Event ! Time ! Venue ! Date ! Notes |- | 100&nbsp;m freestyle | '''46.99''' | [[Manchester]] | December 18, 2009 | |- | 200&nbsp;m freestyle | '''1:42.78''' | [[East Meadow]] | Februar 4, 2006 | |- | 200&nbsp;m backstroke | '''1:50.34''' | [[Berlin]] | October 22, 2011 | |- | 100&nbsp;m butterflee | '''50.46''' | [[Manchester]] | December 18, 2009 | |- | 200&nbsp;m butterflee | '''1:52.27''' | [[Melbourne]] | November 28, 2003 | |- | 100&nbsp;m IM | '''51.65''' | [[Berlin]] | October 22, 2011 | |- | 200&nbsp;m IM | '''1:51.89''' | [[Berlin]] | October 23, 2011 | |- | 400&nbsp;m IM | '''4:01.49''' | [[Berlin]] | October 22, 2011 | |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.usaswimming.org/DesktopModules/BioViewManaged.aspx?personid=4beec290-d7ae-483d-a512-36b18a4e022a&TabId=1453&Mid=10312 Michael Phelps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405075041/http://www.usaswimming.org/DesktopModules/BioViewManaged.aspx?personid=4beec290-d7ae-483d-a512-36b18a4e022a&TabId=1453&Mid=10312 |date=2012-04-05 }}&nbsp;– Naitional Team swimmer profile at USASwimming.org * [http://www.michaelphelpsfoundation.org/index.php MichaelPhelpsFoundation.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310185039/http://www.michaelphelpsfoundation.org/index.php |date=2010-03-10 }}&nbsp;– offeecial wabsteid o the Michael Phelps Foundation * {{twitter|michaelphelps}} * {{Facebook User|michaelphelps}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phelps, Michael}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Maryland]] [[Category:American soummers]] [[Category:American male backstroke soummers]] [[Category:American male butterflee soummers]] [[Category:American male freestyle soummers]] [[Category:American male medley soummers]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:James E. Sullivan Awaird recipients]] [[Category:Michigan Wolverines athletes]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for the Unitit States]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for the Unitit States]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for the Unitit States]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in soummin]] [[Category:Olympic soummers o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk frae Towson, Maryland]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Baltimore, Maryland]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummers at the 2016 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Warld Aquatics Championships medallists in soummin]] [[Category:Warld record hauders in soummin]] [[Category:Medallists at the FINA Warld Soummin Championships (25 m)]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] anju7ka1wk2u9f1yl67v15ghkisfm4r 0 49021 923209 885624 2026-09-24T03:04:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Olympic event |event = Men's 1500 metre freestyle |games = 2012 Simmer |image = |caption = |venue = [[Lunnon Aquatics Centre]] |date =3 August 2012 (heats) <br />4 August 2012 (final) |competitors = 31 |nations = 25 |win_value = 14:31.02 {{WR|swimmin}} |gold = [[Sun Yang]] |goldNOC = CHN |silver =[[Ryan Cochrane (swimmer)|Ryan Cochrane]] |silverNOC = CAN |bronze = [[Oussama Mellouli]] |bronzeNOC = TUN |prev = [[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|2008]] |next = [[Soummin at the 2016 Simmer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|2016]]}} {{SwimminAt2012SimmerOlympics}} The '''men's 1500 metre freestyle''' event at the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] teuk place on 3–4 August at the [[Lunnon Aquatics Centre]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120904113819/www.london2012.com/games/sport-competition-schedules/olympic-sport-competition-schedule.php?sport=Swimming&venue=&date=&Search.x=35&Search.y=9 Discipline at london2012.com]</ref> ==Records== At the stairt o this event, the existin Warld an Olympic records wur as follows. {{World Olympic Record | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|[[Sun Yang]]|CHN}} | world_mark = 14:34.14 | world_place = [[Shanghai]], [[Cheenae]] | world_date = 31 Julie 2011 | world_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 1500&nbsp;m freestyle final results|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2011/shanghai2011/C73A1_Results%20(One%20Heat%20-%20Individual)_137_Heat1_Men_1500_Free.pdf|publisher=[[Omega SA|Omega Timing]]|date=31 July 2011|accessdate=31 July 2011}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FINA World Championships, Swimming: Sun Yang Downs Grant Hackett's 1500 Free World Record|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/27773.asp?q=|publisher=''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''|date=31 July 2011|accessdate=31 July 2011}}</ref> | olympic_athlete = {{flagIOCathlete|[[Grant Hackett]]|AUS|2008 Summer}} | olympic_mark = 14:38.92 | olympic_place = [[Beijing]], [[Cheenae]] | olympic_date = 15 August 2008 | olympic_ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/15/2337257.htm?section=justin | title = Hackett breaks record in 1,500m heat | publisher = [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] | date = 2008-08-16 | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | archive-date = 2009-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090113130346/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/15/2337257.htm?section=justin | url-status = dead}}</ref>{{ref label|Hackett|B|}} }} The followin records wur established durin the competeetion: {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center ! Date !! Event !! Name !! Nationality !! Time !! Record |- | 4 August ||Final || align=left|[[Sun Yang]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|CHN|2012 Summer}} || 14:31.02 || WR |} ==Results== ===Heats=== <ref>{{Cite web|title=Men's 1500m Freestyle – Heats|url=http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/men-1500m-freestyle/phase=swm015900/index.html|accessdate=27 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121209112718/http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/men-1500m-freestyle/phase=swm015900/index.html|archivedate=2012-12-09|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Rank !! Heat !! Lane !! Name !! Naitionality !! Time !! Notes |-bgcolor=ccffcc | 1 || 4 || 4 || align=left|[[Sun Yang]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|CHN|2012 Simmer}} || 14:43.25 || Q |-bgcolor=ccffcc | 2 || 4 || 7 || align=left|[[Oussama Mellouli]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|TUN|2012 Simmer}} || 14:46.23 || Q |-bgcolor=ccffcc | 3 || 3 || 4 || align=left|[[Ryan Cochrane (swimmer)|Ryan Cochrane]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|CAN|2012 Simmer}} || 14:49.31 || Q |-bgcolor=ccffcc | 4 || 2 || 5 || align=left|[[Gregorio Paltrinieri]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|ITA|2012 Simmer}} || 14:50.11 || Q |-bgcolor=ccffcc | 5 || 2 || 3 || align=left|[[Daniel Fogg]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|GBR|2012 Simmer}} || 14:56.12 || Q |-bgcolor=ccffcc | 6 || 3 || 5 || align=left|[[Park Tae-Hwan]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|KOR|2012 Simmer}} || 14:56.89 || Q |-bgcolor=ccffcc | 7 || 3 || 3 || align=left|[[Connor Jaeger]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|USA|2012 Simmer}} || 14:57.56 || Q |-bgcolor=ccffcc | 8 || 2 || 6 || align=left|[[Mateusz Sawrymowicz]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|POL|2012 Simmer}} || 14:57.59 || Q |- | 9 || 4 || 3 || align=left|[[Andrew Gemmell]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|USA|2012 Simmer}} || 14:59.05 || |- | 10 || 4 || 1 || align=left|[[Sergii Frolov]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|UKR|2012 Simmer}} || 14:59.19 || '''[[Leet o Ukrainian records in swimmin|NR]]''' |- | 11 || 4 || 6 || align=left|[[Job Kienhuis]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|NED|2012 Simmer}} || 15:03.16 || |- | 12 || 3 || 7 || align=left|[[Gergely Gyurta]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|HUN|2012 Simmer}} || 15:04.22 || |- | 13 || 2 || 2 || align=left|[[Gabriele Detti]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|ITA|2012 Simmer}} || 15:06.22 || |- | 14 || 3 || 2 || align=left|[[Damien Joly]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|FRA|2012 Simmer}} || 15:08.50 || |- | 15 || 3 || 1 || align=left|[[Dai Jun]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|CHN|2012 Simmer}} || 15:13.90 || |- | 16 || 3 || 6 || align=left|[[David Davies (swimmer)|David Davies]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|GBR|2012 Simmer}} || 15:14.77 || |- | 17 || 4 || 5 || align=left|[[Pál Joensen]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|DEN|2012 Simmer}} || 15:18.42 || |- | 18 || 4 || 8 || align=left|[[Jarrod Poort]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|AUS|2012 Simmer}} || 15:20.82 || |- | 19 || 2 || 4 || align=left|[[Gergő Kis]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|HUN|2012 Simmer}} || 15:21.74 || |- | 20 || 4 || 2 || align=left|[[Anthony Pannier]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|FRA|2012 Simmer}} || 15:24.08 || |- | 21 || 2 || 7 || align=left|[[Heerden Herman]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|RSA|2012 Simmer}} || 15:25.71 || |- | 22 || 1 || 4 || align=left|[[Arturo Perez Vertti Ferrer]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|MEX|2012 Simmer}} || 15:25.91 || |- | 23 || 2 || 8 || align=left|[[Alejandro Gómez (swimmer)|Alejandro Gómez]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|VEN|2012 Simmer}} || 15:27.38 || |- | 24 || 1 || 7 || align=left|[[Jan Micka]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|CZE|2012 Simmer}} || 15:29.34 || |- | 25 || 1 || 6 || align=left|[[Anton Sveinn McKee]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|ISL|2012 Simmer}} || 15:29.40 || '''[[Leet o Icelandic records in swimmin|NR]]''' |- | 26 || 1 || 5 || align=left|[[Ediz Yildirimer]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|TUR|2012 Simmer}} || 15:29.97 || |- | 27 || 2 || 1 || align=left|[[Matias Koski]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|FIN|2012 Simmer}} || 15:34.80 || |- | 28 || 1 || 3 || align=left|[[Ventsislav Aydarski]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|BUL|2012 Simmer}} || 15:34.86 || |- | 29 || 3 || 8 || align=left|[[Juan Martin Pereyra]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|ARG|2012 Simmer}} || 15:36.72 || |- | 30 || 1 || 2 || align=left|[[Uladzimir Zhyharau]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|BLR|2012 Simmer}} || 15:48.67 || |- | 31 || 1 || 1 || align=left|[[Ullalmath Gagan]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|IND|2012 Simmer}} || 16:31.14 || |} ===Final=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Rank !! Lane !! Name !! Naitionality !! Time !! Notes |- | {{gold1}} || 4 || align=left|[[Sun Yang]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|CHN|2012 Simmer}} || 14:31.02 ||{{WR|swimmin}} |- | {{silver2}} || 3 || align=left|[[Ryan Cochrane (swimmer)|Ryan Cochrane]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|CAN|2012 Simmer}} || 14:39.63 || '''[[Leet o Americas records in swimmin|AM]]''' |- | {{bronze3}} || 5 || align=left|[[Oussama Mellouli]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|TUN|2012 Simmer}} || 14:40.31 || |- | 4 || 7 || align=left|[[Park Tae-Hwan]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|KOR|2012 Simmer}} || 14:50.61 || '''[[Leet o Sooth Korean records in swimmin|NR]]''' |- | 5 || 6 || align=left|[[Gregorio Paltrinieri]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|ITA|2012 Simmer}} || 14:51.92 || |- | 6 || 1 || align=left|[[Connor Jaeger]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|USA|2012 Simmer}} || 14:52.99 || |- | 7 || 8 || align=left|[[Mateusz Sawrymowicz]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|POL|2012 Simmer}} || 14:54.32 || |- | 8 || 2 || align=left|[[Daniel Fogg]] || align=left|{{flagIOC|GBR|2012 Simmer}} || 15:00.76 || |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|Men's 01500 metre freestyle]] ppc8zm6v5egmf9yxb2un7o5vp5mhcuq 0 49528 923125 894011 2026-09-23T16:02:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korean name|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]}} {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Kim Jae-bum |image=KOCIS_Korea_Judo_Kim_Jaebum_London_32_(7696362732).jpg | birth_date = Januar 25, 1985 | birth_place = [[Gimcheon]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]], [[Sooth Korea]] | show-medals=yes | medaltemplates= {{MedalCountry | {{KOR}} }} {{MedalSport |Men's [[Judo]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Gemmes]]}} {{MedalGold |[[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Lunnon]] | [[Judo at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 81 kg|-81&nbsp;kg]]}} {{MedalSilver |[[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Judo at the 2008 Simmer Olympics—Men's 81 kg|-81&nbsp;kg]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Warld Judo Championships|Warld Championships]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2010 Warld Judo Championships|2010 Tokyo]] | [[2010 Warld Judo Championships – Men's 81 kg|-81 kg]] }} {{MedalGold|[[2011 Warld Judo Championships|2011 Paris]] | [[2011 Warld Judo Championships – Men's 81 kg|-81 kg]] }} {{MedalBronze|[[2009 Warld Judo Championships|2009 Rotterdam]] | -81 kg }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Asie Gemmes]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2010 Asian Gemmes|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Judo at the 2010 Asian Gemmes|-81 kg]]}} {{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Judo Championships|Asian Championships]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2005 Asian Judo Championships|2005 Tashkent]] | -73 kg }} {{MedalGold | [[2008 Asian Judo Championships|2008 Jeju]] | -81 kg }} {{MedalGold | [[2009 Asian Judo Championships|2009 Taipei]] | -81 kg }} {{MedalGold | [[2011 Asian Judo Championships|2011 Abu Dabi]] | -81 kg }} {{MedalGold | [[2012 Asian Judo Championships|2012 Tashkent]] | -81 kg }} }} {{Infobox Korean name |hangul=김재범 |hanja= {{linktext|金|宰|範|}} |rr=Kim Jae-beom |mr=Kim Chae-bŏm |title=[[Korean Name]] |color=#B0C4DE |tablewidth=265 }} '''Kim Jae-bum''' (born Januar 25, 1985 in [[Gimcheon]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]) is a retired [[Sooth Korea]]n [[judo]]ka. Kim wan a gowd medal in the -73&nbsp;kg class at the 2004 Warld Junior Judo Championships in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]].<ref name="joongang">{{cite news |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2925904 |title=Kim wins first world title; Wang loses out |date=September 13, 2010 |work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]] |first=Jason |last=Kim |access-date=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2011-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121074851/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2925904 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the [[2005 Asian Judo Championships]] in [[Tashkent]], he wan a gowd medal in the -73&nbsp;kg class. Kim wis considered ane o the Big Three Judokas o the -73&nbsp;kg class in Sooth Korea, along wi [[Lee Won-Hee]] an [[Wang Ki-Chun]]. But in 2007, he moved up in weicht tae avoid the fierce competition,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2928359 |title=Korean judokas clean up at Asian Games |date=November 15, 2010 |work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]] |first=Jason |last=Kim |access-date=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2011-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120165621/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2928359 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an wan a gowd medal in the -81&nbsp;kg category at the [[2008 Asian Judo Championships]] in [[Jeju Ceety|Jeju]]. Kim competit in the [[2008 Olympic Gemmes]] in [[Beijing]], [[Cheenae]], an wan the siller medal in the -81&nbsp;kg class.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/12/content_9223791.htm359 |title=German Bischof wins men's 81kg judo Olympic gold |date=August 12, 2008 |work=[[Xinhua]] }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the preliminary roonds, he defeatit 2006 European champion [[Serguei Shundikov]] o [[Belarus]] bi pynts an 2007 European champion [[Robert Krawczyk]] o [[Poland]] bi [[ippon]]. Kim edged oot 2008 European champion [[João Neto]] o [[Portugal]] bi pynts in the quarterfinals. In the semifinal, Kim beat 2005 Warld Champion [[Guillaume Elmont]] o the [[Netherlands]]. He lost tae 2005 European champion [[Ole Bischof]] o Germany in the final, though Kim haed defeatit aw o the European champions frae 2006 tae 2008 in the previous roonds. Kim wan his first major gowd medal at the [[2010 Warld Judo Championships]] held in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. In the gowd medal match, he defeatit twa-time Olympic medalist [[Leandro Guilheiro]] o [[Brazil]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/picturegalleries/7999898/The-2010-World-Judo-Championships-in-Tokyo-in-pictures.html?image=8 |title= The 2010 World Judo Championships in Tokyo in pictures |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | location=London |date=September 13, 2010 }}</ref> bi scorin a [[waza-ari]] wi [[Ōuchi gari|ouchi-gari]] in extra time.<ref name="joongang" /> Kim acame the twa-time warld champion at the [[2011 Warld Judo Championships]] held in [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]]. Kim avenged his Beijing 2008 Olympic Gemmes loss tae Ole Bischof in roond o 16.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsticker.sueddeutsche.de/list/id/1196867 |title= Bischof ohne Medaille - Schwache WM-Zwischenbilanz |date=August 25, 2011 |work=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |language=German }}</ref> He beat [[Srdjan Mrvaljevic]] o [[Montenegro]] in the final match bi scorin a waza-ari wi [[Leet o Kodokan judo techniques#Osaekomi-waza|osaekomi-waza]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i5hZzFTV7EVBXaM06ms0sCpR6uFA?docId=CNG.6de6ffc399496abdfc53c3cb85aed5a1.10f1 |title=Kim, Emane claim second world titles |date=August 25, 2011 |work=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |first=Barnaby |last=Chesterman |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130125032746/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i5hZzFTV7EVBXaM06ms0sCpR6uFA?docId=CNG.6de6ffc399496abdfc53c3cb85aed5a1.10f1 |archivedate=2013-01-25 |access-date=2013-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Simmer Olympics]] 2012, Kim wan gowd medal in men's -81&nbsp;kg diveesion, defeatin German Judoka Ole Bischof.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19069273|title=Olympic judo: South Korea's Kim Jae-Bum wins men's -81kg gold |accessdate=31-07-2012}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Jae Bum}} [[Category:Judoka at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Judoka at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic judoka o Sooth Korea]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Sooth Korea]] [[Category:Sooth Korean judoka]] [[Category:Yong-In Varsity alumni]] [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in judo]] [[Category:Asie Gemmes medallists in judo]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Sooth Korea]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] 1qxbbyyk9n6hv5cj9xuo8eaxmv60o15 0 49939 923133 918349 2026-09-23T17:06:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Phelpsbeijing.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Michael Phelps haulds five individual an three team Olympic soummin records.]] The [[Internaitional Olympic Committee]] recognises the fastest performances in pool-based [[Soummin at the Simmer Olympics|soummin events]] at the [[Olympic Gemmes]]. Men's soummin haes been pairt o the Simmer Olympics syne the Gemmes' modren inception in 1896; it wis nae til 1912 that weemen competit against each ether. The soummin events at the [[1896 Olympic Gemmes]] wur held in a bay in the [[Aegean Sea]] wi soummers bein required tae soum tae the shore—Hungarian soummer [[Alfréd Hajós]] wan twa gowd medals that year, sayin "My will tae live completely owercame my desire tae win."<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/profiles/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=58180 | title = Profiles -> Alfred Hajos | accessdate = 2008-09-05 | work = Official website of the Olympic Movement}}</ref> The [[1900 Olympic Gemmes|1900]] Gemmes in Paris saw the soummin events tak place in the [[River Seine]] while the [[1908 Simmer Olympics|1908]] events wur hostit in a 100&nbsp;m pool locatit within an athletics track in the [[White Ceety Stadium]] in Lunnon.<ref name=swim/> Races are held in fower [[soummin strokes]]: [[freestyle swimmin|freestyle]], [[backstroke]], [[breaststroke]] an [[Butterflee stroke|butterflee]], ower varyin distances an in aither individual or [[relay race]] events. In the [[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 Olympic Gemmes]] in [[Lunnon]], baith men an weemen competit in saxteen events in the pool, each sex in the same events wi the exceptions o the 800&nbsp;m freestyle (weemen-anly) an the 1500&nbsp;m freestyle (men-anly).<ref name=swim>{{Cite web | url = http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/disciplines_uk.asp?DiscCode=SW | title = Aquatics – Swimming | accessdate = 2008-09-03 | work = Official website of the Olympic Movement}}</ref> O the 32 pool-based events, soummers frae the [[Unitit States]] hauld saxteen records, [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] five, [[Australie]] fower, the [[Netherlands]] twa, an ane each tae [[Brasil]], [[Fraunce]], [[Great Breetain]], [[Hungary]], an [[Sooth Africae]]. __TOC__ {{clear}} ==Men's records== [[Image:Filhopodium50.jpg|right|thumb|upright|César Cielo Filho]] [[File:Ryan Lochte cropped.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Ryan Lochte]] ''♦ denotes a performance that is also a current [[Warld records in swimmin|warld record]]. Statistics are correct as o 29 Julie 2012, durin the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] in Lunnon an include only those events which are currently recognised bi the [[IOC]] as Olympic events.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" !style="width:13em"|Event !class=unsortable style="width:5em"|Record !style="width:15em"|Name !style="width:12em"|Naition !style="width:9em"|Gemmes !Date !class=unsortable|Ref |- |{{sort|00050|50&nbsp;m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|21.30&nbsp; |{{sortname|César|Cielo Filho}} |{{flagIOCteam|BRA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics - Men's 50 metre freestyle|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|16|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/swimming/resultsandschedules/rsc=SWM010100/index.html |title=Swimming 50m freestyle Progression |work=Olympic and World Records |publisher=[[IOC]] |accessdate=2008-08-15 |archive-date=2009-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103152152/http://www.nbcolympics.com/swimming/resultsandschedules/rsc=SWM010100/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{sort|00100|100&nbsp;m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|47.05&nbsp; |{{sortname|Eamon|Sullivan}} |{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|13|link=off}} |align=center|{{ref label|Sullivan|A|}} |- |{{sort|00200|200&nbsp;m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|1:42.96&nbsp; |{{sortname|Michael|Phelps}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|12|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web |author=Jason Stallman|title=Phelps wins third gold|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/12/sports/olympics/12phelpsweb.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2008-08-11|accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00400|400&nbsp;m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|3:40.14&nbsp; |{{sortname|Sun|Yang}} |{{flagIOCteam|CHN|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|28|link=off}} |align=center| |- |{{sort|01500|1500&nbsp;m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|♦14:31.02&nbsp; |{{sortname|Sun|Yang}} |{{flagIOCteam|CHN|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|04|link=off}} |align=center| |- |{{sort|00100|100 m [[backstroke]]}} |align=right|52.16&nbsp; |{{sortname|Matt|Grevers}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 100 metre backstroke|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|30|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 London Olympics: Matt Grevers Sets Olympic Record in 100 Back Win; Nick Thoman Gives U.S. 1-2 Finish|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/World/31465.asp?q=2012-London-Olympics:-Matt-Grevers-Sets-Olympic-Record-in-100-Back-Win;-Nick-Thoman-Gives-U.S.-1-2-Finish|publisher=''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''|date=30 July 2012|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00200|200 m [[backstroke]]}} |align=right|1:53.41&nbsp; |{{sortname|Tyler|Clary}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre backstroke|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|02|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/men-200m-backstroke/index.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-16 |archive-date=2012-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112231507/http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/men-200m-backstroke/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{sort|00100|100 m [[breaststroke]]}} |align=right|♦58.46&nbsp; |{{sortname|Cameron|van der Burgh}} |{{flagIOCteam|RSA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|29|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 London Olympics: Cameron van der Burgh's World Record Ends Kosuke Kitajima's Threepeat Bid in 100 Breast|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/World/31443.asp?q=2012-London-Olympics:-Cameron-van-der-Burgh's-World-Record-Ends-Kosuke-Kitajima's-Threepeat-Big-in-100-Breast|publisher=''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''|date=29 July 2012|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00200|200 m [[breaststroke]]}} |align=right|2:07.28&nbsp; |{{sortname|Dániel|Gyurta}} |{{flagIOCteam|HUN|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|01|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 London Olympics: Hungary's Daniel Gyurta Breaks World Record in 200 Breast Victory; Kosuke Kitajima Misses Podium in Threepeat Bid; Scott Weltz, Clark Burckle Fifth-Sixth|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/World/31520.asp?q=2012-London-Olympics:-Hungary's-Daniel-Gyurta-Breaks-World-Record-in-200-Breast-Victory;-Kosuke-Kitajima-Misses-Podium-in-Threepeat-Bid;-Scott-Weltz,-Clark-Burckle-Fifth-Sixth|publisher=''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''|date=1 August 2012|accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00100|100 m [[Butterflee stroke|butterflee]]}} |align=right|50.58&nbsp; |{{sortname|Michael|Phelps}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterflee|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|16|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/records/results_uk.asp?DIS_S_CODE=SW&GET_C_ID=M&GET_C_OL=1&GET_C_WO=&EVT_S_CODE=021&RESULT=TRUE | work = Official website of the Olympic Movement | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | title = Swimming – 100m butterfly – Progression}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00200|200 m [[Butterflee stroke|butterflee]]}} |align=right|1:52.03&nbsp; |{{sortname|Michael|Phelps}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterflee|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|13|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|author=Jason Stallman|title=Phelps captures 4th gold of games|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/sports/olympics/13phelpsweb.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2008-08-12|accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00200|200 m individual [[Medley swimmin|medley]]}} |align=right|1:54.23&nbsp; |{{sortname|Michael|Phelps}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|15|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/15/content_9331583.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-05-02 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055132/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/15/content_9331583.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00400|400 m individual [[Medley swimmin|medley]]}} |align=right|♦4:03.84&nbsp; |{{sortname|Michael|Phelps}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|14|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=Abrahamson|title=One down for Phelps|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/swimming/news/newsid=188657.html|publisher=''[[NBC]]''|date=2008-08-09|accessdate=2008-08-09|archive-date=2008-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816005155/http://www.nbcolympics.com/swimming/news/newsid=188657.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00101|4×100 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]] relay}} |align=right|♦3:08.24&nbsp; |[[Michael Phelps]] (47.51)<br/>[[Garrett Weber-Gale]] (47.02)<br/>[[Cullen Jones]] (47.65)<br/>[[Jason Lezak]] (46.06) |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|11|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lezak tracks down French in relay|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/swimming/news/newsid=188791.html|publisher=[[NBC]]|accessdate=2008-08-09|archive-date=2008-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816005136/http://www.nbcolympics.com/swimming/news/newsid=188791.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00201|4×200 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]] relay}} |align=right|6:58.56&nbsp; |[[Michael Phelps]] (1:43.31)<br/>[[Ryan Lochte]] (1:44.28)<br/>[[Ricky Berens]] (1:46.29)<br/>[[Peter Vanderkaay]] (1:44.68) |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|13|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>http://deportespe.terra.com.pe/olympics2008/interna/0,,OI3085345-EI12185,00.html{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |{{sort|00101|4×100 m [[Medley swimmin|medley]] relay}} |align=right|3:29.34&nbsp; |[[Aaron Peirsol]] (53.16)<br />[[Brendan Hansen]] (59.27) <br />[[Michael Phelps]] (50.15)<br />[[Jason Lezak]] (46.76) |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|17|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web |author=Karen Crouse|title=Phelps’s epic journey ends in perfection|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/17/sports/olympics/17swim.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2004-08-16|accessdate=2008-08-18}}</ref> |} {{clear}} ==Women's records== [[Image:Rebecca adlington.png|right|thumb|upright|Rebecca Adlington]] ''♦ denotes a performance that is also a current [[Warld records in swimmin|warld record]]. Statistics are correct as of 30 Julie 2012, durin the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] in Lunnon an include only those events which are currently recognised bi the [[IOC]] as Olympic events.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" !style="width:13em"|Event !class=unsortable style="width:5em"|Record !style="width:15em"|Name !style="width:12em"|Naition !style="width:9em"|Gemmes !Date !class=unsortable|Ref |- |{{sort|00050|50 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|24.05&nbsp; |{{sortname|Ranomi|Kromowidjojo}} |{{flagIOCteam|NED|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 50 metre freestyle|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|04|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Women's 50m Freestyle Results|url=http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/women-50m-freestyle/phase=sww010100/index.html|publisher=www.london2012.com|date=4 August 2012|accessdate=6 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120903162304/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2007/0524/1179498727032.html|archivedate=2012-09-03|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00100|100 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|53.00&nbsp; |{{sortname|Ranomi|Kromowidjojo}} |{{flagIOCteam|NED|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 100 metre freestyle|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|02|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event=swimming-women-100m-freestyle/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-28 |archive-date=2013-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428011839/http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event=swimming-women-100m-freestyle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{sort|00200|200 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|1:53.61&nbsp; |{{sortname|Allison|Schmitt}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 200 metre freestyle|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|31|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 London Olympics: Allison Schmitt Torches 200 Free With Olympic, American Record; Missy Franklin Misses Podium|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/World/31492.asp?q=2012-London-Olympics:-Allison-Schmitt-Torches-200-Free-With-Olympic,-American-Record;-Missy-Franklin-Misses-Podium|publisher=''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''|date=31 July 2012|accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00400|400 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|4:01.45&nbsp; |{{sortname|Camille|Muffat}} |{{flagIOCteam|FRA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 400 metre freestyle|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|29|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 London Olympics: Camille Muffat Pips Allison Schmitt With Olympic Record in Women's 400 Free|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/World/31444.asp?q=2012-London-Olympics:-Camille-Muffat-Pips-Allison-Schmitt-With-Olympic-Record-in-Women's-400-Free|publisher=''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''|date=29 July 2012|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00800|800 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]]}} |align=right|♦8:14.10&nbsp; |{{sortname|Rebecca|Adlington}} |{{flagIOCteam|GBR|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 800 metre freestyle|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|16|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Adlington storms to second gold|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/swimming/7564653.stm|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=2008-08-16|accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00100|100 m [[backstroke]]}} |align=right|58.23&nbsp; |{{sortname|Emily|Seebohm}} |{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 100 metre backstroke|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|29|link=off}} |align=center|{{ref label|Seebohm|B|}} |- |{{sort|00200|200 m [[backstroke]]}} |align=right|♦2:04.06&nbsp; |{{sortname|Missy|Franklin}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 200 metre backstroke|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|03|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Womens 200m Backstroke Results|url=http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/women-200m-backstroke/phase=sww042100/index.html|publisher=www.london2012.com|date=3 August 2012|accessdate=12 September 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130103191350/http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/women-200m-backstroke/phase=sww042100/index.html|archivedate=2013-01-03|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00100|100 m [[breaststroke]]}} |align=right|1:05.17&nbsp; |{{sortname|Leisel|Jones}} |{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2008 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 100 metre breaststroke|2008 Beijing]] |{{dts|2008|08|10|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/records/results_uk.asp?DIS_S_CODE=SW&GET_C_ID=W&GET_C_OL=1&GET_C_WO=&EVT_S_CODE=031&RESULT=TRUE | title = Swimming – 100m breaststroke – Progression | work = Official website of the Olympic Movement | accessdate = 2008-09-07}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00200|200 m [[breaststroke]]}} |align=right|♦2:19.59&nbsp; |{{sortname|Rebecca|Soni}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 200 metre breaststroke|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|02|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|author=Nicole Auerbach|title=Rebecca Soni sets world record in winning gold|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/london/swimming/story/2012-08-02/rebecca-soni-wins-gold-breaks-world-record/56711840/1|work=[[USA Today]]|date=2012-08-02|accessdate=2012-08-02}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00100|100 m [[Butterflee stroke|butterflee]]}} |align=right|♦55.98&nbsp; |{{sortname|Dana|Vollmer}} |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 100 metre butterflee|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|29|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 London Olympics: Dana Vollmer Clears 56-Second Barrier, Sets World Record in 100 Fly|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/World/31440.asp?q=2012-London-Olympics:-Dana-Vollmer-Clears-56-Second-Barrier,-Sets-World-Record-in-100-Fly|publisher=''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''|date=29 July 2012|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00200|200 m [[Butterflee stroke|butterflee]]}} |align=right|2:04.06&nbsp; |{{sortname|Jiao|Liuyang}} |{{flagIOCteam|CHN|2012 Simmer}} |[[Swimming at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 200 metre butterflee|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|01|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's 200m Butterfly Results|url=http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/women-200m-butterfly/phase=sww022100/index.html|publisher=www.london2012.com|date=1 August 2012|accessdate=4 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130103153649/http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/women-200m-butterfly/phase=sww022100/index.html|archivedate=2013-01-03|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00201|200 m individual [[Medley swimmin|medley]]}} |align=right|2:07.57&nbsp; |{{sortname|Ye|Shiwen}} |{{flagIOCteam|CHN|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 200 metre individual medley|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|31|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=2012 London Olympics: Ye Shiwen Uses Superb Freestyle Leg to Power to IM Sweep With Olympic Record in 200 IM; Alicia Coutts, Caitlin Leverenz 2-3; Ariana Kukors Fifth|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/World/31496.asp?q=2012-London-Olympics:-Ye-Shiwen-Uses-Superb-Freestyle-Leg-to-Power-to-IM-Sweep-With-Olympic-Record-in-200-IM;-Alicia-Coutts,-Caitlin-Leverenz-2-3;-Ariana-Kukors-Fifth|publisher=''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''|date=31 July 2012|accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00401|400 m individual [[Medley swimmin|medley]]}} |align=right|♦4:28.43&nbsp; |{{sortname|Ye|Shiwen}} |{{flagIOCteam|CHN|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 400 metre individual medley|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|28|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite web | url = http://london2012.bbc.co.uk/swimming/event/women-400m-individual-medley/phase=sww054100/index.html | title = Women's 400m Individual Medley Results | publisher = BBC Sport | accessdate = 2012-07-29 | archive-date = 2012-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120729075447/http://london2012.bbc.co.uk/swimming/event/women-400m-individual-medley/phase=sww054100/index.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |{{sort|00101|4×100 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]] relay}} |align=right|3:33.15&nbsp; |{{sortname|Alicia|Coutts}} (53.90)<br/>[[Cate Campbell]] (54.19)<br/>[[Brittany Elmslie]] (53.41)<br/>[[Melanie Schlanger]] (52.65) |{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|07|28|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://london2012.bbc.co.uk/swimming/event/women-4x100m-freestyle-relay/phase=sww411100/index.html | accessdate = 2012-07-29 | title = Women's 4x100m Freestyle Relay Results | publisher = BBC Sport | archive-date = 2012-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120729172259/http://london2012.bbc.co.uk/swimming/event/women-4x100m-freestyle-relay/phase=sww411100/index.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |{{sort|00201|4×200 m [[Freestyle (swimmin)|freestyle]] relay}} |align=right|7:42.92&nbsp; |{{sortname|Missy|Franklin}} (1:55.96)<br />[[Dana Vollmer]] (1:56.02)<br />[[Shannon Vreeland]] (1:56.85)<br />[[Allison Schmitt]] (1:54.09) |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|01|link=off}} |align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Women's 4x200m freestyle Relay – Final|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/swimming/event/women-4x200m-freestyle-relay/index.html?v=20120801-215455542|publisher=[[NBC]]|accessdate=2012-08-01}}</ref> |- |{{sort|00101|4×100 m [[Medley swimming|medley]] relay}} |align=right|♦3:52.05&nbsp; |{{sortname|Missy|Franklin}} (58.50)<br />[[Rebecca Soni]] (1:04.82)<br />[[Dana Vollmer]] (55.48)<br />[[Allison Schmitt]] (53.25) |{{flagIOCteam|USA|2012 Simmer}} |[[Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|2012 Lunnon]] |{{dts|2012|08|04|link=off}} |align=center| |} {{clear}} ==Fitnotes== <div class="references-small"> <ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha;"> <li>{{note|Sullivan}}Sullivan broke the Olympic an world record for the men's 100&nbsp;m freestyle in the seicont semifinal o the 2008 Summer Olympics.<ref name=rounds/></li> <li>{{note|Seebohm}}Seebohm broke the Olympic record for the weemen's 100&nbsp;m backstroke in the fowert heat o the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=rounds>{{Cite web | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/olympics/2008/events/aquatics/results | work = [[The Guardian]] | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | title = Olympics 2008: Aquatics | archive-date = 2008-10-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081005150502/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/olympics/2008/events/aquatics/results | url-status = dead }}</ref></li> </div> ==References== {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Olympic records|Soummin]] [[Category:Soummin at the Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Soummin records|Olympic]] [[Category:Soummin-relatit leets|Oly]] 98jnszf2bqf4jp2p4g0e79tfkoae25s 0 50252 923099 916889 2026-09-23T12:21:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company |name = Internaitional Business Machines Corporation |logo = [[File:IBM logo.svg|200px|center]] |type = [[Public company|Public]] |traded_as = {{New York Stock Exchange|IBM}}<br />[[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones Industrial Average Component]]<br />[[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]] |industry = [[Personal computer hardware|Computer hardware]], [[Saftware|Computer saftware]],<br> [[IT service management|IT services]], [[Information technology consultin|IT consultin]] |products = [[Leet o IBM products|See IBM products]] |founder = [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] |foundation = [[Endicott, New York|Endicott]], New York, U.S.<br />({{Start date|1911|06|16}}) |location_city = [[Armonk, New York|Armonk]], New York |location_country = U.S. |area_served = Warldwide |key_people = [[Ginni Rometty]]<br />({{small|Chairman, Preses, an CEO}}) |revenue = {{Decrease}} US$ 79.919&nbsp;billion (2016)<ref name=10K>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE%3AIBM&fstype=ii&ei=jDT6UOj7A4WQkAXViQE | title=IBM Corporation Financials Statements |work=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref> |operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 13.031&nbsp;billion (2016)<ref name="10K"/> |net_income = {{Decrease}} US$ 11.872&nbsp;billion (2016)<ref name=10K/> |assets = {{nowrap|{{Increase}} US$ 117.47&nbsp;billion (2016)<ref name=10K/>}} |equity = {{Increase}} US$ 18.392&nbsp;billion (2016)<ref name=10K/> |owner = |num_employees = 380,000 (2016)<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 IBM Annual Report|url=https://www.ibm.com/annualreport/2016/images/downloads/IBM-Annual-Report-2016.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=IBM.com}}</ref> |divisions = Financin, Hardware, Services, Saftware |homepage = {{URL|http://www.ibm.com/|IBM.com}} }} '''Internaitional Business Machines Corporation''', or '''IBM''', is an American [[Multinaitional corporation|multinaitional]] [[technology]] an [[Consultant|consultin]] corporation, wi heidquarters in [[Armonk, New York|Armonk]], [[New York]], [[Unitit States]]. IBM manufactures an mercats computer [[Personal computer hardware|hardware]] an [[computer saftware|saftware]], an offers [[infrastructur]], [[Internet hostin service|hostin]] an [[consultant|consultin services]] in auries rangin frae [[mainframe computer]]s tae [[nanotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research.nsf/pages/r.nanotech.html |title=Nanotechnology & Nanoscience |access-date=2013-05-04 |archive-date=2009-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227114934/http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research.nsf/pages/r.nanotech.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company wis foondit in 1911 as the [[Computin Tabulatin Recordin Company]] (CTR) throu a merger o three companies: the [[Tabulatin Machine Company]], the [[Time clock|Internaitional Time Recordin Company]], an the [[Computin]] Scale Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/faq.pdf|title=IBM Archives: Frequently Asked Questions|access-date=2013-05-04|archive-date=2005-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514230534/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/faq.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Bennett|first1= Frank P. |coauthors= and Company |title= United States Investor |volume= 22, Part 1 |year= 1911 |month= June 17 |publisher= |page=1025 }}</ref> CTR adoptit the name Internaitional Business Machines in 1924, uisin a name previously designatiy tae CTR's subsidiar in Canadae an later [[Sooth Americae]]. Security analysts nicknamed IBM ''Big Blue'' in recognition o IBM's common uise o blue in products, packagin, an logo.<ref>{{cite book |last= Simmons |first= William W. |title= Inside IBM: The Watson Years, A Personal Memoir |url= https://archive.org/details/insideibmwatsony0000simm |publisher= Dorrance & Co. |year= 1988 |page=[https://archive.org/details/insideibmwatsony0000simm/page/137 137]}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' ranked IBM the #2 lairgest U.S. firm in terms o nummer o employees (433,362),<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM employees">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/biggest/ |title=Fortune 500: IBM employees |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=7 May 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503165432/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/biggest/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the <!-- Please don't update market cap quarterly in order to keep consistency in prose -- quarterly updates can be found at [[Leet o corporations bi mercat caipitalization]] -->#4 lairgest in terms o [[mercat caipitalization]],<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM market cap">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/biggest/marketvalue.html |title=Fortune 500: IBM employees |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=7 May 2012 |archive-date=2013-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417053736/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/biggest/marketvalue.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> the #9 maist profitable,<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM profit">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/profits/ |title=Fortune 20 most profitable companies: IBM |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=7 May 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502091658/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/performers/companies/profits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the #19 lairgest firm in terms o revenue.<ref name="Fortune 500: IBM">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/full_list/ |title=Fortune 500: IBM |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=7 May 2012 |archive-date=2013-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123135424/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/full_list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Globally, the company wis ranked the #31 lairgest in terms o revenue bi ''[[Forbes]]'' for 2011.<ref name="Forbes global">{{Cite news|title=The World's Biggest Public Companies|url=http://www.forbes.com/global2000/|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=IBM|url=http://www.forbes.com/companies/ibm/|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 7, 2011}}</ref> Ether rankins for 2011/2012 include #1 company for leaders (''Fortune''), #1 [[green company]] warldwide (''[[Newsweek]]''), #2 baist global brand (''[[Interbrand]]''), #2 maist respectit company (''[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]''), #5 maist admired company (''Fortune''), an #18 maist innovative company (''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]'').<ref name="Fast">{{cite web |url=http://rankingthebrands.com/Brand-detail.aspx?brandID=6 |title=IBM rankings |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Ranking the Brands |accessdate=17 December 2010 |archive-date=2013-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818101628/http://www.rankingthebrands.com/Brand-detail.aspx?brandID=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> IBM haes 12 research laboratories warldwide an, as o 2013, haes held the record for maist [[patents]] generatit bi a company for 20 consecutive years.<ref name="patents">{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-10/ibm-granted-most-u-s-patents-for-20th-straight-year.html|title=IBM Granted Most U.S. Patents for 20th Straight Year|date=2013-01-10}}</ref> Its employees hae garnered five [[Nobel Prize]]s, sax [[Turing Awaird]]s, ten [[Naitional Medal o Technology|Naitional Medals o Technology]], an five [[Naitional Medal o Science|Naitional Medals o Science]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/resources/awards.shtml |title=Awards & Achievements |accessdate=2012-05-23 |publisher=IBM}}</ref> Notable inventions bi IBM include the [[Automatit teller machine|automatit teller machine (ATM)]], the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], the [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]], the [[swap (finance)|financial swap]], [[Sabre (computer seestem)|SABRE airline reservation seestem]], [[DRAM]], an [[Watson (computer)|Watson artifeecial intelligence]]. The company haes unnergone several organizational chynges syne its inception, acquirin companies sic as [[Kenexa]] (2012) an [[SPSS]] (2009) an organisations sic as [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PwC]]'s consultin business (2002), [[Spin oot|spinnin aff]] companies lik [[Lexmark]] (1991), an sellin aff product lines lik [[ThinkPad]] tae [[Lenovo]] (2005). ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Sister project links}} * {{official website|http://www.ibm.com/}} {{finance airts | name = IBM Corp. | symbol = IBM | sec_cik = 51143 | hoovers = 10796 }} {{IBM}} {{Major information technology companies}} [[Category:IBM|*]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the New York Stock Exchynge]] [[Category:1896 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:1911 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Cloud computin providers]] [[Category:Companies based in Westchester Coonty, New York]] [[Category:Companies established in 1896]] [[Category:Companies established in 1911]] [[Category:Computer companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Computer haurdware companies]] [[Category:Computer storage companies]] [[Category:Display technology companies]] [[Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average]] [[Category:Electronics companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Multinaitional companies heidquartered in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Naitional Medal o Technology recipients]] [[Category:Saftware companies based in New York]] [[Category:American buists]] [[Category:UML Pairtners]] [[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]] slqgqt2yq1po7mohr13ovx8av2ezb47 0 50619 923098 886667 2026-09-23T12:12:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hurricane | Name = Hurricane Sandy | Type = hurricane | Year = 2012 | Basin = Atl | Image location = Sandy 2012-10-25 0320Z.png | Image name = Hurricane Sandy near peak intensity on October 25, 2012 | Formed = October 22, 2012<ref name="SandyTCR">{{cite report|author=Blake, Eric S|author2=Kimberlain, Todd B|author3=Berg, Robert J|author4=Cangialosi, John P|author5=Beven II, John L|date=February 12, 2013|deadurl=no|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|format=PDF|title=Hurricane Sandy: October 22&nbsp;– 29, 2012|author6=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=February 17, 2013|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6EVJRUQAQ?url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdf|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|archivedate=2013-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> | Dissipated = October 31, 2012<ref name="SandyTCR"/><br>(<small>[[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] after October 29<ref name="SandyTCR"/></small>) | 1-min winds = 100 | Pressure = 940 | Damagespre = ≥ | Damages = 75000 | Damagespost=[[Leet o costliest Atlantic hurricanes|Seicont-costliest]] [[hurricane]] in US history<ref name="SandyTCR"/> | Fatalities = 147 direct, 138 indirect (285 tot) | Areas = [[Greater Antilles]], [[Bahamas]], maist o the eastren [[Unitit States]] (especially the coastal [[Mid-Atlantic States]]), [[Bermuda]], eastren [[Canadae]] | Hurricane season = [[2012 Atlantic hurricane saison]]}} '''Hurricane Sandy''' wis the deadliest an maist destructive [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]] o the [[2012 Atlantic hurricane saison]], as well as the seicont-costliest hurricane in Unitit States history. Classifee'd as the aichteenth [[Tropical cyclone namin|named storm]], tenth hurricane an seicont major hurricane o the year, Sandy wis a [[Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 3|Category 3]] storm at its peak intensity when it made landfaw in Cuba.<ref name="SandyTCR"/> While it wis a [[Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] storm aff the coast o the Northeastren Unitit States, the storm acame the lairgest [[North Atlantic tropical cyclone|Atlantic hurricane]] on record (as measured bi diameter, wi winds spannin {{convert|1100|mi|km}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandy Brings Hurricane-Force Gusts After New Jersey Landfall|url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MCMWP11A1I4H01-2DUORIV7RUREVIT7O7L4UFGTVF|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=2012-10-30|archive-date=2013-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612152712/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MCMWP11A1I4H01-2DUORIV7RUREVIT7O7L4UFGTVF|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Sandy Grows To Largest Atlantic Tropical Storm Ever|url=http://boston.cbslocal.com/2012/10/28/hurricane-sandy-grows-to-largest-atlantic-tropical-storm-ever/|publisher=[[WBZ-TV]]|accessdate=2013-01-07}}</ref> Preliminary estimates assess damage at nearly $75 billion (2012 [[USD]]), a tot surpassed anly bi [[Hurricane Katrina]]. At least 285 fowk wur killed alang the path o the storm in seiven kintras.<ref>Cumulative total of death toll by country; see chart.</ref> The severe an widespread damage the storm caused in the Unitit States, as well as its unusual merge wi a frontal seestem, resultit in the nicknamin o the hurricane bi the media an several organisations o the U.S. govrenment "Superstorm Sandy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/nation/article/Superstorm-Sandy-debris-may-hurt-tourism-4286772.php|title=Superstorm Sandy debris may hurt tourism|work=www.sfgate.com/|accessdate=2013-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/29/opinion/nolan-hurricane-sandy|title=Why is Sandy unusual?|work=www.cnn.com|accessdate=2013-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20181266|title=Superstorm Sandy triggers climate blame game|work=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2013-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/meteorologische-bilanz-wie-hurrikan-sandy-zum-rekord-sturm-wurde-a-864551.html|title=Hurrikan "Sandy": Die tödliche Kraft des Supersturms|work=www.spiegel.de|language=Germen|accessdate=2013-03-03}}</ref> Sandy developed frae a [[tropical wave]] in the wastren Caribbean Sea on October&nbsp;22, quickly strengthened, an wis upgradit tae Tropical Storm Sandy sax oors later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the [[Greater Antilles]] an gradually intensified. On October 24, Sandy acame a hurricane, made landfaw near [[Kingston, Jamaica]], a few oors later, re-emerged intae the Caribbean Sea an strengthened intae a Category 2 hurricane. On October 25, Sandy hit Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane, then weakened tae a Category 1 hurricane. Early on October 26, Sandy moved throu the Bahamas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Sandy storms through Bahamas, Central Florida on alert|url=http://www.cfnews13.com/content/news/cfnews13/news/article.html/content/news/articles/cfn/2012/10/25/hurricane_sandy_movi.html?cmpid=twitter|publisher=[[Central Florida News 13]]|accessdate=2012-10-26|archive-date=2012-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029080427/http://www.cfnews13.com/content/news/cfnews13/news/article.html/content/news/articles/cfn/2012/10/25/hurricane_sandy_movi.html?cmpid=twitter|url-status=dead}}</ref> On October 27, Sandy briefly weakened tad a tropical storm an then restrengthened tae a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane. Early on October&nbsp;29, Sandy curved north-northwest an then<ref>{{cite web|title=Post-Tropical Cyclone SANDY Update Statement|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT3+shtml/292256.shtml|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2012-10-29}}</ref> moved ashore near [[Brigantine, New Jersey]], juist tae the northeast o [[Atlantic City]], as a [[post-tropical cyclone]] wi hurricane-force winds.<ref name="SandyTCR"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/29/us/tropical-weather-sandy/index.html|title=Sandy wreaks havoc across Northeast; at least 11 dead|publisher=CNN|date=2012-10-30}}</ref> {{storm path|Sandy 2012 track.png}} In [[Jamaica]], winds left 70% o residents withoot electricity, blew ruifs aff biggins, killed ane, an caused aboot $100&nbsp;million (2012&nbsp;USD) in damage. In [[Haiti]], Sandy's ooter bands broucht floodin that killed at least 54, caused fuid shortages, an left aboot 200,000 homeless. In the [[Dominican Republic]], twa died. In [[Puerto Rico]], ane man wis swept away bi a swollen river. In Cuba, thare wis extensive coastal floodin an wind damage inland, destroyin some 15,000 homes, killin 11, an causin $2&nbsp;billion (2012&nbsp;USD) in damage. In [[The Bahamas]], twa died amid an estimatit $700&nbsp;million (2012&nbsp;USD) in damage. In Canadae, twa wur killed in Ontario an an estimatit $100 million ([[Canadian dollar|2012 CAD]]) in damage wis caused throughout Ontario an Quebec.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2012/11/28/sandy-ontario-quebec.html|title=Sandy caused $100M in Canadian insurance claims|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=2012-11-28}}</ref> In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affectit 24 [[U.S. state|states]], includin the entire eastren seaboard frae [[Florida]] tae [[Maine]] an wast across the [[Appalachian Muntains]] tae [[Michigan]] an [[Wisconsin]], wi parteecularly severe damage in [[New Jersey]] an [[New York]]. Its [[storm surge]] hit [[New York Ceety]] on October 29, floodin streets, tunnels an subway lines an cuttin pouer in an aroond the ceety.<ref>[http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ "Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120072118/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ |date=2013-01-20 }}, CNN</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap1000000088170/article/eli-manning-deals-with-superstorm-sandy-flooding|title=Eli Manning deals with Superstorm Sandy flooding|work=[[National Football League]]|date=2012-10-31|accessdate=2012-10-31}}</ref> Damage in the US is estimatit at ower $71 billion (2012 USD).<ref name="NYdamage">{{cite web|title=Storm Events Database|accessdate=February 28, 2013|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=National Climatic Data Center|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=413124}}</ref><ref name="NJdamage">{{cite web|title=Storm Events Database|accessdate=February 28, 2013|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=National Climatic Data Center|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=417027$5}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It forced the release o ower 10 billion gallons o raw an partially treatit sewage 94% o which went intae watters in an aroond New York an New Jersey.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/nyregion/hurricane-sandy-sent-billions-of-gallons-of-sewage-into-waterways.html?_r=0 Report Cites Large Release of Sewage From Hurricane Sandy New York Times April 30, 2013]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Hurricane Sandy |b=no |n=Category:Hurricane Sandy (2012) |q=no |s=no |v=no}} *[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/refresh/SANDY+shtml/010403.shtml? Archived information on Hurricane Sandy] frae the [[National Hurricane Center]] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91ldZZiOqAs Radar loop of Hurricane Sandy making landfall] *[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2012/h2012_Sandy.html Satellite imagery and data of Hurricane Sandy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214181622/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2012/h2012_Sandy.html |date=2021-02-14 }} frae [[NASA]] *[http://www.fly.faa.gov/flyfaa/nemap.jsp Airport closures and status in the Northeastern United States] frae the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] *[http://www.fema.gov/blog Hurricane Sandy preparation and response updates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723011304/http://www.fema.gov/blog |date=2020-07-23 }} frae [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] *[http://google.org/crisismap/2012-sandy Google Crisis Map for Hurricane Sandy] *[http://crisiswiki.org/2012_Hurricane_Sandy CrisisWiki: 2012 Hurricane Sandy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030211553/http://crisiswiki.org/2012_Hurricane_Sandy |date=2012-10-30 }} *[http://www.wunderground.com/tropical/tracking/at201218_live.html?extraprod=live Hurricane information and live coverage from The Weather Channel] frae [[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]] *[http://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthof/2012/10/29/heres-where-to-track-hurricane-sandy-online/ 7 Great Places Online To Track Hurricane Sandy – Forbes] *[http://www.weather.com/weather/hurricanecentral/storms/2012/SANDY Superstorm Sandy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030224223/http://www.weather.com/weather/hurricanecentral/storms/2012/SANDY |date=2012-10-30 }} at [[The Weather Channel]] *[http://www.arrl.org/news/hurricane-sandy-guidelines-for-providing-assistance Hurricane Sandy: Guidelines for Providing Assistance] bi [[American Radio Relay League]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sandy (2012)}} [[Category:Hurricane Sandy| ]] [[Category:2012 Atlantic hurricane saison]] [[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes]] [[Category:Blizzards in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Nor'easters]] [[Category:2012 in the Bahamas]] [[Category:2012 in Bermuda]] [[Category:2012 in Connecticut]] [[Category:2012 in Cuba]] [[Category:2012 in Delaware]] [[Category:2012 in the Dominican Republic]] [[Category:2012 in Florida]] [[Category:2012 in Haiti]] [[Category:2012 in Illinois]] [[Category:2012 in Jamaica]] [[Category:2012 in Maine]] [[Category:2012 in Maryland]] [[Category:2012 in Massachusetts]] [[Category:2012 in New Hampshire]] [[Category:2012 in New Jersey]] [[Category:2012 in New York (state)]] [[Category:2012 in North Carolina]] [[Category:2012 in Ohio]] [[Category:2012 in Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:2012 in Rhode Island]] [[Category:2012 in Sooth Carolina]] [[Category:2012 in Tennessee]] [[Category:2012 in Vermont]] [[Category:2012 in Virginie]] [[Category:2012 in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:2012 in Wast Virginie]] [[Category:2012 disasters in Canadae|Hurricane Sandy]] [[Category:2012 naitural disasters in the Unitit States|Hurricane Sandy]] [[Category:Hurricanes in the Bahamas]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Canadae]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Connecticut]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Cuba]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Delaware]] [[Category:Hurricanes in the Dominican Republic]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Florida]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Haiti]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Illinois]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Jamaica]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Maine]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Maryland]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Michigan]] [[Category:Hurricanes in New England]] [[Category:Hurricanes in New Hampshire]] [[Category:Hurricanes in New Jersey]] [[Category:Hurricanes in New York (state)]] [[Category:Hurricanes in North Carolina]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Ohio]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Rhode Island]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Sooth Carolina]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Tennessee]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Vermont]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Virginie]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Hurricanes in Wast Virginie]] [[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes]] [[Category:Environment o the Mid-Atlantic]] [[Category:October 2012 events]] [[Category:November 2012 events]] drnfa3gkncd285db513wnhz7hwqzte1 0 50871 923117 922765 2026-09-23T14:16:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Järvakandi | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Populatit places in Estonie|Burgh]] wi a [[Municipalities o Estonie|municipality]] status | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = Järvakandi flag.svg | flag_size = 125px | image_shield = Järvakandi coat of arms.svg | shield_size = 75px | pushpin_map = Estonia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Estonie | coordinates = {{coord|58|46|32|N|24|48|35|E|region:EE|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|25px]] [[Estonie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Coonties o Estonie|Coonty]] | subdivision_name1 = [[File:Raplamaa lipp.svg|25px]] [[Rapla Coonty]] | seat_type = Admeenistrative centre | seat = Järvakandi | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = 4.83 | population_total = 1375 | population_as_of = 01.01.2012 | population_density_km2 = auto | website = [http://www.jarvakandi.ee www.jarvakandi.ee] }} '''Järvakandi''' ({{lang-de|Jerwakant}}) is a [[Populatit places in Estonie|burgh]] ({{lang-et|alev}}) in central [[Estonie]]. Admeenistratively it constitutes Järvakandi Pairish ({{lang|et|''Järvakandi vald''}}) — a landwart [[Municipalities o Estonie|municipality]] athin [[Rapla Coonty]]. The municipality haes a population o 1,375 (as o 1 Januar 2012) an a aurie o 4.83 km².<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=Po0291&ti=POPULATION+NUMBER%2C+AREA+AND+DENSITY+BY+ADMINISTRATIVE+UNIT+OR+TYPE+OF+SETTLEMENT%2C+1+JANUARY&path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&lang=1|title=Population figure and composition|publisher=http://www.stat.ee Statistics Estonia|accessdate=26 April 2013|archive-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125628/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=Po0291&ti=POPULATION+NUMBER%2C+AREA+AND+DENSITY+BY+ADMINISTRATIVE+UNIT+OR+TYPE+OF+SETTLEMENT%2C+1+JANUARY&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation%2F01Population_indicators_and_composition%2F04Population_figure_and_composition%2F&lang=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rock muisic festival [[Rabarock]] is held in Järvakandi syne 2005. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.jarvakandi.ee Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602003633/http://jarvakandi.ee/ |date=2013-06-02 }} {{et icon}} *[http://www.jarvakg.edu.ee Järvakandi Gymnasium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917013846/http://www.jarvakg.edu.ee/ |date=2017-09-17 }} {{et icon}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130608044755/http://klaasimuuseum.ee/ Järvakandi glass museum] {{et icon}} *[http://www.rabarock.ee Rabarock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905181312/http://www.rabarock.ee/ |date=2007-09-05 }} muisic festival {{et icon}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130528170550/http://clubcinema.ee/ Club Cinema] Nichtclub {{Burghs o Estonie}} {{Raplamaa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jarvakandi}} [[Category:Municipalities o Estonie]] [[Category:Burghs an smaw burghs in Estonie]] [[Category:Rapla Coonty]] qaf2hem6bzrnu7v97ddgox8fihl64tq 0 51005 923187 894033 2026-09-23T23:53:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Ricardo Arjona | image =Ricardo_Arjona_at_Managua,_Nicaragua_(2).jpg | caption = Ricardo Arjona in Nicaragua, 2012. | alt = | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|1|19|df=y}} | origin = [[Jocotenango]], [[Sacatepéquez Depairtment|Sacatepéquez]], [[Guatemala]] | genre = [[Latin pop]], [[Rock muisic|rock]] | instrument = Vocals, guitar, piano | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, record producer,<br> muisicker | years_active = 1985–present | label = PolyGram <small>(1985–1989)</small><br/>[[Sony Music]] <small>(1991–2008)</small><br/>[[Warner Music Latina|Warner Latina]] <small>(2008–present)</small><br> [[Metamorfosis (label)|Metamorfosis]]<small>(2011–present)</small> | associated_acts = [[Gaby Moreno]], [[Intocable]], [[Chenoa]],<br> [[Marta Sánchez]], [[Marc Anthony]],<br> [[Tommy Torres]] | website = [http://www.ricardoarjona.com/ www.ricardoarjona.com] }} '''Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales''', (born 19 Januar 1964), kent as '''Ricardo Arjona''' ({{IPA-es|arˈxona}}), is a Guatemalan [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Arjona is ane o the maist successful Laitin American airtists o aw time, wi mair nor 20 million albums sauld.<ref>(6 April 2012). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409035403/http://www.cadena3.com/contenido/2012/04/06/95001.asp |date=2012-04-09 }}(in Spanish). Cadena 3. Archived from [http://www.cadena3.com/contenido/2012/04/06/95001.asp the original]. Retrieved 7 April 2012. *{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128022144/http://www.lacapital.com.ar/escenario/Ricardo-Arjona-sale-a-la-cancha-de-Newells-con-su-equipo-romantico-20120410-0009.html |date=2012-11-28 }}(in Spanish). La Capital (Argentina). Archived from [http://www.lacapital.com.ar/escenario/Ricardo-Arjona-sale-a-la-cancha-de-Newells-con-su-equipo-romantico-20120410-0009.htmlthe original]. Retrieved 18 April 2012.</ref> He is aften cried ''El Animal Nocturno'' (''The Nocturnal Animal''),<ref name="Moscatel">Moscatel, Susana (23 March 2012). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401164913/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/9134034 |date=2012-04-01 }}(in Spanish). Milenio. Archived from [http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/9134034 the original]. Retrieved 30 March 2012.</ref> thanks tae his breakthrou success wi his fowert studio album which [[Animal Nocturno|bears the same name]]. His muisic ranges frae [[ballad]]s tae [[Latin pop]], rock, [[pop rock]], [[Cuban muisic]], an mair recently [[A capella|a cappella performances]] an a mixtur o [[Tejano muisic]] an [[Norteño (muisic)|Norteño music]], an ither [[Afro-American muisic|Afro-American]] an [[Laitin muisic|Laitin soonds]]. Arjona is notit for his leerical style, an aften addresses topics such as luve, homosexuality, [[kidnappin]], [[rape]], [[racism]] an immigration. ==Early years an personal life== Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales wis born on 19 Januar 1964 in [[Jocotenango]], [[Guatemala]], tae parents Ricardo Arjona Moscoso an Mimi Morales de Arjona. He spent maist o his bairnheid in [[Guatemala Ceety]], whaur he began his muisical instruction.<ref name=adnradio>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona|url=http://www.adnradio.cl/noticia/ricardo-arjona/20081023/nota/696478.aspx|work=ADN Radio|publisher=Grupo Prisa|accessdate=23 March 2012|location=Chile|language=Spanish|date=23 October 2008|archive-date=2013-01-01|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101120301/http://www.adnradio.cl/noticia/ricardo-arjona/20081023/nota/696478.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age twal, he pairticipatit in the contest "Festival Infantil Juventud 74" wi "Gracias al Mundo", a sang componit bi his faither, feenally winnin the event.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los colapsos emocionales de Arjona|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-686145|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|publisher=EL Tiempo Casa Editorial|accessdate=8 July 2012|location=Colombia|language=Spanish|date=31 October 2001}}</ref> Awtho he initially enrolled in airchitectur an ingineerin at the [[Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala]] (USAC), he graduatit wi a degree frae the Schuil o Communication Sciences.<ref name=cosme>Cosme, Hector. [http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2150:ricardo-arjona-de-guatemala-para-el-mundo&catid=119:articulos&Itemid=342 "Arjona: de Guatemala para el mundo"] (in Spanish). Periodico La Perla. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref> Arjona wis a talentit basketbaw player who played for ''Leones de Marte'' an ''TRIAS''.<ref name=terra1>(12 October 2010). [http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=975400 "Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507070155/http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=975400 |date=2013-05-07 }} (in Spanish). Terra. Retrieved 13 October 2011.</ref> He toured Central Americae as a member o the Guatemalan naitional team. Till recently, he held the record for the maist points scored (78) in a single gemme bi a Guatemalan.<ref name="B&T">{{cite news |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23&dq=Ricardo+Arjona#v=onepage&q=Ricardo%20Arjona&f=false |title=Arjona Innovates On CD/DVD Set|last=Cobo|first=Leiba |date=4 December 2004 |work=Billboard | volume=116 | number=49 | issn=0006-2510 |page=23 |accessdate=6 July 2011}} *[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ricardo-arjona-p37108/biography "Ricardo Arjona >> Biography"]. ''[[AllMusic]]''. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> He taucht at a primar schuil (cried ''Santa Elena III'') an aw,<ref name=cosme/> whaur he claimit tae hae spent sax oors givin lessons an the rest o the day playin soccer.<ref name="B&T"/> This earned him a visit frae a Meenistry o Education representative, who wis sent tae evaluate his pupils. The representative foond that the students' education wis actually abuin average.<ref name="Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"/> In the ceety o [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae, he met [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] Leslie Torres an haed twa childer wi her: Adria an Ricardo. They separatit in 2005. As o 2010, Arjona wis datin [[Venezuelan fowk|Venezuelan]] model Daisy Arvelo, wi whom he haes a son.<ref>{{cite web|title=La modelo venezolana Daisy Arvelo está embarazada de Ricardo Arjona|url=http://www.analitica.com/va/entretenimiento/quepasa/9652346.asp|publisher=Analitica.com|accessdate=23 March 2012|language=Spanish|date=9 April 2010|archive-date=2012-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216165753/http://www.analitica.com/va/entretenimiento/quepasa/9652346.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Discografie== {{main|Ricardo Arjona discografie}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * ''[[Déjame Decir Que Te Amo]]'' (1985) * ''[[Jesús, Verbo No Sustantivo]]'' (1988) * ''[[Del Otro Lado del Sol]]'' (1991) * ''[[Animal Nocturno]]'' (1993) * ''[[Historias]]'' (1994) * ''[[Si El Norte Fuera El Sur]]'' (1996) * ''[[Sin Daños a Terceros]]'' (1998) * ''[[Galería Caribe]]'' (2000) * ''[[Santo Pecado]]'' (2002) * ''[[Adentro]]'' (2005) * ''[[5to Piso]]'' (2008) * ''[[Poquita Ropa]]'' (2010) * ''[[Independiente (Ricardo Arjona album)|Independiente]]'' (2011) * ''[[Viaje (Ricardo Arjona album)|Viaje]]'' (2014) {{col-end}} ==Awairds an nominations== {{main|Leet o awairds an nominations receivit bi Ricardo Arjona}} In 1993, he receivit the Rafael Álvarez Ovalle Order frae the then [[Preses o Guatemala]], [[Ramiro de León Carpio]], for his internaitional accomplishments.<ref name="Merit">{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419225507/http://www.oem.com.mx/eloccidental/notas/n2466002.htm |date=2014-04-19 }}. El Occidental. Archived from [http://www.oem.com.mx/eloccidental/notas/n2466002.htm the original]. Retrieved 29 April 2012.</ref> At USAC a librar haw bears his name.<ref name=cosme/> His birthplace, [[Jocotenango]], namit a street efter him.<ref name="Biografía de Ricardo Arjona">[http://www.ricardo-arjona.net/Biografia.aspx "Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135007/http://www.ricardo-arjona.net/Biografia.aspx |date=2018-06-15 }}. Ricardo-Arjona.net. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref> === Grammy Awards === {{awards table}} |- | {{grammy|2007}} | ''[[Adentro]]'' |rowspan=""| [[Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album|Best Latin Pop Album]] | {{won}} |- {{end}} === Latin Grammy Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[Latin Grammy Awards of 2006|2006]] | ''[[Adentro]]'' | Best Male Pop Vocal Album | {{won}} |- {{end}} === Billboard Latin Music Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[2007 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2007]]|| "A Ti" || Male Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year || {{won}} |- |rowspan=""| [[2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2010]]|| ''[[Quinto Piso Tour]]'' || Latin Tour of the Year || {{won}} |- {{end}} === Lo Nuestro Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[Premio Lo Nuestro 2004|2004]] | ''[[Santo Pecado]]'' | Pop Album of the Year | {{won}} |- {{end}} ==References== {{Reflist|3|refs= <ref name=BB200>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Billboard 200|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Billboard 200}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=TLA>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Albums|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Albums}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=LPA>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Pop Albums|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Pop Albums C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=TLS>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Songs C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=25 March 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=LPS>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Pop Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Pop Songs C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=25 March 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.ricardoarjona.com/ Offeecial steid] {{DEFAULTSORT:Arjona, Ricardo}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sacatepéquez Depairtment]] [[Category:Guatemalan male sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni]] [[Category:Guatemalan sangster-sangwriters]] rpn5ns0nl97ssyy6l0sqqwn7o9bxdlb 0 51600 923108 894047 2026-09-23T13:03:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains Chinese text}} {{Infobox Cheenese-leid sanger an actor <!------See WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment-------> |name = Jacky Cheung |image = Jacky Cheung on Stage in 2018 (cropped).jpg |caption = Jacky Cheung, Februar 2018 |chinesename = |tradchinesename = {{linktext|張|學|友}} |simpchinesename = {{linktext|张|学|友}} |pinyinchinesename = Zhāng Xúeyǒu |jyutpingchinesename = Zoeng1 Hok6-jau5 |birth_name = |ancestry = [[Tianjin]], [[Cheenae]]<ref>Xinhuanet. "[http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2002-05/24/content_406651.htm Xinhuanet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114162620/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2002-05/24/content_406651.htm |date=2010-01-14 }}." ''张学友：我是天津人.'' Date: 2002-05-24. Retrieved on 2009-04-13.</ref> |origin = [[Hong Kong]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|7|10}}<ref>Big5.cri.cn. "[http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/15464/2007/05/15/2385@1588390.htm CRIonline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195108/http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/15464/2007/05/15/2385@1588390.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}." ''五好男人張學友.'' Retrieved on 2009-04-12.</ref> |birth_place = Hong Kong |death_date = |death_place = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |othername = God of songs<ref name="Lib1" /> |occupation = Sangster, Sangwriter, Leericist, Actor |genre = [[Cantopop]], [[Mandopop]], [[Operatic pop]], [[Jazz]], [[R&B]] |instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]], [[guitar]] |voicetype = [[Baritone]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=PoX738irdL0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724145120/http://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=PoX738irdL0 |date=2013-07-24 }} Jacky Cheung & Anita Mui - Hard to Stay in Love (Jacky's lowest E note)</ref> [[Tenor]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZkyub9VNC4] Jacky & [[A-Mei]] - Blessings (the lowest G note male tenors can hit, also worth noting the original key is G major, the key was lowered to C major, or else A-Mei will be too high)</ref> occasional [[falsetto]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU1Nhf0bbYg&feature=related Jacky Cheung - Your Hair's Become Messy(Jacky's highest falsetto notes)]</ref> |Label = [[Universal Music Group]]<ref name="un1" /> |yearsactive = 1984 – present |currentmembers = |pastmembers = |associatedact = |spouse = [[May Lo]] Mei-mei (羅美薇)(1996-present) |partner = |children =2 dochters |parents = |religion = [[Buddhism]] |influences =[[Michael Kwan]], [[Leslie Cheung]], [[Samuel Hui]],<br> [[Michael Jackson]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[Roman Tam]],<br> [[Danny Chan]], [[George Lam]],[[Harlem Yu]] |influenced =[[Eason Chan]], [[JJ Lin]], [[Jay Chou]],<br> [[Justin Lo]], [[Show Lo]] |website = [http://www.jackycheung.hk/ www.jackycheung.hk] |hongkongfilmwards = '''Best Supporting Actor'''<br />1989 ''[[As Tears Go By (film)|As Tears Go By]]''<br />'''Best Original Film Song'''<br />2006 ''[[Perhaps Love (film)|Perhaps Love]]'' |goldenbauhiniaawards = |hkfcsawards = |goldenhorseawards = '''Best Supporting Actor'''<br />1990 ''[[The Swordsman]]'' |goldenroosterawards = |ntsawards = |rthktop10goldsongsawards = '''[[Golden Needle Award]]'''<br />2000<br />'''Silver Jubilee Award'''<br />2002 |awards = '''[[World Music Awards]]'''<br />Best-Selling Asian Artist<br />1995, 1996 }} {{Chinese name|[[Zhang (surname)|Cheung]]}} '''Jacky Cheung''' (born 10 Julie 1961) is a [[Hong Kong]] [[sangster-sangwriter]] an actor. The [[Cheenese leid]] media refers tae him, [[Aaron Kwok]], [[Andy Lau]] an [[Leon Lai]] as the [[Cantopop]] [[Cantopop#1990s: Four Heavenly Kings era|Four Heavenly Kings]] (四大天王),<ref name="X1">Xinhuanet. "[http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2006-02/18/content_4195962.htm Xinhuanet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102101433/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2006-02/18/content_4195962.htm |date=2012-11-02 }}." ''四大天王 蓦然回首十五年.'' Retrieved on 2009-04-12.</ref> wi mair nor 25 million records sauld as o 2000.<ref>[http://orientaldaily.on.cc/archive/20030528/ent/ent_a54cnt.html 東方日報。2003年5月18日。學 友 坐 擁 3 億 延 續 神 話。]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alivenotdead.com/jackycheung/details.html?site_hkpag |title=香港演藝人協會，撿自：2013年11月18日。Jacky Cheung。 |access-date=2013-11-27 |archive-date=2017-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630080807/http://www.alivenotdead.com/jackycheung/details.html?site_hkpag |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Jacky Cheung}} * [http://www.jackycheung.com/ Jacky Cheung ] - Offeecial wabsteid * {{IMDb name|156484}} *[http://bitetone.com/2011/03/03/bitetone-presents-–我們二零一零年度二十張最佳華語專輯// Bitetone Presents – 2012 Our 20 Best Chinese Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107073243/http://bitetone.com/2011/03/03/bitetone-presents-%E2%80%93%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%B8%80%E9%9B%B6%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%BC%B5%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%88%E8%BC%AF/ |date=2013-01-07 }} {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{Best Supporting Actor HKFA}} |- !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[Golden Horse Awards]] |- {{succession box |title=Best Supporting Actor |years=1990<br />'''for ''[[As Tears Go By (film)|As Tears Go By]]'' ''' |before=[[Chang Shih]]<br />for ''[[Banana Paradise]]'' |after=[[Kwan Hoi San]]<br />for ''[[Lee Rock]]'' }} |- !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation]] |- {{succession box |title=Asia-Pacific Most Popular Male Singer |years=1994 |before=[[Andy Lau]] |after=[[Andy Lau]] }} {{succession box |title=Most Popular Male Artist |years=1996 |before=[[Leon Lai]] |after=[[Aaron Kwok]] }} {{succession box |title=Asia-Pacific Most Popular Male Singer |years=1997-1998 |before=[[Andy Lau]] |after=[[Aaron Kwok]] }} |- !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards]] |- {{Succession box |title=Golden Needle Award |years=2000 |before=[[Leslie Cheung]] |after=[[Richard Lam]] }} |- !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards]] |- {{Succession box |title=Golden Needle Award |years=2012(Seicont time) |before=[[Jenny Tseng]] |after= - }} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cheung, Jacky}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Cantopop sangsters]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Hong Kong]] [[Category:Hong Kong Buddhists]] [[Category:Hong Kong male film actors]] [[Category:Hong Kong male sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong filanthropists]] [[Category:Hong Kong male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Buddhist vegetarians]] [[Category:20t-century male actors]] [[Category:21st-century male actors]] fvj1qzzp4evm3la4qbrnb0iu5x9kvti 0 51606 923156 894048 2026-09-23T19:36:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Cheenese-leid sangster an actor <!------See WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment-------> | name = Miriam Yeung | image = MiriamYeung2007.jpg | caption = | chinesename = | tradchinesename = 楊千嬅 | simpchinesename = 杨千嬅 | ancestry = [[Chaozhou]], [[Guangdong]], [[Cheenae]] | origin = [[Hong Kong]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|2|3}} | birth_place = [[Hong Kong]] | death_date = | death_place = | restingplace = | restingplacecoordinates = | othername = | occupation = [[Sangster]], [[actress]] | genre = [[Cantopop]] | instrument = [[Singin]], [[piano]], [[guitar]] | voicetype = | label = [[Capital Artists]] (1996-2001, 2010-present)<br> <small> [[Cinepoly Records]] (2001-2003<br>[[Gold Label Records|Gold Label]] (2003&ndash;2006))<br>[[Amusic]] (2007-2010)</small> | yearsactive = 1995&ndash;present | currentmembers = | pastmembers = | associatedact = | spouse = Real Ting (m. 2009)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tvbnewsworld.blogspot.com/2009/08/miriam-yeung-and-real-ting-secretly.html |title=Miriam Yeung and Real Ting secretly married; Real admits, Miriam avoids |access-date=2009-09-07 |archive-date=2009-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907010959/http://tvbnewsworld.blogspot.com/2009/08/miriam-yeung-and-real-ting-secretly.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | partner = | children = Torres Ting | parents = | influences = | influenced = | website = [http://www.miriamyeung.com.hk/ www.miriamyeung.com.hk] | hongkongfilmwards = '''[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]'''<br>2012 ''[[Love in the Buff]]'' | goldenbauhiniaawards = | hkfcsawards ='''Best Actress'''<br>2010 ''[[Perfect Wedding]]'' | goldenhorseawards = | goldenroosterawards = | goldenmelodyawards = | ntsawards = 1995 First Runner-up | awards = }} '''Miriam Yeung''', [[Registered nourice|RN]], (born 3 Februar 1974) is a [[Hong Kong]] [[actress]] an [[Cantopop]] [[sangster]]. Afore enterin the entertainment business, she wis a [[registered nourice]] at the [[Princess Margaret Hospital (Hong Kong)|Princess Margaret Hospital]] in Hong Kong. She studiet at the Holy Family Canossian College Kowloon. She entered the entertainment industrie efter comin third in the [[TVB]] 14t annual [[New Talent Singing Awards]] competition in 1995,<ref>Xinhua News. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-04/18/content_2845817.htm Interview with Miriam Yeung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105014924/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-04/18/content_2845817.htm |date=2015-11-05 }}. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 23 July 2007.</ref> an haes steadily gained popularity iver syne. == References == <!-- forum may not be a good reference point --> <!-- official sites may not be a good reference point for superlatives related descrp --> {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.miriamyeung.com.hk/ Miriam Yeung's Offeecial Wabsteid] * {{imdb name|id=1173559|name=Miriam Yeung}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yeung, Miriam}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Hong Kong female sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong film actresses]] [[Category:Hong Kong televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Cantopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Cheenese nourices]] [[Category:Hong Kong fowk o Chaoshanese strynd]] [[Category:New Talent Singing Awards contestants]] [[Category:TVB actors]] em5iawnxd0fkz0tkmsj4ucihys3uvsf 0 51783 923201 898497 2026-09-24T00:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|ither uises|Sahara (disambiguation)}} {{Geobox|Desert |name = Sahara |native_name = </i>{{lang|ar|الصحراء الكبرى}} |other_name = The Great Desert |category = |image = Sahara satellite hires.jpg |image_caption = A satellite image o the Sahara bi [[NASA Warld Wind]]. |image_size = 300px |official_name = |etymology = |motto = |nickname = |flag = |symbol = |country = Algerie |country1 = Chad |country2 = Egyp |country3 = Eritrea |country4 = Libie |country5 = Mali |country6 = Mauritanie |country7 = Morocco |country8 = Niger |country9 = Sudan |country10 = Tunisie |country11 = Wastren Sahara |state_type = |state = |state1 = |state2 = |state3 = |state4 = |state5 = |state6 = |region_type = |region = |district1 = |district2 = |district3 = |municipality = |parent = |highest = [[Emi Koussi]] {{convert|11204|ft|abbr=on}} |highest_location = |highest_region = |highest_state = |highest_elevation_imperial = |highest_coordinates = {{coord|19|47|36|N|18|33|6|E|display=inline}} |lowest = [[Qattara Depression]] <small>−436 ft (−133 m)</small> |lowest_location = |lowest_region = |lowest_country = |lowest_elevation_imperial = |lowest_coordinates = {{coord|30|0|0|N|27|5|0|E|display=inline}} |length = 4800 |length_orientation = E/W |width = 1800 |width_orientation = N/S |area = 9400000 |area_land = |area_water = |area_urban = |area_metro = |population = |population_date = |population_urban = |population_metro = |population_density = |population_density_urban = |population_density_metro = |geology = |orogeny = |period = |biome = Desert |plant = |animal = |author = |style = |material = |free = |free_type = |map = |map_caption = |map_background = |map_locator = |commons = |statistics = |website = |footnotes = }} The '''Sahara''' ({{lang-ar|الصحراء الكبرى}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|aṣ-Ṣaḥrāʾ al-Kubrā&#x202f;}}'', 'the Greatest Desert') is the warld's hettest [[desert]], the third mucklest desert efter [[Antarcticae]] an the [[Arctic]].<ref name="geology.com">{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/records/largest-desert.shtml|title=Largest Desert in the World|accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref> At ower <!--ower 9 million square kilometre is correct, please dinnae chynge this figure! -->{{convert|9400000|km2}}, it covers maist o [[North Africae]], makkin it naur sae muckle as [[Cheenae]] or the [[Unitit States]]. The Sahara stents frae the [[Reid Sea]], includin pairts o the [[Mediterranean]] coasts, tae the ootskirts o the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Soothlins, it is deleemitit bi the [[Sahel]], a belt o [[Tropical an subtropical grasslands, savannas, an shrublands|semi-arid tropical savanna]] that composes the northren region o central an wastren [[Sub-Saharan Africae]]. Some o the [[saund dune]]s can reach {{convert|180|m}} in heicht.<ref>Arthur N. Strahler and Alan H. Strahler. (1987) ''Modern Physical Geography'' Third Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Page 347</ref> The name comes frae the plural [[Arabic leid]] wird for desert, ({{lang|ar|صحارى}} ''{{transl|ar|ṣaḥārā&#x202f;}}''<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sahara "Sahara."] ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]].'' Douglas Harper, Historian. Retrieved June 25, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.ectaco.co.uk/main.jsp?do=e-services-dictionaries-word_translate1&status=translate&lang1=23&lang2=ar&source_id=2119140 |title=English-Arabic online dictionary |publisher=Online.ectaco.co.uk |date=2006-12-28 |accessdate=2010-06-12 |archive-date=2009-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309105446/http://online.ectaco.co.uk/main.jsp?do=e-services-dictionaries-word_translate1&status=translate&lang1=23&lang2=ar&source_id=2119140 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA-ar|ˈsˤɑħɑ:rɑ:|}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wehr|first=Hans|title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English)|url=https://archive.org/details/hanswehrdictiona00wehr|year=1994|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=0-87950-003-4|edition=4th|authorlink=Hans Wehr|page=[https://archive.org/details/hanswehrdictiona00wehr/page/n589 589]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=al-Ba‘labakkī|first=Rūḥī|title=al-Mawrid: Qāmūs ‘Arabī-Inklīzī|year=2002|publisher=Dār al-‘Ilm lil-Malāyīn|location=Beirut|edition=16th|page=689|language=Arabic}}</ref> ==Flora an fauna== [[Dromedar]] camels an [[gait]]s are the domesticatit ainimals maist commonly foond in the Sahara. Acause o its qualities o endurance an speed, the dromedary is the favorite ainimal uised bi [[nomad]]s. The [[daithstalker]] scorpion can be {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} lang. Its venom conteens muckle amoonts o [[agitoxin]] an [[scyllatoxin]] an is vera dangerous; housamiver, a sting frae this scorpion rarely kills a healthy adult. [[File:GueltaCamels.jpg|thumb|Camels in the [[Guelta d'Archei]], in north-eastren [[Chad]].]] Several species o tod live in the Sahara, includin the [[fennec tod]], [[fauch tod]] an [[Rüppell's tod]]. The [[addax]], a muckle white [[antelope]], can gang near a year in the desert athoot drinkin. The [[dorcas gazelle]] is a north African gazelle that can gang for a lang time athoot watter. Ither notable gazelles include the [[slender-horned gazelle|Rhim gazelle]] an [[dama gazelle]]. The Saharan [[cheetah]] ([[northwast African cheetah]]) lives in Algerie, [[Togo]], [[Niger]], [[Mali]], [[Benin]], an [[Burkina Faso]]. Thare remain less nor 250 matur cheetahs that is vera caitious, fleein ony human presence. The cheetah evits the sun frae Aprile tae October, seekin the shelter o scrogs lik balanites an acacias. Thay are unuisually fauch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7905986.stm |title= Rare cheetah captured on camera |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-02-24 |accessdate=2010-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{IUCNlink|221}} The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Acinonyx jubatus ssp. hecki</ref> [[File:Libya 5391 Ubari Lakes Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|left|An [[Ubari]] oasis lake, wi [[Native plant|native]] gresses an [[Phoenix dactylifera|Date palm]]s.]] Ither ainimals include the [[monitor lizard]]s, [[hyrax]], [[Cerastes (genus)|sand vipers]], an smaa populations o [[African wild dug]],<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=[[Tico McNutt|McNutt]] ''et al.''|year=2008|id=12436|title=Lycaon pictus|downloaded=06 May 2008}}</ref> in mibbe anerly 14 kintras.<ref name=Borrell>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2225607/entry/2225663/ |title=Endangered in South Africa: Those Doggone Conservationists Hitler was born last year |first=Brendan |last=Borrell |publisher=Slate |date=2009-08-19}}</ref> an [[ostrich]]. Thare exist ither ainimals in the Sahara (birds in parteecular) sic as [[African sillerbill]] an [[black-faced firefinch]], amang ithers. Thare are smaa [[desert crocodile]]s in Mauritanie an the [[Ennedi Plateau]] o Chad an aa.<ref>"[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0617_020618_croc.html Desert-Adapted Crocs Found in Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021014163802/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0617_020618_croc.html |date=2002-10-14 }}", National Geographic News, June 18, 2002</ref> The central Sahara is estimate tae include five hunner species o plants, whilk is extremely law conseiderin the huge extent o the aurie. Plants lik acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny scrogs, an gresses hae adapted tae the arid condeetions, bi growin lawer tae evit watter loss bi strang winds, bi storin watter in thair thick stems tae uise it in dry periods, bi haein lang ruits that traivel horizontally tae reak the maximum aurie o watter an tae fin ony surface moistur an bi haein smaa thick leafs or needles tae prevent watter loss bi evapo-transpiration. Plant leafs mey dry oot totally an then recover. Human activity is mair lik eneuch tae affect the habitat in auries o permanent watter (oases) or whaur watter comes close tae the surface. Here, the local pressur on naitural resoorces can be intense. The remainin populations o muckle mammals hae been greatly reduced bi huntin for fuid an recreation. In recent years, development projects haes stairtit in the deserts o Algerie an Tunisie uisin irrigatit watter pumpit frae unnergroond aquifers. Thir schemes aften lead tae soil degradation an salinisation. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Deserts}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Sahara|*]] [[Category:Deserts o Africae]] [[Category:Deserts an xeric shrublands]] [[Category:Arabic wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Geografie o the Arab League]] [[Category:Pheesiografic provinces]] [[Category:Geografie o Africae]] dfvxcyvpokw6poc7b7e9hmgwziqcms7 0 51881 923237 922110 2026-09-24T05:55:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Vika Jigulina | image = | alt = | caption = | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Victoria Corneva | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|02|18|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Cahul]], [[Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldovan SSR]] | death_date = | death_place = | origin = [[Bucharest]], Romanie<ref name="Romanian"/> | instrument = [[Guitar]], [[piano]] | genre = [[Electronic muisic|Electronic]], [[House muisic|house]] | occupation = [[Record producer]], [[sangster]], [[disc jockey|DJ]] | years_active = 2000–present | label = [[Cat Music Romania]], [[Mayavin Records]],<br> Stereo Tunes Records (UK) | associated_acts = [[Edward Maya]] | website = {{url|http://www.vikajigulina.com/}} | notable_instruments = }} '''Vika Jigulina''' (born '''Victoria Corneva''', 18 Februar 1986) is a [[Moldovae|Moldovan]]-[[Romanie|Romanian]] muisic producer, disc jockey (DJ) an sangster.<ref name="Last">{{cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Vika+Jigulina|title=Vika Jigulina|publisher=[[Last.fm]]|accessdate=29 April 2013}}</ref> ==Life an career== Born in [[Cahul]], she graduatit frae the [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninov Institute]] in Moscow.<ref name="Last"/> In 2000, she muivit tae [[Timişoara]] an continued her studies thare.<ref name="Last"/> She wirkit in various clubs in toun an eventually in caipital [[Bucharest]].<ref name="Last"/> She laundit weekly shows on the Romanie radio stations that gave her naitional exposur an fame.<ref name="Last"/> In 2010 she became a [[Romanie]] ceetizen.<ref name="Romanian">{{cite web|url=http://ziar.jurnal.md/2011/06/14/vika-jigulina-%E2%80%9Erevin-in-tara-cu-mare-drag%E2%80%9D/|title=Vika Jigulina: „Revin în ţară cu mare drag”|publisher=[[Jurnal de Chişinău]]|date=14 June 2011|language=Romanian|access-date=2013-05-26|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315053831/http://ziar.jurnal.md/2011/06/14/vika-jigulina-%E2%80%9Erevin-in-tara-cu-mare-drag%E2%80%9D/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jigulina haes made mixes wi [[ATB]], [[Tomcraft]], [[Steve Angello]], [[Sebastian Ingrosso]] an ither airtists.<ref name="Last"/> She is the vocalist in the internaitional dance hit "[[Stereo Love]]" bi Romanie producer an muisicker [[Edward Maya]].<ref name="Last"/> Jigulina recorded her first solo single, "Memories," which was released on September 29, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio21.ro/muzica/videoclipuri/vika-jigulina-memories/|title=Vika Jigulina – Memories|publisher=[[Radio 21]]|date=4 October 2012|language=Romanian|access-date=2013-05-26|archive-date=2012-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226070641/http://www.radio21.ro/muzica/videoclipuri/vika-jigulina-memories/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Singles== {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"| Year !rowspan="2"| Title !colspan="12"| Chairt positions !rowspan=2| [[Leet o muisic recordin certifications|Certifications]] !rowspan="2"|Album |- ! width="30"| <small>[[Ultratop 50|BEL (FLA)]]<br /><ref name="Belgium's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?lang=nl&cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Belgium's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-04}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Canadian Singles Chart|CAN]]<br /><ref name="Canada's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=edward maya|chart=Billboard Canadian Hot 100}}|title=Billboard: Edward Maya (Canada)|publisher=[[Billboard Magazine]]|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="France's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=France's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Media Control Charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="Germany's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Maya%2CEdward+Feat.Jigulina%2CVika/single|title=Chartverfolgung / Maya,Edward Feat.Jigulina,Vika / Single|publisher=Musicline.de|accessdate=2010-12-02|archive-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011153559/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Maya,Edward+Feat.Jigulina,Vika/single|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br /><ref name="Search for Ireland's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|title=Search the charts|publisher=irishcharts.ie|accessdate=2010-12-02|archive-date=2015-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Single Top 100|NDL]]<br /><ref name="Holland's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Holland's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|POR]]<br /><ref name="Portugal singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/performer/edward_maya|title=Portugal's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Portugal Singles Top 50|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]<br /><ref name="Spain's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.spanishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Spain's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br /><ref name="Sweden's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Sweden's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]]<br /><ref name="Switzerland's singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Edward+Maya&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Switzerland's singles positions for Edward Maya|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK's positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url=http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=12581|title=Chart Stats: Edward Maya|publisher=Chart Stats|accessdate=2010-12-25|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120722055850/http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=12581|archivedate=2012-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref></small> ! width="30"| <small>[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US singles positions for Edward Maya">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=edward maya|chart=Hot 100}}|title=Billboard: Edward Maya (US)|publisher=[[Billboard Magazine]]|accessdate=2010-12-02|archive-date=2015-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517113335/http://www.billboard.com/artist/301474/edward+maya/chart?f=379|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> |- |rowspan="1"|2009 |"[[Stereo Love]]" <small>([[Edward Maya]] feat.)</small> |align="center"|7 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|16 |align=left| *[[Ultratop|BEL]]: Gold<ref name="Belgian Gold/Platinum certifications 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/certifications.asp?year=2010|title=Ultratop: Goud En Platina Singles 2010|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> *[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: Platinum<ref name="Canada's Gold & Platinum Certifications: October 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/1010_g.php|title=Gold & Platinum Certification: October 2010|publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2010-12-05|archive-date=2012-03-23|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66O1BKKHj?url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/1010_g.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[IFPI|DEN]]: Platinum<ref name="Danish Gold/Platinum certifications 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.dk/index.php?pk_menu=284|title=Guld og platin 2010: Track platin|publisher=[[IFPI]] (Denmark)|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> *[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|GER]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Edward Maya|accessdate=28 October 2010}}</ref> *[[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]: 2x platinum<ref name="SEMANA 46: del 15.11.2010 al 21.11.2010">{{cite web|url=http://promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2010_46.pdf|title=SEMANA 46: del 15.11.2010 al 21.11.2010|publisher=[[PROMUSICAE]]|accessdate=2010-12-02|archive-date=2013-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901145726/http://promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2010_46.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[IFPI|SWI]]: Platinum<ref name="Switzerland Certifications: Awards 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2010|title=Switzerland Certifications: Awards 2010|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref> |align="center" rowspan="3"|''The Stereo Love Show''<ref name="Edward Maya official site: Desert Rain">{{cite web|url=http://edwardmaya.com/home/232-edward-maya-feat-vika-jigulina-desert-rain-official-video|title=Edward Maya official site: Desert Rain|publisher=edwardmaya.com|accessdate=2011-01-06|archive-date=2011-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103065318/http://edwardmaya.com/home/232-edward-maya-feat-vika-jigulina-desert-rain-official-video|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><small>(Edward Maya album)</small> |- |rowspan="1"|2010 |"[[:en:This Is My Life (Edward Maya song)|This Is My Life]]" <small>(Edward Maya feat.)</small> |align="center"|54 |align="center"|— |align="center"|2 |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|42 |align="center"|7 |align="center"|— |align="center"|58 |align="center"|43 |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align=left| |- |rowspan="1"|2011 |"[[:en:Desert Rain (Edward Maya song)|Desert Rain]]" <small>(Edward Maya feat.)</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|9 |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align=left| |- |rowspan="1"|2012 |"Memories" |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align=left| |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.vikajigulina.com/}} * [http://catmusic.ro/artists/edward-maya/ Vika Jigulina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112212235/http://catmusic.ro/artists/edward-maya/ |date=2013-11-12 }} at [[Cat Music Romania]] * [http://mayavinrecords.ro/artists/ Vika Jigulina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309000108/http://mayavinrecords.ro/artists/ |date=2013-03-09 }} at [[Mayavin Records]] * {{Facebook|vikajigulina|Vika Jigulina}} * {{twitter|vikajigulina}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jigulina, Vika}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cahul]] [[Category:Romanie female sangsters]] [[Category:Romanie DJs]] [[Category:Romanie dance muisickers]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Romanie]] [[Category:Moldovan emigrants tae Romanie]] [[Category:Moldovan female sangsters]] [[Category:Moldovan DJs]] [[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Romanie]] 9d39ao1x65dzoj4qtwu5is9v4xtbdo2 0 52575 923137 887350 2026-09-23T17:39:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |image =Li Keqiang-19052015.png |caption = |name = {{raise|0.2em|Li Keqiang}} |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|李克强}}}}}} |office = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]<br><small>[[:zh:中华人民共和国国务院 (第十二届)|12t State Cooncil]]</small> |president = [[Xi Jinping]] |vicepremier = [[Zhang Gaoli]]<br>[[Liu Yandong]]<br>[[Wang Yang (politeecian)|Wang Yang]]<br>[[Ma Kai]] |term_start = 15 Mairch 2013 |term_end = 11 Mairch 2023 |predecessor = [[Wen Jiabao]] |successor = [[Li Qiang]] |office1 = [[Vice Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|First Vice Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]<br><small>[[:zh:中华人民共和国国务院 (第十一届)|11t State Cooncil]]</small> |alongside2 = [[Hui Liangyu]]<br>[[Zhang Dejiang]]<br>[[Wang Qishan]] |premier1 = [[Wen Jiabao]] |term_start1 = 17 Mairch 2008 |term_end1 = 15 Mairch 2013 |predecessor1 = [[Huang Ju]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br>[[Wu Yi]]<br>[[Zeng Peiyan]]<br>[[Hui Liangyu]] |successor1 = [[Zhang Gaoli]]<br>[[Liu Yandong]]<br>[[Wang Yang (politeecian)|Wang Yang]]<br>[[Ma Kai]] |office2 = 2nt ranked member o the [[CPC Politburo Staundin Committee]]<br><small>[[:zh:中国共产党第十七届中央委员会|CPC 17t Pairty Congress]]</small><br><small>[[:zh:中国共产党第十八届中央委员会|CPC 18th Party Congress]]</small> |term_start2 = 22 October 2007 |term_end2 = 27 October 2023 |1blankname2 = {{nowrap|General Secretar}} |1namedata2 = [[Hu Jintao]]<br>[[Xi Jinping]] |predecessor2 = [[Wu Bangguo]] |successor2 = |office3 = [[Pairty chief o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae|Provincial Committee Secretar]] o [[Liaoning]] |deputy3 = [[Zhang Wenyue]] |term_start3 = December 2004 |term_end3 = October 2007 |predecessor3 = [[Wen Shizhen]] |successor3 = [[Zhang Wenyue]] |office4 = [[Pairty chief o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae|Provincial Committee Secretar]] o [[Henan]] |deputy4 = [[Li Chengyu]] |term_start4 = December 2002 |term_end4 = December 2004 |predecessor4 = [[Chen Kuiyuan]] |successor4 = [[Xu Guangchun]] |office5 = First Secretar o the [[Communist Youth League o Cheenae]] |term_start5 = Mey 1993 |term_end5 = Juin 1998 |predecessor5 = [[Song Defu]] |successor5 = [[Zhou Qiang]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1955|7|1|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Dingyuan Coonty]], [[Anhui]], [[Cheenae]] |death_date = 27 October 2023 (aged 68) |death_place = [[Shanghai]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] |party = [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae|Communist Pairty]] |spouse = Cheng Hong |alma_mater = [[Peking Varsity]] }} {{Chinese|s=[[wikt:李|李]][[wikt:克|克]][[wikt:强|强]] |t=李克強 |p=Lǐ Kèqiáng |mi=lì kʰɤ̂tɕʰjɑ̌ŋ |y=Léih Hāk Kèuhng}} '''Li Keqiang''' ({{zh|p=Lǐ Kèqiáng}}; pronoonced {{IPAc-cmn|l|i|3|-|k|e|4|q|iang|2}}, born 1 Julie 1955; deed 27 October 2023) wis a Cheenese economist an umwhile [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] an [[CPC Pairty chief|pairty secretary]] o the [[State Cooncil o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|State Cooncil]]. In his capacity as Premier, Li is Cheenae's [[heid o govrenment]] as well as the leadin figur behind its economic policy. He is an aa the seicont ranked member o the [[CPC Politburo Staundin Committee]], the ''de facto'' heichest decision-makin body o the kintra. Frae 2008 tae 2013, Li served as the First [[Vice Premier o the Fowkrepublic o China|Vice-Premier]] unner then-Premier [[Wen Jiabao]]. Durin this tenure, Li's offeecial portfolio includit economic development, [[price controls]], finance, [[climate chynge]], an macroeconomic management.<ref name=China.org.cn>{{cite news |author=Mingxin |title=China's new top Party leaders make debut |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/18th_cpc_congress/2012-11/15/content_27120449.htm |newspaper=China.org.cn |publisher=|date=2012-11-15 |accessdate=2012-11-22}}</ref> Li rose through the pairty ranks through the [[Communist Youth League]]. Frae 1998 tae 2004, Li served as the [[Govrenor o Henan]] an the province's [[Pairty secretary]], an then the [[Politics o Liaoning|Liaoning pairty secretary]], an office that made him first-in-charge in that province. Li is a leadin figur in the "[[Generations o Cheenese leadership|fift generation]]" ([[Xi-Li Admeenistration]]) o [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae|Communist Pairty]] leadership. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Biography}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131118101537/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-02/25/content_289095.htm Profile] [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Cheenese economists]] [[Category:Communist Pairty o Cheenae politeecians frae Anhui]] [[Category:2023 daiths]] [[Category:Peking Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Chuzhou]] [[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae politeecians frae Anhui]] [[Category:Poleetical office-haulders in Liaoning]] [[Category:Premiers o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] [[Category:Tuanpai]] [[Category:Vice Premiers o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] [[Category:Govrenors o Henan]] cbbg3exmxyczyo3rvh02sqpizw4yc4y 0 52592 923192 875414 2026-09-24T00:08:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots}} {{Eastren Slavic name|Asenov|Plevneliev}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Rosen Plevneliev |image = BG President Rosen Plevneliev.JPG |office = [[Leet o heids o state o Bulgarie|Preses o Bulgarie]] |primeminister = [[Boyko Borisov]]<br>[[Marin Raykov]] {{small|(Actin)}}<br>[[Plamen Oresharski]] |vicepresident = [[Margarita Popova]] |term_start = 22 Januar 2012 |term_end = 22 Januar 2017 |predecessor = [[Georgi Parvanov]] |successor = [[Rumen Radev]] |office1 = Meenister o Regional Development an Public Wirks |primeminister1 = [[Boyko Borisov]] |term_start1 = 27 Julie 2009 |term_end1 = 9 September 2011 |predecessor1 = [[Asen Gagauzov]] |successor1 = [[Lilyana Pavlova]] |birthname = Rosen Asenov Plevleniev |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|5|14|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Gotse Delchev (toun)|Gotse Delchev]], [[Fowkrepublic o Bulgarie|Bulgarie]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Citizens for European Development o Bulgarie]] {{small|(Afore 2012)}}<br>[[Independent (politeecian)|Independent]] {{small|(2012–present)}} |spouse = Yuliyana Plevnelieva |children = Filip<br>Asen<br>Pavel |alma_mater = [[Technical Varsity o Sofia]] }} '''Rosen Asenov Plevneliev''' ({{lang-bg|Росен Асенов Плевнелиев}}; born 14 Mey 1964) is a Bulgarie politeecian that wis [[Leet o heids o state o Bulgaria|Preses o Bulgarie]] frae Januar 2012 til Januar 2017. He wis the Meenister o Regional Development an Public Warks frae Julie 2009 til September 2011 as pairt o the [[Govrenment o Bulgarie#Structur o the Current Cabinet|cabinet o Boyko Borisov]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title= Biography of Rosen Plevneliev (Bulgarian)|url= http://personi.dir.bg/person.php?id=446 |publisher= dir.bg|date= |accessdate=2011-12-02}}</ref> In October 2011, Plevneliev wis eleckit as Preses in a seicont roond o votin; he wis inauguratit on 18 Januar 2012.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title= Plevneliev Sworn In as President of Bulgaria|url= http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=135858 |publisher= novinite.com|date= |accessdate=2012-01-19}}</ref> ==Biography== Rosen Plevneliev wis born in [[Gotse Delchev (toun)|Gotse Delchev]]. He is o strynd frae Bulgarian refugees frae soothren [[Macedon (region)|Macedon]] that resattlit frae the day's toun o Petrousa in the municipality o [[Prosotsani]] in [[Drama (regional unit)|Drama regional unit]], [[Macedon (Greece)|Greek Macedon]], in 1913. The Plevneliev faimily name refers tae the Bulgarian name o the toun, Plevnya (Плевня, "barn").<ref name="btv">{{cite web|url=http://www.btv.bg/shows/neka-govoriat/videos/video/637999626-Pojelahte_da_govori_Rosen_Plevneliev.html|title=Росен Плевналиев в „Нека говорят“ с Росен Петров, bTV, 6.11.2011 г.|publisher=bTV|language=Bulgarian|accessdate=30 August 2012|archive-date=2012-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009030824/http://www.btv.bg/shows/neka-govoriat/videos/video/637999626-Pojelahte_da_govori_Rosen_Plevneliev.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Plevneliev studied at [[Blagoevgrad]] Mathematical an Naitural Sciences Heich Schuil, frae that he graduatit in 1982. In 1989 he graduatit frae the [[Technical Varsity o Sofia|Heicher Mechanical-Electrotechnical Institute]], [[Sofia]], an in the same year becam a fellae at the Institute for Microprocessin Technology, [[Pravets]]. In 1990 he stairtit a private biggin company in Bulgarie. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509235454/http://morethangreen.bgbc.bg/en/Lectures/year/2011/18 |date=2013-05-09 }} Amang ither projects, the company biggit the [[Business Pairk Sofia|Sofia Business Pairk]]. He is mairrit tae Yuliyana an thay hae three loons: Filip, Asen an Pavel.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title= Rosen Plevneliev (Bulgarian)|url= http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=1095942 |publisher= 24 Chasa newspaper|date= |accessdate=2011-12-02}}</ref> ==Poleetical career== Plevneliev became Meenister o Regional Development an Public Warks unner Prime Meenister Borisov on 27 Julie 2009. He wis annoonced as [[GERB]]'s candidate for [[Preses o Bulgarie]] on 4 September 2011.<ref name="trustlaw">[http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/news/bulgarias-gerb-puts-up-popular-minister-for-president Bulgaria's GERB puts up popular minister for president] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612045128/http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/news/bulgarias-gerb-puts-up-popular-minister-for-president |date=2012-06-12 }}, [[Reuters|TrustLaw]], 4 September 2011</ref> He subsequently wan the [[Bulgarie presidential election, 2011|presidential election]] in a seicont roond held on 30 October 2011, wi a majority o 52,58% o the vote.<ref name="noinvite">[http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=133454 Bulgaria: Plevneliev is Bulgaria's New President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115123024/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=133454 |date=2016-11-15 }}, noinvite.com, 30. October 2011</ref> He defeatit [[Ivaylo Kalfin]] frae the [[Bulgarie Socialist Pairty]] in the seicont roond. He teuk the presidential oath on 19 Januar 2012 an offeecially teuk ower frae his predecessor [[Georgi Parvanov]] on 22 Januar 2012. Amang his priorities are admeenistrative reforms, energy efficiency an energy unthirldom an remuivin o ambassadors o Bulgarie in furren kintras that hae serrt as secret agents durin the Communist regime. As a result o the [[2013 Bulgarie anti-monopoly protests|2013 Bulgarie protests]] agin monopoly an heich electricity prices, the conservative govrenment o Prime Meenister [[Boyko Borisov]] tendered its demission on 20 Februar 2013. Preses Plevneliev, actin in accordance wi the constitution, offert a mandate tae form a new govrenment athin the term o the current Parliament tae [[GERB]], [[Bulgarie Socialist Pairty|BSP]] an [[Movement for Richts an Freedoms|DPS]] but efter aw o them declined, Plevneliev appyntit a caretaker govrenment on 13 Mairch 2013, wi [[Marin Raykov]], the Bulgarie ambassador in Paris as Prime Meenister an Meenister o Furren Affairs. Plevneliev advocates for closer relations atween Bulgarie an the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=134207|title=Bulgarian President-elect courts China|publisher=Novinite|date=23 November 2011|accessdate=8 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-09/12/c_131845334.htm|title=China, Bulgaria pledge to deepen cooperation|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=12 September 2012|accessdate=8 October 2012|archive-date=2013-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208223152/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-09/12/c_131845334.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Rosen Plevneliev}} *[http://www.president.bg/?lang=en Offeecial steid o the Presidency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530013005/http://president.bg/?lang=en |date=2013-05-30 }} *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zNXLfQzNEc&feature=player_embedded Video for Preses candidacy {{bg icon}}], YouTube {{BulgariePreses}} {{Heids o state o the European Union Member states}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Plevneliev, Rosen}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Bulgarie businessfowk]] [[Category:Bulgarie ingineers]] [[Category:Bulgarie Orthodox Christians]] [[Category:Citizens for European Development o Bulgarie politeecians]] [[Category:Govrenment meenisters o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Macedonie Bulgarians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Gotse Delchev]] [[Category:Preses o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Technical Varsity o Sofia alumni]] 35ybnwakggx75d2migh9mpg7wj1j1r4 0 53269 923205 906621 2026-09-24T01:17:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birthname=Sarah Louise Heath | image = Sarah Palin by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg | caption = Palin speakin at the 2012 [[Conservative Poleetical Action Conference|CPAC]] in Washington, D.C. | name = Sarah Palin | order1 = 9t | office1 = Govrenor o Alaska | term_start1 = December 4, 2006 | term_end1 = Julie 26, 2009 | lieutenant1 = [[Sean Parnell]] | predecessor1 = [[Frank Murkowski]] | successor1 = [[Sean Parnell]] | order2 = | office2 = Chairperson o the [[Alaska Ile an Gas Conservation Commission]] | term_start2 = Februar 19, 2003 | term_end2 = Januar 23, 2004 | governor2 = [[Frank Murkowski]] | predecessor2 = Camille Oechsli Taylor<ref name="AOGCC who">{{cite web | url=http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/WhoWeAre/terms.html | title=Commissioners - Terms in Office | publisher=Alaska Department of Administration | work=Alaska Oil & Gas Conservation Commission | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60oVljLyn?url=http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/WhoWeAre/terms.html | archivedate=2011-08-09 | accessdate=February 8, 2010 | url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/WhoWeAre/terms.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-date=2011-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924215935/http://doa.alaska.gov/ogc/WhoWeAre/terms.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | successor2 = John K. Norman<ref name="AOGCC who"/> | office3 = Mayor o [[Wasilla, Alaska]] | term_start3 = October 14, 1996 | term_end3 = October 14, 2002 | predecessor3 = [[John Stein (mayor)|John Stein]] | successor3 = [[Dianne M. Keller]] | office4 = Member o the<br />[[Wasilla, Alaska|Wasilla]] Ceety Cooncil frae Seat E | term_start4 = October 19, 1992 | term_end4 = October 14, 1996 | predecessor4 = Dorothy Smith | successor4 = Colleen Cottle | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|2|11|mf=y}}<ref name="nga">{{cite web|accessdate=May 19, 2010|url=http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=864bb9006da3f010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5cJoxdls2?url=http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=864bb9006da3f010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD|archivedate=2008-11-14|publisher=[[National Governors Association]]|work=Governor's Information|title=Alaska Governor Sarah Palin|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Sandpoint, Idaho|Sandpoint]], [[Idaho]], U.S. |ethnicity=Inglis, Erse an German<ref name="stock">{{cite news|accessdate=April 25, 2009|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/uselection2008/republicans/2646949/Sarah-Palin-profile-Former-beauty-queen-was-an-unlikely-choice.html|title=Sarah Palin profile: Former beauty queen was an unlikely choice|date=August 29, 2008|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London, UK|first=Toby|last=Harnden|archive-date=2010-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530080909/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/uselection2008/republicans/2646949/Sarah-Palin-profile-Former-beauty-queen-was-an-unlikely-choice.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | nationality = American | residence = [[Wasilla, Alaska]] | party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] | occupation = [[Local news]] [[sportscasting|sportscaster]]<br />[[Commercial fishin|Commercial fisherman]]<br />[[Politeecian]] <br>[[Author]]<br />[[Poleetical commentator]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/01/11/palin-join-fox-news-contributor/ |title=Palin to Join Fox News as Contributor |publisher=FOXNews.com |date=January 11, 2010 |accessdate=May 19, 2010 |archive-date=2010-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115203653/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/01/11/palin-join-fox-news-contributor/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | profession = | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Idaho]]<small> - ([[Bachelor o Science|B.S.]], 1987)</small><ref name="stateBio">{{cite web|url=http://gov.state.ak.us/bio.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417165654/http://gov.state.ak.us/bio.php|archivedate=2008-04-17|title=About the Governor|work=Office of Alaska Governor|accessdate=October 19, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> | spouse = [[Todd Palin]]<small> (m. August 29, 1988)</small> | children = Track <small>(b. 1989)</small><br>[[Bristol Palin|Bristol]]<small> (b. 1990)</small><br>Willow <small>(b. 1994)</small><br>Piper <small>(b. 2001)</small><br>Trig<small> (b. 2008)</small><ref name="nytimes bio">{{cite news | url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/p/sarah_palin/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=sarah%20palin%20&st=cse |author=New York Times staff| title=Times Topics, People, Sarah Palin | work=Biography | accessdate=May 30, 2010}}</ref> | religion = [[Non-denominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christian]]<ref name="NewtonTIME">{{cite news | first = Jay | last = Newton-Small | title = Transcript: Time's interview with Sarah Palin | date = August 29, 2008 | url = http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1837536,00.html | publisher = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | accessdate = May 29, 2010 | archive-date = 2012-06-06 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/68EC1Pxt5?url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1837536,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="energized">{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-08-30-1495391136_x.htm|title=Evangelicals energized by McCain-Palin ticket|last=Gorski|first=Eric|date=August 30, 2008|publisher=USA Today|accessdate= February 7, 2010}}</ref> | signature = Sarah palin signature.svg | footnotes = | box_width = 300px }} '''Sarah Louise Palin''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Sarah-Louise-Palin-en-US-pronunciation.ogg|ˈ|p|eɪ|l|ɨ|n}}; née '''Heath'''; born Februar 11, 1964) is an [[Unitit States|American]] politeecian, commentator an author who served as the 9t [[Govrenor o Alaska]], frae 2006 tae 2009. As the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]] nominee for [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] in the [[Unitit States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]] alangside [[Arizona]] [[Unitit States Senate|Senator]] [[John McCain]], she wis the first Alaskan on the naitional ticket o a major pairty an first Republican woman nominatit for the vice presidency. Her beuk ''[[Going Rogue: An American Life|Going Rogue]]'' haes sauld mair nor twa million copies. Syne Januar 2010, she haes providit poleetical commentary for [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]], an hostit a telly shaw, ''[[Sarah Palin's Alaska]]''. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for [[TLC (TV channel)|TLC]]. She wis electit tae [[Wasilla, Alaska|Wasilla]] Ceety Cooncil in 1992 an acame mayor o Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, efter an unsuccessful run for [[Lieutenant Govrenor o Alaska|lieutenant govrenor]], she wis appyntit Chairman o the [[Alaska Ile an Gas Conservation Commission]], responsible for owerseein the state's ile an gas fields for safety an efficiency. The youngest person an first woman tae be electit [[Govrenor o Alaska]], Palin held the affice frae December 2006 till [[Resignation o Sarah Palin|her resignation]] in Julie 2009. She haes syne endorsed an campaigned for the [[Tea Pairty movement]], as well as [[Mama grizzly|several candidates]] in the [[Unitit States elections, 2010|2010 midterm elections]]. Frae the time o her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin wis considered a potential candidate for the [[Unitit States presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential election]] till she annoonced in October 2011 that she would nae run. In Januar 2016 she declarit her support for [[Donald Trump]]'s campaign tae acome [[Preses o the Unitit States]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Govrenors o Alaska}} {{AK Republican gubernatorial nominees}} {{USRepVicePresNominees}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Palin, Sarah}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Alaska ceety cooncil members]] [[Category:Alaska Republicans]] [[Category:American beauty pageant winners]] [[Category:American broadcast news analysts]] [[Category:American evangelicals]] [[Category:American fishers]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical pundits]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:American televeesion sports annooncers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Alaska]] [[Category:Fowk frae Idaho]] [[Category:Weemen mayors o places in the Unitit States]] [[Category:American weemen state govrenors]] [[Category:Conservatism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Converts tae evangelical Christianity frae Roman Catholicism]] [[Category:Female Unitit States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:Fox News Channel fowk]] [[Category:Govrenors o Alaska]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Mayors o Wasilla, Alaska]] [[Category:Palin faimily|Sarah]] [[Category:Parteecipants in American reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sandpoint, Idaho]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Municipality o Skagway Borough, Alaska]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wasilla, Alaska]] [[Category:Republican Pairty state govrenors o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) vice presidential nominees]] [[Category:State cabinet secretaries o Alaska]] [[Category:Tea Pairty movement]] [[Category:Unitit States vice-presidential candidates, 2008]] [[Category:Varsity o Hawaii at Hilo alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Idaho alumni]] [[Category:Weemen in Alaska politics]] [[Category:Weemen writers frae Alaska]] [[Category:Weemen writers frae Idaho]] [[Category:Writers frae Alaska]] [[Category:Writers frae Idaho]] hasyh8fgb2ujfmmsofumbnmccr04yab 0 53536 923158 922709 2026-09-23T19:44:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Mohamed Morsi<br><small>{{lang|ar|محمد مرسى}}</small> |birthname = |image = |order1 = [[Leet o Preses o Egyp|5t]] |office1 = Preses o Egyp |vicepresident1 = [[Mahmoud Mekki]] <br><small>(16 August 2012 – 22 December 2012)</small><ref name=reu2212>{{cite news|title=Vice president quits as Egypt votes on constitution|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/22/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE8BL03X20121222|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=22 December 2012|archive-date=2013-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429132145/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/22/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE8BL03X20121222|url-status=dead}}</ref> |primeminister1 = [[Kamal Ganzouri]]<br>[[Hesham Qandil]] |term_start1 = 30 Juin 2012 |term_end1 = 3 Julie 2013 |predecessor1 = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]]<br><small>(actin)</small><br>[[Hosni Mubarak]]<ref name=pred1>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/30/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-egyptian-president?newsfeed=true|title=Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egyptian president|author=Conal Urquhart|date=30 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=pred2>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jpszTfIX0wjb-v5EuCrxubiahGWw?docId=ab4ee00f25a84113a306a80baeb947ce|title=Egypt votes for president tae succeed Mubarak|author=Hamza Hendawi|date=16 June 2012|agency=Associated Press|work=[[Google]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref><br><small>(preses)</small> |successor1 = [[Adly Mansour]] {{small|(Actin)}} |office2 = Secretar General o the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] |term_start2 = 30 Juin 2012 |term_end2 = 2 August 2012 |predecessor2 = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] <small>(Actin)</small> |successor2 = [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] |office3 = Chairman o the [[Freedom an Justice Pairty (Egyp)|Freedom an Justice Pairty]] |term_start3 = 30 Aprile 2011 |term_end3 = 24 Juin 2012 |predecessor3 = Poseetion established |successor3 = [[Saad El-Katatni]] |office4 = Member o the [[Fowk's Assembly o Egyp]] |term_start4 = 1 December 2000 |term_end4 = 12 December 2005 |predecessor4 = [[Numan Gumaa]] |successor4 = Mahmoud Abaza |birth_date = {{birth date|1951|8|8|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Al Sharqia Govrenorate|Sharqia]], [[Kinrick o Egyp|Egyp]] |death_date = 17 Juin 2019 (aged 67) |death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]] |spouse = [[Naglaa Mahmoud]] <small>(1979–present)</small> |children = 5 |party = [[Freedom an Justice Pairty (Egyp)|Freedom an Justice Pairty]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_06_24/79174954/|title=Morsi: Egypt's international commitments unchanged|newspaper=Voice of Russia|date=24 June 2012|agency=Information Telegraph Agency of Russia|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sJcmHOa?url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_06_24/79174954/|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> |otherparty = [[Muslim Britherhuid]] |alma_mater = [[Cairo Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity o Soothren Californie]] |profession = [[Academia|Academic]] ([[Ingineerin]]) |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |signature = Muhammed Morsi Signature.png |footnotes = * Affice vacant frae 11 Februar 2011 tae 30 Juin 2012.<ref name=vacancy1>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2045328_2045338_2048789,00.html|title=Ruling Egypt After Mubarak: Presidential Contenders Emerge|author=Abigail Hauslohner|date=12 February 2011|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=1 July 2012|archive-date=2013-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521073607/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2045328_2045338_2048789,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=vacant2>{{cite web|url=http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2011/index.html|title=World Factbook 2011|year=2011|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=1 July 2012|archive-date=2013-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917220324/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2011/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} '''Mohamed Morsi'''<ref group="note">Regairdless o the pronunciation, an aw spelled: ''Muhammad, Mursi, Morsy''.</ref> ({{lang-ar|محمد محمد مرسى عيسى العياط}}, ALA-LC: ''Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ‘Īsá al-‘Ayyāṭ&nbsp;'' <!--Hidden note: this is the native Egyptian Arabic pronunciation. Please don't change it-->{{IPA-arz|mæˈħæmmæd mæˈħæmmæd ˈmoɾsi<!--Hidden note: not [ˈmʊrsi]--> ˈʕiːsæ (ʔe)l.ʕɑjˈjɑːtˤ|IPA}}; 8 August 1951 - 17 Juin 2019) wis a [[Egyp]]tian politeecian who servit as the [[Leet o Preses o Egyp|fift]] [[Preses o Egyp]], frae 30 Juin 2012 tae 3 Julie 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hcaoxxsaWchmy5h1hM-2lW5Ti4tw?docId=CNG.d5fb1a0d998bd400326ce03309e1b890.781|title=مرشح الاخوان المسلمين محمد مرسي اول رئيس لمصر بعد مبارك|language=Arabic|date=24 June 2012|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Google News|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sJoIhX0?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hcaoxxsaWchmy5h1hM-2lW5Ti4tw?docId=CNG.d5fb1a0d998bd400326ce03309e1b890.781|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohamed Morsi wis educatit in Egyptian public schuils an varsities; he wis later grantit a scholarship frae the Egyptian Govrenment tae prepare for a PhD degree in the Unitit States, Morsi wis a Member o Parliament in the [[Fowk's Assembly o Egyp]] frae 2000 tae 2005, an a leadin member in the [[Muslim Britherhuid]]. He acame Chairman o the [[Freedom an Juistice Pairty (Egyp)|Freedom an Justice Pairty]] (FJP) when it wis foondit bi the Muslim Britherhuid in the wake o the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]]. He stuid as the FJP's candidate for the [[Egyptian presidential election, 2012|Mey–Juin 2012 presidential election]]. On 24 Juin 2012, the election commission annoonced that Morsi wan Egyp's presidential runaff against [[Ahmed Shafik]], the last prime meenister unner deponed leader [[Hosni Mubarak]].<ref name=hewie>{{cite book|last=El-Hewie|first=Mohamed|title=Chain Reaction: Egypt's Revolt 2011 Illustrated|year=2011|publisher=Shaymaa|isbn=1461093953|pages=3–5}}</ref> Accordin tae offeecial results, Morsi teuk 51.7 percent o the vote while Shafik received 48.3%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim Brotherhood candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/|newspaper=Fox News|date=24 June 2012|accessdate=24 June 2012|archive-date=2012-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624193616/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As he haed promised durin his campaign, Morsi resigned frae his poseetion as the heid o the FJP efter his victory wis annoonced.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html?pagewanted=all|title=Named Egypt's Winner, Islamist Makes History|author=David D. Kirkpatrick|date=24 June 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sKYLZ5k?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html?_r=1|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter Morsi grantit himself unleemitit pouers tae "protect" the naition in late November 2012,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hendawi|first=Hamza|url=http://www.salon.com/2012/11/28/egyptian_courts_suspend_work_to_protest_morsi_decrees/singleton/|title=Egyptian courts suspend work tae protest Morsi decrees|newspaper=Salon|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209125608/http://www.salon.com/2012/11/28/egyptian_courts_suspend_work_to_protest_morsi_decrees/singleton/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/28/power_grab_on_egypts_unions|title=Egyptian Labor between Morsi and Mubarak|author=Dina Bishara|publisher=Foreign Policy|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012|archive-date=2012-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023112/http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/28/power_grab_on_egypts_unions|url-status=dead}}</ref> an the pouer tae [[legislate]] wioot judicial owersicht or review o his acts, hunders o thoosands o protesters began demonstratin against him in the [[2012 Egyptian protests]].<ref>{{cite news|author=David D. Kirkpatrick|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html?pagewanted=2|title=President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt Said tae Prepare Martial Law Decree|location=Egypt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 April 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests tae presidential palace|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html|last1=McCrumen|first1=Stephanie|last2=Hauslohner|first2=Abigail|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=5 December 2012|accessdate=5 December 2012|archive-date=2013-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122004650/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree which haed expandit his presidential authority an removed judeecial review o his decrees, an Islamist offeecial said, but added that the effects o that declaration wad staund.<ref name=alarab912>{{cite news|title=Egypt’s Mursi annuls controversial decree, opposition says not enough|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html|accessdate=9 December 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=9 December 2012|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209000212/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[George Isaac (politeecian)|George Isaac]] o the [[Constitution Pairty (Egyp)|Constitution Pairty]] said that Morsi’s declaration did nae offer onything new, the [[Naitional Salvation Front (Egyp)|Naitional Salvation Front]] rejectit it as an attempt tae save face, an the [[6 Aprile Movement]] an Gamal Fahmi o the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed tae address the "fundamental" problem o the naitur o the assembly that wis tasked wi draftin the constitution.<ref name=alarab912/> On 30 Juin 2013, [[Julie 2013 Egyptian protests|mass protests]] eruptit athort Egyp cryin for the Preses's resignation. This wis follaed bi the airmy's threit that if the protesters' demands wur nae met bi 3 Julie it wad step in an big a road cairt for the kintra, while insistin that it did nae want tae rule the kintra.<ref>Abdelaziz, Salma (1 Julie 2013). "[http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 Egyptian military issues warning over protests]". CNN. Retrieved 1 Julie 2013.</ref> Some teuk this tae mean a militar coup, but the next day the airmy denied that thay wur referrin tae a possible militar coup.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Egyptian-army-issues-new-statement-denies-warning-of-coup/articleshow/20869255.cms</ref> The plan set up bi the militar includes suspendin the constitution, dissolvin the pairlament, an establishin a new admeenistration heidit bi the chief juistice.<ref>{{cite news|title=Outlines of Egypt army's post-Morsi plan emerge|url=http://news.yahoo.com/outlines-egypt-armys-post-morsi-plan-emerge-194532950.html|last1=Hendawi|first1=Hamza|last2=Michael|first2=Maggie|agency=Associated Press|date=2 July 2013|accessdate=2 July 2013|archive-date=2013-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705074101/http://news.yahoo.com/outlines-egypt-armys-post-morsi-plan-emerge-194532950.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Morsi wis declared unseatit on 3 Julie 2013 bi a cooncil consistin o the defense meenister [[Abdul Fatah Khalil Al-Sisi|Al-Sisi]], [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], the [[Ahmed el-Tayeb|Grand Imam o Al Azhar]], an the [[Pape Tawadros II o Alexandria|Coptic Pape]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Morsi told he is no longer the president|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews-live/egypt-in-crisis?Post+generic=%3Ftid%3Dsm_twitter_washingtonpost#1a6828bb-8897-4a48-8ba4-7c02b4138feb|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=3 July 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130703191725/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews-live/egypt-in-crisis?Post+generic=%3Ftid%3Dsm_twitter_washingtonpost%231a6828bb-8897-4a48-8ba4-7c02b4138feb#1a6828bb-8897-4a48-8ba4-7c02b4138feb|archivedate=2013-07-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://m.guardiannews.com/world/middle-east-live/2013/jul/03/egypt-countdown-army-deadline-live</ref> Morsi wis reportit tae hae dee'd efter faintin while on trial on 17 Juin 2019; he wis 67.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thefamouscelebrity.com/mohamed-morsi-age-height-weightdeath/ |title=MOHAMED MORSI AGE, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, SON, WIFE, AND MORSI DEATH IN 2019 |access-date=2019-06-18 |archive-date=2019-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618041935/https://thefamouscelebrity.com/mohamed-morsi-age-height-weightdeath/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== <references group="note"/> {{Reflist}} {{Preses o Egyp}} {{NAMSecretar-General}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morsi, Mohamed}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2019 daiths]] [[Category:Mohamed Morsi|*]] [[Category:Preses o Egyp]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o Egyp]] [[Category:Secretaries-General o the Non-Aligned Muivement]] [[Category:Freedom an Juistice Pairty (Egyp) politeecians]] [[Category:Fowk o the Egyptian revolution o 2011]] [[Category:Leaders oustit bi a coup]] [[Category:2013 Egyptian coup d'état]] [[Category:Egyptian Muslim Britherheid members]] [[Category:Egyptian politeecians convictit o crimes]] [[Category:21st-century criminals]] [[Category:Egyptian preesoners sentenced tae daith]] [[Category:Preesoners sentenced tae daith bi Egyp]] [[Category:Egyptian ingineers]] [[Category:20t-century ingineers]] [[Category:Egyptian Sunni Muslims]] [[Category:20t-century Egyptian eddicators]] [[Category:Californie State Varsity, Northridge faculty]] [[Category:Zagazig Varsity faculty]] [[Category:USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni]] [[Category:Cairo Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sharqia Govrenorate]] [[Category:Egyptian expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Egyptian fowk that dee'd in preeson custody]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] tjkr5l0m57gvetr4jw0a0046z2bsnnw 0 54070 923136 919588 2026-09-23T17:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor | name = Leslie Cheung Kwok-Wing | image = Leslie Cheung.jpg | caption = Cheung performin at a concert in 1997. | chinesename = | tradchinesename = 張國榮 | simpchinesename = 张国荣 | hakkachinesename = Zong Gwet Win | pinyinchinesename = Zhāng Guóróng | jyutpingchinesename = Zoeng1 Gwok3wing4 | ancestry = [[Meizhou]], Guangdong | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1956|9|12}} | birth_place = [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|4|1|1956|9|12}} | death_place = Hong Kong | othername = Gor Gor (哥哥)<ref name="gorgor">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/audio/2008-04/03/content_7910039.htm|title=Sina Entertainment News|date=3 April 2008|agency=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=28 March 2012|archive-date=2015-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104190100/http://news.xinhuanet.com/audio/2008-04/03/content_7910039.htm|url-status=dead}} {{zh icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/p/2008-04-02/10051971439.shtml|title=Sina Entertainment News |publisher=Sina Corp|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> | origin = Hong Kong | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, actor | genre = [[Cantopop]], [[Mandopop]] | instrument = Vocals | voicetype = Baritone | label = [[Polydor Records]], [[Capital Artists]], [[Cinepoly Records]],<br> [[Rock Records]], [[Universal Music Group]] | yearsactive = 1977–2003 | hongkongfilmwards = {{unbulleted list|'''[[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]'''|1991 ''[[Days of Being Wild]]''|'''Best Original Film Song'''|1995 ''[[He's a Woman, She's a Man]]''}} | hkfcsawards = {{unbulleted list|'''Best Actor'''|1994 ''[[Ashes of Time]]''}} | goldenhorseawards = {{unbulleted list|'''Best Original Song'''|1993 ''[[The Bride with White Hair]]''}} | goldenroosterawards = | rthktop10goldsongsawards = {{unbulleted list|'''Sales Award (Best-Selling Album of the Year)'''|1987 ''[[Summer Romance]]''|'''IFPI Award'''|1988 ''Leslie''|'''[[Golden Needle Award]]'''|1999|'''Silver Jubilee Award'''|2002}} | awards = {{unbulleted list|'''[[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards]]'''|'''Most Popular Male Artist'''|1988, 1989|'''Honours Award'''|1999, 2000|'''Four Channel Award (Best Album of the Year)'''|2000 ''Untitled''|'''[[Ultimate Song Chart Awards]]'''|'''Ultimate Male Artist Gold Award'''|1988, 1989|'''IFPI Award'''|1989 ''[[Leslie '89]]''|'''[[Golden Phoenix Awards]]'''|'''Special Contribution Award'''|1993 ''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]''|'''[[Japan Film Critics Society]]'''|'''Best Actor'''|1994 ''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]''|'''[[CCTV-MTV Music Honours]]'''|'''Asia's Biggest Superstar'''|2000|'''[[Chinese Pop Music Media Awards]]'''|'''Best Male Singer'''|2001}} }} {{Cheenese name|[[Zhang (surname)|Cheung]]}} '''Leslie Cheung Kwok-Wing''' (12 September 1956&nbsp;– 1 Apryle 2003) wis a Hong Kong [[sangster-sangwriter]], [[actor]], [[film director]], [[record producer]] an [[screenwriter]]. Cheung is considered as "ane o the foonder faithers o [[Cantopop]]" bi "combinin a hugely successful film an muisic career."<ref>Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham, "World Music Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific", P54., BBC Radio, ISBN 1-85828-636-0</ref> He rose tae prominence as a teen herthrob an pop icon o Hong Kong in the 1980s, receivin numerous muisic awairds includin baith [[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|Most Popular Male Artist Awards]] at the 1988 an 1989 [[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation|Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvcity.tvb.com/jsg/awards/awards_4957565616481164106171108186113170247166177188250.html |title=1988 JSG Best Ten Awards |publisher=TVB |access-date=2013-07-11 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603092345/http://tvcity.tvb.com/jsg/awards/awards_4957565616481164106171108186113170247166177188250.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvcity.tvb.com/jsg/awards/awards_4957565716481164106171108186113170247166177188250.html |title=1989 JSG Best Ten Awards |publisher=TVB |access-date=2013-07-11 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305114321/http://tvcity.tvb.com/jsg/awards/awards_4957565716481164106171108186113170247166177188250.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1989, Cheung annooncit his retirement frae the muisic industrie as a pop sangster. Returnin tae the muisic scene efter a five-year hiatus, Cheung released his chairt-toppin comeback album (寵愛) which achievit a huge mercat success. In 1999, he wan the [[Golden Needle Award]] for his ootstaundin achievement as a muisicker at the [[RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/classicschannel/goldsong22.htm |title=RTHK Classics Channel |publisher=Rthk.org.hk |access-date=2013-07-11 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221613/http://www.rthk.org.hk/classicschannel/goldsong22.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> an his 1984 hit sang ''Monica'' wis votit as Hong Kong's "Song of the Century".<ref>[http://www.geocities.ws/lesliekwcheung/monica.htm 張國榮Monica入選世紀金曲] 1999-11-22</ref> He wis honoured as "Asia's Biggest Superstar" at the 2000 CCTV-MTV Music Honours.<ref>"Acts Honored at CCTV-MTV Show in China" (1 July 2000) ''Billboard''.</ref> Cheung wan the 1991 [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor|Hong Kong Film Award]] (''[[Days of Being Wild]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist10.html |title=List of Award Winner of The 10th Hong Kong Film Awards |publisher=Hkfaa.com }}</ref> an the 1994 [[Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award]] (''[[Ashes of Time]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmcritics.org.hk/taxonomy/term/5/50 |title=List of Winners of 1994 Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards |publisher=Filmcritics.org.hk |date=17 February 1995}}</ref> for best actor. He haed wan the 1994 Japan Film Critics Society Award for best actor for his performance in ''[[Farewell My Concubine (film)|Farewell My Concubine]]'' an ten ither best actor nominations an aw, five [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards|Golden Horse Awards]], three [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/artist/id/12031.html |title=In Competition Actors |publisher=Festival-cannes.fr }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/artist/id/21442.html |title=In Competition Actors |publisher=Festival-cannes.fr }}</ref> a [[Asia Pacific Film Festival|Asia Pacific Film Festival Award]], an a [[Venice Film Festival|Venice Film Festival Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lesliecheung.cc/home/library/1410 |title=Best Actor Award |publisher=Lesliecheung.cc |access-date=2013-07-11 |archive-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628063212/http://www.lesliecheung.cc/home/library/1410 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cheung's muisic an movies no anerly captured fans in Hong Kong but ither Asie kintras includin Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysie, Cheenae, Japan an Sooth Korea an aw. He is the first foreign airtist tae hauld 16 concerts in Japan that haes yet tae be breuken an the record haulder as the best-sellin [[C-pop]] airtist in Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tw.twent.chinayes.com/Content/20130402/kh77sz20770cg.shtml |title=Leslie Cheung's Popularity in Korea |publisher=Tw.twent.chinayes.com |access-date=2013-07-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025338/http://tw.twent.chinayes.com/Content/20130402/kh77sz20770cg.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cheung wis rankit as the favourite actor in the 100 years o Cheenese cinema.<ref name="allbusiness.com">[http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4392792-1.html "Cheung Tops Asia's CCTV-MTV Honors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210031830/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4392792-1.html |date=2012-02-10 }}, AllBusiness.com, Inc.</ref><ref name="chinadaily.com.cn">[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/27/content_446339.htm "'Farewell My Concubine' most appreciated in HK"], ''China Daily''</ref> In 2010, he wis votit the third "Most Iconic Musicians of All Time" (efter [[Michael Jackson]] an [[The Beatles]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/24/music.icon.gallery/index.html#fbid=nVIn7HoUxgC&wom=false|title=Michael Jackson: Your number one music icon|accessdate=20 September 2010|date=27 August 2010|publisher=CNN|archive-date=2010-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918124422/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/24/music.icon.gallery/index.html#fbid=nVIn7HoUxgC&wom=false|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[CNN]] considered Cheung as the "Most Beautiful Man from Hong Kong Cinema" an ane o "Asia's 25 Greatest Actors of All Time."<ref>[http://travel.cnn.com/hong-kong/play/hottest-men-classic-hong-kong-cinema-754404 Hottest Men from HK Cinema]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} CNN</ref><ref>[http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/none/asias-25-greatest-actors-all-time-223697 Asia's 25 Greatest Actors of All Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905092742/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/none/asias-25-greatest-actors-all-time-223697/ |date=2017-09-05 }} CNNGo 4 March 2010</ref> ==Discografie== {{main|Leslie Cheung discografie}} ==Filmografie== {{main|Leslie Cheung filmografie}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cheung, Leslie}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:2003 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century male actors]] [[Category:21st-century male actors]] [[Category:Male actors who committit suicide]] [[Category:Best Actor HKFA]] [[Category:Cantonese-leid sangsters]] [[Category:Cantopop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Hong Kong emigrants tae Canadae]] [[Category:Hong Kong male film actors]] [[Category:Hong Kong male sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong fowk o Hakka strynd]] [[Category:Hong Kong sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Naturalisit ceetizens o Canadae]] [[Category:Suicides in Hong Kong]] [[Category:Bisexual actors]] [[Category:Bisexual muisickers]] [[Category:LGBT muisickers frae Hong Kong]] [[Category:LGBT sangsters]] bjm2u2m6b7g5sfbbk8ciohoq4s8sdc4 0 54630 923176 919239 2026-09-23T22:07:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923176 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.healthtipsagency.com/2018/09/paracetamol-tablet-usage-benefits-and-side-effects..html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214454/https://www.healthtipsagency.com/2018/09/paracetamol-tablet-usage-benefits-and-side-effects..html |date=2018-10-11 }}{{drugbox| verifiedrevid = 456349142 | IUPAC_name = ''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide<br>''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide | image = Paracetamol-skeletal.svg | width = 200 | image2 = Paracetamol-from-xtal-3D-balls.png | drug_name = Paracetamol <!--Clinical data--> | tradename = Tylenol (USA), Anacin Aspirin Free (USA), Apra (USA), Crocin (Indie), Feverall (USA), Genapap (USA), Panadol (UK), Panadol (Australie), Panodil (Denmark), Efferalgan (Fraunce), Doliprane (Fraunce) Dafalgan (Fraunce) Alvedon (Swaden) | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|acetaminophen}} | MedlinePlus = a681004 | licence_US = Acetaminophen | pregnancy_AU = A | pregnancy_US = B | pregnancy_category = safe | legal_AU = unscheduled | legal_UK = GSL | legal_US = OTC | routes_of_administration = [[Muith|Oral]], [[rectal]], [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> | bioavailability = ~100% | metabolism = 90 tae 95% [[Liver|Hepatic]] | elimination_half-life = 1–4 h | excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]] <!--Identifiers--> | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 103-90-2 | ATC_prefix = N02 | ATC_suffix = BE01 | PubChem = 1983 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00316 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 1906 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 362O9ITL9D | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00217 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 46195 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 112 <!--Chemical data--> | C=8 | H=9 | N=1 | O=2 | molecular_weight = 151.17 g/mol | smiles = CC(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1)O | InChI = 1/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10) | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N | density = 1.263 | melting_point = 169 | melting_notes = <ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ci0500132 | title = General Melting Point Prediction Based on a Diverse Compound Data Set and Artificial Neural Networks | year = 2005 | last1 = Karthikeyan | first1 = M. | last2 = Glen | first2 = R. C. | last3 = Bender | first3 = A. | journal = Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 581–590 | pmid = 15921448}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906 | title = melting point data for paracetamol | publisher = Lxsrv7.oru.edu | accessdate = 19 March 2011 | archive-date = 2012-06-30 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120630213835/http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906 | url-status = dead }}</ref> | solubility = 12.78<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/je990124v | title = Solubility of paracetamol in pure solvents | author = Granberg RA, Rasmuson AC | journal = [[Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data]] | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 1391–95 | year = 1999}}</ref> }} '''Paracetamol''' [[Internaitional Nonproprietary Name|INN]] ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|s|iː|t|ə|m|ɒ|l}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|ə|m|ɒ|l}}), or '''acetaminophen''' [[Unitit States Adoptit Name|USAN]] {{IPAc-en|audio=Acetaminophen.ogg|ə|ˌ|s|iː|t|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|n|ə|f|ɨ|n}}, chemically named N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, is a widely uised [[ower-the-coonter drug|ower-the-coonter]] [[analgesic]] (pain reliever) an [[antipyretic]] (fiver reducer). Paracetamol is clessifee'd as a mild analgesic. It is commonly uised for the relief o [[heidache]]s an ither minor aches an pains an is a major ingredient in numerous [[common cauld|cauld]] an [[Influenza|flu]] remedies. In combination wi [[opioid analgesic]]s, paracetamol can an aa be uised in the management o mair severe pain sic as post-surgical pain an providin [[palliative care]] in advanced cancer patients.<ref>{{cite book|url = http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|title = Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer|author = Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)|publisher = National Health Service (NHS)|location = Scotland|year = 2008|isbn = 978 1 905813 38 4|chapter = 6.1 and 7.1.1}}</ref> Tho acetaminophen is uised tae treat inflammatory pain, it is nae generally clessifee'd as an [[NSAID]] acause it exhibits anly waik anti-inflammatory activity. The onset o analgesia is approximately 11-29.5 minutes efter [[oral admeenistration]] o paracetamol, an its [[Biological hauf-life|hauf-life]] is 1–4 oors. While generally safe for uise at recommendit doses ({{nowrap|1,000 mg per single dose}} an up tae {{nowrap|4,000 mg per day}} for adults),<ref>[http://www.drugs.com/acetaminophen.html Acetaminophen] Drugs.com</ref> acute [[owerdose]]s o paracetamol can cause potentially fatal neer, brain an [[Hepatotoxicity|liver damage]] an, in rare individuals, a normal dose can dae the same. The risk mey be hichtened bi chronic [[alcohol abuse]]. [https://www.healthtipsagency.com/2018/09/paracetamol-tablet-usage-benefits-and-side-effects..html Paracetamol toxicity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214454/https://www.healthtipsagency.com/2018/09/paracetamol-tablet-usage-benefits-and-side-effects..html |date=2018-10-11 }} is the foremost cause o [[acute liver failure]] in the [[Wastren warld]], an accoonts for maist drug owerdoses in the Unitit States, the Unitit Kinrick, Australie an New Zealand.<ref name="DalyMJA">{{cite journal |author=Daly FF, Fountain JS, Murray L, Graudins A, Buckley NA |title=Guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand—explanation and elaboration. A consensus statement from clinical toxicologists consulting to the Australasian poisons information centres |journal=[[The Medical Journal of Australia|Med J Aust]] |volume=188 |issue=5 |pages=296–301 |year=2008 |pmid=18312195 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/188_05_030308/dal10916_fm.html |access-date=2013-07-18 |archive-date=2008-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234129/http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/188_05_030308/dal10916_fm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Khashab M, Tector AJ, Kwo PY |title=Epidemiology of acute liver failure |journal=Curr Gastroenterol Rep |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=66–73 |year=2007|pmid=17335680 |doi= 10.1007/s11894-008-0023-x}}</ref><ref name=Hawkins>{{cite journal |author=Hawkins LC, Edwards JN, Dargan PI |title=Impact of restricting paracetamol pack sizes on paracetamol poisoning in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature |journal=Drug Saf |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=465–79 |year=2007 |pmid=17536874 |doi= 10.2165/00002018-200730060-00002 }}</ref><ref name="Larson">{{cite journal |author=Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, ''et al. '' |title=Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2005-12_42_6/page/1364 |journal=Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1364–72 |year=2005|pmid=16317692 |doi =10.1002/hep.20948}}</ref> It is the active metabolite o the [[coal tar]]–derived [[phenacetin]], ance popular as an analgesic an antipyretic in its awn richt. Houiver, unlik phenacetin an its combinations, paracetamol is nae considered [[carcinogen]]ic at therapeutic doses.<ref name=Bergman>{{cite journal |author=Bergman K, Müller L, Teigen SW |title=The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of paracetamol: a regulatory (re)view |journal=Mutat Res |volume=349 |issue=2 |pages=263–88 |year=1996 |pmid=8600357 |doi=10.1016/0027-5107(95)00185-9}}</ref> The wirds ''acetaminophen'' (uised in the Unitit States,<ref name=Bradley>{{cite journal |author=Bradley, N |title=BMJ should use "paracetamol" instead of "acetaminophen" in its index |journal=BMJ |volume=313 |issue=7058 |page=689 |year=1996|pmid = 8811774|pmc = 2351967}}</ref> Canadae, Japan, Sooth Korea, Hong Kong, an Iran) an ''paracetamol'' (uised elsewhaur) baith come frae a chemical name for the compoond: ''para''-'''acet'''yl'''aminophen'''ol an '''''par'''a''-'''acet'''yl'''am'''inophen'''ol'''. In some contexts, it is simply abbreviated as '''APAP''', for '''a'''cetyl-'''p'''ara-'''a'''mino'''p'''henol. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.chemsynthesis.com/base/chemical-structure-18651.html Paracetamol at Chemsynthesis] * [http://www.pharmweb.net/pwmirror/pwy/paracetamol/pharmwebpic.html Paracetamol Information Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925042239/http://www.pharmweb.net/pwmirror/pwy/paracetamol/pharmwebpic.html |date=2006-09-25 }} * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1330.html Paracetamol Internaitional Chemical Safety Cards] * [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/HH/Views/Exhibit/narrative/amines.html The Julius Axelrod Papers] * [http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/SafeUseofOver-the-CounterPainRelieversandFeverReducers/ucm164977.htm FDA: Safe Uise o Ower-the-Coonter Pain Relievers/Fever Reducers] * [http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm168830.htm FDA: Consumer Update "Acetaminophen and Liver Injury: Q and A for Consumers" (link)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719052050/http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm168830.htm |date=2013-07-19 }} * [http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM172664.pdf FDA: Consumer Update "Acetaminophen and Liver Injury: Q and A for Consumers" (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919040332/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM172664.pdf |date=2013-09-19 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130703100637/http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=ACETAMINOPHEN U.S. Naitional Library o Medicine: Drug Information Portal–Paracetamol] * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=TYL Acetaminophen boond tae proteins] in the [[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] [[Category:Acetanilides]] [[Category:Analgesics]] [[Category:Antipyretics]] [[Category:Phenols]] [[Category:Warld Heal Organisation essential medicines]] 8pxm4u51bcofqkgfcsrhuohm26eqbn5 0 54650 923100 899420 2026-09-23T12:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{drugbox | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 464191340 | IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid | image = Ibuprofen-racemic-2D-skeletal.png | imagename = 1 : 1 mixture (racemate) | drug_name = Ibuprofen <!--Clinical data--> | tradename = Advil, Brufen, Motrin, Nurofen, [[Leet o ibuprofen brand names|etc.]] | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|ibuprofen}} | MedlinePlus = a682159 | licence_US = Ibuprofen | pregnancy_AU = C | pregnancy_US = D | legal_AU = unscheduled | legal_UK = GSL | legal_US = OTC | legal_CA = OTC | routes_of_administration = Oral, rectal, topical, an [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> | bioavailability = 49–73% | protein_bound = 99% | metabolism = Hepatic ([[CYP2C9]]) | elimination_half-life = 1.8–2 h | excretion = Renal <!--Identifiers--> | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 15687-27-1 | ATC_prefix = C01 | ATC_suffix = EB16 | ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|G02|CC01}} {{ATC|M01|AE01}} {{ATC|M02|AA13}} | PubChem = 3672 | IUPHAR_ligand = 2713 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB01050 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 3544 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = WK2XYI10QM | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00126 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 5855 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 521 <!--Chemical data--> | C=13 | H=18 | O=2 | molecular_weight = 206.29 g/mol | smiles = CC(C)Cc1ccc(cc1)C(C)C(=O)O | InChI = 1/C13H18O2/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)13(14)15/h4-7,9-10H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15) | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C13H18O2/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)13(14)15/h4-7,9-10H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N | melting_point = 76 | density = 1,03 gr/ml }} '''Ibuprofen''' ([[Internaitional Nonproprietary Name|INN]]) ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|b|juː|p|r|oʊ|f|ɛ|n}} or {{IPAc-en|aɪ|b|juː|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|f|ən}} {{respell|EYE|bew|PROH|fən}}; from '''i'''so-'''bu'''tyl-'''pro'''panoic-'''phen'''olic acid) is a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) used for [[analgesic|pain relief]], [[antipyretic|fever reduction]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van Esch|first1=A|last2=Van Steensel-Moll|first2=HA|last3=Steyerberg|first3=EW|last4=Offringa|first4=M|last5=Habbema|first5=JD|last6=Derksen-Lubsen|first6=G|title=Antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children with febrile seizures.|journal=Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine|date=June 1995|volume=149|issue=6|pages=632-7|pmid=7767417}}</ref> and against [[inflammation|swellin]]<nowiki/>g. Ibuprofen has an [[antiplatelet]] effect, though relatively mild and somewhat short-lived compared with aspirin or prescription antiplatelet drugs. In general, ibuprofen has a [[vasodilation]] effect<ref name=protection>{{cite journal|last1=Apstein|first1=CS|last2=Vogel|first2=WM|title=Coronary arterial vasodilator effect of ibuprofen.|journal=The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics|date=January 1982|volume=220|issue=1|pages=167-71|pmid=7053413}}</ref>. Ibuprofen is a 'core' medicine in the [[Warld Health Organization|World Health Organization]]'s ''[[WHO Model Leet o Essential Medicines|Model List of Essential Medicines]]'' necessary that meet the minimum medical needs of a basic healthcare system.<ref name="essentialWHO">{{cite book |date = March 2009 | url = http://www.who.int/entity/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/Updated_sixteenth_adult_list_en.pdf | title = WHO Model List of Essential Medicines | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | accessdate = 2011-03-30 | edition = 16th}}</ref><ref name=WHOchild>{{cite book | date= March 2010 | url = http://www.who.int/entity/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/Updated_second_children_list_en.pdf | title = WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | accessdate = 2011-03-30 | edition = 2nd}}</ref><ref name=WHOmod>{{cite book | year= 2009 | url= http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547659_eng.pdf | title= WHO Model Formulary 2008 | editor= Stuart MC | editor2= Kouimtzi M | editor3= Hill SR | publisher= [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | accessdate= 2011-03-30 | edition= 2nd | isbn= 978-92-4-154765-9 | archive-date= 2010-11-08 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101108040437/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547659_eng.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=WHOmodchild>{{cite book | year= 2010 | url = http://www.who.int/entity/selection_medicines/list/WMFc_2010.pdf | title= WHO Model Formulary for Children 2010 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | accessdate = 2011-03-30 | edition= 2nd | isbn= 978-92-4-159932-0}}</ref> Ibuprofen was derived from [[propanoic acid]] by the research firm of [[Boots Group]] during the 1960s<ref name="pmid1569234">{{cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=SS|title=The propionic acids: a personal perspective.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_1992-04_32_4/page/317|journal=Journal of clinical pharmacology|date=April 1992|volume=32|issue=4|pages=317-23|pmid=1569234}}</ref> and '''patented''' 1961. Orginal market as '''Brufen''', ibuprofen is available under a variety of popular [[trademark]]s, including [[Motrin]], [[Nurofen]], [[Advil]], Nuprin, and [[Leet o ibuprofen brand names|many others]].<ref name="knownbrands">{{cite web | date= 2010-10-01 | url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000598 | title= PubMed Health - Ibuprofen | publisher= U.S. National Library of Medicine | accessdate= 2011-01-20 | archive-date= 2010-08-01 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801160651/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000598 | url-status= dead}}</ref> Generic formulations are available as well. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=IBP Ibuprofen boond tae proteins] in the [[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682159.html U.S. Naitional Librar o Medicine: MedlinePlus Drug Information: Ibuprofen] * [http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/ibuprofen/homepage.htm Varsity o Bristol chemistry depairtment page on Ibuprofen] * [http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=ibuprofen U.S. Naitional Librar o Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Ibuprofen] * [http://caldolor.com/pdfs/Caldolor_Full_Prescribing_Information.pdf Caldolor Full Prescribin Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123649/http://caldolor.com/pdfs/Caldolor_Full_Prescribing_Information.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }} * [http://www.what-is-rsd.com/medication.html Ibuprofen uise in the treatment o RSD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216111638/http://www.what-is-rsd.com/medication.html |date=2013-02-16 }} [[Category:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] [[Category:Propionic acids]] [[Category:Warld Heal Organisation essential medicines]] 5ksh2ex047q1cummyog797vgacos9zj 0 56411 923143 905919 2026-09-23T18:19:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title prefixed|2}} {|{{Infobox ship begin}} |+''Allure of the Seas'' {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=[[File:Allure of the seas sideview.JPG|300px]] |Ship caption=MS ''Allure of the Seas'' leavin STX shipyard, Turku, Finland, 29 October 2010 }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship name= |Ship flag= |Ship owner=[[Royal Caribbean International]] |Ship operator=Royal Caribbean International |Ship registry=[[File:Civil Ensign of the Bahamas.svg|23px]] [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], [[The Bahamas]] |Ship route= |Ship ordered=Februar 2006<ref name="stx20080204">{{cite web |url=http://www.stxeurope.com/?page=643 |title=Production of the second Oasis class cruise vessel started |publisher=[[STX Europe]] |date=4 February 2008 |accessdate=6 December 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225154856/http://www.stxeurope.com/?page=643 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Ship builder=[[STX Europe]], [[Turku]], [[Finland]] |Ship original cost={{US$|1.2 billion}} (2006) |Ship yard number=1364<ref name=Asklander>{{cite web |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/allure_of_the_seas_2010.htm |title=M/S Allure of the Seas (2010) |work=Fakta om Fartyg |last=Asklander |first=Micke |language=Swadish |accessdate=6 December 2008 |archive-date=2012-08-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802150456/http://www.faktaomfartyg.nu/allure_of_the_seas_2010.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Ship way number= |Ship laid down=2 December 2008<ref name="CBR 2008-12-02">{{cite web |url=http://www.cruisebusiness.com/cbr_old/news.php?u=20081202161734 |title=STX Europe laid keel of Allure of the Seas |work=Cruise Business Review |accessdate=2 December 2008 |date=2 December 2008 |archive-date=2011-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211194730/http://www.cruisebusiness.com/cbr_old/news.php?u=20081202161734 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Ship launched=20 November 2010 |Ship completed= |Ship christened= |Ship acquired= |Ship maiden voyage=1 December 2010<ref name="usatoday20100330">{{cite news |url=http://travel.usatoday.com/cruises/post/2010/03/royal-caribbean-pushes-up-allures-debut-again/85808/1 |title=Royal Caribbean pushes up Allure's debut again |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |first=Rebecca |last=Heslin |date=30 March 2010 |accessdate=1 November 2010}}</ref> |Ship in service= |Ship out of service= |Ship identification=[[Cry sign]]: C6XS8 <br /> {{IMO Nummer|9383948}} <br /> {{MMSI Nummer|311020700}}<ref name="marinetraffic">{{cite web |url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/shipdetails.aspx?mmsi=311020700 |title=Allure of the Seas |work=MarineTraffic.com |accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> |Ship fate= |Ship status=In service |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Ship class={{sclass-|Oasis|cruise ship}} |Ship tonnage={{GT|225,282}}<ref name="DETdim">{{cite web |url=https://exchange.dnv.com/exchange/main.aspx?extool=vessel&subview=dimensions&vesselid=28329 |title=Allure of the Seas |work=[[Det Norske Veritas]] |accessdate=4 March 2011 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305140538/https://exchange.dnv.com/Exchange/main.aspx?extool=vessel&subview=dimensions&vesselid=28329 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br /> {{NetT|242,999}}<ref name="DETdim" /> <br /> {{DWT|19,750}}<ref name="DETdim" /> |Ship displacement=approximately 100,000&nbsp;tons<ref name="bostonglobe">{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/florida/articles/2006/02/07/if_royal_caribbean_builds_it_6400_could_come/ |title=If Royal Caribbean builds it, 6,400 could come |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |agency=Associated Press |date=7 February 2006 |access-date=2013-08-13 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064849/http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/florida/articles/2006/02/07/if_royal_caribbean_builds_it_6400_could_come/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |Ship length={{convert|1187|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="allure-official">{{cite web |url=http://www.royalcaribbean.com/findacruise/ships/class/ship/home.do?shipClassCode=OA&shipCode=AL&br=R |title=Allure of the Seas |publisher=[[Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.|Royal Caribbean]] |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69HdUGptz?url=http://www.royalcaribbean.com/findacruise/ships/class/ship/home.do?shipClassCode=OA |archivedate=2012-07-19 |access-date=2013-08-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> |Ship beam={{convert|47|m|abbr=on}} waterline<ref name="DETdim"/> <br /> {{convert|60.5|m|0|abbr=on}} max beam<ref name="DETdim" /> |Ship height={{convert|72|m|abbr=on}} above watter line |Ship draught={{convert|9.3|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="DETdim" /> |Ship depth={{convert|22.5|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="DETdim" /> |Ship decks=16 passenger decks<ref name="rc-findacruise">{{cite web |url=http://www.royalcaribbean.com/findacruise/ships/class/ship/home.do?br=R&shipClassCode=OA&shipCode=AL |title=Allure of the Seas |work=RoyalCaribbean.com |accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="nyt20110211">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/travel/13allure.html |title=On the World's Largest Cruise Ship, the Sea is an Afterthought |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Toni |last=Schlesinger |date=11 February 2011}}</ref> |Ship power=3 × {{convert|13860|kW|abbr=on}} [[Wärtsilä]] 12V46D<br />3 × {{convert|18480|kW|abbr=on}} Wärtsilä 16V46D |Ship propulsion=3 × {{convert|20|MW|abbr=on}} [[ABB Group|ABB]] [[Azipod]],<br />{{space|6}}all [[Azimuth thruster|azimuthing]]<br />4 × {{convert|5.5|MW|abbr=on}} Wärtsilä CT3500<br />{{space|6}}bow thrusters<ref name="DETmach">{{cite web |url=https://exchange.dnv.com/exchange/main.aspx?extool=vessel&subview=machinerysummary&vesselid=28329 |title=Allure of the Seas: Machinery Summary |work=[[Det Norske Veritas]] |accessdate=23 June 2013 |archive-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605163112/https://exchange.dnv.com/Exchange/main.aspx?extool=vessel&subview=machinerysummary&vesselid=28329 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Ship speed={{convert|22.6|kn}}<ref name="allure-official" /> |Ship capacity=5,400 passengers at double occupancy<ref name="aots-facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.allureoftheseas.com/presskit/allure_of_the_seas_fast_facts.pdf |format=pdf |title=Allure of the Seas: Fast Facts |work=AllureoftheSeas.com |date=3 November 2010 |accessdate=19 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203173519/http://www.allureoftheseas.com/presskit/allure_of_the_seas_fast_facts.pdf |archivedate=2010-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br /> 6,296 maximum<ref name="aots-facts"/> |Ship crew=2,384 {{as of|2012|07|lc=on}}<ref name="allure-official"/> |Ship notes={{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} longer than ''Oasis''<ref name="shipgaz23">{{cite journal |url=http://issuu.com/shipgaz/docs/shipgaz6_2010 |title=Larger than her sister |journal=Shipgaz |first=Pär-Henrik |last=Sjöström |page=22 |issue=6 |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=2013-08-13 |archive-date=2016-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319094736/https://issuu.com/shipgaz/docs/shipgaz6_2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} |} '''[[Motor ship|MS]] ''Allure of the Seas''''' is an {{sclass-|Oasis|cruise ship}} ained an operatit bi [[Royal Caribbean International]]. Thegether wi her [[sister ship]], [[MS Oasis of the Seas|''Oasis of the Seas'']], she haulds the record for the lairgest passenger ship ever constructit, altho ''Allure'' is {{convert|50|mm|in}} langer than ''Oasis'', makin her technically the lairgest despite the fact that baith ships hae identical superstructurs.<ref name="shipgaz23" /> Designed unner the name "Project Genesis", she wis ordered frae [[Aker Finnyards]] in Februar 2006 an her construction began at the [[Perno shipyard]] in [[Turku]], [[Finland]], in Februar 2008.<ref name="stx20080204" /> She wis named in Mey 2008 efter a contest wis held tae name her an her sister.<ref name="usatoday20080523">{{cite news |url=http://travel.usatoday.com/cruises/post/2008/05/royal-caribbeans-next-ships-will-be-oasis-allure-/50150058/1 |title=Royal Caribbean's next ships will be Oasis, Allure |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |first=Gene |last=Sloan |date=23 May 2008 |accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref> The [[keel]] o ''Allure of the Seas'' wis laid on 2 December 2008, shortly efter the shipyard haed been acquired bi [[STX Europe]].<ref name="CBR 2008-12-02" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Allure Of The Seas}} [[Category:2010 ships]] [[Category:Cruise ships]] [[Category:Ships biggit in Finland]] [[Category:Ships o Royal Caribbean International]] lkc3h8lhc2znuqqs2vlz0p0edco7kiv 0 56428 923196 914953 2026-09-24T00:16:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox building | name = Ryugyong Hottle | image = Ryugyong Hotel - August 27, 2011 (Cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = The Ryugyong Hotel in August 2011 | location = [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]] | topped_out_date = 1992<ref name=Emporis/> | start_date = 1987<ref name=IFES>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|title=Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction|publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies|date=2008-05-20|accessdate=2010-02-09|archive-date=2009-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703133311/http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|39|02|11|N|125|43|50|E|region:KP|display=inline}} | est_completion = 2013 (projectit) | antenna_spire = | roof = {{Convert|330.02|m|ft}}<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3|title=Ryugyong Hotel|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=Emporis.com|archive-date=2011-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604190521/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> | top_floor = | floor_count = 105<ref name=Emporis/> | floor_area = 360,000 m2 (3,900,000 sq ft)<ref name=Emporis/> | developer = [[Orascom Group]] | architect = Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers<ref name=IFES/> | main_contractor = Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers<br> (1987–1992)<ref name=IFES/><br/>[[Orascom Construction Industries]]<br> (2008–present)<ref name="doom">{{cite news |title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished? |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm |work= BBC News|publisher= BBC |date= 15 October 2009 |accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref> | references = <ref>{{emporis|130967}}</ref> }} The '''Ryugyong Hottle''' ({{lang-ko|류경호텔}}) or '''Ryu-Gyong Hottle''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreanorth/pyongyang/105building.php|title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref>) is a 105-[[storey]] [[pyramid]]-shaped [[skyscraper]] unner construction in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. Its name ("caipital o [[willow]]s") is ane o the historical names for Pyongyang an aw.<ref>{{cite book|last=Funabashi|first=Yoichi|title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/peninsulaquestio00funa|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/peninsulaquestio00funa/page/n64 50]|isbn=0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> The biggin is kent as the '''105 Biggin''' an aw, a reference tae its nummer o floors.<ref name=Emporis/> Construction began in 1987 but wis halted in 1992 as North Korea entered a period o [[North Korean famine|economic crisis]] efter the [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|faw o the Soviet Union]]. Efter 1992 the biggin stuid [[Toppin oot|topped oot]], but wioot ony windaes or interior fittins. In 2008 construction resumed. In 2012, the exterior wis reportit tae be complete. The openin o the hottle wis scheduled several times but postponed. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hottles in Pyongyang]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs unner construction]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs wi revolvin restaurants]] [[Category:Pyramids]] [[Category:Skyscraper hottles]] [[Category:Skyscrapers atween 300 an 349 meters]] [[Category:Skyscrapers in North Korea]] {{stub}} mzd20fp66ksxliq7yo5d83zodf08zma 0 58585 923180 820549 2026-09-23T22:57:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Province o Brescia | native_name = | native_name_lang = it<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "it" for Italian --> | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Italy|Province]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = Brescia in Italy.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Map heichlichtin the location o the province o Brescia in Italy | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Italy}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Lombardy]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital(s) | seat = [[Brescia]] | parts_type = [[Comune|Comuni]] | parts_style = para | p1 = 206 | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Lega Nord|LN]] | leader_title = Preses | leader_name = Daniele Molgora | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 4784 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 1266988 | population_as_of = 2012 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = | area_code_type = Telephone prefix | area_code = 030 | iso_code = | registration_plate = [[Italian caur nummer plates|BS]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] | blank_info_sec1 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} The '''Province o Brescia''' is a [[Provinces o Italy|Province]] in [[Lombardy]], [[Italy]]. It borders wi the [[province o Sondrio]] in the N an NW, the [[province o Bergamo]] in the W, [[province o Cremona]] in the SW an S, the [[province o Mantua]] tae the S, an tae the east, the [[province o Verona]] (which is pairt o [[Veneto]] region) an [[Trentino]] (which is pairt o [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]] region). Source for statistical data: Italian Institute of Statistics ''Istat'', see [http://www.upinet.it/indicatore.asp?id_statistiche=6 this link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111164657/http://www.upinet.it/indicatore.asp?id_statistiche=6 |date=2007-11-11 }}. Brescia province encompass soothwastren shores o loch Garda. Brescia is locatit in region o [[Lombardy]] which is in [[Northren Italy]]. Important touns in the province: [[Brescia]] (the caipital), [[Darfo Boario Terme]], [[Desenzano del Garda]], [[Palazzolo sull'Oglio]], [[Montichiari]], [[Ghedi]], [[Manerbio]], [[Carpenedolo]], [[Orzinuovi]], [[Chiari, Lombardy|Chiari]], [[Rovato]], [[Gussago]], [[Salò]], [[Iseo (BS)|Iseo]], [[Gardone Val Trompia]], [[Rezzato]] an [[Lumezzane]]. ==Maist populatit municipalities== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Rank ! Ceety ! Population ! Aurie<br/> (km²) ! Density<br/> (inhabitants/km²) ! Altitude<br/> (mslm) |- | 1st |[[Brescia]] |194376 |90.68 |{{#expr:194376/90.68 round 1}} |149 |- | 2nt |[[Desenzano del Garda]] |27743 |60.1 |{{#expr:27743/60.1 round 1}} |67 |- | 3rd |[[Montichiari]] |24026 |81.19 |{{#expr:24026/81.19 round 1}} |108 |- | 4t |[[Lumezzane]] |23790 |31.52 |{{#expr:23790/31.52 round 1}} |460 |- | 5t |[[Palazzolo sull'Oglio]] |20208 |23.06 |{{#expr:20049/23.06 round 1}} |166 |- | 6t |[[Chiari, Lombardy|Chiari]] |19037 |38.02 |{{#expr:19037/38.02 round 1}} |145 |- | 7t |[[Ghedi]] |18966 |60.76 |{{#expr:18966/60.76 round 1}} |85 |- | 8t |[[Rovato]] |18900 |26.1 |{{#expr:18900/26.1 round 1}} |192 |- | 9t |[[Gussago]] |16878 |25.02 |{{#expr:16878/25.02 round 1}} |190 |- | 10t |[[Lonato del Garda]] |15877 |70.5 |{{#expr:15877/70.5 round 1}} |188 |- |} ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the province o Brescia]] ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820160838/http://www3.provincia.brescia.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Lombardy}} {{Province o Brescia|nocat=yes}} {{coord|45|32|20|N|10|13|10|E|source:itwiki_type:adm2nd|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Province O Brescia}} [[Category:Province o Brescia| ]] snqkm5ediz7mvuh1056se3dx1gkj6l6 0 59508 923181 900662 2026-09-23T23:10:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |name = Puente Alto |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |settlement_type = [[Leet o ceeties in Chile|Ceety]] an [[Communes o Chile|Commune]] |image_skyline = Viñedo Puente Alto.jpg |image_caption = Concha y Toro vineyard in Puente Alto |image_flag = |image_shield = Escudo de Puente Alto.svg |image_map = Comuna de Puente Alto.svg |map_caption = |map_alt = Puente Alto commune athin [[Santiago|Greater Santiago]] |pushpin_map = Chile | pushpin_map_narrow = yes |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chile |coordinates = {{coord|33|37|S|70|34|W|region:CL-RM|display=inline}} |coor_pinpoint = city |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Chile]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Chile|Region]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Santiago Metropolitan Region|Santiago Metro.]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Chile|Province]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Cordillera Province, Chile|Cordillera]] | government_footnotes = <ref name="Official">{{es}} {{Cite web |url = http://www.mpuentealto.cl/ |title = Municipality of Puente Alto |accessdate = 3 December 2010 |archive-date = 2018-04-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180408151516/http://www.mpuentealto.cl/ |url-status = dead}}</ref> | government_type = [[Municipality]] | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Alcalde]] | leader_name = Manuel José Ossandón Irarrázabal |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1898 | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="INE">{{es}} {{Cite web |url= http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |title= National Statistics Institute |accessdate= 3 December 2010 |archive-date= 2019-01-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234357/http://www.ine.cl/404.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fcanales%2Fchile_estadistico%2Fcensos_poblacion_vivienda%2Fcenso_pobl_vivi.php |url-status= dead }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 88.2 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/> | population_total = 492915 | population_as_of = 2002 Census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_blank1_title = [[Urban aurie|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 492603 | population_blank2_title = [[Landwart aurie|Landwart]] | population_blank2 = 312 | demographics_type1 = Sex | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/> | demographics1_title1 = Men | demographics1_info1 = 240,862 | demographics1_title2 = Weemen | demographics1_info2 = 252,053 | timezone = [[Time in Chile|CLT]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |accessdate=2010-07-29 |title=Chile Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | utc_offset = -4 | timezone_DST = [[Time in Chile|CLST]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |accessdate=2010-07-29 |title=Chile Summer Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | utc_offset_DST = -3 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 673 |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = ''kintra'' 56 + ''ceety'' 2 | website = [http://www.mpuentealto.cl/ Municipality o Puente Alto] |footnotes = }} '''Puente Alto''' ("Heich Brig" in Spainyie) is a [[Leet o ceeties in Chile|ceety]] an [[communes o Chile|commune]] o [[Chile]]. It is the caipital o the [[Cordillera Province, Chile|Cordillera Province]] in the [[Santiago Metropolitan Region]]. Locatit at the sooth o the [[Santiago|Great Santiago]] conurbation (o which it is pairt), it hooses 492,603 inhabitants (ceety proper, 2002 census), makkin it the lairgest ceety in Chile (excludin conurbations or absorptions). ==History== Efter 1883, the provience o Santiago wis dividit intae three depairtments: [[Santiago]], [[:es:La Victoria (Chile)|La Victoria]] an [[Melipilla]]. In 1891 the "Autonimic Commune Law" wis enactit, efter which the preses signed as the "Decree o the Creation o Municipalities." Frae this decree the depairtment o La Victoria wis dividit intae the municipalities o [[Peñaflor, Chile|Peñaflor]], [[Talagante]], [[Calera de Tango]], [[San José de Maipo]] an [[Lo Cañas]]. Accordin tae regional law, the authorities o this new sector wad be able tae increase in proportion tae the nummer o inhabitants in the aurie, as well as addin three additional mayors the bureaucratic structur. This law was passed with the aim o givin mair individual pouer tae the remote auries o the fast-growin ceety, insteid o iverything bein govrened as a whole unner La Victoria. ==Annexation tae Santiago== Decades ago, Puente Alto wis considered a veelage on the ootskirts o Santiago (like Maipú an San Bernardo), but the steady growthe o Santiago, an tae a lesser degree Puente Alto, resultit in the union o twa ceeties (as wis eventually Maipú an San Bernardo). The commune is still no totally unifee'd wi Santiago - thare are a few unique exceptions that are pairt o Puente Alto but no Santiago, maist notably in the Third Sector o Puente Alto. Frae Concha y Toro Avenue tae Avenida La Serena- 4 Oriente thare are places whaur, for some raison, the annexation intae Santiago failed or haes yet tae be completit. ==Demographics== Accordin tae the 2002 [[census]] o the [[Naitional Statistics Institute (Chile)|Naitional Statistics Institute]], Puente Alto spans a aurie o {{convert|88.2|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} an haes 492,915 inhabitants (240,862 men an 252,053 weemen). O these, 492,603 (99.9%) livit in [[urban aurie]]s an 312 (0.1%) ===Stats=== *Average annual hoosehauld income: US$23,362 ([[Purchasin pouer parity|PPP]], 2006)<ref name="sir">[http://sir.mideplan.cl/ Sistema de Información Regional], Ministry of Planning of Chile. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423113455/http://sir.mideplan.cl/ |date=2008-04-23 }}</ref> *Population belaw poverty line: 10.6% (2006)<ref>[http://www.mideplan.cl/final/bajar.php?path=casen2006regional&id=CASEN2006-Metropolitana.pdf Poverty in the Santiago Metropolitan Region], Ministry of Planning of Chile. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824153157/http://www.mideplan.cl/final/bajar.php?path=casen2006regional&id=CASEN2006-Metropolitana.pdf |date=2007-08-24 }}</ref> ==Admeenistration== As a commune, Puente Alto is a third-level [[admeenistrative diveesion o Chile]] admeenistered bi a [[municipal cooncil]], heidit bi an [[alcalde]] who is directly electit ivery fower years. The 2008-2012 alcalde wis Manuel José Ossandón Irarrázabal (RN).<ref name="Official"/> Athin the [[electoral diveesions o Chile]], Puente Alto is representit in the [[Chamber o Deputies o Chile|Chamber o Deputies]] bi Mr. Osvaldo Andrade (PS) an Mr. Leopoldo Pérez (RN) as pairt o the 29t electoral destrict, (thegither wi [[Pirque]], [[San José de Maipo]] an [[La Pintana]]). The commune is representit in the [[Senate o Chile|Senate]] bi Soledad Alvear Valenzuela (PDC) an Pablo Longueira Montes (UDI) as pairt o the 8t senatorial constituency (Santiago-East). ==Transportation== Puente Alto is connectit tae the rest o Santiago vía twa forms o organisit public transportation. First, the Metro Bus, which can be taken frae onywhaur in Puente Alto tae arrive eventually tae dountoun Santiago. Puente Alto is hame tae the maist sootherly station o the [[Santiago Metro]] an aw, Estación Plaza de Puente Alto. Travel time tae dountoun Santiago bi metro train is approximately 30 minutes. ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:13. Puente Alto Norte.jpg|North o Puente Alto Image:01. Mall Plaza Tobalaba.jpg|Mall plaza Tobalaba Image:11. Camino Cerro.jpg|Trail in the Puentealtina Pre-cordillerana Reserve, in eastren Puente Alto Image:15. Avenida Ernesto Alvear.jpg|An auld-style neebourheid teepical tae Puente Alto, near the ceevic centre. Image:19. Monte Andino.jpg|Monte Andino, a neebourheid unner construction in the northeast pairt o Puente Alto. It follaes the same style o the ither neebourheids built in that aurie. Image:20. Hospital Sótero interior.jpg|Sótero del Río Hospital Image:18. Municipalidad de Puente Alto.jpg|Toun haw </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180408151516/http://www.mpuentealto.cl/ Municipality o Puente Alto] {{Communes in Santiago Metropolitan Region}} [[Category:Communes o Chile]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1898]] [[Category:Populatit places in Cordillera Province]] [[Category:Caipitals o Chilean provinces]] [[Category:1898 establishments in Chile]] p54qybf5irvgpve724cu2qnbheoqgg8 0 61924 923245 867349 2026-09-24T06:37:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biggin |name = Willis Tower |image = Sears Tower ss.jpg |umwhile_names = Sears Tower (1973&ndash;2009) |heichest_umwh = [[World Trade Center|One World Trade Center]] (1970) |heichest_next = [[Petronas Twin Towers]] |heichest_start = 1973 |heichest_end = 1998 |location = 233 S. Wacker Drive<br />[[Chicago]], Illinois 60606<br />United States |architectural_style = [[International Style (architecture)|International]] |coordinates = {{coord|41.8789|-87.6358|region:US-IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |building_type = Office, observation, communication |flat_coont = 108<ref name="emporis">The tower has 108 stories as counted by standard methods, though the building's owners count the main roof as 109 and the mechanical penthouse roof as 110. [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=117064 Emporis.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317120656/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=117064 |date=2008-03-17 }} Retrieved on June 7, 2008</ref> (+3 basement floors) |start_date = 1970 |completion_date = 1973 |architectural = {{convert|442.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/chicago/willis-tower/ |title=Willis Tower - The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |access-date=2013-11-10 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232024/http://skyscrapercenter.com/chicago/willis-tower/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |top_flat = {{convert|412.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |tip = {{convert|527|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |flat_area = {{convert|416000|m2|sqft|-2|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |lift_coont = 104,<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> wi 16 double-decker elevators, made bi [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]], modernized bi [[Schindler Group]] |architect = [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]]<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> ([[Fazlur Khan|Fazlur&nbsp;Khan]] & [[Bruce Graham]]) |references = <ref name=skyscraperCenter/> }} The '''Willis Touer''' or formally cawed '''Sears Touer''' is a 108-flat [[landmark]] [[skyscraper]] in the [[Chicago]] aurie, in Americae. {{Stub/UnititStates}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Chicago]] t67z0xqz17zxkp55ch5nyeaauycx15o 0 62754 923118 894163 2026-09-23T14:18:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Icelandic name|Jóhanna|male}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir |image = Johanna sigurdardottir official portrait.jpg |office = [[Prime Meenister o Iceland]] |president = [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] |term_start = 1 Februar 2009 |term_end = 23 Mey 2013 |predecessor = [[Geir Haarde]] |successor = [[Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson]] |office1 = [[Meenister o Welfare (Iceland)|Meenister o Social Affairs an Social Security]] |primeminister1 = [[Geir Haarde]] |term_start1 = 24 Mey 2007 |term_end1 = 1 Februar 2009 |predecessor1 = [[Magnús Stefánsson]] {{small|(Social Affairs)}}<br>[[Siv Friðleifsdóttir]] {{small|(Halth an Social Security)}} |successor1 = [[Ásta Ragnheiður Jóhannesdóttir]] |primeminister2 = [[Þorsteinn Pálsson]]<br>[[Steingrímur Hermannsson]]<br>[[Davíð Oddsson]] |term_start2 = 8 Julie 1987 |term_end2 = 24 Juin 1994 |predecessor2 = [[Alexander Stefánsson]] |successor2 = [[Guðmundur Árni Stefánsson]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|10|4|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]] |death_date = |death_place = |otherparty = [[Social Democratic Pairty (Iceland)|Social Democratic Pairty]] {{small|(afore 1994)}}<br>[[Naitional Awakenin (Iceland)|Naitional Awakenin]]<br> {{small|(1994–2000)}} |party = [[Social Democratic Alliance]] <br>{{small|(2000–present)}} |spouse = Þorvaldur Steinar Jóhannesson <br> {{small|(1970–1987)}}<br>[[Jónína Leósdóttir]] <br> {{small|(2002–present)}} |profession = [[Flicht attendant]] |religion = Nane |children = 2 sons<br>1 stepson }} '''Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir'''<ref>This name is uisually spelt in Inglis-leid press as '''Johanna Sigurdardottir'''.</ref> ({{IPA-is|jo͡uːhana ˈsɪːɣʏrðarto͡uhtɪr}}; born 4 October 1942) is a umwhile [[Social democracy|social democratic]] [[Prime Meenister o Iceland]]. An MP syne 1978, she wis [[Iceland]]'s [[Meenistry o Social Affairs an Social Security (Iceland)|Meenister o Social Affairs an Social Security]] frae 1987–1994 an 2007–2009. She haes been a member o the [[Althing]] (Iceland's pairlament) for [[Reykjavík]] constituencies syne 1978, winnin re-election on aicht occasions efter anither. She became Iceland's first female Prime Meenister an the warld's [[List o the first LGBT politickers in offices|first appenly lesbian]] [[heid o govrenment]] on 1 Februar 2009.<ref name="time">{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1875032,00.html|title=Iceland Picks the World's First Openly Gay PM|first=Jonas|last=Moody|publisher=[[Time (Magazine)|Time]]|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=31 January 2009|archive-date=2010-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519113022/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1875032,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7863923.stm|title = First gay PM for Iceland cabinet|publisher=BBC News |date = 1 February 2009|accessdate =1 February 2009}}</ref> Jóhanna is a [[Social democracy|social democrat]] an Iceland's langest-serrin memmer o Pairlament. In the 1990s, whan she lost a bid tae heid the [[Social Democratic Pairty (Iceland)|Social Democratic Pairty]], she raised her nieve an declared "''Minn tími mun koma!''" ("Ma time will come!"), a rame that became a popular Icelandic expression.<ref name="Indy">{{citation|title = World gets its first gay leader|url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/world-gets-its-first-gay-leader-1519068.html|work = The Independent|location = UK|date = 29 January 2009|author = Peter Popham|access-date = 2016-02-01|archive-date = 2009-01-31|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090131224353/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/world-gets-its-first-gay-leader-1519068.html|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{citation|title = Profile: Johanna Sigurdardottir|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/30/johanna-sigurdardottir-profile|author = Valur Gunnarsson|date = 30 January 2009|work = The Guardian|location = UK|access-date = 2016-02-01|archive-date = 2009-02-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090202072347/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/30/johanna-sigurdardottir-profile|url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2009, [[Forbes]] leetit her among the 100 Most Powerful Women in the world.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank_3.html | title = The 100 Most Powerful Women |work=Forbes}}</ref> In September 2012, Jóhanna announced she wouldna seek re-election and would insteid retire frae politics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iceland's PM, its first female premier, says to quit politics|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/us-iceland-pm-idUSBRE88Q1O320120927|work=Reuters.com|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|accessdate=13 October 2012|author=Reuters|authorlink=Reuters|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BO0UAxJJ?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/us-iceland-pm-idUSBRE88Q1O320120927|archivedate=2012-10-13|format=HTML|date=27 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir}} * [http://www.althingi.is/johanna/ Personal blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131063541/http://www.althingi.is/johanna/ |date=2009-01-31 }} {{is icon}} * [http://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2010/01/iceland-interview-economy Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir ] interviewed bi Alyssa McDonald in The NewStatesman. {{Prime Meenisters o Iceland}} {{authority control}} <!--See: [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Iceland-related articles)]] --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sigurdardottir, Johanna}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Naitional Awakenin (Iceland) politeecians|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Female heids o govrenment]] [[Category:Flicht attendants]] [[Category:Icelandic feminists|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Icelandic weemen in politics|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Lesbian feminists]] [[Category:Lesbian politeecians]] [[Category:LGBT heids o govrenment]] [[Category:LGBT fowk frae Iceland|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Members o the Althing|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Fowk frae Reykjavík|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Iceland|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Social Affairs meenisters o Iceland|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Social Democratic Alliance politeecians|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] [[Category:Social Democratic Pairty (Iceland) politeecians|Johanna Sigurdardottir]] k7igabztpkxndcr9rbfthq53e9v8zmw 0 63544 923185 849070 2026-09-23T23:27:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox radon}} '''Radon''' is a [[chemical element]] wi seembol&nbsp;'''Rn''' an [[atomic nummer]]&nbsp;86. It is a [[radioactive decay|radioactive]], colourless, odorless, tasteless<ref name=guide>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html |title=A Citizen's Guide to Radon &#124; Radon &#124; US EPA |publisher=Epa.gov |date=2010-08-05 |accessdate=2012-04-28 |archive-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628142646/http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[noble gas]], occurrin naiturally as an indirect [[decay product]] o [[uranium]] or [[thorium]]. Its maist stable [[isotope]], [[Radon-222|²²²Rn]], haes a [[hauf-life]] o 3.8 days. Radon is ane o the densest substances that remains a [[gas]] unner normal condeetions. It is the anly gas unner normal condeetions that anly haes radioactive isotopes, an is considered a heal hazard due tae its radioactivity an aa. Intense radioactivity haes an aa hindered chemical studies o radon an anly a few compoonds are kent. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Periodic cairt}} [[Category:Radon]] [[Category:Biggin biology]] [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Noble gases]] [[Category:Soil contamination]] [[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]] [[Category:Carcinogens]] 92424o5rdwp61gcl2vp69osdtgzen06 0 64980 923234 858695 2026-09-24T05:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military unit |unit_name= Unitit States Navy |image= [[File:Seal of the United States Department of the Navy (alternate).svg|center|210px]] |caption= |dates= {{nowrap|13 October 1775&nbsp;– present}}<ref name=Navy_birth_day>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/birthday.htm |title=Navy Birthday Information - 13 October 1775 |publisher=United States Navy |website=[[Naval History & Heritage Command]] |date= |accessdate=25 July 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101222021/http://www.history.navy.mil/birthday.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Preced_Navy>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/birthday2.htm |title=Precedence of the U.S. Navy and the Marine Corps |publisher=United States Navy |website=[[Naval History & Heritage Command]] |date= |accessdate=25 July 2013 |archive-date=2010-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311062402/http://www.history.navy.mil/birthday2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />({{Age in years and months|1775|10|13}}) <br />or {{nowrap|27 Mairch 1794&nbsp;– present}}<ref name=Navy_birth_day/><ref name=Preced_Navy/> <br>({{Age in years and months|1794|03|27}}) <br />or {{nowrap|30 Aprile 1798&nbsp;– present}}<ref name=Navy_birth_day/><ref name=Preced_Navy/> <br>({{Age in years and months|1798|04|30}}) |country= {{flag|Unitit States o Americae}} |allegiance=[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution o the Unitit States]] |branch= |type= Navy |size= 323,951 active duty personnel<ref name="status"/> <br />109,738 reserve personnel<ref name="status"/> <br />283 ships<ref name="status"/> <br />3,700+ aircraft <br />10 [[aircraft carriers]] <br />9 [[amphibious assault ship]]s <br />10 [[amphibious transport dock]]s <br />12 [[dock landin ship]]s <br />22 [[cruiser]]s <br />62 [[destroyer]]s <br />17 [[frigate]]s<br />3 [[littoral combat ships]]<br />71 [[submarine]]s |command_structure= [[Unitit States Depairtment o the Navy|U.S. Depairtment o the Navy]] |garrison= {{nowrap|[[Arlington Coonty, Virginie]], U.S.}} |garrison_label= Heidquarters |nickname= |motto="''Non sibi sed patriae''" ({{lang-la|"''Nae for self but for kintra''"}}) <small>(unoffeecial)</small><ref name="NavHistCent">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/trivia/trivia01.htm |title=Navy Traditions and Customs |website=[[Naval History & Heritage Command]] |publisher=United States Navy |accessdate=24 January 2009 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224438/https://www.history.navy.mil/trivia/trivia01.htm%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |patron= |colors= Blue, Gowd {{color box|#0000FF}}{{color box|#FFD700}} |colors_label= Colours |march= "[[Anchors Aweigh]]" {{audio|AnchorsAweigh.ogg|Play}} |mascot= |equipment= |equipment_label= |battles= <div style="width: 220px;">[[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] <br />[[Quasi-War]] <br />[[First Barbary War|First]] an [[Seicont Barbary War]]s <br />[[War o 1812]] <br />[[Mexican-American War]] <br />[[American Ceevil War]] <br />[[Spainyie-American War]]<br />[[Warld War I]] <br />[[Warld War II]] <br />[[Korean War]] <br /> [[1958 Lebanon crisis]]<br/>[[Vietnam War]] <br />[[Operation Eagle Claw|Iranian Hostage Rescue]] <br /> [[Multinaitional Force in Lebanon]]<br/> [[1983 Beirut barracks bombin]]<br/> [[Invasion o Grenada]] <br />[[Bombin o Libie (1986)]] <br />[[Unitit States Invasion o Panama|Invasion o Panama]] <br /> [[Persian Gulf War]] <br />[[Somali Ceevil War]] <br />[[1995 NATO bombin campaign in Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie War]] <br />[[1999 NATO bombin o the Federal Republic o Yugoslavie|Kosovo War]] <br />[[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] <br />[[Iraq War]] <br />[[Operation Odyssey Dawn|Bombin o Libie (2011)]] |anniversaries= |decorations= [[File:Streamer PUC Navy.PNG|200px]] <br />[[Presidential Unit Citation (Unitit States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] <br />[[File:Navy Unit Commendation streamer.svg|200px]] <br />[[Navy Unit Commendation]] <br />[[File:Meritorious Unit Commendation (Navy-Marine) Streamer.jpg|200px]] <br />[[Meritorious Unit Commendation]] |battle_honours= <!-- Commanders --> |commander1= [[Donald Trump]] |commander1_label=[[Preses o the Unitit States|Commander-in-Chief]] |commander2= [[James Mattis]] |commander2_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o Defence|Secretar o Defence]] |commander3= [[Sean Stackley]] (<small>''Actin''</small>) |commander3_label= [[Unitit States Secretar o the Navy|Secretar o the Navy]] |commander4= [[Admiral (Unitit States)|ADM]] [[John M. Richardson (admiral)|John M. Richardson]] |commander4_label= [[Chief o Naval Operations]] |commander5= ADM [[William F. Moran (admiral)|William F. Moran]] |commander5_label= [[Vice Chief o Naval Operations]] |commander6= MCPON [[Steven S. Giordano]] |commander6_label= [[Master Chief Petty Officer o the Navy|Master Chief Petty Officer]] |notable_commanders= <!-- Insignia --> |identification_symbol= [[File:Flag of the United States Navy (fringe).svg|100px]] |identification_symbol_label= [[Flag o the Unitit States Navy|Flag]] |identification_symbol_2=[[File:Naval Jack of the United States.svg|border|100px]] |identification_symbol_2_label= [[Jack o the Unitit States|Jack]] |identification_symbol_3= |identification_symbol_3_label= |identification_symbol_4= |identification_symbol_4_label= }} The '''Unitit States Navy''' ('''USN''') is the [[naval warfare]] service branch o the [[Unitit States Airmed Forces]] an ane o the seven [[uniformed services o the Unitit States]]. It is lairger nor the next 13 lairgest navies combined in terms o battle fleet [[tonnage]], accordin tae ane estimate.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63717/robert-m-gates/a-balanced-strategy |title=A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the Pentagon for a New Age |last=Gates |first=Robert M. |authorlink=Robert M. Gates |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=January/February 2009 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |subscription=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1346 |title=Speech |first=Robert M. |last=Gates |authorlink=Robert M. Gates |location=[[Naval War College]] Newport, Rhode Island |date=17 April 2009 |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2015-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417222448/http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1346 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The U.S. Navy an aa haes the warld's lairgest carrier fleet, wi [[Leet o aircraft carriers in service|10 in service]], [[USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)|ane]] unner construction (twa planned), an twa in reserve. The service haes 317,054 personnel on active duty an 109,671 in the [[Unitit States Navy Reserve|Navy Reserve]]. It operates 283 ships in active service an mair nor 3,700 aircraft.<ref name="status">{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=146 |title=Status of the Navy |website=[[CHINFO]] |publisher=U.S. Navy |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=2013-12-29 |archive-date=2010-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221114823/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=146 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:Militar units an furmations established in 1775]] [[Category:Uniformed services o the Unitit States|Navy]] [[Category:Unitit States Navy| ]] cc1qwiiqafryr937q86h9snp1nims7b 0 65035 923105 918309 2026-09-23T12:45:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = Iraq War |partof = the [[War on Terror]] |image = [[File:Iraq War montage.png|border|300px]] |caption = '''Clockwise frae tap''': Delta Force o Task Force 20 alangside truips o 3rd Battalion, 327t Infantry Regiment, at Uday Hussain an Qusay Hussein's hideoot.; Insurgents in northren Iraq; an Iraqi insurgent firin a MANPADS; the topplin o the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square. |date = {{start date|df=yes|2003|3|20}}&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|2011|12|15}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=20|year1=2003|month2=12|day2=15|year2=2011}})<ref> {{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-17/iraq-us-troops/52032854/1?csp=ip |title=Last U.S.&nbsp;troops leave Iraq, ending war |accessdate=18 December 2011 | work=USA Today |date=17 December 2011}}</ref>{{dubious|date=December 2013}} |place=[[Iraq]] |result = Coalition victory * [[2003 invasion o Iraq|Invasion]] an [[History o Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation]] o Iraq * Owerthrow o [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Pairty]] govrenment an [[execution o Saddam Hussein]] * [[Iraqi insurgency|Insurgency]], [[al-Qaeda in Iraq|foreign terrorist operations]], an [[ceevil war in Iraq|sectarian violence]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Sectarian divisions change Baghdad’s image|publisher=MSNBC|date=3 July 2006|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13684759/|accessdate=18 February 2007|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110601/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13684759/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Subsequent depletion o Iraqi insurgency,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40257752|title=U.S.&nbsp;says Iraq pullout won't cause dramatic violence|date=18 November 2010|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=26 November 2010|archive-date=2011-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142902/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40257752|url-status=dead}}</ref> improvements in public security<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11816974|title=UK 'to continue deporting failed Iraqi asylum seekers'|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 November 2010|date=22 November 2010}}</ref> * Establishment o [[Iraqi parliamentary election, Januar 2005|democratic elections]] an furmation o new govrenment * [[U.S.-Iraq Status o Forces Agreement]] * [[Widrawal o U.S. truips frae Iraq|Widrawal]] o [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|U.S. forces]] frae Iraq * [[Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. widrawal)|Ongangin insurgency]] |combatant1 = '''Invasion phase (2003)'''<br /> {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}<br /> {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}<br /> {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> {{flag|Australie}}<br /> {{flag|Poland}}<br /> {{Flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Peshmerga]] |combatant1a = '''Post-invasion (2003–11)'''<br /> {{flag|Iraq}}<br /> *{{flagicon image|Coat of arms (emblem) of Iraq 2008.svg}} [[Iraqi Airmed Forces]] *{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Peshmerga]] * [[Awakening Council]] {{nowrap|[[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Multi-National&nbsp;Force{{spaced ndash}}Iraq]]}} * {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States}} <small>(03–11)</small>}} * {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} <small>(03–11)</small>}} * {{flag|Sooth Korea}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Italy}} <small>(03–06)</small> * {{flag|Poland}} <small>(03-08)</small> * {{flag|Australie}} <small>(03–09)</small> * {{flag|Georgie}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Ukraine}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Netherlands}} <small>(03–05)</small> * {{flag|Spain}} <small>(03–04)</small> * {{flag|Estonie}} <!-- Only countries fielded more than 1,000 troops each rotation are listed here; the rest are at the MNF-I page linked below --> :[[Multi-National Force&nbsp;– Iraq|''30 ither kintras'']] Supported By:<br> '''{{Flag|Saudi Arabie}}<br> '''{{Flag|Egyp}}<br> '''{{Flag|Kuwait}} |combatant2 = '''Invasion phase (2003)'''<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[History o Iraq unner Ba'athist rule|Ba'athist Iraq]] |combatant2a = '''Post-invasion (2003–11)'''<br /> [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|'''Ba'ath Pairty lyalists''']] * [[Supreme Command for Jihad an Liberation]] * [[Airmy o the Men o the Naqshbandi Order]] Supportit Bi:<br> '''{{Flag|Sirie}} ---- [[Iraqi insurgency#Sunni Islamist|'''Sunni insurgents''']] * [[Islamic State o Iraq]] * [[Islamic Airmy o Iraq]] * [[Ansar al-Sunnah]] ---- [[Iraqi insurgency#Shia Islamist|'''Shia insurgents''']] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} [[Mahdi Airmy]] * {{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Special Groups (Iraq)|Special Groups]] * [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]] * [[Combatants o the Iraq War|Ithers]] Supportit Bi:<br> '''{{Flag|Iran}}<br> '''{{Flag|Sirie}} ---- <small>For fichtin atween insurgent groups, see [[Ceevil war in Iraq]].</small> ---- |commander1 = {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ayad Allawi]] <br /> {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ibrahim al-Jaafari]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Nouri al-Maliki]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Ricardo Sanchez]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[George W. Casey, Jr.]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[David Petraeus]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Raymond T. Odierno]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Lloyd Austin]]<br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[George W. Bush]]<br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} General [[Tommy Franks]]<br /> {{Flagicon|US}} [[Barack Obama]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Tony Blair]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Gordon Brown]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[David Cameron]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Soeren Gade]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Australie}} [[John Howard]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Australie}} [[Kevin Rudd]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Lech Kaczyński]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Marchuk]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Kuzmuk]] |commander2 = '''Ba'ath Pairty'''<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Saddam Hussein]] {{POW}} [[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|14px|link=Execution o Saddam Hussein]]}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Qusay Hussein]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Uday Hussein]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri]]<br /> ---- '''Sunni insurgency'''<br /> [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Abu Suleiman al-Naser|Al-Nasser Lideen Allah Abu Suleiman]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Abu Dua]]<br /> [[Ishmael Jubouri]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i]] {{POW}} ---- '''Shia insurgency'''<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} [[Muqtada al-Sadr]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Abu Deraa]]<br />[[Qais al-Khazali]]<br />[[Akram al-Kabi]] |strength1 = '''[[2003 Invasion o Iraq|Invasion Forces]]''' <small>(2003–2004)</small><br />~300,000<br /> ---- '''[[Multinaitional Force Iraq|Coalition forces]]''' <small>(2004–2009)</small><br />176,000 at peak<br /> '''[[United States Forces&nbsp;– Iraq]]''' <small>(2010–2011)</small><br />112,000 at activation<br /> '''Security contractors''' 6,000–7,000 <small>(estimate)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rm/143420.htm |title=Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Programs Charlene Lamb's Remarks on Private Contractors in Iraq |publisher=State.gov |date=17 July 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |archive-date=2017-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619163623/https://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rm/143420.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> '''[[Iraqi Security Forces]]'''<br /> 805,269 <small>(militar an [[paramilitar]]: 578,269,<ref>{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2010| url=https://archive.org/details/militarybalance0000inte_f0f9| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| authorlink1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author2=Hackett, James (ed.)| date=3 February 2010| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=London| isbn=1-85743-557-5| ref=IISS2010}}</ref> polis: 227,000)</small><br /> '''[[Awakenin movements in Iraq|Awakenin militias]]'''<br />~103,000 (2008)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/world/middleeast/29iraq.html?hpw | work=The New York Times | title=Troops Arrest an Awakening Council Leader in Iraq, Setting Off Fighting | first1=Alissa J. | last1=Rubin | authorlink1= Alissa J. Rubin | first2=Rod | last2=Nordland | date=29 March 2009 | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> <br /> '''[[Iraqi Kurdistan]]'''<br /> ~400,000 <small>(Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3441.htm |title=The Kurdish peshmerga forces will not be integrated into the Iraqi army: Mahmoud Sangawi&nbsp;— Interview |publisher=Ekurd.net |date=22 January 2010 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402235805/https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3441.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''[[Peshmerga]]''' 375,000)</small> |strength2 = '''[[Iraqi Airmy]]''': 375,000 <small>(disbaundit in 2003)</small> ---- '''[[Iraqi insurgency#Sunni Islamist|Sunni Insurgents]]'''<br />~70,000 <small>(2007)</small><ref name=brookings>The Brookings Institution [http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019170433/http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }} 1 October 2007</ref><br />'''[[Mahdi Airmy]]'''<br />~60,000 <small>(2007)</small><ref>{{cite news|last=Ricks|first=Thomas E.|coauthors=Ann Scott Tyson|title=Intensified Combat on Streets Likely|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002581_pf.html|publisher=Washington Post|date=11 January 2007|page=A01}}</ref> <br />'''[[al-Qaeda]]'''<br />~1,300 <small>(2006)</small><ref>Pincus, Walter. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111601509.html "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex"]. ''[[Washington Post]],'' 17 November 2006.</ref><br /> '''[[Islamic State o Iraq]]'''<br />~1,000 <small>(2008)</small> <br />'''[[Airmy o the Men o the Naqshbandi Order]]'''<br />~500–1,000 <small>(2007)</small> |casualties1 = '''[[Leet o Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq|Iraqi Security Forces]]''' (post-Saddam)<br /> '''Killed:''' 16,623<ref>260 killed in 2003,[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/19/1013869.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628233817/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/19/1013869.htm |date=2011-06-28 }} 15,196 killed frae 2004 through 2009 (wi the exceptions o Mey 2004 an Mairch 2009),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 67 killed in Mairch 2009,[http://hello.news352.lu/edito-4036-march-violence-claims-252-iraqi-lives.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226181744/http://hello.news352.lu/edito-4036-march-violence-claims-252-iraqi-lives.html |date=2012-02-26 }} an 1,100 killed in 2010,[http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-02/world/iraq.casualty.figures_1_iraqi-police-mosul-police-iraqi-troops?_s=PM:WORLD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116094430/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-02/world/iraq.casualty.figures_1_iraqi-police-mosul-police-iraqi-troops?_s=PM:WORLD |date=2013-01-16 }} thus givin a tot o 16,623 dead</ref><br /> '''Woondit:''' 40,000+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/77707.pdf |title=Iraq War |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref><br /><br /> '''[[Multi-Naitional Force&nbsp;– Iraq|Coalition Forces]]'''<br /> '''Killed:''' 4,805<ref name="icas">{{cite web |url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |title=Operation Iraqi Freedom |publisher=iCasualties |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archive-date=2018-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025180952/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/casualties/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=30 March 2010 | title=Home and Away: Iraq and Afghanistan War Casualties}}</ref> <small>(4,487 U.S.,<ref name="defenselink.mil">{{Cite web |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2009-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706234900/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 179 UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishFatalities.htm |title=Ministry of Defence &#124; Fact Sheets &#124; Operations Factsheets &#124; Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities |publisher=Mod.uk |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archive-date=2009-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011220157/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishFatalities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 139 ither)</small><br /> '''Missin/captured''' (U.S.): 8 (aw rescued)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/pow.mia/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=22 February 2011 | title=Forces: U.S. & Coalition/POW/MIA}}; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq", ''[[New York Times]]'', 22 May 2011, p. 6.</ref> '''Woondit''': 32,753+ <small>(32,226 U.S.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/NEWS/casualty.pdf |title=Casualty |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref> 315 UK, 212+ ither<ref>33 Ukrainians [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808232343/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument |date=2009-08-08 }}, 31+ Italians [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629050836/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL |date=2011-06-29 }} [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428195925/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524 |date=2011-04-28 }}, 30 Bulgarians [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3355749.stm] [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=33103], 20 Salvadorans [http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2009-02-07-salvador-iraq_N.htm], 19 Georgians [http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18470] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513160916/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18470 |date=2011-05-13 }}, 18 Estonians [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/02/mil-090209-rianovosti06.htm], 16+ Poles [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=33116] [http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612101918/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print |date=2007-06-12 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501084237/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16186603.html] [http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?19484-Two-Polish-Soldiers-Dead-Five-Injured-in-Iraq-PAP] [http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/25148], 15 Spaniards [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429012705/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html |date=2011-04-29 }} [http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402233014/https://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan |date=2019-04-02 }} [http://www1.albawaba.com/news/five-spanish-soldiers-four-us-troops-injured-iraq-bomb-attacks] [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200404/09/eng20040409_139905.shtml], 10 Romanians [http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6708832.html], 6 Australians [http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201646/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx |date=2011-04-28 }}, 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs [http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130025416/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print |date=2012-01-30 }}, 3 Filipinos [http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174014/http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} and 2 Thais [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123050230/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm |date=2010-11-23 }} [http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513184802/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0 |date=2013-05-13 }} for a total of 212+</ref>)</small><ref name=mil>Mony offeecial U.S.&nbsp;tables at [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm "Military Casualty Information"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303054755/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm |date=2011-03-03 }}. See [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OIF-Total.pdf latest totals for injury, disease/other medical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |date=2011-06-02 }}</ref><ref name=antiwarcasualties>[http://www.antiwar.com/casualties/ "Casualties in Iraq"].</ref><ref name=icasualties>iCasualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, ''et al.'', [http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx "Iraq Coalition Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025180952/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |date=2018-10-25 }}</ref><ref name=ukcasualties>[http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114214203/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm |date=2006-11-14 }}. UK Meenistry o Defense. [http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm Latest combined casualty and fatality tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004051608/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm |date=2012-10-04 }}.</ref> '''Injured/diseased/ither medical'''*: 51,139 <small>(47,541 U.S.,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2011-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 3,598 UK)</small><ref name=mil/><ref name=icasualties/><ref name=ukcasualties/><br /><br /> '''[[Private militar company|Contractors]]'''<br /> '''[[Leet o private contractor daiths in Iraq|Killed]]''': 1,554<ref name="dol.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |title=U.S.&nbsp;Department of Labor&nbsp;— Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) - Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation |publisher=Dol.gov |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515203323/https://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="projects.propublica.org">{{cite web|author=T. Christian Miller |url=http://projects.propublica.org/tables/contractor_casualties |title=U.S.&nbsp;Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries|publisher=Projects.propublica.org |date=23 September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010}}</ref><br /> '''Woondit & injured''': 43,880<ref name="dol.gov"/><ref name="projects.propublica.org"/><br /> '''[[Sons o Iraq|Awakenin Cooncils]]'''<br /> '''Killed:''' 1,002+<ref>185 in Diyala frae Juin 2007 tae December 2007,[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/middleeast/24sunni.html?pagewanted=print] 4 in assassination o [[Abdul Sattar Abu Risha|Abu Risha]], 25 on 12 November 2007,[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/15/iraq/main3504599.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3504599] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514132150/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/15/iraq/main3504599.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3504599 |date=2013-05-14 }} 528 in 2008,[http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210152350/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |date=2016-12-10 }} 27 on 2 Januar 2009,[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/03/world/middleeast/03iraq.html] 53 Frae 6 tae 12 Aprile 2009,[http://www.alternet.org/world/136476/sunni_iraqis_fear_a_bloodbath_of_reprisal_after_possible_u.s._exit/?page=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513130112/http://www.alternet.org/world/136476/sunni_iraqis_fear_a_bloodbath_of_reprisal_after_possible_u.s._exit/?page=1 |date=2011-05-13 }} 13 on 16 November 2009,[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429002216/http://www.france24.com/en/node/4926131] 15 in December 2009,[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?_r=1] 100+ frae Aprile tae Juin 2010,[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/06/20106653940383435.html#] [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128084675] 52 on 18 Julie 2010 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/18/iraq-suicide-bombings-kill-militia] [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-18/bombs-targeting-sons-of-iraq-leave-at-least-44-dead.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718205535/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-18/bombs-targeting-sons-of-iraq-leave-at-least-44-dead.html |date=2010-07-18 }}, tot o 1,002+ dead</ref><br />'''Woondit:''' 500+ (2007),<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/middleeast/24sunni.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print | work=The New York Times | first1=Solomon | last1=Moore | first2=RICHARD A. | last2=OPPEL Jr | title=Attacks Imperil U.S.-Backed Militias in Iraq | date=24 January 2008}}</ref> 828 (2008)<ref>{{cite web |author=Greg Bruno |url=http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |title=Finding a Place for the ‘Sons of Iraq’ - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |accessdate=26 December 2011 |archive-date=2016-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210152350/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Tot dead: 24,219''' <br />'''Tot woondit: 117,961''' |casualties2 = '''Iraqi combatant deid''' (invasion period): 7,600–11,000<ref>[[Press release]] (28 October 2003). [http://www.commondreams.org/news2003/1028-01.htm "New Study Finds: 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War; 30 Percent are Non-Combatants; Death Toll Hurts Postwar Stability Efforts, Damages US Image Abroad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017165045/http://www.commondreams.org/news2003/1028-01.htm |date=2006-10-17 }}. ''[[Project on Defense Alternatives]]'' (''via'' [[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]). Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref><ref>Conetta, Carl (23 October 2003). [http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict&nbsp;— Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902070831/http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html |date=2009-09-02 }}. ''[[Project on Defense Alternatives]]'' (''via'' ''[[Commonwealth Institute (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Commonwealth Institute]]''). Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref> '''Insurgents''' (post-Saddam)<br /> '''Killed:''' 21,221–26,405 (2003-2011)<ref>597 killed in 2003,[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-09-26-insurgents_N.htm], 23,984 killed frae 2004 through 2009 (wi the exceptions o Mey 2004 an Mairch 2009),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 652 killed in May 2004,[http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/] 45 killed in Mairch 2009,[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903190008/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument |date=2009-09-03 }} 676 killed in 2010,[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-30/iraq-civilian-deaths-drop-for-third-year-as-toll-eases-after-u-s-drawdown.html] 451 killed in 2011 (wi the exception o Februar),[http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/jan-iraq-death-toll-highest-in-four-months-20110201-1ac9m.html] [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/03/Two-US-troops-killed-in-Iraq/UPI-84151301845983/] [http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Iraq_monthly_death_toll_falls_in_April_999.html] [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209184820/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442 |date=2015-02-09 }} [http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111145441/http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html |date=2012-01-11 }} [http://www.arabia.msn.com/News/MiddleEast/AFP/2011/August/7991554.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208174352/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |date=2011-12-08 }} [http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513134427/http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military |date=2012-05-13 }} [http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118211828/http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17 |date=2012-11-18 }} [http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111064434/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html |date=2011-11-11 }} thus giving a total of 26,405 dead</ref><br /> '''[[Detainee]]s:''' 12,000 (Iraqi-held)<ref name="cnn1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-13/world/iraq.detainees_1_detainees-iraqi-authorities-moussawi?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Amnesty: Iraq holds up to 30,000 detainees without trial|publisher=CNN|date=13 September 2010|accessdate=6 January 2011|archive-date=2010-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023155150/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-13/world/iraq.detainees_1_detainees-iraqi-authorities-moussawi?_s=PM%3AWORLD|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> '''Tot dead: 28,821–37,405''' |casualties3 = '''Documented civilian daiths frae violence, [[Iraq Body Coont project|Iraq Body Coont]] '''(2003 – 14 December 2011): '''103,160–113,728''' recordit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/ |title=Iraq Body Count |publisher=Iraq Body Count |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> an '''12,438''' new daiths addit frae the Iraq War Logs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/ |title=Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal |publisher=Iraq Body Count |accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref> '''Estimatit violent daiths:'''<br /> '''[[Lancet surveys o Iraq War casualties|''Lancet'' survey]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Julie 2006): '''601,027''' (95% CI: 426,369–793,663)<ref name="lancetOct2006">{{PDFlink|[http://brusselstribunal.org/pdf/lancet111006.pdf "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"]|242&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. ''[[The Lancet]],'' 11 October 2006</ref><ref name="Lancet supplement">{{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006"]|603&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the October 2006 Lancet study. It is also found here: [http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/research/iraq/Human_Cost_of_WarFORMATTED.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515142928/http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/research/iraq/Human_Cost_of_WarFORMATTED.pdf |date=2016-05-15 }} [http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf]</ref><br /> '''[[Associated Press]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Aprile 2009): '''110,600'''<ref>Associated Press, 14 October 2009</ref><br /> '''[[Iraq Faimily Health Survey]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Julie 2006): '''151,000''' (95% CI: 104,000–223,000)<ref>[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0707782 "Iraq Family Health Survey"] [[New England Journal of Medicine]] 31 January 2008</ref> <br /> For mair information see: [[Casualties o the Iraq War]] |notes='''*''' "injured, diseased, or ither medical": required medical air transport. UK nummer includes "aeromed evacuations"<br />'''**''' '''Tot daiths''' include aw addeetional daiths due tae increased lawlessness, degradit infrastructur, puirer healthcare, etc. |campaignbox = }} The '''Iraq War'''<ref group="nb">The conflict is an aa known as the '''War in Iraq''', the '''Occupation o Iraq''', an the '''Seicont Gulf War (Gulf War II)'''. It wis referred tae as '''Operation Iraqi Freedom''' bi the Unitit States militar, frae 2003 tae 2010.</ref> wis an airmed conflict in [[Iraq]] that consisted o twa phases.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|title=Iraq War|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/870845/Iraq-War|work=Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> The first wis an invasion o Iraq stairtin on 20 Mairch 2003 bi an invasion force led bi the [[Unitit States]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm Iraq war illegal, says Annan] BBC 16 September 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/mar2007/iraq-m20.shtml |title=The US invasion has caused nearly three-quarter million Iraqi deaths |publisher=Wsws.org |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref name = "PBS-20040226">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/cron/ |title=A chronology of the six-week invasion of Iraq | date=26 February 2004 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] | accessdate=19 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Baker">[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_17.shtml Kevin Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820002323/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_17.shtml |date=2008-08-20 }} "The Quietest War: We've Kept Fallujah, but Have We Lost Our Souls?" ''American Heritage'', Oct. 2006.</ref> It wis follaed bi a langer phase o fichtin, in which an insurgency emerged tae oppone [[Multi-Naitional Force&nbsp;– Iraq|the occupyin forces]] an the newly furmed Iraqi govrenment.<ref name=Britannica/> The U.S. completit its widrawal o militar personnel in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-usa-pullout-idUSTRE7BH08E20111218 |title=Timeline: Invasion, surge, withdrawal; U.S. forces in Iraq |date=18 December 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=18 December 2011 |first=David |last=Cutler |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061102/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-usa-pullout-idUSTRE7BH08E20111218 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201112/78464.php |title=Last US troops withdraw from Iraq |date=18 December 2011 |work=BBC |accessdate=11 May 2008 |archive-date=2012-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110090556/http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201112/78464.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, the [[Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. widrawal)|Iraqi insurgency]] continues tae cause thoosands o fatalities. ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Iraq War| ]] [[Category:2003 in Iraq]] [[Category:2004 in Iraq]] [[Category:2005 in Iraq]] [[Category:2006 in Iraq]] [[Category:2007 in Iraq]] [[Category:2008 in Iraq]] [[Category:2009 in Iraq]] [[Category:2010 in Iraq]] [[Category:2011 in Iraq]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2003]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2004]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2005]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2006]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2007]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2008]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2009]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2010]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2011]] [[Category:George W. Bush admeenistration controversies]] [[Category:Modren history o Iraq]] [[Category:Iraq–Unitit States relations]] [[Category:Iraq War legal issues]] [[Category:Occupation o Iraq]] [[Category:Politics o Iraq]] [[Category:War on Terror]] ccp95axak4emc1ka3mtb1iy32ew8jz9 0 65044 923241 915767 2026-09-24T06:24:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict= War in Afghanistan |partof=the [[conflict in Afghanistan (1978–present)|conflict in Afghanistan]] an the [[Global War on Terrorism]] |campaign= |image = [[File:2001 War in Afghanistan collage 3.jpg|300px]] |caption = '''Clockwise frae tap-left:''' [[Ryal Marines|Breetish Ryal Marines]] tak pairt in the clearance o [[Nad Ali Destrict|Nad-e Ali District]] o [[Helmand Province]]; twa [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18 strike fechters]] conduct combat missions ower Afghanistan; an anti-Taliban fechter during an operation tae secure a compoond in Helmand Province; A French sodger patrols a valley in [[Kapisa Province]]; [[Unitit States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] prepare tae board buses shortly efter arrivin in soothren Afghanistan; [[Taliban]] fechters in a cave hideoot; U.S. soldiers prepare tae fire a mortar during a mission in [[Paktika Province]]. |date = 7 October 2001 – 15 August 2021<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=07|year1=2001}}) |place= [[Afghanistan]] |territory= |status= *Faw o the [[Taliban]] govrenment in Afghanistan *Destruction o [[al-Qaeda]] camps *Establishment o new [[Presidency o Hamid Karzai|Afghan govrenment]] *[[Taliban insurgency]] *[[War in North-Wast Pakistan]] *[[Daith o Osama bin Laden|Killin o Osama bin Laden]] *Return o mair nor 5.7 million Afghan refugees frae [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]] an [[Afghans in Iran|Iran]]<ref name="unhcr1">[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e486eb6 2012 UNHCR country operations profile - Afghanistan] unhcr.org</ref> |combatant1= '''Coalition:''' {{collapsible list | bullets = yes | title = {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the International Security Assistance Force.svg}} [[Internaitional Security Assistance Force|ISAF]]}} |{{flag|Albanie}} |{{flag|Armenie}} |{{flag|Austrick}} |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{flag|Bahrain}} |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}} |{{flag|Bulgarie}} |{{flag|Croatie}} |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{flag|Denmark}} |{{flag|El Salvador}} |{{flag|Estonie}} |{{flag|Finland}} |{{flag|Greece}} |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{flag|Iceland}} |{{flag|Ireland}} |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{flag|Republic o Korea}} |{{flag|Latvie}} |{{flag|Lithuanie}} |{{flag|Luxembourg}} |{{flag|Malaysie}} |{{flag|Mongolie}} |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{flag|Netherlands}} |{{flag|New Zealand}} |{{flag|Norawa}} |{{flag|Portugal}} |{{flag|Singapore}} <small>(08–13)</small> |{{flag|Slovakie}} |{{flag|Slovenie}} |{{flag|Spain}} |{{flag|Swisserland}} <small>(04–08)</small> |{{flag|Swaden}} |{{flag|Republic o Macedonie}} |{{flag|Tonga}} |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} }} *{{flag|Unitit States}} *{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} *{{flag|Germany}} *{{flag|Italy}} *{{flag|Fraunce}} *{{flag|Canadae}} *{{flag|Australie}} *{{flag|Georgie}} *{{flag|Poland}} *{{flag|Romanie}} *{{flag|Turkey}} {{flag|Afghanistan}} | combatant1a = '''2001''' {{flag|Unitit States}} <br /> {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} <br /> {{flag|Australie}} <br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|1992}} [[Northren Alliance]] {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]] |combatant2= '''Insurgent groups:''' * [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|24px]] [[Al-Qaeda]] * {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Taliban]] * [[Haqqani netwirk]] * [[Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin]] * [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]]<ref name="pakistan-militants-preparing-for-afghanistan-civil-war">[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/08/pakistan-militants-preparing-for-afghanistan-civil-war/ Pakistan militants preparing for Afghanistan civil war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016043654/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/08/pakistan-militants-preparing-for-afghanistan-civil-war/ |date=2015-10-16 }}. Fox News. Retrieved on 2013-10-29.</ref> * [[Mujahideen|Ither groups]]<ref name=paksmostwanted>{{cite web| last = Roggi| first = Bill| title = Pakistan's most-wanted: look at who isn't listed| work = The Long War Journal| publisher = Public Multimedia Inc.| date = 31 August 2009| url = http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/2009/08/pakistans_most_wanted_look_at.php| doi = | accessdate = 2 September 2009| archive-date = 2018-12-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181228130620/https://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/2009/08/pakistans_most_wanted_look_at.php| url-status = dead}}</ref> | combatant2a = '''2001''' [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|24px]] [[Al-Qaeda]]<br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Taliban]] | commander1= {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Hamid Karzai]]<br />{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Ashraf Ghani]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Donald Trump]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[Boris Johnson]]<br />{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Scott Morrison]]<br />{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Giuseppe Conte]]<br />{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Angela Merkel]]<br />{{flagdeco|NATO|size=23px}} [[Austin S. Miller|Austin S. Miller]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the International Security Assistance Force.svg}} [[Internaitional Siccarity Assistance Force#List o Commanders|Leet o umwhile ISAF Commanders]]{{collapsible list|title='''Umwhile'''|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Gerhard Schröder]]<br />{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Silvio Berlusconi]]<br />{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Romano Prodi]]<br />{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Mario Monti]]<br />{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Enrico Letta]]<br />{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Matteo Renzi]]<br />{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Paolo Gentiloni]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[Tony Blair]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[Gordon Brown]]<br />{{flagicon|UK}} [[David Cameron]]<br /> {{flagicon|UK}} [[Theresa May]]<br />{{flagicon|United States|1960}} [[George W. Bush]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Barack Obama]]<br />{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Jean Chrétien]]<br />{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Paul Martin]]<br />{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Stephen Harper]]<br />{{flagicon|Australia}} [[John Howard]]<br />{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Kevin Rudd]]<br />{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Julia Gillard]]<br />{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Tony Abbott]]<br />{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Malcolm Turnbull]]}} | commander2= {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Mohammed Omar]][[Daith bi naitural causes|#]]<br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Akhtar Mansoor]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]]{{POW}}<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web| title ='Afghan Taliban leader Mullah Omar is dead'| url =http://tribune.com.pk/story/928571/afghan-taliban-leader-mullah-omar-is-dead/| website =The Express Tribune | date = 29 July 2015| accessdate = 29 July 2015}}</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]<ref name="longwarjournal.org">[http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/the-talibans-new-leadership-is-allied-with-al-qaeda.php The Taliban's new leadership is allied with al Qaeda], The Long War Journal, 31 July 2015</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Jalaluddin Haqqani]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/haqqani-network-s-founder-dies-after-long-illness-afghan-taliban-n906116|title='The Kennedys of the Taliban movement' lose their patriarch|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Obaidullah Akhund]]{{KIA}}<ref name="tribune.com.pk"/><br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Dadullah Akhund]]{{KIA}}<ref name="tribune.com.pk"/><br /> {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hezbi Islami Gulbuddin.svg}} [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]]<br /> [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|border|23px]] [[Osama bin Laden]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|border|23px]] [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]]<br /> ---- {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Muhammad Rasul]] {{POW}}<ref name="red on red">{{Cite web |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/red-red-analyzing-afghanistans-intra-insurgency-violence/ |title=Red on Red: Analyzing Afghanistan’s Intra-Insurgency Violence |author=Matthew DuPée |work=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |date=January 2018 |accessdate=18 February 2018 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116004929/https://ctc.usma.edu/red-red-analyzing-afghanistans-intra-insurgency-violence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Najibullah (militant leader)|Haji Najibullah]]<ref name="newsweek.com">{{cite web| title =Mullah Najibullah: Too Radical for the Taliban| url =http://www.newsweek.com/2013/08/30/mullah-najibullah-too-radical-taliban-237894.html| website =Newsweek| date = 30 August 2013| accessdate = 22 August 2015}}</ref> |strength1= {{flagicon image|Flag of the International Security Assistance Force.svg}} [[Internaitional Security Assistance Force|ISAF]]: '''87,207'''<ref name=placemat>{{cite web |url=http://www.isaf.nato.int/images/stories/File/Placemats/2013-08-01%20ISAF%20Placemat-final.pdf |title=International Security Assistance Force (ISAF): Key Facts and Figures |format=PDF |date=3 December 2012 |publisher=ISAF |accessdate=1 August 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006041838/http://www.isaf.nato.int/images/stories/File/Placemats/2013-08-01%20ISAF%20Placemat-final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghan Naitional Security Forces]]: '''380,586'''<ref name="NATO">{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_topics/20120418_120418-Backgrounder-ANSF-en.pdf |title=Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) |publisher=NATO |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2014-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812055741/http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_topics/20120418_120418-Backgrounder-ANSF-en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |strength2= {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Taliban]]: 25,000 (tentative estimate) [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|24px]] [[Al-Qaeda]]: 50-100 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2011/04/how_many_al_qaeda_operatives_a.php |title=How many al Qaeda operatives are now left in Afghanistan? - Threat Matrix<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2014-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706151045/http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2011/04/how_many_al_qaeda_operatives_a.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/21/al-qaeda-afghanistan-comeback_n_1997994.html Al Qaeda In Afghanistan Is Attempting A Comeback<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Haqqani netwirk]]: 4,000-15,000<ref name='rassler'>{{cite journal|title=The Haqqani Nexus and the Evolution of al-Qaida|journal=Harmony Program|date=14 July 2011|first=Don|last=Rassler|author2=Vahid Brown|publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]]|url=http://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/CTC-Haqqani-Report_Rassler-Brown-Final_Web.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2011|archive-date=2011-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725024028/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/CTC-Haqqani-Report_Rassler-Brown-Final_Web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/259314/sirajuddin-haqqani-dares-us-to-attack-n-waziristan/ Sirajuddin Haqqani dares US to attack N Waziristan, by Reuters, Published: September 24, 2011]</ref><ref name="nytimes 15haqqani">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/world/asia/15haqqani.html |title= Rebuffing U.S., Pakistan Balks at Crackdown| publisher=The New York Times|date=14 December 2009}}</ref> |casualties1='''[[Coalition casualties in Afghanistan|Coalition]]''':<br /> '''Killed:''' <!-- NOTE: Bi default, the reference selects "Aw fatalities -- OEF". For Afghanistan-relatit fatalities, select "Aw fatalities -- Afghanistan". Add three on GBR an twa on Fraunce for error in icasualties.org -->3,374 <small>(USA:&nbsp;2,271, UK:&nbsp;446, CAN:&nbsp;158, FRA:&nbsp;86, GER:&nbsp;54, Ithers:&nbsp;359)<ref name="icas">{{cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/OEF/ByYear.aspx|title=OEF: Afghanistan: Fatalities By Year|work=icasualties.org|date=9 September 2005|accessdate=14 September 2013|archive-date=2018-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027172424/http://icasualties.org/OEF/ByYear.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref></small><br /> '''Woondit:''' 23,500+<br /> '''Missing/captured''' (U.S.): [[Missin in action#Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan War)|1]]<br /> '''[[Leet o private contractor daiths in Afghanistan|Contractors]]''':<br /> '''Killed:''' 1,143<ref name="dol.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |title=U.S. Department of Labor – Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation |publisher=Dol.gov |accessdate=2 August 2011 |archive-date=2017-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208041944/https://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="projects.propublica.org">{{cite web|author=T. Christian Miller|url=http://projects.propublica.org/tables/contractor_casualties |title=U.S. Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries |publisher=Projects.propublica.org |date=23 September 2009 |accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref><br /> '''Woondit:''' 15,000+*<ref name="dol.gov"/><ref name="projects.propublica.org"/><br /> '''[[Leet o Afghan security forces fatality reports in Afghanistan|Afghan Security Forces:]]'''<br /> 10,086+ killed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/77193.html|title=While U.S. debates Afghanistan policy, Taliban beefs up|publisher=Mcclatchydc.com|date=14 October 2009|accessdate=9 February 2010|archive-date=2009-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018080553/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/77193.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/violence-kills-100-afghan-police-every-month-govt|title=Violence kills 100 afghan police every month|access-date=2013-12-30|archive-date=2010-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928113552/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/violence-kills-100-afghan-police-every-month-govt|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2011/01/201111072951940489.html|title=Police killed in Afghan bombing}}</ref><br /> '''[[Afghan Northren Alliance]]:'''<br /> 200 killed<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011206war1206p4.asp |title=Friendly fire kills 3 GIs |publisher=Post-gazette.com |accessdate=2 October 2008 |first1=Carol |last1=Morello |first2=Vernon |last2=Loeb |authorlink2=Vernon Loeb |date=6 December 2001 |archive-date=2007-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208112724/http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011206war1206p4.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,184982,00.html |title=A Volatile State of Siege After a Taliban Ambush&nbsp;– Printout&nbsp;– TIME |work=Time |author=Terry McCarthy/Kunduz |accessdate=2 October 2008 |date=18 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-05-30 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530063411/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,184982,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2001/12/mil-011209-29caacd9.htm |title=VOA News Report |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=9 December 2001 |accessdate=9 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rawa.org/us-bomb.htm |title=US Bombs Wipe Out Farming Village |publisher=Rawa.org |accessdate=9 February 2010}}</ref><br /> '''Tot killed: 14,449+''' |casualties2=No reliable estimate<ref name="Reporting Afghanistan casualties">{{cite web|last=Wyatt|first=Caroline|title=Reporting Afghanistan casualties|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2010/01/reporting_afghanistan_casualti.html|work=The Editors|publisher=BBC|accessdate=24 May 2012}}</ref> but reports suggest heich nummer compare tae coalition forces |casualties3='''Civilians killed:''' 16,725–19,013 (2001–2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-civilians |title=Afghan Civilians |author=''[[Brown University]]'' ''[[Watson Institute for International Studies]]'' |publisher=Costs of War |date=27 February 2001 |accessdate=30 June 2013 |archive-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616010655/http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-civilians |url-status=dead }}</ref> |campaignbox= }} The '''War in Afghanistan''' ('''2001–present''') refers tae the intervention bi [[NATO]] an [[Internaitional Security Assistance Force|allied forces]] in the [[Ceevil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan poleetical struggle]], follaein the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks o September 11, 2001]], tae dismantle the [[al-Qaeda]] [[Leet o designatit terrorist organizations|terrorist organisation]] an tae remove frae pouer the [[Islamic Emirate o Afghanistan|Taliban govrenment]], which at the time controlled 90% o [[Afghanistan]] an hostit al-Qaeda leadership. U.S. Preses [[George W. Bush]] demandit that the Taliban haund ower [[Osama bin Laden]] an expel the al-Qaeda network which wis supportin the Taliban in its war wi the [[Northren Alliance|Afghan Northren Alliance]]. The Taliban recommendit that bin Laden leave the kintra but declined tae extradite him wioot evidence o his involvement in the 9/11 attacks. The Unitit States refused tae negotiate an launched [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] on 7 October 2001 wi the [[Unitit Kinrick]] an later jyned bi [[Germany]] an ither wastren allies, tae attack the Taliban an al-Qaeda forces in conjunction wi the Northren Alliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/07/politics.september11 |title=After the September Eleventh Terrorist attacks on America, "It's time for war, Bush and Blair tell Taliban – We're ready to go in – PM&#124;Planes shot at over Kabul" |publisher=Guardian News and Media'' |date= 7 October 2001|accessdate=2 August 2011 |location=London |first1=Ed |last1=Vulliamy |first2=Patrick |last2=Wintour |first3=Ian |last3=Traynor |first4=Kamal |last4=Ahmed}}</ref><ref name="Canada in Afghanistan 2001">{{cite news|title=Canada in Afghanistan: 2001|url=http://afghanistan.nationalpost.com/canada-in-afghanistan-2001/|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=National Post|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615215843/http://afghanistan.nationalpost.com/canada-in-afghanistan-2001/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mazar}} [[Category:War in Afghanistan (2001–present)| ]] [[Category:21st century in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Wars involvin Fraunce]] [[Category:Wars involvin Poland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Germany]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit States]] 7a2zmokb2pwzd60x0g3opsz5875z7s5 0 65108 923236 911516 2026-09-24T05:55:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = Vietnam War<br /><small>(Chiến tranh Việt Nam)</small> |partof = the [[Indocheenae Wars]] an the [[Cauld War]] |image = [[File:VNWarMontage.png|300px]] |caption = Clockwise, frae tap left: US combat operations in [[Battle o Ia Drang|Ia Drang]], ARVN Rangers defendin [[Battle o Saigon (1968)|Saigon]] during the 1968 [[Tet Offensive]], twa [[Douglas A-4C Skyhawk]]s enroute for airstrikes against North Vietnam efter the [[Gulf o Tonkin incident]], ARVN recaptur [[Quảng Trị]] during the 1972 [[Easter Offensive]], ceevilians fleein the [[Easter Offensive|1972]] [[Battle o Quảng Trị]], burial o 300 victims o the 1968 [[Huế Massacre]]. |date = {{start date|df=yes|1956|12|}}<ref group=A name="start date" />&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|1975|4|30}}<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=1|year1=1956|month2=04|day2=30|year2=1975}}) |place = [[Sooth Vietnam]], [[North Vietnam]], [[Cambodie]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://namhoaivu.blogspot.com/2013/05/vietnamese-sapper-attack-plus-den-usa.html |title=Vietnamese special force attack USA B.52 den|publisher=nam hoai vu|date=8 May 1970 |accessdate=29 April 2013}}{{vn|date=October 2013}}</ref> |causes = Reunification o Vietnam (North Vietnam)<br />[[Containment Policy]] an [[Domino Theory]], [[Gulf o Tonkin Incident]] (United States) |territory = Unification o North an Sooth Vietnam intae the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic o Vietnam]]. |result = [[Communist]] decisive victory * U. S. military an political defeat * Communist govrenments tak pouer in [[Provisional Revolutionary Govrenment o the Republic o Sooth Vietnam|Sooth Vietnam]], [[Democratic Kampuchea|Cambodie]] an [[Laos]] * [[Reunification o Vietnam|Sooth Vietnam is annexed bi North Vietnam]] | |combatant1 = '''[[Anti-communist]] forces:''' {{flag|Sooth Vietnam}} <br /> {{flag|Unitit States}}<br /> {{flag|Sooth Korea}}<br /> {{flag|Australie}} <br /> {{flag|Thailand}} <br /> {{flag|New Zealand}} <br /> {{flagicon|Cambodia|1970}} [[Khmer Republic]] <br /> {{flagicon|Laos|1952}} [[Kinrick o Laos]] '''Supportit bi:'''<br /> {{flagicon|Philippines|1936}} [[Philippines]]<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/><br /> {{flag|Taiwan}}<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM">{{cite web|url=http://www.psywarrior.com/AlliesRepublicVietnam.html|title=ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM |accessdate=24 September 2011 }}</ref><br /> {{flag|Canadae}}<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/><br /> {{flag|Fraunce}} <br /> {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Wast Germany]]<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/><br /> {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} <ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/><br /> {{flag|Japan}} <ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/><br /> {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran]]<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/><br /> {{flagicon|Spain|1945}} [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]<ref>Larsen, Stanley R. and Collins, James L. Jr. ''Vietnam Studies: Allied Participation in Vietnam''. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1985. p. 167. Spain sent a medical team to Co Gong Province in 1965.</ref> | |combatant2 = '''[[Communist]] forces:''' {{flag|North Vietnam}}<br /> {{flagicon|Republic o Sooth Vietnam}} [[Viet Cong]]<br /> {{flagicon|Cambodie|1975}} [[Khmer Rouge]]<br /> {{flagicon|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]] '''Supportit bi:'''<br /> {{flag|Cheenae}} <br /> {{flag|Soviet Union}} <br /> {{flag|Cuba}}<ref>The Cuban Military Under Castro, 1989. Page 76</ref><ref>Cuba in the World, 1979. Page 66</ref> <br /> {{flag|North Korea}}<br /> {{flag|Czechoslovakie}}<ref>[http://www.svet.czsk.net/clanky/svet/koreapokusy.html czech]</ref><ref>[http://www.e-polis.cz/mezinarodni-vztahy/322-bilateralni-vztahy-ceske-republiky-a-vietnamske-socialisticke-republiky.html czech]</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Bulgarie|1967}} [[Bulgarie]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0066)|title=Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s|volume=Bulgaria [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Country Study]]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|year=1992|quote=Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes, most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, (North Vietnam)...}}</ref> |strength1 = '''~1,830,000 (1968)'''<br /> Sooth Vietnam: 850,000 (1968)<br />1,500,000 (1974-5)<ref>Le Gro, p. 28.</ref> Unitit States: 536,100<br /> [[Free Warld Militar Forces]]: 65,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycentral.com/Vietnam/Troop.html |title=Vietnam War : US Troop Strength |publisher=Historycentral.com |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archive-date=2010-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125013523/http://historycentral.com/Vietnam/Troop.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm |title=Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection |publisher=nps.gov |access-date=2013-12-31 |archive-date=2009-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202200812/http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm |url-status=dead}} (citin The first American grund combat truips landit in [[Sooth Vietnam]] during Mairch 1965, specifically the U.S. Third Marine Regiment, Third Marine Diveesion, deployed tae Vietnam frae Okinawa tae defend the Da Nang, Vietnam, airfield. During the hicht o U.S. militar involvement, 31 December 1968, the breakdoun o allied forces wur as follows: 536,100 U.S. militar personnel, wi 30,610 U.S. militar havin been killed tae date; 65,000 Free Warld Forces personnel; 820,000 Sooth Vietnam Airmed Forces (SVNAF) wi 88,343 havin been killed tae date. At the war's end, thare wur approximately 2,200 U.S. missin in action (MIA) an prisoner o war (POW). Soorce: Harry G. Summers, Jr. Vietnam War Almanac, Facts on File Publishing, 1985.)</ref><br /> Sooth Korea: 50,000<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=TGJ9V06p0BQC&pg=PA16 |title=Vietnam Marines 1965–73 |publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=8 March 1965 |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref><br /> Australie: 7,672<br /> Thailand, Philippines: 10,450<br /> New Zealand: 552 <!-- expand troop numbers by country --> | |strength2 = '''~781,000'''<br /> North Vietnam: 287,465 (Januar 1968)<ref>Vietnam War After Action Reports, BACM Research, 2009, page 430</ref><br />~1,000,000 (1974-5)<ref>Spencer Tucker, Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, ABC-CLIO, 1998, p 770. "At war's end in 1975, the PAVN numbered nearly 1 million troops, despite the loss..."</ref> Cheenae: 320,000<ref name="Toledo Blade 320,000 Chinese troops">{{cite news|last=Reuters|title=China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_gIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460|accessdate=24 December 2013|newspaper=Toledo Blade|date=16 May 1989}}</ref><br /> Soviet Union: 3,000<br /> North Korea: 300–600<!-- expand troop numbers by country --> | |commander1 = {{flagicon|Sooth Vietnam}} [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] <br />{{flagicon|Sooth Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]<br />{{flagicon| Sooth Vietnam}} [[Nguyen Cao Ky]]<br />{{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Cao Văn Viên]]<br /> {{flagicon|Sooth Vietnam}} [[Ngô Quang Trưởng]]<br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[John F. Kennedy]] <br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] <br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Richard Nixon]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[William Westmoreland]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Creighton Abrams]]<br /> {{flagicon|USA}} [[Robert McNamara]]<br /> {{flagicon|Sooth Korea}} [[Park Chung-hee]]<br /> {{flagicon|Sooth Korea}} [[Chae Myung Shin]]<br />{{flagicon|Australie}} [[Robert Menzies]]<br /> {{flagicon|Australie}} [[Harold Holt]]<br /> {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Keith Holyoake]] <br /> {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thanom Kittikachorn]]<br />[[Leaders o the Vietnam War|...''an ithers'']] | |commander2 = {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh]]<br>{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Le Duan]] <br>{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]]<br> {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Van Tien Dung]] <br>{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Le Trong Tan]]<br> {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Phạm Văn Đồng]] <br>{{flagicon|Republic o Sooth Vietnam}} [[Hoang Van Thai]] <br>{{flagicon|Republic o Sooth Vietnam}} [[Tran Van Tra]]<br>{{flagicon|Republic o Sooth Vietnam}} [[Nguyen Van Linh]]<br>{{flagicon|Republic o Sooth Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Hữu Thọ]] <br>[[Leaders o the Vietnam War|...''an ithers'']] | |casualties1 = {{flagicon|Sooth Vietnam}} '''Sooth Vietnam'''<br>195,000–430,000 ceevilian dead<ref name = "Lewy 1978 450_453">{{Harvnb|Lewy|1978|pp=450–3}}.</ref><ref name="Thayer 1">{{Harvnb|Thayer|1985|loc=chap. 12}}.</ref><br>220,357<ref name="aaron"/> – 313,000 militar dead<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997>{{citation |last=Rummel |first=R.J |year=1997 |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |format=GIF |title=Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations, |work=Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, [http://www.hawaii.edu/ University of Hawaii System] }}</ref><br> 1,170,000 woondit{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}<br> {{flagicon|Unitit States}} '''Unitit States'''<br />58,220 dead;{{#Tag:Ref|The figurs o 58,220 an 303,644 for U.S. daiths an woondit come frae the Department o Defense Statistical Information Analysis Diveesion (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, as well as frae a Depairtment o Veterans fact sheet datit Mey 2010<ref>{{cite report |date=26 February 2010 |title=America's Wars |url=https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/what-was-the-impact-of-the-vietnam-war/ |publisher=Department of Veterans Affairs |month=May |Year=2010}}</ref> the CRS ([[Congressional Research Service]]) Report for Congress, American War an Militar Operations Casualties: Leets an Statistics, datit 26 Februar 2010,<ref>{{cite report |date=26 February 2010 |title=American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |author1=Anne Leland |author2=Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=2013-12-31 |archive-date=2021-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173522/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the beuk Crucible Vietnam: Memoir o an Infantry Lieutenant.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|pp=65, 107, 154, 217}}.</ref> Some ither soorces gie different figures (e.g. the 2005/2006 documentary ''Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975'' citit elsewhaur in this airticle gies a figure o 58,159 U.S. daiths,<ref name="aaron">{{cite video |people = Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) |date=2005 & 2006 |title = Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 |format = Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software |medium = Documentary |publisher = Koch Vision |time = 321 minutes |isbn = 1-4172-2920-9 }}</ref> an the 2007 beuk ''Vietnam Sons'' gies a figur o 58,226)<ref>Kueter, Dale. ''Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended.'' AuthorHouse (21 March 2007). ISBN 978-1425969318</ref>|name=USd&w|group=A}} 303,644 woondit<ref group=A name=USd&w /><br> {{flagicon|Sooth Korea}} '''Sooth Korea'''<br>5,099 dead; 10,962 woondit; 4 missin<br> {{flagicon|Australie}} '''Australie'''<br>500 dead; 3,129 woondit<br><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics.asp |title=Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 &#124; Australian War Memorial |publisher=Awm.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2013-06-29 |archive-date=2013-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516081613/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><br> {{flagicon|New Zealand}} '''New Zealand'''<br />37 dead; 187 woondit<br><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |title=Overview of the war in Vietnam &#124; VietnamWar.govt.nz, New Zealand and the Vietnam War |publisher=Vietnamwar.govt.nz |date=1965-07-16 |accessdate=2013-06-29 |archive-date=2013-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010609/http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |url-status=dead }}</ref><br> {{flagicon|Thailand}} '''Thailand'''<br />351 dead;1,358 woondit<ref>The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History By Spencer C. Tucker "http://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC"</ref><br>{{flagicon|Philippines}} '''Philippines'''<br />9 dead<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-31 |archive-date=2016-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802211105/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Tot deid: 480,538–807,564'''<br />'''Tot woondit: ~1,490,000+{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}''' | |casualties2 = {{flagicon|North Vietnam}}{{flagicon|Republic o Sooth Vietnam}} '''North Vietnam & Viet Cong'''<br>50,000<ref name="Wiesner">Wiesner, Louis A. (1988). ''Victims and Survivors Displaced Persons and Other War Victims in Viet-Nam''. New York: Greenwood Press. p.310</ref>-65,000<ref name = "Lewy 1978 450_453"/> ceevilian dead<br> 400,000<ref name = "Lewy 1978 450_453"/>–1,100,000 militar dead or missin<ref name="AP">Associated Press, 3 April 1995, "Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North."</ref><br> 600,000+ woondit<ref>Soames, John. ''A History of the World'', Routledge, 2005.</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Cheenae}} '''P.R. Cheenae'''<br />4000+ dead<ref name="Toledo Blade 320,000 Chinese troops"/><br> {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} '''Soviet Union'''<br />16 dead<ref>Dunnigan, James & [[Albert Nofi|Nofi, Albert]]: ''Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know.'' St. Martin's Press, 2000, p. 284. ISBN 0-312-25282-X.</ref> '''Tot dead: 455,462–1,170,462'''<br />'''Tot woondit: ~608,200''' | |casualties3 = <div></div> '''[[Aircraft losses o the Vietnam War|Aircraft losses]]'''<br> '''Vietnamese ceevilian dead''': 245,000–2,000,000<ref name="afp1995">{{cite news |title=20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate |first=Philip |last=Shenon |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |date=23 April 1995 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 February 2011 }} The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between North and South Vietnam.</ref><br> '''Cambodian Ceevil War dead''': 200,000–300,000*<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In ''Forced Migration and Mortality'', eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.</ref><ref name = "Sliwinski 1995">{{Harvnb|Sliwinski|1995}}.</ref><ref name="Banister, Judith 1993">Banister, Judith, and Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In ''Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community'', ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.</ref><br> '''Laotian Ceevil War dead''': 20,000–200,000*<br> '''Tot ceevilian dead:''' 465,000–2,500,000**<br> '''Tot dead''': 1,102,000–3,886,026 <nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates approximations <br /><nowiki>**</nowiki> This figure includes aw o the dead frae the Laotian an Cambodian ceevil wars. }} The '''Vietnam War''' ({{lang-vi|Chiến tranh Việt Nam}}, in Vietnam cried the '''American War''' an aa, {{lang-vi|Chiến tranh Mỹ, Kháng chiến chống Mỹ}}), cried the '''Seicont Indocheenae War''' an aa,<ref>{{cite web|author=Factasy |url=http://www.prlog.org/10118782-the-vietnam-war-or-second-indochina-war.html |title=The Vietnam War or Second Indochina War |publisher=PRLog |date= |accessdate=2013-06-29}}</ref> wis a [[Cauld War]]-era [[proxy war]] that occurred in [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], an [[Cambodia]] frae December 1956{{#tag:ref|Due tae the early presence o American truips in Vietnam the stairt date o the Vietnam War is a matter o debate. In 1998 efter a heich level review bi the [[Unitit States Depairtment o Defense|Department o Defense (DoD)]] an through the efforts o [[Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr.|Richard B. Fitzgibbon]]'s faimily the stairt date o the Vietnam War accordin tae the US govrenment wis offeecially chynged tae 1 November 1955.<ref name="DoD p. ">{{harvnb|DoD|1998|p=}}</ref> U.S. govrenment reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date o the "Vietnam Conflict", acause this wis the day when the U.S. Militar Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indocheenae (deployed tae Sootheast Asie unner preses Truman) wis reorganized intae kintra-specific units an MAAG Vietnam wis established.<ref name = "Lawrence 2009 20">{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|p=20}}.</ref> Ither stairt dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in Sooth Vietnam tae begin a law-level [[insurgency]] in December 1956,<ref name = "Olson Roberts 1991 67">{{Harvnb|Olson|Roberts|1991|p=67}}.{{cnf|date=September 2013}}</ref> whauras some view 26 September 1959 when the first battle occurred atween the Communist an Sooth Vietnamese army, as the stairt date.<ref name="WarBegan">[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411013904/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm |date=2010-04-11 }}, The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–346; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.</ref> |group="A"|name="start date"}} tae the [[faw o Saigon]] on 30 Aprile 1975. This war follaed the [[First Indocheenae War]] an wis foucht atween [[North Vietnam]]—supportit bi Cheenae an ither [[communist]] allies—an the govrenment o [[Sooth Vietnam]]—supportit bi the Unitit States an ither [[anti-communism|anti-communist]] kintras.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Vietnam War |quote=Meanwhile, the United States, its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided, began a process of coming to terms with defeat in its longest and most controversial war |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628478/Vietnam-War |accessdate=5 March 2008}}</ref> The [[Viet Cong]] (cried the Naitional Liberation Front, or NLF an aa), a lichtly airmed Sooth Vietnamese communist [[common front]] directit bi the North, foucht a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] against anti-communist forces in the region. The [[Fowk's Airmy o Vietnam]] (a.k.a. the North Vietnamese Airmy) engaged in a mair [[conventional warfare|conventional war]], at times committin lairge units intae battle. U.S. an Sooth Vietnamese forces relied on [[Air supremacy|air superiority]] an owerwhelmin firepouer tae conduct [[search an destroy]] operations, involvin [[Airmy|grund forces]], [[artillery]], an [[airstrike]]s. ==Annotations== <references group="A"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Vietnam War| ]] [[Category:Cambodian Ceevil War]] [[Category:History o Vietnam]] [[Category:Laotian Ceevil War]] [[Category:20t-century conflicts]] [[Category:Cauld War conflicts]] [[Category:Presidency o Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[Category:Presidency o Gerald Ford]] [[Category:Presidency o John F. Kennedy]] [[Category:Presidency o Lyndon B. Johnson]] [[Category:Presidency o Richard Nixon]] [[Category:Revolution-based ceevil wars]] [[Category:Unitit States Airmy in the Vietnam War|*]] [[Category:Unitit States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War|*]] [[Category:Wars involvin Australie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Cambodie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Canadae]] [[Category:Wars involvin Laos]] [[Category:Wars involvin New Zealand]] [[Category:Wars involvin Nicaragua]] [[Category:Wars involvin North Korea]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Philippines]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sooth Korea]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involvin Spain]] [[Category:Wars involvin Thailand]] [[Category:Wars involvin Vietnam]] [[Category:Communism-based ceevil wars]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit States]] qnynykh3gawvtpm8piotzdabusscium 0 65263 923190 894179 2026-09-24T00:01:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |name = Robin Thicke |image = Robin Thicke 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg |caption = Thicke in 2019 |background = solo_singer |birth_name = Robin Charles Thicke |alias = Thicke |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1977|3|10}} |birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie|California]], U.S. |genre = {{flatlist| * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[Soul muisic|soul]] * [[hip hop muisic|hip hop]] * [[pop muisic|pop]] }} |occupation = {{flatlist| * Sangster * sangwriter * record producer * actor }} |instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vocals]] * [[piano]] }} |years_active = 1994–present |label = {{flatlist| * Nu America * [[Star Trak Entertainment|Star Trak]] * [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] }} |associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Lil Wayne]] * [[Pharrell Williams]] * [[Nicki Minaj]] * [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] * [[Flo Rida]] * [[DJ Cassidy]] * [[Chanel West Coast]] }} |website = {{url|http://www.robinthicke.com}} }} '''Robin Charles Thicke''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|ɪ|k}}; born 10 Mairch 1977) is a American sangster-sangwriter, muisicker an actor.<ref>Concepcion, Mariel (July 2, 2008). [http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044919/thicke-says-world-needs-something-else "Thicke Says World Needs 'Something Else'"]. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.</ref> He is the son o actor [[Alan Thicke]] and actress [[Gloria Loring]]. Thicke haes wirkit wi popular airtists such as [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Jennifer Hudson]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], an [[Mary J. Blige]]. Thicke haes been acknawledgit for his wirk on popular albums such as [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]]'s ''[[Confessions (Usher album)|Confessions]]'' an [[Lil Wayne]]'s ''[[Tha Carter III]]'' an aw. Thicke wis a sangster, mentor, an judge on the [[American Broadcast Company|ABC]] show ''[[Duets (TV series)|Duets]]''.<ref name="Duets">{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20576801,00.html |title=Kelly Clarkson Among Singers Starring in Duets |publisher=''People Magazine'' |date=March 8, 2012 |accessdate=April 1, 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6DvhnLSTG?url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20576801,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Early life== Thicke wis born in [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]]. His mither is actress-sangster [[Gloria Loring]] (née Goff), who appeared on U.S. daytime drama ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'', an his faither is Canadian actor [[Alan Thicke]], who is kent for his role on the TV sitcom ''[[Growing Pains]]''. They divorcit when he was seiven.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Thicke Biography (1947–)|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/3/Alan-Thicke.html|work=Film Reference|accessdate=September 27, 2012}}</ref> Thicke haes a aulder brither, [[Brennan Thicke|Brennan]], who worked as a voice actor in the mid-1980s. Thicke is a [[Multiple ceetizenship|dual ceetizen]], hauldin Canadian ceetizenship throu his faither an [[:en:Citizenship in the United States|Unitit States ceetizenship]] throu his mither an bi birth.<ref name="citizen">{{cite web | url=http://www.edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/music/Robin+Thicke+dual+citizenship+qualifies+Blurred/8993367/story.html | title=Robin Thicke dual citizenship qualifies Blurred Lines for next year's Juno Awards | publisher=The Canadian Press | date=3 October 2013 | accessdate=10 October 2013 | author=Patch, Nick }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Personal life== Thicke began datin actress [[Paula Patton]] at the age o 16.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Penn | first = Charli | title = Exclusive: Robin Thicke on Loving Black Women, Interracial Dating, and Pleasing Paula | journal = Essence | date = December 21, 2011 | url = http://www.essence.com/2011/12/21/robin-thicke-on-loving-black-women-interracial-dating-and-pleasing-paula/#ixzz1hEBddYji}}</ref> They wur marriet in 2005, an hae a son, Julian Fuego Thicke, born 6 Apryle 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20358663,00.html|title=Robin Thicke and Paula Patton Welcome a Son|last=Cruz|first=Anne Marie|date=April 7, 2010|work=People Magazine|accessdate=November 2, 2010|archive-date=2016-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527042226/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20358663,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the hairst o 2010, Thicke spent several weeks in New York Ceety recordin an livin in a rentit [[SoHo]] apairtment which he haed convertit intae a makshift profeesional studio.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonicscoop.com/2011/03/07/return-of-the-nomad-engineer-ii-the-top-nyc-studios-of-freelancer-ari-raskin-part-ii/ |title=Return of the Nomad Engineer II: The Top NYC Studios of Freelancer Ari Raskin, Part II March 2011 |publisher=Sonicscoop.com |date=March 7, 2011 |accessdate=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229192646/http://www.sonicscoop.com/2011/03/07/return-of-the-nomad-engineer-ii-the-top-nyc-studios-of-freelancer-ari-raskin-part-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thicke haes said he does no like his muisic bein described as "[[blue-eyed soul]]".<ref>Miller, Mitzi (November 2008), "on the record with ... ROBIN THICKE". ''Essence''. '''39''' (7):66</ref> ==Discografie== {{Main|Robin Thicke discografie}} * ''[[A Beautiful World]]'' (2003) * ''[[The Evolution of Robin Thicke]]'' (2006) * ''[[Something Else (Robin Thicke album)|Something Else]]'' (2008) * ''[[Sex Therapy]]'' (2009) * ''[[Love After War]]'' (2011) * ''[[Blurred Lines (album)|Blurred Lines]]'' (2013) ==Tours== * [[The Beyoncé Experience]] – as an opening act for the North American leg * Jennifer Hudson and Robin Thicke – co-headline tour * [[The Freedom Tour]] – as an opening act for the tour along with [[Melanie Fiona]] * Robin Thicke with special guest [[Miguel (singer)|Miguel]] in [[Houston]], Texas * ''Love After War'' – 3 week promotional tour in November 2011 ==Awairds an nominations== '''[[American Music Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- ||[[:en:American Music Awards of 2007|2007]] || Robin Thicke |[[:en:American Music Award for New Artist of the Year|New Artist of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- ||[[:en:American Music Awards of 2013|2013]] ||Robin Thicke feat [[Pharell]] & [[T.I.]] - ''[[Blurred Lines]]'' |Single of the Year |{{nom}} |- ||[[:en:American Music Awards of 2013|2013]] ||Robin Thicke |[[American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist|Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist]] |{{nom}} |- ||[[:en:American Music Awards of 2013|2013]] ||[[Blurred Lines (album)|Blurred Lines]] |Favorite Soul/R&B Album |{{nom}} {{end}} '''[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |2008 |"[[Lost Without U]]" |Top R&B/Hip-Hop Song |{{won}} |- {{end}} '''[[BET Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|[[BET Awards 2007|2007]] | Robin Thicke |[[BET Award for Best R&B Artists|Best Male R&B Artist]] |{{nom}} |- |"[[Lost Without U]]" |[[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]] |{{nom}} |- |[[BET Awards 2012|2012]] |Himsel |[[BET Centric Award|Centric Award]] |{{nom}} |- {{end}} '''[[Juno Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |[[Juno Awards of 2012|2012]] |"Pretty Lil' Heart" <small>(feat. [[Lil Wayne]])</small> |R&B/Soul Recording of the Year |{{nom}} |- {{end}} '''[[Grammy Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="3"|[[56th Annual Grammy Awards|2014]] |rowspan="2"|"[[Blurred Lines]]" <small>(with [[T.I.]], [[Pharrel Williams]])</small> |[[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] |{{pending}} |- |[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance|Best Pop Duo/Group Performance]] |{{pending}} |- |''[[Blurred Lines (album)|Blurred Lines]]'' |[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]] |{{pending}} |} '''[[Music of Black Origin Awards|MOBO Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |2007 |"[[Lost Without U]]" |Best Song |{{nom}} |- {{end}} '''[[MTV Video Music Award]]''' {{awards table}} |- |[[2007 MTV Video Music Awards|2007]] | Robin Thicke |Male Artist of the Year |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|[[2013 MTV Video Music Awards|2013]] |rowspan="3"| "[[Blurred Lines (song)|Blurred Lines]]" <small>(featuring [[T.I.]] & [[Pharrell Williams|Pharrell]])</small> |[[MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] |{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video|Best Male Video]] |{{nom}} |- |[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] |{{nom}} |- {{end}} '''[[O Music Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |2013 |"[[Blurred Lines (song)|Blurred Lines]]" |Too Much Ass for TV (NSFW Music Videos) |{{nom}} |- {{end}} '''[[Soul Train Music Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |[[2007 Soul Train Music Awards|2007]] |''[[The Evolution of Robin Thicke]]'' | Best R&B/Soul Album, Male |{{nom}} |- |[[2009 Soul Train Music Awards|2009]] |rowspan="2"| Robin Thicke |rowspan="2"|Best Male R&B/Soul Artist |{{nom}} |- |[[2012 Soul Train Music Awards|2012]] |{{nom}} |- {{end}} '''[[Teen Choice Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|2007 | Robin Thicke |Choice Music: Breakout Artist – Male |{{nom}} |- |"[[Lost Without U]]" |Choice Music: Love Song |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"|[[2013 Teen Choice Awards|2013]] || Robin Thicke |Choice Single: Male Artist |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| "[[Blurred Lines (song)|Blurred Lines]]" <small>(featuring [[T.I.]] & [[Pharrell Williams|Pharrell]])</small> |Choice Music: Single Male Artist |{{nom}} |- |Choice Summer: Song |{{nom}} |- {{end}} '''[[World Music Awards]]''' {{awards table}} |- |[[2008 World Music Awards|2008]] | Robin Thicke |World's Best Selling R&B Male |{{nom}} |- {{end}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{commons}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|1=http://www.robinthicke.com/}} * {{IMDb name|1479027|Robin Thicke}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thicke, Robin}} [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:American expatriates in Canadae]] [[Category:American pop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American rhythm an blues sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Blue-eyed soul sangsters]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Rappers frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Male actors frae Vancouver]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Vancouver]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] 9w5embx6q3mmz9b5z1cfq3774os7oup 0 65280 923219 908997 2026-09-24T04:18:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name =The Lion King | image =The Lion King poster.jpg | caption =Theatrical release poster bi [[John Alvin]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Jocelyn |last=Stewart |title=Artist created many famous film posters |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-alvin10feb10,1,5113268.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314184353/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/10/local/me-alvin10 |archive-date=2010-03-14 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2008-02-10 |access-date=2008-02-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> | alt = In an African savannah, several ainimals stare at a lion atap a heich rock. A lion's heid can be seen in the cloods abuin. Atap the image is the text "Walt Disney Pictures presents The Lion King". | director ={{unbulleted list|[[Roger Allers]]|[[Rob Minkoff]]}} | producer =[[Don Hahn]] | screenplay ={{unbulleted list|[[Irene Mecchi]]|[[Jonathan Roberts (writer)|Jonathan Roberts]]|[[Linda Woolverton]]}} | story = {{unbulleted list|Jim Capobianco|Lorna Cook|Thom Enriquez|Andy Gaskill|[[Francis Glebas]]|Ed Gombert|Kevin Harkey|Barry Johnson|Mark Kausler|[[Jorgen Klubien]]|Larry Leker|Rick Maki|[[Burny Mattinson]]|[[Joe Ranft]]|[[Chris Sanders (director)|Chris Sanders]]|[[Tom Sito]]|[[Gary Trousdale]]}} | based on = | starring = {{Plain list | * [[Jonathan Taylor Thomas]] * [[Matthew Broderick]] * [[James Earl Jones]] * [[Jeremy Irons]] * [[Moira Kelly]] * Niketa Calame * [[Ernie Sabella]] * [[Nathan Lane]] * [[Robert Guillaume]] * [[Rowan Atkinson]] * [[Whoopi Goldberg]] * [[Cheech Marin]] * [[Jim Cummings]] * [[Madge Sinclair]]}} | music =[[Hans Zimmer]] | editing =Ivan Bilancio | studio =[[Walt Disney Pictures]]<br />[[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] | distributor =[[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures]] | released ={{Film date|1994|06|15}} | runtime =88 meenits<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web |title=''The Lion King'' (U) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/lion-king-9 |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=Julie 21, 2013 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225110830/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/lion-king-9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | country =Unitit States | language =Inglis | budget =$45 million<ref name="mojo" /> | gross =$968.5 million<ref name="mojo" /> }} '''''The Lion King''''' (''The Lion Keeng'') is a 1994 American ainimatit [[Epic film|epic]] [[muisical film|muisical]] film, produced bi [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. It is the 32nt animatit featur in the [[Leet o Walt Disney Animation Studios films|Disney animatit featur film]]. The story taks place in a kinrick o [[lions]] in [[Africae]], an wis influenced bi [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]''. The film wis produced in a period kent as the [[Disney Renaissance]]. ''The Lion King'' wis directit bi [[Roger Allers]] an [[Rob Minkoff]], produced bi [[Don Hahn]], an haes a screenplay creditit tae [[Irene Mecchi]], [[Jonathan Roberts (writer)|Jonathan Roberts]], an [[Linda Woolverton]]. Its oreeginal sangs wis written bi componer [[Elton John]] an lyricist [[Tim Rice]], an oreeginal scores wis written bi [[Hans Zimmer]]. The film featurs an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble vyce cast]] that includes [[Matthew Broderick]], [[James Earl Jones]], [[Jeremy Irons]], [[Jonathan Taylor Thomas]], [[Moira Kelly]], [[Nathan Lane]], [[Ernie Sabella]], [[Rowan Atkinson]], [[Robert Guillaume]], [[Madge Sinclair]], [[Whoopi Goldberg]], [[Cheech Marin]], and [[Jim Cummings]]. ''The Lion King'' tells the story o [[Simba]], a young lion that is tae succeed his faither, Mufasa, as Keeng o the Pride Lands; housomiver, efter Simba's uncle Scar murthers Mufasa, Simba is maneepulate intae thinkin he wis responsal an flees intae [[exile]]. Upon maturation leevin wi [[Timon an Pumbaa|twa wastrels]], Simba is gien some vailuable perspective frae his bairnheid friend, Nala, an his [[shaman]], Rafiki, afore returnin tae challenge Scar tae end his [[teeranny]] an tak his place in the Circle of Life as the richtfu Keeng. Development o ''The Lion King'' begoud in 1988 in a meetin atween [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], [[Roy E. Disney]] an [[Peter Schneider (film executive)|Peter Schneider]] whiles promotin ''[[Oliver & Company]]'' in Europe. [[Thomas Disch]] writ a [[film treatment]], an Woolverton developpit the first scripts whiles [[George Scribner]] wis signed on as director, bein later jynt by Allers. Production begoud in 1991 concurrently wi ''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Pocahontas]]'', that wound up attractin maist o Disney's tap ainimators. Some time efter the staff traivelt tae [[Hell's Gate Naitional Pairk]] in [[Kenyae]] tae resairch on the film's settin an ainimals, Scribner left production differin wi the deceesion tae turn the film intae a muisical an wis replaced bi Minkoff. Whan Hahn jynt the project, he wis dissatisfee'd wi the script an the story wis quickly rewritten. Near 20 meenit o animation sequences wis produced at [[Disney-MGM Studios]] in Florida. [[Computer animation]] wis forby uised in several scenes, maist notably in the [[wildebeest]] stampede sequence. ''The Lion King'' wis released on Juin 15, 1994, tae a positive reaction frae creetics, that praised the film for its muisic, story, an animation; it feenished its theatrical rin as the heichest-grossin release o 1994 an the [[Leet o heichest-grossin films|seicont highest-grossin film of aw time]]. ''The Lion King'' earnt twa [[Academy Award]]s for its achievement in muisic an the [[Gowden Globe Awaird]] for [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Motion Pictur&nbsp;– Muisical or Comedy|Best Motion Pictur&nbsp;– Muisical or Comedy]]. The film haes led tae [[The Lion King (franchise)|mony derived warks]], sic as [[The Lion King (muisical)|a Broadway adaptation]]; twa [[direct-tae-video]] follae-ups—the sequel, ''[[The Lion King II: Simba's Pride]]'' (1998), an the prequel/[[Sequel#Parallel|parallel]], ''[[The Lion King 1½]]'' (2004)—; twa telly series, ''[[Timon and Pumbaa (TV series)|Timon and Pumbaa]]'' an ''[[The Lion Guard]]''; a [[3D film|3D]] re-release, in 2011; and a [[Photorealism|photorealistic]] [[The Lion King (2019 film)|remak in 2019]], that itsel becam the heichest-grossin ainimatit film at the time o its release. In 2016, the film wis selectit for preservation in the Unitit States [[National Film Registry]] bi the [[Library of Congress]] as bein "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". == Plot == In the Pride Lands o [[Africae]], a lion rules ower the ainimal kinrick frae Pride Rock. Keeng Mufasa's newborn son, [[Simba]], is presentit tae the assemmled ainimals bi Rafiki, a [[mandrill]] wha sers as [[Shamanism|shaman]] an advisor. Mufasa shaws young Simba the Pride Lands an explains tae him the responsibilities o keengship an the "circle o life" that connecks aw leevins. Mufasa's younger brither, [[Scar (The Lion King)|Scar]], covets the throne an plots tae kill Mufasa an Simba fur that he can become keeng. He tricks Simba an his best freend Nala (that Zazu reveals is trystit till Simba) intae explorin a forbidden [[elephants' graffyaird]], whaur thay are attackit bi three [[spottit hyena]]s that are in league wi Scar. Mufasa is alertit tae the danger bi his [[majordomo]], the [[hornbill]] Zazu, an rescues the cubs. Tho angry wi Simba, Mufasa forgies him an explains that the great keengs o the past watch ower them frae the nicht sky, frae that he will ane day watch ower Simba. Scar sets aboot fanklin his brither an neffie, wilin Simba intae a cleuch an haein the hyenas drive a lairge herd o [[wildebeest]] intae a startle that will trample him. He informs Mufasa o Simba's danger, kennin that the keeng will rush tae save his son. Mufasa saves Simba but ends up hingin perilously frae the cleuch edge an is begowkit bi Scar, wha sends him fawin tae his daith. Scar gous ower Simba that the tragedy wis Simba's ain faut an advises him tae flee the kinrick. He orders the hyenas tae kill the cub, but Simba escapes. Scar tells the pride that baith Mufasa an Simba wis killt in the startle an staps forrit as the new keeng, allouin a lairge pack o hyenas tae bide in the Pride Lands. Simba foonders in a desert an is rescued bi [[Timon and Pumbaa]], a [[meerkat]] an [[common wartgaut|wartgaut]] that is fellae ootcasts. Simba growes up in the jungle wi his twa new freends, leevin a lilty life unner the slogan "[[hakuna matata]]" ("nae wirries" in [[Swahili leid|Swahili]]). Nou an adult, Simba rescues Timon an Pumbaa frae a hungry lioness wha turns oot tae be Nala. She an Simba souder an faw in luve, an she eggles him tae return hame, tellin him the Pride Lands haes become a drocht-stricken waste unner Scar's reign. Feelin guilty ower his faither's daith, Simba refuises an rins aff. Simba encoonters Rafiki, that tells him that Mufasa' speerit leeves on in Simba. Simba is then veesitit bi the ghaist o Mufasa in the nicht sky, that tells him he maun claim his richtfu place as keeng. Realisin he canna rin ony mair frae his past, Simba chuises tae return hame. Aidit bi his freends, Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock an confronts Scar. Scar taunts him ower his role in Mufasa's daith an forces him tae the rock edge, whaur he reveals tae Simba that he murthert Mufasa. Hyte as he wis, Simba pins Scar tae the grund an forces him tae reveal the trowth tae the rest o the pride. Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu, an the lionesses fend aff the hyenas while Scar, attemptin tae escape, is cornered bi Simba at the tap o Pride Rock. Scar begs for mercy an attempts tae blame the hyenas for his actions; Simba spares his life but orders him tae leave the Pride Lands fur aye. Scar then attacks his neffie, but Simba manages tae toss him frae the tap o the rock. Scar survives the faw but is killt bi the hyenas, that owerheard him betray them tae Simba. Wi his enemies gane, Simba taks ower the keengship as the rains begin tae faw, restorin life tae the land. Later, wi Pride Rock restored tae its umwhile glory, Rafiki presents Simba an Nala's newborn cub tae the assemmled ainimals, conteenuin the circle o life. == Cast == [[File:LionKingCharacters.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A promotional eemage o the chairacters frae the film. Frae left tae richt: Shenzi, Scar, Ed, Banzai, Rafiki, Young Simba, Mufasa, Young Nala, Sarabi, Zazu, Sarafina, Timon, an Pumbaa]] *[[Matthew Broderick]] as [[Simba]], son o Mufasa an Sarabi, that graws up tae become Keeng o the Pride Lands. [[Joseph Williams (muisicker)|Joseph Williams]] providit adult Simba's singin vyce. [[Mark Henn]] an [[Ruben A. Aquino]] respectively sert as the supervisin ainimators for young an adult Simba.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> **[[Jonathan Taylor Thomas]] vyced young Simba, while [[Jason Weaver]] providit the cub's sangin vyce.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *[[Jeremy Irons]] as Scar, Mufasa's younger brither an Simba's uncle, that taks the throne. [[Andreas Deja]] served as the supervisin animator for Scar.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *[[James Earl Jones]] as Mufasa, Simba's faither, Keeng o the Pride Lands as the film begins. Tony Fucile served as the supervisin animator for Mufasa.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *[[Moira Kelly]] as Nala, Simba's best freend an later his wife. [[Sally Dworsky]] providit her singin vyce. Aaron Blaise an [[Anthony de Rosa]] respectively sert as the supervisin animators for young an adult Nala.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> **[[Niketa Calame]] providit the vyce o young Nala while Laura Williams providit her sangin vyce.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *[[Nathan Lane]] as Timon, a bourdin an sellie yet somewhit leal [[meerkat]] that forby becomes ane o Simba's best freends an adoptive paurents. Michael Surrey serrt as his owerseein animator.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *[[Ernie Sabella]] as Pumbaa, a gullible [[warthog]] that suffers frae pumpin an is Timon's best friend an forby becomes ane o Simba's best friends an adoptive parents. [[Tony Bancroft]] served as his owerseein animator.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *[[Robert Guillaume]] as Rafiki, a wise auld [[mandrill]] (awtho, while coonselin Simba, he jokes that "ye are a [[baboon]], an I amnae") that serves as shaman o the Pride Lands an presents newborn cubs o the Keeng an Queen tae the ainimals o the Pride Lands. [[James Baxter (ainimator)|James Baxter]] served as the owerseein ainimator for Rafiki.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *[[Rowan Atkinson]] as Zazu, a [[hornbill]] that serves as the keeng's [[majordomo]] (or "Mufasa's little stooge", as Shenzi caws him). [[Ellen Woodbury]] served as the owerseein animator for Zazu.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *[[Madge Sinclair]] as Sarabi, Mufasa's mate, Simba's mither, an the leader o the lioness huntin pairty. [[Russ Edmonds]] served as the owerseein animator for Sarabi.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> *The three [[spottit hyena|hyenas]] that serve Scar wis ainimatit bi Alex Kupershmidt an David Burgess.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> **[[Whoopi Goldberg]] as Shenzi, the gallus an capernicious female leader o the trio. ** [[Cheech Marin]] as Banzai, a bairgin an atterie hyena that's aften ready tae molligrant an ackin in a gliff. ** [[Jim Cummings]] as Ed, a donnert hyena that disnae talk, anly communicatin throu [[Spottit hyena#Vocalizations|lauchter]]. Cummings forby vyced a [[gopher]] that talks wi Zazu an replaced Irons as Scar in certaint lines o "[[Be Prepared (sang)|Be Prepared]]" efter Irons blew his vyce.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cEAOsLJad8C&pg=PA141 |title=The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors |isbn=978-1-57806-696-4 |last1=Lawson |first1=Tim |last2=Persons |first2=Alisa |date=December 9, 2004}}</ref> *Zoe Leader as Sarafina, Nala's mither, that is shawn briefly talkin tae Simba's mither, Sarabi. == Production == === Development === The idea for ''The Lion King'' wis conceived in late 1988 amang a conversation atween [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], [[Roy E. Disney]] an [[Peter Schneider (film executive)|Peter Schneider]] on a plane tae Europe fur tae promuive ''[[Oliver & Company]]''. Amang the conversation, the topic o a story set in Africa cam up, an Katzenberg immediately stendit at the idea.<ref name="memoir">{{cite AV media |title=The Lion King: A Memoir&nbsp;– Don Hahn |location=The Lion King: Diamond Edition |format=Blu-ray |year=2011 |publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment}}</ref> The idea wis then developpit by [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]]'s vice preses for creative affairs Charlie Fink.<ref name="neuwirth" /> Katzenberg decidit tae add elements insnorlin comin o age an daith, an ideas frae personal life experiences, sic as some o his bouts in his roch road in politics, sayin anent the film, "It is a little bit about myself."<ref name="pride" /> In November o that year [[Thomas Disch]] (author o ''[[The Brave Little Toaster (novelle)|The Brave Little Toaster]]'') wrote a [[film treatment|treatment]] entitled ''King of the Kalahari'',<ref name="LionKingDisch">{{cite web |url=https://news.jamescumminsbookseller.com/59/ |title=The Origins of 'The Lion King' |access-date=October 22, 2011 |publisher=James Cummins Book Seller |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145705/http://news.jamescumminsbookseller.com/?p=59 |archive-date=2014-04-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> an efterwart, [[Linda Woolverton]] spent a year writin drauchts o the script, that wis titled ''King of the Beasts'' an then ''King of the Jungle''.<ref name="neuwirth" /> The oreeginal version o the film wis verra different frae the feenal film. The plot wis centred on a battle atween lions an baboons wi Scar bein the leader o the baboons, Rafiki bein a cheetah,<ref name="pride">{{cite AV media |title=The Pride of the King |location=The Lion King: Diamond Edition |format=Blu-ray |year=2011 |publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment}}</ref> an Timon an Pumbaa bein Simba's bairnheid freends.<ref name="dvdcommentary" /> Simba wadnae leave the kinrick aither, but become a "lazy, huggerie, gruesome chairacter" due tae maneepulations frae Scar, sae Simba coud be owerthrawn efter comin o age. By 1990, producer [[Thomas Schumacher]], that haed just completit ''[[The Rescuers Down Under]]'', decidit tae yoke the project "acause lions is cuil".<ref name="neuwirth">{{cite book |title=Makin' toons: inside the most popular animated TV shows and movies |url=https://archive.org/details/makintoonsinside0000neuw |first=Allan |last=Neuwirth |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58115-269-2}}</ref> Schumacher likened the script for ''King of the Jungle'' tae "an animatit ''[[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]'' special".<ref name=schu /> ''Oliver & Company'' director [[George Scribner]] wis the initial director o the film,<ref name="mane" /> bein later jynt by [[Roger Allers]], that wis the lead story man on ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' in October 1991.<ref name="memoir" /> Allers brocht wi him [[Brenda Chapman]], that wad become the heid o story.<ref name="neuwirth" /> Efterhaund, several o the lead crew members, includin Allers, Scribner, Hahn, Chapman, an production designer [[Chris Sanders (director)|Chris Sanders]], teuk a trip tae [[Hell's Gate Naitional Pairk]] in Kenyae, in order tae study an gain an appreciation o the environment for the film.<ref name="art" /> Efter sax month o story development wark Scribner decidit tae leave the project, as he clashed wi Allers an the producers on thair deceesion tae turn the film intae a muisical, as Scribner's intention wis o makkin a documentary-lik film mair focused on naitural aspects.<ref name="memoir" /><ref name="mattinson" /> [[Rob Minkoff]] replaced Scribner,<ref name="art" /> an producer [[Don Hahn]] jynt the production as Schumacher becam anly an executive producer due tae Disney promuivin him tae Vice Preses o Development for Feature Animation.<ref name=schu>{{cite press release |url=http://www.disney.com.au/tlk/media/TLK_Media_Kit_v4.pdf |title=The Lion King: The Landmark Musical Event |year=2013 |publisher=Walt Disney Company |access-date=February 14, 2014 |page=7 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222175039/http://www.disney.com.au/tlk/media/TLK_Media_Kit_v4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hahn foond the script unfocused an lackin a clear theme, an efter estaiblishin the main theme as "leavin bairnheid an facin up tae the realities o the warld", askit fur a final retool. Allers, Minkoff, Chapman an Hahn then rewrit the story atouer twa week o meetins wi directors [[Kirk Wise]] an [[Gary Trousdale]], that haed juist feenished ''Beauty and the Beast''.<ref name="art">{{cite book |title=The art of The Lion King |url=https://archive.org/details/artoflionking0000finc |author=Finch, Christopher |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artoflionking0000finc/page/n174 165]–193 |chapter=Afterword |publisher=Hyperion |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7868-6028-9}}</ref> The script an aa haed its teetle chynged frae ''King of the Jungle'' tae ''The Lion King'', as the settin wis nae the jungle but the savannah.<ref name="memoir" /> ''The Lion King'' wis the first Disney ainimatit faitur tae be an oreeginal story, raither than be based on an awreidy existin wirk. The filmmakers haes said that the story o ''The Lion King'' wis inspired bi the lifes o [[Joseph (patriarch)|Joseph]] an [[Moses]], frae the Bible, an [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]''.<ref name="PlatinumEditionDVDOrigins">{{cite AV media |title=The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 2), Origins |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Walt Disney Home Entertainment]] |date=June 15, 1994}}</ref> In the simmer o 1992, the team wis jynt by screenwriter [[Irene Mecchi]], wi a seicont screenwriter, [[Jonathan Roberts (writer)|Jonathan Roberts]], jynin a few month efter. Mecchi an Roberts teuk chairge o the reveesion process, fixin wanreponed emotional issues in the script an addin divert material fur Pumbaa, Timon an the hyenas.<ref name="LionKingProduction">{{cite press release |url=http://www.lionking.org/text/FilmNotes.html |title=Lion King Production Notes |access-date=August 5, 2008 |publisher=Walt Disney Pictures |date=May 25, 1994 |archive-date=2008-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026100715/http://www.lionking.org/text/FilmNotes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lyricist [[Tim Rice]] wirkit close wi the writin team, fleein tae Californie at least ance a month acause his sangs needit tae wirk in the narrative conteenuity. Rice's lyrics—that war rewirkit up tae the production's end—war pinned tae the [[storybuird]]s durin development.<ref name="art" /> Rewrites wis frequent, wi animator [[Andreas Deja]] sayin that completit scenes wad be deleevered, anly fur the repone tae be that pairts needit tae be reainimatit acause o dialogue chynges.<ref name="neuwirth" /> === Casting === The vyce actors wis chuisen for how thay fit an coud add tae the chairacters—fur instance, [[James Earl Jones]] wis cast acause the directors foond his vyce "pouerfu" an seemilar tae a lion's roar.<ref name="making" /> Jones commentit that throu the years o production, Mufasa "became mair an mair o a gaupie da steid o [a] grand king".<ref name=fone /> [[Nathan Lane]] oreeginally audeetioned for Zazu, an [[Ernie Sabella]], for ane o the hyenas. Upon meetin ilk ither at the recordin studio, the actors, that at the time baith co-starred in ''[[Guys and Dolls]]'', wis askit tae record thegither as hyenas. The directors laucht at thair performance an decidit tae cast thaim as Timon an Pumbaa.<ref name="making">{{cite AV media |title=The Making of The Lion King |location=''The Lion King'' [[laserdisc]] |medium=Laserdisc |publisher=[[Walt Disney Home Entertainment]] |year=1995}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/15/entertainment/la-et-lion-king-20110915 |title=A 'Lion's' tale |first=Susan |last=King |work=The Los Angeles Times |date=September 15, 2011 |access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> For the hyenas, the oreeginal intention wis tae reunite [[Cheech & Chong]], but while [[Cheech Marin]] acceptit tae play Banzai, [[Tommy Chong]] wisnae available. Sicweys his role wis changed intae a female hyena, Shenzi, that wis vyced bi [[Whoopi Goldberg]].<ref name="dvdcommentary" /> Matthew Broderick wis cast as adult Simba early in production, an in the three years o vyce actin anly recordit wi anither actor ance, an anly diskivered Moira Kelly vyced Nala at the premiere.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/27/movies/at-the-movies.html |title=The Lion Evolves |work=The New York Times |first=Dave |last=Kehr |date=December 27, 2002 |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> Jeremy Irons haed at first refuised the role due tae no bein feel gaun frae the dramatic performance as [[Claus von Bülow]] in ''[[Reversal of Fortune]]'' tae a comedic role. But ance he came in, Irons' performance even inspired the writers tae incorporate mair o his actin as von Bülow—addin ane o that chairacter's lines, "Ye hae nae idea"—an animator Andreas Deja tae watch baith ''Reversal of Fortune'' an ''[[Damage (1992 film)|Damage]]'' tae pick up Irons's facial traits an tics.<ref name="fone">{{cite web |url=http://news.moviefone.com/2011/09/15/jeremy-irons-and-james-earl-jones-on-the-lion-king-3d-and-keep/ |title=Jeremy Irons and James Earl Jones on 'The Lion King 3D' and Keeping It Together When Mufasa Dies |publisher=Moviefone |date=September 15, 2011 |first=Aiden |last=Redmond |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-05-15/entertainment/ca-57883_1_jeremy-irons |title=SUMMER SNEAKS '94 : You Can't Hide His Lion Eyes |work=The Los Angeles Times |date=May 15, 1994 |first=Chris |last=Willman |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> === Animation === {{Quote box|width =33%|quote="''The Lion King'' wis conseidert a wee film acause we war gangin tae tak some risks. The pitch fur the story wis a lion cub gets framed for murther bi his uncle set tae the muisic o Elton John. Fowk said, 'Whit? Guid luck wi that.' But for some reason, the fowk wha endit up on the film wis heichly passionate aboot it an motivatit."|source=Don Hahn<ref name=latimes />}} The development o ''The Lion King'' coincided with that o ''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Pocahontas]]'', that maist o the animators o [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]] decidit tae wirk on insteid, believin it wad be the mair prestigious an sonsie o the twa.<ref name="PlatinumEditionDVDOrigins" /> The story artists forby didnae hae muckle faith in the project, wi Chapman declarin she wis laith tae accept the job "acause the story wisna verra guid",<ref name="neuwirth" /> an writer [[Burny Mattinson]] saying tae co-wirker [[Joe Ranft]] "A dinnae ken wha is gaunae want tae watch that ane."<ref name="mattinson">{{cite book |title=Walt's People –, Volume 9 |editor=Ghez, Didier |author=Norman, Floyd |pages=463–464 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4500-8746-9}}</ref> Most o the leadin animators aither war daein thair first major wirk supervisin a chiaracter, or haed muckle interest in ainimatin an ainimal.<ref name="pride" /> Thirteen o thir owerseein animators, baith in California an Florida, wis responsible for establishin the personalities an settin the tone for the film's main chairacters. The ainimation leads for the main chairacters includit [[Mark Henn]] on young Simba, [[Ruben A. Aquino]] on adult Simba, [[Andreas Deja]] on Scar, Aaron Blaise on young Nala, [[Anthony DeRosa]] on adult Nala, an Tony Fucile on Mufasa.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> Naur 20 meenit o the film, includin the "A jist Cannae Wait tae Be King" sequence,<ref name="dvdcommentary">Allers, Roger; Hahn, Don, and Minkoff, Rob (1995). Laserdisc/DVD audio commentary for ''The Lion King''. Walt Disney Home Entertainment</ref> wis ainimate at the [[Disney's Hollywood Studios|Disney-MGM Studios]] facility. Mair nor 600 artists, ainimators, an technicians contreibutit tae ''The Lion King''.<ref name="mane" /> Weeks afore the film wis tae be released, [[1994 Northridge yirdquauk]] shut doun the studio an required the animators tae finish thair wirk frae hame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voices.yahoo.com/producer-don-hahn-shares-his-experiences-working-on-9456197.html?cat=40 |title=Producer Don Hahn Shares His Experiences Working on 'The Lion King' |first=Eric |last=Shirey |publisher=Yahoo! |date=Sep 28, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514142235/http://voices.yahoo.com/producer-don-hahn-shares-his-experiences-working-on-9456197.html?cat=40 |archive-date=May 14, 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514142235/http://voices.yahoo.com/producer-don-hahn-shares-his-experiences-working-on-9456197.html?cat=40 |date=2012-05-14 }}</ref> The chairacter ainimators studied real-life ainimals for reference, as wis duin for the 1942 Disney film ''[[Bambi]]''. [[Jim Fowler]], weel-kent wildlife expert, veesitit the studios on several occasions wi a omnie-gaitherum o lions an ither savannah indwallers tae commune anent behaviour an help the animators gie thair drawins authenticity.<ref name="art" /> The animators forby studied ainimal muivements at the [[Zoo Miami|Miami MetroZoo]] unner guidance frae wildlife expert [[Ron Magill]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FilMiami's Shining Star: Ron Magill |url=http://www.filmiami.org/news_11May_Ron.asp |website=FilmMiami |publisher=Miami-Dade County |access-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525015758/http://www.filmiami.org/news_11May_Ron.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Pride Lands is modeled efter the Kenyan naitional pairk veesitit bi the crew. Varied focal lenths an lenses wis employed tae differ frae the habitual portrayal o Africae in documentaries—that employ [[telephoto lens]]es tae film the wildlife frae a distance. The epic feel drew inspiration frae concept studies bi airtist Hans Bacher — whilk, follaein Scribner's request for realism, tried tae depaint eftercomes lik [[lens flare]] — an the wirks o penters [[Charles Marion Russell]], [[Frederic Remington]] an [[Maxfield Parrish]].<ref name="art" /><ref>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/dreamworldsprodu00bach/page/66 66] |title=Dream worlds: production design for animation |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamworldsprodu00bach |first=Hans P. |last=2007 |publisher=Focal Press |isbn=0-240-52093-9}}</ref> Acause the chairacters wisnae anthropomorphised, aw the ainimators haed tae learn tae draw fower-leggit ainimals, an the story an chairacter development wis filmed throu uise o langer shots follaein the chairacters.<ref name="dvdcommentary" /> Computers helpit the filmmakkers tae present thair veesion in new ways. Fur the "wildebeest startle" sequence, several sindry wildebeest chairacters wis creatit in a 3D computer program, multiplied intae hunders, [[cel shadin|cel shadit]] fur tae leuk lik drawn animation, an gien randomised paths doun a moontainside tae seemulate the real, wanpredeectable muivement o a herd.<!--the "Be Prepared" sequence was done by animating a handful of hyenas by hand and duplicating them, not my using he same CGI process as the wildebeests--><ref>{{cite AV media |title=The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 2), Computer Animation |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Walt Disney Home Entertainment]] |date=June 15, 1994}}</ref> Five speicially trained ainimators an technicians spent mair nor twa year creautin the twa-and-a-hauf-meenit startle.<ref name="LionKingProduction" /> The [[Computer Animation Production System|CAPS]] helpit tae seemulate camra muivements sic as [[trackin shot]]s, an wis employed in colourin, lichtin, an pairticle effects.<ref name="dvdcommentary" /> == Music == Lyricist [[Tim Rice]], that wis wirkin wi componer [[Alan Menken]] on sangs for ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'', wis invitit tae write the sangs, an accepit on the condeetion o finnin a componin pairtner. As Menken wisnae available, the producers accepit Rice's suggestion o [[Elton John]],<ref name="making" /> efter Rice's invitation o [[ABBA]] fell throu due tae [[Benny Andersson]] bein busy wi the musical ''[[Kristina från Duvemåla]]''.<ref name="pride" /> John expressed an interest in writin "ultra-pop songs that weans wad like; then bodies-muckle can awa an see thae films an get jist sae muckle pleisur oot o thaim", mentionin a possible hank fae ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'', whaur he felt the "muisic wis sae funny an chairmt weans an bodies-muckle".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Elton John: The Billboard Interview |last=White |first=Timothy |journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |pages=95–96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA27 |date=October 4, 1997}}</ref> John an Rice wrote five oreeginal sangs for the film ("[[Circle of Life]]", "[[I Just Can't Wait to Be King]]", "[[Be Prepared (sang)|Be Prepared]]", "[[Hakuna Matata (sang)|Hakuna Matata]]", an "[[Can You Feel the Love Tonight]]") wi John's performance o "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" playin ower the end credits.<ref name="music" /> The [[IMAX]] an DVD releases addit anither sang, "The Morning Report", based on a sang discairdit durin development that eventually featurt in the [[The Lion King (muisical)|live muisical version o ''The Lion King'']].<ref>{{cite AV media |title=The Making of The Morning Report |location=The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 1) |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Walt Disney Home Entertainment]] |date=June 15, 1994}}</ref> The score wis componed bi [[Hans Zimmer]], that wis hired based on his wirk in twa films in African settings, ''[[The Power of One (film)|The Power of One]]'' an ''[[A World Apart (film)|A World Apart]]'',<ref name="art" /> an supplementit the score wi tradeetional African muisic an choir elements arranged bi [[Lebo M]].<ref name="music">{{cite AV media |title=The Lion King: Platinum Edition (Disc 1), Music: African Influence |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Walt Disney Home Entertainment]] |date=June 15, 1994}}</ref> Zimmer's partners [[Mark Mancina]] an [[Jay Rifkin]] helped wi arrangements an song production.<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=The Lion King |others=Hans Zimmer, Elton John, Tim Rice |publisher=[[Walt Disney Records]] |type=Original soundtrack |year=1994 |id=60858-7}}</ref> The ''Lion King'' oreeginal motion picture soundtrack wis released by [[Walt Disney Records]] on Julie 13, 1994. It wis the fowert-best-selling album o the year on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] an the top-selling soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1994/the-billboard-200 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601191853/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1994/the-billboard-200 |archive-date=June 1, 2008 |title=Year-end 1994 Billboard 200 |access-date=August 5, 2008 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> It is the anly soundtrack for an animated film tae be [[RIAA certification|certified Diamond]] (10× platinum) bi the [[Recording Industry Association of America]]. Zimmer's complete instrumental score for the film wis never oreeginally gien a full release by Disney, until the soundtrack's commemorative [[Walt Disney Records: The Legacy Collection#The Lion King|20t anniversary re-release]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grisham |first1=Lori |title=Walt Disney Records tae release legacy collection |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/05/07/walt-disney-to-release-legacy-collection/8803881/ |access-date=June 25, 2014 |publisher=USA Today |date=May 7, 2014}}</ref> ''The Lion King'' an aa inspired the 1995 release ''[[Rhythm of the Pride Lands]]'', wi aicht songs by Zimmer, Mancina, an Lebo M.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rhythm of the Pride Lands: The Musical Journey Continues&nbsp;... |journal=Billboard |date=January 5, 1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80}}</ref> The uise o the song "[[The Lion Sleeps Tonight]]" in a scene wi Timon an Pumbaa led tae disputes atween Disney an the faimily o South African [[Solomon Linda]], that componed the song (oreeginally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In Julie 2004, Linda's filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties frae Disney. In Februar 2006, Linda's heirs reached a legal dounset wi Abilene Music, that held the warldwide richts an haed licensed the sang tae Disney for an undisclosed amunt o money.<ref name="undisclosed">{{cite news |publisher=BBC News |date=February 16, 2006 |title=Disney settles Lion song dispute |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4721564.stm |access-date=August 12, 2008}}</ref> == Release == For ''The Lion King''{{'}}s first [[film trailer]], Disney optit tae featur a single scene, the enteer appenin sequence wi the song "Circle of Life". [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] preses [[Dick Cook]] said the deceesion wis made for sic an approach acause "we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we've seen", an Don Hahn added that "Circle of Life" worked as a trailer as it "came off so strong, and so good, and ended with such a bang". The trailer wis released in November 1993, accompanyin ''[[The Three Musketeers (1993 film)|The Three Musketeers]]'' in theatres, as anly a third o ''The Lion King'' haed been completit.<ref name=den /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-11-29/entertainment/ca-62180_1_lion-king |date=November 29, 1993 |author=Welkos, Robert W. |title=Will 'Lion King' Be Disney's Next 'Beast'? |work=The Los Angeles Times |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> Audience reaction wis enthusiastic, causin Hahn tae hae some ineetial concerns as he becam afraid o nae livin up tae the expectations raised bi the preview.<ref name=den>{{cite web |author=Brew, Simon |url=http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/18284/don-hahn-interview-the-lion-king-disney-pixar-frankenweenie-and-the-future-of-animation |title=Don Hahn interview: The Lion King, Disney, Pixar, Frankenweenie and the future of animation |publisher=Den of Geek ([[Dennis Publishing]]) |date=November 3, 2011 |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> Prior tae the film's release, Disney did 11 [[test screenin]]s.<ref name=70mm /> Upon release, ''The Lion King'' wis accompanied bi an extensive mercatin campaign that included tie-ins wi [[Burger King]], [[Mattel]], [[Kodak]], [[Nestlé]] an [[Payless ShoeSource]], an various merchandise,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/12/business/in-the-realm-of-marketing-the-lion-king-rules.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=In the Realm of Marketing, 'The Lion King' Rules |work=The New York Times |author=Hofmeister, Sallie |date=July 12, 1994 |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> accounting 186 licensed products.<ref>{{cite book |title=Research in media promotion |first=Susan |last=Tyler Eastman |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8058-3382-9 |page=244}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hollywood planet: global media and the competitive advantage of narrative transparency |page=216 |first=Scott Robert |last=Olson |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8058-3230-3}}</ref> In 1994, Disney earned approximately $1 billion wi products based on the film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/article/1995/06/23/look-movie-merchandising |title=Playing for Keeps |work=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=April 5, 2014 |first=Pat H. |last=Broeske |date=June 23, 1995}}</ref> wi $214 million for ''Lion King'' toys during Christmas 1994 alane.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Disneyization of Society |url=https://archive.org/details/disneyizationsoc00brym |first=Alan |last=Bryman |page=[https://archive.org/details/disneyizationsoc00brym/page/n94 86] |publisher=Sage |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7619-6765-1}}</ref> === Home media === ''The Lion King'' wis first released on VHS an [[laserdisc]] in the United States on Mairch 3, 1995, unner [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s "[[Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection|Masterpiece Collection]]" video series. The VHS tape conteened a special preview for [[Walt Disney Pictures]]' then-upcomin [[ainimation|ainimatit]] [[film]] ''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Pocahontas]]'', in that the [[Pocahontas (chairacter)|teetle chairacter]] (vyced bi [[Judy Kuhn]]) sings the musical nummer "[[Colors of the Wind]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening to The Lion King 1995 VHS [True HQ] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Le-XSQ83yEY |date=January 31, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2016}}</ref> In addition, Deluxe Editions o baith formats war released. The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film, an exclusive [[lithograph]] o Rafiki an Simba (in some editions), a commemorative "Circle of Life" [[Epigraph (leeteratur)|epigraph]], sax concept airt lithographs, anither tape wi the hauf-oor TV shaw ''The Making of The Lion King'', an a certificate o authenticity. The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition an aa conteened the film, sax concept airt lithographs an ''The Making of The Lion King'', an addit storybuirds, chairacter design airtwark, concept airt, rough animation, an a directors' commentary that the VHS edeetion did nae hae, on a tot o fower dooble sidit discs. The VHS tape quickly becam the best-sellin videotape o aw time: 4.5 million tapes war sauld on the first day<ref name="homevideosellingfigures">{{cite web |publisher=ComingSoon.Net |title=''The Lion King'' home video selling figures |url=https://comingsoon.net/news.php?id=1818 |date=October 9, 2003 |access-date=July 7, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222065417/http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=1818 |archive-date=2005-02-22 |url-status=dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222065417/http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=1818 |date=2005-02-22 }}</ref> an ultimately sales totaled mair nor 30 million<ref name="EWlionking">{{cite news |work=Entertainment Weekly |title="Lion King" sets new records with DVD release |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2003/10/13/lion-king-sets-new-records-dvd-release |access-date=August 16, 2008 |first=Gary |last=Susman |date=October 13, 2003}}</ref> afore thir home video versions went intae [[moratorium (entertainment)|moratorium]] in 1997.<ref name="homevideoinfo">{{cite web |publisher=Lionking.org |title=TLK on Home Video |url=http://www.lionking.org/homevideo.html |access-date=September 24, 2006 |archive-date=2006-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010180557/http://www.lionking.org/homevideo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On October 7, 2003, the film wis re-released on VHS an released on DVD for the first time, teetled ''The Lion King: Platinum Edition'', as pairt o Disney's [[Platinum Edition]] line o animated classic DVDs. The DVD release featurt twa versions o the film on the first disc, a remastered version creatit for the 2002 [[IMAX]] release an an edited version o the IMAX release purporting tae be the oreeginal 1994 theatrical version.<ref name="dvddifferences">{{cite web |publisher=UltimateDisney.com |title=The Lion King: Platinum Edition DVD Review (Page 2) which shows the differences between the film presented on the DVD and the original theatrical cut |url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/thelionking2.html |access-date=January 24, 2009}}</ref> A seicont disc, wi bonus features, wis an aa included in the DVD release. The film's soundtrack wis providit baith in its oreeginal [[Dolby 5.1]] track an in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix, makin this ane o the first Disney DVDs sae equipped.<ref name="DVDfeatures">{{cite web |publisher=IGN |date=April 16, 2003 |title=''The Lion King'' Special Edition |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/04/16/the-lion-king-special-edition-2 |access-date=September 18, 2006}}</ref> By means o [[seamless branching]], the film coud be viewed aither wi or wioot a newly creatit scene&nbsp;– a short conversation in the film replaced wi a complete song ("The Morning Report"). A Special Collector's Gift Set wis an aa released, containing the DVD set, five exclusive lithographed chairacter portraits (new sketches creatit an signed bi the oreeginal chairacter animators), an an introductory book entitled ''The Journey''.<ref name="homevideoinfo" /> The Platinum Edition o ''The Lion King'' featurt changes made tae the film during its IMAX re-release, includin re-drawn [[crocodile]]s in the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence as well as ither alterations.<ref name="dvddifferences" /> Mair nor twa million copies o the Platinum Edition DVD an VHS units war sauld on the first day o release.<ref name="homevideosellingfigures" /> A DVD boxed set o the three ''The Lion King'' films (in twa-disc Special Edition formats) wis released on December 6, 2004. In Januar 2005, the film, alang wi the sequels, went back intae moratorium.<ref name="outofprint">{{cite web |publisher=UltimateDisney.com |title=Out of Print Disney DVDs |url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/disneyvault.html |access-date=September 24, 2006}}</ref> [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] released the [[Walt Disney Platinum and Diamond Editions|Diamond Edition]] o ''The Lion King'' on October 4, 2011.<ref name="PR News Wire">{{cite news |title=Audiences to Experience Disney's "The Lion King" Like Never Before |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/audiences-to-experience-disneys-the-lion-king-like-never-before-122647058.html |access-date=May 26, 2011 |newspaper=PR News Wire |date=May 26, 2011}}</ref> This marks the time that the film haes been released in heich-definition [[Blu-ray]] an on [[Blu-ray 3D]].<ref name="PR News Wire" /><ref name="IGN">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Lion King 3D Blu-ray Details |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/05/25/exclusive-lion-king-3d-blu-ray-details |access-date=May 26, 2011 |newspaper=IGN |date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> The initial release wis produced in three different packages: a twa-disc version wi Blu-ray an DVD; a fower-disc version wi Blu-ray, DVD, Blu-ray 3D, an [[digital copy]]; an an aicht-disc [[box set]] that an aa includes the sequels ''[[The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride]]'' an ''[[The Lion King 1½]]''.<ref name="PR News Wire" /><ref name="IGN" /> A standalone single-disc DVD release an aa followed on November 15, 2011.<ref name="PR News Wire" /> The Diamond Edition topped the Blu-ray charts wi ower 1.5 million copies sauld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/blu-ray-disc/lion-king-fast-five-propel-blu-ray-record-breaking-week-25386 |title='Lion King,' 'Fast Five' Propel Blu-ray to Record-breaking Week |work=Home Media Magazine |date=October 18, 2011 |first=John |last=Latchem |access-date=December 24, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035539/http://www.homemediamagazine.com/blu-ray-disc/lion-king-fast-five-propel-blu-ray-record-breaking-week-25386 |archive-date=February 22, 2014}}</ref> The film sauld 3.83 million Blu-ray units in tot, leadin tae a $101.14 million income.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/news/125440830-Blu-ray-Sales-Vamps-Defeat-Tramp |title=Blu-ray Sales: Vamp Defeat Tramp |work=The Numbers |date=March 1, 2012 |author=C.S.Strowbridge |access-date=March 1, 2012 |archive-date=2018-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107064643/https://www.the-numbers.com/news/125440830-Blu-ray-Sales-Vamps-Defeat-Tramp |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reception == === Box office === ''The Lion King'' earned $422,783,777 in North America an an $545,700,000 in ither territories for a warldwide tot o $968,483,777.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |title=The Lion King |access-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> It is currently the [[List of highest-grossing films|29nt highest-grossing film]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |access-date=August 7, 2011 |title=All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses |work=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> the [[List of highest-grossing animated films#Worldwide highest-grossing animated films|saxt highest-grossing animated film]] o aw time worldwide an the third highest-grossing film o [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] (behind ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]'' an ''[[Zootopia]]'').<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/frozen-becomes-highestgrossing-disney-animated-film-of-all-time-9058069.html |title=Frozen becomes highest-grossing Disney animated film of all time |work=The Independent |author=Hooton, Christopher |date=January 14, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |archive-date=2015-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322145826/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/frozen-becomes-highestgrossing-disney-animated-film-of-all-time-9058069.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film wis an aa the highest-grossing motion picture o [[1994 in film|1994 worldwide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1994&p=.htm |title=1994 WORLDWIDE GROSSES |access-date=September 26, 2011}}</ref> Efter its initial run, haein earned $763.4 million,<ref name="lion-initial">{{cite web |title=The Lion King |work=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Services |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Lion-King-The#tab=summary |access-date=November 20, 2011 |quote=North American gross after first run: $312,825,889; Owerseas gross prior tae re-release:$455,800,000 |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420102404/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Lion-King-The#tab=summary |url-status=dead }}</ref> it ranked as the seicont-highest-grossing film o aw time worldwide, behind ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-04-12/business/9504120314_1_gump-star-wars-lion-king |title='Gump' Soars Past 'Star Wars' |date=February 12, 1995 |work=Chicago Tribune |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66y8qmNFr?url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-04-12/business/9504120314_1_gump-star-wars-lion-king |archive-date=2012-04-16 |deadurl=no |df=mdy |access-date=2015-06-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in North America, ootside North America, an worldwide) until it wis surpassed bi the [[computer animated]] ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' (2003), ''[[Shrek 2]]'' (2004), ''[[Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs]]'' (2009), an ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' (2010) prior tae the 2011 re-release. Wi the earnings o the 3D run, ''The Lion King'' surpassed aw the aforementioned films but ''Toy Story 3'' tae rank as the seicont-highest-grossing animated film worldwide—later downgraded tae saxt efter ''Frozen'' (2013), ''[[Minions (film)|Minions]]'' (2015), an ''[[Zootopia]]'' (2016)—an it remains the highest-grossing haund-drawn animated film.<ref name="crown">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3274&p=.htm |title=Weekend Report: 'Lion King' Regains Box Office Crown |author=Subers, Ray |date=September 19, 2011 |publisher=Box Office Mojo |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> It is an aa the biggest animated movie o the last 50 years in terms o estimatit attendance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3272&p=.htm |title=Forecast: 'Lion King' to Roar Again |author=Gray, Brandon |date=September 16, 2011 |publisher=Box Office Mojo |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> ==== Original theatrical run ==== ''The Lion King'' haed a leemitit release in North America on Juin 15, 1994, playin in anly twa theaters, [[El Capitan Theater]] in Los Angeles an [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City.<ref>Eller, Claudia. [http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-07/entertainment/ca-43276_1_lion-king "Summer Movie Hype Coming In Like a 'Lion' : Disney Opens Season With April Ticket Sales for a June Release"]. ''The Los Angeles Times'', April 7, 1994.</ref> It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend o Juin 17–19, staundin at the tenth place o the box office ranking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-20/entertainment/ca-6420_1_lion-king |title='Wolf,' 'Lion King' Grab the Movie-Goers |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 20, 1994 |author=Natale, Richard |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> The average o $793,377 per theater stands as the lairgest ever achieved during a weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/theateravg.htm?page=THTRAVG&p=.htm |title=TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES |access-date=September 26, 2011}}</ref> The wide release followed on Juin 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens. The digital [[surround sound]] o the film led mony o those theaters tae implement [[Dolby Laboratories]]' newest sound seestems.<ref>{{cite news |author=Fantel, Hans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/business/technology-cinema-sound-gets-a-digital-lift.html |title=Technology; Cinema Sound Gets a Digital Life |work=New York Times |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> ''The Lion King'' grossed $40.9 million&nbsp;– that at the time wis the fowert biggest openin weekend earnin iver an the heichest sum for a Disney film &nbsp;– tae tap the weekend box office.<ref name="mane">{{cite news |url=http://www.ew.com/article/1994/07/08/storyboard-screen |title=Mane Attraction |first=Steve |last=Daly |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=July 8, 1994 |access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> It an aa earned a rare "A+" rating frae [[CinemaScore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/why-cinemascore-matters-box-office-225563 |title=Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 19, 2011 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |first=Pamela |last=McClintock}}</ref> Bi the end o its theatrical run, in ware 1995, it haed earned $312,855,561,<ref name="mojo" /> bein the seicont-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America ahint ''[[Forrest Gump]]''.<ref name="movies">{{cite web |url=http://movies.go.com/boxoffice?cat=1994 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326022707/http://movies.go.com/boxoffice?cat=1994 |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |title=Top 50 movies of 1994 |access-date=March 17, 2009}}</ref> Ootside North Americae, it earned $455.8 million in its ineetial rin, for a warldwide tot o $768.6 million.<ref name="lion-initial" /> [[Box Office Mojo]] estimates that the film sauld ower 74 million tickets in the US in its ineetial theatrical rin.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=May 31, 2016 |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm |title=The Lion King (1994) |publisher=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> ==== Re-releases ==== ===== IMAX and large-format ===== The film wis re-issued on December 25, 2002 for [[IMAX]] an [[large-format]] theaters. Don Hahn explained that aicht years efter ''The Lion King'' got its oreeginal release, "there was a whole new generation of kids who haven't really seen it, particularly on the big screen." Gien the film haed already been digitally archived during production, the restoration process wis easier, while an aa providin mony scenes wi enhancements that covered up oreeginal deficiencies.<ref name=70mm>{{cite web |url=http://in70mm.com/news/2002/lion_king/index.htm |date=December 2002 |title=The Lion King: The IMAX Experience. |author=Kallay, William |publisher=In 70mm |access-date=March 12, 2009 |archive-date=2014-04-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140412163645/http://in70mm.com/news/2002/lion_king/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvdfile.com/news/special_report/in_the_round/lionking/1.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231043027/http://www.dvdfile.com/news/special_report/in_the_round/lionking/1.html |archive-date=2007-12-31 |title=In the Round » Making 'Return of the King' |access-date=March 12, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> An enhanced sound mix wis an aa providit, tae as Hahn explained, "make the audience feel like they're in the middle of the movie."<ref name=70mm /> On its first weekend, ''The Lion King'' made $2.7 million frae 66 locations, a $27,664 per theater average. This run ended wi $15,686,215 on Mey 30, 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=lionking.htm |title=Releases for The Lion King (1994) |publisher=Box Office Mojo |access-date=April 5, 2014 |archive-date=2014-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406224103/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=lionking.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===== 3D conversion ===== In 2011, ''The Lion King'' wis converted tae [[3D film|3D]] for a twa-week leemitit theatrical re-issue an subsequent 3D [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] release.<ref name="PR News Wire" /><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter">{{cite news |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |title=Disney's 'The Lion King' to Return to Theaters in Digital 3D |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disneys-lion-king-return-theaters-192621 |access-date=May 26, 2011 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=May 26, 2011}}</ref> The film opened at the nummer ane spot on Friday, September 16, 2011 wi $8.9 million<ref>Subers, Ray. [http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3273&p=.htm "Friday Report: 'Lion King' Pounces on Weak Field"]. [[Box Office Mojo]], September 16, 2011.</ref> an finished the weekend wi $30.2 million, ranking nummer ane at the box office. This made ''The Lion King'' the first re-issue release tae earn the nummer-ane slot at the American weekend box office syne the re-issue o ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' in Mairch 1997.<ref name="crown" /> The film an aa achieved the fowert-highest September openin weekend o aw time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/month/?mo=09&p=.htm |title=TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH SEPTEMBER |work=Box Office Mojo |access-date=April 5, 2014 |archive-date=2014-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404141237/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/month/?mo=09&p=.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It held off very well on its seicont weekend, again earnin first place at the box office wi a 27 percent decline tae $21.9 million.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3278&p=.htm Weekend Report: 'Lion' Remains 'King,' 'Moneyball,' 'Dolphin Tale' Go Extra Innings]</ref> Most box-office observers haed expected the film tae faw aboot 50 percent in its seicont weekend an war an aa expecting ''[[Moneyball (film)|Moneyball]]'' tae be at first place.<ref>McClintock, Pamela. [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-preview-brad-pitts-239296 "Box Office Preview: Brad Pitt's 'Moneyball' Looks to Out-Run Taylor Lautner's 'Abduction'"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''. September 22, 2011</ref> Efter its initial box-office success, mony theaters decidit tae continue tae shaw the film for mair nor twa weeks, even tho its 3D [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] release wis scheduled for twa-and-a-hauf weeks efter its theatrical release.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In North America, the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on Januar 12, 2012 wi a gross $94,242,001. Ootside North America, it earned $83,400,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking3d.htm |title=The Lion King (in 3D) |publisher=Box Office Mojo |access-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> The successfu 3D re-release o ''The Lion King'' made Disney an [[Pixar]] plan 3D theatrical re-releases o ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'', ''[[Finding Nemo]]'', ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'', an ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' during 2012 an 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title='Beauty and the Beast', 'The Little Mermaid', 'Finding Nemo', 'Monsters, Inc.' get 3-D re-releases |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2011/10/04/disney-3d-beauty-beast-mermaid |work=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=October 27, 2011 |date=October 4, 2011 |first=Grady |last=Smith}}</ref> Houiver, nane o the re-releases o the first three films achieved the enormous success o ''The Lion King 3D'' an theatrical re-release o ''The Little Mermaid'' wis ultimately cancelled.<ref>*{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3601&p=.htm |title=2012 Recap (cont.): Losers |publisher=Box Office Mojo |access-date=January 14, 2013}} *{{cite web |url=http://collider.com/pirates-of-the-caribbean-5-release-date-the-muppets-2-release-date/ |title=Release Dates for PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN 5, THE MUPPETS 2, and 1952; MALEFICENT Pushed Back to July 2014 |publisher=Collider |access-date=January 14, 2013}} *{{cite web |url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/disney-dates-pirates-muppets-sequels-1118064645/ |title=Disney dates 'Pirates,' 'Muppets' sequels |publisher=Variety |access-date=January 14, 2013}} *{{cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |title=Disney cancels 'Little Mermaid 3-D,' dates 'Pirates 5' for 2015 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/14/entertainment/la-et-ct-disney-cancels-little-mermaid-3d-pirates-5-2015-20130114 |access-date=January 14, 2013 |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> In 2012, Ray Subers o ''Box Office Mojo'' wrote that the reason why the 3D version o ''The Lion King'' succeeded wis acause, "the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting, and ''The Lion King (3D) ''felt timely given the movie's imminent Blu-ray release. Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since, meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off."<ref>Ray Subers. [http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3526&p=.htm Weekend Report: 'Resident Evil 5,' 'Nemo 3D' Lead Another Slow Weekend]. Box Office Mojo. September 16, 2012</ref> === Critical response {{anchor|Critics}} === ''The Lion King'' wis released tae critical acclaim. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds a rating o 91%, based on 113 reviews, wi an average rating o 8.33 oot o 10. It an aa ranked 56th on thair "Top 100 Animation Movies".<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 100 Animation Movies – Rotten Tomatoes |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/top_100_animation_movies |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |access-date=2016-01-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923072035/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/top_100_animation_movies |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |df=}}</ref> The site's critical consensus reads, "Emotionally stirring, richly drawn, and beautifully animated, ''The Lion King'' stands tall within Disney's pantheon of classic family films."<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |title=The Lion King |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_lion_king/ |access-date=September 15, 2014}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film haes a score o 83 oot o 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref name="meta">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-lion-king |title=The Lion King (1994): Reviews |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS]] |access-date=August 13, 2008}}</ref> [[CinemaScore]] reportit that audiences gae the film a rare "A+" grade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/why-cinemascore-matters-box-office-225563 |title=Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office |author=Pamela McClintock |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=August 19, 2011 |access-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] gae it 3 1/2 oot o 4-stars an cried the film "a superbly drawn animated feature" an, in his prent review wrote, "The saga of Simba, which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly to ''Hamlet'', is a learning experience as well as an entertainment."<ref name="tlkebertreview">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |authorlink=Roger Ebert |work=rogerebert.com |date=June 24, 1994 |title=The Lion King review |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-lion-king-1994 |access-date=April 14, 2014}}</ref> On the telly program ''[[At the Movies (U.S. TV series)|Siskel & Ebert]]'', the film wis praised but received a mixed reaction whan compared tae previous Disney films. Ebert an his pairtner [[Gene Siskel]] baith gae the film a "Thumbs Up" but Siskel said that it wis nae as guid as earlier films sic as ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' an wis "a good film, not a great one".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper]] |title=''The Lion King'' review |url=http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/ebertandroeper/index2.html?sec=1&subsec=1140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514012002/http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/ebertandroeper/index2.html?sec=1&subsec=1140 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-05-14 |access-date=February 28, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hal Hinson o ''[[The Washington Post]]'' cried it "an impressive, almost daunting achievement" an felt that the film wis "spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney's feature-length animations", but wis less enthusiastic taewart the end o his review sayin, "Shakespearean in tone, epic in scope, it seems more appropriate for grown-ups than for kids. If truth be told, even for adults it is downright strange."<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news |last=Hinson |first=Hal |work=The Washington Post |date=June 24, 1994 |title=The Lion King review |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/review96/lionkinghin.htm |access-date=August 6, 2008}}</ref> [[Owen Gleiberman]] o ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' praised the film, writin that it "has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 24, 1994 |title=''The Lion King'' movie review |url=https://www.ew.com/article/1994/06/24/lion-king-0 |access-date=August 12, 2008 |archive-date=2015-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617124341/http://www.ew.com/article/1994/06/24/lion-king-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' film creetic [[Peter Travers]] praised the film an felt that it wis "a hugely entertaining blend of music, fun and eye-popping thrills, though it doesn't lack for heart".<ref>{{cite web |last=Travers |first=Peter |work=Rolling Stone |date=July 14, 1994 |title=''The Lion King'' movie review |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947315/review/5947316/the_lion_king |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201931/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947315/review/5947316/the_lion_king |archive-date=2008-04-29 |access-date=August 13, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[James Berardinelli]] frae ReelViews praised the film saying, "With each new animated release, Disney seems to be expanding its already-broad horizons a little more. ''The Lion King'' is the most mature (in more than one sense) of these films, and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children. Happily, for those of us who generally stay far away from 'cartoons', they have succeeded."<ref>{{cite web |last=Berardinelli |first=James |publisher=ReelViews.net |title=''The Lion King'' review |url=http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/lion-king-the |access-date=August 13, 2008}}</ref> Some reviewers still haed problems wi the film's narrative. The staff o ''[[TV Guide]]'' wrote that while ''The Lion King'' wis technically proficient an enterteenin, it "offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits, and a hasty, unsatisfying dramatic resolution."<ref>{{cite web |work=TV Guide |title=''The Lion King'' movie review |url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/lion-king/review/129956/ |access-date=August 13, 2008 |archive-date=2015-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123913/http://www.tvguide.com/movies/lion-king/review/129956/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'''s Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the guid ainimation, the story felt lik "manipulat[ing] our responses at will", as "Between traumas, the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly, rambunctious comedy".<ref>{{cite web |work=New Yorker |author=Rafferty, Terrence |title=''The Lion King'' movie review |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/film/the_lion_king_minkoff |access-date=August 13, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218132505/https://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/film/the_lion_king_minkoff |archive-date=December 18, 2008}}</ref> === Accolades === ''The Lion King'' received fower [[Golden Globe]] an [[Academy Awaird]] nominations. The film wad go on tae win twa Golden Globes; for [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Motion Pictur – Muisical or Comedy|Best Motion Pictur&nbsp;– Muisical or Comedy]] an [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Oreeginal Score|Best Oreeginal Score]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/25384 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303090233/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/25384 |archive-date=March 3, 2012 |title=SEARCH&nbsp;– Lion King, The |publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] |access-date=August 5, 2008}}</ref> as well as twa Academy Awairds, for [[Academy Awaird for Best Oreeginal Score|Best Oreeginal Score]] ([[Hans Zimmer]]) an [[Academy Awaird for Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] wi "[[Can You Feel the Love Tonight]]" by [[Elton John]] an [[Tim Rice]].<ref name="oscars">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/1990-1999/67nominees.html |title=Nominees & Winners for the 67th Academy Awards |publisher=oscars.org |access-date=September 20, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122642/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/1990-1999/67nominees.html |archive-date=March 8, 2012}}</ref> The sangs "[[Circle of Life]]" an "[[Hakuna Matata (sang)|Hakuna Matata]]" war an aa nominatit.<ref name="oscars" /> "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" an aa wan the [[Grammy Awaird]] for Best Male Vocal Performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grammy.com/artist/elton-john |title=Elton John |publisher=Grammy.com |access-date=August 5, 2008}}</ref> ''The Lion King'' an aa won [[Annie Awaird]]s for [[Annie Awaird for Best Ainimatit Featur|Best Ainimatit Featur]], Best Achievement in Vyce Actin (for [[Jeremy Irons]]) an Best Individual Achievement for Story Contreibution in the Field o Animation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://annieawards.org/22ndwinners.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512011102/http://annieawards.org/22ndwinners.html |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |title=Legacy: 22nd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1994) |publisher=[[Annie Award]]s |access-date=August 5, 2008}}</ref> At the [[Saturn Awairds]], the film wis nominatit in twa categories, Best Fantasy Film an Best Performance bi a Younger Actor awtho it did nae win in aither category.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saturn Awards go to 'Vampire,' 'Gump,' 'Pulp'date=June 27, 1995 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |volume=337 |issue=43 |page=6}}</ref> The film an aa received twa nominations at the [[British Academy Film Awards]], for Best Soond as weel as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music awtho it lost in baith categories tae ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' an ''[[Backbeat (film)|Backbeat]]'' respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1995/film? |title=1995 BAFTA Awards |publisher=BAFTA.org |access-date=March 17, 2009}}</ref> The film received twa [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI Film & TV Awards]] for Film Music an Most Performed Song wi "Can You Feel the Love Tonight."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000106/1995 |title=BMI Film & TV Awards: 1995 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |access-date=August 5, 2008}}</ref> At the [[1995 MTV Movie Awards]], the film received nominations for Best Villain an Best Song, tho it lost in baith categories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1995/ |title=MTV Movie Awards: 1995 |publisher=MTV.com |access-date=August 5, 2008 |archive-date=2012-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830211407/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1995/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''The Lion King'' won the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the [[1995 Kids' Choice Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners/ |title=Kids' Choice Awards: All Winners |publisher=[[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] |access-date=August 5, 2007 |archive-date=2014-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122184504/http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, ''The Lion King'' wis ranked as the 319t greatest film ever made bi ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine,<ref name="Empire5">{{cite news |last=Braund |first=Simon |author2=Glen Ferris |author3=Ian Freer |author4=Nev Pierce |author5=Chris Hewitt |author6=Dan Jolin |author7=Ian Nathan |author8=Kim Newman |author9=Helen O'Hara |author10=Olly Richards |author11=Owen Willams |work=Empire |title=The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time |url=http://www.empireonline.com/500/34.asp |access-date=March 11, 2010 |archive-date=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723025549/http://www.empireonline.com/500/34.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> an in Juin 2011, [[Time (magazine)|''TIME'']] named it ane o "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".<ref>{{cite news |title=The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films – The Lion King |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/06/23/the-25-all-time-best-animated-films/slide/the-lion-king-1994/ |work=TIME |access-date=August 19, 2011 |author=Richard Corliss |date=June 23, 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022161020/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/06/23/the-25-all-time-best-animated-films/slide/the-lion-king-1994/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Juin 2008, the [[American Film Institute]] listed ''The Lion King'' as the fowert best film in the animation genre in its [[AFI's 10 Top 10]] leet,<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 |date=June 17, 2008 |url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/animation.html |access-date=June 18, 2008}}</ref> haein previously put "Hakuna Matata" as 99t on its [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs]] rankin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/songs100.pdf?docID=244 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919175606/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/songs100.pdf?docID=244 |archive-date=September 19, 2009 |title=The Top Movie Songs of All Time |access-date=May 22, 2008 |author=American Film Institute |year=2004 |format=PDF}}</ref> In 2016, the film wis selected for preservation in the Unitit States [[National Film Registry]] bi the [[Library of Congress]] as bein "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". === Controversies === Certaint elements o the film war considered tae bear a resemblance tae a 1960s Japanese [[anime]] telly shaw, ''[[Kimba the White Lion|Jungle Emperor]]'' (kent as ''Kimba the White Lion'' in the United States), wi chairacters haein seemilar analogues, an various individual scenes bein seemilar in composition tae the shaw. Matthew Broderick believed initially that he wis, in fact wirkin on an American version o ''Kimba'' syne he wis familiar wi the Japanese oreeginal.<ref>[[Peter Schweizer|Schweizer, Peter]] and Rochelle Schweizer. ''Disney: The Mouse Betrayed: Greed, corruption, and children at risk'', Regnery, Washington, D.C., 1998. Chapter 11 "The Lyin' King", pp. 167–168.</ref> Houiver ''The Lion King'' director, Roger Allers, claimed he wis unfamiliar wi the shaw: {{quote|The whole time I worked on ''The Lion King'' the name of that show never came up. At least I never heard it. I had never seen the show and really only became aware of it as ''Lion King'' was being completed, and someone showed me images of it. I worked with George Scribner and Linda Woolverton to develop the story in the early days but then left to help out on ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]''. If one of them were familiar with Kimba they didn’t say. Of course, it’s possible... Many story ideas developed and changed along the way, always just to make our story stronger. I could certainly understand Kimba’s creators feeling angry if they felt we had stolen ideas from them. If I had been inspired by Kimba I would certainly acknowledge my inspiration. All I can offer is my respect to those artists and say that their creation has its loyal admirers and its assured place in animation history.<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrea |last=Fiamma |title=Intervista a Roger Allers, il regista de Il Re Leone |date=December 12, 2014 |work=Fumettologica Magazine |url=http://www.fumettologica.it/2014/12/intervista-roger-allers-re-leone/2/ |access-date=March 30, 2015}}</ref>}} Co-director Rob Minkoff claimed he wis unfameeliar wi it "I know for a fact that ["Kimba"] haes never been discussed as lang as I've been on the project... In my experience, if Disney becomes aware o anything lik that, thay say you will nae dae it. Fowk are claiming copyright infringement aw the time." He statit that whaniver a story is based in Africae, it is "not unusual to have characters like a baboon, a bird or hyenas." an aw.<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert W. |last=Welkos |title=A 'Kimba' Surprise for Disney : Movies: 'The Lion King' is a hit, but reported similarities to the Japanese-created American cartoon of the '60s are raising some questions. |date=July 13, 1994 |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-07-13/entertainment/ca-15117_1_lion-king |access-date=March 30, 2015}}</ref> Yoshihiro Shimizu, o [[Tezuka Productions]], that creatit ''Kimba the White Lion'', haes refuted rumours that the studio wis peyed hush money by Disney but explains that thay rejected urges frae within the industry tae sue acause, "we're a small, weak company. It wouldn't be worth it anyway&nbsp;... Disney's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world!"<ref>Kelts, Roland, Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the US. Reprint edn (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). p.45</ref> Protests war raised against ane scene whaur it appears as if the wird "SEX" might hae been embeddit intae the dust fleein in the sky whan Simba flops doun,<ref name="The">{{cite web |publisher=[[Snopes]] |title=The alleged "SEX" frame in ''The Lion King'' |url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/lionking.asp |access-date=July 1, 2006}}</ref> that conservative activist [[Donald Wildmon]] assertit wis a [[Subliminal stimuli|subliminal message]] intendit tae promote [[sexual promiscuity]]. Ane of the animators, [[Tom Sito]], haes stated that the letters spell "SFX" (a common abbreviation for "[[special effect]]s"), nae wi an "E" insteid o the "F", an war intendit as an innocent "signature" creatit bi the effects animation team.<ref>{{cite book |title=Disney: The Mouse Betrayed : Greed, Corruption, and Children at Risk |url=https://archive.org/details/disneymousebetra00schw |author1=Schweizer, Peter |author2=Schweizer, Rochelle |publisher=Regnery Pub. |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/disneymousebetra00schw/page/142 142] |ISBN=0-89526-387-4}}</ref> Hyena biologists protestit against the ainimal's portrayal: ane hyena resaircher sued Disney studios for [[defamation o chairacter]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.suzieszterhas.com/a/pdf/BBC_WL_SUM08_HYENA_final.pdf |title=The good,the bad and the hyena |journal=BBC Wildlife |date=Summer 2008 |author=McPherson, James |access-date=2015-06-22 |archive-date=2014-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027025919/http://www.suzieszterhas.com/a/pdf/BBC_WL_SUM08_HYENA_final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an anither—that haed organised the animators' veesit tae the [[Varsity o Californie, Berkeley|Varsity o Californie]]'s Field Station for Behavioural Research, whaur thay wad observe an skeitch captive hyenas—<ref name="glick">{{cite journal |title=The Spotted Hyena From Aristotle to the Lion King: Reputation is Everything |author=Glickman, Stephen |work=Social Research: An International Quarterly |volume=62 |issue=3 |date=Fall 1995}}</ref> includit [[boycott]]in ''The Lion King'' amang the weys it wad help preserve hyenas in the wild.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lionconservation.org/PopularArticles/Girl-power,Africa-Geographic,2006.pdf |title=Girl Power |first=Laurence D. |last=Frank |journal=African Geographic |date=May 2006}}</ref> The hyenas hae an aa been interpretit tae represent an anti-immigrant allegory, whaur the hyenas wad be black an Latino ethnic commonties.<ref>Martin-Rodriguez, Manuel (2000) "Hyenas in The Pride Lands: Latinos/As and Immigration in Disney's The Lion King". Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 25(1): 47-67</ref><ref>Gooding‐Williams, Robert. "Disney in Africa and the inner city: On race and space in The Lion King." Social identities 1.2 (1995): 373-379.</ref><ref>Foster, David. "The Lion King Falls Prey to Howls of Sexism, Racism." Chicago Tribune 26 (1994).</ref><ref>Brunette, Libby, Claudette Mallory, and Shannon Wood. "Stereotypes & Racism in Children's Movies." Retrieved April 1 (1997): 2008.</ref> The film haes an aa been creeticised for advancin a fascist narrative in its portrayal o the lion kinrick an the circle o life whaur "only the strong and the beautiful triumph, and the powerless survive only by serving the strong."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=Matt |date=March 1996 |title=The Lion King: A short history of Disney-fascism |url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC40folder/LionKing.html |journal=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media]] |volume= |issue=40 |pages=15–22}}</ref> == Legacy == === Sequels an spin-offs === The first ''Lion King''-relatit ainimatit projects involved the chairacters o Timon an Pumbaa. First, the duo starned in the ainimatit short "Stand by Me", featurin Timon singin [[Stand by Me (sang)|the eponymous sang]], that wis released in 1995 accompanyin the theatrical release o ''[[Tom and Huck]]''. Then the duo received thair ain ainimatit shaw, ''[[Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)|The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa]]'', that ran for three saisons an 85 episodes atween 1995 an 1999. Ernie Sabella conteena'd tae vyce Pumbaa, while Timon wis vyced bi [[Quinton Flynn]] an [[Kevin Schon]] in addeetion tae Nathan Lane.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's animated characters |author=Grant, John |page=150 |publisher=Hyperion Books |year=1998 |isbn=0-7868-6336-6}}</ref> Disney released twa direct-to-video films relatit tae ''The Lion King''. The first wis sequel ''[[The Lion King II: Simba's Pride]]'', released in 1998 on VHS. The film centres aroond Simba an Nala's dochter, Kiara, that faws in love wi Kovu, a male lion that wis raised in a pride o Scar's follaers, the Outsiders.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/23/movies/video-review-a-lion-king-with-girls-as-stars.html |title=VIDEO REVIEW; A 'Lion King' With Girls as Stars |author=James, Caryn |date=October 23, 1998 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 12, 2014}}</ref> 2004 saw the release o anither ''Lion King'' film on DVD, ''[[The Lion King 1½]]''. It is a prequel in shawin how Timon an Pumbaa met ilk ither, an an aa a [[Sequel#Parallel|parallel]] in that it an aa depicts what the chairacters war [[retconned]] tae hae duin in the events o the oreeginal movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/02/06/the-lion-king-1-12-2 |title=The Lion King 1 1/2 |author=Patrizio, Andy |date=February 6, 2004 |access-date=April 13, 2014 |publisher=IGN}}</ref> In Juin 2014, it wis annoonced that a new TV series based on the film wad be released cried ''[[The Lion Guard]]'', featurin Kion, the seicont-born cub of Simba an Nala. ''The Lion Guard'' is a sequel to ''The Lion King'' an takes place during the time-gap within ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.''<ref>{{cite web |last=Brett |first=Susan |title=EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Disney’s The Lion Guard creator Ford Riley talks new Lion King sequel |url=http://tvdaily.com/exclusive-interview-disneys-the-lion-guard-creator-ford-riley-talks-new-lion-king-sequel/ |publisher=''TVdaily.com'' |access-date=August 23, 2016 |date=February 8, 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823115446/http://tvdaily.com/exclusive-interview-disneys-the-lion-guard-creator-ford-riley-talks-new-lion-king-sequel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It wis first broadcast on [[Disney Channel]] as a telly film titled ''The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar'' in November 2015 afore airing as a series on [[Disney Junior]] in Januar 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://time.com/2851192/spin-off-of-the-lion-king-aims-to-enchant-a-new-generation-of-viewers |first=Melissa |last=Hellmann |publisher=Time |date=June 10, 2014 |access-date=June 10, 2014 |title=Spin-Off of The Lion King Aims to Enchant a New Generation of Viewers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://variety.com/2015/tv/news/lion-king-tv-show-lion-guard-disney-1201567908/ |title=Disney to Revive ‘Lion King’ With ‘Lion Guard’ TV Series |last=Steinberg |first=Brian |date=August 12, 2015 |work=Variety |publisher=Variety Media |access-date=August 12, 2015}}</ref> === CGI live-action remake === In September 2016, follaein the critical and financial success of ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]'', [[Walt Disney Pictures]] annoonced that thay war developin a [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] creatit live-action remake of ''The Lion King'', with [[Jon Favreau]] directing.<ref name="favreau">{{cite web |url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-jon-favreau-the-lion-king/ |title=Disney and Jon Favreau Joining Forces on "The Lion King" |publisher=The Walt Disney Company |date=September 28, 2016 |access-date=September 28, 2016}}</ref> The follaein month, [[Jeff Nathanson]] wis hired to write the script for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2016/10/disneys-live-action-lion-king-hires-jeff-nathanson-to-pen-script/ |title=Disney’s Live-Action ‘Lion King’ hires Jeff Nathanson to pen script |publisher=Inside the Magic |last=McCabe |first=Adam |date=October 13, 2016}}</ref> Favreau will shoot it back to back with [[The Jungle Book (2016 film)#Sequel|''The Second Jungle Book'']].<ref name="favreau" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://collider.com/lion-king-jungle-book-2-jon-favreau-interview/ |title=Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ‘The Lion King’ and ‘The Jungle Book 2’ |publisher=Collider |last=Foutch |first=Haleigh |date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> In Februar 2017, Favreau annoonced that [[Donald Glover]] haed been cast as Simba and that [[James Earl Jones]] wad be reprising the role of Mufasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lion-king-live-action-movie-casts-donald-glover-as-simba-977488 |title='Lion King' Remake Casts Donald Glover as Simba, James Earl Jones as Mufasa |publisher=Hollywood Reporter |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> The follaein month, it wis reportit that [[Beyoncé]] wis Favreau's top choice to vyce Nala, but she haed nae acceptit the role yet due to a pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://variety.com/2017/film/news/beyonce-lion-king-remake-nala-1202019931/ |last=Kroll |first=Justin |title=Beyonce Top Choice to Voice Nala in ‘Lion King’ Remake (EXCLUSIVE) |publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 30, 2017 |access-date=April 25, 2017}}</ref> In Apryle 2017, [[Billy Eichner]] and [[Seth Rogen]] jynt the film as Timon and Pumbaa, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/841623-timon-and-pumbaa |last=Lesnick |first=Silas |title=Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen Set as The Lion King’s Timon and Pumbaa |publisher=Comingsoon.net |date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=April 25, 2017}}</ref> Production for the film begoud in Mey 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/lion-king-disney-filming-start-synopsis/|last=Lammers|first=Timothy|title=Disney's Live-Action The Lion King Starts Production in May|website=[[Screen Rant]]|date=March 18, 2017|accessdate=March 18, 2017}}</ref> It wis released on 19 Julie 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/04/25/frozen-2-lion-king-disney-release-dates/|last=Snetiker|first=Marc|title=Disney sets release dates for Frozen 2, Lion King, and more|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=April 25, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2017|archive-date=2020-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419232247/https://ew.com/movies/2017/04/25/frozen-2-lion-king-disney-release-dates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Video games === Alang wi the film release, three different video gemmes based on ''The Lion King'' war released bi [[Virgin Interactive]] in December 1994. The main teetle wis developed bi [[Westwood Studios]], an published for [[Personal computer|PC]] an [[Amiga]] computers an the consoles [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]] an [[Sega Mega Drive]]/Genesis. Dark Technologies creatit the [[Game Boy]] version, while Syrox Developments handled the [[Master System]] an [[Game Gear]] version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/lion-king |title=The Lion King |publisher=Moby Games |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> The film an sequel ''Simba's Pride'' later inspired anither gemme, [[Torus Games]]' ''[[The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure]]'' (2000) for the [[Game Boy Color]] an [[PlayStation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Craig |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/12/01/disneys-the-lion-king-simbas-mighty-adventure |title=Disney's The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure Review |publisher=IGN |date=November 30, 2000}}</ref> Timon an Pumbaa an aa appeared in ''[[Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games]]'', a 1995 PC gemme collection o [[puzzle game]]s by [[7th Level]], later ported tae the SNES by [[Tiertex]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/games-time-forgot-timon-and-pumbaa-s-jungle-games-85888.phtml |title=Games time forgot: Timon and Pumbaa's Jungle Games |author=Burch, Anthony |publisher=Destructoid |date=March 6, 2008 |access-date=April 5, 2014 |archive-date=2015-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921025316/http://www.destructoid.com/games-time-forgot-timon-and-pumbaa-s-jungle-games-85888.phtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Square Enix]] series ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]'' featurs Simba as a recurring [[Gameplay of Final Fantasy#Magic|summon]],<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide">{{cite book |last=Birlew |first=Dan |year=2003 |title=Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomheartsoff00birl |publisher=[[BradyGames]] |isbn=978-0-7440-0198-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hollinger |first=Elizabeth |year=2004 |title=Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories Official Strategy Guide |publisher=[[BradyGames]] Publishing |isbn=978-0-7440-0473-1}}</ref> as well as a playable in the ''Lion King'' warld, kent as Pride Lands, in ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]''. Thare the plotline is lowsely relatit tae the later pairt o the oreeginal film, wi aw o the main chairacters except Zazu an Sarabi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollinger |first=Elizabeth |year=2006 |title=Kingdom Hearts II Official Strategy Guide |publisher=[[BradyGames]] Publishing |isbn=978-0-7440-0526-4}}</ref> ''The Lion King'' an aa provides ane o the worlds featurt in the 2011 action-adventure gemme ''[[Disney Universe]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/disney-universe-review/1900-6342869/ |title=Disney Universe Review |publisher=GameSpot |first=Kevin |last=VanOrd |date=October 28, 2011 |access-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref> an Simba wis featurt in the [[Nintendo DS]] title ''[[Disney Friends]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/07/disney-friends-review |title=Disney Friends Review |publisher=IGN |first=Jack |last=DeVries |date=March 7, 2008 |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> === Stage adaptations === [[Disney Theatrical Productions|Walt Disney Theatrical]] produced a muisical stage adaptation o the same name, that premiered in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]] in Julie 1997, an later appent on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in October 1997 at the [[New Amsterdam Theatre]]. [[The Lion King (muisical)|''The Lion King'' muisical]] wis directit bi [[Julie Taymor]]<ref>https://louisvilleky.gov/events/disneys-lion-king {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402065705/https://louisvilleky.gov/events/disneys-lion-king |date=2016-04-02 }}</ref> an featurt songs frae baith the movie an ''Rhythm of the Pride Lands'', alang wi three new composeetions bi Elton John an Tim Rice. Mark Mancina did the muisical arrangements an new orchestral tracks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997/nov/03/entertainment/ca-49687 |title=Disney's Great Leap |date=November 3, 1997 |access-date=April 13, 2014 |author=Pacheco, Patrick |work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The muisical becam ane o the maist successfu in Broadway history, winnin sax [[Tony Awairds]] includin [[Tony Awaird for Best Muisical|Best Muisical]], an despite muivin tae the [[Minskoff Theatre]] in 2006, is still rinnin tae this day in New York, becomin the [[Leet o the langest-rinnin Broadway shaws|third langest-rinnin shaw]] an heichest grossin Broadway production in history. The shaw's financial success led tae adaptations aw ower the warld.<ref name=schu /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/75222-Long-Runs-on-Broadway |title=Long Runs on Broadway |work=Playbill |author1=Nason-Brown, Jennifer |author2=Playbill Staff |date=January 19, 2014 |access-date=March 5, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125114615/http://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/75222-Long-Runs-on-Broadway |archive-date=2014-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.broadwayworld.com/grossescumulative.cfm?sortby=totaltotalGross&orderby=desc |title=Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show |publisher=BroadwayWorld.com |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111204548/http://www2.broadwayworld.com/grossescumulative.cfm?sortby=totaltotalGross&orderby=desc |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''The Lion King'' inspired twa attractions retellin the story o the film at [[Walt Disney Parks and Resorts]]. The first, "[[The Legend of the Lion King]]", featurt a recreation o the film throu life-size puppets o its chairacters, an ran frae 1994 tae 2002 at [[Magic Kingdom]] in [[Walt Disney World]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2011/07/vintage-walt-disney-world-legend-of-the-lion-king/ |title=Vintage Walt Disney World: Legend of the Lion King |date=July 7, 2011 |author=Rasmussen, Nate |publisher=Disney Parks |access-date=April 13, 2014 |archive-date=2014-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415002145/http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2011/07/vintage-walt-disney-world-legend-of-the-lion-king/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither that is still rinnin is the live-action 30-minute muisical revue o the movie, "[[Festival of the Lion King]]", that incorporates the muisical nummers intae gymnastic routines wi leeve actors, alang wi animatronic puppets o Simba an Pumba an a costumed actor as Timon. The attraction appent in Aprile 1998 at Disney World's [[Disney's Animal Kingdom|Animal Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/entertainment/animal-kingdom/festival-of-the-lion-king/ |title=Festival of the Lion King |publisher=Walt Disney World |access-date=April 5, 2014}}</ref> an in September 2005 in [[Hong Kong Disneyland]]'s [[Adventureland (Disney)|Adventureland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://park.hongkongdisneyland.com/hkdl/en_US/parks/listing?name=AdventurelandAttractionListingPage |title=Adventureland&nbsp;— Attractions & Entertainment |publisher=Hong Kong Disneyland |access-date=April 5, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210205830/http://park.hongkongdisneyland.com/hkdl/en_US/parks/listing?name=AdventurelandAttractionListingPage |archive-date=December 10, 2011}}</ref> A seemilar version under the name "The Legend of the Lion King" wis featurt in [[Disneyland Paris]] frae 2004 tae 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://corporate.disneylandparis.com/CORP/EN/Neutral/Images/uk-annual-report-2004.pdf |pages=26–7 |format=PDF |title=EURO DISNEY S.C.A.: Annual Report 2004 |publisher=Euro Disney |access-date=2015-06-22 |archive-date=2017-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701224921/http://corporate.disneylandparis.com/CORP/EN/Neutral/Images/uk-annual-report-2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dlpguide.com/guidebook/disneyland-park/discoveryland/videopolis-theatre/ |title=Videopolis Theatre |publisher=DLPGuide |access-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref> {{Clear}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Portal|Disney|Cartoon|Animation|Film|1990s|Africa|Film in the United States|United States}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/the-lion-king}} * {{Amg movie|131171|The Lion King}} * {{mojo title|id=lionking|title=The Lion King}} * {{IMDb title|title=The Lion King|id=0110357}} * {{bcdb title|id=3|title=The Lion King}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|id=the_lion_king|title=The Lion King}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lion King, The}} [[Category:1990s adventur films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1994 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:3D re-releases]] [[Category:American epic films]] [[Category:American muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Pictur Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Directorial debut films]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Film scores bi Hans Zimmer]] [[Category:Films aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Films aboot lions]] [[Category:Films aboot ryalty]] [[Category:Films based on Hamlet]] [[Category:Films directit bi Roger Allers]] [[Category:Films directit bi Rob Minkoff]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Don Hahn]] [[Category:Films set in Africae]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Fratricide in feection]] [[Category:Hyenas in popular cultur]] [[Category:The Lion King| ]] [[Category:Regicide in feection]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Joe Ranft]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Linda Woolverton]] [[Category:United States National Film Registry films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] 55tqcra4csxtzdh2rjwnao9ux2pu6ts 0 68327 923114 888522 2026-09-23T13:33:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Jodie Foster Césars 2011 2 (cropped).jpg | caption = Foster in Paris at the 2011 [[César Award]]s ceremony | birthname = Alicia Christian Foster | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1962|11|19}} | birth_place = Los Angeles, Californie, U.S. | education = [[Bachelor's degree]] (''[[Latin honors|magna cum laude]]'') | alma_mater = [[Yale Varsity]] | years_active = 1966–present | occupation = Actress, producer, director | parents=Ella "Brandy" (née Almond)<br/> Lucius Fisher Foster III | children = Charles Foster<br />Christopher Foster<ref name=kids>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=64402|title=Jodie Foster|publisher=TCM|accessdate=August 16, 2009|archive-date=2010-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017220941/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=64402|url-status=dead}}</ref> | awards= }} '''Alicia Christian Foster''' (born November 19, 1962), kent professionally as '''Jodie Foster''', is an American actress, film director, an producer. Foster begoud her perfaisional career as a bairn model whan she wis three year auld in 1965, an twa years later she muived tae actin in telly series, whan she debuted the sitcom ''[[Mayberry R.F.D.]]''. In the late 1960s an early 1970s, she wirked in several primetime telly series an starned in childer's films. Foster's breakthrou cam in [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976), in that she played a teenage prostitute; the role garnered her a nomination for an [[Academy Awaird for Best Supportin Actress|Academy Awaird]]. Her ither creetically acclaimed roles as a teenager war in the muisical ''[[Bugsy Malone]]'' (1976) an the thriller ''[[The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane]]'' (1976), an she becam a popular teen idol bi starnin in [[Disney]]'s ''[[Freaky Friday (1976 film)|Freaky Friday]]'' (1976), ''[[Candleshoe]]'' (1977), an ''[[Foxes (film)|Foxes]]'' (1980). Efter attendin college at [[Yale Varsity|Yale]], Foster struggled in her transeetion tae adult roles till she wan widespread creetical acclaim for her portrayal o a rape survivor in ''[[The Accused (1988 film)|The Accused]]'' (1988), for that she wan several awairds, includin an Academy Awaird an a [[Gowden Globe]]. She wan her seicont Academy Awaird three years later for her role in the [[sleeper hit]] ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|The Silence of the Lambs]]'', whaur she played [[Clarice Starling]], an [[Federal Bureau o Investigation|FBI]] trainee investigatin a [[serial murther]] case. Foster made her debut as a film director the same year wi the moderately successfu ''[[Little Man Tate]]'' (1991), an foondit her awn production company, Egg Pictures, in 1992. The company's first production wis ''[[Nell (film)|Nell]]'' (1994), in that she an aa played the teetle role, gainin anither nomination for an Academy Awaird. Her ither films in the 1990s includit period drama ''[[Sommersby]]'', [[Western]] comedy ''[[Maverick (film)|Maverick]]'' (1994), [[science feection film]] ''[[Contact (1997 American film)|Contact]]'' (1997), an period drama ''[[Anna and the King]]'' (1999). Her seicont film direction, ''[[Home for the Holidays (1995 film)|Home for the Holidays]]'' (1995), wis nae well-received commercially, while creetical reviews war mixed. Foster experienced career setbacks in the early 2000s that includit the cancellation o a film project an the closin doun o her production company. She then starned in fower thrillers, ''[[Panic Room]]'' (2002), ''[[Flightplan]]'' (2005), ''[[Inside Man]]'' (2006) an ''[[The Brave One (2007 film)|The Brave One]]'' (2007), that war commercially successfu an generally weel-received bi creetics an audiences. She haes focused on directin in the 2010s, directin the films ''[[The Beaver (film)|The Beaver]]'' (2011) an ''[[Money Monster]]'' (2016),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jodie-Foster|title=Jodie Foster {{!}} American actress and director|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-08-11|language=en}}</ref> as weel as episodes for [[Netflix]] telly series ''[[Orange is the New Black]]'', ''[[House of Cards (U.S. TV series)|House of Cards]]'', an ''[[Black Mirror]]''. She an aa starned in the films ''[[Carnage (2011 film)|Carnage]]'' (2011) an ''[[Elysium (film)|Elysium]]'' (2013). Foster haes eften been citit as ane o the best actresses o her generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/jodie-foster-slams-media-defends-kristen-stewart-after-breakup-1.915408|title=Jodie Foster slams media, defends Kristen Stewart after breakup|work=CTV News|date=August 15, 2012|accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/jodie-foster-s-christmas-turkey-1.113467|title=Jodie Foster's Christmas turkey|work=The Irish Times|date=December 6, 1996|accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref> In addeetion tae her twa Academy Awairds, Foster haes wan three [[Breetish Academy o Film an Televeesion Airts|BAFTA Awairds]], three [[Gowden Globe Awairds]], a [[Screen Actors Guild Awaird]] an the [[Gowden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Awaird|Cecil B DeMille Awaird]]. For her wark as a director, Foster haes been nominatit for twa [[Directors Guild o Americae Awaird]]s an a [[Primetime Emmy Awaird]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Foster, Jodie}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid film directors]] [[Category:European Film Awairds winners (fowk)]] [[Category:American weemen film directors]] [[Category:Film directors frae Californie]] [[Category:Independent Spirit Awaird for Baist Female Lead winners]] [[Category:Independent Spirit Awaird winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Actresses frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Yale Varsity alumni]] f1dsysce28q0jh8t8wcwdac0jhn44ir 0 69004 923242 849929 2026-09-24T06:31:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ice hockey player | name = Wayne Gretzky<br />{{post-nominals|CC}} | image = Gretzky aug2001 closeup.jpg | image_size = 275px | caption = Wayne Gretzky, 2001 | position = [[Centre (ice hockey)|Centre]] | played_for ='''''[[Warld Hockey Association|WHA]]'''''<br />&nbsp;[[Indianapolis Racers]]<br />&nbsp;[[Edmonton Oilers]] <br />'''''[[National Hockey League|NHL]]'''''<br />&nbsp;[[Edmonton Oilers]]<br />&nbsp;[[Los Angeles Kings]]<br />&nbsp;[[St. Louis Blues]]<br />&nbsp;[[New York Rangers]] | shoots = Left | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 0 | weight_lb = 185 | ntl_team = Canadae | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|1|26}} | birth_place = [[Brantford]], [[Ontario|ON]], [[Canadae|CAN]] | career_start = 1978 | career_end = 1999 | halloffame = 1999 | website = {{Official website|http://www.gretzky.com}} }} '''Wayne Douglas Gretzky''', [[Order o Canadae|CC]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɛ|t|s|k|i}}; born Januar 26, 1961) is a Canadian-American umwhile professional [[ice hockey]] player an umwhile heid coach. He played 20 saisons in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) for fower teams frae 1979 tae 1999. Nicknamed '''"The Great Ane"''', he haes been cried the greatest hockey player ever"<ref name="Greatest"/> bi mony sportswriters, players, an the NHL itself. He is the leadin pynt-scorer in NHL history, wi mair assists nor ony ither player haes pynts, an is the anly NHL player tae tot ower 200&nbsp;points in ane season – a feat he accomplished fower times. In addeetion, he tallied ower 100&nbsp;pynts in 16 professional saisons, 14 o them consecutive. At the time o his retirement in 1999, he held 40 regular-saison records, 15 playoff records, an sax [[NHL Aw-Starn Gemme|Aw-Starn]] records.<ref name="Greatest">For his titles, see {{cite web |url=http://www.ualbertacentennial.ca/achievements/degrees/2000.html |title=University of Alberta: Honorary Degree Recipients (2000–2007) |publisher=Ualbertacentennial.ca |year=2000 |accessdate=July 1, 2010 }} *That he's regarded as the best player in the history of the NHL, see {{cite encyclopedia|title=Wayne Gretzky|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001584/Wayne-Gretzky|accessdate=June 10, 2008}} *That he's regarded as the greatest by many sportswriters, see Falla, Jack, "The Greatest One Bar None", in Steve Dryden (ed.), ''The Top 100 NHL Players of All Time'', p. 16. *That many players share the view, see {{cite news|last=Maloney|first=Tom|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1159670,00.html|title=Gretzky's Awkward Arrival|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=February 15, 2006|accessdate=March 7, 2008|archive-date=2013-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823150141/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1159670,00.html|url-status=dead}} *That the NHL shares the view, see {{cite book|last=Falla|first=Jack|editor=Dan Diamond|chapterurl=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=381966|chapter=Wayne Gretzky: Greatness Ascendant|title=Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Hockey League|publisher=Total Sports|accessdate=September 9, 2010|isbn=978-1-892129-85-7|year=2000|archive-date=2010-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117111345/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=381966|url-status=dead}} *For the records he held at retirement, see {{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=384583|title=NHL Records Held or Shared by Wayne Gretzky|publisher=[[National Hockey League]]|accessdate=September 9, 2010|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117175833/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=384583|url-status=dead}} *For his selection to IIHF Centennial All-Star Team, see {{cite web |url=http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship/news/news-singleview-world-championship/article/iihf-centennial-all-star-team.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=552&cHash=3a26b76f60 |title=IIHF Centennial All-Star Team |publisher=Iihf.com |accessdate=February 21, 2011 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gretzky, Wayne}} [[Category:Wayne Gretzky| ]] [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Art Ross Trophy winners]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Ontario]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Ontario]] [[Category:Canadian businessfowk in retailing]] [[Category:Canadian ice hockey players]] [[Category:Canadian ice hockey centres]] [[Category:Canadian ice hockey coaches]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Ukrainian strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:Canadian racehorse ainers an breeders]] [[Category:Canadian restaurateurs]] [[Category:Companions o the Order o Canadae]] [[Category:Conn Smythe Trophy winners]] [[Category:Edmonton Oilers players]] [[Category:Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players]] [[Category:Gretzky faimily|Wayne]] [[Category:Hart Memorial Trophy winners]] [[Category:Hockey Haw o Fame inductees]] [[Category:Ice hockey fowk frae Ontario]] [[Category:Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Indianapolis Racers players]] [[Category:Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners]] [[Category:Lester Patrick Trophy recipients]] [[Category:Lester B. Pearson Awaird winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Los Angeles Kings players]] [[Category:Lou Marsh Trophy winners]] [[Category:National Hockey League Aw-Starns]] [[Category:National Hockey League executives]] [[Category:National Hockey League ainers]] [[Category:National Hockey League players wi reteert nummers]] [[Category:New York Rangers players]] [[Category:Olympic caudron lichters]] [[Category:Olympic ice hockey players o Canadae]] [[Category:Order o Hockey in Canadae recipients]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brantford]] [[Category:Peterborough Petes (ice hockey) players]] [[Category:Phoenix Coyotes coaches]] [[Category:Recipients o the Olympic Order]] [[Category:Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players]] [[Category:St. Louis Blues players]] [[Category:Stanley Cup champions]] [[Category:Toronto Argonauts ainers]] b96o1g8r4g3nr0jip41lqtnp4deom39 0 69678 923203 895265 2026-09-24T00:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox person | image = Sandra Bullock, The Heat, London, 2013 (crop).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Bullock at the UK film gala screenin o<br>'' [[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]'' in 2013 | birth_name = Sandra Annette Bullock | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1964|7|26|}} | birth_place = [[Arlington Coonty]], Virginia, U.S. | citizenship = [[Americans|American]]-[[Germans|German]] | years_active = 1987–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Jesse James (customizer)|Jesse G. James]]|2005|2010}} | children = 1 | parents = John W. Bullock <br /> [[Helga Meyer|Helga Mathilde Meyer]] | occupation = Actress, film producer }} '''Sandra Annette Bullock''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʊ|l|ə|k}}; born Julie 26, 1964)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|title=Sandra Bullock- Biography|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/person/sandra-bullock/biography.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|accessdate=June 30, 2013|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090359/https://movies.yahoo.com/person/sandra-bullock/biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an<!-- Awards do not belong here --> American-German actress an producer. She rose tae fame in the 1990s wi roles in films sic as ''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' (1993), ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' (1994), ''[[The Net (1995 film)|The Net]]'' (1995), ''[[While You Were Sleeping (film)|While You Were Sleeping]]'' (1995), ''[[A Time to Kill (film)|A Time to Kill]]'' (1996), an ''[[Hope Floats]]'' (1998). In the new millennium, Bullock starred in ''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' (2000), ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' (2002), ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006), the scanned her brain swiss bank datascanner find pocket of heroin in it frase let's do it and reanimation suite with blood t-virus and hive with drotik with creetically acclaimed ''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' (2004) an [[Gravity (film)|''Gravity'']]'' ''(2013). ==Filmografie== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"|Role !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- !scope=row|''[[Hangmen (film)|Hangmen]]'' |1987 |{{sort|Edwards|Lisa Edwards}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/21413/Hangmen/cast|title=Hangmen (1987)|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]]|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Fool|[[A Fool and His Money (1988 film)|A Fool and His Money]]}}'' |1989 |{{sort|Cosgrove|Debby Cosgrove}} |Forby kent as ''Religion, Inc.''<br/>[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-fool-and-his-money-v132232/cast-crew|title=A Fool and His Money (1989)|publisher=[[AllMovie]]|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716124607/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/a-fool-and-his-money-v132232/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Who Shot Patakango?]]'' | 1992 |{{sort|Moran|Devlin Moran}} |[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-10/entertainment/ca-1586_1_shot-pat|title=Movie Review: 'Pat' Evokes School Days of the '50s|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|last=Thomas|first=Kevin|date=July 10, 1992|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Who Do I Gotta Kill?]]'' |1992 |Lori |Forby kent as ''Me & The Mob''<br/>[[Direct-tae-video]] release |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/211359/Who-Do-I-Gotta-Kill-/cast|title=Who Do I Gotta Kill? - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Love Potion No. 9 (film)|Love Potion No. 9]]'' | 1992 |{{sort|Farrow|Diane Farrow}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=STV>{{cite news|last=Callahan|first=Maureen|title=How Did She Get Here?|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|publisher=New York Media LLC|page=56|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kOMCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56|date=July 31, 1995|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/love_potion_9/|title=Love Potion #9 (1992)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Vanishing|[[The Vanishing (1993 film)|The Vanishing]]}}'' |1993 |{{sort|Shaver|Diane Shaver}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Turan|first=Kenneth|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-05/entertainment/ca-820_1_jeff-bridges|title=Movie Review : 'Vanishing' a Chiller With a Thriller of a Villain|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=February 5, 1993|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[When the Party's Over]]'' | 1993 |Amanda | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/80299/When-the-Party-s-Over/details|title=When the Party's Over (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Thing|[[The Thing Called Love]]}}'' | 1993 |{{sort|Linden|Linda Lue Linden}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/49463/The-Thing-Called-Love/details|title=The Thing Called Love (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' | 1993 |{{sort|Huxley|Lenina Huxley}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Emanuel|url=http://variety.com/1993/film/reviews/demolition-man-1200433744/|title=Review: ‘Demolition Man’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=October 8, 1993|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Fire on the Amazon]]'' | 1993 |{{sort|Rothman|Alyssa Rothman}} |[[Direct-tae-video]] release (filmed in 1990 but anly released in 1993) |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/186757/Fire-on-the-Amazon/overview|title=Fire on the Amazon (1993)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/186757/Fire-on-the-Amazon/cast|title=Fire on the Amazon (1993) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Krämer |first1=Peter |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Willis|title=Film Stars: Hollywood and Beyond |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_2ZXBaDJ6DUC&pg=PA108|accessdate=September 29, 2014|date=September 4, 2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719056451|page=108|chapter=The rise and fall of Sandra Bullock}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Wrestling Ernest Hemingway]]'' |1993 |Elaine | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/wrestling-ernest-hemingway-1994|title=Wrestling Ernest Hemingway|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=January 21, 1994|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' | 1994 |{{sort|Porter|Annie Porter}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/speed-v131239/cast-crew|title=Speed (1994)|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2013-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523041544/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/speed-v131239/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[While You Were Sleeping (film)|While You Were Sleeping]]'' | 1995 |{{sort|Moderatz|Lucy Eleanor Moderatz}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/while_you_were_sleeping/|title=While You Were Sleeping (1995)|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Net|[[The Net (1995 film)|The Net]]}}'' |1995 |{{sort|Bennett|Angela Bennett}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-net-1995|title=The Net|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=July 28, 1995|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Two If by Sea]]'' | 1996 |Roz | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E02E2DB1039F930A25752C0A960958260|title=A Crook, a Cashier and Their Scam|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=January 13, 1996|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Time|[[A Time to Kill (film)|A Time to Kill]]}}'' |1996 |{{sort|Roark|Ellen Roark}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-time-to-kill-1996|title=A Time To Kill|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=July 26, 1996|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[In Love and War (1996 film)|In Love and War]]'' |1996 |{{sort|Kurowsky|Agnes von Kurowsky}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gritten |first1=David |title=Halliwell's Film Guide 2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/halliwellsfilmdv0000unse |edition=23rd |date=October 8, 2007|publisher=HarperCollins Entertainment |isbn=9780007260805 |page=581}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/in-love-and-war-1997|title=In Love And War|date=January 24, 1997|publisher=Roger Ebert|accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Speed 2: Cruise Control]]'' |1997 |{{sort|Porter|Annie Porter}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Alan|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/jc5hg/speed-2-cruise-control|title=Speed 2: Cruise Control|work=[[Radio Times]]|publisher=[[Immediate Media Company]]|accessdate=September 12, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014043632/http://www.radiotimes.com/film/jc5hg/speed-2-cruise-control|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Hope Floats]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Pruitt|Birdee Pruitt}} | Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/162470/Hope-Floats/details|title=Hope Floats (1998)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Making Sandwiches]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Club|Melba Club}} |Short film<br/>Producer, director, an screenwriter an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/266350/Making-Sandwiches/details|title=Making Sandwiches (1998)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Practical Magic]]'' | 1998 |{{sort|Owens|Sally Owens}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Emanuel|url=http://variety.com/1998/film/reviews/practical-magic-2-1200455534/|title=Review: ‘Practical Magic’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=October 14, 1998|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Prince|[[The Prince of Egypt]]}}'' |1998 |[[Miriam]] |Vyce anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Turan|first=Kenneth|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/dec/18/entertainment/ca-55112|title='Egypt': The Newest Testament|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=December 18, 1998|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Forces of Nature]]'' |1999 |Sarah | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Leydon|first=Joe|url=http://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/forces-of-nature-1200457002/|title=Review: ‘Forces of Nature’|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=March 14, 1999|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Gun Shy (film)|Gun Shy]]'' |2000 |{{sort|Tipp|Judy Tipp}} |Producer, an executive album producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/181896/Gun-Shy/cast|title=Gun Shy (2000) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/181896/Gun-Shy/credits|title=Gun Shy (2000)- Production Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[28 Days (film)|28 Days]]'' | 2000 |{{sort|Cummings|Gwen Cummings}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/28-days-2000|title=28 Days|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=April 14, 2000|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' | 2000 |{{sort|Hart|Gracie Hart}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D06E3D91F39F931A15751C1A9669C8B63|title=Operation Ugly Duckling: Fighting Terrorism in Heels|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=December 22, 2000|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Kate & Leopold]]'' | 2001 |align="center"|— |Producer anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/255995/Kate-Leopold/details|title=Kate & Leopold (2001)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Murder by Numbers]]'' | 2002 |{{sort|Mayweather|Det. Cassie Mayweather}} |Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/04/18/review-of-murder-by-numbers|title=Review of Murder by Numbers |publisher=[[IGN]]|date=April 18, 2002|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (film)|Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood]]'' | 2002 |{{sort|Walker|Siddalee Walker}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/260292/Divine-Secrets-of-the-Ya-Ya-Sisterhood/cast|title=Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row| ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' |2002 |{{sort|Kelson|Lucy Kelson}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/271086/Two-Weeks-Notice/details|title=Two Weeks Notice (2002)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' |2004 |Jean | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/301205/Crash/cast|title=Crash|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Loverboy (2005 film)|Loverboy]]'' | 2005 |{{sort|Harker|Mrs. Harker}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/296829/Loverboy/cast|title=Loverboy (2004) - Acting Credits|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous]]'' | 2005 |{{sort|Hart|Gracie Hart}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/304987/Miss-Congeniality-2-Armed-and-Fabulous/details|title=Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous (2005)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 5, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Lake|[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]}}'' | 2006 |{{sort|Forster|Dr. Kate Forster}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/323690/The-Lake-House/details|title=The Lake House (2006)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Infamous (film)|Infamous]]'' | 2006 |{{sort|Lee|[[Harper Lee]]}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/infamous-2006|title=Infamous|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=October 12, 2006|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Premonition (2007 film)|Premonition]]'' | 2007 |{{sort|Hanson|Linda Hanson}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lane|first=Anthony|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/03/26/loves-lost?currentPage=1|title=Loves Lost|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=March 26, 2007|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Proposal|[[The Proposal (film)|The Proposal]]}}'' | 2009 |{{sort|Tate|Margaret Tate}} |Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/445868/The-Proposal/details|title=The Proposal (2009)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[All About Steve]]'' | 2009 |{{sort|Horowitz|Mary Horowitz}} |Producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/405564/All-About-Steve/details|title=All About Steve (2009)|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Blind|[[The Blind Side (film)|The Blind Side]]}}'' |2009 |{{sort|Tuohy|[[Leigh Anne Tuohy]]}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/movies/20blindside.html|title=Michael Oher Streamrolls Over Life's Obstacles|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=November 9, 2009|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (film)|Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close]]'' |2011 |{{sort|Schell|Linda Schell}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharkey|first=Betsy|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/23/entertainment/la-et-extremely-loud-20111223|title='Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close' review: Eloquence in loss|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Publishing|date=December 23, 2011|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Heat|[[The Heat (film)|The Heat]]}}'' | 2013 |{{sort|Ashburn|Special Agent Sarah Ashburn}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Papamichael|first=Stella|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/r7w2y/the-heat|title=The Heat|work=Radio Times|publisher=Immediate Media Company|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Gravity (film)|Gravity]]'' |2013 |{{sort|Stone|Dr. Ryan Stone}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A. O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/movies/gravity-stars-sandra-bullock-and-george-clooney.html|title=‘Gravity’ Stars George Clooney and Sandra Bullock|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=October 3, 2013|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[The Prime Ministers: The Pioneers]]'' |2013 |{{sort|Meir|[[Golda Meir]]}} |Documentary<br/>Vyce anly |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Leydon|first=Joe|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/the-prime-ministers-the-pioneers-review-1200799898/|title=Film Review: 'The Prime Ministers: The Pioneers'|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=November 5, 2013|accessdate=September 11, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Minions (film)|Minions]]'' | 2015 |{{sort|Overkill|Scarlet Overkill}} |Vyce anly<br/>Post-production |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/02/sandra-bullock-to-voice-super-villain-in-minions-spinoff-for-illuminationuniversal/|title=Sandra Bullock To Voice Super-Villain In 'Minions' Spinoff For Illumination/Universal|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|date=February 11, 2013|accessdate=August 4, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Our Brand Is Crisis (2016 film)|Our Brand Is Crisis]]'' | 2016 |{{sort|Bodine|"Calamity" Jane Bodine}} |Executive producer an aw<br/>Post-production |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Sandra Bullock and David Gordon Green Team on 'Our Brand is Crisis'|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/sandra-bullock-our-brand-is-crisis-david-gordon-green-1201086208/|accessdate=October 7, 2014|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=August 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2014/10/participant-boards-david-gordon-greens-our-brand-is-crisis-850431/|title=Participant Boards David Gordon Green's 'Our Brand Is Crisis'|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=February 1, 2015|last=Yamato|first=Jen}}</ref> |- |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !scope="col"| Title !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"|Role !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Bionic|[[The Bionic Woman#TV movies|Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman]]}}'' | 1989 |{{sort|Mason|Kate Mason}} | [[Televeesion film]] |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/9472/Sandra-Bullock/biography|title=Sandra Bullock&nbsp;— Biography|work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|accessdate=September 7, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''Starting from Scratch'' | 1989 |{{sort|Webster|Barbara Webster}} |Episode:"Confidence Game" |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/Sandra-Bullock.html|title=Sandra Bullock Biography |publisher=Advameg|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''{{sort|Preppie|[[The Preppie Murder]]}}'' |1989 | Stacy | Televeesion film |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-preppie-murder-v39053/cast-crew|title=The Preppie Murder (1989)|publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=August 5, 2014|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716124618/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-preppie-murder-v39053/cast-crew|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Working Girl (TV series)|Working Girl]]'' |1990 |{{sort|McGill|Tess McGill}} |12 episodes |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/working-girl/cast/205598|title=Working Girl Cast and Details|work=[[TV Guide]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025108/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/working-girl/cast/205598|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[Lucky/Chances]]'' |1990 |{{sort|Santangelo|Maria Santangelo}} |Miniseries |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=BioUK>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/sandra-bullock.html|title=Sandra Bullock Biography|publisher=[[Fyi (TV network)|Fyi]]|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> |- !scope=row|''[[George Lopez (TV series)|George Lopez]]'' |2002−04 |Accident Amy |3 episodes {{small|(actor)}}<br/>Executive producer an aw |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/george-lopez/cast/100172|title=George Lopez Cast and Details|work=TV Guide|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=August 6, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013083155/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/george-lopez/cast/100172|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Navarro|first=Mireya|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/27/arts/life-so-sad-he-had-be-funny-george-lopez-mines-rich-vein-gloom-with-all-latino.html|title=A Life So Sad He Had to Be Funny; George Lopez Mines a Rich Vein of Gloom With an All-Latino Sitcom |work=The New York Times|publisher=Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.|date=November 27, 2002|accessdate=September 15, 2014}}</ref> |} ===Stage=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Production ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Theatre ! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" | Role ! scope="col" style="width: 10em;"| Notes !scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- !scope=row|''No Time Flat'' |1988 |WPA Theatre |Carolina |Aprile 19 – Mey 24, 1988 |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=1956|title=No Time Flat|publisher=[[Lortel Archives]]|accessdate=January 11, 2015|archive-date=2007-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907204933/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=1956|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bullock, Sandra}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:American weemen comedians]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:East Carolina Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Actresses frae Austin, Texas]] [[Category:Actresses frae New Orleans, Louisiana]] [[Category:Fowk frae Fürth]] [[Category:Fowk frae Virginie]] [[Category:Waldorf schuil alumni]] [[Category:American restaurateurs]] [[Category:Weemen company foonders]] [[Category:American company foonders]] dxl2zb9ll6fc8217qlmtikhx0wix6s3 0 70139 923140 906833 2026-09-23T18:00:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Scotland |official_name= Lockerbie |gaelic_name= Locarbaidh |scots_name= Lockerbie |population = 4,240 |population_ref = <ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fid%2Fstatistical-geography%2FS20001349|title=statistics.gov.scot Lockerbie|accessdate=19 September 2020|archive-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519150457/https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/id/statistical-geography/S20001349|url-status=dead}}</ref> |coordinates = {{coord|55.120|-3.357|display=inline,title}} |os_grid_reference= NY135815 |map_type= |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries and Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]] |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Dumfriesshire (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]] |post_town= LOCKERBIE |postcode_district = DG11 |postcode_area= DG |dial_code= 01576 |static_image= Lockerbie - geograph.org.uk - 380814.jpg |static_image_width= 240px |static_image_caption= High Street, Lockerbie |edinburgh_distance_mi = 58 |london_distance_mi = 283 }} '''Lockerbie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɒ|k|ər|b|i}}, {{lang-gd|Locarbaidh}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=896 |title=''Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba'' |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326010155/http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=896 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a toun in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] in soothwastren [[Scotland]]. It ligs about 75 mile fae [[Glesga]], an 15 mile fae the mairch wi [[Ingland]]. It haed a population o 4,240 as o 2016.<ref name="pop" /> The toun cam til international attention in December 1988 whan the wrack o [[Pan Am Flicht 103]] stramasht there follaein a terrorist bomb attack abuird the flicht. ==History== Lockerbie appearantly haes existit syne at least the days o the [[Vikings|Viking]] influence in this pairt o Scotland in the speal aroond 900. The name (oreeginal "Loc-hard's by" means ''Lockard Toun'' in the [[Auld Norse]]. The praisence o the remeens o a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] camp ae mile til the wast o the toun suggest its oreegins micht be even earlier. Lockerbie first entert recordit history in the 1190s in a chairter o [[Robert de Brus, 2t Laird o Annandale]], grantin the launds o Lockerbie til Adam de Carlyle.<ref>[http://db.poms.ac.uk/record/source/3887/# "Document 3/106/9 (Annandale, no. 2 )"], ''People of Medieval Scotland'' website.</ref> It appears as ''Lokardebi'' in 1306.<ref>[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/lockerbie/lockerbie/ "Lockerbie"], ''Undiscovered Scotland''. Retrieved 11 August 2016.</ref> Aboot 2 mile til the wast o Lockerbie on 7 December 1593, [[Clan Johnston]] focht [[Clan Maxwell]] at the [[Battle o Dryfe Saunds]]. The Johnstones awmaist exterminatit the Maxwells insnorlt in the battle, leadin til the expression "Lockerbie Lick".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dryfesdalelodge.org.uk/resources/thebattleofdryfesands.pdf|title=Battle of Dryfe Sands|accessdate=25 July 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515200554/http://www.dryfesdalelodge.org.uk/resources/thebattleofdryfesands.pdf|archivedate=15 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Lockerbie's main speal o growthe stairtit in 1730 whan the laundawners, the Johnstone faimily, made plots o laund available alang the line o the High Street, producin in effect a semi-planned sattlement. Bi 1750 Lockerbie hid become a signeeficant toun, an fae the 1780s it wis a stagin post on the cairiage route fae [[Glesga]] tae [[Lunnon]]. Belike the maist important speal o growthe wis durin the 19t century. [[Thomas Telford]]'s [[Cairl]]-tae-Glesga road wis biggit throu Lockerbie fae 1816. The [[Caledonian Railway]] appent the line fae Cairl tae [[Beattock]] throu Lockerbie in 1847 an later aw the wey tae Glesga. Fae 1863 until 1966 Lockerbie wis a railwey infaw an aw, servin a brainch line tae [[Dumfries]]. Kent as the [[Dumfries, Lochmaben and Lockerbie Railway]], it wis closed tae passengers in 1952 an tae fraucht in 1966. The toun is served bi the [[Lockerbie railwey station]]. Lockerbie haed been hame tae Scotland's lairgest lamm mercat syne the 18t century bit the arrival o the Caledonian Railway increased forder its role in the cross-mairch tred in sheep. The railwey produced an aw a lawerin in the price o coal, allouin a gas warks tae bi biggit in the toun in 1855. ==Hallmuir Preesoner o War Camp== About 1.5 mile sooth o Lockerbie alang the [[C92 road]] tae [[Dalton, Dumfries an Gallowa|Dalton]] is the remeens o the Hallmuir preesoner-o-war camp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allaboutlockerbie.com/index.php?pageID=15 |title=Description of Hallmuir POW camp |publisher=Allaboutlockerbie.com |accessdate=16 May 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707112523/http://www.allaboutlockerbie.com/index.php?pageID=15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter [[Warld War II]], this camp hoosed [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] sodgers fae the Galician Diveesion o the Waffen SS. They biggit a chaipel fae convertit airmy ludges. It wis leetit in 2002 as a Category B biggin.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB49592|desc=Hallmuir, Ukranian &#91;sic&#93; Chapel (Greek Catholic) with Memorial|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> The chaipel remeens in uiss, praisently haudin services in the Ukrainian leid on the first Sunday o ilka alternate month. [[File:LockerbieTownHallJM.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Lockerbie war memorial, "Tower" chip shap, and toun hoose, 2006]] ==Airchitectur== Muckle o Lockerbie is biggit fae reid saundstane. Thair ar sindry imposin biggins near the centre, sic as the Toon Hoose, finisht in 1880, wi its clock touer. A bit til the north o the centre is the [[Drysal]] Pairish Kirk, wi its bricht decore't ben. The name Drysal comes fae the local river, the [[Dryfe Watter]], that jynes the [[River Annan]] a bit til the wast o the toun. In 1887 local airchitect FJC Carruthers wis commissiont tae wirk on the Toon Hoose steeple. His design wis a mixtur o Jacobean an Baronial, an includit a cupola that wisna fauvourable received.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dumfries and Galloway|url=https://archive.org/details/dumfriesgalloway0000giff|last=Gifford, John, 1946-2013.|date=1996|publisher=Penguin Books|others=Buildings of Scotland Trust.|isbn=0140710671|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dumfriesgalloway0000giff/page/77 77]|oclc=34612234}}</ref> ==Pan American 103 bombin== [[File:Pan Am Flight 103. Crashed Lockerbie, Scotland, 21 December 1988.jpg|left|thumb|The remeens of Pan American Flicht 103 in Lockerbie]] Lockerbie is international kent as the place whaur, on 21 December 1988, the wreck o [[Pan Am Flicht 103]] stramasht efter a terrifist bomb on buird detonatit. In the Unitit Kinrick, the event is aften refert til as the "Lockerbie Disaster" or the "Lockerbie bombing". Eleiven residenters o the toun wis kilt in Sherwood Crescent, whaur the aircraft's weengs an fuel tanks clytit in a flist o fire, malafousterin several hooses an leavin a lairge howk, wi debris causin daimige til ither biggins nearby. Aw 259 people on the flicht dee'd an aw. The hale 270 victeems wis ceetizens o 20 different nations. The event remeens the maist deidly terrifist attack an aviation mishanter in Breetain. ==Lockerbie Academy== [[Lockerbie Academy]], the toun's heich schuil, becam the heidquarters for the response an rikevery bairge efter the Pan Am Flicht 103 mishanter. Subesquent, the academy, in co-operation wi [[Syracuse University]] o [[Syracuse, New York]], [[Unitit States|USA]] that tyne't 35 collegianers in the bombin, estaiblisht a bursary at the university. Ilk year, twa collegianers spend ane academic year at Syracuse University as Lockerbie Scholars afore they begin thair university study. The rector o Lockerbie Academy, Graham Herbert, wis propine't in November 2003 at Syracuse University wi the Chancellor's Medal for ootstaundin service. An umwhile scholart o the Academy, Helen Jones, wis kilt in the [[7 Julie 2005 Lunnon bombins]]. In the myndin o her, a new scholartskip wis set up, awairdin £1,000 taewart forder eddication til aspirin accoontin scholarts fae the Academy.<ref>{{cite web |author=Deborah Haynes and David Robertson 1 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22989-1689496_2,00.html |title=Helen Jones' scholarship |work=The Times |location=UK |accessdate=16 May 2011 |archive-date=2008-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113030858/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22989-1689496_2,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Dryfesdale Lodge Veesitors Centre== Dryfesdale Loge Visitors Centre,<ref>{{cite web |author=Dryfesdale Lodge Visitors Centre Trust |url=http://www.dryfesdalelodge.org.uk |title=Dryfesdale Lodge Visitors Centre |publisher=Dryfesdalelodge.org.uk |accessdate=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207191335/http://dryfesdalelodge.org.uk/ |archivedate=7 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> umwhile a seemetry-wirker's cot, wis appent on 25 October 2003 efter extensive renovation wark eased bi the Lockerbie Trust an is mainteent wi grant assistance fae Dumfries an Gallowa Cooncil. The're twa exheebeetion rooms in the Lodge an the Dryfesdale Room an aw, that is uised as a quiet room for veesitors tae reflect. A permanent exheebeetion shaws ten history buirds depictin Lockerbie's past, streetchin fae its prehistoric oreegins tae 1988's terrifist attack an ayont. In the seemetry grunds nearby is the Lockerbie Memorial Gairden o Remembrance. ==Lockerbie Ice Rink== Locatit ower the road fae the Lockerbie Academy, Lockerbie Ice Rink wis biggit in 1966 an is ane o the auldest inby ice rinks in the Unitit Kinrick. I curlin it haes gien rise at Warld kemps, European kemps, and Olympic kemps in the adult, senior, an junior discipleens. ==Lockerbie Hoose== Lockerbie Hoose wis biggit in 1814 for [[Sir William Douglas, 4t Baronet o Kelhead]], his guidwife Dame Grace Johnstone, an thair childer: Mary, Catherine, Christian, Henry Alexander, [[William Robert Keith Douglas]], [[Charles Douglas, 6t Marquess o Queensberry]], an [[John Douglas, 7t Marquess o Queensberry]]. It wis bade in at ane time bi several different members o the Douglas faimly thro the generations. Sic faimily members include [[Archibald Douglas, 8t Marquess o Queensberry]] PC (son o John Douglas) an his guidwife Caroline Margaret Clayton (dochter o General Sir William Robert Clayon MP) an thair childer Breetish muntaineer [[Laird Francis Douglas]], Leddy Gertrude Georgiana Douglas, [[John Douglas, 9t Marquess o Queensberry|John Sholto Douglas]], clergyman Lord Archibald Edward Douglas, an the twins Lord James Douglas an [[Leddy Florence Dixie]] (that mairit sir Alexander Beaumont Churchil Dixie, 11t Baronet]]. John Shotlto Douglas wis a patron o sport an a notit boxin enthusiast. In 1866 he wis ane o the foonders o the Amateur Athletic Club, noo the [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]]. The follaein year the club publisht a set o twal rules for conductin boxin matches. The rules haed been drawn up bi John Graham Chambers bit appeared unner Queensberry's sponsorship an is kent universal as the "Marquess of Queensberry Rules". Lockerbie Hoose is an important estaiblishment within Lockerbie, in the past haein awnt maist o the laund an hoosin within the toun mainly throu the [[Johnstone baronets]] an the Douglas faimily. Like the muckle o Lockerbie this Georgian hoose is biggit o auld reid saundstane an conteens aboot 40 chaumers, situatit within 78 acre o coukit wuidland, several ootbiggins, includin a gatehoose, a 2-acre wawed gairden, a [[croquet]] coort, orcharts, a helipad, and a huntin-dog pen. The property up until recent breukit a lairge stable block bit that haes syne been pairtly convertit intil a hoose wi the remeenin stables uised bi a local ridin schuil. Acause o the vast size o the property it haes frequent been uised as a kintra hoose hotel sae as tae help pey for its mainteenin an/or provide a well-tae-pass business. The hoose is noo awnt by ootby pursuits company Manor Adventure, an serves as a centre for schuil acteevity coorses an faimily adventure halidays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lockerbiemanor.co.uk |title=Lockerbie Manor, Dumfries and Galloway Scotland |publisher=Lockerbiemanor.co.uk |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref> ==Steven's Croft== [[Steven's Croft pouer station]] appent in 2008 juist til the north o the toun. It is the lairgest [[biomass]]-pouert electric generator in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7303483.stm|title=Green power station site opened|date=19 March 2008|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Lockerbie}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Lockerbie}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120417201658/http://guide.visitscotland.com/vs/guide/5,en,SCH1/objectId,SIG49048Svs,curr,GBP,season,at1,selectedEntry,home/home.html VisitScotland entry for the Ukrainian POW Chaipel] [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] moih00ajto0znhprrh0y2moj48grcjn 0 71155 923214 821662 2026-09-24T03:40:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Synelnykove''' ({{Lang-uk|Синельникове}}; {{Lang-ru|Синельниково}}) is a ceety in [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] ([[oblast|province]]) o [[Ukraine]]. It haes a population o 32,302 (2001).<ref>[http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=de&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=498009552 Bevölkerungszahlen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161419/http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=de&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=498009552 |date=2014-08-26 }} at [[World Gazetteer]]</ref> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://rada.sinelnikovo.net/storja.html Wabsteid o the local cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522132913/http://rada.sinelnikovo.net/storja.html |date=2013-05-22 }} {{uk icon}} == References == <references /> {{Dnipropetrovsk Oblast}} {{coord|48|19|4|N|35|30|43|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}} {{commonscat|Synelnykove}} [[Category:Ceeties in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] i03l5x4sv69lsp2l6ylh2rkaaujhs7k 0 71751 923169 919945 2026-09-23T21:33:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 20 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Olivia de Havilland | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE}} | image = Olivia DeHavilland-2.JPG | caption = de Havilland in 1945 | birth_name = Olivia Mary de Havilland | birth_date = {{birth date|1916|07|01}} | birth_place = [[Tokyo]], Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|7|26|1916|7|1}} | death_place = [[Paris]], Fraunce | resting_place = [[Tokyo]] | other_names = Livvie | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1935{{ndash}}1989 | religion = [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopalian]] | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|()=small|[[Marcus Goodrich]]|1946|1953|end=div}} * {{marriage|()=small|Pierre Galante|1955|1979|end=div}} }} | children = {{Plainlist| * Benjamin Goodrich {{small|(1949{{ndash}}91)}} * Gisèle Galante {{small|({{abbr|b.|born}} 1956)}} }} | parents = {{Plainlist| * [[Walter Augustus de Havilland]] {{small|(1872{{ndash}}1968)}} * [[Lillian Fontaine]] {{small|(1886{{ndash}}1975)}} }} | relatives = [[Joan Fontaine]] {{small|(sister, 1917{{ndash}}2013)}} | awards = [[Olivia de Havilland#Honours an awairds|See ablo]] | signature = Olivia de Havilland Signature.png }} '''Olivia Mary de Havilland''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE}} (born Julie 1, 1916; deed Julie 26, 2020<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2020/07/26/olivia-de-havilland-gone-with-the-wind-dies-at-104/975380001/</ref>) wis an Breetish-American actress whase career spanned frae 1935 tae 1988. She kythed in fowerty-nine featur films, an wis ane o the leadin film stars in the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood. She is best kent for her early screen performances in ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938) an ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939), an her later awaird-winnin performances in ''To Each His Own'' (1946), ''The Snake Pit'' (1948), an ''The Heiress'' (1949). Born in [[Tokyo]] tae Inglis parents, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her younger sister, actress [[Joan Fontaine]], flittit tae Californie in 1919. Thay war raised bi thair mither Lilian, a umwhile stage actress wha taucht them dramatic airt, [[muisic]], an elocution. De Havilland made her actin debut in amateur theatre in ''Alice in Wonderland'' an later appeared in a local production o Shakespeare's ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', that led tae her playin Hermia in Max Reinhardt's stage production o the same play an a movie contract wi [[Warner Bros.]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland made her screen debut in Reinhardt's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' in 1935. She began her career playin demure ingénues alang wi popular leadin men, includin [[Errol Flynn]], wi wham she made aicht films. Thay became ane o Hollywood's maist popular romantic on-screen pairins. She achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedy films, lik ''The Great Garrick'' (1937), an in [[Western (genre)|Westerns]], sic as ''Dodge City'' (1939). Her naitural beauty an primsie actin style made her parteecularly feckfu in historical period dramas, lik ''Anthony Adverse'' (1936), an romantic dramas, lik ''Hold Back the Dawn'' (1941). In her later career, she wis maist sonsie in drama films, lik ''Light in the Piazza'' (1962), an unglamorous roles in psychological dramas includin ''Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte'' (1964). As well as her film career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland continued her wirk in the theatre, appearin three times on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (1951), ''Candida'' (1952), an ''A Gift of Time'' (1962). She wirkit in telly an aw, appearin in the sonsie miniseries, ''Roots: The Next Generations'' (1979), an telly featur films, sic as ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'', for whilk she received a [[Primetime Emmy Award]]. Outthrou her film career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wan twa [[Academy Awards]], twa [[Gowden Globe Awaird]]s, twa New York Film Critics Circle Awairds, the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress, an the [[Venice Film Festival]] Volpi Cup. For her contreibutions tae the motion pictur industry, she received a starn on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. For her lifetime contreibution tae the arts, she received the [[Naitional Medal o Airts]] frae Preses [[George W. Bush]], an wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' o the [[Legion o Honour|Légion d'honneur]] bi French Preses [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]. Efter romantic relationships wi [[Howard Hughes]], [[James Stewart]], an [[John Huston]], de{{nbsp}}Havilland mairit author [[Marcus Goodrich]], wi wham she haed a son, Benjamin. Follaein her divorce frae Goodrich in 1953, she flittit tae [[Paris]] an mairit Pierre Galante, an executive eeditor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match'', wi wham she haed a dauchter, Gisèle. In 1962 she published ''Every Frenchman Has One'', an accoont o her life in Fraunce. De{{nbsp}}Havilland an Joan Fontaine are the anly siblings tae hae wan Academy Awairds in a lead actin category. A lifelang rivalry atween the twa resultit in an estrangement that lestit ower three decade. She haes steyed in Paris syne 1956, an celebrate her 100t birthday on Julie 1, 2016.<ref name=Meseguer>{{cite news|last={{Smallcaps|Meseguer}}|first=Astrid|title=Olivia de Havilland: los 100 años de una leyenda del cine|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/cine/20160629/402842217473/olivia-de-havilland-100-anos-leyenda-cine.html|accessdate=1 July 2016|publisher=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=1 July 2016|location=Barcelona|language=Spanish}}</ref> On 26 Julie 2020, it wis propaled that de Havilland haed deed the previous day at her hame in [[Paris]], aged 104. ==Early life== De{{nbsp}}Havilland wis born on Julie 1, 1916, in Tokyo, Japan, tae Inglis parents.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Her faither, Walter Augustus de Havilland (August 31, 1872{{snds}}Mey 23, 1968), serd as an Inglis professor at the [[Varsity o Tokyo|Imperial Varsity]] in Tokyo afore becomin a [[patent attorney]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Her mither, Lilian Augusta ({{née}} Ruse; Juin 11, 1886 – Februar 20, 1975),<ref name="peerage-olivia"/> wis educate at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] in Lunnon an became a stage actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Lilian sang wi the [[Master of the Queen's Music|Master of the Keeng's Music]], Sir Walter Parratt an aa, an toured Ingland wi the composer [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]].{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=16–17}} Olivia's paternal cousin wis [[Geoffrey de Havilland|Sir Geoffrey de{{nbsp}}Havilland]] (1882–1965),<ref name="french-observer"/> an aircraft designer an foonder o the [[de Havilland]] aircraft company.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=32}} Lilian an Walter met in Japan in 1913 an war mairit the follaein year.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=16}} Thay flittit intae a lairge hoose in Tokyo, whaur Lilian gae informal sangin recitals for the European colony.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=16}} The marriage wisnae a happy ane due in pairt tae Walter's infidelities.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=22}} Olivia's younger sister Joan{{nsmdns}}later kent as actress [[Joan Fontaine]]{{nsmdns}}wis born on October{{nbsp}}22, 1917.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=18}} In Februar 1919 Lilian persuaded her guidman tae tak the faimily back tae Ingland tae a climate better suited for thair ailin dauchters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=22}} Thay sailed abuird the SS{{nbsp}}''Siberia Maru'' tae [[San Francisco]],{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=18}} whaur the faimily stoppit tae treat Olivia's tonsillitis.{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1pp=22–23|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=2}} Efter Joan developed pneumonia, Lilian decidit tae remain wi her dauchters in Californie, whaur thay hinderly settled in the veelage o Saratoga, {{convert|50|mi|km}} sooth o San Francisco.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=23}}{{#tag:ref|Efter livin in an apairtment near [[Golden Gate Park]] while the sisters war bein treatit, the faimily muived tae [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]] an stayed at the Hotel Vendome.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=18, 23}} Suin efter, thay flittit tae the fithills o the [[Santa Cruz Moontains]], whaur thay steyed at a buirdin hoose cried Lundblad's Lodge, a buirdin hoose on Oak Street ained bi a Swadish faimily.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/>{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=25}}|group=Note}} Her faither abandoned the faimily an returned tae his Japanese hoosekeeper, that hinderly became his seicont wife.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=23}}<ref name="peerage-walter"/> Olivia wis raised tae appreciate the arts, beginnin wi ballet lessons at the age o fower, an piano lessons a year later.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} She learned tae read afore she wis sax,{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=27}} an her mither, wha occasionally taucht dramatic airt, muisic, an elocution,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=21–22}} haed her recitin passages frae [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] tae strenthen her diction.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}}{{#tag:ref|Olivia wis named efter a [[Olivia (Twelfth Night)|chairacter]] in ''[[Twelfth Night]]''.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=17}}|group=Note}} In this period, her younger sister Joan first stairtit cawin her "Livvie"{{nsmdns}}a eikname that wad lest ootthrou her life.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland entered Saratoga Grammar School in 1922 an did weel in her studies.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> She enjoyed readin, writin poetry, an drawin, an ance representit her grammar schuil in a coonty spellin bee, comin in seicont place.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In 1923 Lilian haed a new Tudor-style hoose biggit at 231{{nbsp}}La{{nbsp}}Paloma Avenue (nou 20250),<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/><ref name="saratoga-history"/> whaur the faimily bidit till the early 1930s.{{sfnm|1a1=Fontaine|1y=1978|1pp=23, 32|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=23}} In Aprile 1925, efter her divorce wis finalized, Lilian mairit George Milan Fontaine, a depairtment store manager for O.{{nbsp}}A.{{nbsp}}Hale & Co. in San Jose.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=23–24}} Fontaine wis a guid provider an respectable businessman, but his strict parentin style generated animosity an later rebellion in baith o his new stepdauchters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}}{{#tag:ref|Lilian an George wis introduced tae ilk anither in 1920 bi fower-year-old Olivia wha noticed him sittin on a pairk bench an referred tae him in Japanese as "Daddy".{{sfnm|1a1=Fontaine|1y=1978|1p=23|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=25}}|group=Note}} [[File:Olivia De Haviland 1933.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=At the age of fifteen|Olivia de Havilland appearin in the stage play ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'', 1933]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland continued her eddication at Los Gatos High School, near Saratoga.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}} Thare she excelled in oratory an field hockey an participated in schuil plays an the schuil drama club, eventually becomin the club's secretary.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} Wi plans o becomin a Inglis an speech dominie,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}} she an aa attendit Notre Dame Convent in Belmont.{{sfn|Jensen|1942|p=91}} In 1933 de{{nbsp}}Havilland made her debut in amateur theatre in ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland]]'', a production o the Saratoga Community Players based on the novel bi [[Lewis Carroll]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} She appeared in several schuil plays an aa, includin ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' an ''[[Hansel and Gretel]]''.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=47–48}} Her passion for drama eventually led tae a confrontation wi her stepfaither, wha forbade her frae pairteecipatin in further extracurricular activities.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Whan he learned that she haed wan the lead role o Elizabeth Bennet in a schuil fund-raisin production o [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'', he gae her an ultimatum tae aither stay hame or nae return hame.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Nae wantin tae lat her schuil an clessmates doun, she left hame forever, flittin in wi a faimily friend.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Efter graduatin frae heich schuil in 1934, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis offered a scholarship tae Mills College in Oakland tae pursue her chosen career as an Inglis teacher.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} She wis offered the role o [[Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Puck]] in the Saratoga Community Theater production o Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} That simmer, Austrick director Max Reinhardt came tae Californie for a major new production o the same play tae premiere at the Hollywood Bowl.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Efter ane o Reinhardt's assistants saw her perform in Saratoga, he offered her the seicont unnerstudy poseetion for the role o Hermia.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Ane week afore the premiere, the unnerstudy Jean Rouverol an lead actress [[Gloria Stuart]] baith left the project, leavin echteen-year-auld de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae play Hermia.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Impressed wi her performance, Reinhardt offered her the pairt in the fower-week hairst tour that follaed.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} While that tour wis on, Reinhardt received wird that he wad direct the [[Warner Bros.]] film version o his stage production, an he offered her the film role o Hermia. Wi her mind still set on becomin a teacher, de{{nbsp}}Havilland initially wavered, but eventually Reinhardt an executive producer Henry Blanke persuaded her tae sign a five-year contract wi Warner Bros. on November{{nbsp}}12, 1934, wi a stairtin salary o twa hunder dollars a week.{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1p=28|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=11}} ==Career== ===Early films, 1935–37=== De{{nbsp}}Havilland made her screen debut in Reinhardt's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}} whilk wis filmed at Warner Bros. studios frae December{{nbsp}}19, 1934, tae March{{nbsp}}9, 1935.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-op"/> Throuch the production, de{{nbsp}}Havilland picked up film actin techniques frae the film's co-director William Dieterle, an camera techniques frae cinematographer Hal Mohr, wha wis impressed wi her quaistiens aboot his wirk.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller"/> Bi the end o filmin, she haed learned the effect o lichtin an camera angles on hou she appeared on screen an hou tae find her best lichtin.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller"/> Follaein premieres in New York an Beverly Hills, the film wis released on October{{nbsp}}30, 1935.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-op"/> In maugre o the publicity campaign, the film luntit little greeshoch wi audiences.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}} While the creetical response wis mixed, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis praised bi ''The San Francisco Examiner'' creetic.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=58}} In his review in the ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'', Winston Burdett notit that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "acts couthie an daes greater juistice tae Shakespeare's leid nor onybody ense in the cast".<ref name="brooklyn-daily-burdett"/> Twa minor comedies follaed, ''Alibi Ike'' wi Joe E. Brown an ''The Irish in Us'' wi [[James Cagney]].{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1p=28|2a1=Brown|2y=1995|2p=125}} In baith films, she played the douce an winsome luve interest{{nsmdns}}a role intae whilk she wad later become typecast.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=22}} Efter the experience o bein a Reinhardt player, de{{nbsp}}Havilland felt disappyntit bein assigned thir routine heroine roles.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=24}} In Mairch, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her mither flittit intae a flat at the Chateau des Fleurs at 6626 Franklin Avenue in Hollywood.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=13}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland Publicity Photo for Captain Blood 1935.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Climbin a ladder wearin a pirate's outfit|Publicity photo, 1935]] In Julie 1935 Warner Bros. paired de{{nbsp}}Havilland wi an unkent [[Australie]] actor named [[Errol Flynn]] in the swashbuckler film ''Captain Blood'' (1935).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=19}} Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, baith actors haed "classic guid leuks, cultured speakin vyces, an a sense o distant aristocracy aboot them".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=68}} Filmed atween August{{nbsp}}5 an October{{nbsp}}29, 1935,<ref name="tcm-cb-opi"/> ''Captain Blood'' gae de{{nbsp}}Havilland the opportunity tae appear in her first costumed historical romance an adventur epic{{nsmdns}}a genre tae whilk she wis weel suitit, gien her brawness an elegance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} In the film, she played Arabella Bishop, the dauchter o a Jamaica plantation ainer, wha coffs at auction an Erse pheesician wrang duimed tae servitude. The on-screen chemistry atween de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Flynn wis evident frae thair first scenes thegither,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} whaur clashes atween her chairacter's spiritit hauteur an his chairacter's playful braggadocio didna mask thair mutual attraction tae ilk anither.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=27}}{{#tag:ref|The on-screen attraction o the characters reflectit the actual feelins o the actors at the time.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland would later admit that she haed a crush on him throu the entire production, an he would later acknawledge the same.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}}|group=Note}} Unlik her twa previous roles, Arabella is a feisty young woman wha kens whit she wants an is willin tae fecht for it.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=72}} The banterin tone o thair exchanges in the film{{nsmdns}}the kneef gie-and-tak an mutual respect{{nsmdns}}became the basis for thair on-screen relationship in follaein films.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=27}} ''Captain Blood'' wis released on December{{nbsp}}28, 1935,<ref name="tcm-cb-opi" /> an received guid reviews an wide public appeal.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=71–72}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis singled oot in ''[[The New York Times]]'' an ''Variety''.<ref name="nytimes-cb-sennwald"/><ref name="variety-cb"/> The film wis nominatit for fower Academy Awairds, includin Best Pictur.<ref name="tcm-cb-awards"/> The popular success o the film, as weel as the creetical response tae the on-screen couple, led tae seiven addeetional collaborations.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} In 1936 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Mervyn LeRoy's historical period drama ''Anthony Adverse'' wi Fredric March.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=75}} Based on the popular novelle bi Hervey Allen, the film follaes the adventures o an orphan raised bi a Scottish merchant, whase pursuit o fortune separates him frae the innocent paisant lass he luves, mairries, an hinderly loses.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=75–76}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played the paisant girl Angela wha, efter bein separatit frae her sclave trader guidman, becomes opera starn Mademoiselle Georges, the mistress o [[Napoleon]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=77–78}} The film earned sax Academy Awaird nominations, includin Best Picture.<ref name="tcm-aa-steinberg"/> It garnered de{{nbsp}}Havilland guid exposure an aa an the opportunity tae portray a chairacter as she develops ower time.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=78}} Howard Barnes o the ''New York Herald Tribune'' foond her later scenes as Mademoiselle Georges "not very credible",{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=43}} but Frank S. Nugent o ''The New York Times'' cried her "a winsome Angela".<ref name="nytimes-aa-nugent"/> That same year, she wis reunitit wi Flynn in Michael Curtiz's period action film ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'', set during the [[Crimean War]]{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=81}}{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1pp=27, 29|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=82}} whilk gied thrive at the box office.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=85}} While the film wis bein produced, de{{nbsp}}Havilland renegotiatit her contract wi Warner Bros. an signed a seiven-year contract on Aprile{{nbsp}}14, 1936, wi a stairtin weekly salary o five hunder dollar ({{Inflation|US|500|1936|fmt=eq|r=-2}}).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=33}}{{#tag:ref|De Havilland hired the Ivan Kahn Agency tae represent her in the contract negotiations wi Warner Bros.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=32}} The contract she signed providit for yearly increases in her weekly salary, stairtin at $500, an then increasin tae $750, $1000, $1250, $1500, $2000, an $2500 in her last year ({{Inflation|US|2500|1934|fmt=eq|r=-2}}).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=33}}|group=Note}} Toward the end o the year, twinty-year-auld de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her mither muived tae 2337 Nella Vista Avenue in the Los Feliz section o Los Angeles.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=50}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland in Call It a Day trailer.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Smiling|In ''Call It a Day'', 1937]] In 1937 de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed her first tap billin in Archie Mayo's comedy ''Call It a Day'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=30, 89}} aboot a middle cless Inglis faimily chauvin wi the romantic effects o ware fiver in the course o a single day.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=89}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played dochter Catherine Hilton, wha faws in luve wi the eesome airtist hired tae paint her portrait.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=89}} The film didnae dae weel at the box office an did little tae advance her career.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} She fared better in Mayo's screwball comedy ''It's Love I'm After'' wi [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] an [[Bette Davis]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=99}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Marcia West, a young debutante an theater fan enamored wi a Barrymore-lik matinee idol wha decides tae help the lass' fiancé bi pretendin tae be an abominable cad.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=99–100}} The film received guid reviews, wi ''Variety'' cryin it "fresh, clever, excellently directit an produced, an actit bi an ensemble that clicks frae stairt tae finish", an praisin de{{nbsp}}Havilland.<ref name="variety-ilia" /> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland made twa mair period films, beginnin wi ''The Great Garrick'', a feectional romantic comedy aboot the echteent-century Inglis actor's encounter wi jealous players frae the [[Comédie-Française]] wha plot tae embarrass him on his wey tae Paris.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=93–94}} Wise tae thair pliskie, Garrick plays alang wi the whimple determined tae get the last lauch{{nsmdns}}even on a luesome young aristocrat, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Germaine Dupont, wham he mistakenly believes tae be ane o the players.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=94}} With her refined demeanor an diction,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivers a performance that is "lichthertit an thoroughly believable", accordin tae Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=45}} ''Variety'' praised the film, cryin it "a production o superlative wirkmanship".<ref name="variety-gg"/><ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> In maugre o the positive reviews, the film didna dae sae weel at the box office.<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/>{{#tag:ref|During the production, [[Brian Aherne]] foond de Havilland "young an entrancin" an organised her twenty-first birthday pairty on the set.<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> Thay datit throuch the makkin o the picture an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=96}} He later wrote, "I little thocht that I would ane day marry her younger sister, Joan Fontaine."<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> Aherne an Fontaine married twa years later, on August 19, 1939.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=104}}|group=Note}} Her final film that year wis Michael Curtiz's romantic drama ''Gold Is Where You Find It'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=103}} a film aboot the late nineteent century conflict in the Sacramento Valley atween gowd miners an thair hydraulic equipment an farmers whase land is bein fluidit.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=103–104}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played the dauchter o a fermer, Serena Ferris, wha faws in luve wi the minin engineer responsible for the fluidin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=104}} The film wis released in Februar 1938,<ref name="tcm-gold-opi" /> an wis her first appearance in three-strip [[Three-strip Technicolor|Technicolor]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=103}} ===Movie starndom, 1938–40=== In September 1937 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis selectit bi Warner Bros. studio heid Jack L. Warner tae play [[Maid Marian]] opposite Errol Flynn in ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' (1938).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=56}} The Technicolor production wis filmed on location atween September{{nbsp}}26, 1937, an Januar{{nbsp}}14, 1938, at Bidwell Park, Busch Gardens, an Lake Sherwood in Californie.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi"/> Directit bi William Keighley an Michael Curtiz, the film is aboot the legendary [[Robin Hood]], a Saxon knicht wha oppones the corrupt an brutal Prince John an his Norman lords while guid [[Richard I o Ingland|Keeng Richard]] is awa fechtin in the [[Third Crusade]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=110}} The Keeng's waird, Maid Marian, initially oppones Robin but later supports him efter learnin his true intentions o helpin his doun-hauden fowk.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=110, 112}} {{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=32|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=114|3a1=Matzen|3y=2010|3p=65}} Nae barelins staunin bi the events, Marian risks her life tae save Robin bi providin his men a plan for him tae win frae.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=109, 114}} As defined bi de{{nbsp}}Havilland, Marian is baith a beautifu fairy-tale heroine an a speerity, gleg woman "whase actions are govrened bi her mynd as well as her hert", accordin tae author Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=34}} ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' wis released on Mey{{nbsp}}14, 1938,<ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi"/> an wis an immediate creetical an commercial success, earnin an Academy Awaird nomination for Best Pictur.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon"/> It went on tae become ane o the maist popular adventur films o the Clessical Hollywood era.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon"/>{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=109}} The popularity o ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' brocht de{{nbsp}}Havilland a new level o fame as a film starn, but this new status wisnae reflectit in her subsequent film assignments at Warner Bros.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} Her neist several roles war mair routine an less challengin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} In the romantic comedy ''Four's a Crowd'' (1938), de{{nbsp}}Havilland played Lorri Dillingwell, a [[wikt:dizzy|dizzy]] rich lass bein romanced bi a conneevin [[Public relations|PR]] man leukin tae land an accoont wi her eccentric grandfaither.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=117–118}} In Ray Enright's romantic comedy ''Hard to Get'' (1938), she played anither dizzy rich girl, Margaret Richards, whase desire tae exact revenge on a gas station attendant leads tae her ain comeuppance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=121–122}} While de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis certainly capable o playin thir kinds o chairacters, her personality wis better suitit tae stranger an mair dramatic roles, accordin tae Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=56}} Bi this time, de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed serious doubts aboot her career at Warner Bros.<ref name="tcm-wn-landazuri" />{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=128}} Some film scholars conseider 1939 tae be the heich pynt o the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood,<ref name="latimes-mathews" /> producin classics in mony genres, includin the Western.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/>{{#tag:ref|Follaein the success o [[Cecil B. DeMille|Cecil B. DeMille's]] epic adventur ''[[The Plainsman]]'' (1937), studios began investin thair tap talent an budgets tae produce films lik ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'', ''[[Union Pacific (film)|Union Pacific]]'', an ''[[Destry Rides Again]]''{{nsmdns}}aw released in 1939.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/>|group=Note}} Warner Bros. produced Michael Curtiz's sprawlin Technicolor adventur ''[[Dodge City (film)|Dodge City]]'', Flynn an de{{nbsp}}Havilland's first Western film.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/> Set in the [[American Ceevil War]], the film is aboot a Texas trailblazer wha witnesses the brutal lawlessness o Dodge City, Kansas, an becomes sheriff tae clean up the toun. De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Abbie Irving, whase ineetial hostility taewart Flynn's chairacter Wade Hatton is transformed bi events, an the twa faw in luve{{nsmdns}}bi nou a proven formula for thair on-screen relationships.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=36}} Curtiz's action sequences, Sol Polito's cinematografie, Max Steiner's expansive film score, an mibbes the "definitive saloon brawl in movie history"<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/> aw contreibutit tae the film's sonse.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=34|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=132}} ''Variety'' describit the film as "a lusty western, packed wi action".<ref name="variety-dc"/> For de{{nbsp}}Havilland, playin yet ane mair supportin luve interest in a leemitit role, ''Dodge City'' representit the emotional law pynt o her career tae that pynt.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=131}} She later said, "I wis in such a depressed state that I could haurdly remember ma lines."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=36}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland Publicity Photo for Gone with the Wind 1939.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Wearin a flowin dress an bonnet|Studio publicity portrait for ''Gone with the Wind'', 1939]] In a letter tae a colleague datit November 18, 1938, film producer [[David O. Selznick]] wrote, "I would gie onything if we haed Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland unner contract tae us sae that we could cast her as Melanie."{{sfn|Selznick|1972|pp=171–172}} The film he wis preparin tae shuit wis ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'', an Jack L. Warner wis unwillin tae lend her oot for the project.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=138}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland haed read the novelle, an unlik maist ither actresses, wha wantit the Scarlett O'Hara role, she wantit tae play Melanie Hamilton{{nsmdns}}a chairacter whase quiet dignity an inner strenth she unnerstuid an felt she coud bring tae life on the screen.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=137}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland turned tae Warner's wife Anne for help.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=138}} Warner later myndit, "Olivia, wha haed a harn lik a computer concealed ahint thae fawn-lik ees, simply went tae the wife an thay jyned forces tae chynge ma mynd."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=49}} Warner relentit, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis signed tae the project a few week afore the stairt o principal photografie on Januar{{nbsp}}26, 1939.<ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes"/> Set in the American Sooth in the nineteent century, the film is aboot the strang-willed dauchter o a Georgie plantation ainer in luve wi the guidman o her sister-in-law, Melanie, whase kyndness staunds in shairp contrast tae thaim that's aroond her. Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's skeelie an suttle performance feckfu presents this chairacter o selless luve an quiet strenth in a wey that keeps her vital an interestin ootthrou the film.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=144}} ''Gone with the Wind'' haed its warld premiere in Atlanta, Georgie, on December{{nbsp}}15, 1939, an wis weel received.<ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes"/> Frank S. Nugent o ''The Times'' wrote that de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Melanie "is a gracious, dignified, tender gem o chairacterisation",<ref name="nytimes-gwtw-nugent" /> an John C. Flinn, Sr., in ''Variety'' cried her "a staundoot".<ref name="variety-gwtw-flinn" /> The film wan ten Academy Awairds, includin Best Picture, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland received her first nomination for Best Supportin Actress.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=54}}<ref name="oscars-1940" /> {{Quote|quote=Melanie wis someone different. She haed very, deeply feminine qualities ... that I felt war very endangered at that time, an thay are frae generation tae generation, an that somehou thay should be kept alive, an ... that's why I wantit tae interpret her role. ... The main thing is that she wis always thinkin o the ither person, an the interestin thing tae me is that she wus a happy person ... luvin, compassionate.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/>|source=Olivia de Havilland}} [[File:Santa Fe Trail 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Wearin a siller dress an broach|Studio publicity portrait for ''Santa Fe Trail'', 1940]] Within days o completin her wirk in ''Gone with the Wind'' in Juin 1939, de{{nbsp}}Havilland returned tae Warner Bros. an began filmin Michael Curtiz's historical drama ''The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex'' wi [[Bette Davis]] an Errol Flynn.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=147}} She haed howpit her wirk on Selznick's prestige pictur wad lead tae first-rate roles at Warner Bros., but insteid she received third billin ablo the teetle as the Queen's lady-in-waitin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=147, 149}} In early September, she wis lent oot tae Samuel Goldwyn Productions for Sam Wood's romantic caper film ''[[Raffles (1939 film)|Raffles]]'' wi [[David Niven]],<ref name="tcm-raf-miller"/> aboot a heich society [[cricket]]er an jewel thief.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=154–155}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later complain, "I haed nothin tae dae wi that style o film."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} In early 1940 de{{nbsp}}Havilland refused tae appear in several films assigned tae her, initiatin the first o her suspensions at the studio.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} She greed tae play in [[Curtis Bernhardt|Curtis Bernhardt's]] muisical comedy drama ''My Love Came Back'' wi Jeffrey Lynn an Eddie Albert, wha played a clessical muisic student turned swing jazz bandleader.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played violinist Amelia Cornell, whase life becomes complicate bi the support o a wealthy sponsor.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}}{{#tag:ref|The performance sequences in ''[[My Love Came Back]]'' war accomplished bi placin a professional female violinist ahint de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae perform the complicatit left haund fingerin while the actress played the bow wi her richt haund.<ref name="tcm-mylove-notes"/>|group=Note}} In his review in ''The New York Times'', Bosley Crowther describit the film as "a featherlicht frolic, a rollickin roondelay o deliciously pyntit nonsense", notin that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "plays the pairt wi pace an wit".<ref name="nytimes-mylove-crowther"/> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis reunitit wi Flynn in thair seivent film thegither, Michael Curtiz's Western adventur ''Santa Fe Trail'', set again the backdrop o aboleetionist John Brown's fanatical anti-slavery attacks in the days leadin up tae the American Ceevil War.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=161}} The maistly feectional story follaes West Pynt cadets J. E. B. Stuart, played bi Flynn, an George Armstrong Custer, played bi [[Ronald Reagan]], as thay mak thair wey wast{{nsmdns}}baith vyin for the affection o de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Kit Carson Hawiday.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=161}} Unalik some o her umwhile adventur film roles, Kit is a vital, interestin, an confident chairacter wha kens her mynd an plays a pivotal role in the story.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=163, 165}} Playin Kit in a provocative, tongue-in-cheek manner, de{{nbsp}}Havilland creates a chairacter o real substance an dimension, accordin tae Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=165}} Follaein a warld premiere on December{{nbsp}}13, 1940, at the Lensic Theatre in Santa Fe, New Mexico{{nsmdns}}attendit bi cast members, reporters, the govrenor, an ower 60,000 fans{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=147–149}}{{nsmdns}}''Santa Fe Trail'' gaed on tae become ane o the tap grossin films o 1940.<ref name="bigbend-sft-taylor" /> De{{nbsp}}Havilland, wha accompanied Flynn on the weel-publicized train ride tae Santa Fe, didnae attend the premiere, haein been diagnosed wi [[appendicitis]] that mornin an rushed intae surgery.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=147–149}} === War years, 1941–44 === Follaein her emergency surgery, de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a lang period o convalescence in a Los Angeles hospital in whilk time she rejectit several scripts offered tae her bi Warner Bros., leadin tae anither suspension.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} In 1941 she appeared in three commercially sonsie films, beginnin wi Raoul Walsh's romantic comedy ''The Strawberry Blonde'' wi James Cagney.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=167}} Set in the Gay Nineties, the story involves a man wha mairries an ootspoken forspeaker for weemen's richts efter a rival steals his glamorous "straeberry blonde" lass, an later discovers he endit up wi a luvin an unnerstaundin wife.{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=64–65}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance revealed a growin confidence playin comedic roles, an a real talent for combinin the qualities o kyndness an luve wi a refined sense o coorseness, accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=171}} The film wis a creetical an commercial success.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=171}} In Mitchell Leisen's romantic drama ''Hold Back the Dawn'' wi [[Charles Boyer]] for Paramount Pictures, de{{nbsp}}Havilland transitioned tae a different teep o role for her{{nsmdns}}an ordinary, decent smaw-toun teacher whase life an sexuality is awakened bi a sophisticatit European gigolo, whase ain life is positively affectit bi her luve.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=173}} Leisen's carefu direction an guidance appealed tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland{{nsmdns}} a fair feck mair nor the wirkmanlik approach o her Warner Bros. directors.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=175, 179}} Bosley Crowther o ''The New York Times'' writ, "Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland plays the schuil teacher as a woman wi romantic fancies whase honesty an pride are her ain{{nsmdns}}an the film's{{nsmdns}}chief support. Incidentally, she is excellent."<ref name="nytimes-hbtd-crowther" /> Her performance earned de{{nbsp}}Havilland her seicont Academy Awaird nomination{{nsmdns}}this time for Best Actress.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=67}} In Julie 1941 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis reunitit wi Errol Flynn for thair aicht an final film thegither, Raoul Walsh's Western adventur epic ''They Died with Their Boots On''. The film is loosely based on the courtship an mairriage o George Armstrong Custer an Elizabeth "Libbie" Bacon.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=181}} Flynn an de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed a fawin oot the previous year{{nsmdns}}mainly ower the roles she wis bein gien{{nsmdns}}and she didnae intend tae wirk wi him again.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=143}} Even Flynn acknawledged, "She wis sick tae daith o playin 'the lass' an badly wantit a few guid roles tae shaw hersel an the warld that she wis a fine actress."{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=211}} Efter she learned frae Warner that Flynn haed come tae his office sayin he needit her in the film, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acceptit.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} Screenwriter Lenore Coffee wis brocht in fur tae add several romantic scenes, an impruive the oweraw dialogue.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} The result is a film that includes some o thair finest wirk thegither.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=40|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=185}} Thair last appearance on screen is Custer's farewell tae his wife.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=185}} "Errol was quite sensitive," de{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later mind, "I think he knew it would be the last time we worked together."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=185}} Flynn's final line in that scene wad hauld special meanin for her: "Walkin throu life wi you, ma'am, haes been a very gracious thing."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=186}} ''They Died with Their Boots On'' wis released on November{{nbsp}}21, 1941, an while some reviewers creeticised the film's historical inaccuracies, maist applaudit the action sequences, cinematografie, an actin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=184–185}} Thomas M. Pryor o ''The New York Times'' foond de{{nbsp}}Havilland "altogether captivating".<ref name="nytimes-tdwtbo-pryor" /> The film wad earn $2,550,000 ({{Inflation|US|2550000|1941|fmt=eq|r=-5}}), Warner Bros.'s seicont biggest money-makker o that year.<ref name="variety-tdwtbo-101"/> In 1942 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Elliott Nugent's romantic comedy ''The Male Animal'' wi [[Henry Fonda]], aboot an idealistic professor fechtin for academic freedom while tryin tae hauld ontae his job an his wife Ellen. While her role wisnae parteecularly challengin, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's delineation o an gleg, guid-naiturt woman tryin tae redd up the mismakfu circumstances o her life played a major pairt in the film's success, accordin tae Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=189, 191}} The film wis a creetical an commercial success, wi Bosley Crowther o ''The Times'' notin that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "concocts a delichtfully pliant an saucy character as the wife".<ref name="nytimes-tma-crowther"/> That year, she appeared in [[John Huston]]'s drama ''In This Our Life'' wi Bette Davis an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=193}} Based on the [[Pulitzer Prize for the Novelle|Pulitzer Prize]]-winnin novelle o the same name bi Ellen Glasgow, the story is aboot twa sisters whase lifes is connacht bi the anger an jealousy o ane o the sisters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=193}} Crowther gae the film a negative review, but notit de{{nbsp}}Havilland's "wairm an easy performance".<ref name="nytimes-itol-crowther"/> Whan production wis on, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Huston began a romantic relationship that wad last three years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=195}} Accordin tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, ane o the few truly satisfeein roles she played for Warner Bros. wis the teetle chairacter in Norman Krasna's romantic comedy ''Princess O'Rourke'' (1943) wi Robert Cummings.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=34}} Filmed in Julie an August 1942,<ref name="tcm-po-opi"/> the story is aboot a European princess in Washington, D.C., veesitin her diplomat uncle, wha is tryin tae find her an American husband. Intent on mairyin a man o her ain chuisin, she boards a plane heidin wast an ends up fawin in luve wi an American pilot wha is wanawaur o her true identity.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=199–200}}{{#tag:ref|The plot an several story devices{{nsmdns}}includin the princess wakin up in the bed o an honourable bachelor{{nsmdns}}would be resurrectit a decade later in ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' wi [[Audrey Hepburn]].{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=74}}|group=Note}}{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=199–200}} The film wis released on October{{nbsp}}23, 1943,<ref name="tcm-po-opi" /> an did weel at the box office.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=200}} Bosley Crowther cried it "a film which is in the best tradeetion o American screen comedy", an foond de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance "charming".<ref name="nytimes-po-crowther"/> {{Quote|quote=I wantit tae dae complex roles, lik Melanie for example, an Jack Warner saw me as an ingénue. I wis really restless tae portray mair developed human beins. Jack niver unnerstuid this, an ... he would gie me roles that really haed no chairacter or quality in them. I knew I wouldna even be effective.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=77}} |source=Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland}} Efter fulfillin her seiven-year Warner Bros. contract in 1943, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis informed that sax month haed been addit tae her contract for times she haed been on suspension.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=35}} The law then allaed studios tae suspend contract players for rejectin a role, an the period o suspension coud be addit tae the contract period.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=78}} Maist contract players acceptit this, but a few tried tae chynge the seestem, includin Bette Davis, wha muntit a wansonsie law-plea again Warner Bros. in the 1930s.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=37}} On August{{nbsp}}23, 1943, on the advice o her lawyer, Martin Gang, de{{nbsp}}Havilland teuk Warner Bros. tae court,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}}<ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner" /> citin an existin California labor law that forbade an employer frae enforcin a contract against an employee for langer than seiven year.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=78|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=36}} In November 1943 the Californie Superior Coort foond in de{{nbsp}}Havilland's favor, an Warner Bros. immediately appealed.{{sfn|McDonald|Carman|Hoyt|Drake|2015|p=215}} On December{{nbsp}}8, 1944, the Californie Coort o Appeals for the Seicont Destrict ruled in her favor.<ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner" />{{#tag:ref|Twa months later, the [[Supreme Coort o Californie]] refused tae review the case.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=80}}|group=Note}} The deceesion wis ane o the maist significant an far-reakin legal rulins in Hollywood, reducin the pouer o the studios an stendin greater creative freedom tae performers.<ref name="reuters-belloni"/> Californie's resultin "seiven-year rule", forby kent as Labor Code Section 2855, is still kent the day as the ''De Havilland Law''.<ref name="reuters-belloni"/> Her legal victory, whilk cost her $13,000 ({{Inflation|US|13000|1944|fmt=eq|r=-4}}) in legal fees, wan de{{nbsp}}Havilland the respect an admiration o her peers, amang them her ain sister Joan Fontaine, wha later commentit, "Hollywood awes Olivia a great deal."{{sfn|Shipman|1970|p=153}} Warner Bros. reactit tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland's lawsuit bi circulatin a letter tae ither studios that haed the effect o a "virtual blacklistin".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}} As a consequence, de{{nbsp}}Havilland didnae wirk at a film studio for naur twa year.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland at Naval Air Station Kodiak Alaska 20 March 1944.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Veesitin a woondit soldier in a hospital|At the Naval Air Station in [[Kodiak, Alaska]], Mairch{{nbsp}}20, 1944]] De Havilland became a naituralised ceetizen o the Unitit States on November{{nbsp}}28, 1941.<ref name="nytimes-citizen"/><ref name="cnn-facts"/> Throu the war years, she actively socht oot weys tae express her patriotism an contreibute tae the war effort. In Mey 1942 she jyned the Hollywood Victory Caravan, a three-week train tour o the kintra that raised money throu the sale o [[war bond]]s.<ref name="startrib-welter"/> Later that year, she began attendin events at the Hollywood Canteen, meetin an dancin wi the troops.{{sfn|Wallace|2002|p=179}} In December 1943 de{{nbsp}}Havilland jyned a Unitit Service Organisations tour that traivelt atouer the Unitit States, [[Alaska]], an the [[Oceania|Sooth Paceefic]], veesitin woondit soldiers in militar hospitals.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=78}}<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> She earned the respect an admiration o the troops for veesitin the isolatit islands an battlefronts in the Pacific.<ref name="sas-walter"/> She survived flichts in damaged aircraft an a bout wi [[viral pneumonia]] requirin several days' stay in ane o the island barrack hospitals.<ref name="academy-of-achievement" /><ref name="sas-walter"/>{{#tag:ref|In 1957, in appreciation o her support o the truips in Warld War II an the Korean War, de Havilland wis made an honorar member o the 11t Airborne Diveesion an wis presentit wi a Unitit States Airmy jaiket bearin the 11t's patch on ane sleeve an the name patch "de Havilland" athort the kist.<ref name="sas-walter"/>|group=Note}} She wad later mind, "I loved daein the tours acause it wis a way I could serve ma kintra an contreibute tae the war effort."{{sfn|Bubbio|2001|p=63}} ===Vindication an recogneetion, 1945–52=== Efter the California Coort o Appeals rulin freed her frae her Warner Bros. contract, de{{nbsp}}Havilland signed a twa-pictur deal wi Paramount Pictures.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=204}} In Juin 1945 she began filmin Mitchell Leisen's drama ''To Each His Own'',{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=80, 86}} aboot an unwed mither wha gies up her bairn for adoption an then spends the rest o her life tryin tae undae that deceesion.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=209}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland insistit on bringin in Leisen as director, trustin his ee for detail, his empathy for actors, an the wey he controlled sentiment in thair umwhile collaboration, ''Hold Back the Dawn''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=209}} The role required de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae age near thirty year ower the course o the film{{nsmdns}}frae an innocent smaw toun lass tae a shrewd, ruthless businesswoman devotit tae her cosmetics company. While de{{nbsp}}Havilland never formally studied acting, she did read [[Konstantin Stanislavsky|Stanislavsky's]] autobiography ''[[My Life in Art]]'' an applee'd ane o his "methods" for this role.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=86}} Tae help her define her chairacter throuch the fower periods o the story, she uised a different perfume for ilka period.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} She lawered the pitch o her vyce incrementally in ilka period till it became a matur wumman's vyce.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} Her performance earned her the Academy Awaird for Best Actress in 1946{{nsmdns}}her first Oscar.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=89}} Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, the awaird representit a vindication o her lang taw wi Warner Bros. an confirmation o her abeelities as an actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland at the Academy Awards 1946.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Smilin saftly|Acceptin her first Academy Awaird for ''To Each His Own'', Mairch 13, 1947]] De Havilland's neist twa roles war challengin an aa. In Robert Siodmak's psychological thriller ''The Dark Mirror'' (1946), de{{nbsp}}Havilland played twin sisters Ruth an Terry Collins{{nsmdns}}ane luvin an normal, the ither psychotic.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=212}} In addeetion tae the technical problems o shawin her as twa chairacters interactin wi ilk anither on screen at the same time, de{{nbsp}}Havilland needit tae portray twa separate an psychologically conter fowk.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=90}} While the film wisna weel received bi creetics{{nsmdns}}''Variety'' said the film "gets lost in a maze o psychological gadgets an speculation"<ref name="variety-dm" />{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis praised bi Tony Thomas, wha cried her final scene in the film "an awmaist frichteningly convincin piece o actin".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=213}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later state that playin the evil sister hauntit her for years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=213}} In his review in ''[[The Nation]]'', James Agee wrote that "her playin is thochtfu, quiet, detailed, an well sustained, an syne it is foondit, as some mair talentit playin is nae, in an unuisually healfu-seemin an likable temperament, it is an undividit pleisur tae see."<ref name="nation-agee" />{{sfn|Shipman|1970|p=151}} While appearin in a summer stock production o ''What Every Woman Knows'' in Westport, Connecticut{{nsmdns}}her seicont professional stage appearance{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland began datin Marcus Goodrich, a Navy veteran, jurnalist, an author o the 1941 novelle ''Delilah''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} Thay war mairit on August{{nbsp}}26, 1946.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} {{Quote|quote=I met a young woman wha wis very much lik Virginia, aboot the same age an pheesical description, as well as bein a schizophrenic wi guilt problems. ... Whit struck me maist o aw wis the fact that she wis rather likable an appealin. It hadna occurred tae me afore that a mental patient could be appealin, an it wis that that gae me the key tae the performance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}}|source=Olivia de Havilland}} De Havilland wis widely praised for her performance as Virginia Cunningham in Anatole Litvak's drama ''The Snake Pit'' (1948), ane o the first films tae attemp a realistic portrayal o mental illness an an important exposé o the harsh conditions in state mental hospitals, accordin tae film creetic Philip French.<ref name="guardian-french" /> Based on a novelle bi Mary Jane Ward an produced bi Darryl F. Zanuck, the film is aboot a woman placed in a mental institution bi her guidman tae help her recover frae a nervous breakdown.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=214–215}} Virginia Cunningham wis ane o the maist difficult o aw her film roles, requirin significant preparation baith mentally an physically{{nsmdns}} she deliberately lost wecht tae help creaut her gaunt appearance on screen.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=214}} She consultit regular wi psychiatrists hired as consultants for the film, an veesitit Camarillo State Mental Hospital tae research her role an observe the patients.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}} The extreme physical discomfort o the hydrotherapy an simulatit electric shock therapy scenes war inspecially challengin for the slicht {{convert|5|ft|3|in|cm|adj=on}} actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}} In her performance, she conveyed her mental anguish bi pheesically transformin her face wi furrt brou, wild starnin een, an grimacin mooth.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Accordin tae author Judith Kass, de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivered a performance baith "restrained an electric", portrayin varied an extreme aspects o her chairacter{{nsmdns}}frae a blate young woman tae a tormentit an disorientit woman.{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=96–97}} For her performance in ''The Snake Pit'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland received an Academy Awaird nomination for Best Actress, the New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird for Best Actress, an the [[Venice Film Festival]] Volpi Cup.<ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> In 1949 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in William Wyler's period drama ''The Heiress'' (1949) wi [[Montgomery Clift]]{{nsmdns}}the fowert in a string o creetically acclaimed performances.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=219|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=186}} Efter seein the play on Broadway, de{{nbsp}}Havilland cried Wyler an urged him tae flee tae New York tae see whit she felt wad be a perfect role for her. Wyler obleeged, luved the play, an wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland's help arranged for Paramount tae secur the film richts.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=306–307}} Adaptit for the screen bi Ruth an Augustus Goetz an based on the 1880 novelle ''[[Washington Square (novelle)|Washington Square]]'' bi [[Henry James]], the film is aboot a young naïve woman wha faws in luve wi a young man, ower the objections o her emotionally abusive faither wha suspecks the man o bein a gowd digger.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} As she haed duin in ''Hold Back the Dawn'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland portrays a chairacter's transformation frae a blate trustin innocent tae a guardit matur woman ower a period o years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=219}} Her delineation o Catherine Sloper is developed throu carefully craftit muivements, gesturs, an facial expressions that convey a patientfu an inhibitit young woman.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Her timid vyce, nervous haunds, douncast een, an carefu muivements aw communicate whit the chairacter is too shy tae verbalize.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Throughout the production, Wyler pressed de{{nbsp}}Havilland hard tae elicit the requisite visual pynts o the chairacter.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=310–311}} In the scene whaur Catherine returns hame efter bein jiltit, the director haed the actress cairy a suitcase filled wi hivy beuks up the stair tae convey the wecht o Catherine's trauma pheesically insteid o uisin a planned speech in the oreeginal script.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=310–311}} ''The Heiress'' wis released in October 1949 an wis well received bi creetics.<ref name="tcm-h-miller" /> For her performance, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received the New York Film Creetics Awaird, the Gowden Globe Awaird, an the Academy Awaird for Best Actress{{nsmdns}}her seicont Oscar.<ref name="tcm-h-miller" /> Efter giein birth tae her first bairn, Benjamin, on September{{nbsp}}27, 1949, de{{nbsp}}Havilland teuk time aff frae makin films tae be wi her infant.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} She turned doun the role o [[Blanche DuBois]] in ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]'', later expleenin that becomin a mither wis a "transformin experience" an that she couldna relate tae the chairacter.<ref name="wsj-meroney" /> In 1950 her faimily flittit tae New York City, whaur she began rehearsals for a major new stage production o Shakespeare's ''[[Romeo an Juliet]]''; it wis her lifelang ambition tae play Juliet on the stage.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} The play opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on March{{nbsp}}11, 1951, tae mixed reviews, wi some creetics believin the thirty-five year auld actress wis ower auld for the role.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} The play closed efter forty-five performances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} Undaunted, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acceptit the teetle role in the stage production o [[George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw's]] comedy ''Candida'', whilk opened at the National Theatre on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Aprile 1952.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} While reviews o the play war mixed, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis weel received, an follaein the scheduled thirty-twa performances, she gaed on tour wi the company an delivered 323 additional performances, mony tae selt-oot audiences.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} While de{{nbsp}}Havilland achieved major accomplishments during this period o her career, her mairriage tae Goodrich{{nsmdns}}aichteen years her senior{{nsmdns}}haed grown strained due tae his crankie temperament.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=83}} In August 1952 de{{nbsp}}Havilland filed for divorce, that became final the follaein year.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=41}} ===New life in Paris, 1953–62=== {{Quote|quote=O coorse the thing that staggers ye when ye first come tae Fraunce is the fact that aw the French speak French{{nsmdns}}even the bairns. Mony Americans an Bretishers wha veesit the kintra niver quite adjust tae this, an the idea perseests that the natives speak the leid juist tae shaw off or be difficult.{{sfn|De Havilland|1962|p=31}}|source=Olivia de Havilland in ''Every Frenchman Has One''}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland and Pierre Galante with Child 1956.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Smilin while hauldin her newborn bairn wi her husband|Wi Pierre Galante an dauvhter Gisèle, 1956]] In Aprile 1953, at the invitation o the French govrenment, de{{nbsp}}Havilland traivelt tae the [[Cannes Film Festival]], whaur she met Pierre Galante, an executive eeditor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=41–42}} Follaein a lang-distance courtship an the requisite nine-month residency requirement, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Galante mairit on Aprile{{nbsp}}2, 1955, in the veelage o Yvoy-le-Marron, an settled thegither in a three-story hoose near [[Bois de Boulogne]] park in the ''Rive Droite'' section o Paris.<ref name="latimes-tartaglione"/>{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland returned tae the screen in Terence Young's period drama ''That Lady'' (1955), aboot a Spainyie princess an her unrequitit luve for [[Philip II o Spain|Keeng Philip II o Spain]], whase respect she earned in her youth efter losin an ee in a swuird fecht defendin his honour.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} Accordin tae Tony Thomas, the film uises authentic Spainyie locations feckfu, but suffers frae a convolutit plot an excessive dialogue,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} an while de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivered a wairm an elegant performance as Ana de Mendoza, the film wis disappyntin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} Follaein her appearances in the romantic melodrama ''Not as a Stranger'' (1955){{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=227}} an ''The Ambassador's Daughter'' (1956){{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=229}}{{nsmdns}}neither o which war successfu at the box office{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland gae birth tae her seicont bairn, Gisèle Galante, on Julie{{nbsp}}18, 1956.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} De Havilland returned tae the screen in 1958 in Michael Curtiz's Western drama ''The Proud Rebel'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=231}} a film aboot a umwhile Confederate sodger whase wife wis killt in the war an whase son lost the ability tae speak efter witnessin the tragedy. De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Linnett Moore, a rochle yet feminine frontier woman wha cares for the boy an comes tae luve his faither.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=117}} The film wis filmed on location in Utah, whaur de{{nbsp}}Havilland learned tae hitch an drive a team o horse an haundle a gun for her role.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=232}} ''The Proud Rebel'' wis released Mey{{nbsp}}28, 1958, an wis well received bi audiences an creetics. In his review for ''The New York Times'', A.{{nbsp}}H. Weiler cried the film a "truly sensitive effort" an "hertwairmin drama", an praised de{{nbsp}}Havilland's ability tae convey the "wairmth, affection an sturdiness needit in the role".<ref name="nytimes-pr-weiler"/> Ane o de Havilland's best performances in this period wis in [[Guy Green (filmmakker)|Guy Green's]] romantic drama ''Light in the Piazza'' (1962) wi Rossano Brazzi.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} Filmed in [[Florence]] an [[Roum]],{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} an based on Elizabeth Spencer's novelle o the same name, the film is aboot a middle-cless American tourist on stendit vacation in Italy wi her beautifu twanty-sax-year-auld dauchter, wha is mentally disabled as a result o a bairnheid accident.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} Faced wi the prospect o her dauchter fawin in luve wi a young Italian, the mither strauchles wi conflictin emotions aboot her dauchter's futur.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=235–236}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland projects a calm maternal lown outthrouch maist o the film, anly shawin glims o the fashin mither anxious for her bairn's happiness.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=124}} The film wis released on Februar{{nbsp}}9, 1961, an wis weel received, wi a ''Hollywood Reporter'' reviewer cawin it "an uncommon luve story ... tauld wi rare delicacy an force", an ''Variety'' notin that the film "achieves the rare an delicate balance o airteestic beauty, romantic substance, dramatic novelty an commercial appeal". ''Variety'' singled oot de{{nbsp}}Havilland’s performance as "ane o great consistency an subtle projection".<ref name="variety-piazza" /> In early 1962 de{{nbsp}}Havilland traivelt tae New York an began rehearsals for Garson Kanin's stage play ''A Gift of Time''. Adaptit frae the autobiographical book ''Death of a Man'' bi Lael Tucker Wertenbaker, the play explores the emotionally pynfu strauchle o a hoosewife forced tae deal wi the slaw daith o her guidman, played bi Henry Fonda. The play opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway tae positive notices, wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland receivin her best reviews as a stage actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} Theater creetic Walter Kerr praised her final scene, writin, "As darkness gathers, the actress gains in statur, takin on the simple an resolute willinness tae unnerstaund."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} The ''New York World Telegram and Sun'' reviewer concluded, "It is Miss de{{nbsp}}Havilland who gives the play its unbroken continuity. This distinguished actress reveals Lael as a special an admirable woman."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} She stayed wi the production for ninety performances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The year 1962 saw the publication o de{{nbsp}}Havilland's first book, ''Every Frenchman Has One'', a lichthertit accoont o her aften amusin attempts tae unnerstaund an adapt tae French life, manners, an customs.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The beuk sauld oot its first prentin prior tae the publication date an wis later tae become a bestseller.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=120}}<ref name="latimes-tartaglione" /> ===Later films an televeesion, 1963–88=== In 1964 de Havilland appeared in her last twa leadin roles in featur films{{nsmdns}}baith psychological thrillers. In Walter Grauman's ''Lady in a Cage'' she played a walthy poet wha gets fankilt in her mansion's lift an faces the threat o three terrorisin hooligans in her ain hame.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=237}} This wis the anly controversial film in her career{{nsmdns}}it wis banned in England{{nsmdns}}an creetics respondit negatively tae the graphic veeolence an cruelty shawn on screen.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} A.{{nbsp}}H. Weiler o ''The New York Times'' cried it a "sordid, if suspensefu, exercise in aimless brutality".<ref name="nytimes-cage-weiler" /> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Robert Aldrich's ''Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte'' wi her close friend Bette Davis.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=131}} Efter Joan Crawford left the pictur due tae illness, Davis haed Aldrich flee tae Swisserland tae persuade a reluctant de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae accept the role o Miriam Deering, a cruel, conneevin chairacter hidden ahint the chairmin façade o a polite an cultured lady.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=239–241}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's quiet, restrained performance providit a counterbalance tae Davis's rantin chairacterization.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=241}} Film historian Tony Thomas descrivit her performance as "a subtle piece o actin" that wis "a vital contreibution tae the effectiveness o the film".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=241}} The film wis weel received an earned seiven Academy Awaird nominations.<ref name="tcm-hush-lobianco"/> As film roles became mair difficult tae find{{nsmdns}}a common problem skared bi mony Hollywood veterans frae her era{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland began wirkin in telly dramas, in maugre o her dislik o the networks' practice o breakin up story lines wi commercials.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} Her first ventur intae the medium wis a teleplay directit bi [[Sam Peckinpah]] cried ''Noon Wine'' (1966) on ''ABC Stage 67'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} a dark tragedy aboot a fermer's act o murther that leads tae his suicide.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} The production an her performance as the fermer's wife Ellie war weel received.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=45}} In 1972 she starned in her first telly featur film, ''The Screaming Woman'', aboot a walthy woman recoverin frae a nervous breakdoun.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=45–46}} In 1979 she appeared in the ABC miniseries ''Roots: The Next Generations'' in the role o Mrs. Warner, the wife o a umwhile Confederate officer played bi Henry Fonda. The miniseries wis seen bi an estimatit 110 million fowk{{nsmdns}} near ane-third o American hames wi telly sets.<ref name="schenectady-gazette-roots" /> Outthrouch the 1970s, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's film wirk wis leemitit tae smawer supportin roles an cameo appearances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=46–48}} Her last featur film wis ''The Fifth Musketeer'' (1979).{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=46–48}} In this period, de{{nbsp}}Havilland began daein speakin engagements in ceeties athort the Unitit States wi a tauk enteetled "From the City of the Stars to the City of Light", a programme o personal mindins anent her life an career.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=142}} She attendit tributes tae ''Gone with the Wind'' an aa.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=142}} In the 1980s, her telly wirk includit an [[Agatha Christie]] telly film ''Murder Is Easy'' (1982), the telly drama ''The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana'' (1982) in whilk she played [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|The Queen Mother]], an the 1986 ABC miniseries ''North and South, Book II''.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> Her maist notable performance o the decade wis in the telly film ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' (1986) as Dowager Empress Maria, whilk earned her a Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Supportin Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Televeesion Film.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> In 1988 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in the HTV romantic telly drama ''The Woman He Loved''{{nsmdns}}it wis her final screen performance.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> === Retirement an remembrance, 1989– === [[File:Olivia de Havilland National Medal of the Arts 2008.jpg|thumb|alt=Wi a glowin smile leukin up at the preses|Receivin the Naitional Medal o Airts frae Preses George W. Bush, 2008]] In retirement, de{{nbsp}}Havilland remained active in the film community. In 1998 she traivelt tae New York tae help promote a special shawin o ''Gone with the Wind''.<ref name="philly-rickey" /> In 2003 she appeared as a presenter at the 75t Academy Awairds.<ref name="tcm-bio" /> In 2004 Turner Classic Movies produced a retrospective piece cried ''Melanie Remembers'' in whilk she wis interviewed for the saxty-fift anniversary o the oreeginal release o ''Gone with the Wind''.{{sfn|Bartel|2014|p=135}} In Juin 2006, she made appearances at tributes commemoratin her 90t birthday at the Academy o Motion Pictur Airts an Sciences an the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.<ref name="wsj-meroney" /> On November 17, 2008, at the age o 92, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received the [[Naitional Medal o Airts]], the heichest honour conferred tae an individual airtist on behauf o the fowk o the Unitit States. The medal wis presentit tae her bi Preses [[George W. Bush]], wha commendit her "for her persuasive an compellin skeel as an actress in roles frae Shakespeare's Hermia tae Margaret Mitchell's Melanie. Her unthirldom, integrity, an grace wan creative freedom for hersel an her fellae film actors."<ref name="wh-archive"/><ref name="nytimes-itzkoff"/> The follaein year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland narratit the documentary ''I Remember Better When I Paint'' (2009),<ref name="huffpost-gitau"/> a film aboot the importance o airt in the treatment o [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="huffpost-gitau"/> On September 9, 2010, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' (knicht) o the [[Legion o Honour|Légion d'honneur]], the heichest decoration in Fraunce, awairdit bi French Preses [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], wha tauld the actress, "Ye honour Fraunce for haein chosen us."<ref name="ap-corbet"/> In Februar the follaein year she appeared at the [[César Awairds]] in Fraunce, whaur she wis hailsed wi a staundin ovation.{{#tag:ref|In Februar 2016 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis named "Auldie o the Year" bi the satirical magazine ''[[The Oldie]]''. Unable tae traivel tae the ceremony in Lunnon, she recordit a message sayin she wis "utterly delichtit" the judges deemed thare wis "sufficient snap in ma celery" tae win the accolade.<ref name="bbc-oldie"/>|group=Note}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland celebratit her 100t birthday on Julie 1, 2016. ==Personal life== ===Relationships=== Awtho kent as ane o Hollywood's maist excitin on-screen couples,<ref name="tcm-bio"/> de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Errol Flynn war never involved in a romantic relationship.<ref name="telegraph-leach"/><ref name="daily-mail-andrews"/> Upon first meetin her at Warner Bros. in August 1935, Flynn wis drawn tae the nineteen-year-auld actress wi "warm brown eyes" an "extraordinary charm".{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=208}} In turn, de{{nbsp}}Havilland fell in luve wi him,<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>{{#tag:ref|In a 2009 interview, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acknawledged, "Yes, we did faw in luve an I believe that this is evident in the screen chemistry atween us. But his circumstances at the time preventit the relationship gangin further. I hae nae tauked aboot it a great deal but the relationship wisna consummatit. Chemistry wis thare thou. It wis thare."<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>|group=Note}} but kept her feelins inside, later recawin, "He niver guessed I haed a crush on him ... it never occurred tae me that he wis smitten wi me, too."<ref name="daily-mail-andrews"/> Flynn wad later write, "Bi the time we made ''The Charge of the Light Brigade'', I wis sure that I wis in luve wi her."{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=208}} Flynn finally professed his luve on Mairch{{nbsp}}12, 1937, at the Coronation Ball for Keeng [[George VI]] at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, whaur thay slaw danced thegither tae "Sweet Leilani" at the hotel's Cocoanut Grove nightclub.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|pp=52–53}} "I wis deeply affectit bi him," she wad later remember, "It wis impossible for me nae tae be."{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=55}} The evening endit on a soberin note, houiver, wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland inseestin that despite his separation frae his wife Lili Damita, he needit tae divorce her afore thair relationship coud proceed.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=55}} Flynn reunited wi his wife later that year,{{sfn|Matzen|2010|pp=65–66}} an de{{nbsp}}Havilland never acted on her feelins for Flynn.<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>{{#tag:ref|During the makkin o ''Robin Hood'' in November 1937, de Havilland playfully decidit tae tease Flynn wha wis bein watched closely on the set bi his wife. In a 2005 interview, de Havilland said, "An so we haed ane kissin scene, which I leuked forward tae wi great delicht. I remember I blew every take, at least sax in a row, maybe seiven, maybe aicht, an we haed tae kiss aw ower again. An Errol Flynn gat really rather uncomfortable, an he haed, if I mey say sae, a little trooble wi his tichts."{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}}|group=Note}} In Julie 1938 de{{nbsp}}Havilland began datin business tycoon, aviator, an filmmakker [[Howard Hughes]],{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}} wha haed juist completit his record-settin flicht aroond the warld in 91 oors.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In addition tae escortin her aboot toun, he gae the actress her first fleein lessons.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}} She wad later remember, "He wis a rather shy man ... an yet, in a whole commonty where the men every day played heroes on the screen an didna dae onything heroic in life, here wis this man wha wis a real hero."<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In December 1939 de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a romantic relationship wi actor [[James Stewart]]. At the request o Irene Mayer Selznick, the actor's agent asked Stewart tae escort de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae the New York premiere o ''Gone with the Wind'' at the Astor Theater on December{{nbsp}}19, 1939.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=137}} Ower the next few days, Stewart teuk her tae the theater several times an tae the 21 Club.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=137}} Thay continued tae see ilk ither back in Los Angeles, where Stewart providit occasional fleein lessons an romance.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=138}} Accordin tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, Stewart proposed marriage tae her in 1940, but she felt that he wis nae ready tae settle doun.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=138}} Thair relationship endit in late 1941 whan de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a romantic relationship wi film director John Huston while makin ''In This Our Life''.{{sfnm|1a1=Fishgall|1y=1997|1p=148|2a1=Meyers|2y=2011|2p=85}} "John wis a very great luve o mine", she wad later admit, "He wis a man I wantit tae mairy."{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=87}}{{#tag:ref|On Aprile 29, 1945, at the hame o producer David O. Selznick, Huston, wha knew aboot de Havilland's three-year crush on Flynn, confrontit the Australie actor{{nsmdns}}wha suffered frae tuberculosis{{nsmdns}}aboot his nae serving in the militar during the war.{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=89}} When Flynn respondit bi alludin tae his former "relationship" wi de Havilland, Huston initiatit an extendit fistfecht wi the expert amateur boxer which laundit them baith in the hospital.{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=89}}|group=Note}} ===Mairiages an bairns=== [[File:Olivia de Havilland with son Benjamin c. 1952.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Smilin while hauldin her son in her arms|Wi her son Benjamin, {{circa|1952}}]] On August{{nbsp}}26, 1946, she mairit Marcus Goodrich, a Navy veteran, jurnalist, an author o the 1941 novelle ''Delilah''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} The mairriage ended in divorce in 1953.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=41}} They haed ane bairn, Benjamin Goodrich, wha wis born on December{{nbsp}}1, 1949.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} He wis diagnosed wi [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] at the age o nineteen,<ref name="tcm-bio"/> but wis able tae graduate frae the University o Texas. He workit as a statistical analyst for Lockheed Missiles and Space Company in Sunnyvale, California, an as an internaitional baunkin representative for the Texas Commerce Bank in Houston.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> He died on October{{nbsp}}1, 1991, in Paris at the age o forty-ane o hert disease brocht on bi treatments for Hodgkin's disease, three weeks afore the daith o his faither.<ref name="nytimes-honan" /><ref name="reel-bio" /> On Aprile 2, 1955, de{{nbsp}}Havilland mairit Pierre Galante, an executive editor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=41–42}} Her marriage tae Galante prompted de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae muive tae Paris.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The couple separated in 1962 but continued tae stey in the same hoose for anither sax year tae raise thair childer thegither.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}}<ref name="philly-rickey" /><ref name="people-vespa"/> Galante muived athort the street an the twa remained close, even efter the finalisation o the divorce in 1979.<ref name="philly-rickey"/> She takkit tent o him throuch his final bout wi buff cancer afore his daith in 1998. They haed ane bairn, Gisèle Galante, wha wis born on Julie{{nbsp}}18, 1956.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} After studyin law at the Université de Droit de Nanterre School o Law, she worked as a jurnalist in Fraunce an the United States.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Syne 1956, de{{nbsp}}Havilland haes steyed in the same three-story hoose near Bois de Boulogne park in the ''Rive Droite'' section o Paris.<ref name="latimes-tartaglione"/> ===Releegion an politics=== De{{nbsp}}Havilland wis raised in the [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopal Kirk]] an haes remained an Episcopalian throughout her life.<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/>{{#tag:ref|In a 2015 interview, de Havilland statit that her releegious beliefs haed lapsed in her adult years, but that she regained her faith whan her son turned ill. Her renewed faith inspired her sister tae return tae the Episcopal Kirk.<ref name="variety-stadiem-notorious"/>|group=Note}} Efter flittin tae Fraunce, she became ane o the first weemen lectors at the American Cathedral in Paris, whaur she wis on the regular rota for Scriptur readins. As recently as 2012, she wis still daein readins on major feast days,<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/> includin Christmas an Easter. "It's a task I luve," she ance said.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> In describing her preparation for her readings, de{{nbsp}}Havilland ance observed, "Ye hae tae convey the deep meanin, you see, an it haes tae stairt wi yer ain faith. But first I always pray. I pray afore I stairt tae prepare, as well. In fact, I would always say a prayer afore shuitin a scene, sae this isna sae different, in a way."<ref name="anglicans-whalon" /> De{{nbsp}}Havilland prefers tae uise the Revised Inglis Bible for its poetic style.<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/> She raised her son Benjamin in the Episcopal Kirk an her dauchter Gisèle in the [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic Kirk]], the faith o the bairn's faither.{{sfn|De Havilland|1962|pp=103–104}} As a United States ceetizen,<ref name="cnn-facts"/> de{{nbsp}}Havilland became involved in politics as a wey o exercisin her ceevic responsibilities.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> She campaigned for [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s re-election in 1944.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> Efter the war, she jyned the Independent Citizens' Committee o the Arts, Sciences an Professions, a naitional public policy advocacy group that includit Bette Davis, Gregory Peck, an Humphrey Bogart in its Hollywood chapter.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> In Juin 1946 she wis askit tae deliver speeches for the committee that reflectit the [[Communist Pairty USA|Communist Pairty]] line{{nsmdns}}the group wis later identified as a Communist front organisation.{{sfn|Billingsley|1998|pp=123–24}} Disturbed at seein a smaw group o [[Communism|Communist]] members manipulatin the committee, de{{nbsp}}Havilland remuived the pro-Communist material frae her speeches an rewrit thaim tae reflect [[Harry S. Truman]]'s anti-Communist platform. She later recalled, "I realised a nucleus o fowk wis controllin the organisation wioot a majority o the members o the buird bein aware o it. An I knew thay haed tae be Communists."<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> She organised a fecht tae regain control o the committee frae its pro-Soviet leadership, but her reform efforts failed. Her resignation frae the committee triggered a waw o resignations frae eleiven ither Hollywood figures, includin futur Preses Ronald Reagan.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/>{{#tag:ref|Reagan wis a relatively new buird member whan he wis invited tae jyn ten ither film industry colleagues, includin MGM studio heid [[Dore Schary]], for a meetin at de{{nbsp}}Havilland's hoose whaur he first learned that Communists war tryin to gain control o the committee.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|p=112}} In the meetin, he turned tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, wha wis on the executive committee, an whispered, "Ye ken, Olivia, Ah always thocht ''ye'' micht be ane o them." Lauchin, she respondit, "That's funny. I thocht ''ye'' war ane o them." Reagan suggestit that thay propone a resolution at the neist meetin that includit leid reaffirmed the committee's "belief in free enterprise an the Democratic seestem" an repudiatit "Communism as desirable for the Unitit States"{{nsmdns}}the executive committee votit it doun the follaein week.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|pp=112–113}} Shortly afterwards, the committee disbaundit, anly tae resurface as a newly-named front organisation.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|p=112}} In maugre o organisin Hollywood reseestance tae Soviet influence, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis denoonced later that year as a "[[Pinko|soummin-puil pink]]" in ''Time'' magazine for her involvement in the committee.{{sfn|Gottfried|2002|p=146}}|group=Note}} In 1958 she wis secretly cried afore the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] an recoontit her experiences wi the Independent Citizens' Committee.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> ===Sibling rivalry=== [[File:Joan Fontaine and Gary Cooper.jpg|thumb|upright|Joan Fontaine an [[Gary Cooper]] at the Academy Awairds, 1942]] De Havilland an her sister [[Joan Fontaine]] are the anly siblings tae hae wan Academy Awairds in a lead actin category.<ref name="time-berman" /> Accordin tae biografer [[Charles Higham (biographer)|Charles Higham]], the sisters ay haed an uneasy relationship, stairtin in early bairnhuid whan Olivia haed trouble acceptin the idea o haein a younger sister, an Joan resentin her mither's favoritism for her aulder sister.<ref name="independent-cornwell"/> This tension wis made waur bi Fontaine's frequent bairnheid illnesses, whilk led tae her mither's ower pertective expression, "Livvie can, Joan canna."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} O the twa sisters, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis the first tae become an actress, an for several years Fontaine wis owershaidaed bi her accomplishments.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=72}} Whan Mervyn LeRoy offered Fontaine a personal contract, her mither tauld her that Warner Bros. wis "Olivia's studio" an that she coud nae uise the name "de{{nbsp}}Havilland".{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=72}} In 1942 de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Fontaine war baith nominatit for an Academy Awaird for Best Actress{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland for ''Hold Back the Dawn'', an Fontaine for ''Suspicion''. Whan Fontaine's name wis annoonced as winner, de{{nbsp}}Havilland reactit graciously sayin, "We'v gat it!"{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=69}} Accordin tae biografer Charles Higham, Fontaine rejectit de{{nbsp}}Havilland's attempts tae congratulate her, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis offendit an embarrassed.{{sfn|Higham|1984|p=257}} Thair relationship wis further raxt in 1946 whan Fontaine made negative comments tae an interviewer aboot de{{nbsp}}Havilland's new guidman. Whan she read her sister's remerks, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis deeply hurt an waited for an apology that wis never offered.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/> The follaein year efter acceptin her first Academy Awaird for ''To Each His Own'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis approached backstage bi Fontaine wha wantit tae congratulate her, de{{nbsp}}Havilland turned away frae her sister.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud" /> They didnae speak tae ilk anither for the neist five year,{{#tag:ref|In 1957, in the anly interview till 2016 in whilk she ever commentit on her relationship wi her sister, de{{nbsp}}Havilland tauld the Associated Press, "Joan is very bricht an sharp an haes a wit that can be cuttin. She said some things aboot Marcus that hurt me deeply. She wis aware thare wis an estrangement atween us."<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/>|group=Note}} an thair silence mey hae caused the estrangement atween Fontaine an her ain dauchters, wha secretly mainteened a relationship wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland.{{sfn|Higham|1984|p=257}} Follaein her divorce frae Goodrich, de{{nbsp}}Havilland resumed contact wi her sister,<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/> comin tae her apairtment in New York an spendin Christmas thegither thare in 1961.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/><ref name="getty-galella"/> The final break atween the sisters occurred in 1975 frae a disagreement ower thair mither's cancer treatment{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland wantit tae consult ither doctors an supportit exploratory surgery; Fontaine disagreed.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=298}} Fontaine claimed that de{{nbsp}}Havilland didnae notify her o thair mither's daith while she wis tourin wi a play{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland in fact haed sent a telegram, whilk teuk twa week tae reak her sister.<ref name="independent-cornwell"/> The sibling feud endit wi Fontaine's daith on December{{nbsp}}15, 2013.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/>{{#tag:ref|Fontaine ance remerked, "I married first, wan the Oscar afore Olivia did, an if I die first, she'll undoubtedly be livid acause Ah beat her tae it!"<ref name="wp-bernstein"/>|group=Note}} The follaein day, de{{nbsp}}Havilland released a statement sayin she wis "shocked an saddened" bi the news.<ref name="cbsnews-djansezian-shocked"/> ==Career assessment an legacy== [[File:Olivia de Havilland's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.jpg|thumb|Starn on the Hollywood Walk o Fame, at 6762 Hollywood Blvd.<ref name="hollywood-walk"/>]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland's career spanned fifty-three years, frae 1935 tae 1988.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> In that time, she appeared in forty-nine featur films, an wis ane o the leadin movie starns in the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood. She began her career playin demure ingénues anent popular male stars, includin Errol Flynn, wi wham she made her breakout film ''Captain Blood'' in 1935.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Thay wad gang on tae mak seiven mair featur films thegither, an became ane o Hollywood's maist popular romantic on-screen pairings.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Her range o performances included roles in maist major movie genres. Follaein her film debut in the Shakespeare adaptation ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedies, sic as ''The Great Garrick'' an ''Hard to Get'', an Western adventure films, sic as ''Dodge City'' an ''Santa Fe Trail''.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> Her naitural beauty an primsie actin style made her parteecularly effective in historical period dramas, lik ''Anthony Adverse'', ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'', ''Gone with the Wind'', an ''The Heiress'', an romantic dramas, lik ''Hold Back the Dawn'' an ''To Each His Own''. In her later career, she wis maist sonsie in drama films, lik ''In This Our Life'' an ''Light in the Piazza'', an psychological dramas playin unglamorous chairacters in films lik ''The Dark Mirror'', ''The Snake Pit'', an ''Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte''.<ref name="tcm-bio" /> Outthrou her career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wan twa Academy Awairds (''To Each His Own'' an ''The Heiress''), twa Gowden Globe Awairds (''The Heiress'' an ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna''), twa New York Film Creetics Circle Awairds (''The Snake Pit'' an ''The Heiress''), the National Buird o Review Awaird an the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup (''The Snake Pit''), an a Primetime Emmy Awaird (''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'').<ref name="tcm-milestones"/> For her contreibutions tae the motion picture industry, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6762 Hollywood Boulevard on Februar 8, 1960.<ref name="hollywood-walk"/> Syne her retirement in 1988, her lifetime contreibution tae the arts haes been honored on twa continents. In 1998 she received an honorary doctorate frae the [[University of Hertfordshire]] in England.<ref name="tcm-notes"/> In 2006, she wis inductit intae the Online Film & Television Association Award Film Haw o Fame.<ref name="ofta-hall"/> On November{{nbsp}}17, 2008, Preses George W. Bush presented de{{nbsp}}Havilland the National Medal o Arts, the heichest honour gien for achievement in the arts conferred tae an individual airtist on behalf o the American fowk.<ref name="wh-archive"/> On September{{nbsp}}9, 2010, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' (knight) o the Légion d'honneur, the heichest decoration in Fraunce, awairdit bi French Preses Nicolas Sarkozy.<ref name="ap-corbet"/> ==Honours an awairds== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:5%;"| Year ! style="width:30%;"| Awaird ! style="width:30%;"| Category ! style="width:25%;"| Film ! style="width:5%;"| Result ! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}} |- | 1939 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Supportin Role | ''Gone with the Wind'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1941 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''Hold Back the Dawn'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1946 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''To Each His Own'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1948 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1948 | Naitional Buird o Review Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1948 | New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1949 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1949 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Motion Pictur Actress | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1949 | New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1949 | Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1952 | Grauman's Cheenese Theatre | Haund prents an fitprents | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ap-graumans" /> |- | 1953 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Motion Pictur Actress | ''My Cousin Rachel'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1960 | Hollywood Walk o Fame Star | Motion Pictur at 6762 Hollywood Blvd, Februar 8, 1960 | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="hollywood-walk" /> |- | 1986 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Performance bi an Actress in a Supportin Role | ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' | {{won}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1986 | Primetime Emmy Awaird | Ootstaundin Supportin Actress in a Miniseries | ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1998 | Honorary Doctorate | [[Varsity o Hertfordshire]] | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="tcm-notes" /> |- | 2006 | Online Film & Telly Association | Film Haw o Fame | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ofta-hall" /> |- | 2008 | Naitional Medal o Airts | — | — | {{won|Honored}} | <ref name="wh-archive" /> |- | 2010 | Chevalier o the Légion d'honneur | — | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ap-corbet" /> |- | 2016 | Oldie o the Year | — | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="bbc-oldie" /> |} == Filmografie == {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Alibi Ike]]'' (1935) * ''[[The Irish in Us]]'' (1935) * ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (1935) * ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'' (1935) * ''[[Anthony Adverse]]'' (1936) * ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'' (1936) * ''[[Call It a Day]]'' (1937) * ''[[The Great Garrick]]'' (1937) * ''[[It's Love I'm After]]'' (1937) * ''[[Gold Is Where You Find It]]'' (1938) * ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' (1938) * ''[[Four's a Crowd]]'' (1938) * ''[[Hard to Get (1938 film)|Hard to Get]]'' (1938) * ''[[Wings of the Navy]]'' (1939) * ''[[Dodge City (film)|Dodge City]]'' (1939) * ''[[The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex]]'' (1939) * ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939) * ''[[Raffles (1939 film)|Raffles]]'' (1939) * ''[[My Love Came Back]]'' (1940) * ''[[Santa Fe Trail (film)|Santa Fe Trail]]'' (1940) * ''[[The Strawberry Blonde]]'' (1941) * ''[[Hold Back the Dawn]]'' (1941) * ''[[They Died with Their Boots On]]'' (1941) * ''[[The Male Animal]]'' (1942) * ''[[In This Our Life]]'' (1942) * ''[[Thank Your Lucky Stars (film)|Thank Your Lucky Stars]]'' (1943) * ''[[Princess O'Rourke]]'' (1943) * ''[[Government Girl]]'' (1944) * ''[[To Each His Own (film)|To Each His Own]]'' (1946) * ''[[Devotion (1946 film)|Devotion]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Well-Groomed Bride]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Dark Mirror (film)|The Dark Mirror]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Snake Pit]]'' (1948) * ''[[The Heiress]]'' (1949) * ''[[My Cousin Rachel (film)|My Cousin Rachel]]'' (1952) * ''[[That Lady]]'' (1955) * ''[[Not as a Stranger]]'' (1955) * ''[[The Ambassador's Daughter (1956 film)|The Ambassador's Daughter]]'' (1956) * ''[[The Proud Rebel]]'' (1958) * ''[[Libel (film)|Libel]]'' (1959) * ''[[Light in the Piazza (film)|Light in the Piazza]]'' (1962) * ''[[Lady in a Cage]]'' (1964) * ''[[Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte]]'' (1964) * ''[[The Adventurers (1970 film)|The Adventurers]]'' (1970) * ''[[Pope Joan (1972 film)|Pope Joan]]'' (1972) * ''[[Airport '77]]'' (1977) * ''[[The Swarm (film)|The Swarm]]'' (1978) * ''[[The Fifth Musketeer]]'' (1979) {{Div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|20em|refs= <ref name="academy-of-achievement">{{cite web |title=Interview: Olivia de Havilland |publisher=American Academy of Achievement |date=October 5, 2006 |url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/deh0int-1 |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173549/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/deh0int-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Awards |publisher=AllMovie |url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/olivia-de-havilland-p17765/awards |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="anglicans-whalon">{{cite web|last=Whalon |first=Pierre W. |title=Reading the Bible as a statement of faith |publisher=Anglicans Online |date=February 12, 2012 |url=http://anglicansonline.org/resources/essays/whalon/deHavilland.html |accessdate=April 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ap-corbet">{{cite news |last=Corbet |first=Sylvie |title=Olivia de Havilland honored by French president |publisher=Associated Press Online |date=September 9, 2010 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-36593d70f8324080ab3c5b267b79c3dc.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archive-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530173812/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-36593d70f8324080ab3c5b267b79c3dc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="ap-graumans">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland at Grauman's Theater |publisher=Associated Press Images |url=http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/Creative-Copyright-Bettmann-Corbis-AP-Images-/911a1f2bba1349f8a3455f3e134a97a9 |accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="bbc-oldie">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland wins Oldie accolade |publisher=BBC News |date=February 2, 2016 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-35470633 |accessdate=February 3, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="bigbend-sft-taylor">{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Lon |title=Getting History Wrong on the Silver Screen |publisher=Big Bend Now |date=February 26, 2015 |url=http://bigbendnow.com/2015/02/the-rambling-boy-62/ |accessdate=March 16, 2016 |archive-date=2015-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307075949/http://bigbendnow.com/2015/02/the-rambling-boy-62/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="brooklyn-daily-burdett">{{cite news|last=Burdett |first=Winston |title=A Midsummer Night's Dream Returns |newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |page=6 |date=October 5, 1936 |url=http://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/52692348/?terms=Midsummer%2BNight's%2BDream |accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="cbsnews-djansezian-shocked">{{cite web|last=Djansezian |first=Kevork |title=Olivia de Havilland 'shocked and saddened' by sister Joan Fontaine's death |publisher=CBS News |date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/olivia-de-havilland-shocked-and-saddened-by-sister-joan-fontaines-death/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="cnn-facts">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland Fast Facts |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/21/us/olivia-de-havilland-fast-facts |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="daily-mail-andrews">{{cite news|last=Andrews |first=Emily |title=Errol Flynn? He never had his wicked way with me |newspaper=Daily Mail |date=June 17, 2009 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1193489/Errol-Flynn-He-wicked-way-says-Gone-With-The-Wind-star-Olivia-Havilland.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="french-observer">{{cite news|last=French |first=Philip |title=Screen Legends No.73 |newspaper=The Observer |year=2009}}</ref> <ref name="getty-galella">{{cite web |last=Galella |first=Ron |title=Marlene Dietrich's Opening Party |publisher=Getty Images |date=September 9, 1967 |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/joan-fontaine-and-sister-olivia-de-havilland-during-marlene-news-photo/105274140/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="golden-globes-olivia">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Golden Globes |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/olivia-de-havilland |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="guardian-french">{{cite news|last=French |first=Philip |title=Philip French's screen legends No. 73: Olivia de Havilland |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 31, 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/dec/22/olivia-de-havilland-screen-legend |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="hollywood-walk">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Hollywood Walk of Fame |url=http://www.walkoffame.com/olivia-de-havilland |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="hr-feinberg-feud">{{cite web|last=Feinberg |first=Scott |title=Joan Fontaine-Olivia de Havilland Feud: New Details Revealed |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=December 17, 2013 |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland-666087?page=2 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="huffpost-gitau">{{cite web|last=Gitau |first=Rosalia |title=Art Therapy for Alzheimer’s: I Remember Better When I Paint |work=The Huffington Post |date=May 11, 2010 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rosalia-gitau/art-therapy-for-alzheimer_b_495914.html |accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="independent-cornwell">{{cite news|last=Cornwell |first=Rupert |title=Sibling rivalry: Hollywood's oldest feud |newspaper=The Independent |date=May 15, 2008 |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/sibling-rivalry-hollywoods-oldest-feud-828301.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="latimes-mathews">{{cite news|last=Mathews |first=Jack |title=1939: It was the greatest year in Hollywood history |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 1, 1989 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-01/entertainment/ca-223_1_greatest-year |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="latimes-tartaglione">{{cite news|last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |title=Olivia and Oscar |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=March 23, 2003 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/23/entertainment/ca-q-a23 |accessdate=April 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nation-agee">{{cite journal|last=Agee |first=James |title=The Dark Mirror (1946) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nation_1946-11-09_163_19/page/n23 |journal=The Nation |issue=19 |date=November 9, 1946 |page=536}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-aa-nugent">{{cite news|last=Nugent |first=Frank S. |title=The Film Version of 'Anthony Adverse' Opens at the Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 27, 1936 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9906EFDF1F3FEE3BBC4F51DFBE66838D629EDE |accessdate=March 5, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-cage-weiler">{{cite news|last=Weiler |first=A. H. |title=Aimless Brutality |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 11, 1964 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0DE4D81F3AE13ABC4952DFB066838F679EDE |accessdate=April 13, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-cb-sennwald">{{cite news|last=Sennwald |first=Andre |title=A Newcomer Named Errol Flynn in a Handsome Film Version of 'Captain Blood' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 27, 1935 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9403E6DD173AE13ABC4F51DFB467838E629EDE |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-citizen">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland a Citizen |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 29, 1941 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02E4DF173AE233A2575AC2A9679D946093D6CF |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-gwtw-nugent">{{cite news|last=Nugent |first=Frank S. |title=David Selznick's 'Gone With the Wind' Has Its Long-Awaited Premiere ... |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 20, 1939 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E2DA153EE432A25753C2A9649D946894D6CF |accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-hbtd-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=Hold Back the Dawn, a Poignant Romance, at the Paramount |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 2, 1941 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E06E3D8113FE13BBC4A53DFB667838A659EDE |accessdate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-honan">{{cite news|last=Honan |first=William H. |title=Marcus Aurelius Goodrich, 93, Writer Known for Naval Stories |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 22, 1991 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/22/arts/marcus-aurelius-goodrich-93-writer-known-for-naval-stories.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-itol-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=In This Our Life, Film Version of Ellen Glasgow Prize Novel |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 9, 1942 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E00E6DA153CE33BBC4153DFB3668389659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-itzkoff">{{cite news|last=Itzkoff |first=Dave |title=Arts Medals Awarded |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 18, 2008 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/arts/18arts-ARTSMEDALSAW_BRF.html?scp=1&sq=Olivia%20de%20Havilland%20national%20medal%20of%20arts&st=cse |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-mylove-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=My Love Came Back at Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 13, 1940 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9502E0D6123EE432A25750C1A9619C946193D6CF |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-po-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=Princess O'Rourke, 100 Percent American Comedy |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 6, 1943 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990CE1DF1538E33BBC4E53DFB7678388659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-pr-weiler">{{cite news|last=Weiler |first=A. H. |title=Moving Sentiment |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 2, 1958 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F00E5D91E31E73BBC4A53DFB1668383649EDE |accessdate=April 7, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-tdwtbo-pryor">{{cite news|last=Pryor |first=Thomas M. |title=They Died With Their Boots On, At the Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 21, 1941 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9906EFD6163AE233A25752C2A9679D946093D6CF |accessdate=March 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-tma-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=The Male Animal, With Henry Fonda, Olivia De Havilland, at Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 28, 1942 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B04E0DA143CE33BBC4051DFB5668389659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ofta-hall">{{cite web |title=Film Hall of Fame Inductees: Actors |publisher=Online Film & Television Association |url=http://www.cinemasight.com/ofta/film-hall-of-fame-actors/ |accessdate=April 15, 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160702102559/http://www.cinemasight.com/ofta/film-hall-of-fame-actors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="oscars-1940">{{cite web|title=12th Academy Awards |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1940 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="peerage-olivia">{{cite web|title=Olivia Mary de Havilland |publisher=The Peerage |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p18366.htm |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="peerage-walter">{{cite web|title=Walter Augustus de Havilland |publisher=The Peerage |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p18365.htm#i183647 |accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="people-vespa">{{cite journal |last=Vespa |first=Mary |title=Olivia De Havilland Finds Solace Serving Her Church |journal=People |volume=11 |issue=9 |date=March 5, 1979 |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073074,00.html |accessdate=April 12, 2016 |archive-date=2016-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611204004/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073074,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="philly-rickey">{{cite web |last=Rickey |first=Carrie |title=Here with the Wind ... |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=June 25, 1998 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1998-06-25/entertainment/25729957_1_gwtw-olivia-hattie-mcdaniel |accessdate=April 12, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423023655/http://articles.philly.com/1998-06-25/entertainment/25729957_1_gwtw-olivia-hattie-mcdaniel |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="reel-bio">{{cite web |title=Olivia de Havilland: Biography |publisher=Reel Classics |url=http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/deHavilland/dehav-bio.htm |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archive-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207032307/http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/deHavilland/dehav-bio.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="reuters-belloni">{{cite news|last=Belloni |first=Matthew |title=De Havilland lawsuit resonates through Hollywood |publisher=Reuters |date=August 23, 2007 |url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSN2329585820070824 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="saratoga-history">{{cite web |title=Saratoga History |publisher=Saratoga Historical Foundation |url=http://www.saratogahistory.com/misc%20documents/2010-Saratoga-Historical-Bike-Ride.pdf |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083740/http://www.saratogahistory.com/misc%20documents/2010-Saratoga-Historical-Bike-Ride.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="sas-walter">{{cite web|last=Walter |first=Don |title=Olivia de Havilland recalls wartime shows |publisher=Stars and Stripes |date=July 12, 1958 |url=http://www.stripes.com/olivia-de-havilland-recalls-wartime-shows-enjoys-making-similar-type-tours-now-1.187691 |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="schenectady-gazette-roots">{{cite news|title=ABC Soars in Ratings with Roots Sequel |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |date=February 28, 1979 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MgwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UnIFAAAAIBAJ&dq=roots+the+next+generations+ratings&pg=1194,7147519&hl=en |accessdate=April 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner">{{cite journal|last=Shinn |first=J. |title=De Havilland v. Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. 67 Cal. App. 2d 225, 153 P.2d 983 |publisher=Google Scholar |location=California |date=December 8, 1944 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=de+Havilland+v.+Warner&hl=en&as_sdt=20000006&case=12173665773310197515&scilh=0 |accessdate=January 29, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="startrib-welter">{{cite news |last=Welter |first=Ben |title=May 10, 1942: Hollywood Victory Caravan |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=April 6, 2011 |url=http://www.startribune.com/may-10-1942-hollywood-victory-caravan/118622314/ |accessdate=March 27, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407073208/http://www.startribune.com/may-10-1942-hollywood-victory-caravan/118622314/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="tcm-aa-steinberg">{{cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jay S. |title=Anthony Adverse (1936) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1857/Anthony-Adverse/articles.html |accessdate=March 5, 2016 |archive-date=2016-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221144550/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1857/Anthony-Adverse/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-bio">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-cb-awards">{{cite web |title=Captain Blood (1935): Awards |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2538/Captain-Blood/awards.html |accessdate=March 2, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401034307/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2538/Captain-Blood/awards.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-cb-opi">{{cite web |title=Captain Blood (1935): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2538/Captain-Blood/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 2, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401060456/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2538/Captain-Blood/original-print-info.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg">{{cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jay |title=Dodge City (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1328/Dodge-City/articles.html |accessdate=March 11, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312014213/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1328/Dodge-City/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-filmography">{{cite web |title=Olivia de Havilland: Filmography |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/filmography.html |accessdate=April 15, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316200839/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/filmography.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gg-arnold">{{cite web |last=Arnold |first=Jeremy |title=The Great Garrick (1937) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/625/The-Great-Garrick/articles.html |accessdate=March 6, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307095543/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/625/The-Great-Garrick/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gold-opi">{{cite web |title=Gold Is Where You Find It (1938): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1007/Gold-Is-Where-You-Find-It/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 6, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042527/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1007/Gold-Is-Where-You-Find-It/original-print-info.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes">{{cite web |title=Gone with the Wind (1939): Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/414427/Gone-With-the-Wind/notes.html |accessdate=March 14, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310052138/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/414427/Gone-With-the-Wind/notes.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-h-miller">{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Frank |title=The Heiress (1949) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77655/The-Heiress/articles.html |accessdate=April 2, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415150417/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77655/The-Heiress/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-hush-lobianco">{{cite web |last=LoBianco |first=Lorraine |title=Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/78739/Hush-Hush-Sweet-Charlotte/articles.html |accessdate=April 14, 2016 |archive-date=2015-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031153654/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/78739/Hush-Hush-Sweet-Charlotte/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller">{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Frank |title=A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935) |publisher=Turner Classic Movis |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1806/A-Midsummer-Night-s-Dream/articles.html |accessdate=February 21, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411133959/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1806/A-Midsummer-Night-s-Dream/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-midsummer-op">{{cite web |title=A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movis |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1806/A-Midsummer-Night-s-Dream/original-print-info.html |accessdate=February 21, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411171429/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1806/A-Midsummer-Night-s-Dream/original-print-info.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-milestones">{{cite web |title=Olivia de Havilland: Milestones |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/milestones.html |accessdate=January 23, 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129171731/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/milestones.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-mylove-notes">{{cite web |title=My Love Came Back (1940): Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1695/My-Love-Came-Back/notes.html |accessdate=March 15, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317073344/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1695/My-Love-Came-Back/notes.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-notes">{{cite web |title=Olivia de Havilland: Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/notes.html |accessdate=January 23, 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129192513/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/notes.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-po-opi">{{cite web |title=Princess O'Rourke (1943): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87158/Princess-O-Rourke/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 25, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405061745/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87158/Princess-O-Rourke/original-print-info.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-raf-miller">{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Frank |title=Raffles (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87567/Raffles/articles.html |accessdate=March 15, 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702133436/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87567/Raffles/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon">{{cite web |last=Nixon |first=Rob |title=The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/articles.html |accessdate=March 9, 2016 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116203730/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi">{{cite web |title=The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 9, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309220938/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/original-print-info.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-wn-landazuri">{{cite web |last=Landazuri |first=Margarita |title=Wings of the Navy (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2417/Wings-of-the-Navy/articles.html |accessdate=March 10, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311010322/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2417/Wings-of-the-Navy/articles.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph-leach">{{cite news|last=Leach |first=Ben |title=Gone with the Wind Star Confirms One of Hollywood's Most Talked-about Romances |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=June 17, 2009 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/5557364/Gone-With-The-Wind-star-confirms-one-of-Hollywoods-most-talked-about-romances.html |accessdate=April 17, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="time-berman">{{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Eliza |title=Hollywood’s Most Famous Sibling Rivalry |journal=Time |date=April 10, 2015 |url=http://time.com/3768918/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland/ |accessdate=April 18, 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704174836/http://time.com/3768918/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="variety-cb">{{cite web|title=Review: Captain Blood |work=Variety |date=December 31, 1935 |url=http://variety.com/1934/film/reviews/captain-blood-1200411083/ |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-dc">{{cite web|title=Dodge City is a lusty western, packed with action |work=Variety |date=December 31, 1938 |url=http://variety.com/1938/film/reviews/dodge-city-1200412081/ |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-dm">{{cite web|title=Review: The Dark Mirror |work=Variety |date=October 18, 1946 |url=http://variety.com/1945/film/reviews/the-dark-mirror-1200414684/ |accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-gg">{{cite web|title=Review: The Great Garrick |work=Variety |date=October 30, 1937 |url=http://variety.com/1936/film/reviews/the-great-garrick-1200411333/ |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-gwtw-flinn">{{cite web|last=Flinn, Sr. |first=John C. |title=Review: 'Gone With the Wind' |work=Variety |date=December 19, 1939 |url=http://variety.com/1939/film/reviews/gone-with-the-wind-2-1200412649/ |accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-ilia">{{cite news|title=Review: It's Love I'm After |work=Variety |date=November 11, 1937 |page=13 |url=http://variety.com/1936/film/reviews/it-s-love-i-m-after-1200411406/ |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-piazza">{{cite news|title=Review: Light in the Piazza |work=Variety |date=February 7, 1962 |url=http://variety.com/1961/film/reviews/light-in-the-piazza-1200420149/ |accessdate=April 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-stadiem-notorious">{{cite news|last=Stadiem |first=William |title=Olivia de Havilland and the Most Notorious Sibling Rivalry in Hollywood |work=Variety |date=April 29, 2016 |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/04/olivia-de-havilland-joan-fontaine-sibling-rivalry |accessdate=July 1, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-tdwtbo-101">{{cite news|title=101 Pix gross in Millions |work=Variety |date=January 6, 1943 |page=58 |url=https://archive.org/stream/variety149-1943-01#page/n57/mode/1up |accessdate=March 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wh-archive">{{cite web|title=President and Mrs. Bush Attend Presentation of the 2008 National Medals of Arts |publisher=The White House Archives |date=November 17, 2008 |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081117-2.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wp-bernstein">{{cite news|last=Bernstein |first=Adam |title=Joan Fontaine, Academy Award-winning actress from the 1940s, dies at 96 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 15, 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/joan-fontaine-academy-award-winning-actress-from-the-1940s-dies-at-96/2013/12/15/807d78e4-c5da-11df-94e1-c5afa35a9e59_story.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wsj-meroney">{{cite news|last=Meroney |first=John |title=Olivia de Havilland Recalls Her Role – in the Cold War |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=September 7, 2006 |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115757993223555601 |accessdate=March 27, 2016}}</ref> }} === Bibliografie === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Bartel |first=Pauline |title=The Complete Gone With the Wind Trivia Book |url=https://archive.org/details/completegonewith0000bart |edition=2nd |publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing |location=Lanham, MD |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-58979-820-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Billingsley |first=Lloyd |title=Hollywood Party: How Communism Seduced the American Film Industry ... |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodpartyho0000bill |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7615-1376-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Brown |first=Gene |title=Movie Time: A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry |url=https://archive.org/details/movietimechronol00brow |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-02-860429-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Bubbio |first=Daniel |title=The Women of Warner Brothers |url=https://archive.org/details/womenofwarnerbro0000bubb |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7864-1137-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Chierichetti |first=David |title=Mitchell Leisen: Hollywood Director |url=https://archive.org/details/mitchellleisenho0000chie |publisher=Photoventures Publishing |location=Los Angeles |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-929330-04-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=De Havilland |first=Olivia |title=Every Frenchman Has One |url=https://archive.org/details/everyfrenchmanha00deha |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=1962 |isbn= |oclc=475546905 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Fishgall |first=James |title=Pieces of Time: The Life of James Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/piecesoftimelife00fish |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-82454-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Flynn |first=Errol |title=My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Autobiography of Errol Flynn |url=https://archive.org/details/mywickedwickedwa0000flyn |publisher=Cooper Square Press |location=New York |year=2002 |orig-year=1960 |isbn=978-0-8154-1250-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Fontaine |first=Joan |title=No Bed of Roses |url=https://archive.org/details/nobedofroses00font |publisher=Morrow |location=New York |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-688-03344-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Gottfried |first=Martin |title=Nobody's Fool: The Lives of Danny Kaye |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-4476-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Herman |first=Jan |title=A Talent for Trouble |url=https://archive.org/details/talentfortrouble00herm |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-399-14012-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Higham |first=Charles |title=Sisters: The Story of Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine |url=https://archive.org/details/sistersstoryofol00high |publisher=Coward McCann |location=New York |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-698-11268-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Jensen |first=Oliver O. |title=Sister Act |journal=Life |volume=12 |issue=18 |pages=88–94 |date=May 4, 1942 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClAEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=February 16, 2016 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kass |first=Judith M. |title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Pyramid Publications |location=New York |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-515-04175-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Matzen |first=Robert |title=Errol & Olivia: Ego & Obsession in Golden Era Hollywood |publisher=Paladin Communications |location=Pittsburgh |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9711685-8-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|editor-first1=Paul |editor-last1=McDonald |editor-first2=Emily |editor-last2=Carman |editor-first3=Eric |editor-last3=Hoyt |editor-first4=Philip |editor-last4=Drake |title=Hollywood and the Law |publisher=British Film Institute |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-84457-478-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Meyers |first=Jeffrey |title=John Huston: Courage and Art |url=https://archive.org/details/johnhustoncourag0000meye |publisher=Crown Archetype |location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-59069-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Reagan |first=Ronald |title=Ronald Reagan: An American Life |url=https://archive.org/details/americanlife00reag |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-671-69198-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Selznick |first=David O. |title=Memo from David O. Selznick |url=https://archive.org/details/memo0000unse |publisher=The Viking Press |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-670-46766-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Shipman |first=David |title=The Great Movie Stars, The Golden Years |url=https://archive.org/details/greatmoviestarst0000unse |publisher=Bonanza Books |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-316-78487-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Thomas |first=Tony |title=The Films of Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Citadel Press |location=New York |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-8065-0988-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Wallace |first=David |title=Lost Hollywood |url=https://archive.org/details/losthollywood0000wall_f6q5 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-312-28863-1 |ref=harv}} {{Refend}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons}} * {{AllRovi name|17765|Olivia de Havilland}} * {{IBDB name|id=67261|name=Olivia de Havilland}} * {{IMDb name|14|Olivia de Havilland}} * {{Tcmdb name|id=46170|name=Olivia de Havilland}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:De Havilland, Olivia}} [[Category:1916 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:American centenarians]] [[Category:American Episcopalians]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Guernsey strynd]] [[Category:American radio actresses]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Breetish emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Centenarian actresses]] [[Category:Chevaliers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:De Havilland|Olivia]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Paris]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients]] [[Category:Volpi Cup winners]] [[Category:Warner Bros. contract players]] [[Category:Western film actresses]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] tor7m60072yrl8l3cb7dx0lsap8w1bw 0 73563 923217 891952 2026-09-24T04:00:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building | building_name = Tatev Monastery | infobox_width = | image = Tatev Monastery from a distance.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = The Tatev Monastery complex an its fortifications | map_type = Armenia | map_size = 300 | map_caption = | location = [[Tatev (veelage)|Tatev veelage]], [[Syunik Province]], [[Armenie]] | geo = {{coord|39.379367|46.250031|display=inline,title}} | religious_affiliation = [[Armenie Apostolic Kirk]] | rite = | region = | state = | province = | territory = | prefecture = | sector = | district = | cercle = | municipality = | consecration_year = | status = | functional_status = | heritage_designation = | leadership = | website = | architecture = yes | architect = | architecture_type = | architecture_style = [[Armenie airchitectur|Armenie]] | general_contractor = | facade_direction = | groundbreaking = 8t century | year_completed = | construction_cost = | specifications = | capacity = | length = | width = | width_nave = | height_max = | dome_quantity = | dome_height_outer = | dome_height_inner = | dome_dia_outer = | dome_dia_inner = | minaret_quantity = | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | materials = }} [[File:Tatev around 1920.png|300px|thumb|The monastery {{circa|1920}}]] The '''Tatev Monastery''' ({{lang-hy|Տաթևի վանք}}) is a 9t-century monastery located on a lairge basalt plateau near the [[Tatev (veelage)|Tatev veelage]] in [[Syunik Province]] in sootheastren [[Armenie]]. The term "Tatev" uisually refers tae the monastery. The monastic ensemble staunds on the edge o a deep gorge o the Vorotan River. Tatev is kent as the bishopric seat o Syunik an played a significant role in the history o the region as a centre o economic, poleetical, spiritual an cultural activity. In the 14t an 15t centuries Tatev Monastery hostit ane o the maist important Armenie medieval varsities, the Varsity o Tatev, which contributit tae the advancement o science, releegion an filosofie, reproduction o beuks an development o [[Miniatur (illuminatit manuscript)|miniature pentin]]. Scholars o the Tatev Varsity contributit tae the preservation o [[Armenie cultur]] an [[Armenie Apostolic Kirk|creed]] durin ane o its maist turbulent periods in its history. The monastery is the "best-kent steid" in Syunik.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holding|first=Nicholas|title=Armenia with Nagorno Karabagh|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniawithnagor0000hold_p8h0|year=2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|location=Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks|isbn=9781841623450|page=[https://archive.org/details/armeniawithnagor0000hold_p8h0/page/255 255]|edition=3rd}}</ref> [[Wings o Tatev]], a cablewey frae Tatev tae [[Halidzor]] veelage wis opened in October 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's longest cable car line opens in Armenia|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hY-W-iKGn--l7Ad4fjyT7pSdj7dw?docId=CNG.fcd3ca22ebdbeb6aedf8bd96251aff7c.471|accessdate=31 May 2013|date=16 October 2010|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019035659/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hY-W-iKGn--l7Ad4fjyT7pSdj7dw?docId=CNG.fcd3ca22ebdbeb6aedf8bd96251aff7c.471|archivedate=2010-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia Launches World’s Longest Aerial Tramway|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/2192609.html|accessdate=31 May 2013|date=17 October 2010|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> It wis includit in the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as warld's "langest nan-stop double track cable caur."<ref>{{cite web|title=Longest non-stop double track cable car|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-8000/longest-non-stop-double-track-cable-car/|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref> ==Etymology== Accordin tae tradition, Tatev Monastery is namit efter Eustateus, a disciple o [[Saunt Jude|St. Thaddeus the Apostle]], who preached an wis martyred in this region. His name haes evolvit tae Tatev.<ref name="lusamut">See [http://www.lusamut.net Lusamut.net].</ref> Popular etymologie includes a legend tellin o a event that is tee'd tae the construction o the main kirk, whaur a apprentice secretly climbs tae the top o its steeple intendin tae place a cross o his awn design. Housomeivver, the apprentice is spottit bi his maister durin his strynd. Shockit bi his discovery, the apprentice luises his fuithauld and faws intae the abyss as he caws upon God tae grant him wings, which, in Armenie is: “Ta Tev”.<ref name="tvillage">See [http://tatevvillage.wordpress.com Tatev Village in the Annals of History].</ref> == See an aw == {{Commons category-inline}} * [[Tatevi Anapat]], a nearbi 17t century Armenie monastery in the Vorotan Valley gorge directly belaw Tatev * [[Wings o Tatev]], the warld's langest non-stop double track aerial tramway that leads to the monastery == References == <references/> == Bibliografie == * {{cite web | first = Dickran | last = Kouymjian | title = Index of Armenian Art: Armenian Architecture - Tat'ev | url = http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/iaa_architecture/tatev.htm | work = Armenian Studies Program | publisher = [[California State University, Fresno]] | access-date = 2014-04-29 | archive-date = 2011-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927234933/http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/iaa_architecture/tatev.htm | url-status = dead }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://tatev.am Offeecial Steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214200645/http://tatev.am/ |date=2017-12-14 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083007/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wings-of-tatev/id420275334?mt=8&ls=1 Wings of Tatev for iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad on the iTunes App Store] * [http://tatev.developway.am Wings of Tatev | developWay CJSC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718221322/http://tatev.developway.am/ |date=2021-07-18 }} * [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Tatev Article Armeniapedia.org: Tatev Monastery] * [http://vizerra.com/en/locations/tatev-monastery 3D Virtual Model of Tatev Monastery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717225538/http://vizerra.com/en/locations/tatev-monastery |date=2011-07-17 }} {{Armenie Kirks}} {{Warld Heritage Steids in Armenie}} [[Category:Christian monasteries in Armenie]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Syunik Province]] [[Category:895 establishments]] [[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 9t century]] [[Category:Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 9t century]] [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Syunik Province]] nnmww51kpz1op7q8hlhn4zwxch72p71 0 74751 923193 829532 2026-09-24T00:12:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox comedian | name = Rowan Atkinson<br /><small>[[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|CBE]]</small> | image = Rowan Atkinson, 2011.jpg | caption = Atkinson at the ''[[Johnny English Reborn]]'' Première in 2011. | birth_name = Rowan Sebastian Atkinson | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|1|6|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Rowan Atkinson: Biography |accessdate=9 February 2012 |url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/rowan-atkinson/ |publisher=[[MSN]] |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133230/http://www.msn.com/en-us/movies |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/rowan-atkinson/bio/173131 |title=Rowan Atkinson: Biography |publisher=[[TV Guide]] |accessdate=9 February 2012 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923235434/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/rowan-atkinson/bio/173131/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |birth_place = [[Consett]], [[Coonty Durham]], Ingland | current_location = [[Ipsden, Oxfordshire]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11082430|work=BBC News|title=Rowan Atkinson's Oxfordshire new home plans approved|date=25 August 2010}}</ref> | medium = [[Stand up comedy|Stand up]], [[televeesion]], [[film]] | genre = [[Pheesical comedy]], [[Satire]], [[Black comedy]] | influences = [[Peter Sellers]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Jacques Tati]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackadderhall.com/blog/?p=43|title=Blackadder Hall Blog » Blog Archive » Rowan Interview – no more Bean... or Blackadder|publisher=Blackadderhall.com|date=23 August 2007|accessdate=21 June 2011|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133237/http://www.blackadderhall.com/blog/?p=43|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[Spike Milligan]]<ref>{{Cite Book | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hr3Dujb4JNsC&pg=PT11&lpg=PT11&dq=rowan+atkinson+john+cleese+influences&source=bl&ots=LjVUtatMo2&sig=NFmiKy-9YMmT5kVUhE0TNIqMJFY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GNhKU7DBKseA7QaJ0oHQAg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=rowan%20atkinson%20john%20cleese%20influences&f=false | title = Depression And How To Survive It - Anthony Clare, Spike Milligan - Google Books}}</ref> | influenced = [[Steve Pemberton]]<br>[[David Walliams]]<br>[[Sacha Baron Cohen]]<br>[[Rik Mayall]]<br>[[Steve Punt]]<br>[[Henry Naylor]]<br>[[Mitchell an Webb]] | yearsactive = 1976–present | spouse = {{married|Sunetra Sastry|1990|2014}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/curse-mid-life-crisis-celebrities-who-3413187|title=The curse of the mid-life crisis: The celebrities who have swapped their wives for younger lovers|work=The Daily Record|date=14 April 2014|accessdate=14 April 2014}}</ref> | partner = Louise Ford<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.celebrity.yahoo.com/gossip/omg/rowan-atkinson--59--steps-out-with-new-girlfriend--31--after-leaving-his-wife-100012468.html|title=Rowan Atkinson, 59, Steps Out With New Girlfriend, 31, After Leaving His Wife|work=Yahoo! UK & Ireland Celebrity|date=14 April 2014|accessdate=14 April 2014}}</ref> | children = 2 | module = {{Listen |embed= yes |filename= Rowan_Atkinson_BBC_Radio4_Front_Row_8_Jan_2012_b018zvm9.flac |title= Rowan Atkinson's voice |type= speech |description= from the BBC programme ''Front Row Interviews'', 8 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite episode |title= Rowan Atkinson |series= Front Row Interviews |serieslink= |url= http://bbc.co.uk/programmes/b018zvm9 |station= [[BBC Radio 4 Extra]] |date= 8 January 2012 |accessdate= 18 January 2014 }}</ref> }} }} '''Rowan Sebastian Atkinson''', [[Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire|CBE]] (born 6 Januar 1955) is an Inglis [[actor]], [[comedian]], an [[screenwriter]] who is best kent for his wirk on the [[sitcom]]s ''[[Mr. Bean]]'' an ''[[Blackadder]]''. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Atkinson, Rowan}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Actors frae Coonty Durham]] [[Category:Alumni o Newcastle Varsity]] [[Category:Alumni o The Queen's College, Oxford]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Caur collectors]] [[Category:Commanders o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Inglis comedy writers]] [[Category:Inglis male comedians]] [[Category:Inglis male film actors]] [[Category:Inglis male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Inglis male vyce actors]] [[Category:Fellaes o The Queen's College, Oxford]] [[Category:Mr. Bean]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at St. Bees Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the Chorister Schuil, Durham]] [[Category:Fowk frae Consett]] [[Category:Truck drivers]] stgb94cu0shsl0jofzhq0h1q4mpno84 0 76571 923173 908278 2026-09-23T22:01:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = PSV | image = PSV Eindhoven.svg | image_size = 225px | fullname = Philips Sport Vereniging [[Naamloze Vennootschap|NV]] | short name = PSV | nickname = ''Rood-witten'' (Red and whites) <br> ''Philips'' <br> ''Boeren'' (Peasants) <br> ''Lempkes'' (Light bulbs) | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1913|08|31}} | ground = [[Philips Stadion]] since 12 December 1910 | capacity = 35,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/UEFACup/01/67/58/86/1675886_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-06-18 |archive-date=2018-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003231213/https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/UEFACup/01/67/58/86/1675886_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psv.nl/Philips-Stadium.htm |title=Philips Stadium |work= |publisher=psv.nl |accessdate=4 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080437/http://www.psv.nl/Philips-Stadium.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | chrtitle = General manager | chairman = Toon Gerbrands | manager = [[Mark van Bommel]] | league = [[Eredivisie]] | season = 2024/25 | position = Eredivisie, 1. | current = | website = http://www.psv.nl | pattern_b1 = _psv1819h | pattern_la1 = _psv1819h | pattern_ra1 = _psv1819h | pattern_sh1 = _psv1819h | pattern_so1 = _psv1819h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_b2 = _psv1819a | pattern_la2 = _psv1819a | pattern_ra2 = _psv1819a | pattern_sh2 = _psv1819a | pattern_so2 = _psv1819a | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF <!--| pattern_b3 = _psv1718T | pattern_la3 = _psv1718T | pattern_ra3 = _psv1718T | pattern_sh3 = _psv1718T | pattern_so3 = _psv1718T | leftarm3 = 040B47 | body3 = 0F26F7 | rightarm3 = 040B47 | shorts3 = 040B47 | socks3 = 040B47--> }} '''Philips Sport Vereniging''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈfi.lɪps ˌspɔrt fə.ˌreː.nə.ɣɪŋ}}, {{lang-en|Philips Sports Club}}), abbreviatit as '''PSV''' an internaitionally kent as '''PSV Eindhoven''' {{IPA-nl|ˌpe.jɛs.ˈfeː ˈɛi̯nt.ˌɦoː.və(n)|}} is a sports club frae [[Eindhoven]], the [[Netherlands]]. It is best kent for its profeesional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] depairtment, currently playin in the [[Eredivisie]], which haes [[:en:List of unrelegated association football clubs|niver been relegatit]] tae a lawer diveesion. ==Honours== ===Domestic=== *'''[[Eredivisie]]: 26''' **[[1928-29 Netherlands Football League Championship|1928–29]], [[1934–35 Netherlands Football League Championship|1934–35]], [[1950–51 Netherlands Football League Championship|1950–51]], [[1962–63 Eredivisie|1962–63]], [[1974–75 Eredivisie|1974–75]], [[1975–76 Eredivisie|1975–76]], [[1977–78 Eredivisie|1977–78]], [[1985–86 Eredivisie|1985–86]], [[1986–87 Eredivisie|1986–87]], [[1987–88 Eredivisie|1987–88]], [[1988–89 Eredivisie|1988–89]], [[1990–91 Eredivisie|1990–91]], [[1991–92 Eredivisie|1991–92]], [[1996–97 Eredivisie|1996–97]], [[1999–2000 Eredivisie|1999–00]], [[2000–01 Eredivisie|2000–01]], [[2002–03 Eredivisie|2002–03]], [[2004–05 Eredivisie|2004–05]], [[Eredivisie 2005–06|2005–06]], [[Eredivisie 2006–07|2006–07]], [[Eredivisie 2007-08|2007–08]], 2015, 2016, 2018, 2024, 2025 *'''[[KNVB Cup]]: 11''' **[[KNVB Cup|1949-50]], [[KNVB Cup 1973-74|1973-74]], [[KNVB Cup 1975-76|1975-76]], [[KNVB Cup 1987-88|1987-88]], [[KNVB Cup 1988-89|1988-89]], [[KNVB Cup 1989-90|1989-90]], [[KNVB Cup 1995-96|1995-96]], [[KNVB Cup 2004-05|2004-05]], [[2011-12 KNVB Cup|2011-12]], 2021/22, 2022/2023 *'''[[Johan Cruijff Schaal]]: 9''' **[[1992 Dutch Supercup|1992]], [[1996 Johan Cruijff Schaal|1996]], [[1997 Johan Cruijff Schaal|1997]], [[Johan Cruijff Schaal|1998]], [[Johan Cruijff Schaal|2000]], [[Johan Cruijff Schaal|2001]], [[2003 Johan Cruijff Schaal|2003]], [[2008 Johan Cruijff Schaal|2008]], [[2012 Johan Cruijff Schaal|2012]] ===European=== *'''[[European Cup]]: 1''' **[[1988 European Cup Final|1987–88]] *'''[[UEFA Cup]]: 1''' **[[1978 UEFA Cup Final|1977–78]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|PSV Eindhoven}} * [http://www.psv.nl/ Offeecial clubsteid o PSV] {{nl icon}} / {{en icon}} / {{es icon}} * [http://www.supver-psv.nl/en_index.html Offeecial Supportersclub] {{en icon}} / {{nl icon}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1913]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Eindhoven]] [[Category:Philips]] [[Category:PSV Eindhoven| ]] [[Category:Sport in Eindhoven]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Superleague Formula clubs]] [[Category:G-14 clubs]] [[Category:1913 establishments in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Unrelegated association fitbaw clubs|Eindhoven]] rq7er77osqxa9uoxstzjr6eol85ky0i 0 76580 923170 912795 2026-09-23T21:34:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox football club | clubname = Olympiacos | current = 2024–25 Olympiacos F.C. season | image = | fullname = ΠΑΕ Ολυμπιακός Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς<br>{{small|(Olympiacos Club of {{nowrap|Sportsfriends of Piraeus}})}} | nickname = {{unbulleted list | ''Τhrylos'' (Legend) | ''Erythrolefkoi'' (The Red-Whites) }} | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1925|03|10}} | ground = [[Karaiskakis Stadium]]<br>[[Piraeus]], Greece | capacity = 33,449<ref>[https://www.olympiacos.org/en/g-karaiskakis-stadium/# "G. Karaiskakis" Stadium] olympiacos.org</ref> | owntitle = Owner | owner = [[Evangelos Marinakis]] | chrtitle = Chief Director | chairman = | manager = [[José Luis Mendilibar]] | league = [[Superleague Greece]] | season = [[2024–25 Superleague Greece|2024–25]] | position = Superleague Greece, 1d | pattern_la1=_olympiakos1314h|pattern_b1=_olympiakos1314h|pattern_ra1=_olympiakos1314h|pattern_sh1=_white_stripes|leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=FF0000|socks1=FF0000 | pattern_la2=_olympiakos1314a|pattern_b2=_olympiakos1314a|pattern_ra2=_olympiakos1314a|pattern_sh2=_olympiakos1314a|leftarm2=000000|body2=000000|rightarm2=000000|shorts2=181F36|socks2=181F36 | pattern_la3=_olympiakos1314t|pattern_b3=_olympiakos1314t|pattern_ra3=_olympiakos1314t|leftarm3=FFFFFF|body3=FFFFFF|rightarm3=FF0000|shorts3=FFFFFF|socks3=FFFFFF | website = http://www.olympiacos.org/ }} [[File:Karaiskakis Stadium Piraeus Olympiacos-Arsenal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Karaiskakis Stadium during a [[2009–10 UEFA Champions League]] fixture against [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]]] '''Olympiacos F.C.''' ({{lang-el|ΠΑΕ Ολυμπιακός}}), kent simply as '''Olympiacos''', '''Olympiacos Piraeus''' or wi its full name '''Olympiacos S.F.P.''' ({{lang-el|Oλυμπιακός Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς}}, transliteratit "Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlo̱n Peiraió̱s"), ''Olympiacos Club o Sportsfriends o Piraeus'', is a Greek profeesional [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club, pairt o the major multi-sport club [[Olympiacos SFP]], based in [[Piraeus]]. Olympiacos is the [[:en:List of football clubs in Greece by major honours won|maist successful]] club in [[Fitbaa in Greece|Greek fitbaw history]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/588569/mporeite-na-ton-lete-kai-na-ton-grafete-thrylo|title=''Their full name is Olympiacos Club of Sportfriends of Piraeus. For the sake of sanity, however, you can just call them Olympiacos. Or “Thrylos” once you get to know them.'' Presentation of Olympiacos F.C. in International Champions Cup's official website: ''"Olympiacos: The most successful club in Greek football history"''|publisher=gazzetta.gr from internationalchampionscup.com|accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref> haein wan 48 [[Super League Greece|Greek League]] titles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1928771.html|title=Olympiacos clinch 40th Greek title|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=27 May 2013|archive-date=2014-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222014721/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1928771.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 29 [[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cups]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1950640.html|title=Final win completes double for Olympiacos|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=24 August 2013|archive-date=2020-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528123012/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1950640.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 19 [[Double (association fitbaw)#Greece|Doubles]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1950640.html|title=Final win completes double for Olympiacos|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=27 May 2013|archive-date=2020-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528123012/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=1950640.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an 4 [[Greek Super Cup]]s, for a total o 81 naitional titles &ndash; aw records. Olympiacos' dominatin success is further signifee'd bi the fact that aw the ither Greek clubs hae wan a combined total o 41 League titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epo.gr/Default.aspx?a_id=25295|title=Ελληνικό Πρωτάθλημα, Οι Πρωταθλητές Ελλάδας από το 1928 μέχρι σήμερα (Greek Championship, list of Greek champions 1928–2013)|publisher=Hellenic Football Federation, epo.gr|language=Greek|accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref> They also hold the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles, as they are the anerly side tae hae wan 7 consecutive championships ([[1996–97 Alpha Ethniki|1997]]–[[2002–03 Alpha Ethniki|2003]]), haein breuken their awn previous record o 6 ([[1953–54 Panhellenic Championship|1954]]–[[1958–59 Panhellenic Championship|1959]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympiacos.org/en/page/4516/trophies|title=Olympiacos trophies|publisher=Olympiacos.org|accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> It is ane o three clubs tae hae niver been relegatit frae the top flicht o Greek fitbaw; in European competitions wan the 2024 UEFA Conference League an they hae reached the quairter-feenals twice, in the [[1998–99 UEFA Champions League]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1998/matches/round=1212/index.html|title=1998–99 Champions League quarter-finals|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=27 August 2013|archive-date=2014-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619182754/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1998/matches/round=1212/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an the [[1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=2610/profile/history/index.html|title=Olympiacos FC|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=27 May 2013|archive-date=2014-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710182746/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=2610/profile/history/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Olympiacos is ane o the foondin members o the [[European Club Association]] an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=648738.html|title=New era in European game|publisher=UEFA.com|accessdate=29 May 2013|archive-date=2014-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229194117/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=648738.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club's stadium is the [[Karaiskakis Stadium]] in Piraeus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympiacos.org/en/stadium-new-karaiskaki|title=Karaiskakis Stadium History|publisher=olympiacos.org|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref> Olympiacos is the maist popular Greek club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.org/MultimediaFiles/Download/Tech/uefaorg/General/02/09/18/26/2091826_DOWNLOAD.pdf#page=41 |title=Concentration of people supporting the most popular club (page 41), Greece: Olympiacos 26%|accessdate=2014-04-20 |date=2014-04-17 |work=UEFA sixth club licensing benchmarking report on European club football |publisher=[[UEFA]] |format=pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/newspapers/Sport/goal_news/goal_news.2747025.html|title=''ΒΑΜΜΕΝΑ ΚΟΚΚΙΝΑ...ΜΥΑΛΑ - ΑΠΙΣΤΕΥΤΗ Η ΥΠΟΣΤΗΡΙΞΗ ΤΟΥ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΥ ΕΝΤΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΩΝ ΣΥΝΟΡΩΝ, ΚΑΘΩΣ ΟΙ "ΕΡΥΘΡΟΛΕΥΚΟΙ" ΒΡΙΣΚΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΝΤΕΚΑΤΗ ΘΕΣΗ ΣΕ ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΗ ΤΗΝ ΕΥΡΩΠΗ ΑΠΟ ΠΛΕΥΡΑΣ ΔΗΜΟΦΙΛΙΑΣ ΕΝΟΣ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΟΥ ΣΤΗ ΧΩΡΑ ΤΟΥ''|date=2014-04-19|publisher="GOAL" newspaper|language=Greek|access-date=2014-06-19|archive-date=2014-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506112617/http://www.sport24.gr/newspapers/sport/goal_news/goal_news.2747025.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sport24.gr">[http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/article344370.ece] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908092340/http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/article344370.ece |date=2013-09-08 }}, ''Περισσότερους οπαδούς ο Ολυμπιακός. Σε πρόσφατη έρευνα σχετικά με τους περισσότερους οπαδούς, ο ΟΣΦΠ είναι 1ος'', 30/06/2009 SPORT24, 15ετής έρευνα του Παντελή Κυπριανού (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://markakis.yooblog.gr/2008/03/14/259/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727181650/http://markakis.yooblog.gr/2008/03/14/259/ |date=2013-07-27 }}, ''το 36% (2.016.000) δηλώνουν Ολυμπιακοί, το 30% (1.680.000) Παναθηναϊκοί, Έρευνα της Focus, Οκτώβριος 2005 –Φεβρουάριος 2006'', SPORT24, επίσημο blog του sport24 και του αθλητικού συντάκτη Στέλιου Μαρκάκη (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://www.sentragoal.gr/article.asp?catid=10559&subid=2&pubid=338686] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044948/http://www.sentragoal.gr/article.asp?catid=10559&subid=2&pubid=338686 |date=2014-11-29 }}, ''H πιο πρόσφατη... «απογραφή»: 36% Oλυμπιακοί (1,677 εκατομμύρια), 30,2% Παναθηναϊκοί'', Sentragoal, Βαγγέλης Μπραουδάκης (in Greek)</ref> wi aroond twa an a hauf million fans inside Greece an millions o ithers in the [[Greek diaspora|Greek commonties]] aw ower the warld.<ref>[http://usa.greekreporter.com/2011/06/04/red-and-white-moments-in-new-york/ ''"Red and White" Olympiacos moments in New York''], Greek Reporter USA (usa.greekreporter.com), 04/06/2011</ref><ref>[http://www.redplanet.gr/sports/h-omogeneia-den-ksexna-ton-erasitexnh.2355362.html ''Greek diaspora supports Olympiacos CFP''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192335/http://www.redplanet.gr/sports/h-omogeneia-den-ksexna-ton-erasitexnh.2355362.html |date=2013-10-29 }}, redplanet.gr (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/a-league/greek-side-olympiakos-looking-forward-top-playing-melbourne-victory-at-etihad-stadium-in-may/story-e6frf4gl-1226306161054 ''Greek side Olympiakos looking forward to playing Melbourne Victory at Etihad Stadium in May. There are thousands of Olympiakos fans in Australia waiting to see our team in action.''], foxsports.com, 21/03/2012</ref><ref>[http://www.gazzetta.gr/basketball/article/548796/fantastiki-i-paroysia-ton-ellinon-vid ''"Our Greek fans in Brazil were amazing". Olympiacos won the Intercontinental Cup in Brazil with Spanoulis, Printezis and Mantzaris praising Olympiacos fans from the Greek community in Brazil and thanking them for their support''], gazzetta.gr, 08/10/2013 (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://www.onsports.gr/basket/A1-Andrwn/item/348603-Olympiakos-Kati-magiko-sto-Sao-Paolo-videos ''Olympiacos supporters of the Greek community in Sao Paulo, provided passionate support to Olympiacos basketball team, as they won the Intercontinental Cup''], onsports.gr, 05/10/2013 (in Greek)</ref><ref>[http://www.ekirikas.com/article/83472 ''Olympiacos Club of New York and Greek diaspora honours Olympiacos President Evangelos Marinakis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040909/http://www.ekirikas.com/article/83472 |date=2014-11-29 }}, The National Herald (thenationalherald.com) (in Greek)</ref> Olympiacos wis placit nint on the leet wi the maist paid up members in the warld in 2006, haein 83,000 registered members as o Apryle 2006.<ref>[http://www.gazzetta.gr/podosfairo/article/303148-aytoi-einai-oi-opadoi-stin-ellada], ''Αυτοί είναι οι οπαδοί στην Ελλάδα – Ο Ολυμπιακός έχει τους περισσότερους φιλάθλους στην Ελλάδα'', 26/06/2012 Gazzetta (in Greek)</ref> They share a great an lang-staundin rivalry wi [[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]], wi whom they contest the [[derby o the eternal enemies]]. == Honours == === Domestic competitions === * '''[[Superleague Greece|Greek Championship]]''' ** '''Winners (48) (record):''' [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1931]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1933]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1934]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1936]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1937]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1938]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1947]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1948]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1951]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1954]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1955]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1956]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1957]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1958]], [[Superleague Greece#Champions|1959]], [[:en:1965–66 Alpha Ethniki|1966]], [[:en:1966–67 Alpha Ethniki|1967]], [[:en:1972–73 Alpha Ethniki|1973]], [[:en:1973–74 Alpha Ethniki|1974]], [[:en:1974–75 Alpha Ethniki|1975]], [[:en:1979–80 Alpha Ethniki|1980]], [[:en:1980–81 Alpha Ethniki|1981]], [[:en:1981–82 Alpha Ethniki|1982]], [[:en:1982–83 Alpha Ethniki|1983]], [[:en:1986–87 Alpha Ethniki|1987]], [[:en:1996–97 Alpha Ethniki|1997]], [[:en:1997–98 Alpha Ethniki|1998]], [[:en:1998–99 Alpha Ethniki|1999]], [[:en:1999–2000 Alpha Ethniki|2000]], [[:en:2000–01 Alpha Ethniki|2001]], [[:en:2001–02 Alpha Ethniki|2002]], [[:en:2002–03 Alpha Ethniki|2003]], [[:en:2005–06 Alpha Ethniki|2005]], [[:en:2005–06 Alpha Ethniki|2006]], [[:en:2006–07 Superleague Greece|2007]], [[:en:2007–08 Superleague Greece|2008]], [[:en:2008–09 Superleague Greece|2009]], [[:en:2010–11 Superleague Greece|2011]], [[:en:2011–12 Superleague Greece|2012]], [[:en:2012–13 Superleague Greece|2013]], [[:en:2013–14 Superleague Greece|2014]], [[:en:2014–15 Superleague Greece|2015]], [[:en:2015–16 Superleague Greece|2016]], [[:en:2016–17 Superleague Greece|2017]], [[:en:2019–20 Superleague Greece|2020]], 2021, 2022, 2025 * '''[[Greek Fitbaa Cup|Greek Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (29) (record):''' [[:en:Greek Cup 1946-47|1947]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1950-51|1951]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1951-52|1952]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1952-53|1953]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1953-54|1954]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1956-57|1957]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1957-58|1958]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1958-59|1959]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1959-60|1960]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1960-61|1961]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1962-63|1963]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1964-65|1965]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1967-68|1968]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1970-71|1971]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1972-73|1973]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1974-75|1975]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1980-81|1981]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1989-90|1990]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1991-92|1992]], [[:en:Greek Cup 1998-99|1999]], [[:en:Greek Cup 2004-05|2005]], [[:en:Greek Cup 2005-06|2006]], [[:en:Greek Cup 2007-08|2008]], [[:en:Greek Cup 2008–09|2009]], [[:en:2011–12 Greek Football Cup|2012]], [[:en:2012–13 Greek Football Cup|2013]],[[:en:2014–15 Greek Football Cup|2015]], [[:en:2019–20 Greek Football Cup|2020]], [[:en:2024–25 Greek Football Cup|2025]] * '''[[Double (association fitbaw)|Double]]''' ** '''Winners (18) (record):''' 1947, 1951, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1973, 1975, 1981, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2020 * '''[[Greek Super Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (5) (record):'''<ref>http://www.worldfootball.net/winner/gre-supercup/</ref> [[Greek Super Cup|1980]], [[Greek Super Cup|1987]], [[Greek Super Cup|1992]], [[Greek Super Cup|2007]], 2025 * '''[[:en:Football Cup o Greater Greece|Greater Greece Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (3) (record):''' [[:en:Football Cup of Greater Greece|1969]], [[:en:Football Cup of Greater Greece|1972]], [[:en:Football Cup of Greater Greece|1976]] === European competeetions === * '''UEFA Conference League:''' ** '''Winners (1):''' 2024 * '''[[UEFA Champions League]]:''' ** Quairter-feenals (1): [[1998–99 UEFA Champions League|1998–99]] * '''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]:''' ** Quairter-feenals (1): [[:en:1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup|1992–93]] === Internaitional competeetions === * '''[[Balkans Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (1):''' [[:en:Balkans Cup 1961–63|1963]] ==UEFA competition record== {| cellspacing="0" style="background: #006699; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" width=98% |- bgcolor=#006699 style="color:white;" ! width="190" align=center | '''Club''' ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Coppa Campioni.svg|Liga de Campeones de la UEFA/Copa de Europa|55px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Coppauefa.png|50px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Trofeo_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League.svg|UEFA Europa Conference League|42px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Coppa delle Coppe.svg|Recopa de Europa|57px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Supercoppa UEFA.svg|Supercopa de la UEFA|38px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Trofeo Copa Intercontinental 1960-2004.png|35px|link=Copa Intercontinental]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Coppa Del Mondo per Club.png|38px|link=Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:CFFCB2.png|Copa de Ferias|29px]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:Intertoto.png|80px|link=Copa Intertoto de la UEFA]] ! width="130" align=center | [[File:UEFA Youth League 2018.svg|30px]] ! width="70" align=center | Total |- align="center" bgcolor="#D0E7FF" |align="left"|[[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]] ||-||-||'''1'''||-||-||-||-||-||-||'''1'''|| |'''2''' |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | align=center colspan="12" | <small>June 1, 2024.</small> |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- !style="background:#c0c0c0; color:#000000;"| European Cups<br>Team !! Seasons !! P !! W !! D !! L !! G !! Competition |- |style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffffff;"| Olympiacos || 32 || 165 || 60 || 31 || 74 || 202–250 ||style= "color:#000000;"| [[UEFA Champions League]] |- |style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffffff;"| Olympiacos || 09 || 33 || 14 || 06 || 13 || 43–47 ||style= "color:#000000;"| [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] |- |style="background:#ff0000; color:#ffffff;"| Olympiacos || 22 || 90 || 41 || 15 || 34 || 136–115 ||style= "color:#000000;"| [[UEFA Cup]] |- |style="color:#000000;"| Results || 63 || 288 || 115 || 52 || 121 || 381–412 ||style= "color:#000000;"| Total |} ==Current squad== {{updated|10 August 2019}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Team |url=http://www.olympiacos.org/en/page/1913/team |publisher=olympiacos.org |accessdate=21 September 2018}}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no= 1|nat=POR|name=[[José Sá]]|pos=GK|other=}} {{Fs player|no= 2|nat=ALG|name=[[Hillal Soudani]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no= 3|nat=POR|name=[[Rúben Semedo]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no= 4|nat=GUI|name=[[Mady Camara]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no= 5|nat=GRE|name=[[Andreas Bouchalakis]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no= 7|nat=GRE|name=[[Kostas Fortounis]]|pos=MF|other=[[captain (association football)|captain]]}} {{Fs player|no= 8|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Guilherme dos Santos Torres|Guilherme]]}} {{Fs player|no= 9|nat=ESP|name=[[Miguel Ángel Guerrero]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=POR|name=[[Daniel Podence]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=MAR|name=[[Youssef El-Arabi]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat=GRE|name=Konstantinos Tzolakis|pos=GK|other=}} {{Fs player|no=14|nat=NOR|name=[[Omar Elabdellaoui]]|pos=DF|other=[[captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=SRB|name=[[Svetozar Marković (footballer)|Svetozar Marković]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=16|nat=FRA|name=[[Bobby Allain]]|pos=GK|other=}} {{Fs player|no=17|nat=SRB|name=[[Lazar Ranđelović]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat=BRA|name=[[Bruno Felipe Souza Da Silva|Bruno]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat=GRE|name=[[Giorgos Masouras]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat=TUN|name=[[Yassine Meriah]]|pos=DF|others=}} {{Fs player|no=21|nat=GRE|name=[[Kostas Tsimikas]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=GRE|name=[[Leonardo Koutris]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=24|nat=SEN|name=[[Ousseynou Ba]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=26|nat=SRB|name=[[Jagoš Vuković]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=28|nat=FRA|name=[[Mathieu Valbuena]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=32|nat=GRE|name=[[Thanasis Androutsos]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=34|nat=GRE|name=[[Avraam Papadopoulos]]|pos=DF|other=[[captain (association football)|4th captain]]}} {{Fs player|no=35|nat=GRE|name=[[Vasilis Torosidis]]|pos=DF|other=[[captain (association football)|3rd captain]]}} {{Fs player|no=66|nat=SEN|name=[[Pape Abou Cissé]]|pos=DF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=77|nat=GRE|name=[[Lazaros Christodoulopoulos]]|pos=MF|other=}} {{Fs player|no=96|nat=GRE|name=[[Fiorin Durmishaj]]|pos=FW|other=}} {{Fs end}} == References == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Olympiacos FC}} <!-- ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== --> <!-- | DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF | --> <!-- | LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, | --> <!-- | but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link | --> <!-- | to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)| --> <!-- | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | --> <!-- | | --> <!-- | Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. | --> <!-- | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details | --> <!-- ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== --> <!-- Note: This section previously contained excessive and inappropriate links. Please review [[Wikipedia:External links]] if you are unsure about the appropriateness of a link. --> * [http://www.olympiacos.org/ Offeecial Wabsteid o Olympiacos Piraeus] {{el icon}} {{en icon}} * [https://twitter.com/#!/OlympiakosSFP/ Offeecial Twitter Page Olympiacos Piraeus] {{el icon}} * [http://www.ultras.gr/ Olympiacos Supporters Offeecial Wabsteid] {{el icon}} * [http://www.rsssf.com/ Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation] * [https://www.stadiumguide.com/karaiskaki/ Karaiskakis Stadium] stadiumguide.com [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1925]] [[Category:Olympiacos|Fitbaa]] [[Category:Olympiacos F.C.| ]] [[Category:1925 establishments in Greece]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Attica]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] 9g9vanwaeh7bzc1nhqylx4spqg8fj8l 0 77336 923115 921005 2026-09-23T14:11:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Juventus | current = 2016–17 Juventus F.C. saison | image = [[File:Juventus FC - logo black (Italy, 2020).svg|130px|Juventus' crest]] | fullname = Juventus Football Club [[Jynt-stock company|S.p.A.]] | nickname = ''[La] Vecchia Signora''<ref name="Madama">An aw ''Madama'' in [[Piemontese leid]].</ref> (The Auld Lady)<br/>''[La] Fidanzata d'Italia'' (The Girlfriend o Italy)<br/>''[I] bianconeri'' (The White-Blacks)<br/>''[Le] Zebre'' (The Zebras)<br/>''[La] Signora Omicidi'' (The Killer Lady)<ref>{{harv|Arpino et al.|1992|p=613}}</ref><br/>''[La] Goeba'' ([[Gallo-Italic]] for: Hunchback) | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1897|11|1}} (as ''Sport Club Juventus'')<ref name="JFC History">{{cite web|url=http://www.juventus.com/site/eng/CLUB_storia.asp|work=Juventus Football Club S.p.A. official website|title=Juventus Football Club: The History|accessdate=9 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729181702/http://www.juventus.com/site/eng/CLUB_storia.asp|archivedate=2008-07-29|url-status=live}}</ref> | ground = [[Juventus Stadium]] | capacity = 41,254<ref name="numbers">{{cite web|title=I numeri|url=http://www.ilnuovostadiodellajuventus.com/Pages/i_numeri.aspx|publisher=ilnuovostadiodellajuventus.com|accessdate=23 July 2011|language=Italian|archive-date=2010-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023000054/http://www.ilnuovostadiodellajuventus.com/Pages/i_numeri.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | owner = [[Agnelli faimily]] <small>(throu [[Exor (company)|EXOR S.p.A]], {{ISE|IT0000336518|JUVE}})</small> | chairman = [[Andrea Agnelli]] | manager = | league = {{Italian football updater|Juventus}} | season = 2025–26 | position = 6-t | website = http://www.juventus.com | pattern_la1 = _juventus2425h | pattern_b1 = _juventus2425h | pattern_ra1 = _juventus2425h | pattern_sh1 = _juventus2425h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _juventus2425a | pattern_b2 = _juventus2425a | pattern_ra2 = _juventus2425a | pattern_sh2 = _juventus2425a | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = fffd37 | body2 = fffd37 | rightarm2 = fffd37 | shorts2 = | socks2 = ffffff | pattern_la3 = _juventus2425t | pattern_b3 = _juventus2425t | pattern_ra3 = _juventus2425t | pattern_sh3 = _juventus2425t | pattern_so3 = _juventus2425tl | leftarm3 = 000030 | body3 = 000030 | rightarm3 = 000030 | shorts3 = 000030 | socks3 = 181818 }} '''Juventus Football Club S.p.A.''' (frae [[Laitin]]<ref name="iuventus">The name "Juventus" is a literal license in [[Piemontese leid]] o the [[laitin|Laitin substantive]] ''iuventus'' (''youth'' in Inglis language).</ref> ''iuventus'': youth, <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[WP:IPA for Italian|pronunciation for Italian leid]]</small> {{IPA-it|juˈventus|}}), commonly referred tae as '''Juventus''' an colloquially as '''Juve''' (<small>pronounced</small> {{IPA-it|ˈjuːve|}}),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=1507594.html|author=Aidan Fitzmaurice|title=Juve tie the 'stuff of dreams' for Rovers|publisher=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|date=28 July 2010|accessdate=13 June 2011}}</ref> are a profeesional [[Fitbaa in Italy|Italian]] association fitbaw club based in [[Turin]], Piemont. The club is the third auldest o its kynd in the kintra an haes spent the majority o its history, wi the exception o the 2006–07 saison, in the [[Italian fitbaw league seestem#Structur|tap flicht First Diveesion]] (kent as [[Serie A]] syne 1929). Juventus is historically the maist successful club in Italian fitbaw an ane o the maist laureatit an important globally.<ref name="successful">{{cite news|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=107733.html#juventus+building+bridges+serie+b|title=Juventus building bridges in Serie B|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|accessdate=20 November 2006|archive-date=2015-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223013708/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=107733.html#juventus+building+bridges+serie+b|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="UEFA">{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=77633.html|title=Old Lady sits pretty|publisher=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|accessdate=26 June 2003}}</ref><ref name="Europe">{{cite web|url=http://www.iffhs.de/?a413f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01905fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883ccb05ff1d|title=Europe's club of the Century|work=International Federation of Football History & Statistics|accessdate=10 September 2009|archive-date=2012-05-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524184019/http://www.iffhs.de/?a413f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01905fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883ccb05ff1d|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oweraw, they hae wan fifty-sax offeecial titles on the naitional an internaitional stage, mair than ony ither Italian club: a record thirty [[Serie A|league titles]], a record nine [[Coppa Italia|Italian cups]], a record sax [[Supercoppa Italiana|naitional super cups]], an, wi eleiven titles in confederation an inter-confederation competitions (twa [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cups]], twa [[UEFA Champions League|European Champion Clubs' Cup/UEFA Champions Leagues]], ane [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]], a record three [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]], ane [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]] an twa [[UEFA Super Cup]]s) the club currently ranks fowert in Europe an aicht in the warld wi the maist trophies wan.<ref name="UEFA club competitions">Fourth most successful European club for confederation and FIFA competitions won with 11 titles. Fourth most successful club in Europe for [[List of UEFA club competition winners|confederation club competition]] titles won (11), cf. {{cite news|language=Italian|url=http://www.acmilan.com/it/news/show/142248|title=Confermato: I più titolati al mondo!|publisher=A.C. Milan S.p.A official website|date=30 May 2013|accessdate=19 June 2013}}</ref> ==Honours== {{Main|Leet o Juventus F.C. honours}} ===Naitional titles=== * '''[[Serie A]]: 30<ref name="officialtitles">{{cite web|url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/albo-d-oro|title=Albo d'oro Serie A TIM|work=Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A|language=Italian|accessdate=21 May 2012|archive-date=2010-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018001314/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/albo-d-oro|url-status=dead}}</ref>''' :: 1905, 1925–26,<ref name="Serie A">Up till 1921, the tap diveesion o [[Fitbaa in Italy|Italian fitbaw]] wis the Federal Fitbaa Championship, syne then, it haes been the First Diveesion, the Naitional Diveesion, an the [[Serie A]].</ref> [[1930–31 Serie A|1930–31]], [[1931–32 Serie A|1931–32]], [[1932–33 Serie A|1932–33]], [[1933–34 Serie A|1933–34]], [[1934–35 Serie A|1934–35]], [[1949–50 Serie A|1949–50]], [[1951–52 Serie A|1951–52]], [[1957–58 Serie A|1957–58]], [[1959–60 Serie A|1959–60]], [[1960–61 Serie A|1960–61]], [[1966–67 Serie A|1966–67]], [[1971–72 Serie A|1971–72]], [[1972–73 Serie A|1972–73]], [[1974–75 Serie A|1974–75]], [[1976–77 Serie A|1976–77]], [[1977–78 Serie A|1977–78]], [[1980–81 Serie A|1980–81]], [[1981–82 Serie A|1981–82]], [[1983–84 Serie A|1983–84]], [[1985–86 Serie A|1985–86]], [[1994–95 Serie A|1994–95]], [[1996–97 Serie A|1996–97]], [[1997–98 Serie A|1997–98]], [[2001–02 Serie A|2001–02]], [[2002–03 Serie A|2002–03]], ''[[2004–05 Serie A|2004–05]]''{{#tag:ref|These teetles war revoked throu the coorts follaein the [[2006 Italian fitbaw scandal|Calciopoli Scandal]].|name="calciopoli"|group="nb"}}, ''[[2005–06 Serie A|2005–06]]''{{refn|name="calciopoli"|group="nb"}}, [[2011–12 Serie A|2011–12]], [[2012–13 Serie A|2012–13]], [[2013–14 Serie A|2013–14]], [[2014–15 Serie A|2014–15]], [[2015–16 Serie A|2015–16]] * '''[[Coppa Italia]]: 11<ref name="Italian League Cup">{{cite web|url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/tim-cup/albo-d-oro|title=Albo d'oro TIM Cup|work=Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A|language=Italian|accessdate=21 May 2012|archive-date=2012-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527154317/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/tim-cup/albo-d-oro|url-status=dead}}</ref>''' :: 1937–38, 1941–42, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1964–65, 1978–79, 1982–83, 1989–90, 1994–95 * '''[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: 6<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/altre-competizioni/supercoppa-tim/albo-d-oro|title=Albo d'oro Supercoppa TIM|work=Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A|language=Italian|accessdate=21 May 2012|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107085658/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/supercoppa/albo-d-oro|url-status=dead}}</ref>''' :: 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013 * '''[[Serie B]]: 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/ital2champ.html|title=Italy – List of Second Division (Serie B) Champions|work=The Record Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=19 August 2009}}</ref>''' :: 2006–07 ===European titles=== * '''[[UEFA Champions League|European Champions' Cup / UEFA Champions League]]: 2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/ec1.html|title=European Champions' Cup|work=The Record Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=19 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="EC">Up till 1992, the UEFA's premier club competition wis the European Champion Clubs' Cup; syne then, it haes been the [[UEFA Champions League]].</ref>''' :: 1984–85, 1995–96 * '''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]: 1''' :: 1983–84 * '''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]: 3<ref>The European [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] (1958–1971) was a football tournament organized by foreign trade fairs in European seven cities (Lunnon, Barcelona, Copenhagen, an ithers) played by professional and—in its first editions—amateur clubs. Along these lines, that competition is not recognised by the [[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] as an [[UEFA club competeetion records|UEFA club competeetion]]; cf. {{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/Competitions/uefacup/History/index.html|title=UEFA Europa League: History|work=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|accessdate=25 August 2009|archive-date=2010-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127051124/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>''' :: 1976–77, 1989–90, 1992–93 * '''[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]: 1<ref name="UEFA honours">{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/footballEurope/Club=50139/domestic.html|title=Football Europe: Juventus F.C.|work=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|accessdate=26 December 2006|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107085701/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intertoto-cup.com/documents/UIC_winners_in_UEFA_Cup_Juli_08_001.pdf|title=UEFA Intertoto Cup winners since 1995|work=European Football Pool|format=PDF|page=2|accessdate=19 August 2009|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107085653/http://www.castrosyverracos.com/documents/UIC_winners_in_UEFA_Cup_Juli_08_001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/footballEurope/Club=50139/domestic.html|title=1999: Juve add illustrious name to trophy|publisher=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|accessdate=1 August 1999|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107085701/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>''' :: 1999 * '''[[UEFA Super Cup]]: 2<ref>The UEFA Super Cup 1985 feenal atween the Italian club an [[Everton F.C.|Everton]], 1984–85 Cup Winners' Cup winners no played due tae the [[Heysel Stadium disaster]]; cf. {{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/SuperCup/history/index.html|title=UEFA Super Cup: History|work=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|accessdate=25 August 2009|archive-date=2008-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014203034/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>''' :: [[1984 European Super Cup|1984]], [[1996 European Super Cup|1996]] ===Warld-wide titles=== * '''[[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cup]]: 2<ref name="ICCC">Up till 2004, the main warld-wide fitbaw club competeetion wis the [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Champions Clubs' Cup]] (so cried ''European / Sooth American Cup'' or ''Toyota Cup''); syne then, it haes been replacit bi the [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]].</ref>''' :: 1985, 1996 ==Notes== <references group="nb" /> ==References== {{Reflist|25em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Juventus|Juventus F.C.}} {{Wikiquote|Juventus F.C.}} {{Wiktionary|Juventus}} * {{Official website|http://www.juventus.com/wps/portal/en/home}} {{zh icon}} {{en icon}} {{es icon}} {{it icon}} {{id icon}} {{jp icon}} * [http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=31085/ Juventus Football Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107172805/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=31085/ |date=2014-11-07 }} at [[FIFA]] offeecial wabsteid {{en icon}} {{fr icon}} {{de icon}} {{pt icon}} {{es icon}} {{ar icon}} {{Navboxes|titlestyle=background:#000;border:1px solid gold;color:#fff;|list1=</span> {{UEFA Champions League winners}} {{UEFA Europa League winners}} {{UEFA Super Cup winners}} {{Intercontinental Cup winners}} {{ECA}} {{G14}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juventus}} [[Category:Juventus F.C.| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1897]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the Borsa Italiana]] [[Category:Coppa Italia winners]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Italy]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Piemont an Valle d'Aosta]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Turin]] [[Category:G-14 clubs]] [[Category:Italian fitbaw First Diveesion clubs]] [[Category:Publicly tradit sports companies]] [[Category:Scudetto winners]] [[Category:Serie A clubs]] [[Category:Serie B clubs]] [[Category:1897 establishments in Italy]] n43hh0oy0kf0ca78dw6jgpifewvea94 0 77340 923199 917902 2026-09-24T00:17:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = Lazio | image = [[File:SS Lazio.svg|250px|Club crest]] | current = {{Italian football updater|Lazio4}} |fullname = Società Sportiva Lazio S.p.A. |nickname = ''I Biancocelesti'' (The White an Sky Blues)<br />''I Biancazzurri'' (The White an Blues)<br />''Le Aquile'' (The Eagles)<br>''I Aquilotti'' (The Young Eagles) |founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1900|01|09}}, as ''Società Podistica Lazio''<br>1910 (football section) |ground = [[Stadio Olimpico]]<br>Roum, Italy |capacity = 72,481<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/-Publications/01/67/58/96/1675896_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-02 |archive-date=2019-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103041302/https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/-Publications/01/67/58/96/1675896_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> |chrtitle = Preses | chairman = [[Claudio Lotito]] | manager = | league = {{Italian football updater|Lazio}} | season = 2025–26 | position = 9-t |website = http://www.sslazio.it |pattern_b1 = _lazio1314h |body1 = 80CCCC |pattern_la1 = _lazio1314h |leftarm1 = 80CCCC |pattern_ra1 = _lazio1314h |rightarm1 = 80CCCC |pattern_sh1 = |shorts1 = FFFFFF |pattern_so1 = _long_lazio1314h |socks1 = FFFFFF <!-- Away strip --> |pattern_b2 = _lazio1314a |body2 = 000000 |pattern_la2 = _lazio1314a |leftarm2 = 000000 |pattern_ra2 = _lazio1314a |rightarm2 = 000000 |pattern_sh2 = |shorts2 = 0A1354 |pattern_so2 = _lazio1314a |socks2 = FFFF4F <!-- Third strip --> |pattern_b3 = _lazio1314t |body3 = FFFFFF |pattern_la3 = _lazio1314t |leftarm3 = FFFFFF |pattern_ra3 = _lazio1314t |rightarm3 = FFFFFF |pattern_sh3 = |shorts3 = 0A1354 |pattern_so3 = _lazio1314t |socks3 = 0A1354 }} '''Società Sportiva Lazio''', ({{ISE|IT0003621783|SSL}}) commonly referred tae as '''Lazio''' ({{IPA-it|ˈlatt͡sjo}}) or '''Lazio Rome''', is a profeesional Italian [[sports club]] based in Roum, maist kent for its [[Fitbaa club|fitbaw activity]].<ref>{{cite web |language=Italian |work=S.S. Lazio |accessdate=9 January 2011 |title=Storia |url=http://www.sslazio.it/societa/storia.html |archive-date=2010-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830153627/http://www.sslazio.it/societa/storia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The society, foondit in 1900, play in the [[Serie A]] an hae spent maist o their history in the top tier o Italian fitbaw. Lazio hae been [[Leet o Italian fitbaw champions|Italian champions]] twice, an hae wan the [[Coppa Italia]] sax times, the [[Supercoppa Italiana]] three times, an baith the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] an [[UEFA Super Cup]] on ane occasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sslazio.it/societa/palmares.html|work=S.S. Lazio|title=Palmares|accessdate=9 January 2011|language=Italian|archive-date=2010-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202082002/http://www.sslazio.it/societa/palmares.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Honours== ===Naitional=== *[[File:Scudetto.svg|20px|Serie A]] '''[[Serie A]]''' :''Winners (2)'': [[1973–74 Serie A|1973–74]], 1999–2000 *[[File:Coccarda Coppa Italia.svg|20px|Coppa Italia]] '''[[Coppa Italia]]''' :''Winners (6)'': 1958, [[1997–98 Coppa Italia|1997–98]], [[1999–2000 Coppa Italia|1999–2000]], [[2003–04 Coppa Italia|2003–04]], [[2008–09 Coppa Italia|2008–09]], 2012–13 *[[File:Super coppa italiana.svg|20px|Supercoppa Italiana]] '''[[Supercoppa Italiana]]''' :''Winners (3)'': [[1998 Supercoppa Italiana|1998]], [[2000 Supercoppa Italiana|2000]], 2009 *'''[[Serie B]]''' :''Champions (1)'': [[1968–69 Serie B|1968–69]] ===European=== *[[File:Coppa delle Coppe.svg|20px|UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] '''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]''' :''Winners (1)'': [[1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final|1998–99]] *[[File:Supercup.png|20px|UEFA Super Cup]] '''[[UEFA Super Cup]]''' :''Winners (1)'': [[1999 UEFA Super Cup|1999]] ===Internaitional=== *'''[[Amsterdam Tournament]]:''' **'''Winners (1):''' 1999 ==Footnotes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Società Sportiva Lazio|S.S. Lazio}} *{{Official website|http://www.sslazio.it/}} *[http://www.lega-calcio.it/it/Serie-A-TIM/Squadre/Lazio/Organigramma.page Lazio] at the [[Lega Calcio]] offeecial wabsteid *[http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=52973/domestic/index.html Lazio] at the [[UEFA]] offeecial wabsteid {{DEFAULTSORT:Lazio}} [[Category:S.S. Lazio]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Italy]] [[Category:Sports clubs established in 1900]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1900]] [[Category:Publicly tradit sports companies]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the Borsa Italiana]] [[Category:Sport in Roum]] [[Category:Italian fitbaw First Diveesion clubs]] [[Category:Serie A clubs]] [[Category:Serie B clubs]] [[Category:Scudetto winners]] [[Category:Coppa Italia winners]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Italy]] [[Category:1900 establishments in Europe]] 29r1jf89fbteewxavtoc61nd4jfm44d 0 77882 923198 917109 2026-09-24T00:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Benfica | image = [[File:SL Benfica logo.svg|200px]] | fullname = Sport Lisboa e Benfica | nickname = {{nowrap|''Benfiquistas'' (supporters)<br />''As Águias'' (The Eagles)<br />''Os Encarnados'' (The Reids)<br />''O Glorioso'' (The Glorious Ane)}} | founded = {{Start date and age|1904|2|28|df=y|p=y|br=y}}<br />as ''Sport Lisboa'' | ground = Estádio da Luz | capacity = 65,647 | chrtitle = Preses | chairman = Luís Filipe Vieira | mgrtitle = Manager | manager = Rui Vitória | league = [[Primeira Liga]] | season = 2025-26 | position = Primeira Liga, 4-t | current = | website = http://www.slbenfica.pt | pattern_la1 = _benfica1819h | pattern_b1 = _slben1819h | pattern_ra1 = _benfica1819h | pattern_sh1 = _adidasred | pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_white | leftarm1 = FD1220 | body1 = FD1220 | rightarm1 = FD1220 | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FD1220 | pattern_la2 = _egito1819a | pattern_b2 = _slben1819a | pattern_ra2 = _egito1819a | pattern_sh2 = _adidaswhite | pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_black | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = FFFFFF }} '''Sport Lisboa e Benfica''' <small>[[Order o Christ (Portugal)|ComC]] [[Order o Merit (Portugal)|OM]] [[Order o Prince Henry|MHIH]]</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slbenfica.pt/en-us/slb/historia/condecoracoes.aspx |title=Decorations and Honorary Orders |publisher=S.L. Benfica |accessdate=10 May 2014 |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222242/http://www.slbenfica.pt/en-us/slb/historia/condecoracoes.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ({{IPA-pt|spɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i bɐ̃ȷ̃ˈfikɐ}}), commonly kent as '''Benfica''', or simply as '''SLB''', is a Portuguese [[sports club|multi-sport club]] based in [[Lisbon]], Portugal, which is best kent for its professional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] team. Foondit on 28 Februar 1904, Benfica is ane o the [[Big Three (Portugal)|Big Three]] (''Três Grandes'') clubs in Portugal. It is the maist supportit Portuguese club an haes ane o the lairgest fan bases in the warld.<ref name="Popularity">{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.org/MultimediaFiles/Download/Tech/uefaorg/General/02/09/18/26/2091826_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Concentration of people supporting the most popular club |page=41 |date=17 April 2014 |publisher=[[UEFA]] |accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref> Benfica haes the maist members (''sócios'') o ony fitbaw club in the warld<ref name="Guinness">{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-2000/most-widely-supported-football-club |title=Most widely supported football club |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |date=9 November 2006 |accessdate=5 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Support">{{cite web |url=http://www.slbenfica.pt/noticias/detalhedenoticia/tabid/2788/ArticleId/34470/language/pt-PT/SL-Benfica-e-o-Clube-com-mais-Socios-do-Mundo.aspx |title=SL Benfica é o Clube com mais Sócios do Mundo |language=Portuguese |trans_title=SL Benfica is the club with the most members in the world |publisher=S.L. Benfica |date=16 February 2014 |accessdate=16 February 2014 |archive-date=2014-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020212601/http://www.slbenfica.pt/noticias/detalhedenoticia/tabid/2788/ArticleId/34470/language/pt-PT/SL-Benfica-e-o-Clube-com-mais-Socios-do-Mundo.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Support (2)">{{cite news |date=23 August 2012 |title=Benfica é o clube com mais sócios no mundo |trans_title=Benfica is the club with most members in the world |language=Portuguese |url=http://www.ojogo.pt/Futebol/1a_liga/Benfica/interior.aspx?content_id=2733186 |publisher=[[O Jogo]] |accessdate=7 January 2014 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218043301/http://www.ojogo.pt/Futebol/1a_liga/Benfica/interior.aspx?content_id=2733186 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an is the [[Deloitte Football Money League|twinty-saxt richest fitbaw club]] in terms o revenue, wi a annual turnower o €109.2 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deloitte Football Money League 2014 |url=http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_GB/uk/industries/sportsbusinessgroup/sports/football/deloitte-football-money-league/ |date=January 2014 |publisher=[[Deloitte]] |accessdate=27 May 2014 |archive-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220013031/http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_GB/uk/industries/sportsbusinessgroup/sports/football/deloitte-football-money-league/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is evaluatit as the thirty-aicht maist valuable fitbaw buist in the warld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brandirectory.com/league_tables/table/top-50-football-club-brands-2014 |title=The Brand Finance Football 50 2014 - The world's most valuable football brands |date=May 2014 |publisher=[[Brand Finance]] |accessdate=26 May 2014}}</ref> The club's motto is "''[[E pluribus unum]]''" (Oot o mony, ane) an its offeecial anthem is "[[Ser Benfiquista]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/sports/soccer/for-soccer-fans-showing-support-in-song.html |title=Showing Support in Song |last=Weiss |first= Jessica |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=25 December 2013}}</ref> The team is elk-namit ''Águias'' (Eagles) or ''Encarnados'' (Reds), while its supporters are cried ''Benfiquistas''. Benfica is the maist successful Portuguese club wi [[European association fitbaw club records#Maist trophies iver .28Big 6 Leagues.29.5B13.5D|70 domestic titles]], haein 72 titles oweraw (excludin the Latin Cup), an is the anerly club tae hae wan aw Portuguese competitions. It is the current football champion<ref name="Thirty-third league title">{{cite news |title=Benfica seal 33rd Portuguese title |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=por/news/newsid=2093474.html |publisher=[[UEFA]] |date=20 April 2014 |accessdate=20 May 2014}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> an haes wan a record o 36 Primeira Liga titles, a record o 28 Taça de Portugal (an 4 consecutively), a record o 10 [[Double (association fitbaw)#Portugal|doubles]] (''dobradinhas''), a record o 7 [[Taça da Liga]] (an 4 consecutively) an 6 [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]].<ref name="Official titles">{{cite web |url=http://www.ligaportugal.pt/oou/clube/20132014/primeiraliga/278 |title=Liga Portugal |trans_title=Portugal League |language=Portuguese |year=2014 |publisher=LigaPortugal.pt |accessdate=2 January 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2014, Benfica achievit a unprecedentit [[Treble (association fitbaw)|treble]] (''triplete'') o [[2013–14 Primeira Liga|Primeira Liga]], [[2013–14 Taça de Portugal|Taça de Portugal]] an [[2013–14 Taça da Liga|Taça da Liga]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Benfica lift cup to seal historic treble |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=por/news/newsid=2107634.html |publisher=[[UEFA]] |date=18 May 2014 |accessdate=20 May 2014 |archive-date=2014-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520031322/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=por/news/newsid=2107634.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://pt.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/234/083/7/ |title=Benfica conquista Taça e consegue o triplete em Portugal |trans_title=Benfica conquers Portuguese Cup and achieves the treble in Portugal |language=Portuguese |date=18 May 2014 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |accessdate=18 May 2014 |archive-date=2014-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208050748/http://pt.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/234/083/7/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the anerly club tae hae wan the double o Primeira Liga an Taça da Liga (twice), an tae hae conquered the Taça da Liga athoot concedin a goal.<ref name="Taça da Liga record">{{cite web |url=http://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/taca_da_liga/artigo/2014/05/07/jorge_jesus_benfica_venceu_esta.html |title=Benfica venceu esta competição sem sofrer um golo |trans_title=Benfica won the League Cup without conceding a goal |language=Portuguese |date=7 May 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232303/http://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/taca_da_liga/artigo/2014/05/07/jorge_jesus_benfica_venceu_esta.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Benfica wis the first club in the history o the Primeira Liga tae hae completit a entire 30 gemme saison unbeaten, in [[1972–73 Primeira Divisão|1972–73]]—achievin the lairgest difference iver atween champions an runners-up (18 points) in a 2 points per win seestem—an wis the first tae dae it twice an aw, in [[1977–78 Primeira Divisão|1977–78]].<ref name="Unbeaten champions">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/unbeaten.html#season |title=Unbeaten during a League Season |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=23 December 2013 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]] |accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> Benfica haulds the record o [[European association fitbaw club records#Langest unbeaten run in domestic league .28Big 6 Leagues.29|56 matches athoot a defeat in Portuguese league]], atween [[1976–77 Primeira Divisão|1976–77]] an [[1978–79 Primeira Divisão|1978–79]].<ref name="Unbeaten 56 matches">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/unb-benfica-56.html |title=SL Benfica's series of 56 matches unbeaten in the I Divisão |last=Martins |first=Paulo |date=27 July 2004 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]] |accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Unbeaten 56 matches (2)">{{cite web |url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Porto/interior_premium.aspx?content_id=856432 |title=Dragões voltam a falhar o recorde do Benfica |trans_title=Dragons fail again the record of Benfica |language=Portuguese |last=Viegas |first=João |date=1 September 2013 |publisher=[[Record (newspaper)|Record]] |accessdate=1 January 2014 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012655/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Porto/interior_premium.aspx?content_id=856432 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Benfica wis ane o the foondin members o Primeira Liga in 1933, an is ane o three clubs which hae [[:en:List of unrelegated association football clubs|niver been relegatit]] frae the top flicht o Portuguese fitbaw, alang wi its lang-staundin rivals [[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting]] an [[F.C. Porto|Porto]]. ==Honours== ===Domestic competitions=== * '''Primeira Liga''' : '''Winners (38) (record):''' 1935-36, 1936-37, 1937-38, 1941-42, 1942-43, 1944-45, 1949-50, 1954-55, 1956-57, 1959-60, 1960-61, 1962-63, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1966-67, 1967-68, 1968-69, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1972-73, 1974-75, 1975-76, 1976-77, 1980-81, 1982-83, 1983-84, 1986-87, 1988-89, 1990-91, 1993-94, 2004-05, 2009-10, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2018-19, 2022–23 * '''Taça de Portugal''' : '''Winners (29) (record):''' 1929-30, 1930-31, 1934-35, 1939-40, 1942-43, 1943-44, 1948-49, 1950-51, 1951-52, 1952-53, 1954-55, 1956-57, 1958–59, 1961-62, 1963-64, 1968-69, 1969-70, 1971-72, 1979-80, 1980-81, 1982-83, 1984-85, 1985-86, 1986-87, 1992-93, 1995-96, 2003-04, 2013-14, 2016-17 * '''Taça da Liga''' : '''Winners (7) (record):''' 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16 * '''Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira''' : '''Winners (6):''' 1980, 1985, 1989, 2005, 2014, 2016 ===European competitions=== [[File:2012-13 Europa League final - Chelsea FC vs. SL Benfica, Amsterdam ArenA, kick-off.jpg|thumb|right|300px|2013 UEFA Europa League Final]] * '''European Cup / UEFA Champions League''' : '''Winners (2):''' 1960-61, 1961-62 : ''Runners-up (5):'' 1962-63, 1964-65, 1967-68, 1987-88, 1989-90 * '''UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League''' : ''Runners-up (3):'' 1982-83, 2012-13, 2013-14 ===Warldwide competitions=== * '''Intercontinental Cup''' : ''Runners-up (2):'' 1961, 1962 ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Sport Lisboa e Benfica}} *{{Official website|www.slbenfica.pt}} {{pt icon}} {{en icon}} {{es icon}} *[http://www.ligaportugal.pt/oou/clube/20142015/primeiraliga/278 S.L. Benfica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213501/http://www.ligaportugal.pt/oou/clube/20142015/primeiraliga/278 |date=2014-07-14 }} at [[Primeira Liga]] {{pt icon}} {{Navboxes | title = Benfica relatit airticles | titlestyle = background:#FF0000;border:1px solid black;color:#FFFFFF; | list = {{S.L. Benfica squad}} {{S.L. Benfica managers}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Benfica}} [[Category:S.L. Benfica| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Portugal]] [[Category:Sport in Lisbon]] [[Category:Sports clubs established in 1904]] [[Category:Sports teams in Portugal]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1904]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the Euronext exchynges]] [[Category:Publicly tradit sports companies]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs]] [[Category:1904 establishments in Portugal]] [[Category:Gowf clubs an courses in Portugal]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] [[Category:Taça de Portugal winners]] p5n6slndd9bntb687gvyjwjrgfk2vxi 0 78178 923130 881329 2026-09-23T16:59:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Laurent Koscielny | image = 1_laurent_koscielny_2015.jpg | image_size = 240 | caption = Koscielny playin for [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in 2015 | fullname = Laurent Koscielny<ref name="Barclays Premier League Squad Numbers 2013/14">{{Cite news | title = Barclays Premier League Squad Numbers 2013/14 | url = http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/2013-14/aug/premier-league-squad-numbers-seasons-2013-14.html | publisher = Premier League | date = 16 August 2013 | accessdate = 17 August 2013 | archive-date = 2013-08-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130821225359/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/2013-14/aug/premier-league-squad-numbers-seasons-2013-14.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|9|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Tulle]], Fraunce | height = {{height|m=1.86}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/laurent-koscielny|title=Player Profile: Laurent Koscielny|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=31 January 2012|archive-date=2014-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906054109/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/laurent-koscielny|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Centre back|Centre back]] | currentclub = [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] | clubnumber = 6 | youthyears1 = 1993–1995 |youthclubs1 = Tulle Corrèze | youthyears2 = 1995–1997 |youthclubs2 = [[ESA Brive|Brive]] | youthyears3 = 1997–1998 |youthclubs3 = Tulle Corrèze | youthyears4 = 1998–2002 |youthclubs4 = [[ESA Brive|Brive]] | youthyears5 = 2002–2003 |youthclubs5 = [[Limoges FC|Limoges]] | youthyears6 = 2003–2004 |youthclubs6 = [[En Avant Guingamp|Guingamp]] | years1 = 2004–2007 |clubs1 = [[En Avant Guingamp|Guingamp]] |caps1 = 41 |goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2007–2009 |clubs2 = [[Tours FC|Tours]] |caps2 = 67 |goals2 = 6 | years3 = 2009–2010 |clubs3 = [[FC Lorient|Lorient]] |caps3 = 35 |goals3 = 3 | years4 = 2010–2019 | clubs4 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps4 = 255 | goals4 = 22 | years5 = 2019– | clubs5 = [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] | caps5 = 3 | goals5 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2011–2018 |nationalteam1 = [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|Fraunce]] |nationalcaps1 = 51 |nationalgoals1 = 1 | club-update = 6 September 2019 | nationalteam-update = 27 March 2018 }} '''Laurent Koscielny''' ({{IPA-fr|loˈʁɑ̃ kosjɛlˈɲi}}) (born 10 September 1985) is a French [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association fitbaw)|defender]] for [[Ligue 1]] club [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] an the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaw team|French naitional team]]. He primarily plays as a [[Defender (association fitbaw)|centre back]] but he can play as a [[Defender (association fitbaw)|richt back]] an aw, a position whaur he stairtit his career.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/115805.html |title=Arsene Wenger ready to deploy Laurent Koscielny at right-back |publisher=ESPN.co.uk |date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-12-14 |archive-date=2014-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030160231/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/115805.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is describit as a aggressive, strang, quick an baw-playin defender.<ref name="autogeneratedcc">{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/88970/laurent-koscielny?cc=3436 |title=Laurent Koscielny Bio, Stats, News |publisher=ESPN |date=10 September 1985 |accessdate=2011-12-14 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Career statistics== [[File:Laurent Koscielny v Sunderland - 22 Feb 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Koscielny celebratin a goal against [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] in a Premier League match on 22 Februar 2014.]] ===Club=== {{updated|17 May 2014.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/laurent-koscielny|title=Laurent Koscielny Profile}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Saison !colspan="3"|League !colspan="3"|Cup !colspan="3"|Europe !colspan="3"|Total |- !Apps !Goals !Assists !Apps !Goals !Assists !Apps !Goals !Assists !Apps !Goals !Assists |- | rowspan="4"| [[En Avant Guingamp|Guingamp]] |[[2004–05 Ligue 2|2004–05]] |11||0||0||3||0||0||0||0||0||14||0||0 |- |[[2005–06 Ligue 2|2005–06]] |9||0||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||10||0||0 |- |[[2006–07 Ligue 2|2006–07]] |21||0||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||23||0||0 |- ! Total !41!!0!!0!!6!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!47!!0!!0 |- | rowspan="3"| [[Tours FC|Tours]] |[[Championnat National 2007–08|2007–08]] |33||1||0||6||1||0||0||0||0||39||2||0 |- |[[Ligue 2 2008-09|2008–09]] |34||5||0||5||1||0||0||0||0||39||6||0 |- ! Total !67!!6!!0!!11!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!78!!8!!0 |- | rowspan="2"| [[FC Lorient|Lorient]] |[[Ligue 1 2009-10|2009–10]] |35||3||0||5||1||0||0||0||0||40||4||0 |- ! Total !35!!3!!0!!5!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!40!!4!!0 |- | rowspan="5"| [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |[[:en:2010–11 in English football|2010–11]] |30||2||0||9||1||1||4||0||0||43||3||1 |- |[[:en:2011–12 in English football|2011–12]] |33||2||1||3||0||1||6||1||0||42||3||2 |- |[[:en:2012–13 in English football|2012–13]] |25||2||1||5||1||1||5||1||0||34||4||2 |- |[[:en:2013-14 in English football|2013–14]] |32||2||0||5||1||0||9||0||0||46||3||0 |- ! Total !120!!8!!2!!21!!3!!3!!24!!2!!0!!165!!13!!5 |- !colspan="2"|Career total ! 263 !! 17 !! 2 !! 42 !! 6 !! 3 !! 24 !! 2 !! 0 !! 330 !! 25 !! 5 |} ===Internaitional=== {{updated|25 June 2014.}} {{col-start}} {{col-break|width=30%}} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- ! National team !! Club !! Year !! Apps !! Goals !! Assists |- | rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:center;"|[[France national football team|France]] | rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:center;"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |2011 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- |2012 || 6 || 0 || 0 |- |2013 || 8 || 0 || 0 |- |2014 || 4 || 0 || 0 |- ! colspan="3" |Total !! 19 !! 0 !! 0 |} ==Honours== ===Club=== '''Arsenal''' *[[FA Cup]]: [[2013–14 FA Cup|2013–14]] '''Individual''' *[[Trophées UNFP du football#Ligue 2|Ligue 2 Team o the Year]]: 2009<ref name="autogeneratedcc"/> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * [http://laurent-koscielny.com Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084637/http://www.laurent-koscielny.com/ |date=2020-09-25 }} * {{Lfpfr|first=Laurent|last=Koscielny}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100820130954/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur21840.html lequipe.fr] * [http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/laurent-koscielny Laurent Koscielny profile] at Arsenal.com *{{soccerbase|53837}} {{Navboxes colour |title= France squads |bg= #002395 |fg= white |bordercolor= #ED2939 |list1= {{France squad UEFA Euro 2012}} {{France squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{FC Girondins de Bordeaux squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koscielny, Laurent}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:French fitbawers]] [[Category:French fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]] [[Category:EA Guingamp players]] [[Category:FC Lorient players]] [[Category:Tours FC players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Ligue 2 players]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:French expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:French expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tulle]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2012 players]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:2018 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:FC Girondins de Bordeaux players]] d1dtea801uai6agyjevaaw3a850t617 0 78768 923182 852051 2026-09-23T23:21:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Anderlecht | image = | fullname = Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht | nickname = "Purple & White", "Sporting" <br> ({{lang-nl|Paars-wit}}; <br> {{lang-fr|Les Mauves et Blancs}}) | shortname = R.S.C.A. | founded ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1908|5|27}} (creation)<br>1909 (registration) | ground = [[Constant Vanden Stock Stadium]] <br>[[Anderlecht]], [[Brussels]] | capacity = 28,063 (21,845 for European matches)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsca.be/go/nl/page/stadiumhistory |title=Stadium history |publisher=rsca.be |accessdate=30 October 2010 |language=Dutch |archive-date=2009-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229233631/http://www.rsca.be/go/nl/page/stadiumhistory |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/UEFACup/01/67/59/06/1675906_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-17 |archive-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819152751/http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/UEFACup/01/67/59/06/1675906_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | chairman = [[Roger Vanden Stock]] | manager = [[Besnik Hasi]] | league = [[Belgian Pro League]] | season = 2018/19 | position = Belgian Pro League, 6th | main sponsor = [[BNP Paribas Fortis]] | website = http://www.rsca.be/ | budget = €37 million | current = | pattern_la1 =_anderlecht1920h | pattern_b1 = _anderlecht1920h | pattern_ra1 =_anderlecht1920h | pattern_sh1 = _anderlecht1920h | pattern_so1 = _anderlecht1920h | leftarm1 = 39159C | body1 = 39159C | rightarm1 = 39159C | shorts1 = 39159C | socks1 = 39159C | pattern_la2 = _anderlecht1920a | pattern_b2 = _anderlecht1920a | pattern_ra2 = _anderlecht1920a | pattern_sh2 = _anderlecht1920a | pattern_so2 = _anderlecht1920a | leftarm2 = FEA983 | body2 = FEA983 | rightarm2 = FEA983 | shorts2 = FEA983 | socks2 = FFFFFF }} '''Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht''', usually known as '''Anderlecht''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈɑndərˌlɛçt}}, {{IPA-fr|ɑ̃dəʁˈlɛkt}}, {{IPA-de|ˈandɐˌlɛçt|lang}}) or '''RSCA''' ({{IPA-nl|ˌɛrɛseˈjaː}}, {{IPA-fr|ˌɛʁ ɛs se ˈɑ}}, {{IPA-de|ˌʔɛɐ̯ ʔɛs tseː ˈʔaː|lang}}), is a Belgian profeesional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club based in [[Anderlecht]] in [[Brussels]]. Anderlecht plays in the [[Belgian Pro League]] an is the maist successful Belgian fitbaw team in European competeetions (wi 5 trophies) as well as in the Belgian Pro League (33 championship wins). They hae wan 9 [[Belgian Cup]]s an aw. They hauld the record o the maist consecutive Belgian championship titles, as they are the anerly side tae hae wan 5 consecutive Belgian championships atween [[:en:Belgian First Division 1963-64|1963–64]] an [[:en:Belgian First Division 1967-68|1967–68]]. ==Honours== ===Domestic=== *'''[[Belgian Pro League|Belgian First Diveesion]]:''' **'''Winners (33):''' 1946–47, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14 *'''[[Belgian Seicont Diveesion]]:''' **'''Winners (2):''' 1923–24, 1934–35 *'''[[Belgian Cup]]:''' **'''Winners (9):''' 1964–65, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1993–94, 2007–08 *'''[[Belgian League Cup]]:''' **'''Winners (1):''' 1999–00 *'''[[Belgian Supercup]]:''' **'''Winners (11):''' 1985, 1987, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013 *'''[[Bruges Matins (fitbaw)|Bruges Matins]]:''' **'''Winners (2):''' 1985, 1988 ===International=== *'''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]:''' **'''Winners (2):''' 1975-76, 1977-78 *'''[[UEFA Cup]] / [[UEFA Europa League]]:''' **'''Winners (1):''' 1982-83 *'''[[UEFA Super Cup]]:''' **'''Winners (2):''' 1976, 1978 *'''[[Toulon Tournament]]:''' **'''Winners (1):''' 1967 *'''[[Amsterdam Tournament]]:''' **'''Winners (1):''' 1976 ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.rsca.be/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{nl icon}} / {{fr icon}} / {{en icon}} / {{es icon}} *[http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50074/domestic.html Anderlecht at UEFA.COM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416115012/http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50074/domestic.html |date=2007-04-16 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderlecht}} [[Category:R.S.C. Anderlecht| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1908]] [[Category:1908 establishments in Belgium]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Belgium]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Belgium]] [[Category:Anderlecht|R.S.C. Anderlecht]] dr9xwwjhdzin7azhi9swka4snbyosoc 0 79337 923238 883227 2026-09-24T06:04:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = Villarreal |image = |caption = |fullname = Villarreal Club de Fútbol S.A.D. |nickname = ''El Submarino Amarillo'' <br> (The Yellae Submarine) |shortname = VCF |founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1923|3|10}} |ground = [[Estadio El Madrigal|El Madrigal]]<br>[[Villarreal]]<br>[[Valencian Community]]<br>Spain |capacity = 24,890 |owntitle = |owner = |chrtitle = Chairman |chairman = Fernando Roig Alfonso |mgrtitle = Heid Coach |manager = [[Quique Setién]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Villarreal}} | season = {{Spanish football updater|Villarreal2}} | position = {{Spanish football updater|Villarreal3}} | website = http://www.villarrealcf.es | pattern_la1 =_villarreal2324h | pattern_b1 =_villarreal2324h | pattern_ra1 =_villarreal2324h | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFF00 | body1 = FFFF00 | rightarm1 = FFFF00 | shorts1 = FFFF01 | socks1 = FFFF01 |pattern_la2 = _villarreal2324a |pattern_b2 = _villarreal2324a |pattern_ra2 = _villarreal2324a |pattern_sh2 = |pattern_so2 = |leftarm2 = |body2 = |rightarm2 = |shorts2 = 860638 |socks2 = 860638 |pattern_la3 = _villarreal2324t |pattern_b3 = _villarreal2324t |pattern_ra3 = _villarreal2324t |pattern_sh3 = |pattern_so3 = |leftarm3 = |body3 = |rightarm3 = |shorts3 = bab9b7 |socks3 = bab9b7 }} '''Villarreal Club de Fútbol, S.A.D.''' ({{lang-va|Vila-real Club de Futbol, S.A.D.}}), uisually abbreviatit tae '''Villarreal CF''' or just '''Villarreal''', is a Spaingie [[fitbaw]] club based in [[Vila-real]], a ceety in the [[province o Castellón]] athin the [[Valencie Commonty]]. Foondit in 1923, it plays in {{Spanish football updater|Villarreal}}, hauldin hame gemmes at [[El Madrigal]], wi a capacity for 24,890 spectators.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/UCL/01/67/63/79/1676379_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-08-04 |archive-date=2015-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620231303/http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/UCL/01/67/63/79/1676379_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The club is elk-namit ''El Submarí Groguet'' or ''El Submarino Amarillo'' (Yellae Submarine) due tae its yellae hame kit, an due tae bein a law-profile team compared tae [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], [[FC Barcelona]], an [[Valencia CF]], whom they hae challengit for trophies ower the last decade. Villarreal haes aften been toutit as a example o smaw but successful club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/villarreal-relegated-in-dramatic-finale-to-la-liga-7745699.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-08-04 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080259/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/villarreal-relegated-in-dramatic-finale-to-la-liga-7745699.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Honours== ===Domestic=== *'''[[La Liga]]''' **''Runners-up (1):'' [[:en:2007–08 La Liga|2007-08]] *'''[[Segunda División]]''' **''Promotion (3):'' [[:en:1997–98 Segunda División|1998]], [[:en:1999–2000 Segunda División|2000]], [[:en:2012–13 Segunda División|2013]] *'''[[Segunda División B]]''' **''Runners-up (2):'' [[:en:1987–88 Segunda División B|1988]], [[:en:1991–92 Segunda División B|1992]] *'''[[Tercera División]]''' **''Winners (1):'' 1970 ===European=== *'''[[UEFA Champions League]]''' **''Semi-feenalists (1):'' [[:en:2005–06 UEFA Champions League|2006]] *'''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League]]''' **''Semi-feenalists (2):'' [[:en:2003–04 UEFA Cup|2004]], [[:en:2010–11 UEFA Europa League|2011]] *'''[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]''' **''Winners (2):'' [[:en:2003 UEFA Intertoto Cup|2003]], [[:en:2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup|2004]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} *{{official website|http://www.villarrealcf.es}} {{es icon}} {{ca icon}} {{en icon}} *[http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=78&IDParam=20&language=en-GB Villarreal at La Liga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614063418/http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=78&IDParam=20&language=en-GB |date=2012-06-14 }} {{es icon}} {{en icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=483 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e38.html BDFutbol team profile] {{Primera División de España}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Villarreal}} [[Category:Villarreal CF| ]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1923]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Valencie Commonty]] [[Category:1923 establishments in Spain]] 74jbcgeaggizvga2tirly76bpz797kf 0 79519 923144 882535 2026-09-23T18:21:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = Maccabi Tel Aviv |current = 2014–15 Maccabi Tel Aviv saison |image = |fullname = [[Maccabi World Union|Maccabi]] Tel Aviv Fitbaa Club |nickname = Maccabi (מכבי) <br>The Yellows (הצהובים) |founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1906}}, as ''<br />HaRishon LeZion-Yaffo'' |ground = [[Bloomfield Stadium]], [[Tel Aviv]] |capacity = 29,400<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/-Publications/01/67/58/96/1675896_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-08-08 |archive-date=2019-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103041302/https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/-Publications/01/67/58/96/1675896_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> |owner = [[Mitchell Goldhar]] |chairman = |coach = [[Vladimir Ivić]] |league = {{Israeli football updater|MTelAviv}} |season = {{Israeli football updater|MTelAviv2}} |position = {{Israeli football updater|MTelAviv3}} |website = http://www.maccabi-tlv.co.il/en/ | pattern_la1 = _blueborder | pattern_b1 = _bluecollar | pattern_ra1 = _blueborder | pattern_sh1 = _blue stripes | pattern_so1 = _bluetop | leftarm1 = FFFF00 | body1 = FFFF00 | rightarm1 = FFFF00 | shorts1 = FFFF00 | socks1 = FFFF00 | pattern_la2 = _2 yellow stripes on cuff | pattern_b2 = _thinbluestripes2 | pattern_ra2 = _2 yellow stripes on cuff | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = _2 yellow stripes | leftarm2 = 0066FF | body2 = 0066FF | rightarm2 = 0066FF | shorts2 = 0066FF | socks2 = 0066FF | pattern_la3 =_darkyellowthickborder | pattern_b3 =_yellow_collar | pattern_ra3 =_darkyellowthickborder | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 =_gold_midband | leftarm3 = | body3 = | rightarm3 = | shorts3 = | socks3 = }} '''[[Maccabi World Union|Maccabi]] Tel Aviv Fitbaa Club''' ({{lang-he|מועדון כדורגל מכבי תל אביב}}; ''Moadon Kaduregel Maccabi Tel Aviv'') is an [[Israel]]i [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club an pairt o the [[Maccabi Tel Aviv|Maccabi Tel Aviv sports club]]. Foondit in 1906 as the HaRishon Le Zion-Yafo Association, Maccabi Tel Aviv are the auldest, lairgest an maist decoratit fitbaw club in Israel. Wi the establishment o the ceety o [[Tel Aviv]] in 1909, the club chyngit their name tae Maccabi Tel Aviv. In 1922 they became the first [[Jewish]] fitbaw club tae pairticipate in local competeetions. The meanin o the name Maccabi – ‘Who is like thee amang the gods’ – fuirms a integral pairt o the character o the team, which teuk the [[Starn o David]] as their logo tae represent the Jewish fowk. Maccabi Tel Aviv hae wan mair titles than ony ither Israeli club, winnin 20 [[Israeli Premier League|League Championships]] (16 efter Israeli unthirldom), 22 prestigious [[Israel State Cup|State Cups]] (16 efter Israeli unthirldom), twa [[AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League Cups]] an a addeetional three [[Toto Cup|Toto (League) Cups]]. Maccabi Tel Aviv are the anerly Israeli fitbaw team that hae niver been relegatit an ane o three Israeli teams iver tae mak it tae the [[UEFA Champions League]] group stage. The club's name an values are steepit in Israeli history. The club are namit efter the [[Maccabees]], a auncient Jewish rebel airmy, which became a seembol o the struggle o the Jewish fowk for ower 2,000 years tae retain their freedom, releegion an sovereignty. The Maccabees spirit is based on values o excellence, lyalty an the desire tae succeed. ==Honours== * '''[[Leet o Israeli fitbaw champions|Israeli championships]] ** '''Winners (20):'''<ref name="titlesl">{{Cite web |url=http://www.maccabi-tlv.co.il/iw/the-club/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-date=2015-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903063332/http://www.maccabi-tlv.co.il/iw/the-club/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[:en:1935–36 Palestine League|1935–36]], [[:en:1936–37 Palestine League|1936–37]], [[:en:1941–42 Palestine League|1941–42]], [[:en:1946–47 Palestine League|1946–47]], [[:en:1949–50 Israeli League|1949–50]], [[:en:1951–52 Liga Alef|1951–52]], [[:en:1953–54 Liga Alef|1953–54]], [[:en:1955–56 Liga Leumit|1955–56]], [[:en:1957–58 Liga Leumit|1957–58]], [[:en:1966–68 Liga Leumit|1966–68]], [[:en:1969–70 Liga Leumit|1969–70]], [[:en:1971–72 Liga Leumit|1971–72]], [[:en:1976–77 Liga Leumit|1976–77]], [[:en:1978–79 Liga Leumit|1978–79]], [[:en:1991–92 Liga Leumit|1991–92]], [[:en:1994–95 Liga Leumit|1994–95]], [[:en:1995–96 Liga Leumit|1995–96]], [[:en:2002–03 Israeli Premier League|2002–03]], [[:en:2012–13 Israeli Premier League|2012–13]], [[:en:2013–14 Israeli Premier League|2013–14]] ** ''Runner-ups (9):'' [[:en:1954–55 Liga Leumit|1954-55]], [[:en:1959–60 Liga Leumit|1959–60]], [[:en:1965–66 Liga Leumit|1965–66]], [[:en:1968–69 Liga Leumit|1968–69]], [[:en:1973–74 Liga Leumit|1973–74]], [[:en:1992–93 Liga Leumit|1992–93]], [[:en:1993–94 Liga Leumit|1993–94]], [[:en:1998–99 Liga Leumit|1998–99]], [[:en:2003–04 Israeli Premier League|2003–04]] * '''Tel Aviv Destrict championship''' ** '''Winners (1):'''<ref name="titlesl" /> 1939<ref>Nae naitional championship wis held; the Tel Aviv destrict league wis wan bi Maccabi Tel Aviv, that o Jerusalem bi British Police; the champions o Haifa are no kent.</ref> * '''[[Israel State Cup|State Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (22):'''<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/isracuphist.html Israel – List of Cup Finals] RSSSF</ref> [[:en:1929 Palestine Cup|1929]], [[:en:1930 Palestine Cup|1930]], [[:en:1933 Palestine Cup|1933]], [[:en:1941 Palestine Cup|1941]], [[:en:1946 Palestine Cup|1946]], [[:en:1947 Palestine Cup|1947]], [[:en:1953–54 Israel State Cup|1953–54]], [[:en:1954–55 Israel State Cup|1954–55]], [[:en:1957–58 Israel State Cup|1957–58]], [[:en:1958–59 Israel State Cup|1958–59]], [[:en:1963–64 Israel State Cup|1963–64]], [[:en:1964–65 Israel State Cup|1964–65]], [[:en:1966–67 Israel State Cup|1966–67]], 1969–70, 1976–77, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1993–94, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2001–02, [[:en:2004–05 Israel State Cup|2004–05]] ** ''Runner-ups (11):'' [[:en:1934 Palestine Cup|1934]], [[:en:1938 Palestine Cup|1938]], [[:en:1940 Palestine Cup|1940]], [[:en:1951–52 Israel State Cup|1951–52]], [[:en:1961–62 Israel State Cup|1961–62]], 1975–76, 1978–79, 1982–83, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1996–97 * '''[[AFC Champions League|Asie Club Championship]]''' ** '''Winners (2):''' [[:en:1969 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1968–69]], [[:en:1971 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1970–71]] * '''[[Toto Cup]]''' ** '''Winners (3):''' 1992–93, 1998–99, [[:en:2008–09 Toto Cup Al|2008–09]] ** ''Runner-ups (3):'' 1991-92, 1994–95, 1997–98 * '''[[Israeli Supercup]]''' ** '''Winners (5):'''<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/israsupcuphist.html Israeli Super Cup winners] RSSSF</ref> 1964–65 (shared cup wi '''[[Hakoah Ramat Gan]]'''), 1967–68, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1987–88 ** ''Runner-ups (1):'' 1969–70 ==References== {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Maccabi Tel Aviv (Association football)}} * [http://www.maccabi-tlv.co.il/ Club wabsteid] * [https://www.facebook.com/MaccabiTLVFC/ Club Offeecial Facebook page] [[Category:Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1906]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Israel|Tel Aviv F.C.]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Tel Aviv]] [[Category:Maccabi fitbaw clubs|Tel Aviv F.C.]] [[Category:1906 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]] d90o7peje5nbnf6lqo7kpehka4ue0kn 0 79715 923232 904331 2026-09-24T05:15:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football tournament | name = UEFA Super Cup | logo = | caption = | founded = 1972<br />(recognisit bi UEFA syne 1973) | region = Europe ([[UEFA]]) | number of teams = 2 | current champions = {{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona]] (5t title) | most successful club = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|Milan]]<br>{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona]] (5 titles) | motto = | website = [http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/ Offeecial Wabsteid] | current = [[2014 UEFA Super Cup]] }} The '''UEFA Super Cup''' is a annual [[Association fitbaa|fitbaa]] match organisit bi [[UEFA]] an contestit bi the reignin champions o the twa main [[Europe]]an club competeetions, the [[UEFA Champions League]] an the [[UEFA Europa League]]. It taks place at the stairt o the domestic saison, in August, normally on a Friday. Frae 1972 tae 1999, the UEFA Super Cup wis contestit atween the winners o the European Cup/UEFA Champions League an the winners o the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]. Efter the discontinuation o the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, it haes been contestit bi the winners o the [[UEFA Champions League]] an the winners o the UEFA Cup, which wis renamit the [[UEFA Europa League]] in 2009. ==History== The European Super Cup wis creatit in 1971 bi Anton Witkamp, a reporter an later sports editor o Dutch newspaper ''[[De Telegraaf]]''. The idea came tae him in a time when Dutch [[:en:Total Football|total fitbaa]] wis Europe's finest an Dutch fitbaa clubs wur livin thair gowden era (especially [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]). Witkamp wis leukin for something new tae definitely decide which wis the best team in Europe an tae faur test Ajax's legendar team an aw, led bi thair starn player [[Johan Cruyff]]. It wis then proposed that the winner o the [[European Cup]] wad face the winner o the [[Cup Winners' Cup]]. Aw wis set for a new competeetion tae be born. Houiver, when Witkamp tried tae get an offeecial endorsement tae his competeetion, the [[UEFA]] preses turned it doun. The [[1972 European Super Cup|1972 feenal]] atween Dutch team [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] an Scotland's [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] is considered unoffeecial bi UEFA,<ref name="History">{{Cite web | url = http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/index.html | title = UEFA Super Cup - History | publisher = [[UEFA]] | accessdate = 2008-03-11 | date = 2005-07-13 | archive-date = 2008-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014203034/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/index.html | url-status = dead}}</ref> as Rangers wur banned frae European competeetion due tae the behaviour o thair fans durin the 1972 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] Feenal. As a result, UEFA refused tae endorse the competeetion till the follaein saison.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/scotland/1603449.stm | title = Dynamo bring happy memories | publisher = [[BBC Sport]] | accessdate = 2008-03-11 | date = 2001-10-16}}</ref> It wis played in twa legs an wis financially supportit bi Dutch newspaper ''[[De Telegraaf]]''. Ajax defeatit Rangers 6–3 on aggregate an wan the first (albeit unoffeecial) European Super Cup. The [[1973 European Super Cup|1973 feenal]], in which [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] defeatit [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] 6–1 on aggregate, wis the first Super Cup offeecially recognisit an supportit bi UEFA. Awtho the twa-leggit format wis kept till [[1997 UEFA Super Cup|1997]], the Super Cup wis decidit in ane single match acause o schedule issues or poleetical problems in [[1984 European Super Cup|1984]], [[1986 European Super Cup|1986]], an [[1991 European Super Cup|1991]]. In 1974, 1981 an 1985, the Super Cup wis no played at aw. In the 1992–1993 saison, the [[European Cup]] wis renamit the [[UEFA Champions League]] an the winners o this competeetion wad face the winners o the [[European Cup Winners' Cup]] in the UEFA Super Cup. In the 1994–1995 saison, the [[European Cup Winners' Cup]] wis renamit the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]. Efter the 1998–1999 saison, the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] wis discontinued bi UEFA. The [[1999 UEFA Super Cup]] wis the last Super Cup contestit bi the winners o the Cup Winners' Cup. [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]], winners o the [[1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], defeatit [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], winners o the [[1998–99 UEFA Champions League]], 1–0. Syne then, the UEFA Super Cup wis contestit atween the winners o the [[UEFA Champions League]] an the winners o the [[UEFA Cup]]. The [[2000 UEFA Super Cup]] wis the first Super Cup contestit bi the winners o the UEFA Cup. [[Galatasaray S.K. (fitbaa)|Galatasaray]], winners o the [[1999–2000 UEFA Cup]], defeatit [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], winners o the [[1999–2000 UEFA Champions League]], 2–1. In the 2009–2010 saison, the [[UEFA Cup]] wis renamit the [[UEFA Europa League]] an the winners o this competeetion wad face the winners o the [[UEFA Champions League]] in the UEFA Super Cup. Tae date, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] is the anerly club tae contest the Super Cup as haulders o aw three UEFA club honours, haein entered as haulders o the Cup Winners' Cup ([[1998 UEFA Super Cup|1998]]), the Champions League ([[2012 UEFA Super Cup|2012]]) an Europa League ([[2013 UEFA Super Cup|2013]]). Efter 15 consecutive Super Cups bein played at [[Stade Louis II]] in [[Monaco]] atween [[1998 UEFA Super Cup|1998]] an [[2012 UEFA Super Cup|2012]], frae 2013 onwairds, the Super Cup wis played at various stadiums (seemilar tae the feenals o the Champions League an the Europa League), stairtin wi the [[2013 UEFA Super Cup]], which wis played at [[Synot Tip Arena|Eden Stadium]] in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]].<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/news/newsid=1644318.html Prague celebrates 2013 Super Cup honour]</ref> ==Venue== The competeetion wis oreeginally played ower [[Twa-leggit tee|twa legs]], ane at each pairticipatin club's stadium, except in exceptional circumstances; for instance in 1991 when [[Reid Starn Belgrade]] wur no permittit tae play a seicont leg in thair native [[Yugoslavie]] due tae the [[Yugoslav Wars|war]] which wis takkin place at the time. Syne 1998, the Super Cup wis played as a single match at a neutral venue.<ref name="format">{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/format/newsid=316985.html|title=UEFA Super Cup: Competition format|date=31 August 2007|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=8 December 2008|archive-date=2010-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201153904/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/format/newsid=316985.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Atween 1998 an 2012, the Super Cup wis played at the [[Stade Louis II]] in [[Monaco]]. Frae 2013 onwairds, various stadiums will be uised. ===Leet o venues syne 1998=== *[[1998 UEFA Super Cup|1998]]–[[2012 UEFA Super Cup|2012]]: [[Stade Louis II]], [[Monaco]] *[[2013 UEFA Super Cup|2013]]: [[Eden Arena]], [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/organisation/executivecommittee/news/newsid=1644074.html|title=Wembley, Amsterdam ArenA, Prague get 2013 finals|publisher=UEFA.com|date=16 June 2011}}</ref> *[[2014 UEFA Super Cup|2014]]: [[Cardiff City Stadium]], [[Cairdiff]], [[Wales]]<ref name="2014-15">{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/organisation/executivecommittee/news/newsid=1836837.html|title=UEFA EURO 2020, UEFA Super Cup decisions|publisher=UEFA.com|date=30 June 2012}}</ref> *[[2015 UEFA Super Cup|2015]]: [[Mikheil Meskhi Stadium]], [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]]<ref name="2014-15"/> ==Trophy== The UEFA Super Cup trophy is retained bi UEFA at aw times. A full-size replica trophy is awairdit tae the winnin club. Thirty gowd medals are presentit tae the winnin club an thirty siller medals tae the runners-up.<ref name="regulations">{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/download/regulations/uefa/others/70/22/77/702277_download.pdf|title=Regulations of the UEFA Super Cup|date=March 2008|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=12 December 2008|archive-date=2008-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219164432/http://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/download/regulations/uefa/others/70/22/77/702277_download.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The UEFA Super Cup trophy haes unnergane several chynges in its history. The first trophy that wis presentit tae Ajax in 1973 an 1974 wis extremely lairge; in fact, it wis bigger than the European Cup. This wis replacit bi a plaque wi a gowd UEFA Emblem. The next trophy wis the smawest an lichtest o aw the European club trophies, wichin 5&nbsp;kg an measurin 42.5&nbsp;cm in hicht (the [[UEFA Champions League]] trophy wichs 8&nbsp;kg an the [[UEFA Europa League]] trophy 15&nbsp;kg). The new model wichs 12.2&nbsp;kg an measurs 58&nbsp;cm in hicht.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/news/kind=128/newsid=445803.html |title=The trophy |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=2 August 2009 |archive-date=2009-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231205027/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/news/kind=128/newsid=445803.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A team which wins 3 times in a row or 5 in total, receives a oreeginal copy o the trophy an a special merk o recogneetion. Anerly [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] haes achievit this honour sae far, winnin the trophy a total o 5 times, aye takkin pairt as Champions League Winner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/download/regulations/uefa/others/82/68/83/826883_download.pdf |title=Regulations of the UEFA Super Cup 2009, Page 3, III Trophies and Medals, Article 4, Trophy |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=2 August 2009 |archive-date=2016-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610101109/http://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/download/regulations/uefa/others/82/68/83/826883_download.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Rules== Currently, the rules o the UEFA Super Cup are the same as ony ither UEFA club competeetion. It is a single match feenal, contestit in a neutral venue. The match consists o twa periods o 45 minutes each, kent as halves. If the scores are level at the end o 90 minutes, twa addeetional 15-minute periods o [[extra time (fitbaa)|extra time]] are played. If thare is nae winner at the end o the seicont period o extra time, a [[Penalty shuitoot (association fitbaa)|penalty shuit-oot]] determines the winner. Each team names 18 players, 11 o which stairt the match. O the 7 remainin players, a total o 3 mey be substitutit throuoot the match. Each team mey wear its first choice [[Kit (association fitbaa)|kit]]; if thir clash, housomeivver, the previous year's Europa League winnin team must wear a alternative colour. If a club refuses tae play or is ineligible tae play then thay are replacit bi the seicont feenalist frae the competeetion throu which thay qualifee'd. If the field is unfit for play due tae bad wather, the match must be played the next day.<ref name="regulations"/> ==Sponsorship== UEFA Super Cup's sponsors are the same as the sponsors for the UEFA Champions League. The toornament's current main sponsors are: *[[Nissan]] *[[Gazprom]] *[[Heineken International|Heineken]] *[[MasterCard]] *[[Sony Computer Entertainment Europe]] **[[PlayStation]] is the buist advertisit. *[[UniCredit]] *[[HTC]] [[Adidas]] is a seicontar sponsor an supplees the offeecial match baw an referee uniform, as thay dae for aw ither UEFA competitions. [[Konami]]'s ''[[:en:Pro Evolution Soccer (series)|Pro Evolution Soccer]]'' is a seicontar sponsor as the offeecial Super Cup video gemme an aw. Individual clubs mey wear jerseys wi advertisin, even if sic sponsors conflict wi thae o the Europa League; housomeivver, anerly ane sponsorship is permittit per jersey (plus that o the manufacturer). Exceptions are made for nan-profit organisations, which can featur on the front o the sark, incorporatit wi the main sponsor, or on the back, aither belaw the squad nummer or atween the player name an the collar. ==Prize money== As o 2012, UEFA awairds [[Euro|€]]2.2&nbsp;million tae the runners-up an €3&nbsp;million tae the winners o the Super Cup.<ref>{{cite web |title=UEFA Champions League revenue distribution |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/management/finance/news/newsid=1845591.html |work=uefa.com |publisher=[[UEFA]] |accessdate=10 August 2012 }}</ref> ==Tickets== 60% o the AS Monaco stadium capacity is reservit for the visitin clubs. Seats are reservit for VIP guests an aw. The remainin seats are sauld bi UEFA throu a online auction. Thare are a unlimitit nummer o applications for tickets gien oot. The 5 euro admeenistration fee is deductit frae each applicant an thare is nae leemit tae the nummer o applications each individual can mak.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Competitions/SuperCup_/83/96/59/839659_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-08-14 |archive-date=2013-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402061841/http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Competitions/SuperCup_/83/96/59/839659_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Records an statistics== {{main|Leet o UEFA Super Cup matches}} ===Winners=== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Club !Winners !Runners-up ! class="unsortable"|Years wan ! class="unsortable"|Years runners-up |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]||align=center|5||align=center|4||[[1992 European Super Cup|1992]], [[1997 UEFA Super Cup|1997]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|2009]], [[2011 UEFA Super Cup|2011]], [[2015 UEFA Super Cup|2015]]||[[1979 European Super Cup|1979]], [[1982 European Super Cup|1982]], [[1989 European Super Cup|1989]], [[2006 UEFA Super Cup|2006]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|Milan]]||align=center|5||align=center|2||[[1989 European Super Cup|1989]], [[1990 European Super Cup|1990]], [[1994 European Super Cup|1994]], [[2003 UEFA Super Cup|2003]], [[2007 UEFA Super Cup|2007]]||[[1973 European Super Cup|1973]], [[1993 European Super Cup|1993]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]||align=center|3||align=center|2||[[1977 European Super Cup|1977]], [[2001 UEFA Super Cup|2001]], [[2005 UEFA Super Cup|2005]]||[[1978 European Super Cup|1978]], [[1984 European Super Cup|1984]] |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]||align=center|2||align=center|2||[[2002 UEFA Super Cup|2002]], [[2014 UEFA Super Cup|2014]]||[[1998 UEFA Super Cup|1998]], [[2000 UEFA Super Cup|2000]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]||align=center|2{{ref label|1972|A|^}}||align=center|1||[[1973 European Super Cup|1973]], [[1995 UEFA Super Cup|1995]]||[[1987 European Super Cup|1987]] |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]]||align=center|2||align=center|0||[[1976 European Super Cup|1976]], [[1978 European Super Cup|1978]]||– |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]||align=center|2||align=center|0||[[1984 European Super Cup|1984]], [[1996 UEFA Super Cup|1996]]||– |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia CF|Valencia]]||align=center|2||align=center|0||[[1980 European Super Cup|1980]], [[2004 UEFA Super Cup|2004]]||– |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atlético Madrid]]||align=center|2||align=center|0||[[2010 UEFA Super Cup|2010]], [[2012 UEFA Super Cup|2012]]||– |- |{{flagicon|POR}} [[FC Porto|Porto]]||align=center|1||align=center|3||[[1987 European Super Cup|1987]]||[[2003 UEFA Super Cup|2003]], [[2004 UEFA Super Cup|2004]], [[2011 UEFA Super Cup|2011]] |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]||align=center|1||align=center|3||[[2006 UEFA Super Cup|2006]]||[[2007 UEFA Super Cup|2007]], [[2014 UEFA Super Cup|2014]], [[2015 UEFA Super Cup|2015]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]||align=center|1||align=center|3||[[2013 UEFA Super Cup|2013]]||[[1975 European Super Cup|1975]], [[1976 European Super Cup|1976]], [[2001 UEFA Super Cup|2001]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]||align=center|1||align=center|2||[[1991 European Super Cup|1991]]||[[1999 UEFA Super Cup|1999]], [[2008 UEFA Super Cup|2008]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]||align=center|1||align=center|2||[[1998 UEFA Super Cup|1998]]||[[2012 UEFA Super Cup|2012]], [[2013 UEFA Super Cup|2013]] |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]||align=center|1||align=center|1||[[1975 European Super Cup|1975]]||[[1986 European Super Cup|1986]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]]||align=center|1||align=center|1||[[1979 European Super Cup|1979]]||[[1980 European Super Cup|1980]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]||align=center|1||align=center|0||[[1982 European Super Cup|1982]]||– |- |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]]||align=center|1||align=center|0||[[1983 European Super Cup|1983]]||– |- |{{flagicon|ROM}} [[FC Steaua București|Steaua București]]||align=center|1||align=center|0||[[1986 European Super Cup|1986]]||– |- |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[KV Mechelen|Mechelen]]||align=center|1||align=center|0||[[1988 European Super Cup|1988]]||– |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]||align=center|1||align=center|0||[[1993 European Super Cup|1993]]||– |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]||align=center|1||align=center|0||[[1999 UEFA Super Cup|1999]]||– |- |{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Galatasaray S.K. (fitbaa)|Galatasaray]]||align=center|1||align=center|0||[[2000 UEFA Super Cup|2000]]||– |- |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[FC Zenit Saunt Petersburg|Zenit St. Petersburg]]||align=center|1||align=center|0||[[2008 UEFA Super Cup|2008]]||– |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hamburger SV|Hamburg]]||align=center|0||align=center|2||–||[[1977 European Super Cup|1977]],[[1983 European Super Cup|1983]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[PSV Eindhoven]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[1988 European Super Cup|1988]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[1990 European Super Cup|1990]] |- |{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Reid Starn Belgrade|Crvena Zvezda]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[1991 European Super Cup|1991]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[1992 European Super Cup|1992]] |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[1994 European Super Cup|1994]] |- |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Zaragoza]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[1995 UEFA Super Cup|1995]] |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[1996 UEFA Super Cup|1996]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Borussia Dortmund]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[1997 UEFA Super Cup|1997]] |- |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Feyenoord]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[2002 UEFA Super Cup|2002]] |- |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[2005 UEFA Super Cup|2005]] |- |{{flagicon|UKR}} [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[2009 UEFA Super Cup|2009]] |- |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]||align=center|0||align=center|1||–||[[2010 UEFA Super Cup|2010]] |} ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> *A.&nbsp;{{note label|1972|A|^}} The 1972 feenal is no recognisit bi [[UEFA]] as a offeecial title.<ref name="History"/> ==See an aw== *[[Leet o UEFA Super Cup winnin managers]] *[[UEFA club competeetion records an statistics]] *[[Super Cup]] ==References== {{refbegin}} ;General *{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/index.html|title=History of the UEFA Supercup|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=2008-10-16|archive-date=2008-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014203034/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/index.html|url-status=dead}} ;Specific {{refend}} {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|UEFA Super Cup}} * [http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/index.html UEFA Super Cup] * [http://www.the-sports.org/football-soccer-uefa-super-cup-presentation-medal-winners-s1-c0-b0-g8-t2038.html Aw time statistics wi link tae aw results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407002958/http://www.the-sports.org/football-soccer-uefa-super-cup-presentation-medal-winners-s1-c0-b0-g8-t2038.html |date=2014-04-07 }} {{UEFA Super Cup winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uefa Super Cup}} [[Category:UEFA Super Cup| ]] [[Category:UEFA club competeetions|Super Cup]] r7uofcsri1id2nquorymtx7v3xqf0v6 0 80145 923195 902395 2026-09-24T00:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{National football association | Logo =Royal Spanish Football Federation logo.svg | Badge_size = 150px | Founded = 1909 (as ''Federación Española de Clubs de Football'')<ref name="Le quiere quitar cuatro títulos históricos al Madrid y uno al Barcelona">[http://www.marca.com/2010/03/07/futbol/copa_rey/1267963895.html Le quiere quitar cuatro títulos históricos al Madrid y uno al Barcelona]. © MARCA.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-04.</ref><br />1913<ref name="Adidas presentó la nueva equipación de España">[http://www.rfef.es/index.jsp?nodo=39&ID=484 Adidas presentó la nueva equipación de España]. Real Federación Española de Fútbol. Retrieved on 2010-12-04.</ref> | FIFA affiliation = 1914 | Region = [[UEFA]] | Region affiliation = 1954 | President = | Sporting Director = | Coach = | Website = [http://www.rfef.es rfef.es] }} The '''Ryal Spaingie Fitbaa Federation''' ({{lang-es|Real Federación Española de Fútbol, RFEF}}) is the govrenin bouk o [[fitbaw in Spain]]. It is based in [[La Ciudad del Futbol]] o [[Las Rozas]], a municipality near [[Madrid]]. It organizes the Campeonato Nacional de Liga: the [[La Liga|Primera División]], the [[Segunda División]] an the [[Segunda División B]]. It admeenisters the [[Tercera División]] wi the assistance o [[Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol|the regional fitbaw federations]] an aw. It is responsible for appointin the management o the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team]] (men's), [[Spain weemen's national fitbaw team|weemen's]] an [[Spain naitional youth fitbaw team|youth]] naitional fitbaw teams an aw. The [[Spain naitional futsal team]], belangs tae the federation an aw. ==Competeetions== {{main|Spaingie fitbaw league seestem}} The RFEF organizes several competeetions an aw: * Naitional cups: ** [[Copa del Rey|Campeonato de España – Copa de SM El Rey]] ** [[Supercopa de España]] ** [[Copa Federación de España|Copa Federación]] * Weemen's competeetions: ** [[:en:Primera División (women)|Primera División Femenina]] ** [[:en:Segunda División (women)|Segunda División Femenina]] ** [[:en:Copa de la Reina de Fútbol|Copa de la Reina]] * Youth competeetions: ** [[Copa de Campeones Juvenil de Fútbol]] ** [[Copa del Rey Juvenil de Fútbol]] ** [[División de Honor Juvenil de Fútbol|División de Honor Juvenil]] ** [[Liga Nacional Juvenil de Fútbol|Liga Nacional Juvenil]] ==Territories== The RFEF consists o 19 regional an territorial federations, comprisin the different [[Autonomous aurie|autonomous regions]] in Spain. * [[Andalusie]]: [[:en:Andalusia Football Federation|Federación Andaluza de Fútbol]] (FAF) * [[Aragon]]: [[Federación Aragonesa de Fútbol]] * [[Asturias]]: [[:en:Royal Asturias Football Federation|Real Federación de Fútbol del Principado de Asturias]] * [[Balearic Islands]]: [[Federació de Futbol de les Illes Baleares]] * [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]]: [[Federación Vasca de Fútbol]] / Euskadiko Futbol Federakundea * [[Canary Islands]]: [[Federación Canaria de Fútbol]] (FCF) * [[Cantabrie]]: [[Federación Cántabra de Fútbol]] * [[Castile and León]]: [[:en:Castile-León Football Federation|Federación de Castilla y León de Fútbol]] * [[Castile-La Mancha]]: [[Federación de Fútbol de Castilla-La Mancha]] * [[Catalonie]]: [[Federació Catalana de Futbol]] * [[Ceuta]]: [[:en:Ceuta Football Federation|Federación de Fútbol de Ceuta]] * [[Commonty o Madrid]]: [[:en:Madrid Football Federation|Federación de Fútbol de Madrid]] (FFM) * [[Extremadura]]: [[Federación Extremeña de Fútbol]] * [[Galicie (Spain)|Galicie]]: [[:en:Galician Football Federation|Federación Gallega de Fútbol]] * [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]]: [[Federación Riojana de Fútbol]] * [[Melilla]]: [[:en:Melilla Football Federation|Federación Melillense de Fútbol]] * [[Region o Murcie]]: [[:en:Region of Murcia Football Federation|Federación de Fútbol de la Región de Murcia]] (FFRM) * [[Navarre]]: [[Federación Navarra de Fútbol]] * [[Valencie Commonty]]: [[:en:Valencian Football Federation|Federación de Fútbol de la Comunidad Valenciana]] ==Presess== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="#cccccc" !Preses !Years in pouer |- |Francisco García ||1913–1916 |- |Gabriel Maura|| 1916–1920 |- |David Ormaechea ||1921–1923 |- |Gabriel Maura||1923–1924 |- |Julián Olave||1924–1926 |- |Antonio Bernabéu||1926–1927 |- |Pedro Díez de Rivera (Marqués de Someruelos) ||1927–1931 |- |Leopoldo García||1931–1936 |- |Julián Troncoso||1939–1940 |- |Luis Saura ||1940–1941 |- |Javier Barroso ||1941–1946 |- |Jesús Rivero ||1946–1947 |- |Armando Muñoz ||1947–1950 |- |Manuel Valdés ||1950–1952 |- |[[Sancho Dávila]] ||1952–1954 |- |Juan Touzón ||1954–1956 |- |Alfonso de la Fuente ||1956–1960 |- |Benito Pico ||1960–1967 |- |José Luis Costa ||1967–1970 |- |José Luis Pérez-Paya ||1970–1975 |- |Pablo Porta ||1975–1984 |- |José Luis Roca ||1984–1988 |- |[[Ángel María Villar]] ||1988–2017 |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.rfef.es/ Offeecial wabsteid RFEF] {{es}} *[http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=esp/index.html Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210080434/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=esp/index.html |date=2018-12-10 }} at FIFA steid *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101117163405/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=esp/index.html Spain] at UEFA steid [[Category:Ryal Spaingie Fitbaa Federation| ]] [[Category:UEFA member associations|Spain]] [[Category:Sports govrenin bouks in Spain|Fitbaa]] [[Category:Fitbaw govrenin bouks in Spain| ]] 3hvzllimbmgfhpdx91os1bz38nqyx5f 0 80637 923135 890905 2026-09-23T17:19:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Leighton Meester | image = Leighton_Meester_2017.jpg | caption = Meester, 2017 | birth_name = Leighton Marissa Meester | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|4|9}} | birth_place = [[Fort Worth, Texas]], U.S. | occupation = Actress, sangster, model | years_active = 1999–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Adam Brody]]|2014}} }} '''Leighton Marissa Meester''' (born Aprile 9, 1986)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/leighton-meester/bio/190407|title=Leighton Meester Biography|last=|first=|date=|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=September 19, 2009|archive-date=2009-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124092157/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/leighton-meester/bio/190407|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster. ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meester, Leighton}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Florida]] [[Category:Actresses frae Texas]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn models]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Dutch strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Female models frae Florida]] [[Category:Hollywood High School alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Collier Coonty, Florida]] [[Category:Fowk frae Fort Worth, Texas]] [[Category:Sangwriters frae Florida]] [[Category:Sangwriters frae Texas]] hgjyigsbanv0bdu2upt35woigehqzbw 0 81084 923243 833601 2026-09-24T06:34:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Whitworths.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Whitworths heid office Wellingborough Road Irthlingborough.]] '''Whitworths''' is a dree'd fruit, hame bakin an snack products company, established in 1886 based in [[Irthlingborough]], [[Northamptonshire]], [[Unitit Kinrick|UK]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=140581 |title=Whitworths Group Limited: Private Company Information - BusinessWeek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-07 |archive-date=2012-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011111346/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=140581 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As o Mairch 2009 it employed 310 fowk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/northamptonshire/7918980.stm |title=UK &#124; England &#124; Northamptonshire &#124; Firm prepares for heritage trail |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-03-02 |accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> The company wis begun bi the three Whitworth brithers John, Herbert an Newton tradin unner the name o Whitworth Bros.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitworths.co.uk/about_us/heritage/1880s |title=1880s |publisher=Whitworths |date= |accessdate=2011-07-07 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609024448/http://www.whitworths.co.uk/about_us/heritage/1880s |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1971 thay wur awairdit the Ryal Warrant bi Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mither an in 1974 bi Queen Elizabeth II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitworths.co.uk/about_us/heritage/1960s |title=1960s |publisher=Whitworths |date= |accessdate=2011-07-07 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609025947/http://www.whitworths.co.uk/about_us/heritage/1960s |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Companies established in 1886]] [[Category:Breetish Ryal Warrand hauders]] [[Category:Breetish buists]] [[Category:Companies based in Northamptonshire]] rxr5bvctjownzfhbniai7rp0mhrx91s 0 81262 923212 883805 2026-09-24T03:19:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox comedian | name = Stephen Colbert | image = Stephen Colbert and Steve Carell MFF 2014 (cropped).jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = Colbert at the 2014 Montclair Film Festival. | birth_name = Stephen Tyrone Colbert<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daly |first=Steven |title=Stephen Colbert: the second most powerful idiot in America |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3673509/Stephen-Colbert-the-second-most-powerful-idiot-in-America.html |publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' |date=May 18, 2008 |accessdate=September 15, 2009 |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|05|13}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Monitor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_entertainment-weekly_2012-05-18_1207/page/29|newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|date=May 18, 2012|issue=1207|page=29}}</ref> | birth_place = Washington, D.C., Unitit States | death_date = | death_place = | medium = Theatre, televeesion, film, beuks | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] | nationality = American | active = 1984–present | genre = [[Sketch comedy]], [[news satire]], [[Improvisational theatre|improvisational comedy]], [[character comedy]], [[poleetical satire]], [[observational comedy]], [[blue comedy]] | subject = [[Cultur o the Unitit States|American cultur]], [[Politics o the Unitit States|American politics]], [[Conservatism in the Unitit States|American conservatism]], [[Christian richt|The Christian Richt]], [[Pundit (expert)|poleetical punditry]], popular cultur, [[Portal:Current events|current events]], mass media/news media, [[egomania]], [[xenophobia]], [[anti-intellectualism]], [[Sexual orientation|sexuality]] | influences = [[Don Novello]], [[Maurice Sendak]], [[Bill Cosby]],<ref name="ballots">{{cite news|url = http://nymag.com/news/politics/22322/|title = Stephen Colbert Has America by the Ballots|publisher = ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''|first = Adam|last = Sternbergh|date = October 16, 2006|accessdate = July 11, 2007}}</ref> [[George Carlin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/content/node/44705|title=Stephen Colbert|publisher=''The Onion''|work=The A.V. Club|author=Rabin, Nathan|date=2006-01-25|accessdate=2006-06-23|archive-date=2006-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060202094518/http://www.avclub.com/content/node/44705|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dean Martin]],<ref name="avclub">{{cite news|url = http://www.avclub.com/articles/stephen-colbert,13970/|title = Stephen Colbert interview|first = Nathan|last = Rabin|work = [[The A.V. Club]]|publisher = [[The Onion]]|date = January 25, 2006|accessdate = July 10, 2006|archive-date = 2006-02-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060202094518/http://www.avclub.com/content/node/44705|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Jon Stewart]],<ref name="dowd">{{cite web|first = Maureen|last = Dowd|authorlink = Maureen Dowd|url = http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/jon_stewart_stephen_colbert_americas_anchors/page/1|title = America's Anchors|publisher = Rolling Stone|date = November 16, 2006|accessdate = December 9, 2006|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209233523/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/jon_stewart_stephen_colbert_americas_anchors/page/1|archivedate = 2006-12-09|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Steve Martin]]<ref>King, Larry. "Interview with Stephen Colbert". Larry King Live. October 11, 2007.</ref> [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]],<ref name="steinberg">Steinberg, Jacques (October 12, 2005). [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/12/arts/television/12colb.html?ei=5088&en=262a857c34eb149f&ex=1286769600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print The News Is Funny, as a Correspondent Gets His Own Show]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref> [[David Letterman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/530569/stephen-colbert-to-replace-david-letterman-on-the-late-show-celebs-react-on-twitter |title=Stephen Colbert to Replace David Letterman on The Late Show: Celebs React on Twitter &#124; E! Online UK |publisher=Eonline.com |date=2014-04-10 |accessdate=2014-06-08}}</ref> | influenced = [[Rob Corddry]],<ref name="Corddry Interview">[[Rob Corddry|Corddry, Rob]]. Interview with [[Terry Gross]] (March 8, 2007). [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7773229 Rob and Nate Corddry Find Their Place on TV]. Fresh Air. WHYY. Retrieved on October 28, 2007.</ref> [[Ed Helms]],<ref name="Corddry Interview"/> [[Aasif Mandvi]]<ref name="mandvi">{{cite web|url=http://www.tampabay.com/features/media/article545843.ece|title=For Aasif Mandvi, cultural irreverence on 'The Daily Show'|publisher=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|author=Deggans, Eric|date=June 1, 2008|accessdate=November 18, 2008|archive-date=2008-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214212553/http://www.tampabay.com/features/media/article545843.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> | spouse = Evelyn McGee-Colbert (3 children) | notable_work = '''Chuck Noblet''' in<br />''[[Strangers with Candy]]''<br />[[Stephen Colbert (character)|Stephen Colbert]] in<br />''[[The Daily Show]]'' and<br />''[[The Colbert Report]]''<br />writer,<br />''[[I Am America (And So Can You!)]]''<br />co-writer,<br />''[[America (The Book)]]''<br />'''Phil Ken Sebben''' and '''Myron Reducto''' in ''[[Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law]]''<br />'''Professor Richard Impossible''' in ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'' | signature = Stephen Colbert Signature.svg | website = [http://www.colbertnation.com/ ColbertNation.com] | footnotes = | module = {{Infobox comedian awards | emmyawards = '''Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program'''<br>''[[The Daily Show]]'' (2004, 2005, 2006)<br>''[[The Colbert Report]]'' (2008, 2010, 2013, 2014) '''Outstanding Variety Series'''<br>''[[The Colbert Report]]'' (2013, 2014) | grammyawards = '''Best Comedy Album'''<br>''[[A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!]]'' (2010)<br>'''Best Spoken Word Album'''<br>''[[America Again: Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Weren't]]'' (2014) }} }} '''Stephen Tyrone Colbert''' ({{IPAc-en|k|oʊ|l|ˈ|b|ɛər}}, né: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|l|b|ər|t}};<ref name="dowd"/> born Mey 13, 1964) is an American [[poleetical satire|poleetical satirist]], writer, comedian, telly host, an actor. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Colbert, Stephen}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American novelists]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:American comedy writers]] [[Category:American male comedians]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American media creetics]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical pundits]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:American satirists]] [[Category:American televeesion talk shaw hosts]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:Audio beuk narrators]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Hampden–Sydney College alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Northwestern Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Charleston, Sooth Carolina]] [[Category:Fowk frae Montclair, New Jersey]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Second City alumni]] [[Category:The Daily Show correspondents an contributors]] [[Category:The Colbert Report]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2008 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Webby Awaird winners]] [[Category:Writers frae Sooth Carolina]] [[Category:Writers frae Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners]] [[Category:Late nicht televeesion talk shaw hosts]] su6ugrd89ljxhz0e9rsoyp4vs06q7dh 0 81327 923251 723064 2026-09-24T07:07:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Zac Efron | image = Zac Efron TIFF 2012.jpg | image_size = | caption = Efron at the [[2012 Toronto Internaitional Film Festival]] | birth_name = Zachary David Alexander Efron | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|10|18|mf=yes}} | birth_place = [[San Luis Obispo, Californie]] | residence = [[Los Feliz, Los Angeles, Californie]] <ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/05/01/inside-zac-efron-sober-life-neighbors/8561209/</ref> | occupation = Actor, sangster | years_active = 2002–present }} '''Zachary David Alexander''' "'''Zac'''" '''Efron''' (born October 18, 1987)<ref name=tvg>{{cite web | url = http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zac-efron/bio/192497 | title = Zac Efron Biography | publisher = [[TV Guide|TVGuide.com]] | accessdate = October 16, 2013 | archive-date = 2021-01-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210107234415/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zac-efron/bio/192497/ | url-status = dead}}</ref> is an [[Americans|American]] actor an sangster. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Efron, Zac}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Californie]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American male bairn actors]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Arroyo Grande, Californie]] [[Category:Pacific Conservatory o the Performin Airts alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae San Luis Obispo, Californie]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Californie]] qosplelhi2abj6rfl69ki33sm3cjgdz 0 81529 923233 918496 2026-09-24T05:16:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = Uberaba |image = |fullname = Uberaba Sport Club |founded = {{Start date and years ago|mf=yes|1917|07|15}} |ground = [[Uberabão]], [[Uberaba]], [[Minas Gerais]] |capacity = 25,000 |league = |season = |position = |season = |pattern_la1= |pattern_b1= |pattern_ra1= |leftarm1=FF0000 |body1=FF0000 |rightarm1=FF0000 |shorts1=FFFFFF |socks1=FF0000 |pattern_la2= |pattern_b2= |pattern_ra2= |leftarm2=FFFFFF |body2=FFFFFF |rightarm2=FFFFFF |shorts2=FF0000 |socks2=FFFFFF |American=true }} '''Uberaba Sport Club''' is a tradeetional [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Brazil|Brazilian fitbaw club]] frae [[Uberaba]], [[Minas Gerais|Minas Gerais state]]. Their colors are reid an white an their elk-names are "Colorado", "Zebu " (mascot o the team an seembol o the ceety o Uberaba). ==History== The club wis foondit on 15 Julie 1917. They wan the [[Campeonato Mineiro (lawer levels)|Campeonato Mineiro Second Level]] in 2003, an the [[Taça Minas Gerais]] in 1980, 2009, an in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Better Breathing Sport |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/better-breathing-sport-device-reviews-2023-does-it-work-latest-warning-info-detailed-price-news-277628 |access-date=2023-04-12 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412065011/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/better-breathing-sport-device-reviews-2023-does-it-work-latest-warning-info-detailed-price-news-277628 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Achievements== *'''[[Campeonato Mineiro (lawer levels)|Campeonato Mineiro Seicont Level]]: 1''' ::2003 *'''[[Taça Minas Gerais]]: 3''' ::1980, 2009, 2010 ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.uberabasportclub.com.br/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420013100/http://uberabasportclub.com.br/ |date=2010-04-20 }} {{pt icon}} * [http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/mg/uberaba.htm Uberaba Sport Club at Arquivo de Clubes]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174054/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/mg/uberaba.htm |date=2015-09-23 }} {{pt icon}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1917]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Minas Gerais]] [[Category:Uberaba Sport Club| ]] [[Category:1917 establishments in Brazil]] r07j2cscrhdb1lhdndlgvda6ajuixwc 0 81617 923178 877488 2026-09-23T22:38:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Pig | fossil_range = [[Early Pleistocene]] tae recent | image = Sus Barbatus, the Bornean Bearded Pig (12616351323).jpg | image_caption = [[Bornean beardit pig]] at the [[Lunnon Zoo]]. | taxon = Sus | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = *See text }} A '''pig''' is ony o the ainimals in the [[genus]] '''''Sus''''', within the [[even-taed ungulate]] [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Suidae]]. Pigs include the [[domestic pig]] an its auncestor, the common Eurasie [[wild boar]] (''[[Sus scrofa]]''), alang wi ither species; relatit craiturs ootside the genus include the [[peccary]], the [[babirusa]], an the [[Common warthog|warthog]]. Pigs, lik aw [[Suidae|suids]], are hamelt in the [[Auld Warld|Eurasian an African continents]]. Juvenile pigs are kent as piglets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/piglet |title=Piglet - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=31 August 2012 |accessdate=15 September 2013}}</ref> Pigs are heichly social an intelligent ainimals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pigs Prove to Be Smart, if Not Vain|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/science/10angier.html | work=The New York Times | first=Natalie|last=Angier|date=10 November 2009}}</ref> Wi aroond 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the [[domestic pig]] is amang the maist populous muckle mammals in the warld.<ref name="PSD Online - Custom Query">{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdQuery.aspx|title=PSD Online - Custom Query|work=usda.gov|access-date=2018-02-13|archive-date=2010-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018161749/http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdQuery.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Swine Summary Selected Countries">[http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdReport.aspx?hidReportRetrievalName=Swine+Summary+Selected+Countries&hidReportRetrievalID=1649&hidReportRetrievalTemplateID=7 Swine Summary Selected Countries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329181120/http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdReport.aspx?hidReportRetrievalName=Swine+Summary+Selected+Countries&hidReportRetrievalID=1649&hidReportRetrievalTemplateID=7 |date=2012-03-29 }}, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, (total number is Production (Pig Crop) plus Total Beginning Stocks)</ref> Pigs are [[omnivore]]s an can consume a wide range o fuid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prezi.com/-hqscyhayi5x/pig-and-human-digestive-system/|title=Pig And Human Digestive System|work=prezi.com|accessdate=15 April 2016}}</ref> Biologically, pigs are verra seemilar tae humans, sicweys are frequently uised for human medical resairch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/05/09/why-pigs-are-so-valuable-for-medical-research.html|title=Why pigs are so valuable for medical research|author=Loren Grush|work=Fox News|accessdate=15 April 2016|archive-date=2018-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806170657/http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/05/09/why-pigs-are-so-valuable-for-medical-research.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Pig and Piglets 2 (4265750034).jpg|left|thumb]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Pigs| ]] [[Category:Coprophagous ainimals]] {{stub/Ainimal}} etn937g6g8qyv4bs2cbywr7okxt33oj 0 82074 923255 873670 2026-09-24T10:36:09Z ~2026-51281-27 137690 923255 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Medical examination in Brazil.jpg|thumb|A physician]] A '''physician''' or '''physeecian''' is a [[professional]] wha practices [[medicin]], whilk is concerned wi promotin, maintainin or sturkenin human [[heal]] through the study, [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosis]], an [[therapy|treatment]] o [[disease]], [[skaith]], an ither physical an mental impairments. [[Category:Physicians| ]] [[Category:Healcare thrifts]] [[Category:Thrifts]] cu7pnufcl2kh65jk6nggmuy6j8pgo3e 923256 923255 2026-09-24T10:38:54Z CiphriusKane 74958 923256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} [[File:Medical examination in Brazil.jpg|thumb|A physician]] A '''physician''' is a [[professional]] wha practices [[medicin]], whilk is concerned wi promotin, maintainin or sturkenin human [[heal]] through the study, [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosis]], an [[therapy|treatment]] o [[disease]], [[skaith]], an ither physical an mental impairments. [[Category:Physicians| ]] [[Category:Healcare thrifts]] [[Category:Thrifts]] p6811j2e62y0c09p0maqrssqwfq31jt 0 82343 923231 846530 2026-09-24T05:15:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox International Football Competition | tourney_name = UEFA Euro 2016 | image = UEFA Euro 2016 logo.svg |image_size = 100px | other_titles = Championnat d'Europe de football 2016 ''{{fr icon}}'' | country = Fraunce | dates = 10 Juin – 10 Julie 2016<ref name="dates">{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/finals/news/newsid=1920701.html |title=UEFA EURO 2016: key dates and milestones |publisher=UEFA.com |date=1 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="timetable">{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/news/newsid=1879680.html |title=UEFA EURO 2016 steering group meets in Paris |publisher=UEFA.com |date=23 October 2012 |access-date=2014-09-28 |archive-date=2012-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025062409/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/news/newsid=1879680.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | attendance = {{#expr: <!--Group A-->+ 75113 + 33805 + 43576 + 63670 + 49752 + 45616 <!--Group B-->+ 37831 + 62343 + 38989 + 34033 + 28840 + 39051 <!--Group C-->+ 33742 + 43035 + 51043 + 73648 + 58874 + 44125 <!--Group D-->+ 43842 + 29400 + 38376 + 33409 + 32836 + 37245 <!--Group E-->+ 73419 + 55408 + 29600 + 39493 + 44268 + 34011 <!--Group F-->+ 34424 + 38742 + 60842 + 44291 + 68714 + 55514 <!--Round of 16-->+ 38842 + 44342 + 33523 + 56279 + 44312 + 28921 + 76165 + 33901 <!--Quarter-finals--> <!--Semi-finals--> <!--Final-->}} | matches = 44 | goals = 88 | top_scorer = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Antoine Griezmann]]{{nowrap|(6 goals)}} | player = | young_player = | goalkeeper = | fair_play = | prevseason = [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]] | nextseason = ''[[UEFA Euro 2020|2020]]'' | updated = {{nowrap|27 Juin 2016}} }} The '''2016 UEFA European Championship''', commonly referred tae as '''Euro 2016''', wis the 15t [[UEFA European Fitbaa Championship|European Championship]] for [[Leet o men's naitional association foitbaa teams#UEFA (Europe)|men's naitional fitbaa team]]s organised bi [[UEFA]]. It endit wi [[Portugal naitional men's fitbaa team|Portugal]] beirin the gree agin [[Fraunce naitional men's fitbaa team|Fraunce]]. ==Teams== Thare twanty-fower teams in the championship, mair nor aw the ither times. The championship is on in [[Fraunce]] sae Fraunce is pairt o it. It's the first time that [[Northren Ireland naitional fitbaa team|Northren Ireland]], [[Iceland naitional fitbaa team|Iceland]], [[Albanie naitional fitbaa team|Albanie]], [[Slovakie naitional fitbaa team|Slovakie]] an [[Wales naitional fitbaa team|Wales]] taks pairt in the UEFA Euro championship. ==Bangstrie== Thare haes been bangstrie an sanctions fur a few teams fur it, inspecially afore the match aqueish Roushie an Ingland aquiesh the fans o baith teams. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uefa Euro 2016}} [[Category:2015–16 in European fitbaa]] [[Category:2015–16 in French fitbaa]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship toornaments|2016]] [[Category:Internaitional association fitbaa competeetions hostit bi Fraunce|2016]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2016| ]] jign9gy6g6beesl61dpimod4hajvzz9 0 85019 923240 850447 2026-09-24T06:23:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Studios<br />Motion Picturs | logo = | type = [[Diveesion (business)|Diveesion]] o [[The Walt Disney Studios (diveesion)|Walt Disney Studios]] | parent = [[The Walt Disney Studios (diveesion)|The Walt Disney Studios]]<br />([[The Walt Disney Company]]) | foundation = 1953 (as Buena Vista Film Distribution Company, Inc.) | location_city = [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|500 S. Buena Vista Street]],<br />[[Burbank, Californie]] | location_country = [[Unitit States]] | key_people = Dave Hollis (Vice-preses)<ref>{{cite news|last=Toumarkine|first=Doris|title=Global recognition: Dave Hollis brings Disney brands to a world audience|url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/news-and-features/features/movies/e3ia952483a5f8243704b2f7cedf9043243|accessdate=20 October 2013|newspaper=Film Journal International|date=21 June 2013|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129081145/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/news-and-features/features/movies/e3ia952483a5f8243704b2f7cedf9043243|url-status=dead}}</ref> | industry = [[Motion pictur]]s | services = [[Film distribution]] an [[Film promotion|mercatin]] | revenue = | operating_income = | website = [http://waltdisneystudios.com/corp/unit/74 Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures] }} '''Walt Disney Studios Motion Picturs''' is an American [[Film distributor|motion pictur distribution]] diveesion ained bi [[The Walt Disney Company]].<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news|title=Company Overview of Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Inc.|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=27830118|accessdate=10 February 2013|newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles Coonty, Californie]] [[Category:Companies established in 1953]] [[Category:Film distributors]] [[Category:Film distributors o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Walt Disney Studios]] pq2eq1zo79wycclvuobwui6fce1jrms 0 88370 923128 903949 2026-09-23T16:31:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Košice | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Slovakie|Ceety]] <!-- images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = View over Old Town from St. Elisabeth Cathedral Bell Tower - Kosice - Slovakia (36428414991).jpg | image_caption = View o ''Hlavná ulica'' (Main Street) frae St. Elisabeth Cathedral, wi the State Theatre Košice biggin in the centre | image_flag = Flag of Košice.png | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Košice.svg | motto = | nickname = Ceety o tolerance<ref name="city of tolerance">{{cite web |url=http://www.feman.sk/obsah/festival-feman |title= ''Feman – Európsky festival kultúry národov a národností'' |year= 2009 |author=Združenie Feman}}</ref> | etymology = <!-- location --> | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Slovakie]] | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Košice Sel-govrenin Region]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- maps and coordinates --> | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Slovakia#Slovakia Košice Region | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Slovakie | coordinates = {{coord|48|43|N|21|15|E|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- government type, leaders --> | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Jaroslav Polaček <!-- established --> | established_title = First mentioned | established_date = 1230 <!-- area --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 242.768 | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = <!-- elevation --> | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 206 | elevation_ft = <!-- population --> | population_as_of = 2017 | population_footnotes = | population_total = {{increase}} 239095 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- time zone(s) --> | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 <!-- postal codes, area code --> | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 040 00 | area_code_type = | area_code = +421-55 | geocode = | iso_code = | blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates o Slovakie|Caur plate]] | blank_info = KE <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = [https://www.kosice.sk/index.php https://www.kosice.sk] | footnotes = }} '''Košice''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈkɔʃɪt͡sɛ|sk|Kosice.ogg}}, {{lang-de|Kaschau}}, {{lang-hu|Kassa}}, {{IPA-hu|’kɒʃːɒ|AUD|Kassa.ogg}}) is the biggest ceety in eastern [[Slovakie]] an in 2013 wis the [[European Caipital o Cultur]] thegither wi [[Marseille]], [[Fraunce]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — sister ceeties=== Košice haes several pairtner touns an [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceeties]] aroond the warld:<ref name="Košice twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.php?file=gov_s_c-00_uk.html|title=Twin cities of the City of Kosice|accessdate=2013-07-27|work=Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr.|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105130201/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.php?file=gov_s_c-00_uk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Abaújszántó]], [[Hungary]] <small>''(syne 2007)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/><ref name="Budapest">{{cite web|title=Sister cities of Budapest|language=Hungarian|publisher=''Official Website of Budapest''|url=http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok|accessdate=2009-07-01|archive-date=2005-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309070457/http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Bursa]], [[Turkey]] <small>''(syne 2000)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/><ref name="Bursa twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.bursa.bel.tr/kardes-sehirler/sayfa/261/|title=Kardeş Şehirler|accessdate=2013-07-27|work=Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez|publisher=Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archive-date=2016-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523225737/http://www.bursa.bel.tr/kardes-sehirler/sayfa/261/|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cottbus]], [[Germany]] <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/></small><ref name="Cottbus twinning">{{cite web | url = http://www.cottbus.de/buerger/leben/cbinternational/our_twin_cities,255001242.en.html | title = Our twin cities - Cottbus | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | publisher = http://www.cottbus.de/ | archive-date = 2013-11-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002625/http://www.cottbus.de/buerger/leben/cbinternational/our_twin_cities%2C255001242.en.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Katowice]], [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Krosno]], [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/> || *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Miskolc]], [[Hungary]] <small>''(syne 1997)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/></small> *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Niš]], [[Serbie]] <small>''(syne 2001)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/><ref name="twin">{{cite web|url=http://www.ni.rs/news/brat-e.html|title=Twinnings|publisher=Niš City Hall|accessdate=2008-04-17}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Ostrava]], [[Czech Republic]] <small>''(syne 2001)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/></small> *{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Plòvdiv]], [[Bulgarie]] <small>''(syne 2000)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/><ref name="Plovdiv1">[http://www.plovdiv.bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=261&Itemid=279 Plovdiv Sister cities]</ref><ref name="Plovdiv2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.namrb.org/filesystem.php?id=12.xls |title=Plovdiv Twinning |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-date=2016-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413180955/http://www.namrb.org/filesystem.php?id=12.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Raahe]], [[Finland]] <small>''(syne 1987)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/></small> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Rzeszów]], [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/><ref name="Rzeszów">{{cite web |url=http://www.rzeszow.pl/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/informacja-o-wspolpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi/668,informacja-o-wsp-lpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi.html |title=Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów - Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi |publisher=www.rzeszow.pl |accessdate=2010-02-02 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205091053/http://www.rzeszow.pl/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/informacja-o-wspolpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi/668,informacja-o-wsp-lpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> || *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Roushie]] <small>''(syne 1995)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/><ref name="Saint Petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-07-14 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |url-status=dead }}</ref> </small> *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Uzhhorod]], [[Ukraine]] <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/></small> *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Verona]], [[Italy]] <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/></small> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], [[Unitit States]] <small>''(syne 2000)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/><ref name="Mobile">{{cite web |title=Mobile's Sister Cities |work=City of Mobile |url=http://ncsmobile.org/sister_cities.php |accessdate=2009-11-26 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195154/http://ncsmobile.org/sister_cities.php |url-status=dead}}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Vysoké Tatry (toun)|Vysoké Tatry]], [[Slovakie]] <small>''(syne 2006)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/></small> *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Wuppertal]], [[Germany]] <small>''(syne 1980)''<ref name="Košice twinnings"/></small> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kosice}} [[Category:Košice| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Slovakie]] t13dpiur0sm6we7aem338tznawy2034 0 89003 923252 888150 2026-09-24T07:15:32Z 94jahdielisaac 137683 923252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Guaymas de Zaragoza |name = Guaymas |other_name = Heróica Ciudad de Guaymas |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety |total_type = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Guaymas-Sonora.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Aerial view o Guaymas |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Escudo de Guaymas, Sonora.png |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[States o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sonora]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Municipal&nbsp;Preses |leader_name = Otto Claussen Iberri (2012-2015) |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1769 |established_title2 = Municipal Status |established_date2 = 1825 |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =12206.18 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes = &nbsp;Municipality |population_note = |population_total = 134,153 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Seat |population_blank1 = 101,507 <!-- population of seat --> |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Time in Mexico|CST]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|27|55|06|N|110|53|56|W|region:MX|display=inline,title}} |elevation_point = of seat |elevation_m = 10 |levation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postal code (of seat) <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = 85400 |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[Demonym]] |blank1_info = |website = {{es icon}} [http://www.guaymas.gob.mx/ /Offeecial steid] |footnotes = }} '''Guaymas''' ({{IPA-es|ˈɡwajmas}}) is a ceety an [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] locatit in the [[Guaymas Municipality]] in the soothwast pairt o the state o [[Sonora]] in northwastren Mexico.<ref name="encmuc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sonora/ |title=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Sonora Guaymas de Zaragoza |publisher=INAFED |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |accessdate=December 15, 2009 |archive-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201232501/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sonora |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ceety is locatit 117&nbsp;km sooth o the state caipital o [[Hermosillo]], an 242 mile frae the [[Mexico – Unitit States border|U.S. border]], an is the principal port for the state.<ref name="encmuc"/><ref name="vismex">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitmexico.com/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_guaymas_san_carlos |title=Guaymas San Carlos |publisher=Visit Mexico (Secretary of Tourism) |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |accessdate=December 16, 2009 |archive-date=2010-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102022346/http://visitmexico.com/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_guaymas_san_carlos |url-status=dead }}</ref> The municipality is locatit in the Sonora Desert<ref name="usairways">{{cite web |url=http://www.usairwaysvacations.com/destinations/mexico/guaymas.html |title=GUAYMAS / SAN CARLOS |publisher=U S Airways |accessdate=December 16, 2009 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301181028/http://www.usairwaysvacations.com/destinations/mexico/guaymas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an haes a hot, dry climate an 117&nbsp;km o beaches.<ref name="encmuc"/> The municipality’s formal name is Guaymas de Zaragoza an the ceety’s formal name is the Heróica Ciudad de Guaymas.<ref name="encmuc"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Mexico}} *http://guaymas.gob.mx Guaymas municipal authority *http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/guaymas-mayor.html CityMayors feature *[http://www.planetizen.com/node/17375 Mexico's Guaymas Port May Pick Up California's Slack, 16 September, 2005] [[Category:Populatit places in Sonora]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Mexican Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Gulf o Californie]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Sonoran Desert o Mexico]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1769]] qe73vuca5296kqxht2kgry9843vie8r 0 89272 923230 893312 2026-09-24T04:50:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Transformers: Dark of the Moon | image = | caption = Theatrical release poster | alt = The poster depicts a Transformer named Optimus Prime, standing with a blade in his left arm, and a blaster in his right arm. There is also a young couple standing below the Transformer, and just where the 3 are standing, there is also a crash-landed Decepticon fighter. Behind the Transformer and the couple, there is a war-torn city of Chicago, with Decepticon battleships surrounding it. The film title and credits are on the bottom of the poster. | director = [[Michael Bay]] | producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Don Murphy]] *[[Tom DeSanto]] *[[Lorenzo di Bonaventura]] *[[Ian Bryce]] <!-- According to poster order --> }} | screenplay = [[Ehren Kruger]] | based on = {{Based on|''[[Transformers]]''|[[Hasbro]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| *[[Shia LaBeouf]] *[[Josh Duhamel]] *[[John Turturro]] *[[Tyrese Gibson]] *[[Rosie Huntington-Whiteley]] *[[Patrick Dempsey]] *[[Kevin Dunn]] *[[Julie White]] *[[John Malkovich]] *[[Frances McDormand]] }} | music = [[Steve Jablonsky]] | cinematography = [[Amir Mokri]] | editing = {{Plainlist| *[[Roger Barton (film editor)|Roger Barton]] *[[William Goldenberg]] *Joel Negron }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[di Bonaventura Pictures]] * [[Hasbro]] }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = <!--See WP:FILMRELEASE before editing-->{{Film date|2011|6|23|[[Moscow International Film Festival|Moscow]]<ref name="Premiere" />|2011|6|29|United States<ref name="reldates">{{cite web |url=http://www.transformersmovie.com/intl/releasedates/release-dates.html |title=Global sites & Release Dates |publisher=Paramount Pictures. Viacom |accessdate=2011-02-07 |archive-date=2011-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221123017/http://www.transformersmovie.com/intl/releasedates/release-dates.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="datechange">{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/05/20/transformers-3-release-date/|title='Transformers: Dark of the Moon' gets new release date|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|first=Jeff|last=Labrecque|accessdate=2011-05-20|archive-date=2011-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523055542/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/05/20/transformers-3-release-date/|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | runtime = 154 minutes<ref name="runtime">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/CFF275375/|title=Transformers - Dark Of The Moon|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]|date=2011-06-21|accessdate=2011-06-28|archive-date=2011-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623125344/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/CFF275375/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis <!-- Just because the film has some Russian and other international languages doesn't mean it counts as the film's language entirely, do not change the language unless you can source the article/webpage stating what the film's language is! --> | budget = $195 million<ref name="Fernandez"/><ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> | gross = <!-- Please do not change this unless it says on Box Office Mojo! Further, if you update, update the accessdate, too. --><!-- WORLDWIDE GROSS -->$1,123,794,079<!-- WORLDWIDE GROSS --><ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=transformers3.htm | title=Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) | publisher=Box Office Mojo. [[Amazon.com]] |<!-- UPDATE THIS WHEN CHANGING THE GROSS -->accessdate=2014-01-18<!-- UPDATE THIS WHEN CHANGING THE GROSS -->}}</ref> }} '''''Transformers: Dark of the Moon''''' (or simply '''''Transformers 3''''') is a 2011 American [[science feection film|science feection]] [[action film]] based on the [[Transformers (toy line)|''Transformers'' toy line]]. First released on 23 Juin 2011, it is the third instawment o the [[live action|live-action]] [[Transformers (film series)|''Transformers'' film series]]. It is a sequel tae 2009's ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'' takkin place three years efter that. The film is the first in the franchise athoot the involvement o [[DreamWorks]] an aw, leavin the series tae be producit solely bi [[Paramount Pictures]]. Like its predecessors, ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]'' an ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'', ''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'' is directit bi [[Michael Bay]] an executive producit bi [[Steven Spielberg]]. This wis the last film in the series tae be awned bi [[Tomy|Takara Tomy]], as [[Hasbro]] assumit awnership o the Transformers films in Japan. This wis the last film in the series tae involve the oreeginal human characters. The film's story is set three years efter the events o the 2009 film, wi the [[Autobot]]s, durin their collaboration wi the NEST (Nonbiological Extraterrestrial Species Treaty) militar force, discoverin a hidden alien technology in possession o humans, which haed been foond bi [[Apollo 11]] on the [[Muin]] 42 years earlier. Housomeivver, the [[Decepticon]]s unveil a plan tae uise the technology tae enslave humanity in order tae restore [[Cybertron]], the hame planet o the Transformers. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Transformers: Dark of the Moon}} {{Wikiquote|Transformers: Dark of the Moon}} * {{Official website|http://www.transformersmovie.com/}} * [http://www.transformers3music.com/ Offeecial soondtrack an score wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629210546/http://www.transformers3music.com/ |date=2012-06-29 }} * {{IMDb title|1399103}} * {{Tcmdb title|id=800134}} * {{Allmovie title|483210}} * {{mojo title|transformers3}} * {{Metacritic film|id=transformers-dark-of-the-moon}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|transformers_dark_of_the_moon}} [[Category:2011 films]] [[Category:2011 3D films]] [[Category:2010s action thriller films]] [[Category:2011 science feection films]] [[Category:American 3D films]] [[Category:American action thriller films]] [[Category:American science feection action films]] [[Category:Billion-dollar grossin films]] [[Category:Auncient astronauts in feection]] [[Category:Films aboot the Apollo program]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films based on televeesion series]] [[Category:Films based on toys]] [[Category:Films directit bi Michael Bay]] [[Category:Films set in Africae]] [[Category:Films set in Cambodie]] [[Category:Films set in Chicago]] [[Category:Films set in Florida]] [[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]] [[Category:Films set in Ukraine]] [[Category:Films set in Chernobyl]] [[Category:Films set in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Films shot in Africae]] [[Category:Films shot in Cambodie]] [[Category:Films shot in Roushie]] [[Category:Films shot in Chicago]] [[Category:Films shot in Florida]] [[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]] [[Category:Films shot in Indiana]] [[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Films shot in Michigan]] [[Category:Films shot in multiple formats]] [[Category:Films shot in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Films shot in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Films uisin computer-generatit eemagery]] [[Category:Live-action films based on cartoons]] [[Category:IMAX films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures films]] [[Category:Robot films]] [[Category:Sequel films]] [[Category:Transformers films]] [[Category:Dolby Surround 7.1 films]] [[Category:Films set in the 1960s]] [[Category:Films set in 2012]] [[Category:Alien invasions in films]] [[Category:Science feection war films]] [[Category:Film scores bi Steve Jablonsky]] 7uc5rzaigtauqh94ndyghdphuv7opjt 0 90798 923112 894301 2026-09-23T13:17:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Jeff Bridges by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = Bridges in 2013 | birth_name = Jeffrey Leon Bridges | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|12|4}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S. | alma_mater = | occupation = Actor, singer, producer, composer | years_active = 1950–present | spouse = {{marriage|Susan Geston|1977||}} | children = Isabelle Annie, Jessica Lily and Hayley Roselouise | parents = [[Lloyd Bridges]],<br/>[[Dorothy Bridges]] | family = [[Beau Bridges]] (brither)<br/> [[Jordan Bridges]] (nephew)<br/>Garrett Bridges (brither)<br/>Lucinda Bridges (sister) }} '''Jeffrey Leon''' "'''Jeff'''" '''Bridges''' (born 4 Dizember 1949) is a American actor, [[country muisic]]ker, an producer. He comes frae a well-kent actin faimily an began his televisit actin in 1958 as a child wi his faither, [[Lloyd Bridges]], an brither, [[Beau Bridges|Beau]], on televeesion's ''[[Sea Hunt]]''. He wan the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for his role as Otis "Bad" Blake in the 2009 film ''[[Crazy Heart]]'' an earned [[Academy Award]] nominations for his roles in ''[[The Last Picture Show]]'', ''[[Thunderbolt and Lightfoot]]'', ''[[Starman (film)|Starman]]'', ''[[The Contender (2000 film)|The Contender]]'', an ''[[True Grit (2010 film)|True Grit]]''. Amang his ither better-kent major motion films are: ''[[The Big Lebowski]]'', ''[[Fearless (1993 film)|Fearless]]'', ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'', ''[[The Fabulous Baker Boys]]'', ''[[Jagged Edge (film)|Jagged Edge]]'', ''[[Against All Odds (film)|Against All Odds]]'', ''[[The Fisher King]]'', ''[[Tucker: The Man and His Dream|Tucker]]'', ''[[Seabiscuit (film)|Seabiscuit]]'', ''[[Arlington Road]]'', ''[[Tron]]'', ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' an ''[[The Giver (film)|The Giver]]''. ==Filmografie an televeesion programs== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Film |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Note |- | 1951 | ''[[The Company She Keeps]]'' | Himsel (Infant) | |- | 1958–1960 | ''[[Sea Hunt]]'' | Davey Crane/Jimmy/Boy/Kelly Bailey | 4 episodes |- | 1965 | ''[[The Loner]]'' | Bud Windom | TV series (1 episode: "The Ordeal of Bud Windom") |- | 1969 | ''[[The F.B.I. (TV series)|The F.B.I.]]'' | Terry Shelton | TV series (1 episode: "Boomerang") |- | 1969 | ''Silent Night, Lonely Night'' | John Young | |- | 1970 | ''[[The Don Knotts Show]]'' | Himsel | TV series (1 episode) |- | 1970 | ''[[Halls of Anger]]'' | Douglas (Doug) | |- | 1971 | ''{{sortname|The|Last Picture Show}}'' | Duane Jackson | |- | 1971 | ''[[The Yin and the Yang of Mr. Go]]'' | Nero Finnighan | |- | 1971 | ''In Search of America'' | Mike Olson | |- | 1972 | ''[[Fat City (film)|Fat City]]'' | Ernie Munger | |- | 1972 | ''[[Bad Company (1972 film)|Bad Company]]'' | Jake Rumsey | |- | 1973 | ''[[Lolly-Madonna XXX]]'' | Zack Feather | |- | 1973 | ''{{sortname|The|Last American Hero}}'' | Elroy Jackson, Jr. | |- | 1973 | ''{{sortname|The|Iceman Cometh|The Iceman Cometh (1973 film)}}'' | Don Parritt | |- | 1974 | ''[[Thunderbolt and Lightfoot]]'' | Lightfoot | |- | 1975 | ''[[Rancho Deluxe]]'' | Jack McKee | |- | 1975 | ''[[Hearts of the West]]'' | Lewis Tater | |- | 1976 | ''[[Stay Hungry]]'' | Craig Blake | |- | 1976 | ''[[King Kong (1976 film)|King Kong]]'' | Jack Prescott | |- | 1978 | ''[[Somebody Killed Her Husband]]'' | Jerry Green | |- | 1979 | ''[[Winter Kills (film)|Winter Kills]]'' | Nick Kegan | |- | 1979 | ''The American Success Company'' | Harry Flowers | |- | 1980 | ''[[Heaven's Gate (film)|Heaven's Gate]]'' | John L. Bridges | |- | 1981 | ''[[Cutter's Way]]'' | Richard Bone | |- | 1982 | ''[[Tron]]'' | Kevin Flynn | |- | 1982 | ''[[Kiss Me Goodbye (film)|Kiss Me Goodbye]]'' | Dr. Rupert Baines | |- | 1982 | ''{{sortname|The|Last Unicorn|The Last Unicorn (film)}}'' | Prince Lír | Voice only |- | 1984 | ''[[Against All Odds (film)|Against All Odds]]'' | Terry Brogan | |- | 1984 | ''[[Starman (film)|Starman]]'' | Starman/Scott Hayden | |- | 1985 | ''[[Jagged Edge (film)|Jagged Edge]]'' | Jack Forrester | |- | 1986 | ''[[8 Million Ways to Die]]'' | Matthew "Matt" Scudder | |- | 1986 | ''{{sortname|The|Morning After|The Morning After (1986 film)}}'' | Turner Kendall | |- | 1987 | ''[[Nadine (1987 film)|Nadine]]'' | Vernon Hightower | |- | 1988 | ''[[Tucker: The Man and His Dream]]'' | [[Preston Tucker]] | |- | 1989 | ''[[See You in the Morning (film)|See You in the Morning]]'' | Larry Livingstone | |- | 1989 | ''{{sortname|The|Fabulous Baker Boys}}'' | Jack Baker | |- | 1990 | ''[[Texasville]]'' | Duane Jackson | |- | 1991 | ''{{sortname|The|Fisher King}}'' | Jack Lucas | |- | 1992 | ''[[American Heart]]'' | Jack Kelson | Also producer |- | 1993 | ''{{sortname|The|Vanishing|The Vanishing (1993 film)}}'' | Barney Cousins | |- | 1993 | ''[[Fearless (1993 film)|Fearless]]'' | Max Klein | |- | 1994 | ''[[Blown Away (1994 film)|Blown Away]]'' | Jimmy Dove/Liam McGivney | |- | 1995 | ''[[Wild Bill (1995 film)|Wild Bill]]'' | [[Wild Bill Hickok|James Butler 'Wild Bill' Hickok]] | |- | 1996 | ''[[White Squall (film)|White Squall]]'' | Captain Christopher 'Skipper' Sheldon | |- | 1996 | ''{{sortname|The|Mirror Has Two Faces}}'' | Gregory Larkin | |- | 1996 | ''[[Hidden in America]]'' | Vincent | TV movie; also executive producer |- | 1998 | ''{{sortname|The|Big Lebowski}}'' | [[Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski]] | |- | 1999 | ''[[Arlington Road]]'' | Michael Faraday | |- | 1999 | ''{{sortname|The|Muse|The Muse (1999 film)}}'' | Jack Warrick | |- | 1999 | ''[[Simpatico (film)|Simpatico]]'' | Lyle Carter | |- | 2000 | ''{{sortname|The|Contender|The Contender (2000 film)}}'' | President Jackson Evans | |- | 2001 | ''[[Scenes of the Crime]]'' | Jimmy Berg | |- | 2001 | ''[[K-PAX (film)|K-PAX]]'' | Dr. Mark Powell | |- | 2002 | ''[[Lost in La Mancha]]'' | Narrator | Documentary |- | 2003 | ''[[Masked and Anonymous]]'' | Tom Friend | |- | 2003 | ''[[Seabiscuit (film)|Seabiscuit]]'' | [[Charles S. Howard]] | |- | 2004 | ''{{sortname|The|Door in the Floor}}'' | Ted Cole | |- | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Amateurs}}'' | Andy | |- | 2005 | ''[[Tideland (film)|Tideland]]'' | Noah | |- | 2006 | ''[[Stick It]]'' | Burt Vickerman | |- | 2007 | ''[[Surf's Up (film)|Surf's Up]]'' | Ezekiel 'Big Z' Topanga/Geek | Voice only |- | 2008 | ''{{sortname|A|Dog Year}}'' | Jon Katz | TV movie |- | 2008 | ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' | [[Iron Monger|Obadiah Stane / Iron Monger]] | |- | 2008 | ''[[How to Lose Friends & Alienate People (film)|How to Lose Friends & Alienate People]]'' | Clayton Harding | |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Open Road}}'' | Kyle | |- | 2009 | ''[[Crazy Heart]]'' | Otis "Bad" Blake | |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Men Who Stare at Goats|The Men Who Stare at Goats (film)}}'' | Bill Django | |- | 2010 | ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' | Kevin Flynn/Clu 2 | |- | 2010 | ''[[True Grit (2010 film)|True Grit]]'' | [[Rooster Cogburn (character)|Rooster Cogburn]] | |- | 2011 | ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' | Host | TV |- | 2012 | ''[[A Place at the Table (film)|A Place at the Table]]'' | Narrator | |- | 2012 | ''[[Ted (film)|Ted]]'' | Uncredited [[cameo appearance|cameo]] during [[Airplane (film)|''Airplane'']] spoof | |- | 2013 | ''[[R.I.P.D.]]'' | Roy Pulsipher | |- | 2013 | ''Pablo'' | Narrator/Professor | |- | 2014 | ''[[The Giver (film)|The Giver]]'' | The Giver | Also producer |- | 2015 | ''[[Seventh Son (film)|Seventh Son]]'' | Master Gregory | |- | 2015 | ''[[The Little Prince (2015 film)|The Little Prince]]'' | The Pilot | Voice; post-production |- |} == Discografie == === Studio albums === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Title ! rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! colspan="4"| Peak chart positions |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:45px;"| [[Top Country Albums|US Country]]<br /><ref name="Roughstock">{{cite web|url=http://www.roughstock.com/blog/chart-news-august-24-country-dominates-as-luke-bryan-still-top-dawg-|title=Chart News August 24: Country Dominates as Luke Bryan Still Top Dawg|publisher=Roughstock|accessdate=August 24, 2011|archive-date=2011-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104132511/http://www.roughstock.com/blog/chart-news-august-24-country-dominates-as-luke-bryan-still-top-dawg-|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! style="width:45px;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br /><ref name="Roughstock" /> ! style="width:45px;"| [[Folk Albums|US<br />Folk]]<br /><ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=jeff bridges|chart=all}}|title=Chart listing for ''Jeff Bridges''|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=August 25, 2011}}</ref> ! style="width:45px;"| [[Top Rock Albums|US<br />Rock]]<br /><ref name="Billboard" /> |- ! scope="row"| ''Be Here Soon'' | * Release date: January 1, 2000 * Label: Ramp Records * Formats: CD | – | – | – | – |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Jeff Bridges (album)|Jeff Bridges]]'' | * Release date: August 16, 2011 * Label: [[Blue Note Records]] * Formats: CD, [[music download]] | 10 | 25 | 2 | 5 |- |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Sleeping Tapes]]'' | * Release date: January 28, 2015 * Label: [[Squarespace]] * Formats: CD, music download | – | – | – | – |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:8pt"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Year ! style="width:18em;"| Single ! Album |- | 2011 ! scope="row"| "What a Little Bit of Love Can Do" | style="text-align:left;"| ''Jeff Bridges'' |} ===Muisic videos=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! Year ! style="width:18em;"| Title ! Director |- | 2011 ! scope="row"| "What a Little Bit of Love Can Do"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/videos/jeff-bridges/683346/what-a-little-bit-of-love-can-do.jhtml|title=CMT : Videos : Jeff Bridges : What a Little Bit of Love Can Do|publisher=[[Country Music Television]]|accessdate=August 23, 2011|archive-date=2014-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223010951/http://www.cmt.com/videos/jeff-bridges/683346/what-a-little-bit-of-love-can-do.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Alan Kozlowski |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Jeff Bridges}} * {{IMDb name|0000313}} * {{amg name|3197}} * {{Official website|http://www.jeffbridges.com}} * [http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/jeff-bridges Jeff Bridges at Emmys.com] {{Authority control}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bridges, Jeff}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:20t-hunderyear American male actors]] [[Category:21st-hunderyear American male actors]] [[Category:American Buddhists]] [[Category:American male sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American country sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American male bairn actors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:Best Actor Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Blue Note Records airtists]] [[Category:Bridges faimily]] [[Category:EMI Records airtists]] [[Category:Independent Spirit Awaird for Best Male Lead winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Transcendental Meditation practeetioners]] [[Category:Unitit States Coast Guard personnel]] [[Category:University High School (Los Angeles, Californie) alumni]] r1r52yxiljnyj5tvrftrdhullsjr6ul 0 91474 923226 885498 2026-09-24T04:37:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building |name = Tokyo Skytree |native_name = 東京スカイツリー |native_name_lang = ja |image = File:Tokyo Skytree 2014 Ⅲ.jpg |caption = Tokyo Skytree in December 2014 |location = [[Sumida, Tokyo]], Japan |coordinates = {{coord|35|42|36.5|N|139|48|39|E|region:JP-13_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}} |status = Completit |architectural_style= [[neofuturistic]] |start_date = 14 Julie 2008 |completion_date = 29 Februar 2012 |opening = {{Start date|2012|05|22|df=y}} |building_type = Broadcast, restaurant, an observation touer |antenna_spire = {{Convert|634.0|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |roof = {{Convert|495.0|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |top_floor = {{Convert|451.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |floor_count = |elevator_count = 13 |cost = 65 billion [[Japanese yen|JPY]] (806 million [[Unitit States dollar|USD]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/2012/business/617/biz61714.html |title=Japan finishes Tokyo Sky Tree |publisher=Mmtimes.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203154812/http://www.mmtimes.com/2012/business/617/biz61714.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |floor_area = |architect = [[Nikken Sekkei]] |structural_engineer= |main_contractor = [[Obayashi Corp.]] |developer = [[Tobu Railway]] |owner = Tobu Tower Skytree Co., Ltd. |website = {{URL|http://www.tokyo-skytree.jp/english/}}}} {{nihongo|'''Tokyo Skytree'''|東京スカイツリー|Tōkyō Sukaitsurī}} is a broadcastin, restaurant, an observation [[touer]] in [[Sumida, Tokyo]], Japan. It acame the [[Leet o tawest structurs in Japan|tawest structur in Japan]] in 2010<ref name="tallest">[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/national/news/20100329p2g00m0dm025000c.html Tokyo Sky Tree beats Tokyo Tower, now tallest building in Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121205060159/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/national/news/20100329p2g00m0dm025000c.html |date=2012-12-05 }}, The Mainichi Daily News, 29 March 2010</ref> an reached its full hicht o {{Convert|634.0|m|ft|0}} in Mairch 2011, makin it the [[Leet o tawlest touers in the warld|tawest touer]] in the warld, displacin the [[Canton Touer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctbuh.org/News/GlobalTallNews/tabid/468/EntryId/4066/Japan-Finishes-Worlds-Tallest-Communications-Tower.aspx|title=Japan Finishes World's Tallest Communications Tower|publisher=[[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]]|date=1 March 2012|accessdate=2 March 2012|archive-date=2016-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619104856/http://www.ctbuh.org/News/GlobalTallNews/tabid/468/EntryId/4066/Japan-Finishes-Worlds-Tallest-Communications-Tower.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/building/tokyo-sky-tree-tokyo-japan|title=Tokyo Sky Tree|publisher=[[Emporis]]|accessdate=2 March 2012|archive-date=2012-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603121034/http://www.emporis.com/building/tokyo-sky-tree-tokyo-japan|url-status=dead}}</ref> an the seicont [[tawest structur]] in the warld efter [[Burj Khalifa]] (829.8 m/2,722&nbsp;ft).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/05/22/11809861-tokyo-sky-tree-takes-root-as-worlds-second-tallest-structure?chromedomain=itineraries |title=Tokyo Sky Tree takes root as world's second-tallest structure |author=Arata Yamamoto |date=22 May 2012 |publisher=NBC News |accessdate=22 May 2012 |archive-date=2012-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525134229/http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/05/22/11809861-tokyo-sky-tree-takes-root-as-worlds-second-tallest-structure?chromedomain=itineraries |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Sumida, Tokyo]] [[Category:Skyscrapers in Tokyo]] [[Category:Observation touers in Japan]] [[Category:Communication touers in Japan]] [[Category:Aquaria in Japan]] [[Category:Touers completit in 2012]] [[Category:Radio masts an touers]] 80vr1lffbnrgrxrhttf28b9tnhcrkbp 0 93802 923211 916995 2026-09-24T03:11:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Rennes | image = | fullname = Stade Rennais <br /> Football Club | nickname = ''Les Rouges et Noirs'' <br /> (The Red and Blacks) | founded = {{Start date and age|1901|3|10|df=yes}} | ground = [[Roazhon Park]], <br /> [[Rennes]] | capacity = 29,376<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/UEFACup/01/67/59/06/1675906_DOWNLOAD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-05-30 |archive-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819152751/http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/UEFACup/01/67/59/06/1675906_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | owner = [[Groupe Artémis]] | chairman = Jacques Delanoë | manager = [[Bruno Génésio]] | league = {{French football updater|Rennes}} | season = | position = | website = http://www.staderennais.com/ | pattern_la1 = _rennes2324h | pattern_b1 = _rennes2324h | pattern_ra1 = _rennes2324h | pattern_sh1 = _rennes2324h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _rennes2223A | pattern_b2 = _rennes2223A | pattern_ra2 = _rennes2223A | pattern_sh2 = _rotherham2223h | pattern_so2 = _valencia2223h2 | leftarm2 = | body2 = | rightarm2 = | shorts2 = | socks2 = |pattern_la3 = _rennes2223T |pattern_b3 = _rennes2223T |pattern_ra3 = _rennes2223T |pattern_sh3 = |pattern_so3 = _rennes2223T |leftarm3 = 0044ff |body3 = 0044ff |rightarm3 = 0044ff |shorts3 = 000040 |socks3 = 000040 }} '''Stade Rennais Football Club''' ({{IPA-fr|stɑd ʁɛ.nɛ}}; commonly referred tae as '''Stade Rennais''', '''SRFC''', or simply '''Rennes''') is a [[Fitbaa in Fraunce|French association fitbaw]] club based in [[Rennes]]. == Current squad == {{Updated|3 Julie 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.staderennais.com/effectif/pros |title=Equipe Pro |publisher=Stade Rennais F.C. |language=fr |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815001008/https://www.staderennais.com/effectif/pros |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|nat=FRA|pos=GK|name=[[Gauthier Gallon]]}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=[[Adrien Truffert]]}} {{Fs player|no=5|nat=BEL|pos=DF|name=[[Arthur Theate]]}} {{Fs player|no=6|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Lesley Ugochukwu]]}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Martin Terrier]]}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Baptiste Santamaria]]}} {{Fs player|no=9|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Arnaud Kalimuendo]]}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=BEL|pos=FW|name=[[Jérémy Doku]]}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Ludovic Blas]]}} {{Fs player|no=14|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Benjamin Bourigeaud]]|other=[[Caiptain (association fitbaw)|vice-caiptain]]}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=CMR|pos=DF|name=[[Christopher Wooh]]}} {{Fs player|no=17|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Loum Tchaouna]]}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=[[Jeanuël Belocian]]}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Amine Gouiri]]}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Flavien Tait]]}} {{Fs player|no=21|nat=CRO|pos=MF|name=[[Lovro Majer]]}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=[[Lorenz Assignon]]}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=[[Warmed Omari]]}} {{Fs player|no=25|nat=NOR|pos=DF|name=[[Birger Meling]]}} {{Fs player|no=28|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Enzo Le Fée]]}} {{Fs player|no=30|nat=FRA|pos=GK|name=[[Steve Mandanda]]}} {{Fs player|no=31|nat=CIV|pos=DF|name=[[Guéla Doué]]}} {{Fs player|no=33|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Désiré Doué]]}} {{Fs player|no=34|nat=MAR|pos=FW|name=[[Ibrahim Salah (fitbawer, born 2001)|Ibrahim Salah]]}} {{Fs player|no=35|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=Noah Françoise}} {{Fs player|no=80|nat=POR|pos=MF|name=[[Xeka]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=SEN|pos=GK|name=[[Alfred Gomis]]}} {{Fs player|no=|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Matthis Abline]]}} {{Fs end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Ligue 1}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rennes}} [[Category:Stade Rennais F.C.| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1901]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Fraunce]] [[Category:1901 establishments in Fraunce]] c9lcd3mh4a7z1evwit90w235vag4e9x 0 123651 923134 922612 2026-09-23T17:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923134 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''leet o wather records''', a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories. ==Temperatur== ===Measurin condeetions=== The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").<ref name=running2011 /> The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods. Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50&nbsp;°C.<ref name=running2011>p. 855-857, [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth], David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'', July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.</ref> A grund temperature o 84&nbsp;°C (183.2&nbsp;°F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.<ref>Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.</ref> A grund temperatur o 93.9&nbsp;°C (201&nbsp;°F) wis recordit in [[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]], [[USA]] on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.<ref>A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.</ref> The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100&nbsp;°C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.<ref>[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7&nbsp;°C (159.3&nbsp;°F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]]. The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.) Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.<ref name=running2011 /> Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−136&nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2&nbsp;°C.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.</ref> ===Heat=== ====Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent==== [[File:Koppen World Map BWh.png|280px|thumb|A warld cairt shawin auries wi [[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''BWh'' (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50&nbsp;&deg;C (122&nbsp;°F) during the hettest saisons.]] ==== Africae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at [[Semara]], [[Wastren Sahara]] on 13 Julie 1961.<ref name="reliably">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|publisher=Weather Underground|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}</ref> This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan {{convert|51.3|C|F}} wis recordit at [[Ouargla]], [[Algerie]] on 5 Julie 2018.<ref name=watts2018/>}} ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Algerie}} |{{convert|51.3|C|F}} |[[El Bayadh]], [[El Bayadh Province]] / [[Ouargla]], [[Ouargla Province]] |{{Dts|2 September 1979}}<ref name=AlgeriaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf |title=Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC |publisher=Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement |year=2010 |language=French |page=27 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref>/{{Dts| 5 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018>{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |archivedate=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |title=Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 July 2018 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Maun, Botswana|Maun]] |{{Dts|7 Januar 2016}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html|title=Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]] |{{Dts|1984}}<ref name=burkinaclimatechange>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf |title=Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) |publisher=Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie |language=French |page=11 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chad}} |{{convert|47.6|C|F}} |[[Faya-Largeau]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu">{{cite web|url=https://www.cyprus-weather.org/temperature-breaks-all-records/|title=Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus|author=|first=|date=7 August 2010|website=|publisher=Weather Underground|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |{{convert|36.0|C|F}} |[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport|Hahaya Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|15 November 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 |title=NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2018 |accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Lavumisa]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords>{{cite web|url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=6 |date=December 1992 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Navrongo]] |{{Dts|26 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Koundara]], [[Boké Region]] |{{Dts|29 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Niger}} |{{convert|49.5|C|F}} |[[Diffa]] |{{Dts|7 September 1978}}<ref name=nigerCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |title=Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques |publisher=Republique de Niger |page=8 |accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nigerie}} |{{convert|46.4|C|F}} |[[Yola, Nigerie|Yola]] |{{Dts|3 Apryle 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Réunion}} |{{convert|36.9|C|F}} |[[Le Port, Réunion|Le Port]] |{{Dts|6 Mairch 2004}}<ref name=reunionrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |archivedate=1 January 2019 | url=http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |title=Climat de la Réunion |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Africae}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |[[Dunbrody, Eastren Cape|Dunbrody]], [[Eastren Cape]] |{{Dts|3 November 1918}}<ref name="saws">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |archivedate=17 May 2017|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |title=What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? | publisher=[[South African Weather Service]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |{{convert|49.7|C|F}} |[[Dongola]] |{{Dts|25 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tunisie}} |{{convert|55|C|F}} |[[Kebili]] |{{Dts|7 Julie 1931}}<ref name=bams>{{cite journal|author1=Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli |author2=Randall S. Cerveny |author3=Christopher C. Burt |author4=Philip Eden |author5=David Parker |author6=Manola Brunet |author7=Thomas C. Peterson |author8=Gianpaolo Mordacchini |author9=Vinicio Pelino |author10=Pierre Bessemoulin |author11=José Luis Stella |author12=Fatima Driouech |author13=M.M Abdel wahab |author14=Matthew B. Pace |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|year=2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2 |pages=199–204|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Wastren Sahara}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Semara]] |{{Dts|13 Julie 1961}}<ref name=reliably/> |- |{{flag|Zambie}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Mfuwe]], [[Eastren Province, Zambie|Eastren Province]] |{{Dts|13 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Antarcticae}} (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S) | {{convert|19.8|C|F}} | [[Signy Resairch Station]], [[Sooth Orkney Islands]] |{{Dts|30 Januar 1982}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106025041/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} (mainland an adjynin islands) |{{convert|17.5|C|F}} |[[Esperanza Base]], [[Trinity Peninsula]] |{{Dts|24 Mairch 2015}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists | title = Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings | last = Mccarthy | first = Tom | work = The Guardian | date = 31 March 2015 | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030128/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} ([[Antarctic Plateau]] > {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{Dts|28 December 1989}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau>2500m): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=29 April 2018 |archive-date=2018-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113958/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-12.3|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |{{Dts|25 December 2011}}<ref name="Antarctic Sun">{{cite web |url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |title=Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day |publisher=United States Antarctic Program |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025538/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{convert|49.9|C|F}} |[[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]] |{{Dts|August 2009}}<ref name="afghan record">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws|last=inc|first=Ibp|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-7835-8|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Armenie}} |{{convert|43.7|C|F}} |[[Meghri]] |{{Dts|1 August 2011}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf |title=Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection |year=2015 |page=3 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Armeniarecordhigh>{{cite web |url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html |title=Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius |publisher=Hetq Online |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Julfa, Azerbaijan (ceety)|Julfa]] an [[Ordubad]] |?<ref name=azhydromet>{{cite web |last1=Mahmudov |first1=Rza |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archivedate=24 May 2007 |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bangladesh}} |{{convert|45.1|C|F}} |[[Rajshahi]] |{{Dts|30 Mey 1972}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |title=Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years |work=Asian Tribune |date=27 April 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |archive-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bhutan}} |{{convert|40|C|F}} |[[Phuentsholing]] |{{Dts|27 August 1997}}<ref>{{cite news|author1=Passang Norbu|title=The heat has got into the Himalayas|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Kuensel|date=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cambodie}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F}} |[[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] |{{Dts|15 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |title=Exceptional Heat Wave 2016 |work=[[Meteo France]] |accessdate=29 April 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428202234/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cheenae}} |{{convert|50.5|C|F}} |[[Erbao Tounship]], [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572543886818701&wfr=spider&for=pc|title=50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录|work=baijiahao.baidu.com}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hong Kong}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Macau}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Coloane]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Indie}} |{{convert|51.0|C|F}} |[[Phalodi]], [[Rajasthan]] |{{Dts|19 May 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/indian-summer-makes-history-phalodi-in-rajasthan-boils-at-51c/|title=Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C|work=Skymet Weather}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Indonesie}} |{{convert|39.5|C|F}} |[[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka Regency]], [[Wast Java]] /<br>[[Semarang]], [[Central Java]] |{{Dts|December 2006}} /<br>27 October 2015<ref name=wu20151027>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|title=Indonesia ties all-time national heat record|accessdate=31 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200547/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|archivedate=9 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iran}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Ahvaz]] Airport (OIAW) |{{Dts|29 Juin 2017}}.<ref name=reliably/><ref name="Samenow2016">{{cite web |last1=Samenow |first1=Jason |title=Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/|publisher=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{convert|53.8|C|F}} |[[Basra]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=Samenow2016/><ref name=Tapper2016>{{cite web |last1=Tapper |first1=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c |title=Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Israel}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Tirat Zvi]] |{{Dts|21 Juin 1942}}<ref name="ims">{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |date=21 June 1942 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|The temperature has been reported as {{convert|54|C|F}}, however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.<ref name="htoe">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|website=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=7 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200557/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Japan}} |{{convert|41.1|C|F}} |[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]], [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]] |{{Dts|23 Julie 2018}}<ref name="JMA">{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rankall.php?prec_no=&block_no=&year=&month=&day=&view=|title=former National Rankings|accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |Jordan University Agriculture Research Center |{{Dts|6 September 2002}}<ref name=Jordanrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة |script-title=ar:القيم المتطرفة |publisher=Jordanian Meteorological Department |language=Arabic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kuwait}} |{{convert|53.9|C|F}} |[[Mitribah]] |{{Dts|21 Julie 2016}}<ref name=WMOJune2019>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618130839/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |archivedate=18 June 2019 |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.<ref name=WMOJune2019/>}} |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |title=Country profile |website=mineconom.gov.kg |publisher=Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic |accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |archivedate=20 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Laos}} |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Seno, Laos|Seno]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 2016}}<ref name=meteofranceasia/> |- |{{flag|Malaysie}} |{{convert|40.1|C|F}} |[[Chuping]] |{{Dts|9 Apryle 1998}}<ref name="climate stats 01">{{cite news| title=General Climate Information| url=http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| publisher=Malaysia Meteorological Department| accessdate=30 June 2010| archive-date=2015-11-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maldives}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]] |{{Dts|16 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Mongolia}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Khongor, Darkhan-Uul|Khongor]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 1999}}<ref name=MARCC>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |title=Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia |pages=36–37 |date=September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2016 |archive-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Myinmu]] |{{Dts|14 Mey 2010}}<ref name=Myint2016>{{cite web |last1=Myint |first1=Yee |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html |title=Heat takes its toll |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Soe2016>{{cite web |last1=Soe |first1=Kyaw |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html |title=Warnings of strong El Niño through June |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nepal}} |{{convert|46.0|°C|°F}} |[[Chisapani, Bardiya|Chisapani]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Nepal/Nepal.htm |title=Nepal |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=24 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024140133/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Nepal/nepal.htm |archivedate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Oman}} |{{convert|50.8|C|F}} |[[Buraimi]],<br>[[Sohar]], <br>[[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]] |{{Dts|Julie 1990}}, <br>{{Dts|Mey 2009}}, <br>{{Dts|30 Mey 2017}}<ref name=jfwu17>Jeff Masters, [https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/historic-heat-wave-sweeps-asia-middle-east-and-europe Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe], 6 June 2017</ref> |- |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{convert|53.7|C|F}} |[[Turbat]] |{{Dts|28 Mey 2017}}<ref name=WMOJune2019/> |- |{{flag|Philippines}} |{{convert|42.2|C|F}} |[[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan Valley]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 1912}}, 11 Mey 1969<ref name=PhilippinesCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Government of the Philippines |date=29 December 2014 |page=6 |accessdate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|50.4|C|F}} |[[Doha]] |{{Dts|14 Julie 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]], [[Amur Oblast]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |title=Wunder Blog |publisher=Weather Underground |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041822/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Saudi Arabie}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Jeddah]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 2010}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |deadurl=yes |title=saudigazette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |archivedate=30 September 2015 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|37.0|C|F}} |[[Tengah, Singapore|Tengah]] |{{Dts|17 Apryle 1983}}<ref name=MSSrecords>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature |title=Historical Extremes |publisher=[[Meteorological Service Singapore]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Korea}} |{{convert|41.0|C|F}} |[[Hongcheon]], [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)|Gangwon Province]] |{{Dts|1 August 2018}}<ref name="news1">{{cite web|url=https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&sid1=103&sid2=248&oid=421&aid=0003514221|title=한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 |publisher=[[news1]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sirie}} |{{convert|49.4|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name=SyriaCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf |title=Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic |publisher=Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs |pages=18–20 |date=April 2010|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Tianxiang]], [[Hualien Coonty]] |{{Dts|9 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018/><ref name="Wunderground">{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018|title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018|work=[[Wunderground]]|accessdate=20 September 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{convert|44.6|C|F}} |[[Mae Hong Son]] |{{Dts|28 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Turkey}} |{{convert|49.0|C|F}} |[[Cizre]], [[Şırnak Province]] |{{Dts|27 August 1961}}<ref name="DMIGM">{{cite web|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/sss.aspx?s=sicaklikenleri2|title=Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |accessdate=10 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} |{{convert|50.1|C|F}} |[[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], [[Karakum Desert]] |{{Dts|28 Julie 1983}}<ref name=TurmenistanCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCD>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archivedate=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} |{{convert|52.1|C|F}} |[[Al Jazeera Mairch Gate]] |{{Dts|Julie 2002}}<ref name=Leon>{{cite news |last1=Ponce de Leon |first1=Janice |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=Debunking weather myths in the UAE |publisher=Gulf News |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=UAErecordhigh>{{cite news |last1=Croucher |first1=Martin |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level |publisher=The National |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vietnam}} |{{convert|43.4|C|F}} |[[Huong Khe Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 Apryle 2019}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505153741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archivedate=2019-05-05 |title=Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April |publisher=The Washington Post |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Albanie}} |{{convert|43.9|C|F}} |[[Tirana]] |{{Dts|1973}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/gbpfred/extreme-temperatures-across-the-world?tsId=1000890|title=Extreme Temperatures across the World|publisher=[[knoema.com|knoema]]|accessdate=26 July 2019 |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Austrick}} |{{convert|40.5|C|F}} |[[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg|title=Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg|publisher=[[Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]]|accessdate=9 August 2013 |date=9 August 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Belaroushie}} |{{convert|38.9|C|F}} |[[Gomel]] |{{Dts|7 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{convert|41.8|C|F}} |[[Begijnendijk]], [[Flemish Brabant]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"|Part of the [[July 2019 European heat wave]]}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name=Belgium1>{{cite web |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren |title=Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk |publisher=VRTNWS|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |{{convert|46.2|C|F}} |[[Mostar]] |{{Dts|31 Julie 1901}}<ref name="Federal Hydrometeorological Institute">{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |title=Federal Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=28 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="meteofrance"/> |- |{{flag|Bulgarie}} |{{convert|45.2|C|F}} |[[Sadovo]], [[Plovdiv Province]] |{{Dts|5 August 1916}}<ref name="unfccc">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf |title=Bulgaria Second National Communication |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Croatie}} |{{convert|42.8|C|F}} |[[Ploče]] |{{Dts|5 August 1981}}<ref name="cro">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Croatia Sixth National Communication |format=PDF |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cyprus}} |{{convert|45.6|C|F}} |[[Nicosia]] |{{Dts|1 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{convert|40.4|C|F}} |[[Dobřichovice]], [[Prague-Wast Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 August 2012}}<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ |title=Česká republika – Česká nej |publisher=atlasceska.cz |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Denmark}} |{{convert|36.4|C|F}} |[[Holstebro]], [[Midtjylland]] |{{Dts|10 August 1975}}<ref name="dmi">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |archivedate=26 April 2017 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |title=Vejrekstremer i Danmark |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Estonie}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Võru]] |{{Dts|11 August 1992}}<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en |title=Weather records |publisher=Estonian Weather Services |accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Finland}} |{{convert|37.2|C|F}} |[[Joensuu Airport]], [[Liperi]] |{{Dts|29 Julie 2010}}<ref name=fmirecords>{{cite web|url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia |title=Lämpötilaennätyksiä |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |language=Finnish |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Fraunce}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Vérargues]], [[Hérault]] |{{Dts|28 Juin 2019}}<ref name="meteofrance">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |title=C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin |publisher=Météo France |language=French |accessdate=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Germany}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Lingen, Germany|Lingen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/wetter-sammlung-100.html|title=Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort|website=www1.wdr.de|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greece}} |{{convert|48.0|C|F}} |[[Athens]] {{refn |group="notes"|A temperatur o {{convert|48.7|C|F}} haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in [[Tatoi]], houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.<ref name="meteoclub1">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |title=Τα χαμηλότερα και υψηλότερα ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας στην Ελλάδα |publisher=Meteoclub.gr |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702024059/http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |{{Dts|10 Julie 1977}}<ref name="WMO">{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|accessdate=2 January 2019|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{convert|41.9|C|F}} |[[Kiskunhalas]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name="met.hu">{{cite web|url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service |publisher=Met.hu |accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|30.5|C|F}} | Teigarhorn, [[Djúpivogur]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 1939}}<ref name="iceland">Einarsson, Markús. [http://en.vedur.is/media/loftslag/myndasafn/frodleikur/Einarsson.pdf Climate of Iceland] pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021152/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 |date=2009-06-29 }} ''[[Iceland Review]]'' 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref> |- |{{flag|Ireland}} |{{convert|33.3|C|F}} |[[Kilkenny Castle]], [[Coonty Kilkenny]] |{{Dts|26 Juin 1887}}<ref name="Met Éireann">{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online |publisher=Met.ie |date=2 January 1979 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Italy}} |{{convert|47.0|C|F}} |[[Foggia]], [[Apulie]] {{refn |group="notes"|A disputit record temperatur o 48.5&nbsp;°C (119.3&nbsp;°F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in [[Catenanuova]], Sicily.<ref name=Italy1/>}} |{{Dts|25 Juin 2007}}<ref name=Italy1>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |title=BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C |publisher=Meteogiornale |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |language=Italian |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224114/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Italy>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/ |title=Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C|publisher=CentroMeteoToscana |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/|archivedate=12 May 2014|language=Italian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Latvie}} |{{convert|37.8|C|F}} |[[Ventspils]] |{{Dts|4 August 2014}}<ref name="meteolv">[https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account]. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. {{lv icon}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Lithuanie}} |{{convert|37.5|C|F}} |[[Zarasai]], [[Utena Coonty]] |{{Dts|30 Julie 1994}}<ref name="record lithuania">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |title=(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) |publisher=Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service |language=Lithuanian |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Luxembourg}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Steinsel|Steinsel, Luxembourg]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name="record luxembourg">{{cite web|url=https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|title=40,8°C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=AgriMeteo|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130556/https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|archive-date=2019-07-26|dead-url=|accessdate=25 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maltae}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|9 August 1999}}<ref name="MaltaCC">{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf |title=The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange |publisher=Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs |pages=40–41 |date=May 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=MaltaNSO>{{cite web |last1= Galdies |first1= Charles |url= https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |title= The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 |pages= 6–7 |year= 2011 |publisher= National Statistics Office |accessdate= 26 February 2013 |archive-date= 2016-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203936/http://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Moldovae}} |{{convert|42.4|°C|°F}} |[[Falesti]] |{{Dts|7 August 2012}}<ref name=Moldovarecords>{{cite web |title=Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova |url=http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |publisher=Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat |language=Romanian |accessdate=25 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Podgorica]] & [[Danilovgrad]] |{{Dts|16 August 2007}} /<br/>8 August 2012<ref name="Jeff Masters">{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Gilze en Rijen]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}</ref> |- |{{flag|North Macedonie}} |{{convert|45.7|C|F}} |[[Demir Kapija]], [[Demir Kapija Municipality|Demir Kapija]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name=MacedoniaCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2016 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning |page=24 |date=December 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Norawa}} |{{convert|35.6|°C|°F}} |[[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]] |{{Dts|20 Juin 1970}}<ref name="DNMI">{{cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Klima |publisher=met.no |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |archivedate=29 November 2007 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Poland}} |{{convert|40.2|°C|°F}} |[[Prószków]]{{refn |group="notes" |Record meisurt on [[Weimar Republic|German territory]] at that time: [[Proskau]], [[Landkreis]] [[Opole|Oppeln]], [[Province o Upper Silesie|Oberschlesien]] (nou [[Prószków]], [[Opole Voivodeship]]). The record in [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland proper]] at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o [[Zbiersk]] at 40.0&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|title=Polskie Rekordy|website=MeteoModel.pl|date=31 May 2011|access-date=2016-02-12}}</ref>}} |{{Dts|29 Julie 1921}}<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Portugal}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Amareleja]], [[Beja (destrict)|Beja]] |{{Dts|1 August 2003}}<ref name="meteo1">[https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes] Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA</ref> |- |{{flag|Romanie}} |{{convert|44.5|°C|°F}} |[[Ion Sion]], [[Brăila Coonty]] |{{Dts|10 August 1951}}<ref>[http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909041857/http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 |date=2008-09-09 }} Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie</ref> |- |{{flag|Roushie|}} (in Europe) |{{convert|45.4|°C|°F}} |[[Utta]], [[Kalmykie]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |title=Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070750/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|San Marino}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]] |{{Dts|3 August 2017}}, {{Dts|9 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Serbie}} |{{convert|44.9|°C|°F}} |[[Smederevska Palanka]], [[Podunavlje Destrict|Podunavlje]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name="hidmet">{{cite web|url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php |title=TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |publisher=Hidmet.gov.rs |accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovakie}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Hurbanovo]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name=slovakrecord>{{cite web|title=Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic |url=http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 |publisher=Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovenie}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F}} |[[Cerklje ob Krki]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|title=V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija|url=http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html|publisher=24ur.com|accessdate=8 August 2013|language=Slovenian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Spain}} |{{convert|47.3|C|F}} |[[Montoro, Cordoba]] (as Montoro Vega Armijo) |{{Dts|13 Julie 2017}}<ref name=Benayas2017>{{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |title=Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain |publisher=El País |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818001445/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swaden}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Ultuna]], [[Uppsala Coonty]]/<br>[[Målilla]], [[Kalmar County]] (tied) |{{Dts|9 Julie 1933}} /<br>29 Juin 1947<ref name="SMHI">{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |title=Svenska temperaturrekord |publisher=Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut |accessdate=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175701/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swisserland}} |{{convert|41.5|C|F}} |[[Grono, Swisserland|Grono]], [[Moesa Destrict]] |{{Dts|11 August 2003}}<ref name="Weather in Switzerland">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |title=Records Suisse |publisher=MeteoSwiss |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{convert|42.0|C|F}} |[[Luhansk]] |{{Dts|12 August 2010}}<ref name=cgo>{{cite web |url =http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |script-title =uk:Кліматичні рекорди |publisher =Central Observatory for Geophysics |language =Ukrainian |accessdate =4 August 2016 |archive-date =2016-08-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status =dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |{{convert|38.7|C|F}} |[[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts| 25 Julie 2019|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |publisher=[[Met Office]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="UK Met Office">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes |title=UK climate – Extremes |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vatican Ceety}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Vatican Ceety]] |{{Dts|2 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Anguilla}} |{{convert|34.2|C|F}} |[[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]] |{{Dts|12 September 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html|title=Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 |publisher=Wunderground |date=27 January 2016 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[St. John's, Antigua an Barbuda|St. John's]] |{{Dts|12 August 1995}}<ref name=Antiguaclimate>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |title=Our Climate |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012206/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |title=Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025952/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Breetish Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|35.0|C|F}} |[[Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Henson |first2=Bob |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |title= Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping |publisher= Wunderground |date= 18 January 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Canadae}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Yellow Grass]], [[Saskatchewan]]<br>[[Midale]], Saskatchewan |{{Dts|5 Julie 1937}}<ref name="canadaextremes">{{cite web|url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=en&n=6a4a3ac5-1#1921-1940 |title = Top Weather Events of the 20th Century |publisher = Environment Canada |date = May 2010|accessdate = 26 January 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cayman Islands}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] |{{Dts|21 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Cuba}} |{{convert|39.1|C|F}} |Veguitas ([[Granma Province]]) |{{Dts|30 Juin 2019}}<ref name=Cubarecords>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geoclimat.org/p/records-nationaux-de-temperatures.html|title=Records nationaux de température}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Dominica}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Canefield Airport]] |{{Dts|3 October 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} |{{convert|43.0|C|F}} |[[Mao, Dominican Republic|Mao]] |{{Dts|31 August 1954}}<ref name=mejia>{{cite web |first1=Mariela |last1=Mejía |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |title=Frío extremo, calor agobiante |publisher=Diario Libre |language=Spanish |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2017 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greenland}} |{{convert|30.1|C|F}} |[[Ivittuut]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 1915}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ |title=Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday |work=The Washington Post |date=10 June 2016 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |title=Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut |publisher=Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2016-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080156/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |title=More record lows since 1937 than record highs |work=Iceagenow.info |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Guatemala}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Estanzuela]], [[Zacapa]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH"/> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|36.5|C|F}} |[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] |{{Dts|6 October 2010}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |title=Le climat en Martinique |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mexico}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Mexicali]] area |{{Dts|28 Julie 1995}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html |author=Christopher Burt|title=Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere |accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=García Cueto |first1=O.R. |last2=Santillán Soto |first2=N. |last3=Quintero Núñez |first3=M. |last4=Ojeda Benítez |first4=S. |last5=Velázquez Limón |first5=N. |title=Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions |journal=Atmósfera |date=October 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–520 |doi=10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Panama}} |{{convert|40.0|C|F}} |[[San Francisco, Panamá|San Francisco]] |{{Dts|20 Mairch 1998}}<ref name=ETESA>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |title=Extreme Temperatures |publisher=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Puerto Rico}} |{{convert|104|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Mona Island]] |{{Dts|2 Julie 1996}}<ref name=NWSpuertorico>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |archivedate=19 January 2017|url=http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |title=All Time Extremes for PR and VI |publisher=National Weather Service |accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> |- | |{{flag|United States}} |{{convert|56.7|C|F}} |[[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 1913}}<ref name="KPBS-report">{{cite web |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ |title=Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record|accessdate=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="WMO-Highest">[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |date=4 January 2013 }} [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Retrieved 13 September 2012.</ref><ref name="Burt"/> |- |{{flag|Unitit States Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|99|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]/ [[Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands|Cruz Bay]] |{{Dts|4 August 1994}} an 23 Juin 1996<ref name=NWSpuertorico/><br/> 31 July 1988<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |} ==== Oceanie{{refn |group="notes"|On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53&nbsp;°C (128&nbsp;°F) wis recordit at [[Cloncurry, Queensland]]. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.<ref name="NCDC"/> The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's [[Bureau o Meteorology]].<ref name="BoMExtremes"/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Australie}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie]] |{{Dts|2 Januar 1960}}<ref name="NCDC">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084534/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html |date=2013-11-28 }} [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved 21 June 2007.</ref><ref name="BoMExtremes">{{cite web | title = Australian Temperature Extremes | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf | accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml |title=50.5&nbsp;°C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |date=20 February 1998 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Marshall Islands}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Utirik Atoll]] |{{Dts|24 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|New Zealand}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] /<br>Jordan, [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] (tied) |{{Dts|7 Februar 1973}}<ref name="record NZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |title=Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033058/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Palau}} |{{convert|35|C|F}} |[[Koror]] |{{Dts|22 Mairch 2018}}<ref name=Palauhigh>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/march-2018-earths-5th-warmest-march-record | title = March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record | publisher = Wunderground | date = 18 April 2018 | accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Samoa}} |{{convert|35.3|C|F}} |[[Asau, Samoa|Asau]] |{{Dts|24 December 1968}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate> {{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |archivedate= 5 November 2016 |url= http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |title= Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project |publisher= World Bank |date= 2 December 2011 |page= 53 |accessdate= 5 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Solomon Islands}} |{{convert|36.1|C|F}} |[[Honiara]], [[Guadalcanal Province]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tonga}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Niuafoou]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Vanuatu}} |{{convert|36.2|C|F}} |[[Lamap Malekula]] |{{Dts|8 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}} |{{convert|35.8|C|F}} |[[Futuna Airport]] |{{Dts|10 Januar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |} ==== Sooth Americae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at [[Campo Gallo]], [[Argentinae]] on 16 October 1936.<ref name=reliably/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Argentinae}} |{{convert|48.9|C|F}} * |[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]] |{{Dts|11 December 1905}}<ref name="NCDC"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title=Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="meteofa">The record o 49.1&nbsp;°C (120.4&nbsp;°F) in [[Villa de María del Río Seco|Villa de María]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba Province]], Argentinae, on 2 Januar 1920, is disputit an conseedert dubious{{cite web |url=http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&id=94 |title=Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) |accessdate=31 March 2014}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bolivie}} |{{convert|46.7|C|F}} |[[Villamontes]], [[Tarija Depairtment]] |{{Dts|29 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/>{{refn |group="notes"|Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.}} |- |{{flag|Brazil}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]] |{{Dts|4 November 2020}}, {{Dts|5 November 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra|access-date= 7 November 2020|language=Portuguese||trans-title=Brazil has a new historic heat record|quote=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chile}} |{{convert|44.9|C|F}} |[[Quillón]], [[Biobio Region]]{{refn |group="notes"|This record is disputit acause o the [[2017 Chile wildfires|forest fires]] that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.}} |{{Dts|26 Januar 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017|title=En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Biobiochile.cl|language=Spanish |deadurl=no |accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/|title=Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra|publisher=[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]] |date=26 January 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Colombie}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Puerto Salgar]], [[Cundinamarca Depairtment|Cundinamarca]] |{{Dts|29 December 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |title=Informe Técnico Diario N°364 |publisher=[[IDEAM]] |date=30 December 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085236/http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|French Guiana}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] |{{Dts|27 September 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |-- |{{flag|Paraguay}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] |{{Dts|14 November 2009}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|title=Valores extremos históricos climatológicos de la red de estaciones|date=13 January 2011|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2012-12-21|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221100002/http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Peru}} |{{convert|48.3|C|F}} |[[Juan Guerra]], [[Depairtment o San Martín|San Martín]] |{{Dts|3 November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/senamhi-regiones-han-registrado-temperaturas-altas-nivel-nacional-noticia-503478|title=¿En qué regiones se han registrado las temperaturas más altas a nivel nacional?|work=[[El Comercio Perú]]|date=11 March 2018|language=es}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Uruguay}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Paysandú]], [[Paysandú Depairtment]] |{{Dts|20 Januar 1943}}<ref name="uruguayrecordssum">{{cite web |title = Clima del Uruguay |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |archivedate=13 December 2016 |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |publisher = Red Académica Uruguaya |language=Spanish |accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="uruguayrecordsraw">{{cite web |title = Boletín meteorológico |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología |language = Spanish |trans-title = Meteorologic records of Uruguay |accessdate = 1 October 2010 |archive-date = 2015-06-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150609015041/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Venezuela}} |{{convert|43.6|C|F}} |[[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Falcón]] ||{{Dts|29 Apryle 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |} ====Ither heich-temperature records==== * '''Fastest temperatur rise:''' 27&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in twa minutes; [[Spearfish, Sooth Dakota]], 1943-01-22.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book">{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Walter A | title = The Handy Weather Answer Book | url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | publisher = Visible Ink press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}</ref> * '''Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F):''' 160 days; [[Marble Bar, Wastren Australie]] frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.<ref name="climateextremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm|title=Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924|work=Australian Climate Extremes|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html|archivedate=2009-03-17|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Surface temperatur:''' Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or "skin" surface temperaturs: the [[MODIS]] satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o {{convert|70.7|C|F}}, in the [[Lut Desert]] o Iran, the hettest detectit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77779|title=Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observatory|date=2012-05-02}}</ref> ===[[Cauld]]=== ===Lawest temperaturs recordit=== <!-- Note: Dates should have name of month SPELLED OUT (as in previous table) to avoid confusion over MONTH/DAY. THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS --> ===Bi continent=== ==== Africae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Algerie}} | {{convert|-13.8|C|F}} | [[Mécheria]] | 28 January 2005<ref name=AlgeriaCC/> |- | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | {{convert|5|C|F}} | [[Markoye]] | January 1975<ref name=burkinaclimatechange/> |- | {{flag|Botswana}} | {{convert|-15.0|C|F}} | [[Tsabong]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |archivedate=3 December 2008 |url=http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |title=Botswana's Climate |publisher=Meteorological Services Botswana |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} | {{convert|-6.7|°C|°F}} | [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords/> |- | {{flag|Ghana}} | {{convert|11.0|C|F}} | [[Kumasi]], [[Tafo]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |title=Climatology |publisher=Ghana Meteorological Services Department |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guinea}} | {{convert|2.5|C|F}} | [[Bareing]] | 2 Januar 1982<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |archivedate=9 January 2007 |url=http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |title=Quelques Records en Guinée |publisher=Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Lesotho}} | {{convert|-21.0|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name="lesotho">{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf |title= Lesotho – National report on climate change |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources |date=April 2000 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Morocco}} | {{convert|-23.9|C|F}} | [[Ifrane]] | 11 Februar 1935<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055625/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Niger}} | {{convert|-2.4|C|F}} | [[Bilma]] | {{Dts|13 Januar 1995}}<ref name=nigerCC/> |- | {{flag|Réunion}} | {{convert|-5.0|C|F}} | [[Gite de Bellecome]] | {{Dts|10 September 1975}}<ref name=reunionrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Africae}} | {{convert|-20.1|C|F}} | [[Buffelsfontein]], near [[Molteno, Eastren Cape|Molteno]], [[Eastren Cape]] | 23 August 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&d=1381902030|title=New minimum temperature record for South Africa |accessdate=12 June 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sudan}} | {{convert|-1.0|°C|°F}} | [[Zalingei]] | December 1961 an Januar 1962<ref name=faosudan>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/sudan/sudan.htm |title=Sudan |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm |archivedate=16 October 2016 }}</ref> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} |{{convert|-89.2|C|F}} <!-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article "Lowest temperature recorded on Earth", the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. --> |[[Vostok Station]] |21 Julie 1983<ref name="NCDC"/><ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition | url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | issue=105 | year=1984 | location=Leningrad | publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]] | language=Russian | access-date=2015-07-22 | archive-date=2009-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{refn |group="notes" | This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. [[Satellite]] analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−135.8&nbsp;°F) near [[Dome F]] in [[Queen Maud Land]], but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by [[remote sensin]] methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See [[Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird]] for details.}} |- |Dome A |{{convert|-82.5|C|F}} |[[Dome A]] | Julie 2005<ref>{{cite web|author=Web Team |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/weather/aws/dome-a/index.html |title=''Australian Antarctic Division'' |publisher=Aad.gov.au |date=5 September 2005 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-82.8|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |23 Juin 1982<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp |title=''Office of Polar Programs'' |publisher=Nsf.gov |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060623/https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/support/southp.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} | {{convert|-52.2|C|F}} | [[Shahrak Destrict|Shahrak]] | {{Dts|Januar 1964}}<ref name="afghan record" /> |- | {{flag|Armenie}} | {{convert|-42.0|C|F}} | [[Paghakn]] an [[Ashocq]] | {{Dts|1961}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC/> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|-33.0|C|F}} |Julfa an Ordubad |?<ref name=azhydromet/> |- | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | {{convert|2.6|C|F}} | [[Tetulia Upazila]] | 8 Januar 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Cold claims 8 more |accessdate=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/lowest-temperature-in-bangladesh-bd-on-january-8-2018-recorded-3-degree-celsius-in-nilphamari-1516666 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cheenae}} | {{convert|-58|C|F}} | [[Genhe]], [[Inner Mongolie]] | 31 December 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180123000102-260309/ |title=大陸冷極 內蒙根河室內外溫差90℃ - 中時電子報 |work=Chinatimes.com |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Hong Kong}} | {{convert|-6.0|C|F}} | [[Tai Mo Shan]] | 24 January 2016<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98|title=多雨極寒的一月|date=5 February 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Indie}} | {{convert|-44.9|C|F}} | [[Dras]], [[Jammu an Kashmir]] | 22 Mairch 1911<ref name="IMD">{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=U. |last2=Dube |first2=R. |last3=Rao |first3=G. |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Geophysical Union |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–187 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Iran}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Saqqez]] | 1972<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|title=رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر|website=danakhabar.com|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319165039/http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Israel}} | {{convert|-14.2|C|F}} | [[Merom Golan]] | 10 Januar 2015<ref>Judah Ari Gross, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/golan-sees-record-low-temperatures-during-storm/ "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm"], The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.</ref> |- | {{flag|Japan}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaidō]] | 25 Januar 1902<ref name="JMA"/> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|-16.0|C|F}} |[[Shoubak]] |{{Dts|15 December 2013}}<ref name=Jordanrecords/> |- | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{convert|-4.8|C|F}} | [[Salmy]] | 3 Januar 2009<ref name=kuwaitclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |archivedate=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |title=Climate History |publisher=Kuwait Meteorological Department |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|-53.6|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0" /> |- | {{flag|Malaysie}} | {{convert|7.8|C|F}} | [[Cameron Hielands]] | 1 February 1978<ref name="climate stats 01"/> |- | {{flag|Maldives}} | {{convert|17.2|C|F}} | [[Hulhulé Island]], locatit at [[Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport]] | 11 Apryle 1978<ref name=Maldivesclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |title=Climate of Maldives |publisher=Maldives Meteorological Service |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Mongolie}} | {{convert|-55.3|C|F}} | [[Züüngovi, Uvs|Züüngovi]], [[Uvs Province]] | 31 December 1976<ref name=MARCC/><ref name=MongoliaNC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |title=Mongolia Third National Communication |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Tourism |accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Myanmar}} | {{convert|-57.9|C|F}} | [[Hkakabo Razi]] | unknown<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |title=ASEAN Winter Snow in the Tropics |website=Living ASEAN |access-date=2019-07-31 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925191255/http://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Nepal}} | {{convert|-26.0|C|F}} | [[Thakmarpha]], [[Mustang destrict]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal/> |- | {{flag|North Korea}} | {{convert|-43.6|C|F}} | [[Chunggangjin]] | 12 January 1933<ref>{{cite web |author=선종일 |url=http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |title=Korean Climate |publisher=User.chollian.net |date=1 August 1942 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |archivedate=29 December 2011 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Pakistan}} | {{convert|-24|C|F}} | [[Skardu]] | 7 January 1995<ref>{{cite web |author=Hamayoon Janjua |url=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=crayon.pk |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123907/https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |archivedate=2019-07-05 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Philippines}} | {{convert|6.3|C|F}} | [[Baguio]] | 18 January 1961<ref name=PhilippinesCC/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Luces|first1=Kim|title='Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=GMA News|date=31 January 2014|quote=However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.}}</ref> {{refn |group="notes" |It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in [[Mt. Pulag]] in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as {{convert|2.0|C|F}}. PAGASA cannot verify<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346661/zero-in-mt-pulag-pagasa-clueless|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|1.5|C|F}} |[[Abu Samra]] |{{Dts|5 Februar 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) | {{convert|-67.8|C|F}} | [[Verkhoyansk]] an<br/>[[Oymyakon]], baith in [[Sakha Republic]] | 7 February 1892<br/>6 February 1933<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145102/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Saudi Arabie}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Turaif]] | ?<ref name=SaudiCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |page=2 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|19.0|C|F}} |[[Paya Lebar]] |{{Dts|14 Februar 1989}}<ref name=MSSrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Korea}} | {{convert|-32.6|C|F}} | [[Yangpyeong]] | 5 January 1981<ref name=kma>{{cite web|url=http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp|title=Climate of Korea|publisher=[[Korea Meteorological Administration]]|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sirie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Idlib]] | Januar 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950|title=أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !|work=طقس سوريا – طقس العرب}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|-18.4|C|F}} |[[Yushan Naitional Pairk|Yushan]] |{{Dts|31 Januar 1970}}<ref name="ysnp">{{cite web|url=http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|title=The Climate|publisher=Yushan National Park|accessdate=22 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202523/http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Thailand}} | {{convert|-1.4|C|F}} | [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]] | 2 Januar 1974<ref name="tmd">{{cite web |url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |title=The Climate of Thailand |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |accessdate=31 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |- | {{flag|Turkey}} | {{convert|-46.4|C|F}} | [[Çaldıran (Destrict), Van|Çaldıran]], [[Van Province]] | 9 Januar 1990<ref name="DMIGM"/> |- | {{flag|Turkmenistan}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Daşoguz Region]] | ?<ref name=TurmenistanCC/> |- | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{convert|-5.4|C|F}} | [[Jebel Jais]] | 3 Februar 2017<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Vietnam}} | {{convert|-6.1|C|F}} | [[Sa Pa]] | 4 Januar 1974<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |title=Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? |publisher=Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Country/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Albanie}} | {{convert|-25.8|C|F}} | ? | <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/albania/climate-change/ |title=Albania |website=Climate Change Post}} </ref> |- | {{flag|Austrick}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Grünloch]] doline | 19 Februar 1932<ref name="Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200637/http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belaroushie}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Slavnom]], [[Vitsebsk Voblast]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |author1=Baglasov Andrey |author2=Belov Alexandr |author3=Sinitsa Valentina |author4=Bychenkov Alexandr |url=http://www.pogoda.by/ |title=Department of Hydrometeorology |publisher=Pogoda.by |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154324/http://pogoda.by/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belgium}} | {{convert|-30.1|°C|°F}} | Valley o the [[Lesse]] in [[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]] | 20 Januar 1940<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |title=KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site |publisher=Kmi.be |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928195714/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}} | {{convert|-42.5|°C|°F}} | [[Igman]] in [[Sarajevo Canton]] | 24 Januar 1963<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |title=Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH |publisher=Klix.ba |accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bulgarie}} | {{convert|-38.3|C|F}} | [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]] | 25 Januar 1947<ref name="unfccc"/> |- | {{flag|Croatie}} | {{convert|-35.5|C|F}} | [[Čakovec]] | 3 Februar 1929<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Sixth National Communication and First Biennial Report of the Republic of Croatia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection |language=English |accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{convert|-16|C|F}} | ? | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://viborc.com/lowest-temperatures-records-for-every-european-country/ |title=Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country|accessdate=1 July 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Litvínovice]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=autogenerated2 /> |- | {{flag|Denmark}} | {{convert|-31.2|C|F}} | [[Thisted Municipality]], [[North Denmark Region]] | 8 Januar 1982<ref name="dmi"/> |- | {{flag|Estonia}} | {{convert|-43.5|C|F}} | [[Jõgeva]], [[Jõgeva Coonty]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name=autogenerated3 /> |- | {{flag|Finland}} | {{convert|-51.5|C|F}} | Pokka, [[Kittilä]], [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] | 28 Januar 1999<ref name=fmirecords/> |- | {{flag|France}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Mouthe]], [[Doubs]] | 17 Januar 1985<ref name="Méteo France">{{cite web |url=http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |title=MétéoFrance |publisher=Comprendre.meteofrance.com |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Germany}} | {{convert|-45.9|C|F}} | [[Funtensee]], [[Berchtesgadener Land]], [[Bavarie]] | 24 December 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|title=Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)|author=Andreas Wagner|date=August 2009|publisher=[[Meteomedia AG|MeteoGroup]]|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greece}} | {{convert|-27.8|C|F}} | [[Ptolemaida]] | 27 Januar 1963<ref name="meteoclub1"/> |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | {{convert|-35|C|F}} | [[Görömbölytapolca]] | 16 Februar 1940<ref name="met.hu"/> |- | {{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|-37.9|C|F|sigfig=3}} | [[Grímsstaðir]] | 21 Januar 1918<ref name="iceland"/> |- | {{flag|Ireland}} | {{convert|-19.1|C|F}} | [[Markree Castle]], [[County Sligo]] | 16 Januar 1881<ref name="Met Éireann" /> |- | {{flag|Italy}} | {{convert|-49.6|C|F}} | [[Busa Fradusta]], [[Pale di San Martino]] | 10 Februar 2013<ref name="montagna.tv">{{Cite web|url=https://www.montagna.tv/47324/record-di-freddo-in-italia-49-6c-sulle-pale-di-san-martino/|title=Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino|date=10 May 2013}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Latvie}} | {{convert|-43.2|C|F}} | [[Daugavpils]] | 8 February 1956<ref name="meteolv"/> |- | {{flag|Lithuanie}} | {{convert|-42.9|C|F}} | [[Utena, Lithuanie|Utena]], [[Utena Coonty]] | 1 February 1956<ref name="record lithuania" /> |- | {{flag|Malta}} | {{convert|1.4|C|F}} | [[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] | 29 Januar 1981<ref name="MaltaCC"/><ref name=MaltaNSO/> |- | {{flag|Moldovae}} | {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F}} | [[Brătușeni]], [[Edineț Destrict]] | {{Dts|20 Januar 1963}}<ref name=Moldovarecords/> |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} | {{convert|-27.4|C|F}} | [[Winterswijk]] | 27 Januar 1942<ref name="meteonet1">{{cite web|url=http://weergegevens.nl/extremes_day.aspx?station=9999999&extreem=X_TX&order=1&maand=7&dag=25&country=3|title=Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland|work=weergegevens.nl}}</ref> |- | {{flag|North Macedonie}} | {{convert|-31.5|C|F}} | [[Berovo]], [[Berovo Municipality]] | 27 Januar 1954<ref name="meteomk">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp |archivedate=19 August 2007 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp?X=1 |title=Климатски екстреми |publisher=Hydrometeorological Service |language=Macedonian |accessdate=4 February 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Norawa}} | {{convert|-51.4|C|F}} | [[Karasjok]], [[Finnmark]] | 1 Januar 1886<ref name="DNMI" /> |- | {{flag|Poland}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Siedlce]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]] | 11 Januar 1940<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl"/> |- | {{flag|Portugal}} | {{convert|-16.0|C|F}} | [[Penhas da Saúde]], [[Covilhã Municipality]]<br/>[[Miranda do Douro]] | 16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954<ref name="meteopt">{{cite web |url=http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |title=Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014 |language=pt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |archivedate=12 August 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Romanie}} | {{convert|-38.5|C|F}} | [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]], [[Braşov Coonty]] | 25 January 1942<ref>{{cite web|author=infoTURIST |url=http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html |title=Romania |publisher=Infoturist.ro |date=25 January 1942 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flagdeco|Roushie}} [[European Roushie]] | {{convert|-58.1|C|F}} | [[Ust' Shchugor]], [[Komi Republic]] | 31 December 1978<ref name="WMO"/> |- | {{flag|Serbie}} | {{convert|-39.5|C|F}} | [[Karajukica Bunari]], [[Zlatibor Destrict]] | 13 Januar 1985<ref name="hidmet"/> |- | {{flag|Slovakie}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Vígľaš|Vígľaš-Pstruša]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=slovakrecord/> |- | {{flag|Slovenie}} | {{convert|-34.5|C|F}} | [[Babno Polje]] | 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968{{refn |group="notes" |The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at [[Komna]] on 9 Januar 2009 an reached {{convert|-49|C}}.}}<ref name="ARSO">{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Slovenski vremenski rekordi |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |language=Slovenian |page=2 |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Spain}} | {{convert|-30|C|F}} | [[Calamocha]] Airport, [[Province o Teruel|Teruel Province]] | 17 December 1963<ref name="AEMET">{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf |title=Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |language=Spanish |accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sweden}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Vuoggatjålme]], [[Lapland (Swaden)|Lappland]] | 2 Februar 1966<ref name="SMHI"/> |- | {{flag|Swisserland}} | {{convert|-41.8|C|F}} | [[La Brévine]] | 12 Januar 1987<ref name="Weather in Switzerland"/> |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} | {{convert|-41.9|C|F}} | [[Luhansk]] | 8 Januar 1935<ref name=cgo/><ref name="segodnya1">{{cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |title=Погодные рекорды Украины &#124; Новости Украины &#124; СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801122521/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | {{convert|-27.2|C|F}} | [[Braemar]], [[Aberdeenshire]]<br/>[[Altnaharra]], [[Sutherland]] | 11 Februar 1895<br>10 Januar 1982<br/>30 December 1995<ref name="UK Met Office"/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location ! data-sort-type="ISOdate" | Date |- | {{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} | {{convert|16.1|C|F}} | [[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[Antigua]] | data-sort-value="1974-12-31" | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976<ref name=Antiguaclimate/><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata/> |- | {{flag|Canada}} | {{convert|-63.0|C|F}} | [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]], [[Yukon]] | data-sort-value="1947-02-03" | 3 February 1947<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101839/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cayman Islands}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] | ?<ref name=Caymanclimate>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|title=Climate|publisher=National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government)|accessdate=30 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cuba}} | {{convert|0.6|C|F}} | Bainoa, [[Mayabeque Province]] | data-sort-value="1996-02-18" | 18 February 1996<ref name=Cubarecords/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |title=III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología |page=36 |publisher=ACQ & Asociados |language=Spanish |trans-title=Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology |accessdate=27 October 2011 |quote=Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C. |archive-date=2012-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506113646/http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | {{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Valle Nuevo, [[La Vega Province]] | data-sort-value="1983-01-17" | 17 January 1983<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós|first1=Constancio|title=Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza|journal=Clío|date=July 2012|issue=184|page=222|url=http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015|publisher=Academia Dominicana de la Historia|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greenland}} | {{convert|-66.1|C|F}} | [[North Ice]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-09" | 9 Januar 1954<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102132/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} | {{convert|-11.5|C|F}} | [[Olintepeque]], [[Quetzaltenango Department]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH">{{cite web|url= http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm |title= Datos metorologicos de los departamentos |publisher= INSIVUMEH |language= spanish |accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref> <!-- Note: THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS for example: http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados/193862/madera-el-lugar-mas-frio-de-mexico "aunque pocos lo saben porque aquí no hay medidor oficial", Translation: "though few know it because there is no official measurer" The source itself states that the record is not official! --> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|14.1|C|F}} |[[Le Lamentin]] |{{Dts|25 December 1964}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate/> |- | {{flag|Panama}} | {{convert|2.0|C|F}} | Bajo Grande, [[Chiriquí Province]] | data-sort-value="1995-02-20" | 20 February 1995<ref name=ETESA/> |- | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} | {{convert|40|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Aibonito]]/[[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastian]] | data-sort-value="1911-03-09" | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|US Virgin Islands}} | {{convert|51.0|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Anna's Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Anna's Hope]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-31" | 31 January 1954<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Alaska}}) | {{convert|-62.2|C|F}} | [[Prospect Creek, Alaska|Prospect Creek]], [[Alaska]] | data-sort-value="1971-01-23" | 23 January 1971<ref name="NCEC">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records |title=National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Hawaii}}) | {{convert|-11.1|C|F}} | [[Mauna Kea]], [[Hawaii]] | data-sort-value="1979-05-17" | 17 May 1979<ref name=usstaterecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |archivedate=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> (Mainland) | {{convert|-57.0|C|F}} | [[Rogers Pass (Montana)|Rogers Pass]], [[Montana]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-20" | 20 January 1954<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php?wfo=tfx&type=html&loc=text&fx=topweather| title = Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century | work =National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century | publisher = National Weather Service |accessdate=9 March 2007}}</ref> |} ==== Sooth Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Argentinae}} | {{convert|-32.8|C|F}} | [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]] | 1 Juin 1907<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Arizona State University |url= http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title= World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive |accessdate= 7 June 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Brazil}} | {{convert|-14.0|C|F}} | [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] | 11 Juin 1952<ref name="Caçador municipality">{{cite web |title = História de Caçador |url = http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |publisher = A Notícia |language = Portuguese |trans-title = Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina |year = 2010 |accessdate = 22 December 2010 |quote = Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14&nbsp;°C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8&nbsp;°C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], [[Urubici]], also in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], would give the record to this locality. |archive-date = 2011-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103211/http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140&Itemid=364|title=Recordes de Frio em SC|accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Chile}} | {{convert|-37|C|F|1}} | [[Coyhaique Alto]], [[Aysen Region]] | 21 June 2002<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=Spanish|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818093531/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|French Guiana}} | {{convert|16.9|C|F}} | [[Maripasoula]] | 23 Januar 1964<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url= http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |title= Le Climat Guyanais |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate= 31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Paraguay}} | {{convert|-7.5|C|F}} | [[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] | 13 Julie 2000<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102005334/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 |date=2 January 2013 }}, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.</ref> |- | {{flag|Peru}} | {{convert|-25.2|C|F}} | [[Mazo Cruz]], [[Puno Region]] | 30 Juin 1966<ref>[http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004314/http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.</ref> |- | {{flag|Uruguay}} | {{convert|-11.0|C|F}} | [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]], [[Cerro Largo Depairtment]] | 14 Juin 1967<ref name=uruguayrecordssum/><ref name=uruguayrecordsraw/> |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Pico Piedras Blancas|Piedras Blancas]], [[Estado Mérida (Venezuela)|estado Mérida]] | 15 Januar 2010<ref name="mherrera"/> |} ==== Oceanie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Australie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales]] | 29 Juin 1994<ref name="BoMExtremes"/> |- | {{flag|New Zealand}} | {{convert|-25.6|C|F}} | [[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Central Otago]] | 18 Julie 1903<ref name="TVNZ">{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |title=New record for New Zealand's coldest day |publisher=TVNZ |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024615/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Samoa}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Afiamalu, Samoa|Afiamalu]] | {{Dts|29 September 1971}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate/> |} ===Ither law-temperatur records=== * '''Fastest temperatur drop:''' 27.2&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in 5 meenits; [[Rapid City, Sooth Dakota]], 10 Januar 1911.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere)''': {{convert|-33|C|F|1}} degrees; [[Summit Camp]], Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice|url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice|website=vencore weather|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Precipitation== * '''Least per year (locale)''': {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per year or less, [[Quillagua]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|publisher=Weather Underground|accessdate=10 June 2013|author=Christopher C. Burt|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Rain=== * '''Maist in ane minute''': {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Barot, [[Guadeloupe]], 26 November 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/hydrologie/14877.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> * '''Maist in ane oor''': {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 42 minutes. [[Holt, Missouri]], Unitit States, 22 Juin 1947.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 12 oors''': {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], [[Réunion]], 8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 24 oors''': {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], Réunion, 7–8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 48 oors''': {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 15–16 Juin 1995.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 72 oors''': {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, [[Réunion]], 24–26 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 96 oors''': {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in ane year''': {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 1860–1861.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Heichest average annual tot''': {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Mawsynram]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie.<ref name="WMO"/> ===Snaw=== * '''Maist in ane-year period''': 31.5 meters (102&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin):''' 29.0&nbsp;meters, (95&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Baker]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 1998 throu 1999.<ref name="season snow record">{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | ISBN = 0-393-32658-6 |page=77 }}</ref> * '''Maist in ane calendar month''' an '''greatest snow depth''' in North Americae: 990.6&nbsp;cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in [[Tamarack, Californie]] in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5&nbsp;cm (451 inches).<ref name="season snow record"/><ref>Frank H. Forrester, ''1001 Questions Answered about the Weather'' (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches."</ref> ==Wind speed== * '''Fastest ever recorded''': 484[[±]]32&nbsp;km/h (301[[±]]20&nbsp;mph) 3-second gust; Observed bi a [[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]] ([[Doppler weather radar|Doppler]] On Wheels) radar unit in a [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|tornado]] near [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma on 3 Mey 1999.<ref name="fastest wind">{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 18 February 2007| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an [[anemometer]]:''' 113.2&nbsp;m/s or {{convert|407|km/h|abbr=on}} 3-second gust; ane of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)]], 10 Aprile 1996, during [[Cyclone Olivia]].<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |date=2016-03-03 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an anemometer ootside a [[tropical cyclone]]:''' 372&nbsp;km/h (231&nbsp;mph) sustained 1-minute average; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], 12 Aprile 1934.<ref name="101 earth facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=101 Amazing Earth Facts |publisher=SPACE.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> * '''Fastest daily average:''' 174&nbsp;km/h (108&nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Adélie Land]]), Antarctica, 24-oor period frae 21 Mairch 1951 tae 22 Mairch 1951.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> ==Tornadoes== {{Main|Tornado records}} [[File:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|thumb|250px|The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o [[Bangladesh]].]] ===Deadliest in history=== * '''On Yird''': Approximately 1300 daiths; [[Manikganj Destrict]], Bangladesh on 26 Aprile 1989.<ref name="tornado project Bangladesh">{{cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |publisher=Tornadoproject.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In North Americae:''' 695 daiths ([[Tri-State Tornado]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], United States 18 Mairch 1925.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''In Europe:''' 600 or mair ([[Valletta, Malta Tornado|Grand Harbour Tornado]]); [[Valletta]], Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (soorces conflict)<ref name="TORRO records">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |publisher=TORRO |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In Sooth Americae:''' 63 daiths, [[San Justo, Santa Fe|San Justo]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina, 10 Januar 1973<ref name="Uno Santafe">{{cite web|url=http://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html"|title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica|publisher=Uno Santa Fe|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''In Australie:''' Three daiths, [[Kin Kin]], [[Queensland]] tornado, 14 August 1971<ref>{{cite web |author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |publisher=BOM |accessdate=3 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html |archivedate=2009-03-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ootbreaks=== * '''Lairgest an maist severe:''' The [[Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak. Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF4s]] an 4 EF5s.<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=2013-09-26 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> ==Tropical cyclones== {{Main|Leet o tropical cyclone records}} ===Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur)=== * '''Maist intense iver recordit''': 870&nbsp;hPa (25.63&nbsp;[[Inches o mercury|inHg]]); [[ee (cyclone)|ee]] o [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] ower the Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist intense in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:''' 872&nbsp;hPa (25.75&nbsp;inHg); ee o [[Hurricane Patricia]] ower the eastren Paceefic Ocean, 23 October 2015.<ref name="strongest hurricane">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> * '''Maist intense iver recordit on laund:''' 892&nbsp;hPa (26.35&nbsp;inHg); Craig's Key, Florida, ee o the [[Labor Day Hurricane o 1935|Labor Day Hurricane]], 2 September 1935. While ither laundfawin tropical cyclones potentially haed lawer pressurs, data is vague frae auries ither nor the [[Atlantic basin]], especially afore the invention o [[wather satellite]]s.<ref name="lowest on land">{{cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |publisher=Extremeweatherguide.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither severe wather== [[File:Hailstone.jpg|thumb|right|A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} in [[circumference]]]] ===Hail=== {{Main|Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms}} * '''Hiviest offeecially recordit:''' {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}; [[Gopalganj Destrict (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj Destrict]], Bangladesh, 14 Aprile 1986.<ref name="weather extremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=San Diego, California|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-28|accessdate=1 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest diameter offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|8.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} [[diameter]], {{convert|18.625|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[circumference]]; [[Vivian, Sooth Dakota]], 23 Julie 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| title = Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July&nbsp;23, 2010| author = NWS| date = 30 July 2010| publisher = National Weather Service| location = [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]]| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5rhd1coDR?url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| archivedate = 2010-08-03| accessdate = 3 August 2010| url-status = live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest circumference offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; [[Aurora, Nebraska]], 22 Juin 2003.<ref name="weather extremes"/><ref name="NG Hail">{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2003-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807092143/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Lichtnin=== * '''Langest lichtnin bowt''': {{convert|321|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 20 Juin 2007 in [[Oklahoma]].<ref name=Lang2016>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Timothy |last2=Pédeboy |first2=Stéphane |last3=Rison |first3=William |last4=Cerveny |first4=Randall |last5=Montanyà |first5=Joan |last6=Chauzy |first6=Serge |last7=MacGorman |first7=Donald |last8=Holle |first8=Ronald |title= WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume= 98|issue= 6|pages=1153–1168 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1 |pmid=28111477 |pmc=5240975 |bibcode =2017BAMS...98.1153L }}</ref><ref name=wmolightning>{{cite news|title=WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|accessdate=16 September 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=16 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075936/http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Langest duration for a single lichtnin flash''': 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], Fraunce.<ref name=Lang2016/><ref name=wmolightning/> * '''Maist strikes per year''': [[Catatumbo lichtnin]] in [[Loch Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] earned the tap spot receivin an average rate o aboot 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.<ref name="NASA lightning">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html |title=NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=Albrecht2016>{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Steven |last3=Buechler |first3=Dennis |last4=Blakeslee |first4=Richard |last5=Christian |first5=Hugh |title= Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_2016-11_97_11/page/2051 |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume=97 |issue=11 |page= 2051|date=December 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 |bibcode =2016BAMS...97.2051A }}</ref> ===UV=== *On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.<ref>http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html</ref> ==Ither categories== * '''Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters)''': 1084.8&nbsp;hPa (32.03&nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Khövsgöl Province]], [[Mongolia]], 19 December 2001.<ref name="ASU1">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is the equivalent [[sea-level pressur]]; Tosontsengel is locatit at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} abuin sea level. The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261&nbsp;m (856.3&nbsp;ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).<ref name="ASU2">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.<ref name="ASU1"/><ref name="ASU2"/> ==See an aa== {{Portal|Wather}} * [[Extremes on Yird]] * [[Leet o extreme temperaturs in Canadae]] * [[UK rainfaw records]] * [[U.S. state temperatur extremes]] * [[Wather extremes in Canadae]] * [[2013 extreme wather events]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="notes"}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }} * [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather & Climate Extremes] (Arizona State Varsity) {{Portal bar|Wather}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Wather Records}} [[Category:Leets o wather records| ]] [[Category:Wather extremes o Yird]] tmk2hd8hfzqmvi0z03ogfgfu1nph9kw 0 125097 923161 912016 2026-09-23T19:54:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Damāvand | photo = Damavand in winter.jpg | photo_caption = Damāvand durin winter | elevation_m = 5610 | elevation_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.en.iran.ir/about/natural-regions |title=Geography of Iran |access-date=2015-08-08 |archive-date=2015-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117111208/http://www.en.iran.ir/about/natural-regions |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html |title=Petter Bjorstad 2007 trip report |access-date=2015-08-08 |archive-date=2017-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819081307/http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="peaklist"/>{{Disputed-inline|text=elevation|Talk page section|date=February 2014}}<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-58750648-ni39-3.jpg U.S. military topographic mapping] gives 18,365 feet (5,598 meters). A [http://www.summitpost.org/detailed-map-of-central-alborz-mountains/189982/c-154322 summitpost map based on local 1:50,000 mapping] gives 5,628 metres. This is supported by [[GPS]] [http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html evidence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819081307/http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Ararat/damavand-trip.html |date=2017-08-19 }} and [[SRTM]] data.</ref> | prominence_m = 4667 | prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/iran.html "Kuh-e Damavand" - Iran Ultra Prominence] peaklist.org. Retrieved 16 October 2011</ref><ref name="peakbagger">{{cite pb|name=Damavand, Iran|id=10467}}</ref><br/><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 12th]]</small> | map = Iran |relief=1 | map_caption = Location in Iran | label_position = bottom | listing = [[Volcanic Seiven Summits]]<br />[[Leet o kintras by heichest pynt|Kintra heich pynt]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] | location = [[Amol Coonty|Amol]], [[Mazandaran|Māzandarān]], [[Iran]] | range = [[Alborz]] | coordinates = {{coord|35|57|20|N|52|06|36|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = <ref name="peakbagger"/> | type = [[Stratovolcano]] | age = | last_eruption = 5350 BCE ± 200 years | first_ascent = 905 bi Abu Dolaf Kazraji<ref name="SummitPost">{{cite web|url=http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150400/damavand.html|title=SummitPost: Damavand|accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref> | easiest_route = [[Hikin|Hike]] }} '''Munt Damāvand''' ({{lang-fa|دماوند}} {{IPA-fa|dæmävænd||Damavand pronounce.ogg}}), aiblins an active volcano, is a [[stratovolcano]] that is the heichest peak in [[Iran]] an the [[Middle East]] an the seicont heichest volcano in [[Asie]] an aw.<ref name="Mountain Damavand">{{cite web|url=http://persiaport.com/en/attractions/mountain-damavand|website=PersiaPort|accessdate=19 June 2015|title=Archived copy|archive-date=2015-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705003921/http://persiaport.com/en/attractions/mountain-damavand|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Volcano Discovery|url=http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/damavand.html|url-status=live|accessdate=19 June 2015|website=volcanodiscovery.com}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Damavand}} [[Category:Naitional seembols o Iran]] {{Stub}} jmog6slpi697j7qzl0rhq4f4y20xi8p 0 126265 923139 775691 2026-09-23T17:58:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake |lname = Loch Ontario |image = Wave in Lake Ontario.jpg |caption = Leukin east across Loch Ontario tae [[Toronto]] |image_bathymetry = Lake-Ontario.svg |caption_bathymetry = Loch Ontario an the ither [[Great Lochs]] |coords = {{coord|43.7|N|77.9|W|type:waterbody_scale:3000000|display=inline,title}} |location = [[North Americae]] |group = [[Great Lochs]] |lake_type = [[Glacial loch|Glacial]] |inflow= [[Niagara River]] |outflow= [[St. Lawrence River]] |catchment ={{convert|24,720|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="EPAphysical">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html |title=Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts |accessdate=November 12, 2011 |last= |first= |date=May 25, 2011 |work= |publisher=U.S. Government |quote= |archive-date=2010-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029215637/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |basin_countries = Unitit States<br />Canadae |basin_population = est. 11,000,000 |length = {{convert|193|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=EPA>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/gl-fact1.html |title=Great Lakes Atlas: Factsheet #1 |accessdate=November 12, 2011 |date=April 11, 2011 |language=English and [http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/gl-fact1-f.html French] |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |archive-date=2015-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223054338/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/gl-fact1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> |width = {{convert|53|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=EPA/> |area = {{convert|7,340|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="EPAphysical"/> |depth = {{convert|283|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=EPA/>{{sfn|Wright|2006|p=64}} |max-depth = {{convert|802|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=EPA/>{{sfn|Wright|2006|p=64}} |volume = {{convert|393|cumi|km3|abbr=on}}<ref name=EPA/> |residence_time = 6 years | shore = {{convert|634|mi|km|abbr=on}} plus {{convert|78|mi|km|abbr=on}} for islands<ref>[https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-3313_3677-15959--,00.html Shorelines of the Great Lakes]</ref> |elevation = {{convert|243|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=EPA/> |islands = |islands_category = Islands in the Great Lakes |cities = [[Toronto]], [[Hamilton, Ontario]], [[Rochester, New York]] |reference = {{sfn|Wright|2006|p=64}} }} '''Loch Ontario''' ({{lang-en|Lake Ontario}}, {{lang-fr|Lac Ontario}}) is ane o the five [[Great Lochs]] o [[North Americae]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Loch Ontario| ]] [[Category:Lochs o Ontario|Ontario, Loch]] [[Category:Lochs o New York|Ontario, Loch]] [[Category:Saunt Lawrence Seaway]] [[Category:Canadae–Unitit States border]] [[Category:Internaitional lochs o North Americae|Ontario]] [[Category:Great Lochs| Ontario]] 4ye9i14h890ilzpl3pmg5uolg4vkslf 0 126699 923191 881439 2026-09-24T00:08:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox scientist |name = Rosalind Elsie Franklin | image = Rosalind_Franklin_CC-BY-SA.png | image_size = 225px |birth_name = Rosalind Elsie Franklin | birth_date = {{birth date|1920|7|25|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Notting Hill]], [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]] | nationality = [[Breetish citizenship|Breetish]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1958|4|16|1920|7|25|}} | death_place = [[Chelsea, Lunnon|Chelsea]], Lunnon, Ingland | death_cause = [[Ovarian cancer]] | resting_place = [[Willesden Unitit Synagogue Seemetry]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.5447|-0.2399|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | fields = [[Physical chemistry]]<br>[[X-ray crystallography]] | work_institutions = [[Breetish Coal Utilisation Research Association]] <br> Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État<br> [[Keeng's College, Lunnon]]<br> [[Birkbeck, Varsity o Lunnon|Birkbeck College, Lunnon]] | alma_mater = [[Newnham College, Cambridge]] | thesis_title = The pheesical chemistry o solit organic colloids wi special reference tae coal | thesis_url = | thesis_year = 1945 | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_student = [[Raymond Gosling]] | known_for = [[DNA|Structur o DNA]]<br> Fine structur o [[coal]] an [[graphite]]<br> Structur o [[viruses]] }} '''Rosalind Elsie Franklin''' (25 Julie 1920{{spaced ndash}}16 Aprile 1958)<ref name="nlm-bio">{{cite web |url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/183 |title=The Rosalind Franklin Papers, Biographical Information |first= |last= |work=profiles.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=13 November 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118083116/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/183 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wis an [[Inglis fowk|Inglis]] [[chemist]] an [[X-ray crystallografie|X-ray crystallografer]] who made contreibutions tae the unnerstaundin o the fine molecular structures o [[DNA]] (deoxyribonucleic acid), [[RNA]] (ribonucleic acid), [[viruses]], [[coal]], an [[graphite]].<ref name="nlm-coal">{{cite web |url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/186 |title=The Rosalind Franklin Papers, The Holes in Coal: Research at BCURA and in Paris, 1942–1951 |first= |last= |work=profiles.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=13 November 2011 |archive-date=2012-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925015544/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/186 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Franklin, Rosalind}} [[Category:1920 births]] [[Category:1958 daiths]] [[Category:Inglis agnostics]] [[Category:Inglis chemists]] [[Category:Inglis Jews]] [[Category:Inglis molecular biologists]] [[Category:Breetish weemen scientists]] [[Category:Weemen chemists]] [[Category:Jewish chemists]] [[Category:Jewish agnostics]] [[Category:Crystallographers]] [[Category:X-ray crystallografie]] [[Category:Academics o Birkbeck, Varsity o Lunnon]] [[Category:Academics o King's College London]] [[Category:Alumni o Newnham College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Buirials at Willesden Jewish Seemetry]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Ingland]] [[Category:Daiths frae ovarian cancer]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at St Paul's Girls' Schuil]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Cambridge]] [[Category:Breetish pheesical chemists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Notting Hill]] hiwvig903vn2yj9a910dnqpaytovp00 0 126826 923123 917045 2026-09-23T15:30:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Katie Holmes, 2009.jpg | caption = Holmes at the Naitional Memorial Day in Washington,&nbsp;D.C., Mey&nbsp;24, 2009 | alt= Katie Holmes makin a speech at the National Memorial Day in Washington,&nbsp;D.C., Mey&nbsp;24, 2009 | birth_name = Kate Noel Holmes {{refn|Several soorces state "Katherine"<ref>Nana Schoenberg. "[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-07-12/features/0507110251_1_toledo-jamie-farr-charities Toledo's biggest star? Sure, Katie Holmes 'is very nice.' But 'she's no Jamie Farr].'" ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. July 12, 2005. Sec. 5, p. 1.</ref> and others "Kate" to be Holmes' legal name.<ref>Janice Dunn. "Katie Holmes: A girl on the verge." ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Issue 795. September 17, 1998. 44</ref><ref name="cohen2005">Scott Lyle Cohen. "Home Sweet Holmes." ''Giant''. Issue 5. June–July 2005. ("My name is Kate.")</ref><ref>''[[Current Biography]] ''. On-line database accessed 2006-02-08</ref><ref name=Mangels177>Andy Mangels. ''From'' Scream ''to'' Dawson's Creek: ''An Unauthorized Take on the Phenomenal Career of Kevin Williamson''. Los Angeles: Renaissance Books, 2000. ISBN 1-58063-122-3, 177</ref><ref name="autogenerated2002">John Griffiths. "Katie Holmes: Edging Her Way Into People's Hearts." ''Biography Magazine''. September 2002. 88–90, 106.</ref> The [http://cdn.digitalcity.com/tmz_documents/cruise_bc_8_5.pdf birth certificate] o Holmes's dauchter, Suri, leets the actress's name as "Kate Noel Holmes". |group=n}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|12|18}} | birth_place = [[Toledo, Ohio]], U.S. | Alma mater = [[Columbia Varsity]] | partner = | spouse = {{marriage|[[Tom Cruise]]|2006|2012|reason=divorced}} | children = 1 | occupation = Actress, Model | yearsactive = 1997–present | residence = [[Calabasas|Calabasas, Californie]], U.S. }} '''Kate Noel''' "'''Katie'''" '''Holmes''' (born 18 December 1978)<ref name=tvg>{{cite web | url = http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/katie-holmes/bio/160078 | title = Katie Holmes | publisher = [[TV Guide|TVGuide.com]] | accessdate = July 8, 2014 | archive-date = 2014-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180213/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/katie-holmes/bio/160078 | url-status = dead}}</ref> is an American actress an model who first achieved fame for her role as [[Joey Potter]] on [[The WB Television Network|The WB]] telly teen drama ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' frae 1998 tae 2003. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holmes, Katie}} [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:Umwhile Scientologists]] [[Category:Actresses frae Toledo, Ohio]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:Columbia Varsity alumni]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Tom Cruise]] 8blddpko2py17zpwivpphle5z9ujtdh 0 126888 923216 882354 2026-09-24T03:55:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name= Tampa, Florida |official_name= Ceety o Tampa |native_name= <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname= Cigar Ceety,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/51ybor/51ybor.htm |title=Ybor City: Cigar Capital of the World |publisher=Nps.gov |date=June 28, 1999 |accessdate=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=2014-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109144818/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/51ybor/51ybor.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The Big Guava]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/102999/Alive/Ybor_stumbled_upon_Gu.shtml |title=Alive: Ybor stumbled upon Guavaween |publisher=Sptimes.com |date=October 29, 1999 |accessdate=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140358/http://www.sptimes.com/News/102999/Alive/Ybor_stumbled_upon_Gu.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> |settlement_type= [[Ceety]] <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline= TampaCollection1.png |imagesize= 275px |image_caption= Images frae tap, left tae richt: Skyline o [[Downtown Tampa]], [[Amalie Arena]], [[Ybor City]], [[Henry B. Plant Museum]], [[Raymond James Stadium]], [[Busch Gardens Tampa Bay]] |image_flag= Flag of Tampa, Florida.svg |flag_border = no |image_seal= Seal of Tampa, Florida.svg |image_map= Hillsborough County Florida Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Tampa Highlighted.svg |mapsize= 250x200px |map_caption= Location in [[Hillsborough Coonty, Florida|Hillsborough Coonty]] an the state o [[Florida]] |pushpin_map= USA |pushpin_map_caption= Location in the Unitit States |pushpin_label = Tampa <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type= Kintra |subdivision_name= Unitit States |subdivision_type1= [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1= [[Florida]] |subdivision_type2= [[Leet o coonties in Florida|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2= [[Hillsborough Coonty, Florida|Hillsborough]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_type= [[Mayor-cooncil govrenment|Mayor-cooncil]] |leader_title= [[Leet o mayors o Tampa, Florida|Mayor]] |leader_name= [[Bob Buckhorn]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |leader_title2= Legislative |leader_name2= [[Tampa Ceety Cooncil|Ceety Cooncil]] |established_title= [[Fort Brooke|Settled]] |established_date= 1823 |established_title1= [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] ([[Veelage (Unitit States)|Veelage]]) |established_date1= Januar 18, 1849 |established_title2= Incorporatit ([[Toun]]) |established_date2= September 10, 1853 an <br />August 11, 1873 |established_title3= Incorporatit ([[Ceety]]) |established_date3= December 15, 1855 '''*''' an <br />Julie 15, 1887 <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude= 1 E8 |unit_pref= Imperial |area_footnotes= |area_total_km2= 441.9 |area_land_km2= 290.3 |area_water_km2= 151.6 |area_total_sq_mi= 170.6 |area_land_sq_mi= 112.1 |area_water_sq_mi= 58.5 |area_water_percent= 34.3 |area_urban_sq_mi= 802.3 |area_metro_sq_mi= 2554 <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of= 2013 |population_footnotes= <ref name=censuspop>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2011/tables/SUB-EST2011-03-12.csv|title=Table 3. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Florida: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=March 13, 2013|format=[[Comma-separated values|CSV]]}}</ref> |population_note= |population_total= 347,645 |population_rank= [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|53rd in the US]] |population_density_km2= 1146.7 |population_density_sq_mi= 2969.6 |population_metro= 2,824,724<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011">[http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-01.xls U.S. Census Bureau Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011], (EXCEL) Retrieved August 2, 2012</ref> |population_urban = 2.4 million ([[Largest urban areas of the United States|17th]]) <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone= [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset= -5 |timezone_DST= EDT |utc_offset_DST= -4 |coordinates = {{coord|27|58|05|N|82|28|35|W|region:US-FL|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m= 14.6 |elevation_ft= 48 <!-- Area/postal codes & others ------ --> |postal_code_type= [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code= 33601–33626, 33629–33631, 33633–33635, 33637, 33647, 33650–33651, 33655, 33660–33664, 33672–33675, 33677, 33679–33682, 33684–33690, 33694, 33697<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/zipmaps/Tampa-Florida.html|title=Tampa, Florida (FL) Zip Code Map&nbsp;– Locations, Demographics&nbsp;– list of zip codes|publisher=City-data.com|accessdate=2010-02-23|archive-date=2010-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211230510/http://www.city-data.com/zipmaps/Tampa-Florida.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |area_code= [[Aurie code 813|813]] |blank_name= [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info= 12-71000<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref> |blank1_name= [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank1_info= 0292005<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25}}</ref> |website= [http://www.tampagov.net/ www.tampagov.net] |population_demonym= Tampan, Tampanian<ref name=Kruse>{{cite web|last=Kruse|first=Michael|title=What are you called if you live in Tampa?|url=http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/timesnews/content/what-are-you-called-if-you-live-tampa|publisher=Tampa Bay Times|accessdate=26 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215213/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/timesnews/content/what-are-you-called-if-you-live-tampa|url-status=dead}}</ref> |footnotes= '''*''' <small>Oreeginal ceety chairter revoked bi Florida Legislature on October 4, 1869<ref>[http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/john_thomas_lesley.asp "John Thomas Lesley&nbsp;– 12th Mayor of Tampa".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720062544/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/john_thomas_lesley.asp |date=2010-07-20 }} [http://www.tampagov.net/ ''TampaGov''.]Retrieved March 22, 2010. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828145343/http://www.tampagov.net/ |date=2015-08-28 }}</ref></small> }} '''Tampa''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|m|p|ə}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Tampa|url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Tampa| work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> is a ceety in an the [[coonty seat]] o [[Hillsborough Coonty, Florida]], Unitit States.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> ==Sister ceeties== Tampa haes formalised [[sister ceety]] agreements wi the follaein ceeties:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tampagov.net/information_resources/miscellaneous_documents/archives/_sister_cities.asp |title=Tampa Sister Cities from City of Tampa website |publisher=Tampagov.net |date= |accessdate=2011-04-17 |archive-date=2007-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018172325/http://www.tampagov.net/information_resources/miscellaneous_documents/archives/_sister_cities.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|COL}}&nbsp;– [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombie]] *{{flagicon|FRA}}&nbsp;– [[Le Havre]], [[Fraunce]]<ref name="Le Havre twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://archives.lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/guichet_virtuel/rubrique/article_id-1626/topic_id-707/les-villes-jumelees.html|title=Le Havre - Les villes jumelées|accessdate=2013-08-07|last=Florence|first=Jeanne|language=French|trans_title=Le Havre - Twin towns|archivedate=2013-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807181850/http://archives.lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/guichet_virtuel/rubrique/article_id-1626/topic_id-707/les-villes-jumelees.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Le Havre twins">{{cite web|url=http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire|title=Le Havre - Les villes jumelées|accessdate=2013-08-07|work=[http://lehavre.fr/ City of Le Havre]|language=French|trans_title=Le Havre - Twin towns|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729215238/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire|archivedate=2013-07-29|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729215238/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire |date=2013-07-29 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|ARG}}&nbsp;– [[Córdoba, Argentinae|Córdoba]], [[Argentinae]] *{{flagicon|ISR}}&nbsp;– [[Ashdod]], [[Israel]] *{{flagicon|ITA}}&nbsp;– [[Agrigento]], [[Italy]] || *{{flagicon|MEX}}&nbsp;– [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|MEX}}&nbsp;– [[Boca del Río, Veracruz|Boca del Río]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|ESP}}&nbsp;– [[Oviedo]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|TUR}}&nbsp;– [[İzmir]], [[Turkey]]<ref name="İzmir twinnings">{{cite web| url =http://www.izmir.bel.tr/en/kardeskentler.asp| title =Sister cities of İzmir| author =| publisher =Izmir Metropolitan Municipality| accessdate =2012-10-22| archive-date =2012-10-23| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121023145721/http://www.izmir.bel.tr/en/KardesKentler.asp| url-status =dead}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Coonty seats in Florida]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Florida]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Gulf Coast]] [[Category:Ceeties in Florida]] cdexfysl84j4ua0nq2zs4jizkzerznj 0 135200 923111 811263 2026-09-23T13:15:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jared Padalecki | image = File:Jared Padalecki by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Padalecki at [[San Diego Comic-Con International|Comic-Con]] in 2015 | birth_name = Jared Tristan Padalecki | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|7|19}} | birth_place = [[San Antonio, Texas]], U.S. | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} Death date then birth --> | death_place = | occupation = Actor | yearsactive = 1999–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Genevieve Padalecki|Genevieve Nicole Cortese]]|2010}} | children = 3 }} '''Jared Tristan Padalecki''' (born Julie 19, 1982)<ref name="TVG">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jared-padalecki/bio/193608|publisher=TV Guide.com|title=Jared Padalecki biography|accessdate=2013-12-24|archive-date=2013-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127070242/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jared-padalecki/bio/193608|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actor. He grew up in [[Texas]] an rose tae fame in the early 2000s efter appearin on the telly series ''[[Gilmore Girls]]'' as well as such films as ''[[New York Minute (film)|New York Minute]]'' an ''[[House of Wax (2005 film)|House of Wax]]''. Padalecki is best kent for his role as [[Sam Winchester]] on ''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]''. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Padalecki, Jared}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae San Antonio, Texas]] [[Category:Male actors frae Texas]] [[Category:American expatriates in Canadae]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] 3ppt0js0a5rd21lprf2xrkxlzj6x3ss 0 136042 923206 873173 2026-09-24T01:33:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox information appliance | name = Sega Mega Drive / Genesis | logo =<br/>[[File:Megadrive logo.png|250px|European/Australasian logo]] | image = <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE IMAGES WITHOUT FURTHER DISCUSSION! --><div style="white-space: nowrap; border: #dadada solid 1px;">{{nowrap|[[File:Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg|250px|The original Japanese Mega Drive]]<br>[[File:Sega-Genesis-Mk2-6button.jpg|250px|Model 2 Genesis w/ 6-button controller]]}}</div> | caption = '''Tap:''' Oreeginal Japanese Mega Drive'''<br/>Bottom:''' Sega Genesis Model 2<br/> | manufacturer = [[Sega]] | type = [[Home video gemme console]] | generation = [[History o video gemme consoles (fowert generation)|Fowert generation]] | release date = {{vgrelease new|JP|October 29, 1988|NA|August 14, 1989|ROK|August 1990|PAL|November 30, 1990}} | lifespan = 1988 - Present{{vgrelease|NA=Ongoing (AtGames)|EU=Ongoing ([[Blaze Europe]])|[[Brazil|BR]]|Ongoing ([[Tectoy|Tec Toy]])}} | discontinued = {{vgrelease|WW=1997 ([[Sega]])}}{{vgrelease|NA=1999 ([[Majesco Entertainment|Majesco]])}} | unitssold = Sega: 30.75 million<br/>Tec Toy: 3 million<br/>Majesco: 1.5 million <small>(projected) | media = [[ROM cartridge]] | CPU = [[Motorola 68000]] @ 7.6 MHz<br>[[Zilog Z80]] @ 3.58 MHz | sound = [[Yamaha YM2612]]<br>[[Texas Instruments SN76489]] | display = Progressive: 320x224 ([[NTSC]]) or 320x240 ([[PAL]]) pixels, 512 colour palette, 61 colours on-screen{{Clear}}Interlaced: 320x448 (NTSC) or 320x480 (PAL) | topgame = *''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (16-bit)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' ([[pack-in game|pack-in]]), 15 million<ref name="GameTap">{{cite video|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mFs2v7XM4o |title=Sonic the Hedgehog GameTap Retrospective Pt. 3/4 |publisher=[[GameTap]] |accessdate=2011-09-24 |date=2009-02-17 |time=1:25}}</ref> *''[[Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (16-bit)|Sonic the Hedgehog 2]]'' ([[pack-in game|pack-in]]), 6 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1851/a_detailed_crossexamination_of_.php?page=2|title=Sonic the Hedgehog 2|publisher=[[Gamasutra]]|page=5|accessdate=2011-09-24|date=2006-08-04|first=Daniel|last=Boutros|archive-date=2015-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120113519/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1851/a_detailed_crossexamination_of_.php?page=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''[[Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games)|Disney's Aladdin]]'' (staund-alane), 4 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sega-16.com/2006/03/interview-dr-stephen-clarke-willson/ |title=Interview: Dr. Stephen Clarke-Willson |date=2006-03-28| accessdate=2011-12-26 |first=Ken|last=Horowitz}}</ref> | onlineservice = [[Sega Meganet]], [[Sega Channel]], [[XBAND]] | compatibility = [[Master System]]{{efn|Through uise o the Pouer Base Converter peripheral}} | predecessor = [[Master System]] | successor = [[Sega Saturn]] }} The {{nihongo|'''Sega Mega Drive'''|メガドライブ|Mega Doraibu|lead=yes}}, kent as the '''Sega Genesis''' in Americae, is a 16-bit [[hame video gemme console]] that wis developit an selt bi [[Sega|Sega Enterprises, Ltd.]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Products introduced in 1988]] [[Category:Products introduced in 1989]] [[Category:Products introduced in 1990]] [[Category:1997 disestablishments]] [[Category:1999 disestablishments]] [[Category:Hame video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Fowert-generation video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Sega consoles|Genesis]] [[Category:Sega Genesis| ]] [[Category:Video gemme console add-ons]] 68lhfb7y5yngb3y7yoorliy8rizxkuj 0 136422 923235 830333 2026-09-24T05:38:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fencer | name = Valentina Vezzali | image = Valentina vezzali.jpg | image_size = | caption = | fullname = Maria Valentina Vezzali<ref name=Profile >{{cite web|title=Profile of Valentina Vezzali|url=http://www.camera.it/leg17/29?tipoAttivita=&tipoVisAtt=&tipoPersona=&shadow_deputato=305755&idLegislatura=17|publisher=The official website of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> | nickname = Cobra | country = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italy naitional fencin team|Italy]] | formercountry = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|2|14|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Iesi]], [[Italy]] | residence = | training = | weapon = [[Foil (fencin)|Foil]] | hand = richt-haundit | height = {{convert|1.64|m|ftin}} | weight = {{convert|53|kg|lb}} | natlteam = | natlcoach = [[Andrea Cipressa]] | club = [[Gruppo Sportivo Fiamme Oro|G.S. Fiamme Oro]] | headcoach = | assistcoach = | formercoach = | retired = | fieranking = [http://fie.org/fencers/fencer/4736 rankings] | show-medals = no | medaltemplates = {{MedalOlympic}} {{MedalGold| '''6''' | (3 individual)}} {{MedalSilver| '''1''' | (1 individual)}} {{MedalBronze| '''2''' | (1 individual)}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Warld Fencin Championships|Warld Championships]]}} {{MedalGold| '''16''' | (6 individual)}} {{MedalSilver| '''5''' | (2 individual)}} {{MedalBronze| '''4''' | (4 individual)}} {{MedalCompetition|[[European Fencin Championships|European Championships]]}} {{MedalGold| '''13''' | (5 individual)}} {{MedalSilver| '''4''' | (3 individual)}} {{MedalBronze| '''3''' | (2 individual)}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Universiade]]}} {{MedalGold| '''5''' | (4 individual)}} {{MedalSilver| '''3''' | (0 individual)}} {{MedalBronze| '''0''' | (0 individual)}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Mediterranean Gemmes]]}} {{MedalGold| '''2''' | (2 individual)}} {{MedalSilver| '''0''' | (0 individual)}} {{MedalBronze| '''0''' | (0 individual)}} }} {{Infobox Officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Valentina Vezzali | image = | order = [[Chamber o Deputies (Italy)|Member o the Italian Chamber o Deputies]]<ref name=Profile/> | term_start = 19 Mairch 2013<ref name=Profile /> | term_end = | president = | predecessor = | successor = | birth_date = 14 Februar 1974 | birth_place = [[Iesi]], [[Marche]], [[Italy]] | nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] | spouse = Domenico Giugliano | party = ''[[Ceevic Chyce|Scelta Civica]]''<ref name=Profile /> | children = 2 | residence = | alma_mater = | profession = Agent o the ''[[Polizia di Stato]]''<ref name=Profile /> | Dog = }} '''Valentina Vezzali''' ({{IPA-it|valenˈtina vetˈtsali}}; born 14 Februar 1974)<ref name=Profile /> is an Italian [[Fencin|fencer]] an [[politeecian]]. As fencer she haes won sax [[Olympic Gemmes|Olympic]] [[gowd medal]]s in foil competeetions.<ref name="databaseolympics">{{cite web |url=http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=VEZZAVAL01 |title=Olympics Statistics: Valentina Vezzali |accessdate=15 February 2012 |work=databaseolympics.com |archive-date=2012-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026104756/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=VEZZAVAL01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ve/valentina-vezzali-1.html |title=Valentina Vezzali Olympic Results |accessdate=15 February 2012 |work=sports-reference.com |archive-date=2012-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208012141/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ve/valentina-vezzali-1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Fencing Women Individual Foil}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Fencing Women Team Foil}} {{World Champions in Women's Foil}} {{Footer Women's Foil World Cup Champions}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vezzali, Valentina}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Iesi]] [[Category:Italian female fencers]] [[Category:Olympic fencers o Italy]] [[Category:Fencers at the 1996 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Fencers at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Fencers at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Fencers at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Fencers at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Italy]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Italy]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Italy]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in fencin]] [[Category:Athletes o Fiamme Oro]] [[Category:Medallists at the 1996 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Ceevic Chyce politeecians]] hld5oq48y2lbl8ihbszz50d90w1ndvm 0 137871 923132 922800 2026-09-23T17:06:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox poleetical pairty | colorcode = {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal}} | party_name = Leeberal Pairty o Canadae | name_native = ''Parti libéral du Canada'' | logo = [[File:Liberal Party of Canada Logo 2014.svg|175px]] | status = active | class = fed | leader = [[Justin Trudeau]] | president = Anna Gainey |leader1_title = Deputy Leader |leader1_name = [[Ralph Goodale]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|1861}} | predecessor = [[Clear Grits]],<br/>[[Parti rouge]] | headquarters = Suite 920<br />350 Albert Street<br />[[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]<br />K1P 6M8 | youth_wing = [[Young Leeberals o Canadae|Young Leeberals]] | ideology = {{nowrap|[[Leeberalism]] ([[Leeberalism in Canadae|Canadian]])}} | position = [[Centrism|Centre]] tae [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref name="Rayside2011">{{cite book |author = David Rayside |title = Faith, Politics, and Sexual Diversity in Canada and the United States |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oYXU_1WwNKUC&pg=PA22 |year = 2011 |publisher = UBC Press |isbn = 978-0-7748-2011-0 |page = 22 }}</ref><ref name="CollinMartin2012">{{cite book |author1 = Richard Collin |author2 = Pamela L. Martin |title = An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=-vSlx-_Z408C&pg=PA138 |year = 2012 |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |isbn = 978-1-4422-1803-1 |page = 138 }}</ref> | international = [[Leeberal Internaitional]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Liberal Party of Canada Welcomes Liberal International to 2009 Convention |url = http://www.liberal.ca/newsroom/news-release/liberal-party-of-canada-welcomes-liberal-international-to-2009-convention/ |publisher = Liberal Party of Canada |accessdate = 2012-08-28 |date = March 6, 2009 |archive-date = 2012-08-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120805144043/http://www.liberal.ca/newsroom/news-release/liberal-party-of-canada-welcomes-liberal-international-to-2009-convention/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> | colours = {{colorbox|{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal}}}} [[Reid]] | seats_house = {{Composition bar|184|338|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal}}}} | seats_senate = {{Composition bar|0|105|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal}}}}<ref name="LibSenate">{{cite web |url = http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/justin-trudeau-kicks-senators-out-of-liberal-caucus-in-bid-to-show-hes-serious-about-cleaning-up-red-chamber |title = Justin Trudeau kicks all 32 Liberal senators out of caucus in bid for reform |work = National Post |date = 29 January 2014 |accessdate = 18 October 2015 |author = Spencer, Christina }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | website = {{URL|liberal.ca}} }} The '''Leeberal Pairty o Canadae''' ({{lang-fr|Parti libéral du Canada}}), colloquially kent as the '''Grits''', is the auldest federal poleetical pairty in [[Canadae]]. ==References== {{reflist}}{{Stub/Canadae}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Liberal Pairty O Canadae}} [[Category:1867 establishments in Canadae]] [[Category:Federal poleetical pairties in Canadae]] [[Category:Leeberal Pairty o Canadae| ]] [[Category:Leeberal pairties in Canadae]] [[Category:Organisations based in Ottawa]] [[Category:Poleetical pairties established in 1867]] rmguolkaem0e9hx0wl29hjqjqi6lbyf 0 138546 923110 898749 2026-09-23T13:09:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = James Caan | image = James Caan (1976).jpg | size = 220px | caption = Caan in 1972. | birth_name = James Edmund Caan | birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|3|26|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[The Bronx]], [[New York]], U.S. | death_date = 6 Julie 2022 (aged 82) | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S. | residence = [[Beverly Hills]], [[Californie]], U.S.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mirbagheri|first1=Ben|title=Gilded Estates: James Caan Home|url=http://www.gildedestates.com/2015/02/18/james-caan-selling-his-home/|website=Gilded Estates|publisher=Variety|accessdate=18 February 2015|archive-date=2015-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509072747/http://www.gildedestates.com/2015/02/18/james-caan-selling-his-home/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | other_names = {{unbulleted list|Jimmy Caan}} | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1961–present | spouse = Dee Jay Mattis<br />(1960–1966; divorced)<br />Sheila Marie Ryan<br />(1976–1977; divorced)<br />Ingrid Hajek<br />(1990–1995; divorced)<br />Linda Stokes<br />(1995–2009; divorced) | children = 5, includin [[Scott Caan]] }} '''James Edmund Caan'''<ref name="TV Guide">{{cite news|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/james-caan/155316|title=James Caan|publisher=TV Guide|accessdate=June 12, 2013|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510055550/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/james-caan/155316/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (born 26 Mairch 1940; deed Julie 6, 2022) wis an American actor. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Caan, James}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:2022 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American fowk o German-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Kohanim]] [[Category:Michigan State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Fowk frae New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Queens, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Bronx]] 0sgahovf2k4wrfxljlgtn0w5fmgr77o 0 142865 923168 921250 2026-09-23T21:06:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, a poleetical entity|the Marianas [[airchipelago]]|Mariana Islands}} {{coord|17|N|146|E|region:MP_scale:3000000|display=title}} {{Infobox kintra | conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Commonweel o the Northren Mariana Islands}} | native_name = ''Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas'' | common_name = Northren Mariana Islands | image_flag = Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg | image_coat = Seal of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg | image_map = Northern Mariana Islands on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg | symbol_type = Seal | national_anthem = {{native name|ch|[[Gi Talo Gi Halom Tasi]]}}<br />''Satil Matawal Pacifiko''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Carolinian leid|Carolinian]])}}<br />"[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"{{ref label|natlanthem|a|}} | status = Commonweel | capital = [[Capitol Hill, Saipan|Capitol Hill]] ([[Saipan]]) | coordinates = {{Coord|15|14|N|145|45|E|type:city}} | largest_city = | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Inglis leid|Inglis]] |[[Chamorro leid|Chamorro]] |[[Carolinian leid|Carolinian]]}} | demonym = Northern Mariana Islander <small>(formal)</small><br/>Chamorro <small>(colloquial)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/aapi/primer.htm |title=AAPI - Asian American and Pacific Islander - Primer |publisher=Epa.gov |date=2006-06-28 |accessdate=2015-08-29 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928101631/http://www.epa.gov/aapi/primer.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> |membership_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |membership = [[Unitit States]] | government_type = [[Unincorporatit territories o the Unitit States|Territorial]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]]) | leader_title2 = Governor | leader_name2 = Ralph Torres (R) | leader_name3 = [[Victor Hocog]] (R) | leader_title3 = Lt. Governor | leader_name4 = [[Gregorio Sablan]] ([[Independent politeecian|I]]) | leader_title4 = Delegate | legislature = Commonwealth Legislature | upper_house = Senate | lower_house = House of Representatives | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_km2 = 464 | area_sq_mi = 179 | area_rank = n/a | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 52,344 | population_estimate_rank = n/a | population_estimate_year = 2015 | population_density_km2 = 113 | population_density_sq_mi = 292 | population_density_rank = n/a | population_census = 53,833 | population_census_rank = n/a | population_census_year = 2010 | sovereignty_type = Commonweel {{nobold|athin the [[Unitit States|Unitit&nbsp;States]]}} | established_event1 = Covenant | established_date1 = 1975 | established_event2 = Commonweel | established_date2 = 1978 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|End o trusteeship}} | established_date3 = 1986 |GDP_PPP = $682 million<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web |title=Australia-Oceania :: Guam (Territory of the US) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=26 August 2015 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005453/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = n/a |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $13,300<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = n/a | currency = [[Unitit States dollar]] | currency_code = USD | country_code = ISO-3166 MP | time_zone = [[Chamorro Time Zone|ChST]] | utc_offset = +10 | cctld = [[.mp]] | calling_code = [[Aurie code 670|+1 670]] | official_website = [http://www.gov.mp/ www.gov.mp] |footnote_a = {{note|natlanthem}} "The Star-Spangled Banner" serves as the national anthem for the United States of America and its territories. }} The '''Northren Mariana Islands''', offeecially the '''Commonweel o the Northren Mariana Islands''' ('''CNMI'''; {{lang-ch|Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas}}), is ane o five inhabitit American [[insular aurie]]s. It is ane o twa territories wi US "commonweel" status; the ither is [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>Baith mey be classifeed as [[Territories o the Unitit States|unincorporatit, organisit territories o the Unitit States]] an aw.</ref> It consists o fifteen islands in the northwastren [[Paceefic Ocean]]. The CNMI an [[Guam]] thegither comprise the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]] airchipelago. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} [[Category:Northren Mariana Islands| ]] [[Category:Insular auries o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Micronesie]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Airchipelagoes o the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Umwhile German colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile Japanese colonies]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Leets o coordinates]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1898]] [[Category:Warld War II steids]] [[Category:Small Island Developing States]] 91xnl7mq5mmr6kgl2kavw0l92n2gnxm 0 143354 923109 889401 2026-09-23T13:03:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cyclist | name = Jacques Anquetil | image = Jacques Anquetil 1966.jpg | caption = Anquetil at the [[1966 Giro d'Italia]] | fullname = Jacques Anquetil | nickname = Monsieur Chrono<br>Maître Jacques | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|1|8}} | birth_place = [[Mont-Saint-Aignan]], Seine-Maritime, Fraunce | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|11|18|1934|1|8}} | death_place = [[Rouen]], Seine-Maritime, Fraunce | height = {{height|m=1.76|precision=on}} | weight = {{convert|70|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} | discipline = Road and track | role = Rider | ridertype = All-rounder | amateuryears1 = 1950–1952 | amateurteam1 = AC Sottevillais | proyears1 = 1953–1955 | proteam1 = La Perle | proyears2 = 1956–1958 | proteam2 = Helyett | proyears3 = 1959–1960 | proteam3 = ACBB Leroux | proyears4 = 1961–1964 | proteam4 = Saint-Raphaël | proyears5 = 1965–1966 | proteam5 = Ford-Gitane | proyears6 = 1967–1969 | proteam6 = Bic | majorwins = '''[[Grand Tour (cyclin)|Grand Tours]]''' :'''[[Tour de France]]''' ::[[General clessification in the Tour de France|General clessification]] ([[1957 Tour de France|1957]], [[1961 Tour de France|1961]], [[1962 Tour de France|1962]], [[1963 Tour de France|1963]], [[1964 Tour de France|1964]]) ::16 indiveedual stages :'''[[Giro d'Italia]]''' ::[[General clessification in the Giro d'Italia|General clessification]] ([[1960 Giro d'Italia|1960]], [[1964 Giro d'Italia|1964]]) ::5 indiveedual stages :'''[[Vuelta a España]]''' ::[[General clessification in the Vuelta a España|General clessification]] ([[1963 Vuelta a España|1963]]) ::1 indiveedual stage '''[[Race stage|Stage races]]''' :[[Paris–Nice]] (1957, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966) :[[Fower Days o Dunkirk]] (1958, 1959) :[[Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]] (1963, 1965) '''[[Clessic cycle races|Ane-day races an Clessics]]''' :[[Gent–Wevelgem]] (1964) :[[Bordeaux–Paris]] (1965) :[[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] (1966) '''Ither''' :[[Oor record]] (1956) :[[Super Prestige Pernod Internaitional]] (1961, 1963, 1965, 1966) :[[Grand Prix des Nations]] (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966) | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{FRA}}}} {{MedalSport|[[Road bicycle racin]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Gemmes]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[1952 Simmer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]]|[[Cyclin at the 1952 Simmer Olympics|Team time trial]]}} {{MedalCompetition|Warld Championships}} {{MedalSilver|[[UCI Road Warld Championships – Men's road race|1966 Nürburgring]]|Road race}} }} '''Jacques Anquetil''' ({{IPA-fr|ʒak ɑ̃k.til|pron}}; 8 Januar 1934&nbsp;– 18 November 1987) wis a French [[road racin cyclist]] an the first cyclist tae win the [[Tour de France]] five times, in 1957 an frae 1961 tae 1964.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/jacques-anquetil-1.html |title=Jacques Anquetil Olympic Results |accessdate=28 December 2012 |work=sports-reference.com |archive-date=2012-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214112523/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/jacques-anquetil-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Tour de France Yellow Jersey}} {{maglia rosa}} {{Vuelta a España winners}} {{Liège–Bastogne–Liège winners}} {{Super Prestige Pernod International winners}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anquetil, Jacques}} [[Category:French male cyclists]] [[Category:French Tour de France stage winners]] [[Category:Tour de France winners]] [[Category:French Giro d'Italia stage winners]] [[Category:Giro d'Italia winners]] [[Category:French Vuelta a España stage winners]] [[Category:Vuelta a España winners]] [[Category:Olympic cyclists o Fraunce]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Fraunce]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mont-Saint-Aignan]] [[Category:Cyclists at the 1952 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Daiths frae painch cancer]] [[Category:Dopin cases in cyclin]] [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:1987 daiths]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Fraunce]] [[Category:Chevaliers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in cyclin]] [[Category:Vuelta a España cyclists]] [[Category:Tour de France cyclists]] [[Category:Giro d'Italia cyclists]] [[Category:Medallists at the 1952 Summer Olympics]] 3z24vfs3xxnixqtpfwa7e7f03to6bn5 0 143754 923172 900252 2026-09-23T22:00:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox football club | nickname = ''[[Dooble-heidit eagle]] o the North''<br>''White-Blacks'' | ground = [[Toumba Stadium]]<br> [[Thessaloniki]], [[Greece]] | capacity = 28,803<ref name=sway>{{cite web|url=http://uk.soccerway.com/teams/greece/paok-fc/1041/|title=PAOK THESSALONIKI FC|work=Soccerway|publisher=Perform|accessdate=30 August 2015|archive-date=2016-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413073338/http://uk.soccerway.com/teams/greece/paok-fc/1041/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | season = 2020/19 | current = | pattern_la1 =_paokfc1516h | pattern_la2=_paokfc1516a | pattern_la3=_paokfc1516t | pattern_b2=_paokfc1516a | pattern_b3=_paokfc1516t | pattern_ra1 =_paokfc1516h | pattern_ra2=_paokfc1516a | pattern_ra3=_paokfc1516t | pattern_sh1 =_paok1516h | pattern_sh2=_paok1516a | pattern_sh3=_paok1516h | pattern_so1 =_paokfc1516h | pattern_so2=_paokfc1516a | pattern_so3=_paokfc1516h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | leftarm2=FFFFFF | leftarm3=FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | body2=FFFFFF | body3=FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | rightarm2=FFFFFF | rightarm3=FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | shorts2=FFFFFF | shorts3=FFFFFF | socks1 = 000000 | socks2=FFFFFF | socks3=000000 | clubname = PAOK FC | image = [[File:Paok2013.png|200px]] | caption = PAOK's offeecial logo, syne 2013 | fullname = ({{lang-el| Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος (Κωνσταντινουπολιτών}})<br />(Pan-Thessaloniki Athletic Club o Constantinopolitans) | short name = PAOK | motto = "Ane ceety, Ane team" | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1926|4|20}} | emblem founder = | colours = {{color box|black}} {{color box|white}} [[Black]], [[White]] | anthem = ''PAOK, PAOK'' <br>([[Mimis Traiforos]] Petros Giannakos) | owntitle = Ainer | owner = [[Ivan Savvidis]]<ref name="savv">{{cite web|url=http://sports.in.gr/football/superleague/article/?aid=1231208927|title=Εποχή Σαββίδη στον ΠΑΟΚ με επένδυση 20 εκατ. ευρώ στην ΠΑΕ (Savvidis' era at PAOK with 10M Euro investment)|date=10 August 2012|publisher=[[In.gr]]|language=Greek|accessdate=14 August 2012|location=Thessaloniki}}</ref> | chairman = [[Ľuboš Micheľ]] | manager = [[Vladimir Ivić]] | league = [[Superleague Greece]] | position = [[Superleague Greece]], 2d | website = http://www.paokfc.gr/ | topscorer= {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Stavros Sarafis]] (136) | firstgame = {{Start date and age|df=yes|26 July 1926}} in [[Thessaloniki]] vs [[Iraklis FC]]. Result: Win bi 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paokfc.gr/swift.jsp?CMCCode=100309&extLang= |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-29 |archive-date=2009-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830042600/http://www.paokfc.gr/swift.jsp?CMCCode=100309&extLang= |url-status=dead }}</ref> | pattern_b1 = _paokfc1516h }} '''PAOK F.C.''' ({{lang-el|ΠΑΕ ΠΑΟΚ}}, {{IPA-el|paˈe ˈpaok}}), forby kent as '''PAOK Thessaloniki''' or '''PAOK Salonika''', short for '''Panthessalonikios Athlitikos Omilos Konstantinoupoliton''' ({{lang-el|Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινουπολιτών}}, transleeteratit ''Pan-Thessaloniki Athletic Club o Constantinopolitans''),<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=2174545.html uefa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103025540/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=gre/news/newsid=2174545.html |date=2014-11-03 }} Myths, heroes and legends: PAOK in focus</ref> an commonly kent as '''PAOK''' ({{lang-el|ΠΑΟΚ}}, {{IPA-el|ˈpaok|pron}}), is a professional Greek [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club, a pairt o [[P.A.O.K.|A.C. PAOK]], based in [[Thessaloniki]], Greece. ==References== {{reflist}} {{PAOK F.C. squad}} {{PAOK FC managers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paok F.C.}} [[Category:PAOK FC| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1926]] [[Category:1926 establishments in Greece]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Thessaloniki]] [[Category:Unrelegatit association fitbaw clubs]] {{stub/Sport}} al5sbvafuqs74hrpsu2vupu7y6ncflm 0 145817 923197 892149 2026-09-24T00:16:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Rüştü Reçber | image = Rustu Recber 2010.jpg | image_size = 210 | caption = Rüştü Reçber | fullname = Rüştü Reçber | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|5|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Antalya]], Turkey | height = {{height|m=1.87}}<ref name="UEFAHeight">{{cite news |title=UEFA Europa League Statistics Handbook - Knockout phase |url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/Publications/01/59/41/81/1594181_DOWNLOAD.pdf |publisher=[[UEFA]] |date= |accessdate=9 January 2016 |year=2010 |language=en |archive-date=2020-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024131909/https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/Publications/01/59/41/81/1594181_DOWNLOAD.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Goalkeeper (association fitbaw)|Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = | clubnumber = | youthyears1 = 1985–1988 |youthclubs1 = Korkutelispor<ref name="Zaman-1">{{cite news |title=Rüştü: Maçlara Dua İle Başlarım |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/spor_rustu-maclara-dua-ile-baslarim_803894.html |publisher=[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]] |page=45 |date=15 January 2009 |accessdate=16 August 2014 |language=tr |archive-date=2014-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084845/http://www.zaman.com.tr/spor_rustu-maclara-dua-ile-baslarim_803894.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Aksiyon-1">{{cite news |title=Rüştü'yü Bir Galatasaraylı Yetiştirmiş |url=http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/newsDetail_openPrintPage.action?newsId=13910 |publisher=[[Aksiyon]] |author=Özpınar, Zekai |date=27 June 2005 |accessdate=16 August 2014 |language=tr |archive-date=2014-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082407/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/newsDetail_openPrintPage.action?newsId=13910 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | years1 = 1988–1991 |clubs1 = Burdurgücü |caps1 = 1 |goals1 = 0 | years2 = 1991–1993 |clubs2 = [[Antalyaspor]] |caps2 = 34 |goals2 = 0 | years3 = 1993–2003 |clubs3 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (fitbaw team)|Fenerbahçe]] |caps3 = 240 |goals3 = 0 | years4 = 1993–1994 |clubs4 = → [[Antalyaspor]] (loan) |caps4 = 33 |goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2003–2006 |clubs5 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |caps5 = 4 |goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2004–2006 |clubs6 = → [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (fitbaw team)|Fenerbahçe]] (loan) |caps6 = 46 |goals6 = 0 | years7 = 2006–2007 |clubs7 = [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (fitbaw team)|Fenerbahçe]] |caps7 = 8 |goals7= 0 | years8 = 2007–2012 |clubs8 = [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaş]] |caps8 = 99 |goals8= 0 | totalcaps = 432 | totalgoals = 0 | nationalyears1 = 1992-1993 |nationalteam1 = [[Turkey naitional unner-21 fitbaw team|Turkey U-21]] |nationalcaps1 = 12 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 1994–2012<ref name=RSSSFIntCaps/><ref name=FIFAcomIntCaps/> |nationalteam2 = [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]]|nationalcaps2 = 120<ref name=RSSSFIntCaps>{{cite news|title=Turkey - Record International Players | url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/tur-recintlp.html |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |author=Mamrud, Roberto |date=4 December 2014 | accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=FIFAcomIntCaps>{{cite news|title=FIFA Century Club|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-centclub/52/00/59/centuryclub260914_neutral.pdf|work=[[FIFA]]|page=7|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=24 March 2015|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192936/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-centclub/52/00/59/centuryclub260914_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |nationalgoals2 = 0 | pcupdate = Mey 11, 2012 | ntupdate = Mey 26, 2012 }} '''Rüştü Reçber''' ({{IPA-tr|ˈɾyʃty ˈɾetʃbeɾ|pron}}; born 10 Mey 1973 in [[Korkuteli]]) is a retired Turkis [[Turkey naitional fitbaw team|internaitional]] [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] an a current sports executive.<ref name="SportsExecutive">{{cite news|title=Milli Takımlar Reçber'e emanet | url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/spor/futbolmillitakim/2013/08/17/milli-takimlar-recbere-emanet|publisher=[[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]] | date =17 August 2013 | accessdate =7 January 2016|language=tr}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{FIFA 100}} {{2002 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{2002 UEFA Team of the Year}} {{Navboxes colour |title= Turkey squads |bg= #E30A17 |fg= white |bordercolor= #BF000B |list1= {{Turkey Squad 1996 UEFA Euro}} {{Turkey Squad 2000 UEFA Euro}} {{Turkey Squad 2002 World Cup}} {{Turkey squad 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Turkey Squad 2008 UEFA Euro}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Recber, Rustu}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:FIFA 100]] [[Category:Turkis fitbawers]] [[Category:Turkis expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw goalkeepers]] [[Category:Antalyaspor fitbawers]] [[Category:Fenerbahçe fitbawers]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Turkis expatriates in Spain]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:Beşiktaş J.K. fitbawers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 1996 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]] [[Category:2002 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:Turkey internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Turkey unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:FIFA Century Club]] [[Category:Süper Lig players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Antalya]] 9puphzxravf5kvltdvubssi0wd1j9t0 0 148395 923167 883678 2026-09-23T20:24:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sports league | title = National Hockey League<br /><small>''Ligue nationale de hockey'' ([[French leid|French]])</small> | current_season = | champion = [[Vegas Golden Knights]] (1 teetle) | most_champs = [[Montreal Canadiens]] (<!-- ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // EDITORS: Please note this infobox lists the Canadiens' // twenty-FIVE NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE championships: // * 3 before 1926, when the Stanley Cup was not automatically // awarded to the NHL champion and instead used as a "Challenge Cup" // between various champions of other leagues. // * 22 afterwards when the Cup became the NHL championship trophy. // This does NOT list the Canadiens' twenty-FOUR total STANLEY CUPS. // Please remember that these values are different because the // Stanley Cup has NOT always been solely the NHL championship trophy, // and that the Canadiens existed before the NHL was founded. // Again, this lists the twenty-FIVE-->25<!--NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE titles, // NOT the twenty-FOUR Cup titles here. Thank you for your cooperation. ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// -->)<ref group="nb">While the Montreal Canadiens hae 24 Stanley Cup wins in thair history, the Stanley Cup haesna always been the NHL championship trophy. Prior tae 1926, it wis an inter-league championship. The Canadiens won ane Stanley Cup championship prior tae the formation of the NHL (in [[1916 Stanley Cup Finals|1916]] as a member o the [[National Hockey Association]]), an 23 Stanley Cups as a member o the NHL. Montreal an aa won the NHL championship on twa occasions whaur thay didna win the Stanley Cup: in [[1919 Stanley Cup Finals|1918–19]] when the [[Spanish flu]] cancelled the Stanley Cup finals against the [[Seattle Metropolitans]] o [[Pacific Coast Hockey Association]] an in [[1925 Stanley Cup Finals|1924–25]] when thay lost in the Stanley Cup finals tae the [[Western Canada Hockey League]]'s [[Victoria Cougars]]. Thus, the team haes a tot o 25 NHL championships.</ref> | logo = 05 NHL Shield.svg | pixels = 190px | sport = Ice hockey | founded = November 26, 1917 ({{age|1917|11|26}} years ago),<br/>[[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canadae | inaugural = [[1917–18 NHL season|1917–18]] | commissioner = [[Gary Bettman]] | headquarters = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York]], U.S. | teams = 32<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm?navid=nav-tms-main |title=Rosters, Arena Information, and Aerial Maps – NHL.com – Teams |publisher=National Hockey League |accessdate=2018-06-08 |archive-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824122252/http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm?navid=nav-tms-main |url-status=dead}}</ref> | countries = Canadae (7 teams) <br> Unitit States (25 teams) | continent = North America | TV = {{unbulleted list | '''Canadae''' | [[NHL on Sportsnet|Sportsnet]]<ref group="nb">As [[Rogers Media]] is the sole national rightsholder in Canada, Rogers sub-licensed some games to the [[Hockey Night in Canada|CBC]] and [[TVA Sports]].</ref> | [[TVA Sports#NHL coverage|TVA Sports]] | '''Unitit States''' | [[NHL on NBC|NBC]] | [[NHL Network (Unitit States)|NHL Network]] }} | website = {{URL|http://www.nhl.com}} }} The '''National Hockey League''' ('''NHL'''; {{lang-fr|Ligue nationale de hockey—LNH}}; {{lang-sco|Naitional Hockey League}}) is a professional [[ice hockey]] [[Sports league|league]] componed o 32 member clubs: 25 in the Unitit States an 7 in Canadae. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} [[Category:National Hockey League| ]] [[Category:Ice hockey leagues in Canadae|1]] [[Category:Ice hockey leagues in the Unitit States|1]] [[Category:Professional sports leagues in Canadae]] [[Category:Professional sports leagues in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Recurrin sportin events established in 1917]] [[Category:Sports leagues established in the 20t-century]] {{Stub/Sport}} n5wmecxjgtgskah5sbd3res7ztff8rp 0 151148 923194 802110 2026-09-24T00:12:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox television | show_name = Rugrats | image = Rugrats logo.png | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Comedy]] * [[Adventur]] }} | creator = {{Plainlist| * [[Arlene Klasky]] * [[Gábor Csupó]] * [[Paul Germain]] }} | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Elizabeth Daily|E.G. Daily]] * [[Christine Cavanaugh]] * [[Nancy Cartwright]] * [[Kath Soucie]] * [[Cheryl Chase]] * [[Tara Strong]] * [[Cree Summer]] * [[Dionne Quan]] * [[Dan Castellaneta]] * ([[Rugrats#Vyce actors|Complete leet]]) }} | theme_music_composer = [[Mark Mothersbaugh]] | opentheme = "Rugrats Theme" | composer = {{Plainlist| * Mark Mothersbaugh * Denis M. Hannigan * [[Bob Mothersbaugh]] * Rusty Andrews }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 172 | list_episodes = Leet o Rugrats episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Arlene Klasky * Gábor Csupó * Vanessa Coffey }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Paul Germain * Cella Nichols Harris * Geraldine Clarke * [[David Blum]] * Kate Boutilier }} | editor = {{Plainlist| * Karl Garabedian * John Bryant }} | runtime = 23 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Klasky Csupo]] * [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]] * [[Anivision]] }} | distributor = [[Viacom International Media Networks|Viacom International]] | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | picture_format = NTSC | audio_format = Surround | first_aired = {{Start date|1991|8|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2004|8|1}}<ref name= "RugratsTVGuide">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757/|title=Rugrats - TVGuide.com|work=TVGuide.com|accessdate=June 28, 2016|archive-date=2016-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818033213/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757|url-status=dead}}</ref> | followed_by = ''[[All Grown Up!]]'' | related = ''[[Rugrats Pre-School Daze]]'' | website = http://www.nick.com/shows/rugrats }} '''''Rugrats''''' is an American animatit telly series creatit bi [[Arlene Klasky]], [[Gábor Csupó]] an [[Paul Germain]] for [[Nickelodeon]]. The shaw focuses on a group o [[toddler]]s, maist prominently [[Tommy Pickles|Tommy]], [[Leet o Rugrats chairacters#Chuckie Finster|Chuckie]], twins [[Leet o Rugrats chairacters#Phil an Lil DeVille|Phil an Lil]], an [[Angelica Pickles|Angelica]], an thair day-tae-day lives, uisually involvin common life experiences that acome adventures in the babies' imaginations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Talk About A Baby Boom|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=August 16, 1998|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/16/entertainment/ca-13511|accessdate=2010-11-10|first=Paul|last=Brownfield}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=View From the Rug Up : 'RUGRATS,' NICKELODEON'S ANIMATED HIT, LOOKS AT WORLD THROUGH EYES OF A TODDLER|first=Lynne|last=Heffley|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=July 21, 1996|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-21/news/tv-26268_1|accessdate=2010-11-10}}</ref> Adults in the series are awmaist always unaware o what the bairns are up tae. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1990s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:1990s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:1991 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:2004 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:American bairns' comedy series]] [[Category:American bairns' televeesion series]] [[Category:Animatit sitcoms]] [[Category:Daytime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Animatit Programme winners]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Jewish-relatit televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Nicktoons]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Klasky Csupo]] [[Category:Rugrats an All Grown Up!| ]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes adaptit intae films]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot twins]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Californie]] [[Category:YTV shaws]] {{stub}} hpdnb9hwkcl9xvmehm69mn9cv1yoysl 0 152300 923186 693383 2026-09-23T23:45:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Raymond Kopa | image = Raymond Kopa 1963b.jpg | caption = Raymond Kopa in 1963 | birthname = Raymond Kopaszewski | birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1931|10|13}} | birth_place = [[Nœux-les-Mines]], Fraunce | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2017|03|03|1931|10|13}} | death_place = [[Angers]], France | height = {{height|meter=1.69}} | position = [[Midfielder#Attackin midfielder|Attackin midfielder]] | youthyears1 = 1941–1949 | youthclubs1 = US Nœux-les-Mines | years1 = 1949–1951 | years2 = 1951–1956 | years3 = 1956–1959 | years4 = 1959–1967 | clubs1 = [[Angers SCO|Angers]] | clubs2 = [[Stade Reims|Reims]] | clubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | clubs4 = [[Stade Reims|Reims]] | caps1 = 60 | goals1 = 15 | caps2 = 158 | goals2 = 48 | caps3 = 79 | goals3 = 24 | caps4 = 244 | goals4 = 36 | totalcaps = 541 | totalgoals = 123 | nationalyears1 = 1952–1962 | nationalteam1 = [[Fraunce naitional fitbaa team|Fraunce]] | nationalcaps1 = 45 | nationalgoals1 = 18 }} '''Raymond Kopa''' ({{IPA-fr|ʁɛmɔ̃ kɔpa}}; birth name '''Raymond Kopaszewski''';<ref name=uefa>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=fra/news/newsid=1590586.html |title=Goals, not coal, for Kopa |last=Gaillard |first=William |author-link=William Gaillard |date=4 February 2011 |website=[[uefa.com]] |access-date=28 October 2015 |archive-date=2017-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064412/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=fra/news/newsid=1590586.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> born [[13 October]] [[1931]] - [[3 Mairch]] [[2017]]) wis a French [[Association fitbaa|fitbawer]], integral tae the [[Fraunce naitional fitbaa team|French naitional team]] o the 1950s. At club level he wis pairt o the legendary [[Real Madrid]] team o the 1950s, winnin three [[European Cup]]s. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes |title=Awairds |titlestyle=background: gold |list1= {{Ballon d'Or recipients}} {{FIFA 100}} {{1958 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{French Player of the Year}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title= Fraunce squads |bg= #0055A4 |fg= #FFFFFF |bordercolor=#EF4135 |list1= {{France Squad 1954 World Cup}} {{France Squad 1958 World Cup}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kopa, Raymond}} [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:2017 daiths]] [[Category:French fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Ligue 2 players]] [[Category:Angers SCO players]] [[Category:Stade de Reims players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Fraunce internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:1954 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1958 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:Officiers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:European Fitbawer o the Year winners]] [[Category:FIFA 100]] bv0qzqglx29gcsuh4dg1s25ptp8k0jx 0 152748 923113 899455 2026-09-23T13:27:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Politician |name = Jill Stein |image = Jill Stein by Gage Skidmore.jpg |office = Member o the [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] Town Meeting<br>frae the 2nt destrict |term_start = 2005 |term_end = 2011 |predecessor = |successor = |birth_name = Jill Ellen Stein |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|5|14}} |birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Green Pairty o the Unitit States|Green]] |spouse = Richard Rohrer |children = Ben<br>Noah |alma_mater = [[Harvard Varsity]] |website = {{url|jill2016.com|Campaign website}} }} '''Jill Ellen Stein''' (born Mey 14, 1950) is an American physician, activist, an politeecian. She wis the [[Green Pairty o the Unitit States|Green Pairty]]'s nominee for Preses o the Unitit States in the [[Unitit States presidential election, 2016|2016 election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/06/01/green-party-candidate-jill-stein-says-bernie-sanders-should-make-a-3rd-party-run/|title=Green Party candidate Jill Stein says Bernie Sanders should make a 3rd party run|date=June 1, 2016|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-29|archive-date=2016-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806055637/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/06/01/green-party-candidate-jill-stein-says-bernie-sanders-should-make-a-3rd-party-run/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Martin">{{Cite episode |last=Martin |first=Michel |authorlink=Michel Martin |title=Green Party's Jill Stein Wants To Be 'Plan B' For Bernie Sanders Supporters |url=http://www.npr.org/2016/07/24/487252170/green-partys-jill-stein-wants-to-be-plan-b-for-bernie-sanders-supporters |series=All Things Considered |serieslink=All Things Considered |network=[[NPR]] |airdate=July 24, 2016 |transcript=Jill Stein interview |transcripturl=http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=487252170 |access-date=July 26, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/jill-stein-the-green-partys-presumptive-presidential-nominee-makes-inroads-1467413879|title=Jill Stein, the Green Party’s Presumptive Presidential Nominee, Makes Inroads|last=Tau|first=ron|date=2016-07-01|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2016-07-25}}</ref> Stein wis an aa the nominee o the Green Pairty for [[Preses o the Unitit States]] in [[Unitit States presidential election, 2012|2012]],<ref name="wins">{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-07-14/green-party-jill-stein/56226288/1 | title=Mass. doctor Jill Stein wins Green Party's presidential nod | agency=Associated Press | work=[[USA Today]] | date=July 14, 2012 | accessdate=July 15, 2012 | archive-date=2016-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052300/http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-07-14/green-party-jill-stein/56226288/1 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Boston.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/Boston/politicalintelligence/2011/10/jill-stein-launches-bid-for-green-party-presidential-nomination/OpdxKAo0I7PVj9NcPj8pqI/index.html|title=Jill Stein launches bid for Green Party presidential nomination|last=Levenson|first=Michael|date=October 24, 2011|work=[[Boston Globe]]|accessdate=October 24, 2011|archive-date=2011-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203035751/http://www.boston.com/Boston/politicalintelligence/2011/10/jill-stein-launches-bid-for-green-party-presidential-nomination/OpdxKAo0I7PVj9NcPj8pqI/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Questionaire>[http://www.gp.org/committees/pcsc/2012/candidate-questionnaire/stein.shtml Reply by Jill Stein, to the GPUS Outreach and exploratory questionnaire for the 2012 GPUS presidential nomination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918213630/http://www.gp.org/committees/pcsc/2012/candidate-questionnaire/stein.shtml |date=2011-09-18 }} GP.org</ref> an wis twice a candidate for [[Govrenor o Massachusetts]]—in [[Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2002|2002]] an [[Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2010|2010]].<ref>{{cite news | last=O’Sullivan |first=Jim |url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news/politics/view/20100107stein_to_jump_into_gov_race_with_green-rainbow_bid/srvc=home&position=recent | title=Stein to jump into gov race with Green-Rainbow bid | publisher=Boston Globe | date=January 7, 2010 | accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/02/04/2_more_candidates_jump_into_mass_governors_race/ 2 more candidates jump into Mass. governor's race] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081945/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/02/04/2_more_candidates_jump_into_mass_governors_race/ |date=2016-03-04 }} Boston Globe, February 4, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Wayland's Jill Stein to launch campaign for governor | newspaper = ''MetroWest Daily News'' | location = Boston | date = February 4, 2010 | url = http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/news/x979448507/Waylands-Jill-Stein-to-launch-campaign-for-governor| accessdate = September 6, 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Jill}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:20t-century American physeecians]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:21st-century American physeecians]] [[Category:American anti-war activists]] [[Category:American agnostics]] [[Category:American conservationists]] [[Category:American feminists]] [[Category:American Reform Jews]] [[Category:American weemen activists]] [[Category:American weemen physeecians]] [[Category:Candidates in Unitit States elections, 2002]] [[Category:Candidates in Unitit States elections, 2004]] [[Category:Candidates in Unitit States elections, 2006]] [[Category:Candidates in Unitit States elections, 2010]] [[Category:Commonty activists]] [[Category:Female Unitit States presidential candidates]] [[Category:Green Pairty o the Unitit States presidential nominees]] [[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Jewish activists]] [[Category:Jewish agnostics]] [[Category:Jewish American politeecians]] [[Category:Jewish feminists]] [[Category:Jewish physeecians]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Massachusetts Green-Rainbow Pairty chairs]] [[Category:Massachusetts local politeecians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Chicago]] [[Category:Fowk frae Highland Park, Illinois]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lexington, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wayland, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Pheesicians frae Massachusetts]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2012 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2016 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Weemen in Massachusetts politics]] cd6cr2ux2yqvmzwi9z0h8mye4gje4ye 0 152758 923155 907778 2026-09-23T19:36:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Miranda Cosgrove | image = File:Miranda Cosgrove 2013.jpg | caption = Cosgrove in 2013 | birth_name = Miranda Taylor Cosgrove | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|5|14}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S. | education = [[University o Soothren Californie]]<ref name="usatodayfilm">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2012/11/25/cosgrove-icarly-college/1720135/|title=Miranda Cosgrove goes from 'iCarly' to college|publisher=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=February 1, 2013|date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actress * sangster * sangwriter }} | years_active = 2001–present | television = {{flatlist| * ''[[Drake & Josh]]'' * ''[[iCarly]]'' * ''[[Crowded (TV series)|Crowded]]'' }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Pop muisic|Pop]] * [[pop rock]] }} | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Sangin|Vocals]] * [[guitar]] }} | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | associated_acts = [[Drake Bell]] }}}} '''Miranda Taylor Cosgrove'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Miranda Cosgrove|url=http://www.ellentv.com/artists/miranda-cosgrove/|website=Ellen TV|accessdate=January 6, 2015|archive-date=2015-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032231/http://www.ellentv.com/artists/miranda-cosgrove/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (born May 14, 1993)<ref name=bdate>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/miranda-cosgrove/259256 |title=Miranda Cosgrove |publisher=[[TV Guide]] |accessdate=November 25, 2015 |archive-date=2016-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722204552/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/miranda-cosgrove/259256/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster. Her career began at the age o three, when she appeared in [[televeesion commercials]]. Her film debut came in 2003, when she played Summer Hathaway in ''[[School of Rock]]''. She appeared in a nummer o minor televeesion roles ower several years afore comin tae prominence as Megan Parker on the [[Nickelodeon]] TV series ''[[Drake & Josh]]''. A few years later, she laundit the role o Carly Shay, the lead character in the Nickelodeon TV series ''[[iCarly]]''. As o Mey 2010, Cosgrove earned $180,000 per episode o ''iCarly'', makin her the seicont-heichest-paid bairn starn on televeesion.<ref>{{cite web|last=Starr |first=Michael |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/tv_richest_kids_bs5LNT6qkgJlBcLtRic1KM |title=Miley Cyrus, Miranda Cosgrove, Selena Gomez among TV's richest kids |work=New York Post |date=May 10, 2010 |accessdate=August 1, 2010}}</ref> In 2012, she wis leetit in the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the heichest paid bairn actress, for ''iCarly''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Erenza|first=Jen|title=Justin Bieber, Miranda Cosgrove, & Lady Gaga Are Welcomed Into 2012 Guinness World Records|url=http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/09/14/justin-bieber-miranda-cosgrove-lady-gaga-are-welcomed-into-2012-guinness-world-records/|publisher=RyanSeacrest.com|accessdate=September 16, 2011|date=September 14, 2011}}</ref> On Februar 15, 2013, it wis annoonced that Cosgrove would be starnin as Evie in ''Girlfriend in a Coma'', a televeesion series for [[NBC]], but the series wis cancelled when [[Christina Ricci]] left the production. In 2013, Cosgrove again vyced Margo in ''[[Despicable Me 2]]''. In 2015, she wis cast in the [[NBC]] comedy pilot ''[[Crowded (TV series)|Crowded]]'', creatit bi [[Suzanne Martin]].<ref name=CrowdedPickup>{{cite news|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|title=Suzanne Martin Comedy ‘Crowded’, Justin Spitzer’s ‘Superstore’ Get NBC Pickups|url=http://deadline.com/2015/05/suzanne-martin-crowded-superstore-nbc-comedy-series-pickup-1201422325/|accessdate=May 13, 2015|work=Deadline|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cosgrove, Miranda}} [[Category:Miranda Cosgrove]] [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Mexican strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Bairn pop muisickers]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Epic Records airtists]] [[Category:Hispanic an Latino American actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Soothren Californie alumni]] aqdk3bz6xm0zxwhr12c68iecoxoc7y0 0 154322 923175 909868 2026-09-23T22:05:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Pamela Anderson | image = Pam Anderson 2009.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Anderson attendin the 6th Annual Hollywood Style Awards in [[Beverly Hills, Californie]] on October 11, 2009 | birth_name = Pamela Denise Anderson | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|7|1}} | birth_place = [[Ladysmith, Breetish Columbie|Ladysmith]], [[Breetish Columbie]], Canadae | other_names = Pamela Anderson Lee<br />Pam Anderson | occupation = Actress, model, televeesion producer, activist, author | years_active = 1989–present | spouse = {{marriage|[[Tommy Lee]]|1995|1998}}<br />{{marriage|[[Kid Rock]]|2006|2007}}<br />[[Rick Salomon]] (m. 2007–2008; 2014–2015) | partner = Tommy Lee<br />(1999–2001; 2008–2010)<br />[[Marcus Schenkenberg]] (2000–2001)<br />Kid Rock (2001–2003) | children = 2 | website = {{URL|http://www.pamelaanderson.com/|www.PamelaAnderson.com}} }} '''Pamela Denise Anderson''' (born Julie 1, 1967)<ref>[http://www.biography.com/people/pamela-anderson-9542470 A&E Biography].</ref><ref>[http://www.people.com/people/pamela_anderson/biography/ ''People''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829075437/https://people.com/people/pamela_anderson/biography/ |date=2016-08-29 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/pamela-anderson/168778 ''TV Guide''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910064523/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/pamela-anderson/168778/ |date=2016-09-10 }}.</ref> is a [[Canadian-American]] actress. In addeetion tae her actin career, she is also a [[Model (person)|model]], [[Televeesion producer|producer]], author, activist an a umwhile [[shawgirl]], kent for her roles on the telly series ''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]'', ''[[Baywatch]]'' an ''[[V.I.P. (TV series)|V.I.P.]]''. She wis chosen as a [[Playboy Playmate|Playmate of the Month]] for ''[[Playboy]]'' magazine in Februar 1990.<ref name="playmate">{{playmate|1990|2}} {{dead link | date= May 2016}}</ref> For a time, she wis kent as '''Pamela Anderson Lee''' (or '''Pamela Lee''') efter mairyin [[Mötley Crüe]] drummer [[Tommy Lee]]. Anderson is a member o the [[Ainimal Richts|ainimal richts]] muivement an haes conductit campaigns condemnin the commercial fur industry an promotin veganism throu the ainimal richts organisation [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA).<ref name="PETA CrueltyDoesntFly">{{cite web|url=http://features.peta.org/CrueltyDoesntFly/default.asp|title=Cruelty Doesn't Fly|publisher=[[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]]|accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref> In 2006, she wis inductit intae [[Canada's Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/2006/pamela-anderson|title=Pamela Anderson|publisher=[[Canada's Walk of Fame]]|accessdate=July 15, 2014|archive-date=2016-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916232503/http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/2006/pamela-anderson|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Pamela}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Breetish Columbie]] [[Category:Actresses o Finnish strynd]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Finnish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Roushie strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:American victims o crime]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Ainimal richts advocates]] [[Category:Bigg Boss pairteecipants]] [[Category:Canadian cannabis activists]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian film actresses]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Finnish strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Roushie strynd]] [[Category:Canadian televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Canadian televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Canadian vyce actresses]] [[Category:HIV/AIDS activists]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Pairticipants in Breetish reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Pairticipants in Bulgarie reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Cowichan Valley Regional Destrict]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] [[Category:Playboy Playmates (1990–1999)]] [[Category:Sexual abuse victims activists]] [[Category:Sports spectators]] [[Category:Weemen televeesion personalities]] s71bvd2icld76h86e2c1ld2d5djwrar 0 154432 923204 789535 2026-09-24T01:16:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sarah Jessica Parker | image = Sarah Jessica Parker at Miami Rhapsody 30th Anniversary Celebration.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Parker at the 30t anniversary celebration of the [[Miami International Film Festival]] in 2013 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|3|25}} | birth_place = [[Nelsonville, Ohio]], U.S. | spouse = {{marriage|[[Matthew Broderick]]|1997}} | children = 3 | yearsactive = 1974–present | occupation = Actress, producer, designer | relations = {{unbulleted list|[[Timothy Britten Parker]] <small>(brither)</small>|[[Pippin Parker]] <small>(brither)</small>}} }} '''Sarah Jessica Parker''' (born Mairch 25, 1965) is an American actress, producer, an designer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Jessica Parker Biography|url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/person/sarah-jessica-parker/|publisher=Yahoo ! Movies|accessdate=October 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Jessica Parker Biography|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sarah-jessica-parker/bio/173902|publisher=TV Guide|accessdate=October 18, 2014|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050839/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sarah-jessica-parker/bio/173902/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is kent for her leadin role as [[Carrie Bradshaw]] on the [[HBO]] telly series, ''[[Sex and the City]]'' (1998–2004). She wan twa [[Emmy Awaird]]s for the shaw: ane for [[Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Comedy Series|Ootstaundin Comedy Series]] (as producer) in 2001 an anither for [[Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Lead Actress in a Comedy Series|Ootstaundin Lead Actress in a Comedy Series]] in 2004. For this role, she an aa wan fower [[Gowden Globe Awaird]]s for [[Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actress – Televeesion Series Muisical or Comedy|Best Actress in a Comedy Series]] an three [[Screen Actors Guild Awairds]]. She reprised the role in the films, ''[[Sex and the City (film)|Sex and the City]]'' (2008) an ''[[Sex and the City 2]]'' (2010). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Parker, Sarah Jessica}} [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae Ohio]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American muisical theatre actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Jewish American actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Athens Coonty, Ohio]] [[Category:Varsity o Cincinnati alumni]] [[Category:UNICEF fowk]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] i76ti370uy25clpunesz0lee256fpwu 0 154480 923131 917877 2026-09-23T17:01:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name = Lea Michele |image = LeaMichele-byPhilipRomano.jpg |caption = Michele in 2026 |birth_name = Lea Michele Sarfati |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|8|29}}<ref name="TVG">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/lea-michele/bio/252097|title=Lea Michele: Biography|website=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=December 10, 2010|archive-date=2010-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129142022/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/lea-michele/bio/252097|url-status=dead}}</ref> |birth_place = [[The Bronx]], [[New York]], U.S. |residence = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S. |occupation = {{hlist |Actress |sangster |author }} |years_active = 1995–present |education = [[Tenafly Heich Schuil]] |module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes |background = solo_singer |instrument = Vocals |genre = {{hlist |[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] |[[pop rock]] |[[pop muisic|pop]] |[[dance-pop]] |[[vocal muisic|vocal]] }} |label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] |years_active = 1996–present |website = {{URL|http://leamichele.com}}}} }} '''Lea Michele Sarfati''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|iː|ə|_|m|ɨ|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|_|s|ɑr|ˈ|f|ɑː|t|i}};<ref name="pron_name" group="note">Michele said her own name near the beginning of her appearance on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'', which aired on December 7, 2011</ref> born 29 August 1986)<ref name="TVG"/> is an American actress, sangster, an author. She is kent fur her role as [[Rachel Berry]] on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] comedy-drama series ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' (2009–15). Michele's performance received creetical praise, earnin her an [[Primetime Emmy Awaird|Emmy Awaird]] nomination an twa [[Gowden Globe Awaird]] nominations, as weel as a [[Satellite Awaird]], a [[Screen Actors Guild Awaird]], an three consecutive [[Fowk's Chyce Awaird|Fowk's Chyce Awairds]]. Syne 2015, she haes portrayed [[Leet o Scream Queens chairacters#Hester Ulrich|Hester Ulrich]] on Fox's horror-comedy series ''[[Scream Queens (2015 TV series)|Scream Queens]]''. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Michele, Lea}} [[Category:Lea Michele]] [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American sangsters]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:Actresses frae New Jersey]] [[Category:Actresses frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Actresses o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American muisical theatre actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Greek-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:American sopranos]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Ainimal richts advocates]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:HIV/AIDS activists]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:New Jersey Democrats]] [[Category:Fowk frae Congers, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tenafly, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Bronx]] [[Category:Sangsters frae New Jersey]] [[Category:Sangsters frae New York Ceety]] c8t2wbu18jio94a3cdt6n1eyxgs8p2o 0 154607 923221 866674 2026-09-24T04:22:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Thomas Haden Church at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Church at the 2009 premiere o ''[[Don McKay (film)|Don McKay]]''. | birth_name = Thomas Richard McMillen | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|6|17}} | birth_place = [[Woodland, California|Woodland]], [[Californie]], USA | years_active = 1989–present | spouse = Mia Zottoli<ref>http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-church10apr10-story.html</ref> | children = 1 | occupation = Actor, director, writer }} '''Thomas Haden Church''' (born '''Thomas Richard McMillen''';<ref name="quesada">{{cite news|last=Buck|first=Jerry|title='Wings' Character Stumbles, But He's Not Stupid, Star Says|publisher=Deseret News|agency=Associated Pres|date=August 3, 1992|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/240482/WINGS-CHARACTER-STUMBLES-BUT-HES-NOT-STUPID-STAR-SAYS.html?pg=all|accessdate=March 1, 2013|quote=His birth name was McMillen, but he took his stepfather's name of Quesada. He changed it to Thomas Haden Church 'because nobody could spell Quesada or pronounce it.'|archive-date=2016-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603122334/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/240482/WINGS-CHARACTER-STUMBLES-BUT-HES-NOT-STUPID-STAR-SAYS.html?pg=all|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=edi>{{cite web|title=Thomas Haden Church|publisher=TV Guide|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/thomas-haden-church/176726|accessdate=September 14, 2010|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203090136/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/thomas-haden-church/176726/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Juin 17, 1960) is an American actor, director an writer. Efter co-starnin in the 1990s sitcom ''[[Wings (NBC TV series)|Wings]]'', Church acame kent for his film roles, includin his performance in ''[[Sideways]]'' an his role as the [[Sandman (Marvel Comics)|Sandman]] in ''[[Spider-Man 3]]''. He an aa made his directorial debut wi ''[[Rolling Kansas]]''. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Church, Thomas Haden}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:Independent Spirit Awaird winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Californie]] [[Category:Male actors frae Texas]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Yolo County, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Harlingen, Texas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Laredo, Texas]] [[Category:Fowk frae Woodland, Californie]] [[Category:Varsity o North Texas alumni]] lxagxw27em0jujg9ngqm592fjfweume 0 156280 923218 789580 2026-09-24T04:14:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the television series|the scienteefic theory|Big Bang}} {{Infobox television | show_name = The Big Bang Theory | image = The Big Bang Theory (Official Title Card).png | genre = [[Sitcom]] | creator = [[Chuck Lorre]]<br/>[[Bill Prady]] | director = [[Mark Cendrowski]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Johnny Galecki]] * [[Jim Parsons]] * [[Kaley Cuoco]] * [[Simon Helberg]] * [[Kunal Nayyar]] * [[Sara Gilbert]] * [[Mayim Bialik]] * [[Melissa Rauch]] * [[Kevin Sussman]] * [[Laura Spencer (actress)|Laura Spencer]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[Barenaked Ladies]] | opentheme = "Big Bang Theory Theme"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/big-bang-theory-theme-single/id397826548|title=Big Bang Theory Theme – Single|website=iTunes|accessdate=May 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Big-Bang-Theory-Theme/dp/B0046XP7PA/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=dmusic&qid=1314963972&sr=1-2|title=Big Bang Theory Theme|website=Amazon.co.uk|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 12 | num_episodes = 279 | list_episodes = Leet o The Big Bang Theory episodes | executive_producer = Chuck Lorre<br />[[Steven Molaro]]<br />Bill Prady | producer = [[Faye Oshima Belyeu]] | editor = Peter Chakos | cinematography = | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]] | runtime = 19–22 minutes | company = Chuck Lorre Productions<br />[[Warner Bros. Television]] | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Television Distribution]] | network = [[CBS]] | picture_format = [[Heich-defineetion televeesion|HDTV]] [[1080i]] | audio_format = [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital 5.1]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2007|9|24}} | last_aired = {{End date|2019|5|16}} | website = http://www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/ }} '''''The Big Bang Theory''''' (eften shortened tae '''''Big Bang Theory''''', an eften abbreviatit tae '''''TBBT''''' or '''''BBT''''') is an American telly [[sitcom]] creatit bi [[Chuck Lorre]] an [[Bill Prady]], baith o whom serve as executive producers on the series, alang wi [[Steven Molaro]]. Aw three an aa serve as heid writers. The shaw premiered on [[CBS]] on September 24, 2007.<ref>[http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/big-bang-theory/cast/288041 "The Big Bang Theory: Cast & Details"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708135135/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/big-bang-theory/cast/288041/ |date=2017-07-08 }}. ''[[TV Guide]]''. Retrieved January 28, 2013.</ref> In Mairch 2014, the shaw wis renewed for three mair years throu a tent saison, which premiered on September 19, 2016.<ref name="Mar2014Renewal">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/03/12/the-big-bang-theory-renewed-for-three-more-seasons-up-to-season-10|title=The Big Bang Theory Renewed For Three More Seasons, Up to Season 10|last=Goldman|first=Eric|publisher=IGN|date=March 12, 2014|accessdate=March 12, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2016/06/21/cbs-premiere-dates-fall-2016-big-bang-ncis/|title=CBS Fall Premiere Dates: Big Bang, NCIS, MacGyver, XL Scorpion and More|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|work=TVLine|date=June 21, 2016|accessdate=June 22, 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Big Bang Theory, The}} [[Category:The Big Bang Theory| ]] [[Category:2000s American college televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s American romantic comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s American sitcoms]] [[Category:2007 American televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American college televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s American romantic comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s American sitcoms]] [[Category:2019 American televeesion series endins]] [[Category:CBS oreeginal programmin]] [[Category:Cultural depeections o biologists]] [[Category:Cultural depeections o pheesicists]] [[Category:Cultural depeections o scientists]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Nerd cultur]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird-winnin televeesion series]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot geniuses]] [[Category:Televeesion series bi Warner Bros. Television]] [[Category:Televeesion series creautit bi Bill Prady]] [[Category:Televeesion series creautit bi Chuck Lorre]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws featurin audio description]] [[Category:Televeesion shaws set in Pasadena, Californie]] azr7jur9c09ghvi5yii27smwqwwz6h3 0 157082 923213 922319 2026-09-24T03:37:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes |name = Susumu Tonegawa |image = Susumu Tonegawa Photo.jpg|Susumu Tonegawa |caption = Susumu Tonegawa |birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|9|6|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Nagoya]], Japan |death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|7|11|1939|9|6|df=y}} |nationality = Japan |fields = [[Genetics]], [[Immunology]], [[Neuroscience]] |alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Kyoto Varsity]] * [[Varsity o Californie, San Diego]]}} |academic_advisors = {{Plainlist| * Masaki Hayashi * [[Renato Dulbecco]]{{fact|date=Mey 2016}}}} |known_for = [[Antibouk]] diversity |influenced = [[Adrian Hayday]] (postdoc)<ref name=Hayday1985>{{cite journal|last1=Hayday|first1=A|title=Structure, organization, and somatic rearrangement of T cell gamma genes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cell_1985-02_40_2/page/259|journal=Cell|volume=40|issue=2|year=1985|pages=259–269|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(85)90140-0}}</ref> |work_institutions = {{Plainlist| * [[Massachusetts Institute o Technologie]] * [[RIKEN Harn Science Institute]] * [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]}} |prizes = {{Plainlist| * [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] {{small|(1982)}} * [[Order o Cultur]] {{small|(1984)}} * [[Nobel Prize in Pheesiology or Medicin]] {{small|(1987)}}}} | website = {{URL|https://tonegawalab.mit.edu/susumu-tonegawa}} }} '''Susumu Tonegawa''' (利根川 進 ''Tonegawa Susumu'', 6 September 1939 - 11 Julie 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-15|title=MIT Professor Susumu Tonegawa, renowned molecular biologist and Nobel laureate, dies at 86|url=https://news.mit.edu/2026/mit-professor-susumu-tonegawa-renowned-molecular-biologist-nobel-laureate-dies-0715|access-date=2026-07-16|website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology|language=en}}</ref> is a Japanese scientist wha wis the sole recipient o the [[Nobel Prize in Pheesiology or Medicin]] in 1987, fur his diskivery o the [[Genetics|genetic]] mechanism that produces [[antibouk]] diversity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=May 15, 2011|accessdate=August 8, 2011|archive-date=2013-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817152408/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho he wan the Nobel Prize fur his wirk in [[immunology]], Tonegawa is a [[molecular biology|molecular biologist]] bi trainin an he again chynged fields follaein his Nobel Prize win; he nou studies [[neuroscience]], examinin the molecular, cellular an neuronal basis o memory formation an retrieval. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tonegawa, Susumu}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Molecular biologists]] [[Category:Japanese immunologists]] [[Category:Japanese molecular biologists]] [[Category:Japanese neuroscientists]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesiology or Medicine]] [[Category:Japanese Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Cultur]] [[Category:Kyoto Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Members o the European Molecular Biology Organisation]] [[Category:Massachusetts Institute o Technology faculty]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nagoya]] [[Category:Varsity o Californie, San Diego alumni]] [[Category:Recipients o the Albert Lasker Awaird for Basic Medical Resairch]] [[Category:Scripps Research Institute]] [[Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators]] [[Category:Immunology]] [[Category:RIKEN personnel]] 7yo0ywgx0fey9dvn6eef1wwqq78k2id 0 158615 923148 886160 2026-09-23T18:55:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots}} {{Infobox person | name = Mary Tyler Moore | image = File:Mary Tyler Moore rework.jpg | caption = Moore at [[Broadway Barks]], 2011 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|12|29}} | birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|25|1936|12|29}} | death_place = [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], U.S. | death_cause = Cardiopulmonary arrest due tae [[pneumonia]] | occupation = Actress | education = [[Immaculate Heart Heich School (Los Angeles)|Immaculate Heart Heich School]] | years_active = 1957–2013 | spouse ={{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Dick Meeker|1955|1961}}|{{marriage|[[Grant Tinker]]|1962|1981}}|{{marriage| Robert Levine|1983|2017|end=her daith}}}} | children = 1 }} '''Mary Tyler Moore''' (29 December 1936 – 25 Januar 2017) wis an American actress, kent for her roles in the telly [[sitcom]]s ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' (1970–1977), in that she featurt as [[Mary Richards]], a single wumman wirkin as a local news producer in [[Minneapolis]], an ''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'' (1961–1966), in that she played [[The Dick Van Dyke Show#Characters|Laura Petrie]], an umwhile dancer turnt [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] hamemaker, wife an mither.<ref>Kohen, Yael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wUj4QgKBwaIC&pg=PR19 ''We Killed: The Rise of Women in American Comedy''] New York: Macmillan, 2012. p. xix. ISBN 9780374287238.</ref><ref>Carrigan, Henry C., Jr. "Mary Tyler Moore (1936– )" in Sickels, Robert C. (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=kXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 ''100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries''] ABC-CLIO, 2013. p. 409. ISBN 9781598848311</ref><ref>Chan, Amanda, [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43008034/ns/health-health_care/t/whats-meningioma-science-mary-tyler-moores-brain-tumor/ "What's a meningioma? The science of Mary Tyler Moore's brain tumor"] NBCNews.com (May 12, 2011)</ref><ref>Li, David K. [http://pagesix.com/2014/05/22/mary-tyler-moore-is-nearly-blind/ "Page Six: Mary Tyler Moore is nearly blind"] ''[[New York Post]]'' (May 22, 2014)</ref> Her film wirk includes 1967's ''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie]]'' an 1980's ''[[Ordinary People]]'', in that she played a role that wis verra different frae the telly chairacters she haed portrayed, an for that she wis nominatit for an [[Academy Awaird for Best Actress]].<ref name=RStoneSeriously>{{cite web| title = But Seriously: 18 Comedians Who Went Dramatic for Oscar |url = http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/lists/18-comedians-who-went-serious-for-oscar-20150213/mary-tyler-moore-ordinary-people-1980-20150212| accessdate = October 20, 2015| publisher = Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=McGee|first1=Scott|title=Ordinary People|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/18955%7C0/Ordinary-People.html|publisher=Turner Classic Movies, Inc.|accessdate=January 25, 2017|archive-date=2017-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128125102/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/18955%7C0/Ordinary-People.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Darrach, Brad; MacKay, Kathy; Wilhelm, Maria; and Reilly, Sue. [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078109,00.html "Life Spirals Out Of Control For A Regular Family"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319005520/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20078109,00.html |date=2016-03-19 }} ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' (December 15, 1980)</ref> Due tae her roles on baith ''The Mary Tyler Moore Show'' an ''The Dick Van Dyke Show'', in that her chairacters aften brakit frae stereotypical eemages o weemen an pushed gender norms, Moore becam a cultural icon an serrt as an inspiration for mony younger actresses, professional weemen, an feminists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/25/how-mary-tyler-moore-changed-america-with-feminism-tv-and-comedy.html|title=How Mary Tyler Moore Changed America With Feminism, TV, and Comedy|first=Tim|last=Teeman|date=January 25, 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/the-real-feminist-impact-of-i-the-mary-tyler-moore-show-i-was-behind-the-scenes/275875/|title=The Real Feminist Impact of 'The Mary Tyler Moore Show' Was Behind the Scenes|first=Hope|last=Reese|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2017/jan/25/mary-tyler-moore-appreciation-true-icon-feminism|title=Mary Tyler Moore: a true cultural icon who changed the face of television|first=John|last=Patterson|date=January 25, 2017|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref> She wis later active in chairity wirk an sindry poleetical causes, pairteecularly the issues o [[ainimal richts]] an [[diabetes mellitus type 1|diabetes]]. She wis diagnosed wi teep 1 diabetes early in the run o ''The Mary Tyler Moore Show''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-03-22-mtm-diabetes_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Mary Tyler Moore tells how she took control of diabetes | date=March 25, 2009}}</ref> She an aa suffered frae [[alcoholism]], which she wrote aboot in her first o twa memoirs. In Mey 2011, Moore unnerwent [[Elective surgery|elective]] harn surgery tae remuive a [[Benign tumor|benign]] [[meningioma]].<ref name=brain>{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_PEOPLE_MARY_TYLER_MOORE?SITE=NCWIN&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|title=Mary Tyler Moore 'recovering nicely' from surgery|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=May 14, 2011}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}</ref> She deet frae cardiopulmonary reest due tae [[pneumonia]] at the age o 80 on 25 Januar 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/arts/television/mary-tyler-moore-dead.html |title=Mary Tyler Moore, Who Incarnated the Modern Woman on TV, Dies at 80|work=The New York Times |access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Mary Tyler}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2017 daiths]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Activists frae New York]] [[Category:American heal activists]] [[Category:Fowk wi diabetes mellitus teep 1]] [[Category:Ainimal richts advocates]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:Actresses frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brooklyn]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Greater Los Angeles Area]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] nuo3yajm7y37m4f0f5j8jttmmwlofpo 0 161014 923208 902219 2026-09-24T02:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox|River |name = Snake River |native_name = |other_name = Lewis River |other_name1 = Shoshone River |other_name2 = Mad River |other_name3 = Saptin River |other_name4 = Yam-pah-pa |other_name5 = Lewis Fork |category_hide = 1 |image = Snake River and Columbia Plateau Trail.jpg |image_size = |image_caption = The Snake River flowin throu the Palouse region aboot {{convert|10|mi|km}} abuin its mooth on the Columbia River |country = Unitit States |country_flag = 1 |country1 = |state = Wyoming |state1 = Idaho |state2 = Oregon |state3 = [[Washington (state)|Washington]] |state_flag = 1 |region = Pacific Northwast |region1 = |district = |district1 = |city = [[Jackson, Wyoming| Jackson, WY]] |city1 = [[Idaho Falls, Idaho|Idaho Falls, ID]] |city2 = [[Blackfoot, Idaho|Blackfoot, ID]] |city3 = [[American Falls, Idaho|American Falls, ID]] |city4 = [[Burley, Idaho|Burley, ID]] |city5 = [[Twin Falls, Idaho|Twin Falls, ID]] |city6 = [[Ontario, Oregon|Ontario, OR]] |city7 = [[Lewiston, Idaho|Lewiston, ID]] |city8 = [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities, WA]] |length_imperial = 1078 |length_note =<ref name=NHD>Unitit States Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset heich-resolution flowline data. [http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ The National Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823134302/https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ |date=2017-08-23 }}, accessed May 4, 2011</ref> |watershed_imperial = 107510 |watershed_round = 0 |watershed_note =<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units |url=http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html |publisher=United States Geological Survey |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> |discharge_location = [[Ice Harbor Dam]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], {{convert|9+1/2|mi|km}} above the mouth |discharge_imperial = 54830 |discharge_round = -1 |discharge_max_imperial = 409000 |discharge_max_note = <ref name=usace>{{cite web |url=http://www.nww.usace.army.mil/Locations/DistrictLocksandDams/IceHarborLockandDam.aspx |title=Ice Harbor Lock and Dam |publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |date=1915–1972 |accessdate=2013-06-24 |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621110408/http://www.nww.usace.army.mil/Locations/DistrictLocksandDams/IceHarborLockandDam.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> |discharge_min_imperial = 2700 |discharge_note = <ref name=iceharbordam>{{cite web |url=http://wa.water.usgs.gov/data/realtime/adr/2000/data/13353000.2000.sw.pdf |title=Snake River below Ice Harbor Dam, WA |publisher=United States Geological Survey |work=[[National Water Information System]] |date=1963–2000 |format=PDF |accessdate=20 April 2011 |archive-date=2017-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117044717/https://wa.water.usgs.gov/data/realtime/adr/2000/data/13353000.2000.sw.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |discharge1_location = |discharge1_imperial = |source_name = Rocky Moontains |source_location = Yellowstone Naitional Park |source_district = |source_region = |source_state = Wyoming |source_country = |source_coordinates = {{coord|44|7|49|N|110|13|10|W|display=inline}} |source_coordinates_note =<ref name="GNISsnake">{{cite gnis|id=1533479|name=Snake River}}</ref> |source_elevation_imperial = 8927 |source_elevation_note =<ref>[[Google Earth]] elevation for [[GNIS]] soorce coordinates. Retrieved on Aprile 29, 2007</ref> |source_length_imperial = |mouth_name = Columbia River |mouth_location = [[Franklin Coonty, Washington|Franklin]] / [[Walla Walla Coonty, Washington|Walla Walla]] coonties, near [[Burbank, Washington|Burbank]] |mouth_district = |mouth_region = |mouth_state = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<ref>''the road atlas''. p. 109. 2009. ISBN 0-528-94200-X.</ref> |mouth_country = |capital_coordinates = |mouth_coordinates = {{coord|46|11|10|N|119|1|43|W|display=inline,title}} |mouth_coordinates_note =<ref name="GNISsnake"/> |mouth_elevation_imperial = 358 |mouth_elevation_note =<ref>[[Google Earth]] elevation for [[GNIS]] mooth coordinates. Retrieved on Aprile 29, 2007</ref> |tributary_left = [[Hoback River]] |tributary_left1 = [[Salt River (Wyoming)|Salt River]] |tributary_left2 = [[Portneuf River (Idaho)|Portneuf River]] |tributary_left3 = [[Bruneau River]] |tributary_left4 = [[Owyhee River]] |tributary_left5 = [[Malheur River]] |tributary_ left6 = [[Burnt River]] |tributary_left7 = [[Powder River (Oregon)|Powder River]] |tributary_left8 = [[Imnaha River]] |tributary_left9 = [[Grande Ronde River]] |tributary_right10 = [[Henrys Fork (Snake River)|Henrys Fork]] |tributary_right1 = [[Malad River]] |tributary_right2 = [[Boise River]] |tributary_right3 = [[Payette River]] |tributary_right4 = [[Weiser River]] |tributary_right5 = [[Salmon River (Idaho)|Salmon River]] |tributary_right6 = [[Clearwater River (Idaho)|Clearwater River]] |tributary_right7 = [[Palouse River]] |free_name = |free_value = |map = Snake River watershed map.png |map_size = |map_caption = Map of the Snake River watershed |commons = Snake River }} The '''Snake River''' is a major river o the greater [[Paceefic Northwast]] in the [[Unitit States]]. At {{convert|1078|mi|km}} lang, it is the lairgest [[tributary]] o the [[Columbia River]], the lairgest North American river that empties intae the [[Paceefic Ocean]].<ref name="USGSrivers">{{cite web |first=J.C. |last=Kammerer |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/ |title=Largest Rivers in the United States |publisher=United States Geological Survey |date=May 1990 |accessdate=2008-01-26 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Snake River| ]] [[Category:Rivers o Idaho]] [[Category:Rivers o Oregon]] [[Category:Rivers o Washington (state)]] [[Category:Rivers o Wyoming]] [[Category:Rivers o Yellowstone National Pairk]] [[Category:Tributaries o the Columbia River]] [[Category:Pheesiografic sections]] [[Category:Wild an Scenic Rivers o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Borders o Idaho]] [[Category:Borders o Oregon]] [[Category:Borders o Washington (state)]] 3gwsd4ijh75wy3z8ysvz17fcswg52fk 0 161289 923184 803212 2026-09-23T23:25:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rab Wilson''' (born 1 September 1960, [[New Cumnock]], [[Ayrshire]]) is a Scots [[makar]] ([[poet]]) wha writes mainly in the [[Scots leid]]. His wirks include a Scots translation o the [[Rubaiyat o Omar Khayyam]], an the poetry beuks ''Accent o the Mind'', ''Life Sentence'', an ''A Map for the Blind''.<ref name=scottishbooktrust>{{cite web|title=Rab Wilson|url=http://www.scottishbooktrust.com/profile-author/62221|work=Scottish Book Trust|accessdate=24 January 2014|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100141/http://www.scottishbooktrust.com/profile-author/62221|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Makars}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Rab}} [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae East Ayrshire]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots nurses]] {{Stub/Makar}} gs2vn30yh6nbskha10flvk743qrtu45 0 163062 923189 854389 2026-09-24T00:00:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | name = Robert A. Millikan | image = Robert Andrews Millikan 1920s.jpg | image_size = | birth_name = Robert Andrews Millikan | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1868|3|22}} | birth_place = [[Morrison, Illinois]], U.S. | nationality = [[Unitit States]] | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1953|12|19|1868|3|22}} | death_place = [[San Marino, Californie]], U.S. | field = [[Pheesics]] | workplaces = {{Plainlist | * [[Varsity o Chicago]] * [[California Institute of Technology]] }} | alma_mater = {{Plainlist | * [[Oberlin College]] * [[Columbia Varsity]] }} | thesis_title = On the polarization of light emitted from the surfaces of incandescent solids and liquids. | thesis_url = http://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/1883118 | thesis_year = 1895 | doctoral_advisor = {{Plainlist | * [[Ogden Rood|Ogden Nicholas Rood]]<ref>Physics Tree profile [http://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=22787 Robert A Millikan]</ref> }} | academic_advisors = [[Mihajlo Pupin]] <br>[[Albert A. Michelson]] <br>[[Walther Nernst]] | doctoral_students = {{Plainlist | * [[Chung-Yao Chao]] * [[Robley D. Evans (pheesicist)|Robley D. Evans]] * [[Harvey Fletcher]] * [[Charles Christian Lauritsen|C. C. Lauritsen]] * [[William Hayward Pickering|William Pickering]] * [[Ralph A. Sawyer]] }} | known_for = {{Plainlist | * Chairge o the [[electron]] * [[Photoelectric effect]] * [[Cosmic ray]] pheesics }} | prizes = {{Plainlist | * [[Comstock Prize in Pheesics|Comstock Prize]] {{small|(1913)}}<ref name=Comstock>{{cite web | title = Comstock Prize in Physics | url = http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_comstock | publisher = National Academy of Sciences | accessdate = February 13, 2011 | archive-date = 2010-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101229195326/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_comstock | url-status = dead}}</ref> * [[IEEE Edison Medal]] {{small|(1922)}} * [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] {{small|(1923)}} * [[Hughes Medal]] {{small|(1923)}} * [[Matteucci Medal]] <small>(1925)</small> * [[ASME Medal]] {{small|(1926)}} * [[Franklin Medal]] {{small|(1937)}} * [[Oersted Medal]] {{small|(1940)}} * [[Medal for Merit]] {{small|(1949)}}<ref name=Merit> {{cite news | date = March 22, 1949 | title = Millikan, son, aide get medals of merit | url = http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/03/22/84201660.html?pageNumber=30 | newspaper = New York Times | accessdate = October 27, 2014}} </ref> }} | spouse = Greta {{née}} Blanchard | children = {{Plainlist | * [[Clark Blanchard Millikan|Clark Blanchard]] * [[Glenn Allan Millikan|Glenn Allan]] * Max Franklin }} | module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes | branch = [[Unitit States Airmy]]<ref name=Bates> {{cite book | last1 = Bates | first1 = Charles C. | last2 = Fuller | first2 = John F. | title = America's Weather Warriors, 1814–1985 | url = https://archive.org/details/americasweatherw00bate | publisher = Texas A&M University Press | date = July 1, 1986 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/americasweatherw00bate/page/17 17]–20 | chapter = Chapter 2: The Rebirth of Military Meteorology | isbn = 978-0890962404 |name-list-style=amp}} </ref> | serviceyears = 1917–1918 | rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel (Unitit States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] | unit = [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps]] | commands= }} | signature = Robert Andrews Milliken signature.svg }} '''Robert Andrews Millikan''' (Mairch 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) wis an American experimental [[pheesics|pheesicist]] honoured wi the [[Nobel Prize for Pheesics]] in 1923 for the meisurment o the [[Elementar chairge|elementar electronic chairge]] an for his wirk on the [[photoelectric effect]]. He wis a [[Congregational kirk|Congregationalist]].<ref name="Millikan 1929">{{Who's Who | volume=1920-1929 | year= 1929 | surname= Millikan | othernames= Robert Andrews | id=U240788 | doi= 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U240788 |type=was}} </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060302191706/http://www.adherents.com/people/pm/Robert_Millikan.html The Religious Affiliation of Physicist Robert Andrews Millikan]. adherents.com</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Millikan, Robert}} [[Category:1868 births]] [[Category:1953 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:American Congregationalists]] [[Category:American eugenicists]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:Californie Institute o Technology faculty]] [[Category:Columbia Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the French Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Correspondin Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–25)]] [[Category:Correspondin Members o the USSR Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Experimental pheesicists]] [[Category:Faraday Lecturers]] [[Category:IEEE Edison Medal recipients]] [[Category:Naitional Academy o Sciences laureates]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] [[Category:Oberlin College alumni]] [[Category:Optical pheesicists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Morrison, Illinois]] [[Category:Preses o the California Institute of Technology]] [[Category:Varsity o Chicago faculty]] [[Category:Spectroscopists]] [[Category:Buirials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]] [[Category:Winners o the Comstock Prize in Pheesics]] [[Category:Naval Consulting Board]] [[Category:20t-century American scientists]] [[Category:Fowk frae San Marino, Californie]] 0stqlwdknu6obbqmtn4i04letguywh3 0 163188 923162 911647 2026-09-23T19:54:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Moont Etna | photo = Mt Etna and Catania1.jpg | photo_caption = Etna wi the city o [[Catanie]] | map = Italy Sicily | map_caption = | location = Metropolitan City o Catania in [[Sicily]], [[Italy]] | label_position = left | coordinates = {{coord|37|45.3|N|14|59.7|E|type:mountain_region:IT_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 3357 | elevation_ref = | prominence_m = 3,357 | prominence_ref = <br /><small>[[Leet o peaks bi prominence|Ranked 59t]]</small> | listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] | topo = | range_coordinates = | coordinates_ref = , <ref name="summit">The elevation varies wi volcanic activity. The volcano last eruptit on 4 December 2015. It is frequently gien as {{convert|3350|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but mony soorces that support this concede that it is approximate. The coordinates gien, that are consistent wi [[SRTM]] data, are frae a [http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/M5/Etna.html 2005 GPS survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824132903/http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/M5/Etna.html |date=2020-08-24 }}. The elevation data are based on a [[LIDAR]] (Light Detection and Ranging) survey carried oot in Juin 2007, see {{Citation |last=Neri |first=M. |year=2008 |title=The changing face of Mount Etna's summit area documented with Lidar technology |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=35 |issue= |pages=L09305 |doi=10.1029/2008GL033740 |bibcode=2008GeoRL..3509305N|display-authors=etal}}</ref> | type = [[Stratovolcano]] | age = 350,000 - 500,000 years | last_eruption = | first_ascent = | easiest_route = |embedded={{Infobox World Heritage Site | child = yes | WHS = Moont Etna | State Party = [[Italy]] | Type = Naitural | Criteria = vii, viii, ix | ID = 1427 | Region = [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Europe|Europe]] | Year = [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids bi year o inscription#2013 (37t session)|2013]] | Session = 37t | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1427}} | other_name = }} '''Moont Etna''' (or '''Etna'''; {{lang-it|Etna}} {{IPA-it|ˈɛtna|}} or ''Mongibello'' {{IPA-it|mondʒiˈbɛllo|}}, {{lang-scn|Mungibeddu}} {{IPA-scn|mʊndʒɪbˈbɛɖɖʊ|}} or ''â Muntagna'', {{lang-la|Aetna}}, 3,357 m)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=L’Etna si supera. Nuovo record di altezza a 3357 metri|url=https://www.ct.ingv.it/index.php/formazione-e-divulgazione/news/303-l-etna-si-supera-nuovo-record-di-altezza-a-3357-metri|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-11|language=it}}</ref> is an active [[stratovolcano]] on the east coast o [[Sicily]], [[Italy]], in the Metropolitan City o Catania, atween the cities o [[Messina, Italy|Messina]] an [[Catania]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Etna}} [[Category:17t-century volcanic events]] [[Category:Active volcanoes]] [[Category:Decade Volcanoes]] [[Category:Locations in Greek meethologie]] [[Category:Moontains o Sicily]] [[Category:Pleistocene volcanoes]] [[Category:Stratovolcanoes o Italy]] [[Category:Subduction volcanoes]] [[Category:Three-thoosanders]] [[Category:VEI-5 volcanoes]] [[Category:Volcanoes o the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Wine regions o Italy]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Italy]] [[Category:Heichest pynts o Italian regions]] {{Stub}} 0f919io4igahun82te0ksjxqsz5i8ly 0 163750 923160 910515 2026-09-23T19:54:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Moont Aragats | photo = Aragats mountain, Aragatsotn, Armenia.jpg | photo_size = 250px | photo_caption = | map = Armenia | map_border = | map_caption = Location in Armenid | map_relief = | map_size = 250px | location = [[Aragatsotn Province]] an [[Shirak Province]], Armenie | label = | label_position = | elevation = | elevation_m = 4090 | elevation_ref =<ref name="gvp"/><ref name="cadastre">{{cite book|script-title=hy:Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Ֆիզիկաաշխարհագրական օբյեկտների համառոտ տեղեկատու-բառարան|trans_title=Dictionary of Physical-Geographic Objects in the Republic of Armenia|year=2007|publisher=State Committee of the Real Estate Cadastre|url=http://www.cadastre.am/storage/files/pages/pg_907653908_fizashx._bar.pdf|page=15|language=hy|access-date=2017-03-19|archive-date=2018-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517022426/http://www.cadastre.am/storage/files/pages/pg_907653908_fizashx._bar.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | prominence_m = 2143 | prominence_ref =<ref>{{cite web|title=High prominence mountains in Caucasus and Russia outside of Europe.|url=http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/caucasus.html|website=ii.uib.no|publisher=Institutt for informatikk [[University of Bergen]]|access-date=2017-03-19|archive-date=2004-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116160037/http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/caucasus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | isolation = | isolation_km = | isolation_mi = | isolation_ref = | parent_peak = | listing = [[Leet o kintras bi heichest pynt|Kintra heich pynt]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] | pronunciation = | range = [[Lesser Caucasus]] | coordinates = {{coord|40|32|00|N|44|12|00|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | topo = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | type = [[Stratovolcano]] | age = [[Holocene]]<ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp|vn=214060|name=Aragats}}</ref> | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | volcanic_arc/belt = | last_eruption = Unkent<ref name="gvp"/> | first_ascent = Julie 1843<br />[[Khachatur Abovian]] an [[Moritz Wagner]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ketchian |first=Philip K. |title=Climbing Ararat: Then and Now |journal=[[The Armenian Weekly]] |volume=71 |issue=52 |date=December 24, 2005 |url=http://www.hairenik.com/armenianweekly/fea12240501.htm |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908015245/http://www.hairenik.com/armenianweekly/fea12240501.htm |archivedate=September 8, 2009 }}</ref> | easiest_route = | normal_route = | access = | embedded = }} '''Mount Aragats''' (({{lang-hy|Արագած լեռ}}<ref>https://www.armgeo.am/aragats/</ref>), {{IPA-hy|aɾaˈgats|pron}}) is an isolatit fower-peakit [[volcano]] massif in [[Armenie]]. Its northren summit, at {{convert|4090|m|ft|abbr=on}} abuin sea level, is the heichest pynt o the Lesser Caucasus an Armenie. It is ane o the heichest pynts in the Armenie Hielands an aa.{{efn|Acause the Armenie Hielands isna a well-defined area, soorces vary greatly on whaur Aragats ranks. Some soorces cry it the seicont heichest (efter [[Moont Ararat]] in Turkey),<ref name="armgeo">{{cite news|title=Արագած|url=http://www.armgeo.am/aragats/|work=armgeo.am|publisher=Armenian Geographic|date=27 May 2015|language=hy}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Aslani︠a︡n|first1=A. T.|title=Guide-book of Excursions of the All-union Conference for the Study of the Quaternary Period: Armenian SSR|contribution=Yerevan-Southern Summit of Aragats Volcano|date=1973|publisher=Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR Institute of Geological Sciences|page=72|quote=By its height among the highest peaks of the Armenian highland Aragats gives way only to Ararat — the famous biblical mountain that rises for more than 1 km.}}</ref> ithers the third heichest (efter Ararat an [[Moont Süphan|Süphan]], an aa in Turkey)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hewsen|first1=Robert H.|authorlink1=Robert H. Hewsen|author2=[[Anania Shirakatsi]]|title=The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions|date=1992|publisher=Reichert|isbn=9783882264852|page=217|quote=The highest peak in the Armenian SSR, Aragac is the third highest mountain on the Armenian plateau after Ararat (16,916 ft. /5172 m), and Sip'an (Subhan, 14,543/4434).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Adam T.|authorlink1=Adam T. Smith|title=The Foundations of Research and Regional Survey in the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Armenia|contribution=Regional Investigations in the Tsaghkahovit Plain: Orientation and Methodology|date=2009|publisher=Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago|isbn=9781885923622|page=95|quote=Aragats is the third highest peak in the Armenian Highland after Great Ararat (5,165 m a.s.l.) and Süphan Dağı (4,434 m a.s.l.).}}</ref> an some the fowert heichest (efter Ararat, [[Sabalan]] in Iran, an Süphan).<ref name="Nazarian">{{cite book|last1=Nazarian|first1=Kh.|title=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]] Volume I|contribution=Արագած (Aragats)|date=1974|page=[https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_1.djvu/677 677–678]|language=hy}}</ref>}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aragats}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Armenie]] 8j2r8ln8dcjyh9vbc7tffqdsli8jnsh 0 166797 923171 916907 2026-09-23T21:37:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = One World Trade Center | alternate_names = {{ublist|class=nowrap |1 WTC |Freedom Tower (pre-2009)<ref name="OnenotFreedom">{{cite news |last=Westfeldt |first=Amy |title=Freedom Tower has a new preferred name |url=http://www.wtc.com/news/freedom-tower-has-a-new-preferred-name |publisher=Silverstein Properties |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 26, 2009 |accessdate=March 30, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hBhzvIg8?url=http://www.wtc.com/news/freedom-tower-has-a-new-preferred-name |archivedate=2009-05-31 |dead-url=no |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | status = Completed | image =OneWorldTradeCenter.jpg | image_size = | location = {{nowrap|285 [[Fulton Street (Manhattan)|Fulton Street]]}}, [[Manhattan]], [[New York Ceety]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Unitit States]] 10007 | coordinates = {{coord|40|42|46.8|N|74|0|48.6|W|display=inline,title}} | start_date = April 27, 2006 | completion_date = July 2013 | architect = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[David Childs]]{{sup|b}} |[[Daniel Libeskind]] (2002)<ref name="OneWTCSilverstein">{{cite web|title=One World Trade Center|url=http://www.wtc.com/about/buildings/1-world-trade-center|publisher=[[Silverstein Properties]]|date=September 16, 2015|accessdate=September 16, 2015}}</ref>}} | cost = {{US$|3.9 billion}}{{sup|a}}{{thinsp}}<ref name=Forbes2012Cost>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/morganbrennan/2012/04/30/1-world-trade-center-officially-new-yorks-new-tallest-building/ |title=1 World Trade Center Officially New York's New Tallest Building |work=Forbes |date=April 30, 2012 |accessdate=July 26, 2013 |first=Morgan |last=Brennan}}</ref><ref name="WSJPriceTag">{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Eliot|title=Tower Rises, And So Does Its Price Tag|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203920204577191371172049652|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 30, 2012|accessdate=September 16, 2015}}</ref> | floor_area = {{convert|3501274|sqft|m2|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="SkyscraperCenter"/> | top_floor = {{convert|1268|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="SkyscraperCenter">{{cite web|title=One World Trade Center&nbsp;– The Skyscraper Center|url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/one-world-trade-center/98/|publisher=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat|date=September 11, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> | floor_count = {{nowrap|104 (+5 below ground floors)<ref name="SkyscraperCenter"/><ref name="leasing">{{cite web |url=http://onewtc.com/leasing |title=Office Leasing |publisher=One World Trade Center |accessdate=November 3, 2014}}</ref><!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | references = <ref name="SkyscraperCenter"/><ref name="Skysc2012">{{skyscraperpage|7788}}. Retrieved January 17, 2012.</ref> | building_type = {{hlist |Office |Observation |Communication}} | architectural_style = [[Modren airchitectur|Contemporary modren]] | architectural = {{convert|1776|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="SkyscraperCenter"/><ref name="emporis">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=201521 |title=One World Trade Center |publisher=Emporis.com |accessdate=January 14, 2012 |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516140814/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=201521 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | tip = {{convert|1792|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="SkyscraperCenter"/> | roof = {{convert|1368|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/04/29/one-world-trade-center-to-retake-title-nyc-tallest-building/ |title=One World Trade Center to retake title of NYC's tallest building |publisher=Fox News Channel |agency=Associated Press |date=April 29, 2012 |accessdate=May 1, 2014 |archive-date=2014-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210104753/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/04/29/one-world-trade-center-to-retake-title-nyc-tallest-building/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | observatory = {{convert|1254|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="SkyscraperCenter"/> | elevator_count = 73,<ref name="SkyscraperCenter"/> made by [[ThyssenKrupp]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thyssenkruppelevator.com/about-us/one-world |title=Elevating One World Trade Center |website=ThyssenKrupp Elevator |access-date=January 23, 2017 |archive-date=2017-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021734/https://www.thyssenkruppelevator.com/about-us/one-world |url-status=dead }}</ref> | structural_engineer = [[WSP Group|WSP Cantor Seinuk]] | other_designers = [[Hill International]], The Louis Berger Group<ref>{{cite web |title=The Louis Berger Group and Hill International to Provide Program Management Services for Downtown Restoration Program and WTC Transportation Hub |website=Hill International, Inc. |date=2004-08-13 |url=http://ir.hillintl.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=197766 |accessdate=2015-07-21 |archive-date=2015-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331013134/http://ir.hillintl.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=197766 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | main_contractor = [[Tishman Construction]] | logo = | logo_size = 200px | image_caption = {{longitem|One World Trade Center, the heichist skyscraper in the [[Wastren Hemisphere]]}} | end_date = May 10, 2013<ref>{{cite news |last=Stanglin |first=Doug |title=Spire permanently installed on WTC tower |work=USA Today |date=May 10, 2013 |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/10/world-trade-center-spire/2149449/ |accessdate=May 10, 2013}}</ref> | opened = November 3, 2014<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Aaron|title=One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, is open for business.|url=http://money.cnn.com/2014/11/03/news/companies/one-world-trade-center/index.html|website=money.cnn.com|publisher=CNN Money|accessdate=30 March 2017|archive-date=2020-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118211856/https://money.cnn.com/2014/11/03/news/companies/one-world-trade-center/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | opening of the One World Observatory = May 29, 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=One World Trade Center Observatory Opens to Public|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2015/05/29/observatory-at-one-world-trade-center-opens-to-public|website=usnews.com|publisher=U.S. News|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref>. | developer = [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]<ref name="SkyscraperCenter"/> | footnotes = : a. Aprile 2012 estimate. : b. [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]]. }} '''One World Trade Center''' (kent as '''1 World Trade Center''', '''1 WTC''' or '''Freedom Tower'''<ref>During the plannin stages, the biggin ineetially dubbed '''Freedom Tower''' as the offeecial name. Later the awners decidit tae cry it '''One World Trade Center'''.</ref> an aw) is the main biggin o the rebiggit [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[Lawer Manhattan]], [[New York Ceety]]. It is the heichist [[skyscraper|biggin]] in the [[Wastren Hemisphere]], an the saxt-heichist in the warld. The superhei structur haes the same name as the North Tower o the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|oreeginal World Trade Center]], that wis completely raxed in the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks o September 11, 2001]]. The new skyscraper staunds on the northwast corner o the {{convert|16|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[World Trade Center steid]], on the steid o the oreeginal [[6 World Trade Center]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1 World Trade Center}} [[Category:Biggins an structurs in Manhattan]] [[Category:Daniel Libeskind biggins]] [[Category:Financial District, Manhattan]] [[Category:Skyscraper office biggins in Manhattan]] [[Category:Office biggins completit in 2014]] [[Category:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill biggins]] [[Category:Skyscrapers ower 350 meters]] [[Category:World Trade Center]] [[Category:2013 establishments]] {{stub/USA}} nqgn55vwnwmdnfk1zqfp7yedndq4bdj 0 167381 923207 914562 2026-09-24T02:08:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox basketball biography |name = Shaquille O'Neal |image = Shaquille O'Neal October 2017 (cropped).jpg |caption = O'Neal in 2017 |position = Center |height_ft = 7 |height_in = 1 |weight_lb = 325 |league = NBA |team = Multiple |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|3|6}} |birth_place = [[Newark, New Jersey]] |nationality = American |high_school = [[Robert G. Cole Junior-Senior High School|Robert G. Cole]]<br/>([[San Antonio, Texas]]) |college = [[LSU Tigers basketbaw|LSU]] (1989–1992) |draft_year = 1992 |draft_round = 1 |draft_pick = 1 |draft_team = [[Orlando Magic]] |career_start = 1992 |career_end = 2011 |career_position = [[Center (basketbaw)|Center]] |career_number = 32, 34, 33, 36 |years1 = {{nbay|1992|start}}–{{nbay|1995|end}} |team1 = [[Orlando Magic]] |years2 = {{nbay|1996|start}}–{{nbay|2003|end}} |team2 = [[Los Angeles Lakers]] |years3 = {{nbay|2004|start}}–{{nbay|2007|end}} |team3 = [[Miami Heat]] |years4 = {{nbay|2007|end}}–{{nbay|2008|end}} |team4 = [[Phoenix Suns]] |years5 = {{nbay|2009|full=y}} |team5 = [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] |years6 = {{nbay|2010|full=y}} |team6 = [[Boston Celtics]] |highlights = * 4× [[NBA champion]] ([[2000 NBA Finals|2000]]–[[2002 NBA Finals|2002]], [[2006 NBA Finals|2006]]) * 3× [[Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award|NBA Finals MVP]] ([[2000 NBA Finals|2000]]–[[2002 NBA Finals|2002]]) * [[NBA Most Valuable Player Award|NBA Most Valuable Player]] ({{nbay|1999|end}}) * 15× [[NBA All-Star]] ([[1993 NBA All-Star Game|1993]]–[[1998 NBA All-Star Game|1998]], [[2000 NBA All-Star Game|2000]]–[[2007 NBA All-Star Game|2007]], [[2009 NBA All-Star Game|2009]]) * 3× [[NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award|NBA All-Star Game MVP]] ([[2000 NBA All-Star Game|2000]], [[2004 NBA All-Star Game|2004]], [[2009 NBA All-Star Game|2009]]) * 8× [[All-NBA First Team]] ({{nbay|1997|end}}, {{nbay|1999|end}}–{{nbay|2005|end}}) * 2× [[All-NBA Second Team]] ({{nbay|1994|end}}, {{nbay|1998|end}}) * 4× [[All-NBA Third Team]] ({{nbay|1993|end}}, {{nbay|1995|end}}, {{nbay|1996|end}}, {{nbay|2008|end}}) * 3× [[NBA All-Defensive Second Team]] ({{nbay|1999|end}}, {{nbay|2000|end}}, {{nbay|2002|end}}) * [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|NBA Rookie of the Year]] ({{nbay|1992|end}}) * 2× [[NBA annual scoring champion|NBA scoring champion]] ({{nbay|1994|end}}, {{nbay|1999|end}}) * [[NBA 50th Anniversary Team]] * No. 34 [[Los Angeles Lakers#Hall of Famers, retired and honored numbers|retired bi Los Angeles Lakers]] * No. 32 [[Miami Heat#Retired numbers|retired bi Miami Heat]] * [[1994 FIBA World Championship|FIBA World Championship MVP]] ([[1994 FIBA World Championship|1994]]) * [[USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year]] (1994) * [[Leet o U.S. men's college basketbaw naitional player o the year awairds|College naitional player o the year]] (1992) * 2× Consensus first-team [[NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]] ([[1991 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|1991]], [[1992 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|1992]]) * 2× [[Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year|SEC Player of the Year]] (1991, 1992) * No. 33 [[LSU Tigers basketball#Retired numbers|retired bi LSU]] * [[McDonald's All-American Game|McDonald's All-American MVP]] (1989) |stat1label = [[Pynt (basketbaw)|Pynts]] |stat1value = 28,596 (23.7 ppg) |stat2label = [[Reboond (basketbaw)|Reboonds]] |stat2value = 13,099 (10.9 rpg) |stat3label = [[Block (basketbaw)|Blocks]] |stat3value = 2,732 (2.3 bpg) |profile = shaquille_oneal |bbr = onealsh01 |HOF_player=shaquille-oneal |CBBASKHOF_year = 2014 |medal_templates = {{MedalSport|Men's basketbaw}} {{MedalCountry|{{flagu|Unitit States}} }} {{MedalCompetition|[[Basketbaw at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]]}} {{MedalGold|[[1996 Simmer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]]| [[1996 Unitit States men's Olympic basketbaw team|Team competeetion]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIBA Warld Championship|Warld Championship]]}} {{MedalGold| [[1994 FIBA Warld Championship|1994 Canadae]] | Team competeetion}} }} '''Shaquille Rashaun "Shaq" O'Neal''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|k|iː|l}} {{respell|shə|KEEL|'}}; born Mairch 6, 1972), eik-named '''Shaq''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|æ|k}} {{respell|SHAK|'}}), is a retired American professional [[basketball]] player an umwhile rapper wha is wirks as an analyst on the telly programme ''[[Inside the NBA]]'' the nou. Leetit at {{height|ft=7|in=1}} heich <ref>Roth, Mark. March 3, 2006, ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', "[http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/ae/oscar-watch/male-hollywood-stars-dont-stand-as-tall-as-we-imagine-424208/ Male Hollywood stars don't stand as tall as we imagine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060601/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/ae/oscar-watch/male-hollywood-stars-dont-stand-as-tall-as-we-imagine-424208/ |date=2013-09-21 }}". Accessed September 8, 2012.</ref> an wechtin {{convert|325|lb|kg}}, he wis ane o the hiviest players iver tae play in the NBA. O'Neal played for sax teams thorow his 19-yeir NBA career. ==References== {{reflist}}{{Stub/Sport}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oneal, Shaquille}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:20t-century American muisickers]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American muisickers]] [[Category:A&M Records airtists]] [[Category:African-American basketbaw players]] [[Category:African-American investors]] [[Category:African-American male actors]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:American mixed mairtial airtists]] [[Category:American televeesion personalities]] [[Category:American jujutsuka]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American Muay Thai practeetioners]] [[Category:American municipal polis officers]] [[Category:American podcasters]] [[Category:American real estate businessfowk]] [[Category:American stock traders]] [[Category:Barry Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Basketbaw players at the 1996 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Basketbaw players frae New Jersey]] [[Category:Basketbaw players frae Texas]] [[Category:Boston Celtics players]] [[Category:Fowk frae New Jersey]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Texas]] [[Category:Businessfowk in technology]] [[Category:Centers (basketbaw)]] [[Category:Cleveland Cavaliers players]] [[Category:East Coast hip hop muisickers]] [[Category:ESports fowk]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Los Angeles Lakers players]] [[Category:LSU Tigers basketbaw players]] [[Category:Male actors frae New Jersey]] [[Category:Male actors frae Texas]] [[Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans]] [[Category:Medallists at the 1996 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Miami Heat players]] [[Category:Militar brats]] [[Category:National Basketball Association All-Stars]] [[Category:National Basketball Association broadcasters]] [[Category:National Basketball Association players wi retired nummers]] [[Category:National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:New York Film Academy alumni]] [[Category:Off to School pairteecipants]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for the Unitit States in basketbaw]] [[Category:Orlando Magic draft picks]] [[Category:Orlando Magic players]] [[Category:Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketbaw)]] [[Category:Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Phoenix Suns players]] [[Category:American rappers]] [[Category:Sacramento Kings awners]] [[Category:Fowk frae San Antonio]] [[Category:Unitit States men's naitional basketbaw team players]] [[Category:Varsity o Phoenix alumni]] nwnai4ri9hty10a7repvy0ya1oc2yxt 0 168360 923157 740313 2026-09-23T19:39:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Mitt Romney |image = Mitt Romney official US Senate portrait.jpg |jr/sr = Unitit States Senator |state = [[Utah]] |alongside = [[Mike Lee (American politeecian)|Mike Lee]] |term_start = 3 Januar 2019 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Orrin Hatch]] |successor = |order1 = 70t [[Govrenor o Massachusetts]] |lieutenant1 = [[Kerry Healey]] |term_start1 = 2 Januar 2003 |term_end1 = 4 Januar 2007 |predecessor1 = [[Jane Swift]] (actin) |successor1 = [[Deval Patrick]] |birth_name = Willard Mitt Romney |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|3|12}} |birth_place = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican]] |spouse = {{marriage|[[Ann Romney|Ann Davies]]|()=small|1969}} |relations = ''See [[Romney faimily]]'' |children = 5 (includin [[Tagg Romney|Tagg]]) |parents = [[George W. Romney]] {{small|(Faither)}}<br>[[Lenore Romney]] {{small|(Mither)}} |education = [[Stanford Varsity]]<br>[[Brigham Young Varsity|Brigham Young Varsity, Utah]] {{small|([[Bachelor o Airts|BA]])}}<br>[[Harvard Varsity]] {{small|([[Juris Doctor|JD]], [[Master o Business Admeenistration|MBA]])}} |blank1 = Net worth |data1 = {{circa}} $250 million (2007)<ref name="personalworth">{{Cite news |first=Jim |last=Kuhnhenn |title=Romney Worth As Much As $250 Million |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293140,00.html |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 14, 2007 |access-date=2017-04-15 |archive-date=2012-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204023043/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293140,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> |signature = Mitt Romney Signature.svg |website = {{url|mittromney.com|Offeecial wabsteid}} }} '''Willard Mitt Romney''' (born 12 Mairch 1947) is an American businessman an politeecian senator frae Utah syne 2019, wha served as the [[Leet o Govrenors o Massachusetts|70t Govrenor o Massachusetts]] frae 2003 tae 2007 an the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]]'s nominee for [[Preses o the Unitit States]] in the [[Unitit States presidential election, 2012|2012 election]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Romney, Mitt}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:2002 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:20t-century Mormon meesionars]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:American chief executives o financial services companies]] [[Category:American consultin businessfowk]] [[Category:American corporate directors]] [[Category:American financial company foonders]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American leaders o The Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts]] [[Category:American management consultants]] [[Category:American Mormon meesionars in Fraunce]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:American male writers]] [[Category:Bain Capital fowk]] [[Category:Boston Consulting Group fowk]] [[Category:Brigham Young Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Massachusetts]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Michigan]] [[Category:Cranbrook Educational Community alumni]] [[Category:George W. Romney]] [[Category:Govrenors o Massachusetts]] [[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]] [[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Marriott International fowk]] [[Category:Massachusetts Republicans]] [[Category:Mitt Romney| ]] [[Category:Fowk frae Belmont, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]] [[Category:Fowk frae Carroll Coonty, New Hampshire]] [[Category:Naitional Executive Buird o the Boy Scouts of America members]] [[Category:Fowk frae La Jolla, San Diego]] [[Category:Fowk frae Park City, Utah]] [[Category:Pratt–Romney faimily]] [[Category:Preses o the Organisin Committees for the Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Private equity an ventur caipital investors]] [[Category:Recipients o the Olympic Order]] [[Category:Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:Republican Pairty state govrenors o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Stanford Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2008 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2012 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:Writers frae Massachusetts]] 5spw3py0rxsrafk3egevgt40uuicdkm 0 182089 923177 904467 2026-09-23T22:22:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=Perfume: The Story of a Murderer|image=|alt=The film's poster is dominated by the dark silhouette of a naked woman standing against a brightly lit black background with her back facing towards the camera. The top left quarter of her back, from her lower back to her left shoulder, has been digitally altered to deteriorate gradually into a bevy of bright red rose petals.|caption=US theatrical release poster|director=[[Tom Tykwer]]|producer=[[Bernd Eichinger]]|screenplay={{Plainlist| * [[Andrew Birkin]] * Bernd Eichinger * Tom Tykwer}}|based_on={{Based on|''[[Perfume (novelle)|Perfume]]''|[[Patrick Süskind]]}}|based on={{Based on|''[[Perfume (novelle)|Perfume]]''|[[Patrick Süskind]]}}|starring={{Plainlist| * [[Ben Whishaw]] * [[Alan Rickman]] * [[Rachel Hurd-Wood]] * [[Dustin Hoffman]]}}|narrator=[[John Hurt]]|music={{Plainlist| * [[Reinhold Heil]] * [[Johnny Klimek]] * Tom Tykwer}}|cinematography=[[Frank Griebe]]|editing=[[Alexander Berner]]|studio={{Plainlist| * Castelao Productions * Neff Productions * VIP Medienfunds 4}}|distributor=[[DreamWorks Pictures]]<br>[[Constantin Film]] {{small|(Germany)}}<br />[[Metropolitan Filmexport]] {{small|(France)}}|released={{Film date|2006|09|14|Germany|2006|10|04|France|2006|11|24|Spain}}|runtime=147 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 147:27--><ref>{{cite web|title=''PERFUME - THE STORY OF A MURDERER'' (15)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFV223345/|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=September 4, 2006|accessdate=November 22, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|country={{Plainlist| * Germany * France * Spain * United Kingdom }}|language=English|budget=$60 million<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=perfume.htm | title=Perfume - The Story of a Murderer (2006) | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] | date=March 2, 2007 | accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref>|gross=$135 million<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=perfume.htm | title=Perfume - The Story of a Murderer (2006) | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] | date=March 2, 2007 | accessdate=April 18, 2015}}</ref>}} '''''Perfume: The Story of a Murderer''''' is a 2006 German [[Period film|period]] [[Psychologie|psychological]] [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] film directed bi [[Tom Tykwer]] an starrin [[Ben Whishaw]], [[Alan Rickman]], [[Rachel Hurd-Wood]], an [[Dustin Hoffman]]. Tykwer, wi [[:de:Johnny Klimek|Johnny Klimek]] an [[Reinhold Heil]], aw an composed the muisic. The screenplay bi Tykwer, [[Andrew Birkin]], an [[Bernd Eichinger]] is based on [[Patrick Süskind]]'s 1985 novelle ''[[Perfume (novelle)|Perfume]]''. Set in [[Early Modern France#France in the 17th and 18th centuries|18th century France]], the film tells the story o [[Jean-Baptiste Grenouille]] (Whishaw), an [[Olfaction|olfactory]] genius, an his homicidal quest for the perfect scent. == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://web.archive.org/web/20061027204530/http://www.perfumemovie.com/}} * {{IMDb title|0396171|Perfume: The Story of a Murderer|id=0396171|title=Perfume: The Story of a Murderer}} * {{Mojo title|perfume|Perfume: The Story of a Murderer}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|perfume_the_story_of_a_murderer|Perfume: The Story of a Murderer}} * {{Metacritic film|perfume-the-story-of-a-murderer|Perfume: The Story of a Murderer|id=perfume-the-story-of-a-murderer|title=Perfume: The Story of a Murderer}} [[Category:2006 films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot orphants]] [[Category:Films set in Fraunce]] [[Category:Films set in Paris]] [[Category:Films shot in Spain]] [[Category:French films]] [[Category:German films]] eema1pvtpaeb44rhlqrbebfjntl9sxr 0 196808 923103 901397 2026-09-23T12:31:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox film | name = Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | image = Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom PosterB.jpg | border = yes | alt = | caption = Theatrical release poster bi [[Drew Struzan]] | director = [[Steven Spielberg]] | producer = [[Robert Watts]] | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Willard Huyck]] * [[Gloria Katz]] }} | story = [[George Lucas]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Harrison Ford]] * [[Kate Capshaw]] * [[Amrish Puri]] * [[Roshan Seth]] * [[Philip Stone]] * [[Jonathan Ke Quan]] }} | music = [[John Williams]] | cinematography = [[Douglas Slocombe]] | editing = [[Michael Kahn (film eeditor)|Michael Kahn]] | studio = [[Lucasfilm Ltd.]] | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = {{film date|1984|5|8|[[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]]|1984|05|23|Unitit States}} | runtime = 118 meenits<!--Submitted theatrical runtime: 118:05--><ref>{{cite web | url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/indiana-jones-and-temple-doom-2 | title=''INDIANA JONES AND THE TEMPLE OF DOOM'' (PG) (CUT) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=May 31, 1984 | accessdate=March 8, 2016 | archive-date=2016-03-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160746/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/indiana-jones-and-temple-doom-2 | url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = {{plainlist| * Inglis * [[Sinhalese leid|Sinhala]] * [[Hindi]] }} | budget = $28.2 million<ref name=forward>Rinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 8: "Forward on All Fronts (August 1983&nbsp;– June 1984)", p. 168—183</ref> | gross = $333.1 million }} '''''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom''''' ({{lang-sco|Indiana Jones an the Temple o Duim}}) is a 1984 American [[Action film|action]]-[[adventur film]] directit bi [[Steven Spielberg]]. It is the seicont instawment in the [[Indiana Jones (franchise)|''Indiana Jones'' franchise]] an a [[prequel]] tae the 1981 film ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', featurin [[Harrison Ford]] reprisin his role as the teetle chairacter. Efter arrivin in [[North Indie]], [[Indiana Jones]] is asked bi desperate veelagers tae find a mystical stane an rescue thair childer frae a [[Thuggee]] cult practicin [[bairn sclavery]], [[black magic]] an reetual [[human saicrifeece]] in honour o the goddess [[Kali]]. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Fillum}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom}} [[Category:Indiana Jones films]] [[Category:1984 films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:1980s action films]] [[Category:1980s adventur films]] [[Category:American action films]] [[Category:American adventur films]] [[Category:Breetish Indie in feection]] [[Category:Furrin films shot in Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Films scored bi John Williams]] [[Category:Films aboot sclavery]] [[Category:Films directit bi Steven Spielberg]] [[Category:Films set in the 1930s]] [[Category:Films set in 1935]] [[Category:Films set in Indie]] [[Category:Films set in the Breetish Raj]] [[Category:Films set in Shanghai]] [[Category:Films shot in Arizona]] [[Category:Films shot in Californie]] [[Category:Films shot in Macau]] [[Category:Films shot in Ingland]] [[Category:Films shot in Florida]] [[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Films shot in Washington (state)]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Veesual Effects Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Minin in film]] [[Category:Prequel films]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Willard Huyck]] [[Category:Screenplays bi Gloria Katz]] [[Category:Supernaitural thriller films]] [[Category:Treisur hunt films]] [[Category:Films shot at Elstree Studios]] [[Category:Lucasfilm films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures films]] [[Category:American action adventur films]] 4pryhs2zhapuhqpv6tjln598ky2pr3l 0 199937 923246 914163 2026-09-24T06:44:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = XXXTentacion | image = XXXTentacion_February_2018_(cropped).png | caption = XXXTentacion in 2018 | birth_name = Jahseh Dwayne Onfroy | alias = {{hlist|X|XXX|Triple X|Young Dagger Dick|Xiller}} | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|sangster|sangwriter}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1998|1|23}} | birth_place = [[Plantation, Florida]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2018|6|18|1998|1|23}} | death_place = [[Deerfield Beach, Florida]], U.S. | module = {{Infobox musical artist|background=solo_singer|embed=yes | genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop muisic|Hip hop]]|[[Trap muisic|trap]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[alternative rock]]|[[emo rap]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theringer.com/music/2017/8/30/16225968/emo-xxxtentacion-lil-peep-brand-new |title =All the Young Sadboys: XXXTentacion, Lil Peep, and the Future of Emo |publisher=The Ringer |date=2017-08-30 |accessdate=October 2, 2017}}</ref>|[[SoundCloud rap]]<ref name=vulturexxx>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/xxxtentacion-no-1-album-explained.html|access-date=2018-06-16|language=en-US|date=2018-03-28|author=Frank Guan|title=SoundCloud Rap Has Its First No. 1 Album — Now What?|quote=Despite mounting controversy, XXXTentacion has SoundCloud rap’s first No. 1 album.}}</ref>}} | instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]] | label = {{hlist|Bad Vibes Forever|[[Caroline Records|Caroline]]|[[Empire Distribution|Empire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/xxxtentacions-debut-project-bad-vibes-drops-this-spring-news.29612.html|title=XXXTENTACION'S Debut Project "Bad Vibes" Drops This Spring|publisher=HotNewHipHop|accessdate=March 2, 2017|archive-date=2017-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303000104/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/xxxtentacions-debut-project-bad-vibes-drops-this-spring-news.29612.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.power106.com/blogs/theliftoff/rapper-xxxtenacion-gets-record-deal|title=Rapper XXXTenacion Gets Record Deal|publisher=power106|accessdate=June 1, 2017|archive-date=2018-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112102843/http://www.power106.com/blogs/theliftoff/rapper-xxxtenacion-gets-record-deal|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | website = | years_active = 2013–2018 | associated_acts = {{hlist|Members Only|[[Ski Mask the Slump God]]|[[Denzel Curry]]|[[Keith Ape]]|[[Robb Banks]]|[[Trippie Redd]]|[[Kodak Black]]}}}}}} '''Jahseh Dwayne Onfroy''' (23 Januar 1998{{Spaced ndash}}18 Juin 2018), kent professionally as '''XXXTentacion''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|k|s|ˌ|ɛ|k|s|ˌ|ɛ|k|s|ˌ|t|ɛ|n|t|ə|s|ˈ|j|ɒ|n}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/videos/How-to-correctly-pronounce-xxxtentacion|title=How To Correctly Pronounce XXXTentacion|access-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> wis an American [[Rappin|rapper]], [[Singin|sangster]] an [[sangwriter]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1998 births]] [[Category:21st-century American creeminals]] [[Category:2018 daiths]] [[Category:American hip hop muisickers]] [[Category:American rappers o Jamaican strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Egyptian strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Indie strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pompano Beach, Florida]] [[Category:Rappers frae Florida]] [[Category:Creeminals frae Florida]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:Emo rap muisickers]] [[Category:American preesoners an deteenees]] [[Category:American fowk convictit o robbery]] [[Category:American fowk convictit o assault]] [[Category:Obscenity controversies in muisic]] [[Category:Caroline Records airtists]] b17boikfs8vm2nkx9hi0rmsah16zq5j 0 201267 923224 908999 2026-09-24T04:28:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Timbaland | background = solo_singer | image = Timbaland1292010.png | image_size = 240px | caption = Timbaland performin in [[West Hollywood]] in Januar 2010 | birth_name = Timothy Zachary Mosley | alias = {{flatlist| * DJ Timmy T * DJ Timmy Tim * Timar }} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1972|3|10}} | birth_place = [[Norfolk, Virginia]], U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip hop muisic|Hip hop]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[Pop muisic|pop]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Record producer * record executive * rapper * sangster * sangwriter * DJ }} | instrument = {{flatlist| * Drum machine * keybuird * synthesizer * sampler * beatboxing * vocals }} | years_active = 1992–present | label = {{flatlist| * [[Blackground Records|Blackground]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * ZMan * [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] * Beat Club * [[Universal Records (defunct record label)|Universal]] * [[Mosley Music Group|Mosley]] * [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] * [[Roc Nation]] * [[Epic Records|Epic]] * [[Entertainment One Music|E1]] }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Swing Mob]] * [[Aaliyah]] * [[Bubba Sparxxx]] * [[Petey Pablo]] * [[Danja (record producer)|Danja]] * [[DeVante Swing]] * [[Ginuwine]] * [[Jay-Z]] * [[Justin Timberlake]] * [[Keri Hilson]] * [[Timbaland & Magoo|Magoo]] * [[Missy Elliott]] * [[Ms. Jade]] * [[Nelly Furtado]] * [[OneRepublic]] * [[Pastor Troy]] * [[The Royal Court]] * [[Sebastian (rapper)|Sebastian]] * [[Tink (muisicker)|Tink]] * [[Tweet (sangster)|Tweet]] * [[V. Bozeman]] * [[J-Roc]] * [[Static Major]] * [[K-Ci & JoJo]] * [[Agnez Mo]] * [[James Fauntleroy]] * [[Dalvin DeGrate]] * [[Timothy Bloom]] * [[The Clutch]] * [[SoShy]] * [[The Pussycat Dolls]] * [[Skillz]] * [[Ski Mask the Slump God]] * [[Smoke E. Digglera]] * [[Tee Grizzley]] }} | website = {{URL|www.timbalandmusic.com}} }} '''Timothy Zachary Mosley''' (born Mairch 10, 1972),<ref name="Timbalandmusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.timbalandmusic.com/biography|title=Timbaland |publisher=timbalandmusic|date= |accessdate=June 13, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513023750/http://www.timbalandmusic.com/biography|archivedate=May 13, 2013}}</ref> better kent bi his [[stage name]] '''Timbaland''', is an American record producer, rapper, sangster, sangwriter an DJ.<ref name="Allmusic"/> Timbaland's furst fu credit production wark wis in 1996 on ''[[Ginuwine...the Bachelor]]'' for [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] sangster [[Ginuwine]]. Efter forderw irk on [[Aaliyah]]'s 1996 album ''[[One in a Million (Aaliyah album)|One in a Million]]'' an [[Missy Elliott]]'s 1997 album ''[[Supa Dupa Fly]]'', Timbaland becam a prominent producer for R&B an [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] airtists. As a rapper, he initially pit oot seeveral albums wi fellae rapper [[Magoo (rapper)|Magoo]], follaed bi his debut solo album ''[[Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment|Tim's Bio]]'' in 1998. In 2002, Timbaland produced the hit single "[[Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake sang)|Cry Me a River]]" for [[Justin Timberlake]], gangin on tae produce maist o Timberlake's subsequent LPs siclik ''[[FutureSex/LoveSounds]]'' an ''[[The 20/20 Experience]]'' an thair respective hit singles. A Timbaland-awnt imprint label, [[Mosley Music Group]], featurt airtists sic as [[Nelly Furtado]], thats Timbaland-produced album ''[[Loose (Nelly Furtado album)|Loose]]'' (2006) wis a commercial an critical success. In 2007, Timbaland released a solo album, ''[[Shock Value (album)|Shock Value]]'', that wis follaed bi ''[[Shock Value II]]'' in 2009. Aside frae the aforementionet airtists, Timbaland's production credits frae the 2000s forrit include wirk wi [[Jay-Z]], [[Nas]], [[Ludacris]], [[Bubba Sparxxx]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Rihanna]], [[OneRepublic]], [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]], [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]], [[Rick Ross]] an ithers. As a sangwriter he haes scrieven as o 2014, 85 UK hits an 99 hits Stateside.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00LOAW274#reader_B00LOAW274</ref> Timbaland haes received widespread acclaim for his production style. In 2007, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' statit that "just about every current pop trend can be traced back to him — from sultry, urban-edged R&B songstresses ... to the art of incorporating [[avant-garde]] sounds into No. 1 hits."<ref name="ew">{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Ethan|title=Timbaland wants to be his own star|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2007/03/23/timbaland-wants-be-his-own-star|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=August 24, 2016}}</ref> ==Early life== Timothy Z. Mosley wis born on 10 Mairch 1972 in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], tae Latrice, that ran a hameless shelter, an Garland Mosley, an Amtrak employee.<ref name="Timbalandmusic"/><ref>http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Pu-Z/Timbaland.html</ref> He graduated frae [[Salem High School (Virginia Beach, Virginia)|Salem High School]] o [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]].<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web|last=Birchmeier|first=Jason|title=Timbaland – Biography|work=Allmusic|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p218225|pure_url=yes}}|accessdate=November 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Timbaland's visit includes grant for Beach school|url=http://hamptonroads.com/2008/05/timbalands-visit-includes-grant-virginia-beach-school|work=The Virginian-Pilot|accessdate=January 11, 2013|date=May 30, 2008|archive-date=2008-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601233552/http://hamptonroads.com/2008/05/timbalands-visit-includes-grant-virginia-beach-school|url-status=dead}}</ref> Durin his time as a DJ, he wis kent as "DJ Tim"<ref name="my block">{{cite news|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|title=My Block: Virginia|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/my_block/virginia/news_feature_021607/|work=[[MTV News]]|date=February 16, 2007|accessdate=April 4, 2008|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629185244/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/my_block/virginia/news_feature_021607/|url-status=dead}}</ref> or "DJ Timmy Tim".<ref name="timbalandmusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.timbalandmusic.com/biography|title=Timbaland|publisher=timbalandmusic|date=|accessdate=July 11, 2010|archive-date=2013-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513023750/http://www.timbalandmusic.com/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref> His brither, [[Sebastian (rapper)|Sebastian]], is reportedly aroond nine year younger.<ref>[http://hamptonroads.com/2009/08/timbalands-little-brother-sebastian-has-his-own-hit "Timbaland's little brother, Sebastian, has his own hit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308035021/http://hamptonroads.com/2009/08/timbalands-little-brother-sebastian-has-his-own-hit |date=2016-03-08 }}.''HamptonRoads.com''. ("Timbaland is 38; Sebastian declines to give his age but is likely around 29.")</ref> His sister Courtney Rashon is a makeup airtist an author frae [[New Jersey]]. Whiles attendin heich schuil, Timbaland began a long-term collaboration wi rapper Melvin (Magoo) Barcliff. The teenage Mosley forby jyned the production ensemble S.B.I. (which stood for 'Surrounded By Idiots') which featurt [[The Neptunes|Neptunes]] producer [[Pharrell]] an aw.<ref name="timbalandmusic"/> Mosley was heich schuil freends wi brithers Terrence an Gene Thornton as weel, that wad become kent as [[Pusha T]] an Malice o the rap group [[Clipse]], respectively.<ref name="xxl.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=65847 |title=XXLmag.com |publisher=XXLmag.com |date= |accessdate=July 11, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117031032/http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=65847 |archivedate=January 17, 2010 }}</ref> In 1986, when Timbaland wis 14 year auld, he wis accidentally shot bi a co-worker at a local [[Red Lobster (restaurant)|Red Lobster]] restaurant an wis partially paralyzed for nine month.<ref>[http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/a-history-of-rappers-getting-shot-and-surviving/timbaland "A History of Rappers Getting Shot and Surviving"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624022611/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/a-history-of-rappers-getting-shot-and-surviving/timbaland |date=2015-06-24 }} January 28, 2013</ref> Durin this time, he began tae learn how tae DJ usin his left hand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20015777,00.html|title=Everyone Wants Timbaland|author=Ethan Brown|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=March 23, 2007|quote=He made ends meet with a series of menial jobs, including washing dishes at a Red Lobster, until late one night he wound up on the wrong end of a gun. The bullet passed through Tim's neck and lodged in his right shoulder (fragments remain to this day). For nine months, Tim was paralyzed on his right side, forcing him to learn to DJ with his left hand.<br/>Tim rarely talks aboot the shooting, an is, in fact, quite critical o gangsta rappers wha boast o thair war wounds. ''I'm not a rapper," he says dismissively. ''I'm not talking about my scars or my battles.'' Still, the shooting did help him form a bond wi 50 Cent. ''I'll tell you this,'' Tim says. ''If you get shot and you survive, you feel like you're an Incredible Hulk. Them bullets don't hurt when they go in. But then they got that burnin', that acid burn. Goddamn! It feels like a stove burning your blood. You feel like any minute you gonna be dyin'.''|access-date=2018-07-28|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085722/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20015777,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sangstress an rapper [[Missy Elliott]] haurd his material an began wirkin wi him. She an her R&B group, Sista, auditioned for [[DeVante Swing]], a producer an member o the successfu R&B act [[Jodeci]]. DeVante signed Sista tae his Swing Mob record label an Elliott brocht Mosley an Barcliff alang wi her tae New York, whaur Swing Mob wis based. It wis DeVante wha renamit the young producer Timbaland, efter the [[The Timberland Company|Timberland]] brand o construction boots.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} He an Magoo becam pairt o SCI Zakys School stable o Swing Mob signees kent as "Da Bassment" crew, joinin airtists sic as R&B sangster [[Ginuwine]], male vocal group [[Playa (band)|Playa]] ([[Smoke E. Digglera]], [[Static Major]] an Digital Black), an the girl group Sugah.<ref name="timbalandmusic"/> Timbaland did production wirk on a number o projects wi DeVante, includin the 1995 Jodeci LP ''[[The Show, The After-Party, The Hotel]]'', an Sista’s (unreleased) début LP ''[[4 All the Sistas Around da World]]''. Elliott began receivin recognition as a sangwriter for airtists sic as R&B girl group 702 an [[MC Lyte]]. Due tae Timbaland's connection wi her, he wis often contacted tae produce remixes o her sangs.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 25, 2008|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/music/9850,213743,2083,22.html|title=Tim’s Brio|publisher=[[The Village Voice]]|archive-date=2008-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605142936/http://www.villagevoice.com/music/9850,213743,2083,22.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Career== ===1994–2002: Focus on production work an ''Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment''=== Timbaland began his producin career for [[R&B]] acts. In the early-1990s, he producit a few sangs for R&B acts sic as [[Jodeci]] an Sista. In 1996, he made his mainstream breakthrough bi producin the majority o baith [[Aaliyah]]'s seicont album ''[[One in a Million (Aaliyah album)|One in a Million]]'' an [[Ginuwine]]'s debut album ''[[Ginuwine...the Bachelor]]''. This included the major hit singles "[[If Your Girl Only Knew]]" bi [[Aaliyah]] an "[[Pony (Ginuwine sang)|Pony]]" bi [[Ginuwine]]. While Timbaland wis initially producin for R&B airtists, his trademark sound wis very much rooted in [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]] wi its fast-paced nature an clear drum breaks. He wis takin a hip-hop sound an applyin it tae R&B, an in this way his sound wis instrumental in blurrin the distinction atween hip-hop an R&B production.<ref>{{cite web|last=Birchmeier |first=Jason |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/timbaland-p218225 |title=Timbaland |publisher=AllMusic |date=|accessdate=May 29, 2011}}</ref> In 1997, he fully produced ''[[Supa Dupa Fly]]'', the debut album o [[Missy Elliott]], wha haed been a childhood friend o Mosley. In this album Timbaland continued wi his now trademark electronic production style, but since Missy frequently rapped the muisic wis considered hip-hop. In 1997, he released his first album wi his partner [[Magoo (rapper)|Magoo]], ''[[Welcome to Our World]]'', a hip-hop album an aw. In the late 1990s, his hip-hop production sound wad become very influential an common as he produced for mony heich-profile hip-hop airtists includin [[Jay-Z]], [[Nas]], an [[The LOX]]. In 1999, he scored a major hit wi Jay Z an rap group [[UGK]] wi the hit "[[Big Pimpin']]". He fully produced Missy's seicont album in 1999 an aw, ''[[Da Real World]]''. Still Timbaland in this period produced primarily for R&B airtists. He continued tae produce for [[Ginuwine]] an [[Aaliyah]], as well as contributin significantly tae albums bi [[Xscape (band)|Xscape]], [[Nicole Wray|Nicole]], [[Playa (band)|Playa]], an [[Total (music)|Total]]. He remixed [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]]'s major hit "[[You Make Me Wanna]]". In the early 2000s Timbaland produced sangs includin [[Ludacris]]' "Roll Out (My Business)",<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=April 29, 2008 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/2003/10/07/2003-10-07_ludacris_hits_the_silly_summ.html |title=LUDACRIS HITS THE SILLY SUMMIT |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |date=October 7, 2003 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511044140/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/2003/10/07/2003-10-07_ludacris_hits_the_silly_summ.html |archivedate=May 11, 2009 }}</ref> Jay-Z's "Hola' Hovito",<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 29, 2008|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/statusainthood/archives/2007/04/jayz_and_timbal.php|title=Jay-Z and Timbaland, Together Again|publisher=[[Village Voice]]|archive-date=2007-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102184432/http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/statusainthood/archives/2007/04/jayz_and_timbal.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Petey Pablo]]'s "Raise Up",<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 29, 2008|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1452482/20020220/pablo_petey.jhtml|title=Petey Pablo, The Black Robert De Niro?|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2009-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607010534/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1452482/20020220/pablo_petey.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Beck]]'s civer o [[David Bowie]]'s "Diamond Dogs" durin this period.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 29, 2008|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1438577/20010126/timbaland.jhtml|title=Timbaland Film Vying For Sundance Grand Jury Prize|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2010-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618164140/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1438577/20010126/timbaland.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> He forby contributed three sangs, all eventually released as singles, tae [[Aaliyah]]’s self-teetled third album, the exotic lead single "[[We Need a Resolution]]" (featurin himself rapping a verse), "[[More than a Woman (Aaliyah sang)|More than a Woman]]", an the ballad "[[I Care 4 U]]".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 29, 2008|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1442244/20010328/aaliyah.jhtml|title=Aaliyah Finds 'Resolution' With New Single, Video|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2009-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512200527/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1442244/20010328/aaliyah.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> He forby makes an appearance in [[Aaliyah]]'s single "[[Try Again (Aaliyah sang)|Try Again]]", which he produced an co-wrote an aw. Timbaland & Magoo’s seicont album thegither wis slatit for release in November 2000. ''Indecent Proposal'' wis tae feature appearances bi [[Beck]], [[Aaliyah]], as weel as new Timbaland protégés—some frae his new Beat Club Records imprint--[[Ms. Jade]], [[Kiley Dean]], [[Sebastian (rapper)|Sebastian]] (Timbaland's brither), [[Petey Pablo]], an [[Tweet (sangster)|Tweet]] (wha wis a member o Sugah durin the Swing Mob days). The album wis delayed for an entire year, finally released in November 2001. It wis a commercial disappointment. Beck’s vocals for the track "I Am Music" war not included on the last version, which instead featurt Timbaland singin alang [[Steve "Static" Garrett]] o Playa an Aaliyah.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 25, 2008|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448808/20010911/story.jhtml|title=Timbaland To Release Aaliyah / Beck Duet|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2009-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512193038/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448808/20010911/story.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first release on Beat Club wis the début album bi [[Bubba Sparxxx]] in September 2001, ''[[Dark Days, Bright Nights]]''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 25, 2008 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/timbaland/articles/story/5932482/timbaland_launches_label |title=Timbaland Launches Label |work=Rolling Stone |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220212711/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/timbaland/articles/story/5932482/timbaland_launches_label |archivedate=December 20, 2007 }}</ref> The loss o [[Aaliyah]] deeply affected Timbaland. In a phone call tae the MTV shaw ''[[Total Request Live]]'', Timbaland said: {{quote|She was like blood, and I lost blood. Me and her together had this chemistry. I kinda lost half of my creativity to her. It's hard for me to talk to the fans now. Beyond the music, she was a brilliant person, the [most special] person I ever met.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=25 April 2008|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448422/20010827/aaliyah.jhtml|title=Timbaland, P. Diddy, Other Artists React To Aaliyah's Death|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2010-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811222818/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448422/20010827/aaliyah.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>|Timbaland|MTV}} ===2003–2005: Production work for pop recording airtists=== Timbaland contributed three tracks tae Tweet's debut album, ''[[Southern Hummingbird]]'', an produced maist o Missy Elliott's fourth an fifth LPs, ''[[Under Construction (Missy Elliott album)|Under Construction]]'' an ''[[This Is Not A Test!]]''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 28, 2008|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/296896/this_is_not_a_test|title=This Is Not A Test!|publisher=Rolling Stone|archive-date=2009-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512025216/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/296896/this_is_not_a_test|url-status=dead}}</ref> He produced tracks for airtists sic as [[Lil' Kim]] ("The Jump Off") an southern rapper [[Pastor Troy]] durin this period an aw.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lil' Kim, Delivering The Goods |publisher=The Washington Post|date=March 19, 2003|author=Daly, Sean}}</ref> Collaboratin wi fellae producer [[Scott Storch]], Timbaland forby worked on a number o tracks on former [[*NSYNC]] lead sangster [[Justin Timberlake]]’s solo debut, ''[[Justified (album)|Justified]]'', includin the sang "[[Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake sang)|Cry Me a River]]".<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=April 28, 2008|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E3D61431F932A2575AC0A9609C8B63|title= Critic's Choice: New CD's |publisher=The New York Times|date=September 11, 2006|author=Sanneh, Kelefa}}</ref> Late in 2003, Timbaland delivered the seicont [[Bubba Sparxxx]] album, [[Deliverance (Bubba Sparxxx album)|Deliverance]], an the third Timbaland & Magoo album, ''[[Under Construction, Part II]]'' Baith albums war released tae little fanfare or acclaim even though ''Deliverance'' wis praised bi reviews an embraced bi the internet community.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 25, 2008|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/bubba-sparxxx/7178|title=Bubba Sparxxx : Deliverance |publisher=[[NME]]}}</ref> In 2004 Timbaland produced singles for [[LL Cool J]], [[Xzibit]], [[Fatman Scoop]], an [[Jay-Z]], an he produced the bulk o [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]]’s fourth album, ''[[Afrodisiac (Brandy album)|Afrodisiac]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brandy evolves to "Afrodisiac"|publisher=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|date=July 15, 2004|author=Johnson, Kevin C.}}</ref> Timbaland co-wrote twa tracks ([[Exodus '04]] an [[Exodus (Hikaru Utada album)|Let Me Give You My Love]]) an produced three tracks o the American-Japanese Pop star [[Hikaru Utada]]’s seicont English album, ''[[Exodus (Hikaru Utada album)|Exodus]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Daly|first=Sean|accessdate=April 25, 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A31175-2004Oct13?language=printer|title=Leaving the Girl Behind|work=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022801/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A31175-2004Oct13?language=printer|url-status=dead}}</ref> He continued wirkin on tracks for [[Tweet (sangster)|Tweet]] an for Elliott’s sixth album, ''[[The Cookbook]]'': "Joy (feat. [[Mike Jones (rapper)|Mike Jones]])", an "Partytime"<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=April 29, 2008|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/05/ew.mus.missy/|title=EW review: Elliott's 'Cookbook' overdone |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> an continued tae expand his reach wi production for [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] an [[Jennifer Lopez]] ("He'll Be Back" frae her fourth studio album, ''[[Rebirth (Jennifer Lopez album)|Rebirth]]'').<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 29, 2008|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7047411/|title=‘Rebirth’ at its best when J. Lo keeps it on dance floor|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|archive-date=2009-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616104410/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7047411|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2006–2007: ''Loose'', ''Future/Sounds'' an ''Shock Value''=== Timbaland started a new label, [[Mosley Music Group]] alang wi old friend an legendary Australian muisic producer John Servedio, kent as his stage name 'ServidSounds' an aw wha helped Timbaland bring in some talent frae his former Beat Club Records label.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 29, 2008|url=http://www.star-ecentral.com/news/story.asp?file=/2008/1/6/music/19920987&sec=music|title=Super sonic|publisher=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|archive-date=2008-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307100558/http://www.star-ecentral.com/news/story.asp?file=/2008/1/6/music/19920987&sec=music|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1554268/20070308/timbaland.jhtml|title='I Had To Speak Up': Scott Storch Responds To Timbaland's Jabs|last=Rodriguez|first=Jayson|date=March 8, 2007|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=April 4, 2010|archive-date=2010-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110022847/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1554268/20070308/timbaland.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the new label war [[Nelly Furtado]], [[Keri Hilson]], an rapper D.O.E..<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=April 29, 2008|url=https://www.usatoday.com/printedition/life/20080215/wk_cover15_songwriters.art.htm|title=They write the songs — and they're singing them, too |publisher=[[USA Today]] | first=Steve | last=Jones | date=February 20, 2008}}</ref> In 2006 he producit [[Justin Timberlake]]'s seicont solo studio album ''[[FutureSex/LoveSounds]]''. His vocals featur on the sangs "[[SexyBack]]", "Sexy Ladies", "Chop Me Up", "[[What Goes Around... Comes Around]]" an on the prelude tae "[[My Love (Justin Timberlake sang)|My Love]]" enteetled "Let Me Talk to You." Timbaland provided vocals on several singles: The [[Pussycat Dolls]]'s "[[Wait a Minute (Pussycat Dolls sang)|Wait a Minute]]", Nelly Furtado's "[[Promiscuous (sang)|Promiscuous]]", "[[Ice Box (sang)|Ice Box]]" bi [[Omarion]] an [[Justin Timberlake]]'s "[[SexyBack]]". In an interview publeeshed in August 2006 in the UK<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=April 25, 2008|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1839486,00.html|title='I'm up here. Everyone else is down there' |publisher=The Guardian | location=London | first=Angus | last=Batey | date=August 8, 2006}}</ref> Timbaland revealed he wis wirkin on a new LP bi [[Jay-Z]] an that he haed wirked on tracks wi [[Coldplay]]’s [[Chris Martin]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 25, 2008|url=http://www.nme.com/news/coldplay/27232|title=Timbaland to work with Coldplay |publisher=[[NME]]}}</ref> Timbaland wirked on seiven sangs for [[Björk]]’s 2007 album, ''[[Volta (album)|Volta]]'', includin "[[Earth Intruders]]", "Hope", an "[[Innocence (Bjork song)|Innocence]]"<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 25, 2008|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2007/01/19/bjork-borrows-timbaland-on-new-album-sxsw-gets-guilt-free-radiohead-concerned-about-world-making-record/|title=Björk Borrows Timbaland on New Album, SXSW Gets Guilt-Free, Radiohead Concerned About World, Making Record |publisher=Rolling Stone|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406141905/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2007/01/19/bjork-borrows-timbaland-on-new-album-sxsw-gets-guilt-free-radiohead-concerned-about-world-making-record/ <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate=April 6, 2008}}</ref> an he later wirked on tracks for the new [[Duran Duran]] album, ''[[Red Carpet Massacre]]'', includin ane featurin his frequent collaborator Justin Timberlake.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=April 28, 2008|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22874412-2902,00.html|title=Duran Duran at work with Justin Timberlake and Timbaland|publisher=[[Herald Sun]]|first=Cameron|last=Adams|date=December 6, 2007|archive-date=2012-09-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919000720/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/duran-find-new-timber-groove/story-e6frf9hf-1111115038596|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later in the year, Timbaland produced sangs for Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's LP, ''Strength & Loyalty''<ref>{{cite news|title=FAST TRACKS; Harmony? Good to the Bone|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=January 21, 2007}}</ref> an the sang "[[Ayo Technology]]" on [[50 Cent]]’s album ''[[Curtis (50 Cent album)|Curtis]]''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 28, 2008|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566579/20070807/id_0.jhtml|title=Timbaland Talks About His And Justin Timberlake's 'Hot' Collabo With Madonna|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2009-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315070624/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566579/20070807/id_0.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Timbaland produced maist o the tracks on [[Ashlee Simpson]]'s third CD an aw, ''[[Bittersweet World]]'', includin the sang "[[Outta My Head (Ay Ya Ya)]]".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=April 25, 2008|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1576807/20071219/simpson_ashlee.jhtml|title=Ashlee Simpson Reveals Christmas Gifts For Fans (New Album Title) And Pete Wentz (Shh!)|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2009-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519002313/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1576807/20071219/simpson_ashlee.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> On Apryle 3, 2007, Timbaland released a collaboration album featurin airtists includin [[50 Cent]], [[Dr. Dre]], [[Elton John]], [[Fall Out Boy]], [[Nelly Furtado]], [[Missy Elliott]], an ithers cried ''[[Timbaland Presents Shock Value]]''. A rivalry flared up atween Timbaland an record producer [[Scott Storch]] in early 2007. The tension initially started on the single "[[Give It to Me (Timbaland sang)|Give It to Me]]", when Timbaland anonymously backlashed Storch: "I'm a real producer and you['re] just the piano man". In an interview, Timbaland confirmed that he wis talkin aboot Storch. The dispute partly stemmed frae controversy regardin writin credits for Timberlake's "Cry Me a River".<ref>{{cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1554268/20070308/timbaland.jhtml |title='I Had To Speak Up': Scott Storch Responds To Timbaland's Jabs – News Story &#124; Music, Celebrity, Artist News &#124; MTV News |publisher=Mtv.com |date=March 9, 2007 |accessdate=July 11, 2010 |archive-date=2010-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110022847/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1554268/20070308/timbaland.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===2008: Focus on ither projects=== Timbaland helped produce mony albums for various airtists in 2008, includin [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s ''[[Hard Candy (Madonna album)|Hard Candy]]'',<ref name="rap-up.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/10/21/brandy-records-with-timbaland-new-video/#more-8786 |title=Brandy Records with Timbaland, New Video |publisher=Rap-Up.com |date=October 21, 2008 |accessdate=July 11, 2010}}</ref> [[Ashlee Simpson]]'s ''[[Bittersweet World]]'', [[Keri Hilson]]'s ''[[In a Perfect World...|In A Perfect World]]'', [[Flo Rida]]'s ''[[Mail On Sunday]]'', [[Letoya Luckett]]'s ''[[Lady Love (LeToya album)|Lady Love]]'', [[Lindsay Lohan]]'s ''Spirit in the Dark'', [[Chris Cornell]]'s ''[[Scream (Chris Cornell album)|Scream]]'', [[JoJo (muisic)|JoJo]]'s ''[[All I Want Is Everything (album)|All I Want Is Everything]]'', [[Nicole Scherzinger]]'s ''Her Name is Nicole'', [[Missy Elliott]]'s ''[[Block Party (album)|Block Party]]'', [[Matt Pokora]]'s ''[[MP3 (M. Pokora album)|MP3]]'', Keithian's ''Dirrty Pop'', [[The Pussycat Dolls]]'s ''[[Doll Domination]]'', [[Busta Rhymes]]'s [[B.O.M.B. (album)|B.O.M.B]], [[Lisa Maffia]]'s ''Miss Boss'', [[Teairra Mari]]'s ''Pressed For Time'',<ref name=ref2>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044830/teairra-mari-back-with-new-interscope-project|title=Teairra Mari Back With New Interscope Project}}</ref> [[Jennifer Hudson]]'s [[Jennifer Hudson (album)|début album]], [[Dima Bilan]]'s ''Believe'', [[Samantha Jade]]'s ''My Name Is Samantha Jade'', [[New Kids on the Block]]'s ''[[The Block (album)|The Block]]'', an [[Keshia Chanté]]'s ''[[Night & Day (Keshia Chanté album)|Night & Day]]''. Timbaland producit the Russian entry the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008]], [[Believe (Dima Bilan song)|Believe]] bi [[Dima Bilan]], which wis co-written bi Bilan and [[Jim Beanz]]. The sang then won the contest whan it wis held in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] in Mey 2008. In February 2008 the first 'Fashion against AIDS' collection -an initiative o 'Designers against AIDS'<ref>{{cite web |url=http://designersagainstaids.com/ |title=Designers Against Aids |publisher=Designers Against Aids |date= |accessdate=July 11, 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715120325/http://www.designersagainstaids.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an sauld in H&M stores in 28 countries- wis launched, for which Timbaland designed a T-shirt print, posed for the campaign an spoke out in a video, tae help raise HIV/AIDS awareness amang urban youth an tae advocate safe sex. On February 8, 2008, it wis announced that Timbaland wad be releasing an album exclusively for [[Verizon Wireless]]'s [[V CAST]] cell phone service an wis designated its very first "Mobile Producer in Residence." Timbaland wis tae be jyned bi [[Mosley Music Group]]/[[Zone 4 (record label)|Zone 4]] sangster an sangwriter [[Keri Hilson]] tae begin wirk on the mobile album’s first track aboard the fully equipped Mobile Recording Studio.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} The only track tae surface sae far{{when|date=July 2014}} is Garry Barry Larry Harry "Get It Girl". In Timbaland's first effort within the [[video game]] industry, he wirked wi [[Rockstar Games]] tae produce ''[[Beaterator]]'', a muisic mixing game for the [[PlayStation Portable]], [[PlayStation Network]], an [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] released in the September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Truta|first=Filip|title=PSP – Music Sequencer from Rockstar and Timbaland: Beaterator|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/PSP-Music-Sequencer-From-Rockstar-and-Timbaland-Beaterator-49439.shtml|work=Softpedia|date=March 14, 2007|accessdate=April 8, 2008|archive-date=2011-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102110/http://news.softpedia.com/news/PSP-Music-Sequencer-From-Rockstar-and-Timbaland-Beaterator-49439.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2009–2010: ''Shock Value II'' an burglary case=== Timbaland spoke tae [[MTV]]'s Shaheem Reid back in Julie 2008 tae confirm that he wis working on the follow-up tae his platinum sellin ''Shock Value''.<ref name=mtv>{{cite web |last=Reid |first=Shaheem |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591445/20080723/id_0.jhtml |title=Timbaland Working Up Shock Value 2 With Rihanna, Beyonce, Jonas Brothers |publisher=Mtv.com |date=July 24, 2008 |accessdate=October 17, 2009 |archive-date=2010-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305020732/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591445/20080723/id_0.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the time he confirmed that he haed ane track wi [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] which although recorded for her album ''[[Hard Candy (Madonna album)|Hard Candy]]'' it haed not been used an could end up on this album instead.<ref name=mtv/> He wis insistent that he wad collaborate wi [[Jordin Sparks]], [[Beyoncé]], [[Rihanna]], [[Jonas Brothers]], [[Miley Cyrus]] an [[T.I.]] an aw.<ref name=mtv/> However, none o these collaborations (except Miley Cyrus) made it tae the final track list. He forby said that alangside [[T-Pain]] wha would definitely appear, he hoped tae get [[Jay-Z]] on board,<ref name=mtv/> although he ultimately failed tae dae sae. Timbaland began wirkin on the sequel tae ''Shock Value'' in Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591445/20080723/timbaland.jhtml|title=Timbaland Working Up Shock Value 2 With Rihanna, Beyonce, Jonas Brothers|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=July 23, 2008|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=January 2, 2010|archive-date=2010-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109062937/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591445/20080723/timbaland.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch 2009, he filed a lawsuit against his label, [[Blackground Records]], allegin that thay attempted tae [[blackballing|blackball]] him efter he decided tae muive frae muisic performance intae [[muisic producer|production]].<ref name="idiomag">{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/72082/timbaland|title=Timbaland Claims Blackground Label Tried To Blackball Him|accessdate=April 1, 2009|date=March 25, 2009|publisher=[[idiomag]]}}</ref> In September 2009, Timbaland announced that ''[[Shock Value II]]'' will be released on November 23, in Europe an November 24, in North America. However, it wis pushed back tae December 8, preceded bi the first single which featurs a new recordin airtist namit [[Deborah Epstein|SoShy]] enteetled "[[Morning After Dark]]". New featurt guest appearances on the album include [[DJ Felli Fel]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[JoJo (sangster)|JoJo]], [[Brandy Norwood|Bran'Nu]], [[Drake (muisicker)|Drake]], [[Chad Kroeger]], [[Sebastian (rapper)|Sebastian]], [[Miley Cyrus]], [[Nelly Furtado]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Esthero]], [[The Fray]], [[Jet (band)|Jet]], [[Daughtry (band)|Daughtry]], [[OneRepublic]], [[Keri Hilson]], Attitude and D.O.E.. Ultimately [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Jonas Brothers]], [[Rihanna]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], [[Jay Z]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], [[Kanye West]], [[Linkin Park]], [[The All-American Rejects]], [[Paramore]], [[Gucci Mane]], [[T-Pain]], [[T.I.]] an [[Akon]] never appeared on ''Shock Value II''. ''Shock Value II'' is infamous for its use o over-the-top vocal effects.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} Despite chartin low, Timbaland haes haed three top forty singles tae date.{{When|date=June 2016}} "[[Morning After Dark]]" featurin SoShy an Nelly Furtado is the lead single frae Timbaland's third studio album. The sang wis scrieven bi Tim Mosley, Jerome Harmon, Deborah Epstein, Michelle Bell, Keri Hilson, Nelly Furtado, James Washington, John Maultsby an producit bi Timbaland and Jroc. The single premiered on October 16, 2009, on [[Ryan Seacrest]]'s [[KIIS-FM]] radio shaw, [[On Air with Ryan Seacrest (radio)|On-Air with Ryan Seacrest]] wi Timbaland describin it as the kick-off sang frae the project.<ref name="rapup1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2009/10/15/timbaland-to-debut-new-single-friday/ |title=Timbaland to Debut New Single Friday |publisher=rap-up.com |accessdate=October 14, 2009}}</ref><ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002T8KML8 |title=Morning After Dark (Featuring SoShy): Timbaland: MP3 Downloads |publisher=amazon.com |accessdate=October 23, 2009}}</ref> Follaein her performance, the sang wis sent for radio adds on Mey 25. The sang peaked in the tap 10 o the Billboard Hot 100. Wi this success, the sang becam Sparks' fifth consecutive tap 20 hit an third nonconsecutive tap 10 hit. On Mey 24, Sparks headed tae Europe tae begin promotion for the single. "[[Say Something (Timbaland sang)|Say Something]]" featurin Canadian rapper and sangster [[Drake (muisicker)|Drake]] wis released tae US iTunes on November 3, 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=338395431&s=143441 |title=Say Something (feat. Drake) – Single by Timbaland – Download Say Something (feat. Drake) – Single on iTunes |publisher=Itunes.apple.com |date=November 3, 2009 |accessdate=November 11, 2009 |archive-date=2012-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626015132/http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=338395431&s=143441 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis officially sent tae U.S. radio on January 5, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://radio1.gr/music/forthcoming_usa_singles.htm |title=Radio1 – Forthcoming USA Singles |publisher=Radio1.gr |date= |accessdate=December 28, 2009 |archive-date=2015-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018213822/http://www.radio1.gr/music/forthcoming_usa_singles.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the album's seicont single an reached number 23 on the Hot 100, makin it the second maist successfu single on the album.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} "[[Carry Out]]" featurin [[Justin Timberlake]] is the third single frae the album but wis initially anly released in the U.S. It wis sent tae US radio on December 1, 2009.<ref name="radio2">{{cite web|url=http://www.radio1.gr/music/forthcoming_usa_singles.htm |title=New Releases – US Forthcoming Singles |publisher=Radio1.gr |date= |accessdate=December 3, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615215027/http://www.radio1.gr/music/forthcoming_usa_singles.htm |archivedate=June 15, 2011 }}</ref> It is the maist successfu single on the album, peakin at number 11 on the ''[[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]''.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} The muisic video premiered on February 18, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/18/video-timbaland-f-justin-timberlake-carry-out/ |title=Video: Timbaland f/ Justin Timberlake – ‘Carry Out’ |publisher=Rap-Up.com |date=February 18, 2010 |accessdate=March 5, 2010 |archive-date=2015-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018213821/http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/18/video-timbaland-f-justin-timberlake-carry-out/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It wis released as the third UK single on Apryle 26, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=Praxis Media |url=http://radio1.gr/music/forthcoming_uk_singles.htm |title=Radio1 Rodos Greece ::: UK Forthcoming Singles ::: Charts, DJ Promos, Dance, Lyrics, Free Mp3 Samples Downloads |publisher=Radio1.gr |date= |accessdate=March 5, 2010 |archive-date=2008-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011155818/http://www.radio1.gr/music/forthcoming_uk_singles.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> "[[If We Ever Meet Again]]" featurin [[Katy Perry]] is the album's fourth single. The muisic video premiered on January 18, 2010. In the UK, it wis released February 15, 2010. Timbaland producit [[Chris Cornell]]'s 2009 album ''[[Scream (Chris Cornell album)|Scream]]''. [[Shakira]] wis asked tae record vocals on the sang "[[Give It Up to Me (Shakira song)|Give It Up to Me]]" tae be included on Timbaland's forthcomin album but it wis placed on her third studio album ''[[She Wolf (album)|She Wolf]]'' an released as the seicont US single instead.<ref name=shakirasong>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/thesound/a182465/new-shakira-song-ahoy.html |title=Music – The Sound – New Shakira song ahoy! |publisher=Digital Spy |date= |accessdate=October 21, 2009 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144007/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/thesound/a182465/new-shakira-song-ahoy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ane o the sangs Timbaland haed producit for Beyoncé's 2008 album ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' wis reworked bi Keri Hilson an Jay Z for ''Shock Value II'' but not included.<ref name=Rumors>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2009/10/22/new-music-timbaland-f-jay-z-keri-hilson-rumors/ |title=Rumors |publisher=rap-up.com |date= |accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetimbalandbuzz.com/2009/10/keri-hilson-feat-jay-z-rumors.html |title=Keri Hilson feat. Jay-Z – "Rumors" [UPDATE-2&#93; |publisher=The Timbaland Buzz |date=October 23, 2009 |accessdate=October 29, 2009 |archive-date=2012-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320153531/http://www.thetimbalandbuzz.com/2009/10/keri-hilson-feat-jay-z-rumors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wis a guest host o [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]]'s [[WWE Raw|Raw]] on December 28, 2009.<ref name="WV1228host">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1260314825.php|title=Timbaland to host Raw on 28 Dec.|last=Martin|first=Adam|date=December 8, 2009|accessdate=December 26, 2009}}</ref> Timbaland appeared on Mairch 25, 2010 episode (teetled "Blowback") o ''[[FlashForward]]'' as an evidence agent. His sangs "Morning After Dark" an "Symphony" appear on the video game ''Def Jam: Underground.'' In Apryle 2010, a feud arose atween the producer an R&B sangster [[Ginuwine]], efter Timbaland failed tae make an appearance at the sangster's muisic video shoot o "[[Get Involved (Ginuwine sang)|Get Involved]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gossiponthis.com/2010/04/14/beef-between-ginuwine-timbaland/ |title=Beef Brewing Between Former Friends Ginuwine & Timbaland? // |publisher=Gossiponthis.com |date=April 14, 2010 |accessdate=July 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kuc6c_01Pk |title=2010 Ginuwine Talks About Beef With Timbaland – Radio Interview |publisher=YouTube |date=April 15, 2010 |accessdate=July 11, 2010}}</ref> Later in Apryle, Timbaland released a new single featurin [[T-Pain]] an Billy Blue teetled "Talk That". In Juin 2010, when questioned bi RWD magazine aboot the UK muisic scene he made the bold claim tae be the inspiration for the [[dub-step]] muisic scene. "The UK scene... they’re always telling me that I started it. You have Dub-bass...". When questioned further aboot it he went on tae say: "It’s funny cos they went back to some of my old music that really created that sound and just, instead of going fast, they went slow with more bass."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rwdmag.com/2010/06/just-in-timbaland-i-created-dubstep/|title=NEWS : JUST IN – Timbaland: I Created Dubstep|date=June 8, 2010|publisher=RWD Mag News|accessdate=June 26, 2010|archive-date=2010-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611054558/http://www.rwdmag.com/2010/06/just-in-timbaland-i-created-dubstep/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2010, a "possible suicide attempt" [[All-points bulletin|APB]] wis put out for Timbaland efter his home wis burgled. When his faimily war unable tae contact him, they called 911 an a manhunt began. Police eventually found his car an brocht him back home, where paramedics examined him, afore declaring he wis not a threat tae himsel. When questioned, Timbaland said he anly took a drive tae think aboot the burglary, as he thocht the possible thief could have been someone close whom he trusted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2010/08/25/timbaland-suicide-attempt-malibu-domestic-dispute-argument/|title=Timbaland – Cops APB: 'Possible Suicide Attempt'|date=August 25, 2010|publisher=TMZ|accessdate=October 1, 2010}}</ref> ===2010–present: ''Textbook Timbo'' an recent activities=== In 2010, Timbaland split wi longtime label [[Blackground Records]], but stayed wi [[Interscope Records]]. Later in the year, Timbaland wis featured on the deluxe edition o Chris Brown's album, ''[[F.A.M.E. (album)|F.A.M.E.]]'', producin the sangs "Paper, Scissors, Rock" (feat. [[Big Sean]]) an the Japan-anly bonus track, "Talk Ya Ear Off". Timbaland wis featurt on David Guetta's LP, ''[[Nothing But the Beat]]'', on "I Just Wanna F." wi [[Dev (sangster)|Dev]] an [[Afrojack]] an aw. Timbaland forby worked wi teen star [[Demi Lovato]]; he producit an haed a small featur in her song "All Night Long" on Lovato's ''[[Unbroken (Demi Lovato album)|Unbroken]]'' album. In November 2010, Timbaland announced that he wad be releasin a new sang every Thursday, cried Timbo Thursdays; a copy o the initiative shawn bi airtists sic as Kanye West (via [[GOOD Friday|G.O.O.D. Fridays]]), an Swizz Beatz (via Monster Mondays). In an interview wi Rap-Up.com Timbaland stated, "So, my brother told me Kanye is puttin' out a new song every Friday called G.O.O.D. Fridays, Swizz got Mondays, I don't know if they are on Twitter but can you hit them up, and tell them reserve that Thursday for Timbo the king baby. We’ll call it Timbo Thursday, cool?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/11/01/timbaland-announces-timbo-thursdays/|title=Timbaland Announces Timbo Thursdays - Rap-Up {{!}} Rap-Up|last=|first=|date=2010-11-01|website=www.rap-up.com|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> On January 13, 2011, Timbaland began his ''Timbaland Thursdays'' free muisic initiative, wi the first sang released bein "Take Ur Clothes Off", featurin [[Missy Elliott]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/13/new-music-timbaland-x-missy-elliott-take-ur-clothes-off/#more-70742 |title=New Music: Timbaland x Missy Elliott – ‘Take Ur Clothes Off’ |publisher=Rap-Up.com |date=January 13, 2011 |accessdate=May 29, 2011}}</ref> In early 2011, he stopped the weekly free muisic as he spent time in [[South Africa]],<ref name="twitter.com">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Timbaland |title=Twitter |publisher=Twitter |date= |accessdate=October 27, 2013}}</ref> an wanted tae help produce tracks for his brither, [[Sebastian (rapper)|Sebastian]].<ref name="twitter.com"/> The first official single frae ''Shock Value III'', "[[Pass at Me]]" featurin American rapper and sangster [[Pitbull (entertainer)|Pitbull]], wi uncredited production bi French DJ [[David Guetta]], wis released on September 13, 2011, efter havin been previously used tae promote a book teetled ''Culo''. The album's seicont single, "[[Break Ya Back (Timbaland Sang)|Break Ya Back]]" featurin American sangster [[Dev (sangster)|Dev]], wis released on Apryle 17, 2012. For the fourth installment in the [[Step Up (film series)|''Step Up'' franchise]], ''[[Step Up Revolution]]'', Timbaland released a track called "Hands In the Air", which featurs American sangster [[Ne-Yo]]. On January 30, 2013, Timbaland signed tae Jay-Z's label [[Roc Nation]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Corner|first=Lewis|title=Timbaland signs to Jay-Z's Roc Nation|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a455071/timbaland-signs-to-jay-zs-roc-nation.html|work=Digital Spy|date=January 30, 2013|accessdate=April 6, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603103514/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a455071/timbaland-signs-to-jay-zs-roc-nation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that year, Timbaland wad serve as the main producer o [[Justin Timberlake]]'s recent LP, ''[[The 20/20 Experience]]'', includin the album's singles: "[[Suit & Tie]]" an "[[Mirrors (Justin Timberlake sang)|Mirrors]]". Timbaland forby produced [[Beyoncé]]'s sang "Grown Woman" which wis featurt in her [[Pepsi]] commercial an 2013 tour, ''[[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Makarechi|first=Kia|title='Grown Woman,' Beyoncé's Timbaland-Produced Single Gets Release Date|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/04/grown-woman-beyonce-timbaland_n_3014972.html|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 4, 2013|accessdate=May 9, 2013}}</ref> an the sang "I Don't Have To Sleep to Dream" on [[Cher]]'s 2013 album ''[[Closer to the Truth (Cher album)|Closer to the Truth]]. In August 2013, Timbaland revealed that he wis wirkin on a project featurin unreleased material bi Michael Jackson, wi a lead single cried "Love Never Felt So Good".<ref>{{cite web|author=Guardian music |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/aug/28/michael-jackson-timbaland-new-songs |title=New Michael Jackson music to be produced by Timbaland &#124; Music |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=June 13, 2014}}</ref> On September 24, 2013, Timbaland collaborated wi [[T.I.]] for his new co-produced Indonesian airtist, [[Agnes Monica|AGNEZ MO]], in her sang teetled [[Coke Bottle (sang)|Coke Bottle]]. The premiere launch event o the single becam a warldwide trendin topic on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com/81904143.html |title=Oh No They Didn't! - AGNEZ MO Premieres Bop "Coke Bottle" on US Radio + Gets Celeb Support + Appears on Rupaul Drives |publisher=Ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com |date=September 26, 2013 |accessdate=June 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hai-online.com/Hai2013/Entertainment/Music/News/Rilis-Coke-Bottle-Agnes-Monica-Rajai-WorldWide-Trending-Topic |title=Rilis "Coke Bottle", Agnes Monica Rajai WorldWide Trending Topic - Hai Online - Musik, sekolah, lifestyle anak muda Indonesia |language=id |publisher=Hai Online |date=September 25, 2013 |accessdate=June 13, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219040927/http://www.hai-online.com/Hai2013/Entertainment/Music/News/Rilis-Coke-Bottle-Agnes-Monica-Rajai-WorldWide-Trending-Topic |archivedate=December 19, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> On November 15, 2013, Timbaland revealed his new single for his fourth album, ''Opera Noir'', cried "Know Bout Me" featurin Drake, Jay-Z, an [[James Fauntleroy]]. Bi 2014, it wis oreeginally announced that baith Timbaland an [[Missy Elliott]] wad be an essential component per production o [[Kat Dahlia]]'s debut album, ''[[My Garden (Kat Dahlia album)|My Garden]]'', however neither o the duo's contributions saw the light o day.<ref name="hamadamania">{{cite web|title=Kat Dahlia works with Missy Elliot for debut album ‘My Garden’|url=http://hamadamania.com/2013/07/19/kat-dahlia-works-with-missy-elliot-for-debut-album-my-garden/|publisher=hamadamania.com|date=July 19, 2013|accessdate=March 13, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314060435/http://hamadamania.com/2013/07/19/kat-dahlia-works-with-missy-elliot-for-debut-album-my-garden/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On January 7, 2015, Timbaland received production credit for his involvement wi the musical score o Lee Daniels an Danny Strong's televeesion project ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]'', which premiered on [[FOX]]. Constructively, Timbaland an his team, includin [[Jim Beanz]], [[Raphael Saadiq]], an ithers, compose the series' sangs based on material gien tae them bi the shaw's writin team per each episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jim-beanz-the-music-man-behind-empire-14223840471|title=Meet Jim Beanz, Who Helped Build a Music ‘Empire’|last=Jurgensen|first=John|date=January 27, 2015|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=February 13, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In February 2016, Timbaland an Missy Elliott teamed up tae produce the track "Somebody Else Will" for longtime associate, [[Tweet (sangster)|Tweet]], for her third studio album ''[[Charlene (Tweet album)|Charlene]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kellman|first=Andy|title=Charlene - Tweet > Overview|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/charlene-mw0002898481|work=[[AllMusic]]|publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=February 27, 2016}}</ref> In Juin 2016, Timbaland an Andy Rubinhas teamed up wi [[SubPac (company)|SubPac]], a [[Los Angeles]]-based startup that haes created a wearable device set tae redefine entertainment through new immersive physical-sound technology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/12/the-future-of-listening-to-music-feeling-it-according-to-timbaland/ |title=The future of listening to music is feeling it, according to Timbaland|author=Jessica Naziri| publisher=Tech Crunch|date=July 12, 2016| access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> There is{{When|date=April 2018}} still no release date for his new album "Textbook Timbo". On December 15, 2017, Timbaland released the sang "Grab the Wheel", which featurs 6lack on vocals. The sang haes a muisic video which wis released on the same day as weel. == Influence == An important figure in the creation o American R&B's "stuttering kick-drums template,"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Energy Flash : A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/energyflashjourn0000reyn|last=Reynolds|first=Simon|publisher=Soft Skull Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/energyflashjourn0000reyn/page/449 449]}}</ref> Timbaland's influence extended beyond the U.S. an crossed international waters, especially in [[UK garage#cite note-Reynolds 2012 449.E2.80.93451-5|UK garage]] an rave culture. Timbaland, as an R&B producer, create a distinctive, rhythmic sound usin breakbeats, which break up the smooth flow o tracks tae create moments o tension an release. This technique that Timbaland pioneered wad later serve tae create "bootleg" garage tracks, which wis essential in the rise o UK garage. What began as an underground movement soon grew in popularity, wi bootleg remixes sellin upwards o 20,000 copies, somethin unheard o at the time. Ane sic example is the remix o Brandy & Monica's ''[[The Boy Is Mine (sang)|The Boy is Mine]].''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/energyflashjourn0000reyn|last=Reynolds|first=Simon|publisher=Soft Skull Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/energyflashjourn0000reyn/page/450 450]}}</ref> ==Plagiarism accusations== {{Main|Timbaland plagiarism controversy}} In January 2007, several news sources reported that Timbaland wis alleged tae have plagiarized several elements (baith motifs an samples) in the sang "[[Do It (Nelly Furtado song)|Do It]]" on the 2006 album ''[[Loose (Nelly Furtado album)|Loose]]'' bi [[Nelly Furtado]] without givin credit or compensation.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2007/01/18/is-timbaland-a-thief/|title=Is Timbaland a Thief?|work=Rolling Stone|date=January 18, 2007|accessdate=April 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417014937/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2007/01/18/is-timbaland-a-thief/ <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate=April 17, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Iltalehti">[http://www.iltalehti.fi/popstars/200701145593138_ps.shtml Onko Nellyn hitti Suomesta?] ('''Finnish''')<!-- An English alternative for this source would be appropriate, as it is not too hard to find (an American matter, after all). --></ref><ref name="eDome">[http://plaza.fi/harrastukset/edome/artikkelit/yleiset/yhdysvaltalaistuottaja-polli-suomalaismuusikolta Yhdysvaltalaistuottaja pölli suomalaismuusikolta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223023640/http://plaza.fi/harrastukset/edome/artikkelit/yleiset/yhdysvaltalaistuottaja-polli-suomalaismuusikolta |date=February 23, 2007 }} ('''Finnish''')<!-- An English alternative for this source would be appropriate, as it is not too hard to find (an American matter, after all). --></ref> The sang itself wis released as the fifth North American [[single (muisic)|single]] frae ''Loose'' in Julie 2007. Timbaland's legal troubles continued. In lieu o a copyright lawsuit over the sang "[[Throw It on Me]]" frae his ''Shock Value'' album, Timbaland an David Cortopassi, the composer o "Spazz", a sang oreeginally recorded bi [[The Elastik Band]] an released bi ATCO/Atlantic and EMI, reached a settlement agreement in Julie 2009.<ref name=allhspazz>{{cite news|first=Mike|last=Winslow|title=Timbaland Settles 'Spazz' Lawsuit For Undisclosed Amount|newspaper=AllHipHop News|date=May 24, 2010|url=http://allhiphop.com/2010/05/24/timbaland-settles-spazz-lawsuit-for-undisclosed-amount}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Smokey|last=Fontaine|title=Timbaland Settles 'Spazz' Lawsuit For Undisclosed Amount|newspaper=The Urban Dailey|date=May 24, 2010|url=http://theurbandaily.com/771545/timbaland-settles-spazz-lawsuit-for-undisclosed-amount}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Copsey|title=Timbaland settles copywright lawsuit|newspaper=Digital Spy|date=May 25, 2010|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a221657/timbaland-settles-copywright-lawsuit.html}}</ref> The terms o the settlement remained undisclosed at the time.<ref name=allhspazz/> "Spazz", noted as bein "one of the most tasteless records ever made", wis initially banned bi radio stations an even pulled mid-stream while on air when first released in 1967,<ref name=allhspazz/> wi the DJ even apologizin tae his listeners for playing the record.<ref>{{cite news |title=From The Archives |newspaper=CMJ New Music Monthly |date=April 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IisEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=spazz+australian+radio+apologized&source=bl&ots=Osj06-i-47&sig=E76sj6tWjTrs7TGjQ6wrjcOr36c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UNeBUcm0I8r8igLrp4H4DQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=spazz%20australian%20radio%20apologized&f=false }}</ref> In January 2014, the Swiss newspaper [[Basler Zeitung]] revealed another plagiarism case concernin the track "Versus" bi Jay-Z, which wis produced bi Timbaland. The track's instrumental is very seemilar tae, if not directly sampled frae "On the Way" bi Swiss muisicker [[Bruno Spoerri]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Fabienne|last=Klenger|title=Jay-Z kupfert von Basler Jazzmusiker ab|newspaper=Basler Zeitung|date=January 27, 2014|url=http://bazonline.ch/schweiz/standard/JayZ-kupfert-von-Basler-Jazzmusiker-ab/story/26425247}}</ref> Accordin tae Swiss newspaper [[Tages Anzeiger]], the plagiarism case wis settled bi Mairch 2015. [[Jay Z]] an Timbaland war tae pay 50% frae the song's revenue tae Spoerri as royalties for the muisic, wi [[Jay-Z]] retainin 50% for the lyrics.<ref>http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/pop-und-jazz/Jay-Z-muss-Spoerri-entloehnen/story/20944469</ref> ==Discografie== {{Main|Timbaland discografoe|Timbaland production discografoe}} '''Timbaland & Magoo albums''' * ''[[Welcome to Our World]]'' (1997) * ''[[Indecent Proposal (album)|Indecent Proposal]]'' (2001) * ''[[Under Construction, Part II]]'' (2003) '''Solo albums''' * ''[[Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shock Value (Timbaland album)|Shock Value]]'' (2007) * ''[[Shock Value II]]'' (2009) ==Awards an nominations== {{Main|Leet o awards an nominations received bi Timbaland}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} * http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1563894/20070702/hilson__keri2.jhtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311082601/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1563894/20070702/hilson__keri2.jhtml |date=2008-03-11 }} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|www.timbalandmusic.com}} * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p218225}} * [http://new.music.yahoo.com/timbaland/ Timbaland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904224408/http://new.music.yahoo.com/timbaland/ |date=2011-09-04 }} at [[Yahoo! Music]] * [{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=timbaland|chart=all}} Timbaland] at [[Billboard.com]] {{Timbaland}} {{Roc Nation}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Timbaland}} [[Category:Timbaland]] [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:African-American Christians]] [[Category:African-American male sangsters]] [[Category:American sangsters]] [[Category:American male sangsters]] [[Category:African-American sangsters]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:African-American record producers]] [[Category:American dance muisickers]] [[Category:American DJs]] [[Category:American hip hop record producers]] [[Category:American multi-instrumentalists]] [[Category:American shootin survivors]] [[Category:East Coast hip hop muisickers]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:American hip hop DJs]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Norfolk, Virginia]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Virginia Beach, Virginia]] [[Category:Rappers frae Virginie]] [[Category:Swing Mob airtists]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Pop rappers]] dk0lhbxvqzjf8cszw5g13c971txgyce 0 201417 923250 918665 2026-09-24T07:06:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox muisical airtist | name = Young Dolph | background = solo_singer | image_size = 200 | caption = Young Dolph in Nashville, Tennessee in 2017 | birth_name = Adolph Thornton, Jr. | alias = Dolph Obama<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/young-dolph-memphis-rapper-talks-tumultuous-life-w479848|title=Young Dolph: Memphis Rapper on Life From 'Crack Baby' to Streaming Star|publisher=Rolling Stone|last=Reeves|first=Mosi|date=May 4, 2017|accessdate=October 22, 2017|archive-date=2018-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173742/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/young-dolph-memphis-rapper-talks-tumultuous-life-w479848|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1985|7|27|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/young-dolph/profile/|title=Young Dolph|work=HotNewHipHop|accessdate=March 17, 2016|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324101053/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/young-dolph/profile/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2021|11|17|1985|7|27}}}} | death_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S. | origin = [[Memphis]], [[Tennessee (U.S. state)|Tennessee]], U.S. | genre = {{hlist|[[Soothren hip hop]]|[[gangsta rap]]|[[Memphis rap]]|[[trap muisic|trap]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|sangwriter|record executive}} | years_active = 2008–2021 | label = {{hlist|Paper Route Empire|[[1017 Brick Squad]]}} | associated_acts = <!-- Exercise constraint and add only the NOTABLE acts associated with Dolph; see [[Template:Infobox musical artist#Associated acts]] for criteria --> {{hlist|[[2 Chainz]]|[[Berner (rapper)|Berner]]|[[Gucci Mane]]|[[Key Glock]]|[[O.T. Genasis]]|[[Peewee Longway]]|[[Zaytoven]]|[[Young Scooter]]}} | website = {{URL|www.youngdolph.com}} }} '''Adolph Thornton, Jr.''' (born 27 Julie 1985 – 17 November 2021), kent professionally as '''Young Dolph''', wis an American rapper. In Februar 2016, Dolph lowsed his debut studio album, ''King of Memphis'', that peakit at nummer 49 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chairt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.37692/title.hip-hop-album-sales-yo-gotti-kevin-gates-young-dolph|title=Hip Hop Album Sales: Yo Gotti, Kevin Gates & Young Dolph|work=[[HipHopDX]]|date=February 29, 2016|accessdate=March 1, 2016|first=Victoria|last=Hernandez|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402221445/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.37692/title.hip-hop-album-sales-yo-gotti-kevin-gates-young-dolph|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kramer|first1=Kyle|title=PREMIERE: Stream Young Dolph's New Album, 'King of Memphis'|url=http://noisey.vice.com/blog/young-dolph-king-of-memphis-album-premiere|publisher=Noisey|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=March 29, 2016|archive-date=2016-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323210657/http://noisey.vice.com/blog/young-dolph-king-of-memphis-album-premiere|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wis featurt on [[O.T. Genasis]]' hit single "[[Cut It (sang)|Cut It]]", that peakit at nummer 35 on the [[Billboard Hat 100|''Billboard'' Hat 100]]. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0003085896|label=Young Dolph}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:2021 daiths]] [[Category:African-American male rappers]] [[Category:African-American sangwriters]] [[Category:American sangwriters]] 5303qilz5tnh59s8o4jakhnl8y5dgcd 0 203241 923163 902018 2026-09-23T20:15:11Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 Sortit Scots, pit in stub tag 923163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Kamala Harris |image = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg |office = 49t Vice Praisident of the Unitit States |president = [[Joe Biden]] |predecessor = [[Mike Pence]] |successor = [[JD Vance]] |term_start = 20 Januar 2021 |term_end = 20 Januar 2025 |jr/sr1 = Unitit States Senatour |state1 = [[California]] |alongside1 = [[Dianne Feinstein]] |term_start1 = 3 Januar 2017 |term_end1 = 18 Januar 2021 |predecessor1 = [[Barbara Boxer]] |successor1 = [[Alex Padilla]] |office2 = 27t [[San Francisco Destrict Attorney's Office|Destrict Attorney of San Francisco]] |governor2 = Jerry Brown |term_start2 = 8 Januar 2004 |term_end2 = 3 Januar 2011 |predecessor2 = [[Terence Hallinan]] |successor2 = [[George Gascón]] |birth_name = Kamala Devi Harris |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|20}} |birth_place = [[Oakland, California]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic]] |spouse = {{marriage|Douglas Emhoff|2014}} |relatives = [[Maya Harris]] (sister) |education = [[Howard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of California, Hastings]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) |website = {{url|harris.senate.gov|Senate website}} |signature=Kamala Harris Signature.svg}} '''Kamala Devi Harris''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑː|m|ə|l|ə}} {{respell|KAH|mə|lə}}; born 20 October 1964) is an American lawer, politician and a member of the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Pairty]]. She sairved as [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Praisident of the Unitit States]], and is the first female, first African-American, and first Asian-American tae bruik the office. Harris haes sairved as the junior [[Unitit States Senate|Unitit States Senatour]] frae [[Californie|California]] frae 2017 till 2021. ==Fremmit airtins== *[https://kamalaharris.com/ Offeicial Wabsteid] (English) *[https://www.congress.gov/member/kamala-harris/H001075 Senator Kamala D. Harris] (English) *[https://www.newsletter.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/white-house-democratic-candidate-kamala-harris-has-ulster-scots-roots-2943368 White House Democratic candidate Kamala Harris has Ulster-Scots roots] (English) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Kamala}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Vice Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Category:20t-century American politeecians]] [[Category:20t-century American weemen politeecians]] [[Category:20t-century American weemen writers]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American non-feection writers]] [[Category:21st-century American politeecians]] [[Category:21st-century American weemen politeecians]] [[Category:21st-century American weemen writers]] [[Category:Activists frae Californie]] [[Category:American lawers]] [[Category:American gun control advocates]] [[Category:American legal writers]] [[Category:American non-feection crime writers]] [[Category:American fowk o Indie Tamil strynd]] [[Category:American politeecians o Indie strynd]] [[Category:American politeecians o Jamaican strynd]] [[Category:American weemen in politics]] [[Category:American weemen lawers]] [[Category:American weemen non-feection writers]] [[Category:American writers o Jamaican strynd]] [[Category:Baptists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Californie Attorneys General]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Californie state senators]] [[Category:Democratic Pairty Unitit States Senators]] [[Category:Destrict attorneys in Californie]] [[Category:Female Unitit States Senators]] [[Category:Howard Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Lawers frae Oakland, Californie]] [[Category:Leeberalism in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Congress o Indie strynd]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Oakland, Californie]] [[Category:Unitit States Senators frae Californie]] [[Category:Varsity o California, Hastings College of the Law alumni]] [[Category:Weemen crime writers]] [[Category:Weemen in Californie politics]] [[Category:Writers frae Oakland, Californie]] [[Category:Writers frae San Francisco]] [[Category:Candidates in the 2020 Unitit States presidential election]] [[Category:2020 Unitit States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:African-American Unitit States vice presidential candidates]] [[Category:Female Unitit States vice presidential candidates]] [[Category:Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign]] [[Category:Harris faimily]] {{Stub/USPoliteecian}} nhoynt3htshwzki0j93bpuqzguybuwq 0 208500 923220 878399 2026-09-24T04:20:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Edward Woodward 1971.JPG|alt=|border|right|thumb|Edward Woodward]]{{fixscots}} '''''The Wicker Man''''' is a cult 1973 British horror movie, made an set in Scotland. The movie wis directed by Robin Hardy an written bi Anthony Shaffer. It stars Edward Woodward, [[Christopher Lee]], Diane Cilento, Ingrid Pitt an Britt Ekland. Paul Giovanni composed the soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6bac941d|title=The Wicker Man (1973)|access-date=2020-09-23|archive-date=2016-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406085205/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6bac941d|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Wicker Man 1973">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/95785/The-Wicker-Man/full-credits.html|title=The Wicker Man 1973|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|location=[[Atlanta]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System]] ([[Time Warner]])|accessdate=11 July 2016|archive-date=2019-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115021238/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/95785/The-Wicker-Man/full-credits.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''The Wicker Man'' is generally very weel-regairded by critics. Movie magazine ''Cinefantastique'' described it as "the Citizen Kane o horror movies". In 2004 the magazine cried the ''Wicker Man'' the sixth greatest British movie o aw time. It won the 1978 Saturn Award fur best horror movie. A scene fae this movie wis nummer 45 on Bravo's 100 scariest movie moments. The picture wis shot maistly in the wee toons o [[Gaithoose o Fleet]], [[Newtoun Stewart]], [[Kirkcoubrie]], [[Creetoun]] and in and aroond the [[Isle o Whithorn]]. The auld ruint kirk wis at [[Anwoth]]. The cave wis [[St Ninian's Cave]] on the coast at [[Physgill]] at [[Glasserton]]. The climax o the picture wis shot on the cliffs at [[Burrow Heid]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bruce |first1=David |title=Scotland the Movie |url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandmovie0000bruc |year=1996 |publisher=Polygon |location=Edinburgh |isbn=074866209X |language=en}}</ref> == Cast == * [[Edward Woodward]] as Sgt. Neil Howie * [[Christopher Lee]] as Lord Summerisle * [[Britt Ekland]] as Willow MacGregor ** [[Annie Ross]] as Willow MacGregor (voice) ** Rachel Verney as Willow MacGregor (singing voice) * [[Diane Cilento]] as Miss Rose * [[Ingrid Pitt]] as Librarian * [[Lindsay Kemp]] as Alder MacGregor (the landlord) * [[Russell Waters]] as Harbour Maister * [[Aubrey Morris]] as Old Gairdner/Gravedigger * [[Irene Sunters|Irene Sunter]] as May Morrison * Jennifer Martin as Myrtle Morrison * [[Donald Eccles]] as T.H. Lennox * [[Walter Carr (actor)|Walter Carr]] as School Master * [[Roy Boyd]] as Broome * [[Peter Brewis]] as Musician * [[Gerry Cowper|Geraldine Cowper]] as Rowan Morrison * [[John Young (actor)|John Young]] as Fishmonger * Myra Forsyth as Mrs Grimmond * Alison Hughes as Sgt Howie's fiancé * [[Barbara Rafferty]] as woman with baby * [[John Sharp (actor)|John Sharp]] as Doctor Ewan (langer version) * [[John Hallam]] as Police Constable McTaggart (langer version) * [[Tony Roper (actor)|Tony Roper]] as Postman (langer version) == References == {{reflist}} * Brown, Allan (2000). ''Inside the Wicker Man: The Morbid Ingenuities''. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-06355-8. {{in|en}} [[Category:Films set in Scotland]] [[Category:Films shot in Scotland]] kk0wjvbd81n912aj3m7f510ci2c6767 0 212894 923127 726982 2026-09-23T16:27:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Korab | type = Range | photo = Korab_(detail).jpg | photo_caption = Moont Korab | country = [[Albanie]] | country1 = [[North Macedonie]] | etymology = | border = | border1 = | geology = Limestone | geology1 = | geology2 = | geology3 = | period = | period1 = | orogeny = | region = | region1 = | region2 = | area_km2 = | length_km = | length_orientation = | width_km = | width_orientation = | age = [[Paleozoic]] | highest = [[Moont Korab]] | elevation_m = 2751 | coordinates = {{coord|41|47|25|N|20|32|48|E|type:mountain_region:AL_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | range_coordinates = }} '''Korab''' ({{Lang-sq|Mali i Korabit}}, {{Lang-mk|Кораб}}) is a [[moontain range]] in the eastren corner o [[Albanie]] an the wastren pairt o [[North Macedonie]], running alang the mairch atween baith kintras. It forms awso the [[European Green Belt]]. In Albanie, it is awso cried ''Vargu lindor'' ({{Lang-en|Eastern range}}), but this term encompasses moontains further north, sic as the [[Koritnik]] an [[Gjallica]]. The heichest peak is [[Moont Korab]] at {{convert|2751|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[abuin sea level]].<ref name="Trip report">{{cite web|title=2007 Trip Report|url=http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/2000mtn/korab.html}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wi a prominence of {{convert|2169|m|ft|abbr=on}}, Korab is the 18th maist prominent mountain peak in the [[Europe]]an continent.<ref>{{cite web|title=EUROPE ULTRA-PROMINENCES 99 Peaks with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater|url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/EuroCoreP1500m.html|website=peaklist.org|page=|language=English}}</ref> The moontains are componed o sedimentary rock, includin shale, saundstane, dolomite an limestane. The name refers tae a Paleochristian sea god. [[Geographically]], the Korab moontain range extendes {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the [[Dibër valley|Dibër Valley]] in a north-sooth direction, atween the river valleys o the [[Black Drin]] an its tributary the Radika. It is locatit near the [[tripoint]] o Albanie, North Macedonie, an [[Kosovo]], soothwast o the [[Šar Moontains]]. The Drin Valley lies aroond {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} to the west, the bed of the Radika at about {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} abuin sea level. The geology o the pairk is dominatit bi moontains made up o exposed faultit sedimentary rock an valleys containin glacial lochs. The Albanie pairt haes numerous heich peaks an ranges, awmaist as tall as the Korab [[massif]]. Tae the north o this double-peak there are mony ither nameless peaks o a seemilar hicht. Korab-Pforte ({{Lang-sq|Maja Portat e Korabit}}, {{Lang-mk|Mala Korapska Vrata}}) lies aroond {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} soothwast o Korab [[massif]] an is awmaist as tall as the main moontain, at {{convert|2727|m|ft|abbr=on}}. A few hundred meters further sooth, thare are anither peaks, [[Maja e Moravës]] {{convert|2718|m|ft|abbr=on}} an [[Mali i Gramës]] {{convert|2345|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The moontains are componed o shale an [[limestone]]. Much o the range is protectit bi naitur pairks; the [[Korab-Koritnik Naitur Pairks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RRJETI I ZONAVE TË MBROJTURA NË SHQIPËRI|url=http://www.mjedisi.gov.al/files/userfiles/widgets_zonat_e_mbr/RRJETI_I_ZONAVE_TE_MBROJTURA_NE_SHQIPERI_MARS-20141.pdf|website=mjedisi.gov.al|page=2|language=Albanian|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Korab - Koritnik Natural Park Management Plan|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269573299_Korab_-_Koritnik_Natural_Park_Management_Plan|website=researchgate.net|page=9|language=English|format=PDF|date=July 2014}}</ref> Sooth o the complex o peaks aroond Moont Korab, thare are ither lairge moontains: [[Mali i Gramës]] ({{convert|2345|m|ft|abbr=on}}) an [[Dešat]]'s Velivar summit ({{convert|2375|m|ft|abbr=on}}). Efter that, the range faws awey tae the ceety o [[Debar]] an the [[Debar Loch]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Perikli Qiriazi |title=Gjeografia fizike e Shqipërisë |publisher=Shtëpia botuese e librit universitar |place=Tirana |year=2006 |ISBN=99927-0-397-0 |page=189 }}</ref> The Ceety o [[Peshkopi]] is tae the soothwast o Mali i Gramës an haes geothermal baths. == References == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Moontain ranges o Albanie]] [[Category:Moontain ranges o North Macedonie]] [[Category:Protectit auries o Dibër Coonty]] 810gx3ctzbwbbter36vxy86xsddke9n 0 212905 923104 866008 2026-09-23T12:34:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox football tournament | image = | imagesize = 100px | caption = | name = Intercontinental Cup <br/>{{small|European/South American Cup}}<br/>{{small|Toyota Cup}} | organiser = [[UEFA]] and [[CONMEBOL]] | founded = [[1960 Intercontinental Cup|1960]] | abolished = [[2004 Intercontinental Cup|2004]] | region = Europe<br>Sooth Americae | number of teams = 2 | current champions = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POR}} [[FC Porto|Porto]]<br/>(2nt teetle)}} | first title won = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]}} | most successful club = {{nowrap|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Peñarol]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|Milan]]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]}}<br>{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Boca Juniors]]}}<br>(3 teetles ilk) |Top scorer=Pelé }} The '''Intercontinental Cup''', kent as '''European/Sooth American Cup''' or '''Toyota Cup''' frae 1980 tae 2004 for commercial raisons bi greement wi the [[Toyota|automakker]] an aw, wis an internaitional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] competeetion endorsed bi the [[UEFA|Union o European Fitbaw Associations]] (UEFA) an the [[CONMEBOL|Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol]] (CONMEBOL),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2010/e/e_01_md.pdf|title=Legend – UEFA club competition|work=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|format=PDF|page=99|year=2009|accessdate=23 August 2014|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011029/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2010/e/e_01_md.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=http://www.conmebol.com/books/Repasando%20la%20Historia/Repasando%20la%20Historia.html|title=Competencias oficiales de la CONMEBOL|work=Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol|pages=99; 107|year=2011|accessdate=23 August 2014|archive-date=2019-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519215740/http://www.conmebol.com/books/Repasando%20la%20Historia/Repasando%20la%20Historia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>- The winners o UEFA Champions League unnertak tae pairt in the follaein competeetions: a) The UEFA Super cup, that is held at the stairt o ilk new saison. b) Intercontinental competeetions arranged bi UEFA an ither confederations. – Clubs are nae authorised tae represent UEFA or the UEFA Champions League withoot UEFA's prior written appruival. cfr. {{cite news|url=https://kassiesa.net/uefafiles/2003-uefa-cl-rules.pdf|title=We care about football – Regulation of the UEFA Champions League 2003/04|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|format=PDF|pages=2|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816124046/https://kassiesa.net/uefafiles/2003-uefa-cl-rules.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> contestit atween representative clubs frae thir confederations (representatives o maist developit continents in the fitbaw warld), uisually the winners o the [[UEFA Champions League]] an the Sooth American [[Copa Libertadores]]. == Performances''<ref name="FIFA Report 2017">{{cite journal|date=December 2017|title=FIFA Club World Cup 2017|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|format=PDF|journal=FIFA Report 2017|location=[[Zurich]]|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|page=pages 15, 40, 41, 42|access-date=2021-01-10|archive-date=2017-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230452/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>'' == {|class="wikitable" |+ |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#FBCEB1" align="center"| | Match wis wan durin [[Overtime (sports)#Association football (soccer)|extra time]] |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#cedff2" align="center"| | Match wis wan on a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] |- | width="40px" bgcolor="#D0F0C0" align="center"|‡ | Play-off |- | width="40px" align="center"|# | [[UEFA Champions League|European]] runner-up |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- !width=4% |Saison !width=7% |Fitbaw association !width=15%|Winners !width=10% |Score !width=15%|Runners-up !width=7% |Fitbaw association ! width="20%" |Host |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1960 Intercontinental Cup|1960]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} | rowspan="2" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|0–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Peñarol]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center|5–1 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=3 align=center|[[1961 Intercontinental Cup|1961]] | rowspan="3" |{{nowrap|{{flag|URU}}}} | rowspan="3" |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|POR}} |[[Lisbon]], Portugal |- |align=center|5–0 |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|^‡}}2–1^‡ |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1962 Intercontinental Cup|1962]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|BRA|1960}} | rowspan="2" |[[Santos FC|Santos]] |align=center|3–2 | rowspan="2" |[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|POR}} |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |- |align=center|5–2 |[[Lisbon]], Portugal |- |rowspan=3 align=center|[[1963 Intercontinental Cup|1963]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|BRA|1960}} | rowspan="3" |[[Santos FC|Santos]] |align=center|2–4 | rowspan="3" |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|4–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|^‡}}1–0^‡ |- |rowspan=3 align=center|[[1964 Intercontinental Cup|1964]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="3" |[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|^‡}}1–0 {{aet}}^‡ |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1965 Intercontinental Cup|1965]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="2" |[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] |align=center|3–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|0–0 |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1966 Intercontinental Cup|1966]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} | rowspan="2" |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|2–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- |rowspan=3 align=center|[[1967 Intercontinental Cup|1967]] | rowspan="3" |{{nowrap|{{flag|ARG}}}} | rowspan="3" |[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing]] |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="3" |[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|SCO}} |[[Glasgow]], Scotland |- |align=center|2–1 |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center bgcolor="#D0F0C0"|{{0|^‡}}1–0^‡ |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1968 Intercontinental Cup|1968]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] |align=center|1–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ENG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|1–1 |[[Manchester]], England |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1969 Intercontinental Cup|1969]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} | rowspan="2" |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center|3–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Milan]], Italy |- |align=center|1–2 |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1970 Intercontinental Cup|1970]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|NED}} | rowspan="2" |[[Feyenoord]] |align=center|2–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|1–0 |[[Rotterdam]], Netherlands |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1971 Intercontinental Cup|1971]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|URU}} | rowspan="2" |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center|1–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]]^#1 |{{flag|GRE|1970}} |[[Piraeus]], Greece |- |align=center|2–1 |{{flag|GRE|1970}} |[[Montevideo]], Uruguay |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1972 Intercontinental Cup|1972]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|NED}} | rowspan="2" |[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |align=center|1–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|3–0 |[[Amsterdam]], Netherlands |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1973 Intercontinental Cup|1973]] |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]^#2 |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Rome]], Italy |- | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>Second leg was not played. {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] declared winner.</center> |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1974 Intercontinental Cup|1974]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ESP|1945}} | rowspan="2" |[[Atlético Madrid]]^#3 |align=center|0–1 | rowspan="2" |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Avellaneda]], Argentina |- |align=center|2–0 |[[Madrid]], Spain |- | |align=center|''1975'' | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] and {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] did not find compatible schedule to play.</center> |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1976 Intercontinental Cup|1976]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|FRG}} | rowspan="2" |[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] |align=center|2–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|BRA|1968}} |[[Munich]], [[West Germany]] |- |align=center|0–0 |[[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1977 Intercontinental Cup|1977]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ARG}} | rowspan="2" |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center|2–2 | rowspan="2" |[[Borussia Mönchengladbach]]^#4 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|FRG}} |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |- |align=center|3–0 |[[Karlsruhe]], [[West Germany]] |- | |align=center|''1978'' | colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" |<center>{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] and {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Boca Juniors]] declined to play each other. |- |rowspan=2 align=center|[[1979 Intercontinental Cup|1979]] | rowspan="2" |{{flag|PAR|1954}} | rowspan="2" |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |align=center|1–0 | rowspan="2" |[[Malmö FF]]^#5 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|SWE}} |[[Malmö]], Sweden |- |align=center|2–1 |[[Asunción]], Paraguay |- |align=center|[[1980 Intercontinental Cup|1980]] |{{flag|URU}} |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|ENG}}|| rowspan="22" | [[Tokyo]], Japan |- |align=center|[[1981 Intercontinental Cup|1981]] |{{flag|BRA}} |[[Clube de Regatas Flamengo|Flamengo]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |- |align=center|[[1982 Intercontinental Cup|1982]] |{{flag|URU}} |[[Peñarol]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] |- |align=center|[[1983 Intercontinental Cup|1983]] |{{flag|BRA|1968}} |[[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|2–1 {{aet}} |[[Hamburger SV]] |{{flag|FRG}} |- |align=center|[[1984 Intercontinental Cup|1984]] |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |{{flag|ENG}} |- |align=center|[[1985 Intercontinental Cup|1985]] |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|2–2 {{aet}} {{pso|4–2}} |[[Argentinos Juniors]] |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|[[1986 Intercontinental Cup|1986]] |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |align=center|1–0 |[[FCSB|Steaua București]] |{{flag|ROU|1965}} |- |align=center|[[1987 Intercontinental Cup|1987]] |{{flag|POR}} |[[FC Porto|Porto]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|2–1 {{aet}} |[[Peñarol]] |{{flag|URU}} |- |align=center|[[1988 Intercontinental Cup|1988]] |{{flag|URU}} |[[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|2–2 {{aet}} {{pso|7–6}} |[[PSV Eindhoven]] |{{flag|NED}} |- |align=center|[[1989 Intercontinental Cup|1989]] |{{flag|ITA}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|1–0 {{aet}} |[[Atlético Nacional]] |{{flag|COL}} |- |align=center|[[1990 Intercontinental Cup|1990]] |{{flag|ITA}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |{{flag|PAR|1990}} |- |align=center|[[1991 Intercontinental Cup|1991]] |{{flag|YUG}} |[[Red Star Belgrade]] |align=center|3–0 |[[Colo-Colo]] |{{flag|CHI}} |- |align=center|[[1992 Intercontinental Cup|1992]] |{{flag|BRA}} |[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |align=center|2–1 |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |{{flag|ESP}} |- |align=center|[[1993 Intercontinental Cup|1993]] |{{flag|BRA}} |[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] |align=center|3–2 |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]]^#6 | rowspan="2" |{{flag|ITA}} |- |align=center|[[1994 Intercontinental Cup|1994]] |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield|Vélez Sársfield]] |align=center|2–0 |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |- |align=center|[[1995 Intercontinental Cup|1995]] |{{flag|NED}} |[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|4–3}} |[[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] |{{flag|BRA}} |- |align=center|[[1996 Intercontinental Cup|1996]] |{{flag|ITA}} |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|[[1997 Intercontinental Cup|1997]] |{{flag|GER}} |[[Borussia Dortmund]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] | rowspan="3" |{{flag|BRA}} |- |align=center|[[1998 Intercontinental Cup|1998]] |{{flag|ESP}} |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|2–1 |[[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] |- |align=center|[[1999 Intercontinental Cup|1999]] |{{flag|ENG}} |[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |align=center|1–0 |[[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] |- |align=center|[[2000 Intercontinental Cup|2000]] |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center|2–1 |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |{{flag|ESP}} |- |align=center|[[2001 Intercontinental Cup|2001]] |{{flag|GER}} |[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] |align=center bgcolor="#FBCEB1"|1–0 {{aet}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |{{flag|ARG}} |- |align=center|[[2002 Intercontinental Cup|2002]] |{{flag|ESP}} |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align=center|2–0 |[[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]] |{{flag|PAR|1990}}|| rowspan="3" | [[Yokohama]], Japan |- |align=center|[[2003 Intercontinental Cup|2003]] |{{flag|ARG}} |[[Boca Juniors]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|1–1 {{aet}} {{pso|3–1}} |[[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |{{flag|ITA|2003}} |- |align=center|[[2004 Intercontinental Cup|2004]] |{{flag|POR}} |[[FC Porto|Porto]] |align=center bgcolor=#cedff2|{{nowrap|0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|8–7}}}} |[[Once Caldas]] |{{flag|COL}} |} ==See forby== *[[FIFA Club Warld Cup]] *[[Leet o warld champion fitba clubs]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Warld championships]] [[Category:Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)| ]] [[Category:Defunct CONMEBOL club competeetions]] [[Category:Defunct UEFA club competeetions]] [[Category:Warld championships in association fitbaw]] [[Category:Recurrin sportin events established in 1960]] [[Category:Recurrin events disestablished in 2004]] [[Category:November sportin events]] [[Category:December sportin events]] {{stub/Sports}} 0g9mppgqf5rvtmec9hzcjsu92wqp93p 0 215762 923210 872701 2026-09-24T03:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:St John's Town of Dalry - geograph.org.uk - 152732.jpg|alt=|thumb|St John's Toun o Dalry]] [[File:Dalry A702&A713 June2009 3.JPG|thumb|right|The funtain, Clachan Inn, the toun haw and the A702/A713 infaw in St John's Toun o Dalry]] '''St John's Toun o Dalry''', uisually referred tae semply as '''Dalry''', is a toun in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], in the historic coonty o [[Kirkcoubrieshire]]. It is locatit 16 mile frae [[Castle Douglas]] alang the [[A713 road]], an is at the southern stance o the [[A702 road]] (tae [[Edinburgh]]. It is locatit on an auld pilgrimage route tae [[Whithorn]] an [[St Ninian's Cove]] an name't efert the [[Knichts o St John]].<ref>http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst {{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The toun wis the centre o the 1666 [[Battle o Rullion Green|Pentland Risin]].<ref>Jack Hunter, The Upper Glenkens. Stenlake Publishing 2001</ref> The veelage is sitit on a jouk o the [[Watter o Ken]], aboot 3 mile from the northren edge o [[Loch Ken]].<ref name="Fullarton1845">{{cite book|date=1845|title=The Topographical, Statistical, and Historical Gazetteer of Scotland|volume= Vol 1: A-H|url={{google books| id=8KTVAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes|page=304|keywords=Dalry}}| p=304|publisher=A. Fullarton|location=Edinburgh}}</ref> about {{convert|3|mi}} from the northern edge of [[Loch Ken]].<ref>[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/dalry/stjohnstownofdalry/index.html St John's Town of Dalry Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The pairish kirk ([[Kirk o Scotland]]) wis built in 1831 by [[William McCandlish]] an is approacht by an inlat o lime trees said tae hiv been plantit in 1828. Detatcht, at the side o the kirk is the Gordon Aisle o 1546, the buirial place o the Gordons o [[Lochinvar]]. St John's Toun maks a guid steid for explorin the surroondin region, the [[Southren Upland Wey]], an the nearby [[Gallowa Hills]], includin the peaks o [[Corserine]] an [[Cairnsmore o Carsphairn]]. St John's Toun o Dalry wis recent name't ''Bird Toun'', tae celebrate the wark o renount bird airtist an scriever [[Donald Watson]] that bade in Dalry for mony years.<ref name="WBC">{{Cite web |title=Watson Bird Centre and Celebration: Scoping and Feasibility Study |last1=Bowles |first1=Judith |last2=Green |first2=Steve |last3=Crofts |first3=Roger |date=December 2009 |access-date=11 September 2018 |url=http://www.sup.org.uk/pdf/wbc-final-report-24-dec-09.pdf |language= |quote= |archive-date=2016-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115929/http://www.sup.org.uk/pdf/wbc-final-report-24-dec-09.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Climate== In common wi the lave o the kintra, Dalry benefits frae a climate clessifeed as [[Oceanic climate|Oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), encompassin cuil simmers an myld winters with year-roond rainfaw. Temperatur beezers at Glenlee, unner 1 mile til the soothwast, hiv range't frae 31.0&nbsp;°C (87.8&nbsp;°F) durin Julie 2005<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] | url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=13&year=2005&indexid=TXx&stationid=1801 | title = 2005 temperature | access-date = 2020-02-23 | archive-date = 2012-06-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120605184808/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=13&year=2005&indexid=TXx&stationid=1801 | url-status = dead }}</ref> tae -18.3&nbsp;°C (-0.9&nbsp;°F) in baith Januar 1940<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[UKMO]] | url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html | title = 1940 temperature | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103082750/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html | archivedate = 3 November 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> an December 1995.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] | url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=18&year=1995&indexid=TNn&stationid=1801 | title = 1995 temperature | access-date = 2020-02-23 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193043/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=18&year=1995&indexid=TNn&stationid=1801 | url-status = dead }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Glenlee 55m asl, 1971-2000, extremes 1960- (Weather station {{convert|1|mi|0}} to the SW of Dalry) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 13.3 |Feb record high C = 14.1 |Mar record high C = 18.3 |Apr record high C = 24.0 |May record high C = 27.0 |Jun record high C = 28.9 |Jul record high C = 31.0 |Aug record high C = 29.3 |Sep record high C = 25.8 |Oct record high C = 21.8 |Nov record high C = 15.7 |Dec record high C = 13.9 |year record high C = 31.0 |Jan high C = 6.4 |Feb high C = 6.8 |Mar high C = 8.9 |Apr high C = 11.8 |May high C = 15.5 |Jun high C = 17.6 |Jul high C = 19.4 |Aug high C = 18.9 |Sep high C = 15.8 |Oct high C = 12.6 |Nov high C = 8.9 |Dec high C = 7.0 |year high C = |Jan low C = -0.0 |Feb low C = 0.2 |Mar low C = 1.5 |Apr low C = 2.5 |May low C = 4.8 |Jun low C = 7.8 |Jul low C = 9.9 |Aug low C = 9.5 |Sep low C = 7.4 |Oct low C = 4.9 |Nov low C = 1.8 |Dec low C = 0.5 |year low C = |Jan record low C = −18.3 |Feb record low C = −15.6 |Mar record low C = −13.9 |Apr record low C = −6.7 |May record low C = −5.3 |Jun record low C = -1.7 |Jul record low C = 1.1 |Aug record low C = 0.0 |Sep record low C = -3.6 |Oct record low C = -6.0 |Nov record low C = −11.3 |Dec record low C = −18.3 |year record low C = −18.3 |Jan precipitation mm = 206.96 |Feb precipitation mm = 145.79 |Mar precipitation mm = 144.68 |Apr precipitation mm = 87.37 |May precipitation mm = 80.86 |Jun precipitation mm = 78.64 |Jul precipitation mm = 81.66 |Aug precipitation mm = 104.24 |Sep precipitation mm = 139.27 |Oct precipitation mm = 183.65 |Nov precipitation mm = 183.11 |Dec precipitation mm = 207.33 |year precipitation mm = |source 1 = [[Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute/KNMI]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=RR&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-1080476.190477&miny=-4761428.571429&maxx=652857.142857&maxy=-3461428.571428&MapSize=560%2C420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=253&mainmap.y=174&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom | title = Glenlee Climate | accessdate = 5 Nov 2011 | publisher = [[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] | archive-date = 2012-06-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120605184817/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=RR&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-1080476.190477&miny=-4761428.571429&maxx=652857.142857&maxy=-3461428.571428&MapSize=560,420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=253&mainmap.y=174&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom | url-status = dead }}</ref> |date=Nov 2011 }} ==Namely fowk frae Dalry== [[File:The Dalry Covenanter Sculpture, The Burning Bush (geograph 3884568).jpg|thumb|[[Alexander Gordon o Earlston|Alexander Gordon]]'s name is on yin o the leafs o The Dalry Covenanter Sculpture<ref>{{cite web |title=Dalry Covenanter Sculpture |url=http://www.covenanter.org.uk/dalry_sculpture.html |website=Scottish Covenanter Memorials Association |accessdate=8 April 2019}}</ref>]] [[John Johnston]] (1791-1880), a fermer born in nearby Knocknalling, is creeditit with introducin agricultural [[Cundie|gawin]] til the [[Unitit States]]. Professor [[William Young Sellar]] FRSE, LLD (1825-1890), Classics Professor at [[Varsity o Edinburgh]]. He wis the son o [[Patrick Sellar]] (1780-1851), Scots lawer, factor, en sheep fermer. William bade an deed at Kenbank, Dalry.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=25056|first1=Andrew |last1=Lang|first2=M. C. |last2=Curthoys|title=Sellar, William Young (1825–1890)}}</ref> He is buirit in Dalry Kirkyaird. Sir [[Halliday Macartney]] (1833-1906). Military surgeon, diplomat in the Chinese government. He bade an deed at Kenbank, Dalry. He is buirit at [[Dundrennan Aibey]]. [[William Robert Gourlay]] (1874-1938) MA, ICS, CIE 1917. Indian Ceevil Service, Preevat Secretar tae the Governor o Bengal. He bade in reteeral an deed at Kenbank, Dalry. The leebrary in Dalry wis propine't til the toun by Mrs Gourlay an name't the W. R. Gourlay Memorial Library in honour o her umwhile guidman that hid been leebrary preses atween 1928 an 1938.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The India List and India Office List|last=|first=|publisher=Harrison and Sons|year=1905|isbn=|location=London|pages=16}}</ref> [[Henry John Dobson]] ARCA, RSW (1858-1928) Genre penter. He bade and wrocht in Dalry. His studio is noo the public leebrary. He wis the faither o airtists [[David Cowan Dobson]] an [[Henry Raeburn Dobson]]. [[Allan Stewart (airtist)|Allan Stewart]] (1865-1951), airtist. He bade and deed at Rose Cottage, an is buirit in the Dalry Kirkyaird. [[Donald Watson]] (1918-2005) wis a Scots [[Ornithology|ornithologist]], wildlife airtist, an scriever, that bade in Dalry for ower 50 year.<ref name="WB">{{Cite web | title = Donald's Biography | last = Rollie | first = Chris | work = Watson Birds | date = 23 April 2012 | accessdate = 2018-08-21 | url = http://www.watsonbirds.org/donald-jeff-watson/donald-watson-biography | quote = | archive-date = 2017-04-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170403120910/http://www.watsonbirds.org/donald-jeff-watson/donald-watson-biography | url-status = dead }}</ref> He is buirit in Dalry Kirkyaird. [[Hugh Foss]] (1902-1971), cryptographer an Scots kintra-dance deviser. He wrocht on the [[Enigma machine]]s at [[Bletchley Park]] durin [[Warld War II]]. He bade at Gleddarroch in the toun frae his reteeral in 1953 until his deith in 1971. He is buirit in Dalry Kirkyaird. [[Neil M. Gunn]] (1891-1973), novellist. He bade at Kenbank frae the age o 12 afore flittin tae [[Lunnon]] in 1907 sae as tae enter the [[UK Ceevil Service)|Ceevil Service]].<ref name="Bold1989">{{cite book|last=Bold|first=Alan Norman |title=Scotland: A Literary Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA76|year=1989|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-00731-3|pages=76–}}</ref> [[Cedric Thorpe Davie]], muisic upmakker an teacher, bein professor o muisic at [[Varsity o Saunt Andras]], bocht Rose Cottage firstlins for vacances (o whit he spent as mony as possible wi his faimily), an reteert here in 1977. He deed at Rose Cottage on 18 Januar 1983.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.wrightmusic.net/pdfs/cedric-thorpe-davie.pdf|title=Cedric Thorpe Davie (1913-1983)|first=David C.F.|last=Wright|access-date=2020-02-23|archive-date=2016-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705023431/http://www.wrightmusic.net/pdfs/cedric-thorpe-davie.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Doctor [[Joseph Rhymer]] BA, M Th D, (deed 2009), scriever o 14 beuks on theology includin ''The Illustrated Life of Jesus Christ''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Illustrated Life of Jesus|url= https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/dr-joseph-rhymer/Christ|last=Rhymer|first=Joseph|publisher=Grove Publications|year=1991|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> He bade at Grayrigg in the toun and is buirit in Dalry Kirkyaird. Sir [[Alex Fergusson (politeecian)|Alex Fergusson]] (1949-2018, [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] [[Member o Pairlament|member]] o the [[Scots Pairlament]] (MSP) and Presidin Officer (2007-2011), bade and fermt near Dalry. [[George Thompson (SNP politeecian)|George Thompson]] (1928-2016), Catholic priest, teacher, MP for Galloway ([[Scots Naitional Pairty|SNP]]) 1974-1979. He main mainteent his faimily hame and bade there in his reteeral. He died in 2016 an is buirit in Dalry Kirkyaird. [[Colin Douglas (novellist)|Coliln Douglas]] MBE, born 1949, scrieverr o a series o novelles follaein the career o a young Edinburgh medical graduate frae the late 1960s intil the 1970s beginnin wi ''The Houseman's Tale'', that wis adaptit for BBC telly in 1986.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190401115630/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba147560f] He bade in Dalry. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{commons category|St. John's Town of Dalry}} *[http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst3038.html St. John's Town of Dalry in the Gazetteer for Scotland] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080807124741/http://www.needlesports.com/galloway/walking.htm Information on Hill Walking in the Galloway Hills] * [http://www.johnbiggar.com/galloway-climbing-index.asp Rock and Ice climbing in the Galloway Hills] *[http://www.theglenkens.org.uk/index.php/about-the-glenkens/the-glenkens-villages/st-john-s-town-of-dalry?showall=&start=1 The Glenkens] *Gibson, Jean C. ''Around Dalry.'' 1974, privately printed. *https://web.archive.org/web/20190401115630/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba147560f {{coord|55.106|N|4.165|W|display=title|region:GB-SCT_type:landmark|format=dms}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dalry}} [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} jcxf541q006psjkh6nrqhk2f8dwr4vo 0 220203 923106 904243 2026-09-23T12:51:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fix scots}} {{Infobox film | name = Isle of Dogs | image = IsleOfDogsFirstLook.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Wes Anderson]] | producer = {{Plain list| * Wes Anderson * [[Scott Rudin]] * [[Steven M. Rales|Steven Rales]] * [[Jeremy Dawson (producer)|Jeremy Dawson]] }} | screenplay = Wes Anderson | story = {{Plainlist| * Wes Anderson * [[Roman Coppola]] * [[Jason Schwartzman]] * [[Kunichi Nomura]] }} | starring = <!--Per poster billing-->{{Plainlist| * [[Bryan Cranston]] * Koyu Rankin * [[Edward Norton]] * [[Liev Schreiber]] * [[Bill Murray]] * [[Bob Balaban]] * [[Jeff Goldblum]] * [[Scarlett Johansson]] * Kunichi Nomura * [[Tilda Swinton]] * [[Ken Watanabe]] * Akira Ito * [[Greta Gerwig]] * Akira Takayama * [[Frances McDormand]] * [[F. Murray Abraham]] * [[Courtney B. Vance]] * [[Yojiro Noda]] * [[Fisher Stevens]] * [[Mari Natsuki]] * Nijiro Murakami * [[Yoko Ono]] * [[Harvey Keitel]] * [[Frank Wood (actor)|Frank Wood]] }} | music = [[Alexandre Desplat]] | cinematography = Tristan Oliver | editing = {{Plainlist| * Ralph Foster * Edward Bursch }} | studio = {{Plain list| * [[Studio Babelsberg]] * [[Indian Paintbrush (production company)|Indian Paintbrush]] * American Empirical Pictures }} | distributor = [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2018|2|15|[[68t Berlin Internaitional Film Festival|Berlin]]|2018|3|23|Unitit States|2018|5|10|Germany}} | runtime = 101 meenits<ref name="bbfc">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/isle-dogs-2018 |title=''Isle of Dogs'' (PG) |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=March 20, 2018 |accessdate=June 1, 2018 |archive-date=2018-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530185655/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/isle-dogs-2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = {{Plainlist| * Unitit States * Germany<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/isle-of-dogs-review-1202700010/|last=Lodge|first=Guy|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|title=Film Review: 'Isle of Dogs'|date=February 15, 2018|accessdate=March 23, 2018 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://film.britishcouncil.org/isle-of-dogs1/|title=British Council Film: Isle of Dogs|accessdate=March 23, 2018|publisher=[[British Council]]|work=British Film Directory|archive-date=2018-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173431/http://film.britishcouncil.org/isle-of-dogs1/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/isle-of-dogs-berlin-review/5126636.article|title='Isle Of Dogs': Berlin Review|date=February 16, 2018|accessdate=March 23, 2018 |work=Screen Daily|publisher=[[Screen International]]}}</ref><ref name="BFI">{{cite web | title=Isle of Dogs (2018) | url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5a8613e53589c | publisher=[[British Film Institute]] | accessdate=March 15, 2018}}</ref> }} | language = Inglis<ref name="bbfc" /> | budget = | gross = $64.2 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=isleofdogs.htm |title=''Isle of Dogs'' (2018)|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=August 26, 2018}}</ref> }} {{nihongo|'''''Isle of Dogs''''' (Scots: Isle o Dugs)|犬ヶ島|Inugashima|lead=yes}} is a 2018 [[Stap motion|stap-motion-ainimatit]] [[science-feection]] [[Comedy-drama|comedy drama]] film scrieved, producit an directit bi [[Wes Anderson]]. Set in ae [[dystopia]]n near-futur [[Japan]], the story follaes ae pack o bainisht dugs, led bi street dug Chief ([[Bryan Cranston]]), that helps a young lad cawed Atari (Koyu Rankin) sairch fur his awn dug efter the speshies is bainisht tae an island follaein the ootbrak o ae [[canine flu]]. The film's ensemble vyce cast includes [[Edward Norton]], [[Liev Schreiber]], [[Bill Murray]], [[Bob Balaban]], [[Jeff Goldblum]], [[Scarlett Johansson]], [[Kunichi Nomura]], [[Tilda Swinton]], [[Ken Watanabe]], Akira Ito, [[Greta Gerwig]], Akira Takayama, [[Frances McDormand]], [[F. Murray Abraham]], [[Courtney B. Vance]], [[Yojiro Noda]], [[Fisher Stevens]], [[Mari Natsuki]], Nijiro Murakami, [[Yoko Ono]], [[Harvey Keitel]], an [[Frank Wood (actor)|Frank Wood]] an aw. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Fillum}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2018 animatit films]] [[Category:2018 films]] [[Category:2010s adventur comedy films]] [[Category:2010s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2010s fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American adventur comedy films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American comedy-drama films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:Ainimatit adventur films]] [[Category:Ainimatit comedy films]] [[Category:Ainimatit drama films]] [[Category:Ainimatit films aboot dugs]] [[Category:Ainimatit films directit bi Wes Anderson]] [[Category:Anime-influenced Wastren ainimation]] [[Category:Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Dystopian films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Fantasy drama films]] [[Category:Films aboot leid an translation]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Scott Rudin]] [[Category:Films produced bi Wes Anderson]] [[Category:Films scored bi Alexandre Desplat]] [[Category:Films set in Japan]] [[Category:Films set in the futur]] [[Category:Fox Searchlight Pictures films]] [[Category:German ainimatit fantasie films]] [[Category:German adventur comedy films]] [[Category:German comedy-drama films]] [[Category:German fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:German fantasie comedy films]] [[Category:German films]] [[Category:Babelsberg Studio films]] [[Category:Japanese-leid films]] [[Category:Films wi screenplays bi Wes Anderson]] [[Category:2010s stap-motion ainimatit films]] [[Category:Films aboot viral ootbraks]] [[Category:2018 comedy films]] g6oitx3poa4xi2wzlculwauwezz0zws 4 223455 923229 922748 2026-09-24T04:47:31Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 923229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . } |links=red_only |thumb=100 |columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Name ! ! eemage ! date o birth ! date o daith ! place o birth |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Margaret Curran]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Elaine Smith]] | | [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-07 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Nicol Stephen]] | | [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-31 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-11-28 | [[Sooth Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Phil Gallie]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-03 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-01-24 | [[Portsmouth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-25 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-29 | [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Andrew Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-19 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06-17 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Donald Gorrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-02 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-25 | [[Breetish Raj]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[George Reid]] | | [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-04 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-08-12 | [[Tullibody]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Andrew Arbuckle]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-12-25 | [[Fife]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Wendy Alexander]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Andy Kerr]] | | [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-17 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Tommy Sheridan]] | | [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-07 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Rhona Brankin]] | | [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-01-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Sarah Boyack]] | | [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-16 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Eleanor Scott]] | | [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-07-23 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Johann Lamont]] | | [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-11 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Cathie Craigie]] | | [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-14 | | [[Stirlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Jackie Baillie]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-15 | | [[Hong Kong]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Annabel Goldie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Susan Deacon]] | | [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-02 | | [[Musselburrae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Fergus Ewing]] | | [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Alex Fergusson]] | | [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-04-08 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-07-31 | [[Leswalt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Stewart Stevenson]] | | [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-10-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Rob Gibson]] | | [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[John Swinburne]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-07-04 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-01 | [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Alasdair Morgan]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-21 | | [[Aiberfeldy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Cathy Jamieson]] | | [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-03 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[Janis Hughes]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[Bill Butler]] | | [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-03-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Scott Barrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-10 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Brian Monteith]] | | [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Bristow Muldoon]] | | [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[George Lyon]] | | [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-16 | | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[Bruce McFee]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-09 | [[Johnstoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[Cathy Peattie]] | | [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-11-24 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[Charlie Gordon]] | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-28 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[Christopher Harvie]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[David McLetchie]] | | [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-06 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-08-12 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[David Stewart]] | | [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Dave Thompson]] | | [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-20 | | [[Lossiemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[David Whitton]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-22 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[Derek Brownlee]] | | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-10 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Des McNulty]] | | [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-28 | | [[Stockport]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[John Farquhar Munro]] | | [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-08-26 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-26 | [[Glen Shiel]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[Jim Tolson]] | | [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-26 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Duncan McNeil]] | | [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-07 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Mary Mulligan]] | | [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-12 | | [[Liverpuil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Marilyn Livingstone]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-09-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Marlyn Glen]] | | [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Elaine Murray]] | | [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-22 | | [[Hitchin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Tavish Scott]] | | [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-06 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Karen Whitefield]] | | [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-08 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Nora Radcliffe]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-04 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Patricia Ferguson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Trish Godman]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-31 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-07-21 | [[Gouan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Paul Martin]] | | [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Pauline McNeill]] | | [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-12 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Peter Peacock]] | | [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Richard Baker]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Robert Brown]] | | [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-25 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[Ross Finnie]] | | [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-02-11 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Sylvia Jackson]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-03 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-07-27 | [[Lincolnshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Ted Brocklebank]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-24 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[Michael McMahon]] | | [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-18 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Alex Johnstone]] | | [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-07-31 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-12-07 | [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[Allan Wilson]] | | [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-05 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Hugh Henry]] | | [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Nanette Milne]] | | [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Tom McCabe]] | | [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-28 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-04-19 | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Ben Wallace]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-05-15 | | [[Farnborough]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Henry McLeish]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-06-15 | | [[Methul]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Colin Campbell]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-08-31 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-11 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[David Davidson]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-25 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-06-14 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[Dennis Canavan]] | | [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | | [[Coudenbeith]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[Duncan Hamilton]] | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Maureen Macmillan]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-09 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Elaine Thomson]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[Euan Robson]] | | [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-02-17 | | [[Northren Ingland]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[John McAllion]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-13 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[Helen Eadie]] | | [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-07 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-09 | [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[Lyndsay McIntosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[Fiona McLeod]] | | [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-12-03 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[Iain Gray]] | | [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-06-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Mike Rumbles]] | | [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-06-10 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Gordon Jackson]] | | [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-05 | | [[Ardrussan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[Ian Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11-23 | | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[Frank McAveety]] | | [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Lloyd Quinan]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Iain Smith]] | | [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-01 | | [[Gateside]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Alasdair Morrison]] | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-18 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[Irene McGugan]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | [[Angus]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Irene Oldfather]] | | [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Jamie McGrigor]] | | [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-10-19 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-20 | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[John Home Robertson]] | | [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-12-05 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[John Scott]] | | [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-06-07 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[Karen Gillon]] | | [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-18 | | [[Jethart]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[Kate Maclean]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-16 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Kay Ullrich]] | | [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-05-05 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-01-04 | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[Keith Harding]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-11-21 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-11-15 | [[Chipping Norton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[Keith Raffan]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-06-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[Lewis Macdonald]] | | [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-01-01 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Malcolm Chisholm]] | | [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-03-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Margaret Jamieson]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Margaret Smith]] | | [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-02-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Mary Scanlon]] | | [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-05-25 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Michael Russell]] | | [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-09 | | [[Bromley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-01 | | [[Cammuslang]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Murdo Fraser]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Murray Tosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-01 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Nick Johnston]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-01-05 | | [[Filey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Richard Simpson]] | | [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-22 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[Sam Galbraith]] | | [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-18 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-08-18 | [[Clitheroe]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Andrew Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Lanrik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Nigel Don]] | | [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-16 | | [[London Borough of Sutton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[Ian McKee]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-04-02 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[Liz Smith]] | | [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[Claire Baker]] | | [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-04 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[Rhoda Grant]] | | [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-26 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[Gavin Brown]] | | [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-04 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | | [[Oswestry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[James Kelly]] | | [[File:JamesKellyMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[Hugh O'Donnell]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[Jeremy Purvis]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-15 | | [[Berrick|Berik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[Jim Hume]] | | [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-04 | | [[Peebles]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[John Lamont]] | | [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-04-15 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[John Park]] | | [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-14 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[John Wilson]] | | [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-28 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[Margaret Mitchell]] | | [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-15 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Mike Pringle]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-25 | | [[Northern Rhodesia]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Stefan Tymkewycz]] | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-09-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Alison McInnes]] | | [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-17 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[Margaret Burgess]] | | [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-12-07 | | [[Ayrshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[James Dornan]] | | [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[Joan McAlpine]] | | [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-28 | | [[Gourock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[Angus MacDonald]] | | [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-11 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[Anne McTaggart]] | | [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-30 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[Bill Kidd]] | | [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[Bill Walker]] | | [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-31 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[Bob Doris]] | | [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-11 | | [[Vale of Leven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[Neil Findlay]] | | [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-06 | | [[Brocksburn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[Roderick Campbell]] | | [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-06-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[Claudia Beamish]] | | [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-09 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[Colin Beattie]] | | [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-17 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Graeme Dey]] | | [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-10-29 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[Gordon MacDonald]] | | [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-01-02 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[Neil Bibby]] | | [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Jenny Marra]] | | [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-06 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Mark Griffin]] | | [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Mark Ruskell]] | | [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-14 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Mary Fee]] | | [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-03-23 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Colin Keir]] | | [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-12-09 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Jayne Baxter]] | | [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-11-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[Alex Rowley]] | | [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-30 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[Angus MacKay]] | | [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[Ian Jenkins]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-18 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-29 | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[Brian Fitzpatrick]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[John Young]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-21 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-03 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Campbell Martin]] | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-10 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[Chris Ballance]] | | [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-07 | | [[Worcester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[Christine May]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-23 | | [[Dublin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[Shiona Baird]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-14 | | [[Hereford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[Dave Petrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-10 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-08-31 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[Rosemary Byrne]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-03 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[Mark Ballard]] | | [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-27 | | [[Leeds]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Jean Turner]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-12-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Brian Whittle]] | | [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-26 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[Paul Wheelhouse]] | | [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | [[Bilfawst|Belfast]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Alison Johnstone]] | | [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-10-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Rachael Hamilton]] | | [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-09 | | [[Herefordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[Oliver Mundell]] | | [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-01 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[Finlay Carson]] | | [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-10-18 | | [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Gordon Lindhurst]] | | [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[Ross Greer]] | | [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-01 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[Alexander Burnett]] | | [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-30 | | [[Banchry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[Ross Thomson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-09-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Colin Smyth]] | | [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[Kate Forbes]] | | [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-06 | | [[Dingwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[Edward Mountain]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-19 | | [[Moray]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[Jamie Greene]] | | [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-19 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Maurice Golden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Maurice Golden MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-12 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[Maurice Corry]] | | [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[Monica Lennon]] | | [[File:Monica Lennon MSP 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[Alison Harris]] | | [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Graham Simpson]] | | [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]] | | [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-22 | | [[Hertfordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Ash Regan]] | | [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Ben Macpherson]] | | [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1980s | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Ivan McKee]] | | [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09 | | [[Milligs Mill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Annie Wells]] | | [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-02-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Daniel Johnson]] | | [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-09-03 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Peter Chapman]] | | [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-13 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Miles Briggs]] | | [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Preston]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Donald Cameron]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-11-26 | | [[St Mary's Hospital]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Liam Kerr]] | | [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-23 | | [[Chester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Jeremy Balfour]] | | [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Bill Bowman]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Michelle Ballantyne]] | | [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-28 | | [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]] | | [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-10-08 | | [[Oxford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Tom Mason]] | | [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-31 | | [[Bishop's Stortford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Beatrice Wishart]] | | [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Lerook]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Jackie Dunbar]] | | [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | [[Peterheid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[Marie McNair]] | | [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1976 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Paul McLennan]] | | [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[Collette Stevenson]] | | [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-15 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Evelyn Tweed]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Natalie Don]] | | [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Katy Clark]] | | [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-03 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Foysol Choudhury]] | | [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-01-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[Michelle Thomson]] | | [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-11 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[Martin Whitfield]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Jenni Minto]] | | [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11 | | [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Audrey Nicoll]] | | [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[Jim Fairlie]] | | [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[Stephanie Callaghan]] | | [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Elena Whitham]] | | [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[Kaukab Stewart]] | | [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967<br/>1968 | | [[Pakistan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[Emma Roddick]] | | [[File:Emma Roddick 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[Sandesh Gulhane]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Mercedes Villalba]] | | [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | [[Bristol]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Sue Webber]] | | [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[Michael Marra]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michael Marra (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Paul O'Kane]] | | [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-21 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Karen Adam]] | | [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-07 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[Sharon Dowey]] | | [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<br/>1970 | | [[Girvan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[Davy Russell]] | | [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s<br/>1962 | | [[Quarter]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[Bashir Ahmad]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-02-12 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-06 | [[Amritsar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[Bill Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-12-11 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Chic Brodie]] | | [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-08 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-24 | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[Dennis Robertson]] | | [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-08-14 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[Drew Smith]] | | [[File:DrewSmithMSP20110614.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 20th century | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[Graeme Pearson]] | | [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-04-01 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[Hanzala Malik]] | | [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-26 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-12-14 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Margaret McCulloch]] | | [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-09 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[Jean Urquhart]] | | [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-17 | | [[Wast Lowden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[Jim Eadie]] | | [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[John Pentland]] | | [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[Siobhan McMahon]] | | [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-04 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Marco Biagi]] | | [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-31 | | [[The Vale]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[Margaret McDougall]] | | [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Mike MacKenzie]] | | [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-18 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[Cara Hilton]] | | [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[Cameron Buchanan]] | | [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-06-24 | [[Woking]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Lesley Brennan]] | | [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[Alex Kerr]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[Gillian Mackay]] | | [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[Laura Mitchell]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[Ariane Burgess]] | | [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-11-20 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[Kate Nevens]] | | [[File:Kate Nevens, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Meghan Gallacher]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-17 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Roz McCall]] | | [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] | | [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Craig Hoy]] | | [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[Douglas Lumsden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Lumsden MP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[Pam Gosal]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[Tess White]] | | [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-02-18 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[Thomas Kerr]] | | [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Carol Mochan]] | | [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Màiri McAllan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[Mark Simpson]] | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[Laura Moodie]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[Colm Merrick]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Julie MacDougall]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Katherine Sangster]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Tim Eagle]] | | [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[David Kirkwood]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[Holly Bruce]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[Irshad Ahmed]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[Michelle Campbell]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[Adam Harley]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[Simita Kumar]] | | [[File:Equalities & International Development Minister - 55282125442.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[Iris Duane]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Duncan Dunlop]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[Cara McKee]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Helen McDade]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[David Smith]] | | | | | [[Cardiff–South Wales Valleys metropolitan area]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[Q Manivannan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Q Manivannan MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<br/>1997 | | [[Tamil Nadu]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[Katie Hagmann]] | | [[File:Katie Hagmann, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-04 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[Jack Middleton]] | | [[File:Jack Middleton, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[Zen Ghani]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[Duncan Massey]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]] | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]] | | [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-01 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[Angela Ross]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[Amanda Bland]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]] | | [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[Jamie Langan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Kim Schmulian]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[Lloyd Melville]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Senga Beresford]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[Mandy Lindsay]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Max Bannerman]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[Kristopher Leask]] | | [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Vic Currie]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[Morven-May MacCallum]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Dawn Black]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[Kate Campbell]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[David Barratt]] | | [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[Gary Bouse]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[Andrew Baxter]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[Donald MacKinnon]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[Joe Fagan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Joe Fagan (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | [[Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[David Green]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[Joe Long]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[Pauline Stafford]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[Jenny Young]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[Calum Kerr]] | | | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-05 | | [[Gallae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[Heather Anderson]] | | [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-31 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[Malcolm Offord]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-09-05 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[James Adams]] | | [[File:Official portrait of James Adams MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | [[Fraserburgh]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} clnipb1g6fen0glllktobaeia586gzs 0 228206 923166 897864 2026-09-23T20:22:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No Scots|date=14/05/2021}}{{Infobox royalty |name = Naruhito |image = Emperor Naruhito at TICAD7 (cropped).jpg |caption = Naruhito in August 2019 |succession = 126t [[Emperor o Japan]] |reign = 1 May 2019 – present |coronation = 22 October 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/718/|title=What to watch at the Emperor's enthronement ceremonies|publisher=NHK|date=18 October 2019|access-date=20 October 2019|archive-date=2019-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020173638/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/718/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |cor-type = Japan |predecessor = [[Akihito]] |suc-type = Heir presumptive |successor = [[Fumihito, Prince Akishino|Fumihito]] |reg-type = Prime Meenisters |regent = [[Shinzō Abe]]<br>[[Yoshihide Suga]]<br>[[Fumio Kishida]] |spouse = {{marriage|[[Empress Masako|Masako Owada]]|9 June 1993}} |issue = [[Aiko, Princess Toshi]] |house = [[Imperial House of Japan]] |father = [[Akihito]] |mother = [[Empress Michiko|Michiko Shōda]] |birth_name = {{Nihongo|Naruhito|徳仁}} |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|2|23|df=y}} |birth_place = Imperial Household Agency Hospital, [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] |religion = [[Shinto]] |signature = }} '''Naruhito''' (徳仁, [[Tokyo]], born [[23 Februar]] 1960) wis the Emperor o [[Japan]] syne 1 mey 2019. ==Early life== Naruhito wis born on 23 Februar 1960 at Imperial Household Agency Hospital, Imperial Palace in Tokyo, He is be crown prince of Japan in 1991, He was first study in Gakushūin, He was graduated at Gakushuin University in 1982, He was studying in The Hoose or College of Scholars of Merton in the University of Oxford in 1983 to 1985 Naruhito and [[Masako, Crown Princess of Japan|Masako]] have engagement in spring of 1993 , their married in 9 June 1993 at Imperial Shinto Hall in Tokyo, Naruhito and Masako's only daughter [[Aiko, Princess Toshi]] wis born in 1 December 2001 at Imperial Household Agency Hospital in Tokyo Imperial Palace. == Emperor o Japan == On 1 December 2017, the government announced that Naruhito's faither, Emperor Akihito, would abdicate on 30 Aprile 2019, and that Naruhito would become the 126t emperor o Japan as of 1 Mey 2019. Following an abdication ceremony on the afternoon of 30 Aprile, Akihito's reign and the Heisei era continued until the end of the day. Naruhito then succeeded him as emperor at the beginning of the day on 1 Mey, ushering in the Reiwa era. The transition took place at midnight. Naruhito's place as emperor was formalized in a ceremony on the morning of 1 Mey. In his first statement as emperor, he pledged to reflect deeply on the course followed by his faither, and fulfill his constitutional responsibility "as the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people of Japan". Naruhito's enthronement ceremony took place on 22 October 2019, where he was duly enthroned in an ancient-style proclamation ceremony. ==References== iogyg8w6tmktbc8ty2v0xyjnouviafr 0 229503 923225 891357 2026-09-24T04:28:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erse inventions and discoveries''' are objects, processes or techniques thit awe thair existence aither pairtly or halely tae an [[Erse fowk|Erse]] body. Aftentimes, things thit are diiskivert for the first time, are cawed "inventions" an aw, an in mony cases, thare isnae clear line atweesh thaim. Thare is a list o sic inventions ablow. == Pre-history == * Ogham alphabet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2017|title=The ancient Irish alphabet Ogham explained|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/the-origins-of-the-shamrock-club-ogham-ancient-irish-alphabet-explained-193819371-237568741|access-date=3 March 2018|website=IrishCentral.com|language=en}}</ref> * Iomániocht (Scuaib/Camán/Ioman) - precursors tae modren [[Hurlin|Hurling]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Gaelic Athletic|date=15 December 2015|title=GAA: Hurling History and Evolution|url=http://www.gaa.ie/news/hurling-history-and-evolution/|website=www.gaa.ie|access-date=2022-05-15|archive-date=2022-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527051729/https://www.gaa.ie/news/hurling-history-and-evolution/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == 6t yearhunner == The sacrament o confession Penitential == 14t yearhunner == * Caid (precursor tae modren [[Gaelic Fitbaa|Gaelic fitbaa]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Foxall|first=Damian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wetFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|title=Ocean Fever: The Damian Foxall Story|date=2011|publisher=The Collins Press|isbn=9781848899490|page=41|language=en}}</ref> * [[Whisky|Whiskey]] == 17t yearhunner == * Erse road bowlin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2006|title=Road Bowling|url=http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/1211/road-bowling|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Culture Northern Ireland|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014054619/https://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/1211/road-bowling|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1661: Modren [[chemistrie]] foondit bi [[Robert Boyle]] wi the publication o ''The Sceptical Chymist''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Principe|first=Lawrence|date=5 January 2011|title=In retrospect: The Sceptical Chymist|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=469|issue=7328|pages=30–31|bibcode=2011Natur.469...30P|doi=10.1038/469030a|doi-access=free}}</ref> * 1662: Boyle's law diskivert bi Robert Boyle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boyle's law - chemistry|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Boyles-law|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> * 1680s: European adaptation o [[Het chocolate|Drinkin chocolate]] - Hans Sloane.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2016|title=More than just the chocolate man: The story of Hans Sloane|url=http://www.irishnews.com/lifestyle/2016/09/10/news/more-than-just-the-chocolate-man-the-story-of-hans-sloane-688703/|access-date=3 March 2018|website=The Irish News|language=en}}</ref> Hounaiver, this "adaption" is awfu disputit. Bi the wey o historian Jame Delbougo, the Jamaicans ware brewin “a hot beverage brewed frae shavins o cacao thit wis harvestit fresh, bylet wi milk an cinnamon” as faur back as 1494.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Magazine|first=Smithsonian|last2=Eveleth|first2=Rose|date=12 February 2014|title=Chocolate Milk Was Invented in Jamaica|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chocolate-milk-was-invented-jamaica-180949734/|url-status=live|access-date=9 October 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> == 18t yearhunner == * 1730: The concept o an entrepreneur - Richard Cantillon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 August 2014|title=How Entrepreneurship Theory Created Economics|url=https://mises.org/library/how-entrepreneurship-theory-created-economics|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Mises Institute|language=en}}</ref> == 19t yearhunner == * 1805: Beaufort scale creautit bi Francis Beaufort.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beaufort scale|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Beaufort-scale|access-date=2 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> * 1809: Milk of Magnesia diskivert bi James Murray.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2005|title=Stomach upset innovator honoured|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4295171.stm|access-date=2 March 2018|website=BBC News}}</ref> * 1813: Clanny sauftie lamp creautit bi William Reid Clanny. * 1820: 30t Januar, Edward Bransfield diskivert the Antarctic Continent (mainland, islands war discovered earlier).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edward Bransfield - British explorer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Bransfield|access-date=2 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> * 1820: Modern meat curin an the Bacon Rasher war inventit bi Henry Denny, a Waterford butcher, in 1820<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Irish inventions that changed the world|url=https://www.thinkbusiness.ie/articles/10-world-changing-irish-inventions/}}</ref> * 1821: The development of "Extra Stout" beer by The Second Arthur Guinness and others.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yenne|first=Bill|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470120521|title=Guinness: The 250 Year Quest for the Perfect Pint|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470120521|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470120521/page/205 205]|language=en|url-access=registration}}</ref> * 1831: Column still design enhanced and patented by Aeneas Coffey.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carlton|first=Carla Harris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RflBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|title=Barrel Strength Bourbon: The Explosive Growth of America's Whiskey|date=2017|publisher=Clerisy Press|isbn=9781578605767|page=113|language=en}}</ref> * 1831: William Brooke O'Shaughnessy pioneered the cure for cholera through Intravenous therapy * 1832: The Kyanizing process for preserving wood, created by John Howard Kyan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Standards|first=United States National Bureau of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg3I7kwnnfcC&pg=PA76|title=Standards and Specifications in the Wood-using Industries: Nationally Recognised Standards and Specifications for Wood and Manufactures Thereof Including Paper and Paper Products ... October 5, 1927 ...|date=1927|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=76|language=en}}</ref> * 1834: The game of Croquet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Irishwoman's Diary|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishwoman-s-diary-1.959675|access-date=2 March 2018|website=The Irish Times}}</ref> * 1836: Induction coil created by Nicholas Callan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History is made as Darver man gets science award|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/entertainment/history-is-made-as-darver-man-gets-science-award-27100678.html|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Independent.ie|language=en}}</ref> * 1843: [[Quaternion]] (a mathematical entity) first described by [[William Rowan Hamilton|Sir William Rowan Hamilton]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir William Rowan Hamilton - Irish mathematician and astronomer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Rowan-Hamilton|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> * 1844: Hollow needle in syringe created by Francis Rynd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Irish doctor who invented the syringe|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-irish-doctor-who-invented-the-syringe-1.1105651|access-date=3 March 2018|website=The Irish Times}}</ref> * 1846: Seismology founded by Robert Mallet, who used dynamite explosions to measure the speed of elastic waves in surface rocks - pioneering and coining the word 'seismology'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mulvihill|first=Mary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exics12jmtwC&pg=PA81|title=Ingenious Ireland: A County-by-County Exploration of the Mysteries and Marvels of the Ingenious Irish|date=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780684020945|page=81|language=en}}</ref> * 1848: [[Kelvin|Kelvin scale]] created by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discoveries - Lord Kelvin - National Library of Scotland|url=https://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/lord-kelvin/discoveries.html|access-date=3 March 2018|website=digital.nls.uk}}</ref> * 1851: Binaural stethoscope created by Arthur Leared.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prynne|first=Miranda|date=201|title=A history of the stethoscope|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/10592617/A-history-of-the-stethoscope.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220093303/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/10592617/A-history-of-the-stethoscope.html|archive-date=2016-02-20|access-date=3 March 2018|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> * 1856: Icosian calculus discovered by [[William Rowan Hamilton|Sir William Rowan Hamilton]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weerden|first=Anne van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ow9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|title=A Victorian Marriage: Sir William Rowan Hamilton|date=2017|publisher=J. Fransje van Weerden|isbn=9789463230025|page=232|language=en}}</ref> * 1859: Greenhouse Effect theory proven by John Tyndall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Graham|first=Steve|date=8 October 1999|title=John Tyndall : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Tyndall/|access-date=3 March 2018|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref> * 1865: The first Transatlantic telegraph cable pioneered by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin on Valentia Island.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atlantic Cable|url=http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/Kelvin/atlanticcable.html|access-date=3 March 2018|website=special.lib.gla.ac.uk}}</ref> * 1866: The Standard drop method of hanging developed by Dr Samuel Haughton.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galvin|first=Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZduLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|title=Old Sparky: The Electric Chair and the History of the Death Penalty|date=2016|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781510711358|page=33|language=en}}</ref> * 1874: ** [[Electron]] introduced as a concept by George Johnstone Stoney.<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Johnstone Stoney - Irish physicist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Johnstone-Stoney|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> ** Brennan torpedo created by Louis Brennan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Everett|first=H. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odjgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|title=Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II|last2=Toscano|first2=Michael|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262331760|page=33|language=en}}</ref> * 1879: The rules of [[Hurlin|Hurling]] first standardised with the foundation of the Erse Hurling Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Dublin Saved Hurling|url=http://www.dublincity.ie/story/how-dublin-saved-hurling|access-date=3 March 2018|website=www.dublincity.ie|language=en|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925132410/http://www.dublincity.ie/story/how-dublin-saved-hurling|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1880: Boycott triggered by Charles Boycott over a dispute with the Erse Land League.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Cunningham Boycott - British estate manager|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Cunningham-Boycott|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> * 1884: [[Steam turbine|Steam Turbine]]: Compound Steam Turbine developed by Anglo-Erse engineer Charles Algernon Parsons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Charles Algernon Parsons - British engineer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Algernon-Parsons|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> * 1885: The Cream Cracker was invented by Joseph Haughton in his home in [[Dublin]] and first manufactured by William Jacob in his bakery in Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cream Crackers – An Authentically Irish Snack|url=https://www.irishamericanmom.com/2012/10/26/cream-crackers-an-authentically-irish-snack/|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Irish American Mom}}</ref> * 1888: Gregg Shorthand created by John Robert Gregg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Robert Gregg - American stenographer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Robert-Gregg|access-date=3 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> * 1894: Joly colour screen created by John Joly.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hirsch|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx_fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Exploring Color Photography Sixth Edition: From Film to Pixels|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781317911159|page=21|language=en}}</ref> * 1894: [[Xylem|cohesion-tension theory]] proposed by John Joly and Henry Horatio Dixon at Trinity College Dublin<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Joly,Trinity College Dublin biography|url=https://www.tcd.ie/Geology/undergraduate/johnjoly.php|access-date=27 January 2019|website=Trinity College Dublin|language=en}}</ref> * 1897: Modern submarine design created by John Philip Holland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006110950/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland.htm|archive-date=6 October 2013|access-date=2013-10-05}}</ref> * Saccharimeter created by Rev John Jellet from Cashel, County Tipperary (1817–1888). == 20t yearhunner == * 1901: Reflector sight creautit bi Howard Grubb.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aukstakalnis|first=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oz_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|title=Practical Augmented Reality: A Guide to the Technologies, Applications, and Human Factors for AR and VR|date=2016|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional|isbn=9780134094359|page=29|language=en}}</ref> * 1914: Radiotherapy developit bi John Joly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Irish man who brought radiotherapy forward|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/the-irish-man-who-brought-radiotherapy-forward-1.1828507|access-date=2 March 2018|website=The Irish Times}}</ref> * 1928: Three point linkage, patentit bi Harry Ferguson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Ferguson: Planes, tractors and automobiles|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/z88kwmn|access-date=2 March 2018|website=BBC Timelines|language=en|archive-date=2018-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517121609/http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/z88kwmn|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1930: Nickel-zinc battery creautit bi James J. Drumm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flashback 1931 - first journey of battery-powered train - Independent.ie|url=https://www.independent.ie/life/flashback-1931-first-journey-of-batterypowered-train-34252634.html|access-date=2 March 2018|website=Independent.ie|language=en}}</ref> * 1931: Sudocrem wis developit bi Dublin pharmacist Thomas Smith. * 1930s: The first disintegratin o an atomic nucleus bi artificially accelerated protons (spleettin the atom) diskivert bi [[Ernest Walton]] et al. * 1946: Ejection seat - first live test o a weel-trystit, successfu modren ejection seat developit bi James Martin<ref>{{Cite web|title=British History - Ejection Seat|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/british_history/ejection_seat/|access-date=2 March 2018|website=BBC - Primary History|archive-date=2018-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226202254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/british_history/ejection_seat/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1940s: Warld first duty free airport shop at Shannon Airport, creautit bi Brendan O'Regan * 1950: Joseph 'Spud' Murphy an his employee Seamus Burke producit the warld's first seasoned crisps: Cheese & Onion and Salt & Vinegar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2012-04-20|title=Joe 'Spud' Murphy: The Man Who Gave Potato Chips Flavor|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/20/joe-spud-murphy-the-man-w_n_1437270.html|website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref> Companies warldwide war efter the richts tae Tayto's technique.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hochman|first=Karen|date=<!--undated-->|title=A History of the Potato Chip: Page 4: The First Salted & Flavored Potato Chips|url=http://www.thenibble.com/REVIEWS/main/snacks/chip-history4.asp|website=The Nibble}}</ref> * 1954: Clofazimine first synthesized bi a medical resairch team heidit bi Cork man Vincent Barry at Trinity College, Dublin. * 1965: Portable defibrillator creautit bi Frank Pantridge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Crutchley|first=Peter|date=3 October 2016|title='Father of emergency medicine' celebrated|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-37540915|access-date=2 March 2018|website=BBC News}}</ref> * 1967: Pulsar diskivert bu [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jocelyn Bell Burnell - British astronomer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell|access-date=2 March 2018|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> * == References == {{Reflist}} qmpjofuul6msfbws0pyq52yfxwvayjn 0 230389 923244 909533 2026-09-24T06:36:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer |image=William McIlvanney at the Edinburgh International Book Festival 2013.jpg |image_size= |alt= |caption=McIlvanney at the Edinburgh International Book Festival, 2013 |pseudonym= |birth_name=William Angus McIlvanney |birth_date=25 November 1936 |birth_place=[[Kilmarnock]], Scotland |death_date=5 December 2015 (aged 79) |death_place=[[Glesga]], Scotland |resting_place= |occupation= |language= |nationality= |citizenship= |education=[[Glesga Varsity]] |alma_mater= |period= |genre= |subject= |movement= |notableworks=''[[Docherty (novel)|Docherty]]'' (1975), ''[[Laidlaw (novel)|Laidlaw]]'' (1977), ''[[Strange Loyalties]]'' (1991) |spouse= |partner= |children=[[Liam McIlvanney]] (son) |relatives= |awards= |signature= |signature_alt= |website={{URL|williammcilvanney.com}} |portaldisp=}} '''William McIlvanney''' (25 November 1936 – 5 December 2015) wis a Scots novelist, short story scriever, an makar.<ref name="BBCProfile">{{Cite web|title=Scotland's Writers - William McIlvanney|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/william-mcilvanney|access-date=24 May 2013|publisher=BBC Writing Scotland|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109002207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/william-mcilvanney|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wis kent as '''Gus''' by friends and acquaintances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney: not just godfather of 'Tartan Noir' but lion of literature|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/05/william-mcilvanney-not-just-godfather-of-tartan-noir-but-lion-of-literature|access-date=2015-12-05|website=the Guardian}}</ref> McIlvanney wis a champion o gritty yet poetic leiteratur; his warks ''Laidlaw'', ''The Papers of Tony Veitch'', an ''Walking Wounded'' is aa weel-kent for their shawin o [[Glesga]] in the 1970s. He is regairdit as "the faither o ''Tartan Noir''" an as Scotland's [[Albert Camus|Camus]]. == Biography == McIlvanney wis born in [[Kilmaurnock|Kilmarnock]] on 25 November 1936, the youngest o fower bairns o an umwhile miner, an went tae Kilmarnock Academy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney (b.1936)|url=http://www.kilmarnockacademy.co.uk/famouswmcilvanney.htm|access-date=5 December 2015|publisher=[[Kilmarnock Academy]]|archive-date=2023-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130104424/http://www.kilmarnockacademy.co.uk/famouswmcilvanney.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He went on tae study Inglis at [[Glesga Varsity|Glesga University]] an graduatit wi ae MA in 1960.<ref name="BBCProfile"/> McIlvanney then wirkit as ae Inglis dominie til 1975, whan he quit as assistant heiddominie at Greenwood Academy tae mak forrit wi his writin career.<ref name="BBCProfile" /> His aulder brither wis the sports jurnalist Hugh McIlvanney.<ref name="BBCProfile" /> His son, Liam McIlvanney, is a crime writer as weel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Guardian Staff|date=2018-09-21|title=Liam McIlvanney wins Scottish crime fiction award named after his father|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/21/liam-mcilvanney-wins-scottish-fiction-award-father-bible-john|access-date=2019-06-08|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As weel as his leiteratur, McIlvanney wrate on a reglar basis for newspapers, an wis a writer an narrator o the [[BBC Scotland]] fitba documentary ''Only a Game?'' in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Only a game?|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/303053|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213190712/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/303053|archive-date=13 December 2013|access-date=11 December 2013|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scots author William McIlvanney dies, aged 79|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/scots-author-william-mcilvanney-dies-aged-79-1-3967499|access-date=2015-12-06|website=www.scotsman.com}}</ref> McIlvanney haudit ontae his strang [[Socialism|socialist]] views ootthrouh his life. Lik ithers fae his backgrund in Scotland, he wis strangly agin Thatcherism. Later he becam disappyntit bi the shift o [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] unner [[Tony Blair]] an bi 2014 he felt, hesitantly, that [[Scots unthirldom|Scottish independence]] micht be the best poleitical solution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney, novelist - obituary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12035855/William-McIlvanney-novelist-obituary.html|access-date=2015-12-06|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> William McIlvanney deet on 5 December 2015 aged 79, efter a wee spell o illness.<ref name="Death">{{cite web|date=5 December 2015|title=Scottish writer William McIlvanney dies aged 79|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/05/scottish-writer-william-mcilvanney-dies-aged-79|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> On hearin o his daith, sindry public figures, siclik [[Nicola Sturgeon]], [[Ian Rankin]] and [[Irvine Welsh]], gied mense notin baith his inspirational writin and his likeable an gentlemanly personality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crime author William McIlvanney dies aged 79|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35016267|access-date=2015-12-06|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney, novelist - obituary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12035855/William-McIlvanney-novelist-obituary.html|access-date=2015-12-06|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> The Telegraph's obituary wrate: "Many authors are admired. Many are respected. Few are loved as he was, for what they are as well as for what they have written."<ref name=":02" /> == Writin == His first buik, ''Remedy is None'', wis furthset in 1966<ref>{{Cite news|last=Morton|first=Brian|date=27 September 1990|title=Glasgow no mean Hamlet|work=The Times}}</ref> an won the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize in 1967.<ref name="FABER">{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=D. J.|date=28 January 1989|title=Fist-fights and metaphors from Kilmarnock: D J Taylor on William McIlvaney, a Scottish storyteller launching guerrilla attacks from the front line|work=The Independent}}</ref> ''Docherty'' (1975), anent ae miner that's courage an endurance is pit tae the test durin the depression, won the Whitbread Novel Award.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=John|date=3 September 1991|title=Jack of all genres, master of one – William McIlvanney's new detective novel continues his seamless document of Scotland|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ''The Big Man'' (1985) is the story o Dan Scoular, an unemployed man that turns tae bare-knuckle fechtin tae mak thrift. Baith nuvels hae typical McIlvanney chairacters – teucht, aft violent, men lockit in a fecht wi their ain nature an upbringin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bailey|first=Hilary|date=5 September 1985|title=A matter of manner/ Review of new fiction|work=The Guardian}}</ref> The nuvel wis turnt intae ae film in 1990 directit by David Leland, starrin Liam Neeson, an kythin [[Billy Connolly]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Geoff|date=21 August 1990|title=Youth hogs the old spotlight|work=The Times}}</ref> His novel, ''The Kiln'' (1996) won the [[Saltire Society]] Scottish Book of the Year Award.<ref name="ScotsmanSaltire">{{Cite news|last=Cochrane|first=Lynn|date=28 November 1996|title=The Kiln is named book of the year|work=The Scotsman}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCochrane1996">Cochrane, Lynn (28 November 1996). "The Kiln is named book of the year". ''The Scotsman''.</cite></ref> == Reviews == * Gifford, Douglas (1976), review of ''Docherty'', in Burnett, Ray (ed.), ''Calgagus'' No. 3, pp.&nbsp;58 & 59, {{ISSN|0307-2029}} * Aitchison, James (1983), review of ''The Papers of Tony Veitch'', in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), ''The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment'' 31, August 1983, pp.&nbsp;60 – 62, {{ISSN|0140-0894}} == Prizes an awairds == * 1967 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for ''Remedy is None''<ref name="FABER"/> * 1968 Scottish Arts Council Book Award for ''A Gift from Nessus'' * 1975 Scottish Arts Council Book Award for ''Docherty'' * 1975 Whitbread Award, for Best Novel for ''Docherty''<ref name="IrishTimes_Honour">{{Cite news|last=Dening|first=Penelope|date=1 October 1996|title=Honour in his own country|work=The Irish Times}}</ref> * 1977 Crime Writers' Association Macallan Silver Dagger for Fiction for ''Laidlaw''<ref name="DaggerAwards">{{Cite web|title=The CWA Gold Dagger|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/gold.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091850/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/gold.html|archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=12 December 2013|publisher=The Crime Writers' Association}}</ref> * 1983 Crime Writers' Association Macallan Silver Dagger for Fiction for ''The Papers of Tony Veitch''<ref name="DaggerAwards" /> * 1990 [[Glasgow Herald People's Prize]] for ''Walking Wounded''<ref name="BBCProfile"/> * 1990 BAFTA (screen adaptation): "Dreaming"<ref name="BAFTA">{{Cite news|last=McGinty|first=Stephen|date=21 March 2010|title=Big Man hits the small screen as writer turns actor in music video|work=Scotland on Sunday}}</ref> * 1992 [[Glasgow Herald People's Prize]] for ''Strange Loyalties''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Linklater|first=John|date=17 December 1992|title=Readers stay loyal to McIlvanney with second win in People's Prize|work=The Herald}}</ref> * 1992 Scottish Arts Council awards for ''Surviving the Shipwreck'' and ''Strange Loyalties''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Linklater|first=John|date=4 June 1992|title=Awards and votes of confidence for authors|work=The Herald}}</ref> * 1996 [[Saltire Society]] Scottish Book of the Year Award for ''The Kiln''<ref name="ScotsmanSaltire"/> * 2013 [[Saltire Society]] Fletcher of Saltoun Award 2013 for "outstanding contribution to Scotland's life and culture"<ref>{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney to receive the Fletcher of Saltoun Award 2013|url=http://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/news/2013/09/15/william-mcilvanney-to-receive-the-fletcher-of-saltoun-award-2013|publisher=Saltire Society|access-date=2023-01-30|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010412/http://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/news/2013/09/15/william-mcilvanney-to-receive-the-fletcher-of-saltoun-award-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2013 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award for writing<ref name="SpiritScotland">{{Cite news|last=Ferguson|first=Brian|date=30 November 2013|title=Rediscovered William McIlvanney picks up award|work=The Scotsman|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/news/rediscovered-william-mcilvanney-picks-up-award-1-3214855|access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> * 2016 [[Glesga Varsity|University of Glasgow]] posthumously awairdit him with an honorary doctorate.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 April 2016|title=Glasgow University to honour late author William McIlvanney with doctorate|work=[[The Courier (Dundee)|The Courier]]|location=Dundee|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/scotland/121114/glasgow-university-to-honour-late-author-william-mcilvanney-with-doctorate/|access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Fremmit airtins == * Writer's website at [http://www.williammcilvanney.com www.williammcilvanney.com] * [https://canongate.co.uk/contributors/2650-william-mcilvanney/ profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130104424/https://canongate.co.uk/contributors/2650-william-mcilvanney/ |date=2023-01-30 }} on Canongate Publishing website * [http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/ScotLit/ASLS/Laverock-McIlvanney-1.html Natural Loyalties: The Work of William McIlvanney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725095843/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/scotlit/asls/Laverock-McIlvanney-1.html |date=2013-07-25 }}: Association for Scottish Literary Studies * [http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/ScotLit/ASLS/Laverock-McIlvanney-2.html William McIlvanney’s Laidlaw Novels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423050107/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/scotlit/asls/Laverock-McIlvanney-2.html |date=2016-04-23 }}: Association for Scottish Literary Studies * [https://digital.nls.uk/writestuff/mcilvanney.html William McIlvanney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707075906/https://digital.nls.uk/writestuff/mcilvanney.html |date=2022-07-07 }}: The Write Stuff, National Library of Scotland === References tae reviews o warks === * [http://www.fask.uni-mainz.de/inst/ssc/ssn29-30.html#Vol.%2028] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215063844/http://www.fask.uni-mainz.de/inst/ssc/ssn29-30.html#Vol.%2028 |date=2015-12-15 }} McLuckie, Craig. "Researching McIlvanney. A Critical and Bibliographic Introduction", ''Scottish Studies International'' 28 (Scottish Studies Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim), 1999. * [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5019 Newton, Ken. "William McIlvanney"]: Literary Encyclopedia * {{British council|id=william-mcilvanney|name=William McIlvanney}} * [http://webpages.ull.es/users/rceing/Back.html#No.45,%20Noviembre%202002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414220426/http://webpages.ull.es/users/rceing/Back.html#No.45,%20Noviembre%202002 |date=2012-04-14 }} McLuckie, Craig. "Postcolonial Resistance: Class, Gender and Race in McIlvanney's ''The Big Man''," ''Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses'' (RCEI) 2002; 45: 151–67. * [http://webpages.ull.es/users/rceing/Back.html#41] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414220426/http://webpages.ull.es/users/rceing/Back.html#41 |date=2012-04-14 }} McLuckie, Craig. "William McIlvanney and the Provocative Witness: Resistance in the 'Laidlaw' Trilogy," ''Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses'' (RCEI) 2000 Nov; 41: 87-101. [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:21st-century Scots writers]] [[Category:Scots socialists]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] [[Category:1936 births]] lrssu1n0ysuzv03az29k4elysgr0zqb 0 232870 923121 922998 2026-09-23T14:50:35Z Pranjitkalita98 137488 /* */ Minor correction 923121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | bgcolour = lightgray | name = Zubeen Garg | image = File:Zubin Garg Live performance (cropped).jpg | caption = Zubeen Garg performin live, 2025 | image_size = 300px | birth_date = {{Birth date|1972|11|18}} | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Zubeen Borthakur | alias = {{hlist|Goldie|Heartthrob o Assam|Voice o the Luit|Humming King|Zubeen Da}} | birth_place = Tura, Meghalaya, Indie | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|09|19|1972|11|18}} | death_place = Singapore General Hospital, Bukit Merah, Central [[Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Singer Zubeen Garg dee'd in Singapore while swimmin, no durin scuba divin: report|website=The Hindu|date=2 Oct 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/singer-zubeen-garg-died-in-singapore-while-swimming-not-during-scuba-diving-report/article70117336.ece/|access-date=5 Oct 2025}}</ref> | genre = {{hlist|Assamese fowk sang|Rock muisic|Bihu sangs|Film sangs|Modren Assamese muisic|Indie fowk muisic}} | occupation = {{hlist|Sangster|Playback singer|Muisic director|Componer|Leericist|Actor|Director|Producer|Poet|Social wirker}} | instrument = {{hlist|Keybuird|Guitar|Tabla|Mandolin|Drum|Percussion}} | nationality = Indie | ethnicity = [[Assamese]] | label = {{hlist|N.K. Productions|Sony Muisic|Magnasound|Universal Muisic Group|Times Muisic|T-Series|Zee Muisic|Saregama|Apon Records}} | years_active = 1992–2025 | spouse = Garima Saikia Garg }} '''Zubeen Garg''' (born '''Zubeen Borthakur'''; 18 November 1972 – 19 September 2025) wis an Assamese sangster, muisic director, composer, lyricist, actor, producer, an social wirkker fae [[Assam]], [[Indie]].He wis a legendary singer an musician, wha achievit god-like status.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2025|title=Zubeen Garg: The legendarycomposer, singer, musiciansongwriter who united a divided state|url=https://www.business-standard.com/specials/news/zubeen-garg-the-legendary-singer-musician-who-united-a-divided-state-125092700021_1.html|access-date=19 September 2026|website=Business Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2025|title=Zubeen Garg: Assam’s first true rockstar|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/remembering-zubeen-garg-singer-songwriter-legacy-icon-assam-11759413620869.html|access-date=19 September 2026|website=Mint Lounge|language=en}}</ref> He sang in mair nor fowerty leids, includin [[Assamese leid|Assamese]], [[Hindi leid|Hindi]], [[Bengali leid|Bengali]], [[Nepali leid|Nepali]], Bodo, Bhojpuri, [[Tamil leid|Tamil]], Telugu, Kannada, an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. Garg debutit wi the album ''Anamika'' in 1992, whilk gied him fame athort the Northeast o Indie.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/music/zubeen-garg.html| title=About Zubeen Garg| publisher=onlinesivasagar.com via internet archive| accessdate=19 January 2013| archive-date=2009-06-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607014040/http://onlinesivasagar.com/music/zubeen-garg.html| url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> In 2005, he wan the Best Muisic Director award for the Bengali film ''Shudhu Tumi''. His sang "Ya Ali" frae the film ''Gangster'' (2006) brocht him naitional acclaim, earnin him the GIFA an Stardust Awards for Best Playback Singer (Male). He received the National Film Award for Best Muisic Direction for the bilingual film ''Echoes of Silence'' (English–Khasi). Garg wis kent as ane o Assam's maist popular an weel-payed sangsters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2017|title=Barred frae singin in Hindi, Assam singer leaves Bihu stage|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/zubeen-garg-noonmati-bihu-sanmilan-stopped-from-singing-hindi-song-assam-top-singer-quits-bihu-stage-with-an-abuse-4614435/|access-date=19 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ower his career, Garg sang aboot 40,000 sangs in mair nor 40 leids, an wis a muckle influence in the Assamese muisic scene.{{efn|Credited to multiple sources which claim he recorded over 38,000 or 40,000 songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen Garg: The Song That Stayed Home |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/zubeen-garg-the-song-that-stayed-home-1283507-2025-09-27 |website=India Today NE |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of fans bid adieu to Zubeen at Guwahati stadium |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-gargs-body-arrives-at-guwahati-airport-thousands-gather-to-get-last-glimpse/article70076293.ece |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 September 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921172437/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-gargs-body-arrives-at-guwahati-airport-thousands-gather-to-get-last-glimpse/article70076293.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Abhijit |title=From 'Anamika' to 'Ya Ali': Zubeen Garg, a man of many emotions, bids farewell |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/from-anamika-to-ya-ali-zubeen-garg-a-man-of-many-emotions-bids-farewell-1503488612.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title='After singing 35,000 songs, I don't need to take the Best Singer award' |date=13 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJWoPZknc0w |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313173241/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJWoPZknc0w |url-status=live }}</ref>}} He dee'd in Singapore on 19 September 2025, aged 52. == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:2025 daiths]] [[Category:Assam]] ihyvfa6p79ncqi8ag808hq56w8rzfps 923122 923121 2026-09-23T15:06:07Z CiphriusKane 74958 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/923121|923121]] bi [[Special:Contributions/Pranjitkalita98|Pranjitkalita98]] ([[User talk:Pranjitkalita98|Tauk]])POV pushin 923122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | bgcolour = lightgray | name = Zubeen Garg | image = File:Zubin Garg Live performance (cropped).jpg | caption = Zubeen Garg performin live, 2025 | image_size = 300px | birth_date = {{Birth date|1972|11|18}} | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Zubeen Borthakur | alias = {{hlist|Goldie|Heartthrob o Assam|Voice o the Luit|Humming King|Zubeen Da}} | birth_place = Tura, Meghalaya, Indie | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|09|19|1972|11|18}} | death_place = Singapore General Hospital, Bukit Merah, Central [[Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Singer Zubeen Garg dee'd in Singapore while swimmin, no durin scuba divin: report|website=The Hindu|date=2 Oct 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/singer-zubeen-garg-died-in-singapore-while-swimming-not-during-scuba-diving-report/article70117336.ece/|access-date=5 Oct 2025}}</ref> | genre = {{hlist|Assamese fowk sang|Rock muisic|Bihu sangs|Film sangs|Modren Assamese muisic|Indie fowk muisic}} | occupation = {{hlist|Sangster|Playback singer|Muisic director|Componer|Leericist|Actor|Director|Producer|Poet|Social wirker}} | instrument = {{hlist|Keybuird|Guitar|Tabla|Mandolin|Drum|Percussion}} | nationality = Indie | ethnicity = [[Assamese]] | label = {{hlist|N.K. Productions|Sony Muisic|Magnasound|Universal Muisic Group|Times Muisic|T-Series|Zee Muisic|Saregama|Apon Records}} | years_active = 1992–2025 | spouse = Garima Saikia Garg }} '''Zubeen Garg''' (born '''Zubeen Borthakur'''; 18 November 1972 – 19 September 2025) wis an Assamese sangster, muisic director, composer, lyricist, actor, producer, an social wirkker fae [[Assam]], [[Indie]]. He sang in mair nor fowerty leids, includin [[Assamese leid|Assamese]], [[Hindi leid|Hindi]], [[Bengali leid|Bengali]], [[Nepali leid|Nepali]], Bodo, Bhojpuri, [[Tamil leid|Tamil]], Telugu, Kannada, an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. Garg debutit wi the album ''Anamika'' in 1992, whilk gied him fame athort the Northeast o Indie.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/music/zubeen-garg.html| title=About Zubeen Garg| publisher=onlinesivasagar.com via internet archive| accessdate=19 January 2013| archive-date=2009-06-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607014040/http://onlinesivasagar.com/music/zubeen-garg.html| url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> In 2005, he wan the Best Muisic Director award for the Bengali film ''Shudhu Tumi''. His sang "Ya Ali" frae the film ''Gangster'' (2006) brocht him naitional acclaim, earnin him the GIFA an Stardust Awards for Best Playback Singer (Male). He received the National Film Award for Best Muisic Direction for the bilingual film ''Echoes of Silence'' (English–Khasi). Garg wis kent as ane o Assam's maist popular an weel-payed sangsters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2017|title=Barred frae singin in Hindi, Assam singer leaves Bihu stage|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/zubeen-garg-noonmati-bihu-sanmilan-stopped-from-singing-hindi-song-assam-top-singer-quits-bihu-stage-with-an-abuse-4614435/|access-date=19 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ower his career, Garg sang aboot 40,000 sangs in mair nor 40 leids, an wis a muckle influence in the Assamese muisic scene.{{efn|Credited to multiple sources which claim he recorded over 38,000 or 40,000 songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen Garg: The Song That Stayed Home |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/zubeen-garg-the-song-that-stayed-home-1283507-2025-09-27 |website=India Today NE |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of fans bid adieu to Zubeen at Guwahati stadium |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-gargs-body-arrives-at-guwahati-airport-thousands-gather-to-get-last-glimpse/article70076293.ece |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 September 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921172437/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-gargs-body-arrives-at-guwahati-airport-thousands-gather-to-get-last-glimpse/article70076293.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Abhijit |title=From 'Anamika' to 'Ya Ali': Zubeen Garg, a man of many emotions, bids farewell |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/from-anamika-to-ya-ali-zubeen-garg-a-man-of-many-emotions-bids-farewell-1503488612.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title='After singing 35,000 songs, I don't need to take the Best Singer award' |date=13 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJWoPZknc0w |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313173241/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJWoPZknc0w |url-status=live }}</ref>}} He dee'd in Singapore on 19 September 2025, aged 52. == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:2025 daiths]] [[Category:Assam]] 94p6cpo1g6isukyrpsyhnkaw47k9fzh 923254 923122 2026-09-24T10:31:15Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertin tae [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zubeen_Garg&oldid=922467 reveision 922467], soorcin providit fur edits aither didna support fit wis seyed or wis unreliable/opinion pieces 923254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | bgcolour = lightgray | name = Zubeen Garg | image = File:Zubin Garg Live performance (cropped).jpg | caption = Zubeen Garg performin live, 2025 | image_size = 300px | birth_date = {{Birth date|1972|11|18}} | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Zubeen Borthakur | alias = {{hlist|Goldie|Heartthrob o Assam|Voice o the Luit|Humming King|Zubeen Da}} | birth_place = Tura, Meghalaya, Indie | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|09|19|1972|11|18}} | death_place = Singapore General Hospital, Bukit Merah, Central [[Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Singer Zubeen Garg dee'd in Singapore while swimmin, no durin scuba divin: report|website=The Hindu|date=2 Oct 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/singer-zubeen-garg-died-in-singapore-while-swimming-not-during-scuba-diving-report/article70117336.ece/|access-date=5 Oct 2025}}</ref> | genre = {{hlist|Assamese fowk sang|Rock muisic|Bihu sangs|Film sangs|Modren Assamese muisic|Indie fowk muisic}} | occupation = {{hlist|Sangster|Playback singer|Muisic director|Componer|Leericist|Actor|Director|Producer|Poet|Social wirker}} | instrument = {{hlist|Keybuird|Guitar|Tabla|Mandolin|Drum|Percussion}} | nationality = Indie | ethnicity = [[Assamese]] | label = {{hlist|N.K. Productions|Sony Muisic|Magnasound|Universal Muisic Group|Times Muisic|T-Series|Zee Muisic|Saregama|Apon Records}} | years_active = 1992–2025 | spouse = Garima Saikia Garg }} '''Zubeen Garg''' (born '''Zubeen Borthakur'''; 18 November 1972 – 19 September 2025) wis an Assamese sangster, muisic director, composer, lyricist, actor, producer, an social wirkker fae [[Assam]], [[Indie]]. He sang in mair nor fowerty leids, includin [[Assamese leid|Assamese]], [[Hindi leid|Hindi]], [[Bengali leid|Bengali]], [[Nepali leid|Nepali]], Bodo, Bhojpuri, [[Tamil leid|Tamil]], Telugu, Kannada, an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. Garg debutit wi the album ''Anamika'' in 1992, whilk gied him fame athort the Northeast o Indie.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/music/zubeen-garg.html| title=About Zubeen Garg| publisher=onlinesivasagar.com via internet archive| accessdate=19 January 2013| archive-date=2009-06-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607014040/http://onlinesivasagar.com/music/zubeen-garg.html| url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> In 2005, he wan the Best Muisic Director award for the Bengali film ''Shudhu Tumi''. His sang "Ya Ali" frae the film ''Gangster'' (2006) brocht him naitional acclaim, earnin him the GIFA an Stardust Awards for Best Playback Singer (Male). He received the National Film Award for Best Muisic Direction for the bilingual film ''Echoes of Silence'' (English–Khasi). Garg wis kent as ane o Assam's maist popular an weel-payed sangsters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2017|title=Barred frae singin in Hindi, Assam singer leaves Bihu stage|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/zubeen-garg-noonmati-bihu-sanmilan-stopped-from-singing-hindi-song-assam-top-singer-quits-bihu-stage-with-an-abuse-4614435/|access-date=19 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ower his career, Garg sang aboot 38,000 sangs in mair nor 40 leids, an wis a muckle influence in the Assamese muisic scene.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands o fans bid adieu tae Zubeen at Guwahati stadium|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-gargs-body-arrives-at-guwahati-airport-thousands-gather-to-get-last-glimpse/article70076293.ece|access-date=23 September 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 September 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref> He dee'd in Singapore on 19 September 2025, aged 52. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:2025 daiths]] [[Category:Assam]] qhhlrat3ufr1epfem4ef23sudw1yn7q 0 233428 923151 916412 2026-09-23T19:09:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Mercedes Mason | image = Mercedes Mason by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Mason at the 2015 [[San Diego Comic-Con]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|3|3}} | birth_place = [[Linköping]], Swaden | citizenship = {{hlist|Swaden|Unitit States}} | occupation = Actress | children = 2 | spouse = {{marriage|[[David Denman]]|2014}} | birth_name = Mercedes Masöhn | years_active = 2004–present }} '''Mercedes Mason''' (previously '''Mercedes Masöhn'''; 3 Mairch 1982) is an American actress. She pleyed the role o Zondra in the telly series ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'', an Isabel Zambada<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=2011-07-20|title=‘The Finder’ Locates Female Lead|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/finder-locates-female-lead-213549/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> in the [[procedural drama]] ''[[The Finder (American TV series)|The Finder]]''. She forby starned in the 2011 American [[horror film]] ''[[Quarantine 2: Terminal]]'', portrayed Louise Leonard in the supernaitural drama series ''[[666 Park Avenue]]'' (2012–2013), pleyed Talia Del Campo in ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'', an wis a regular on [[AMC (TV chainel)|AMC]]'s telly series ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]'' frae 2015 tae 2017. In 2018 she pleyed Captain Zoe Andersen in the ABC Polis crime drama ''[[The Rookie]]''. == Early life == Mason wis born in 1982 in [[Linköping]], [[Swaden]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Masöhn {{!}} Biography|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mercedes-mas%C3%B6hn/bio/339114|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[TV Guide]]|archive-date=2014-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228175521/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mercedes-mas%C3%B6hn/bio/339114}}</ref> an brocht up in the neebourheid o [[Ryd, Linköping|Ryd]]. Her faimily haed emigratit frae [[Iran]]. She haes ane sister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can Tannaz Hazemi Kick It?|url=http://www.theaesthete.com/art/tannaz-hazemi-kickstarter|access-date=2026-05-07|website=www.theaesthete.com|archive-date=2016-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005104924/http://www.theaesthete.com/art/tannaz-hazemi-kickstarter|url-status=dead}}</ref> She flittit tae the Unitit States wi her faimily at the age o 12 an wis raised in the Chicago area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brännström|first=Linus|date=2012-04-22|title=Hon är Hollywoods nya svenska stjärna|url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/hon-ar-hollywoods-nya-svenska-stjarna/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[Expressen]]|language=sv}}</ref> == Career == Mason starned her career as Mercedes Masöhn on telly cried the Guyattwith a minor ane-episode role in the daytime [[soap opera]] ''[[One Life to Live]]'' in 2005; she returned tae the series fur twa episodes in 2006 as the chairacter Neery. Frae 2008 tae 2011, Mason haed mony ane-episode appearances in series sic as ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'', ''[[CSI: NY]]'' an ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]''. She haed her main role debut in film as Jenny in ''[[Quarantine 2: Terminal]]'', the 2011 [[Foond footage (film technique)|foond footage]] [[Horror film|horror]] film sequel tae ''[[Quarantine (2008 film)|Quarantine]]''. Prior tae that, she kythed in minor roles in ''The [[Break-Up]]'' (2006) an ''[[Red Sands]]'' (2009). In 2011, she starned in the [[Drama (film an telly)|drama]] film ''[[Three Veils]]'' an aa. Throuoot the follaein years, Mason pleyed minor or supportin roles in mony films. In 2012, Mason wis ane o twa lead actresses in ''[[The Finder (American TV series)|The Finder]]'' during its lone saison. She pleyed [[Unitit States Marshals Service|Deputy U.S. Marshal]] Isabel Zambada, the [[Romance|romantic interest]] o [[title chairacter]] Walter Sherman ([[Geoff Stults]]). Baith she an [[Maddie Hasson]] fillt the void left bi the depairture o [[Saffron Burrows]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|date=2011-07-20|title=Exclusive: Fox's The Finder Recruits Chuck Badass, Teen Newcomer|url=https://www.tvline.com/casting-news/fox-the-finder-mercedes-masohn-maddie-hasson-233173/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[TVLine]]|language=en-US}}</ref> the female lead in the series' [[Telly pilot|backduir pilot]] that wis the 19t episode o saison 6 o ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ng|first=Philiana|date=2011-05-25|title=‘Bones’ Spinoff Loses Saffron Burrows|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/bones-spinoff-loses-saffron-burrows-192359/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She forby co-starned on the ABC supernaitural drama series ''[[666 Park Avenue]]'' in 2012, that wis canceled midwey throu its saison.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wightman|first=Catriona|date=2012-03-08|title=Mercedes Masohn joins '666 Park Avenue'|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a370033/the-finder-mercedes-masohn-tree-hill-star-join-666-park-avenue/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[Digital Spy]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> In the ware o 2014, Mason debuted her role o DEA Special Agent Talia Del Campo on the [[CBS]] series ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'', kythin in seiven episodes frae 2014 tae 2022. In August 2015, she debuted in her role as Ofelia Salazar, on the ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|Walking Dead]]'' companion series ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Brandon|date=2017-09-06|title=Mercedes Mason Recaps And Previews Fear The Walking Dead|url=https://comicbook.com/the-walking-dead/news/mercedes-mason/|access-date=2026-05-07|website=ComicBook.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, she pleyed Captain Zoe Andersen in the furst saison o the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] series ''[[The Rookie]]''. == Personal life == In 2010, Mason stairtit datin actor [[David Denman]]; the couple marriet in 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Juneau|first=Jen|date=2018-01-15|title=Mercedes Mason and David Denman Welcome Son Caius Kane|url=https://people.com/parents/mercedes-mason-david-denman-welcome-son-caius-kane/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en}}</ref> Thair furst bairn wis born on 10 Januar 2018, a son cried Caius Kane.<ref name=":0" /> Thair seicont bairn, Sagan Cyrus, wis born in Mey 2021. Mason cam oot as bisexual in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Mason Actress on Facebook|url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/136005790287921/534897147065448|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> Mason is a naituralised U.S. ceetizen, haein taken the [[ceetizenship test]] in Aprile 2016. Mason speaks Inglis, French, Spainish, an Farsi. On the Norse tauk shaw ''[[Skavlan]]'' on 30 September 2016, she said that she nae langer speaks Swadish bit unnerstaunds it. ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2006 | ''[[The Break-Up]]'' | Goblet Girl | Uncreditit |- | 2009 | ''[[Red Sands]]'' | Arab Wumman | |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | ''[[Quarantine 2: Terminal]]'' | Jenny | |- | ''[[Three Veils]]'' | Leila | |- | 2012 | ''[[General Education]]'' | Bebe Simmons | |- | 2013 | ''[[Slightly Single in L.A.]]'' | Stacey | |- | 2014 | ''[[Sniper: Legacy]]'' | Sanaa Malik | |- | 2015 | ''[[Ana Maria in Novela Land]]'' | Ana Gloria | Film credits as Mercedes Mason frae here on |- | 2020 | ''What the Night Can Do'' | Tasha Cole | |- | 2020 | ''Love by Drowning'' | Kazz Martin | |- | 2023 |''[[Little Dixie (film)|Little Dixie]]'' |Julie Reed | |- | 2024 |''[[Guns & Moses]]'' |Liat Rosner | |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2005–2006 | ''[[One Life to Live]]'' | Neely / Red Cross Nurse | 3 episodes |- | 2008 | ''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]'' | Kara | Episode: "Return to Queens Blvd." |- | rowspan="3" | 2009 | ''The Law'' | Theresa Ramirez | Unselt telly pilot |- | ''[[The Closer]]'' | Katherine Ortega | Episode: "Blood Money" |- | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' | Polis Officer Heather Kincaid | Episode: "Truth or Consequences" |- | 2009–2010 | ''[[Three Rivers (TV series)|Three Rivers]]'' | Vanessa | 4 episodes |- | 2009 | ''[[CSI: NY]]'' | Frankie Tyler | Episode: "It Happened to Me" |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]'' | Marina Casillas | Episode: "He's Dead, She's Dead" |- | ''[[All Signs of Death]]'' | Soledad | Unselt telly pilot |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | ''[[Traffic Light (TV series)|Traffic Light]]'' | Sherry | Episode: Pilot |- | ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'' | Zondra | 2 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2012 | ''[[The Finder (American TV series)|The Finder]]'' | Deputy U.S. Marshal Isabel Zambada | Main role |- | ''[[Common Law (2012 TV series)|Common Law]]'' | Ellen Sandoval | 2 episodes |- | 2012–2013 | ''[[666 Park Avenue]]'' | Louise Leonard | Main role |- | 2014–2022 | ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'' | DEA agent Talia Del Campo | Recurrin role, 7 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | ''[[Californication (TV series)|Californication]]'' | Amy Taylor Walsh | 2 episodes |- | ''[[Anger Management (TV series)|Anger Management]]'' | Maggie | 2 episodes; TV credits as Mercedes Mason frae here on |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''[[The Astronaut Wives Club]]'' | Dot Bingham | Episode: "Flashpoint" |- |''White City'' | Lizzie Ghaffari | Telly film |- | 2015–2017 | ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]'' | [[Ofelia Salazar]] | Main role (saisons 1–3) |- | 2017 | ''[[Doubt (American TV series)|Doubt]]'' | Elena Garcia | Episode: "Clean Burn" |- | 2018–2019, 2021 | ''[[The Rookie (TV series)|The Rookie]]'' | Captain Zoe Andersen | Main role (saison 1); guest role (saison 3) |- | 2019 | ''[[How to Get Away with Murder]]'' | Cora Duncan | 3 episodes |- | 2019–2020 | ''[[The L Word: Generation Q]]'' | Lena | 4 episodes |- | 2021 | ''[[American Horror Stories]]'' | Michelle | Episode: "Game Over" |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q453654|q=no|c=category:Mercedes Masohn|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mason, Mercedes}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Actresses frae Illinois]] [[Category:Actors frae Linköping]] [[Category:Actresses frae Östergötland Coonty]] [[Category:Swadish televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Swadish expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Naituralised ceetizens o the Unitit States]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Swadish fowk o Iranian strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Iranian strynd]] [[Category:1980s births]] [[Category:LGBTQ fowk frae Illinois]] [[Category:American bisexual actresses]] [[Category:Bisexual actresses]] [[Category:Swadish LGBTQ actors]] [[Category:Swadish bisexual wummen]] i4hh60fvxphr7wh7wxbhmybrgfuble0 3 234056 923257 922972 2026-09-24T11:32:28Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* September 2026 */ new section 923257 wikitext text/x-wiki Pranjit == September 2026 == Hello, a'm [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]. A'm leain ye a message ti lat ye ken thit edits ye makkit til the airticle [[Zubeen Garg]] hiv been revertit acause they appeart tae be promotional or relied on unreliable or misleadin soorces. Gin ye belive that A'v makkit a mistak, ye kin lea me a message on ma [[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|collogue page]]. Ta [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) snui16jwwaooe0qe8chd1oa0zqzvzvb