Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 990 923335 917217 2026-09-26T00:03:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Ane Pleastant Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis''''' is a sateirical morality play wrate by Scots [[makar]] [[David Lyndsay]] an first pit on i 1552 i [[Lithgae]], though no prentit until 1602. Ane o the ''Satyre'''s disteinguishin features is is haein faircical comic, awmaist slapstick, interludes, that micht no hae been pairt o the oreiginal wark. The ''Satyre'' is the auldest survivin play i Scots, an is the ainlie survivn Scots play frae the Medieval period. The ''Satyre'' is an attack on the [[Thrie Esaitis]] o the [[Pairlament o Scotland|auld Scots Pairlament]] - the kirkmen, the lords and the burgesses. Thir curns is representit by the chairacters o ''Spiritualitie'', ''Temporalitie'' an ''Merchand'' o thir, the kirkmen gets dinged the hairdest by Lindsay's pen. Wrate no lang afore [[the Reformation]] i Scotland, the wark gies a guid pictur o the social tensions that wis present at this important pynt i Scots history. == Dramatis personae == I Pairt Ane o the play, there's twanty-seiven chairacters, an seiven mair is eikit i Pairt Twa. The central chairacter is King Humanitie, an is influencit by twa curns o chairacters. The guid chairacters is Divyne Correctioun, Gude Counsall an Chastitie, an the bad yins is Dame Sensualitie, an the thrie vices, Faltterie, Falset an Dissait. == Synopsis == === Pairt Ane === Set i Scotland i the 16t century, a learnit doctor cried Dilegence gies a sermon on [[Christianity|Christian]] doctrine. The heidmaist chairacter, ung King Humanitie, syne kythes an gangs agley unner the influence o Dame Sensualitie an the Vices. His counsellors gar him tak a mistress, that sets aff his tynin o Christian morals. Syne he is begowkit by the thrie vices, that hae guisit thaimsels as Devotioun, Discretioun an (efter a hilarious fankle whaur Falset forleits his fauss-name an accidentally cries hissel "Thin Drink") Sapience. The Vices tak control o the court, haein Gude Counsel incarcerate an stairtin tae control the King hissel. The King forleits his Christian vitrues an canna rule richt onie mair - aw the while the Vices tak mair an mair control, sendin Charitie an Veritie tae the jougs. They dae awa wi Chastitie an aw, leavin her hameless, an seimbolically no taen in by Spiritualitie, Temporalitie or the common fowk. Efter Chastitie is finally bein pit i the jyle hersel, Divine Correctioun taks tae the stage - the Vices ken their time is up, an tak the gate afore their caught, takkin the king's traisure kist wi thaim. Divine Correctioun lowses Gude Counsel, Chastitie an Veritie, an redes the king tae caw a pairlament, breingin an end tae Pairt Ane. === Interlude === A comical interlude skails the twa pairts o the play, in whilk Peur Man an Diligence flyte on ithir, i the mainner o [[William Dunbar|Dunbar]] an Kennedy (or for that maitter Lindsay hissel an [[James V]]). Diligence braks the fowerth waw as the Peur Man lowps on the stage, cawin doun the "officiars" for lattin the "fals raggit loun" win inbye the theatre. Peur Man gies sum speeches about the abuse o pouer by the kirkmen, an the want o justice, sayin: ''''I culd get nane at Sessioun nor Seinye"''(1974). He gies a wee comment about hou plays an siclike entertainment dinna mak up for the wae o puirtith: ''"I wil not gif for al your play worth ane sowis fart/ For there is richt litill play at my hungire hart."''(1964-5). === Pairt Twa === Diligence apens the pairliament an the King, Correctioun an the Virtews come ben. John Commonweal (representin the common guid o the kintra) taks speech i haun an tells o the failins o thrie estaites. The Merchand an Temporalitie get serred, an their estaites want reform, an tho Spiritualie (the kirkmen) tries tae fecht back, the chairges brocht agin him is ower monie an the kirkmen gies in. The Thrie Vices is incarcerate, deemit an execute, but no afore ilk ane o thaim haes the chance tae gie a wee speech. Syne Diligence closes the play, redin awbodie tae gang their gate an live weil, afore concludin:<br /> ::''Now let ilk man his way avance:'' ::''Let sum ga drink and sum ga dance.'' ::''Menstrall, blaw up ane brawll of France:'' :::''Let se quha hobbils best!'' ::''For I will rin, incontinent,'' ::''To the tavern or ever I stent,'' ::''And pray to God Omnipotent'' :::''To send yow all gude rest.'' (4664-71) == Modren times == Efter no bein playit for awmaist fower hunner year, the ''Satyre'' wis revivit for the [[Edinburgh Festival]] i 1948, direcrit by [[Tyrone Guthrie]], wi the text bein editit an prepared for an actin edition by [[Robert Kemp]]. I the 1980s by the [[Scottish Theatre Company]], direcit by [[Tam Fleming]] playit at the [[Kirk o Scotland]]'s heidquarters on the Mound for the Festival, an toured Europe an aw, winnin the Roman Szydlowski Prize i [[Warsaw]], 1986. The rinnin time for this production, maugre o cuts tae the text, wis aroun fower an a hauf hour. I 1996, [[John McGrath]] adaptit it a mair contemporary morality play ''A Satire of the Four Estates'', that wis presentit by Wildcat Theatre Company as the pairt o the Edinburgh Festival. == Sources == * Sir David Lindsay, ''Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estatitis'', 1552 (Canongate Classics Edition, ed. Roderick Lyall, 1989) * John Speirs, ''The Scots Literary Tradition'', Faber and Faber, (Seicond edeition, 1962) * Agnes Mure MacKenzie, "The Renaissance Poets: (1) Scots and English" i Kinsley (ed), ''Scottish Poetry: A Critical Survey'', Cassell and Company, 1955 * Chris Ravenhall, "Sixteenth-century 'agit-prop': Sir David Lyndsay's ''Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis''", ScotLit 22 (2000) == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.archive.org/stream/poeticalworkswit00linduoft/poeticalworkswit00linduoft_djvu.txt Fou Text wi jottis o aw Lindsay's warks, includin the ''Satyre''.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080430210344/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/ScotLit/ASLS/3Estates.html Chris Ravenhall, "Sixteenth-century 'agit-prop': Sir David Lyndsay's ''Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis''", ScotLit 22 (2000)] * [http://www.compulink.co.uk/~shutters/reviews/96111.htm Review o McGrath's ''A Satire of the Four Estates'']{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:1552 plays]] [[Category:16t century in Scotland]] [[Category:Christian allegory]] [[Category:Comedy plays]] [[Category:Medieval drama]] [[Category:Morality]] [[Category:Pairlament o Scotland]] [[Category:Poleetical history o Scotland]] [[Category:Releegion an politics]] [[Category:Satirical plays]] [[Category:Scots plays]] [[Category:Scots-leid warks]] [[Category:Coort o James V o Scotland]] [[Category:Plays set in Scotland]] [[Category:Poetry o the Bannatyne Manuscript]] [[Category:Christian plays]] goejgvklk4vdl1e004600dpciw0ythw 0 1563 923459 923142 2026-09-26T06:02:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Lunnon | image_skyline = London collage.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_caption = Frae upper left: [[Ceety o Lunnon]], [[Tower Bridge]] an [[Lunnon Eye]], [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] | image_map = London (European Parliament constituency).svg | mapsize = 180px | map_caption = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon region]] in the Unitit Kinrick |settlement_type = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonties]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Greater Lunnon]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Destricts o England|Destricts]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Lunnon burgh|32 burghs]] | seat_type = Heidquairters | seat = [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] | leader_title = Regional authority | leader_name = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] | leader_title1 = [[Regional assembly (Ingland)|Regional assembly]] | leader_name1 = [[Lunnon Assembly]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor o Lunnon]] | leader_name2 = [[Sadiq Khan]] | leader_title3 = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]<br />*Lunnon&nbsp;Assembly<br />*[[European Pairlament]] | leader_name3 = [[Leet o Pairlamentary constituencies in Lunnon|74 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon Assembly constituencies|14 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon (European Parliament constituency)|Lunnon constituency]] | established_title = Settled bi [[Roman Empire|Romans]] | established_date = as [[Roman Lunnon|Londinium]], c. 43 AD | aurie_magnitude = | aurie_total_sq_mi = 607 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019123117/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | total_type = Lunnon | population_as_o = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref name=gla-pop-2015>{{cite web|title=Population Growth in London, 1939–2015|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219160246/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-date=2015-02-19|website=London Datastore|publisher=Greater London Authority|accessdate=7 July 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | population_total = 8,630,000 | population_density_km2 = 5,490 | population_blank1_title = [[Greater Lunnon Biggit-up Area|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 9,787,426 | population_blank2_title = [[Lunnon metropolitan area|Metro]] | population_blank2 = 13,879,757 | population_demonym = Lunnoner {{Collapsible list | title = Ethnic groups | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; <!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)--> | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; | 1 = '''59.8% [[White fowk|White]]''' | 2 = 44.9% [[White Breetish]] | 3 = 2.2% [[Erse migration tae Great Breetain|White Erse]] | 4 = 12.7% [[Ither White]] | 5 = &nbsp; | 6 = '''5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]]''' | 7 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black Caribbean & White]] | 8 = 0.8% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black African & White]] | 9 = 1.2% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed South Asian an White|Sooth Asie & White]] | 10 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither mixed]] | 11 = &nbsp; | 12 = '''16.9% [[Breetish Asie|Sooth Asie]]''' | 13 = 6.6% [[Breetish Indie|Indie]] | 14 = 2.7% [[Breetish Pakistanis|Pakistani]] | 15 = 2.7% [[Breetish Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] | 16 = 4.9% [[Breetish Asiae|Ither Sooth Asie]] | 17 = &nbsp; | 18 = '''13.3% [[Black Breetish|Black]]''' | 19 = 7% [[Black Breetish|Black African]] | 20 = 4.2% [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Black Caribbean]] | 21 = 2.1% [[Ither Black (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither Black]] | 22 = &nbsp; | 23 = '''4.9% [[East Asies in the Unitit Kinrick|East Asie]] [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|or Ither]]''' | 24 = 1.5% [[Breetish Cheenese|Chinese]] | 25 = 3.4% [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|Ither]] | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archivedate = 19 May 2011}} | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = ±0 | timezone_DST = [[Bretish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|51|30|26|N|0|7|39|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes =<ref name = Elevation>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title = London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher = The Weather Underground, Inc. |accessdate = 6 June 2008 |format = online |ref = harv |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7?url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |archivedate = 2011-05-19 |journal = |url-status = live }}</ref> | elevation_m = 24 | postcode_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode areas]] | postcode = {{postcode|E}}, {{postcode|EC}}, {{postcode|N}}, {{postcode|NW}}, {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|SW}}, {{postcode|W}}, {{postcode|WC}}, {{postcode|BR}}, {{postcode|CM}}, {{postcode|CR}}, {{postcode|DA}}, {{postcode|EN}}, {{postcode|HA}}, {{postcode|IG}}, {{postcode|KT}}, {{postcode|RM}}, {{postcode|SM}}, {{postcode|TN}}, {{postcode|TW}}, {{postcode|UB}}, {{postcode|WD}} | aurie_code = [[Leet o telephone exchynges in Lunnon|020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992]] | wabsteid = [http://www.london.gov.uk/ london.gov.uk] }} '''Lunnon''' ({{IPA-sco|ˈlʌnən|}}; {{lang-en|London}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/london?showCookiePolicy=true|title=London|accessdate=23 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref>, {{IPA-endia|ˈlʌndən|}}) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o [[Ingland]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|title=The World Factbook|date=1 February 2014|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Staunin on the [[River Thames]], Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, [[History o Lunnon|its history]] that gangs back tae its foundin bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], wha named it ''[[Londinium]]''.<ref name=Lunnon_001>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |date= n.d. |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080622181424/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |title= Roman London |publisher= [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archivedate= 2008-06-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon's auncient core, the [[Ceety o Lunnon]], lairgely retains its {{convert|1.12|sqmi|adj=on}} [[Middle Ages|medieval]] boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term ''Lunnon'' haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa.<ref name="mills_140">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=140}}</ref> The bulk o this [[conurbation]] forms the [[Greater Lunnon]] [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|admeenistrative area]] (coterminous wi the Lunnon [[regions o England|region]]),<ref name="region">{{cite web|url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|title=Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=4 May 2008|archive-date=2008-01-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080124102915/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="elcock">{{Cite book |last= Elcock |first=Howard |title=Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities |url= https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco |publisher=Routledge |location= Lunnon |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-10167-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco/page/n368 368]|ref=harv}}</ref><ref group="note">See an aa: [[Independent ceety#National capitals|Independent ceety § National capitals]].</ref> govrened bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]] an the [[Lunnon Assembly]].<ref name="politics_uk">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Bill |author2=Kavanagh, Dennis|author3=Moran, Michael|author4=Norton, Philip |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse/page/868 868] |ref=harv |location=Harlow}}</ref><ref group="note">The Lunnon Mayor isnae tae be confused wi the [[Lord Mayor o Lunnon]] wha heids the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]], that administers the ceety o Lunnon.</ref> Lunnon is a leadin [[global ceety]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/shortcuts/2013/mar/10/london-capital-of-world-divorce-breakfast |title= London: the everything capital of the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= Adewunmi, Bim |date=10 March 2013 |location =Lunnon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |title= What's The Capital Of The World? |publisher= More Intelligent Life |accessdate= 4 July 2013 |archive-date= 2013-09-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132807/http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |url-status= dead }}</ref> wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45ghmd/no-1-london |title= The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/gpci/index_e.html |title= Global Power City Index 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Institute for Urban Strategies&nbsp;– The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-is-the-most-desirable-city-in-the-world-to-work-in-study-finds-9779868.html |title= London is 'the most desirable city in the world tae work in', study finds |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |title= London leads the UK for world-class research |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Lunnon & Partners |archive-date= 2019-04-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401181841/https://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is ane o the warld's leadin [[financial centre]]s<ref name="Mastercard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title= Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=Mastercard}}</ref><ref name="Global Financial Centres 10">{{cite web |url=http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres 9 |publisher=[[Z/Yen]] |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222617/http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite news |url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |title= World's Most Economically Powerful Cities |work= Forbes |location= New York |date= 15 July 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0LhcwS?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> an haes the [[Leet o ceeties by GDP|fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld]] dependin on measurement.<ref group="note">Rankings o ceeties by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result o differences in the definition o the boundaries an population sizes o the areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations an the method uised tae calculate throu-pit. Lunnon an [[Paris]] are o about similar size in terms o total economic throu-pit that can result in third party sources varyin as tae whit ane o thaim is defined as haein the fifth- an sixth-lairgest ceety GDP in the warld. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimatit that Lunnon had a ceety GDP o US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared tae US$764.2 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the saxt- an fift-mucklemaist in the warld. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimatit that Lunnon haed a ceety GDP measured in purchasing power parity o US$565 billion in 2008, compared tae US$564 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the fift- an saxt-mucklemaist in the warld. The McKinsey Global Institute study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 14.9 million for Lunnon compared tae 11.8 million for Paris, while the PricewaterhouseCoopers study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 8.59 million for Lunnon compared tae 9.92 million for Paris.</ref><ref name=forpolgdp>{{cite news |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |date=September–October 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144609/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Global ceety GDP rankings 2008-2025">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |accessdate=16 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0M2ast?url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-capital-of-the-world-766661.html |location=Lunnon |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Calder |date=22 December 2007 |title=London, capital of the world}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |author= Teodorczuk, Tom |title= London is the world capital of the 21st century&nbsp;... says New York |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 20 March 2007 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2009-11-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125151618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |title=London is world capital of culture says LSE expert |publisher=Lunnon School o Economics |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118132607/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |title=Cultural Strategy |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210256/http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-tops-ranking-of-destination-cities-2291794.html |title= London tops ranking of destination cities |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper =The Independent |location =Lunnon |date=1 June 2011}}</ref> an haes the [[World's busiest ceety airport systems by passenger traffic|warld's lairgest ceety airport system]] measured bi passenger traffic.<ref name=capa1>{{cite web |url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/beijing-to-overtake-london-as-worlds-largest-aviation-hub-massive-new-airport-planned-58776 |title= Beijing tae overtake london as world's largest aviation hub |accessdate=12 June 2012 |publisher=Centre for Aviation}}</ref> Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2">{{cite press release |date=20 August 2008 |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |title=Number of international students in London continues tae grow |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0OvJq8?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |archivedate=2011-05-19 |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]], Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref name=IOC>{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&articleid=52922 |title=IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 |date=6 July 2005 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |accessdate=3 June 2006}}</ref> Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_006>{{cite web |url= http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |title= Languages spoken in the UK population |publisher= National Centre for Language |accessdate= 6 June 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0PFX8H?url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015,<ref name=gla-pop-2015/> the lairgest o ony [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|municipality in the European Union]],<ref name="lairgest_city_eu">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |title=Largest EU City. Over 7&nbsp;million residents in 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qd8V9JhM?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |archivedate=2007-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |title=Focus on London&nbsp;– Population and Migration &#124; London DataStore |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016225915/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Greater Lunnon Urban area|Lunnon's urban area]] is the seicont [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|maist populous in the EU]], efter [[Paris]], wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census.<ref name="urbanpopulation">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Lunnon metropolitan area|ceety's metropolitan area]] is the ane o the [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] wi 13,614,409 indwallers,{{refn|According tae the [[Eurostat|European Statistical Agency]], Lunnon has the lairgest [[lairger Urban Zones|lairger Urban Zone]] that uises [[conurbation]]s an areas o heich population as its definition. A [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|ranking o population]] wiin municipal boundaries places Lunnon first. Houaniver, the [[University o Avignon]] in France claims that Paris is first an Lunnon second whan includin the hale urban areaan [[hinterland]], that is the [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|outlying ceeties as well]].|group=note}}<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu show">{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title= Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> while the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.<ref>[http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp The London Plan – Introduction – Positioning London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025007/http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp |date=2014-04-07 }}. Greater Lunnon Authority. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Lunnon wis the [[warld's lairgest ceeties|warld's maist populous ceety]] frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.<ref name=Lunnon_030>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon conteens fower [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: the [[Touer o Lunnon]]; [[Kew Gardens]]; the site comprisin the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], [[Westminster Abbey]], an [[St Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's Kirk]]; an the historic dounset o [[Greenwich]] (in whilk the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] marks the [[Prime Meridian]], 0° [[langitude]], an [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]).<ref name=Lunnon_005>{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb|title=Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=26 November 2008}}</ref> Ither famous laundmerks include [[Buckingham Palace]], the [[Lunnon Ee]], [[Piccadilly Circus]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[Tower Bridge]], [[Trafalgar squerr]], an [[The Shard]]. Lunnon is home tae numerous [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|museums]], galleries, libraries, [[Sport in Lunnon|sporting events]] an ither cultural institutions, includin the [[British Museum]], [[National Gallery]], [[Tate Modern]], [[British Library]] an 40 [[West End theatre|West End]] theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821201275286&title=West+End+Must+Innovate+to+Renovate%2C+Says+Report |title=West End Must Innovate tae Renovate, Says Report |accessdate=15 November 2010 |work=What's On Stage |date=25 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0S4x3M?url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |location=Lunnon |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.<ref name=Metro150>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20641351 |title=Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="railwaygazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |title=Shanghai now the world's longest metro |date=4 May 2010 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |accessdate=4 May 2010 |location=Lunnon |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Tj3yO?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == History == ===Toponymy=== [[File:London Thames Sunset panorama - Feb 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The name ''Lunnon'' mey derive frae the [[River Thames]]]] The [[etymology o Lunnon|etymology o ''Lunnon'']] is uncertain.<ref name="mills_139">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}</ref> It is an auncient name, foond in soorces frae the 2nt century. It is recorded c. 121 as ''[[Londinium]]'', that pynts tae [[Romano-British]] origin.<ref name="mills_139"/> The earliest attemptit explanation, nou disregarded, is attributit tae [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] in ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''.<ref name="mills_139"/> This haed it that the name originatit frae a supposed [[Lud son o Heli|Keeng Lud]], wha haed allegedly takken ower the ceety an named it ''Kaerlud''.<ref name=Lunnon_009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070&pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}</ref> Frae 1898, it wis commonly acceptit that the name wis o [[Celts|Celtic]] origin an meant ''place belangin tae a man cawed *Londinos''; this explication haes syne been rejeckit.<ref name="mills_139"/> [[Richard Coates]] pit forrit an explication in 1998 that it is derived frae the pre-Celtic [[Auld European hydronymy|Auld European]] ''*(p)lowonida'', meanin 'burn ower wide for tae ford', an suggestit that this wis a name gien tae the pairt o the [[River Thames]] that rins throu Lunnon; frae this, the dounset gained the Celtic form o its name, ''*Lowonidonjon'';<ref name=coates>{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|year=1998|title=A new explanation of the name of London|journal=Transactions o the Philological Society|volume=96|issue=2|pages=203–229|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|doi=10.1111/1467-968X.00027|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0UqnAy?url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|archivedate=2011-05-19|access-date=2019-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref> this requires quite a serious amendment houiver. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form ''Londinium'' wi the modren Welsh ''Llundain'', that should demand a form ''*(h)lōndinion'' (as opposed tae *londīnion), frae earlier ''*loundiniom''. The possibility canna be ruled oot that the Welsh name wis borrowed back in frae Inglis at a later date, an for that raison canna be uised as a basis frae that tae reconstruct the oreeginal name. Til 1889, the name "Lunnon" offeecially anerly applee'd tae the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] but syne then it haes referred tae the [[Coonty o Lunnon]], an nou [[Greater Lunnon]] an aa.<ref name="mills_140"/> ===Prehistory=== Twa recent discoveries indicate probable vera auld settlements near the Thames in the Lunnon area. In 1999, the remains o a [[Bronze Age]] bridge war foond on the foreshore north o [[Vauxhall Bridge]].<ref name="Denison">{{cite journal|last=Denison|first=Simon|title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall|journal=British Archaeology|date=July 1999|issue=46|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WdLQ0?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> This brig aither gaed athort the Thames, or gaed tae a nou lost island in the burn. Dendrology datit the timbers tae 1500 BC.<ref name="Denison"/> In 2010 the foundations o a lairge timmer structur, datit tae 4500 BC, war foond on the Thames foreshore, sooth o Vauxhall Bridge.<ref name="Milne">{{cite web|last=Milne|first=Gustav|title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!|url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|work=Frog Blog|publisher=Thames Discovery Programme|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WtZpl?url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The function o the mesolithic structur is nae kent. Baith structures are on South Bank, at a naitural crossin pynt whaur the [[River Effra]] flows intae the River Thames.<ref name="Milne"/> ===Roman Lunnon=== [[File:Map of London, 1300.svg|thumb|In 1300, the [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] wis still confined wiin the [[Lunnon Waw|Roman walls]].]] Tho thare is evidence o scattered [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] settlements in the area, the first major dounset wis foondit bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] efter the invasion o 43&nbsp;AD.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book |title=Roman London |last=Perring |first=Dominic |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-203-23133-3|page=1 |ref=harv }}</ref> This anerly lastit til aroond 61, whan the [[Iceni]] tribe led bi [[Boudica|Queen Boudica]] stormed it, burning it tae the grund.<ref name=Lunnon_010>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|title=British History Timeline&nbsp;—Roman Britain|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0V1GXn?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The next, heivy planned, incarnation o Londinium prospered an superseded [[Colchester]] as the caipital o the [[Roman Britain|Roman province]] o [[Britannia]] in 100. At its hicht in the 2nt century, Roman Lunnon haed a population o aroond 60,000. ===Anglo-Saxon Lunnon (an Viking period)=== Wi the collapse o Roman rule in the early 5t century, Lunnon ceased tae be a caipital an the walled ceety o Londinium wis effectively abandoned, awtho Roman civilisation continued in the [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] area until aroond 450.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108092449/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archivedate=2009-01-08|publisher=Museum o Lunnon|title=The last days of Londinium|accessdate=31 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae aroond 500, an [[Anglo-Saxon]] dounset kent as [[Anglo-Saxon Lunnon|Lundenwic]] developed in the same area, slichtly tae the wast o the auld Roman ceety.<ref name=Lunnon_011>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |title= The early years of Lundenwic |publisher= The [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043903/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |archivedate= 2008-06-10 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> By aboot 680, it haed revived sufficiently tae become a major port, awtho thare is little evidence o lairge-scale production o goods. Frae the 820s the toun declined acause o repeatit [[Viking]] invasions. Thare three recordit Viking assaults on Lunnon; twa o whilk wis wun tae in 851 an 886 AD, tho thay war defeatit in the attack o 994 AD.<ref name="Viking Attacks">{{cite web|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1|title=Viking Attacks|publisher=web.cn.edu/kwheeler/|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Siege of London (MS 1168).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hoose o Lancaster|Lancastrian]] siege o Lunnon in 1471 is attacked by a [[Hoose o York|Yorkist]] sally.]] The Vikings established [[Denlaw]] ower a fair feck o the eastren an northren pairt o Ingland wi its mairch gaun frae aboot Lunnon tae [[Chester]]. It wis an area o political an geographical control imposed bi the Viking incursions that wis formally agreed tae bi the [[Dens fowk|Dens]] [[warlord]], [[Guthrum]] an wast-[[Saxon]] [[keeng]], [[Alfred the Great]] in 886 AD. Denlaw lastit in mony pairts o Ingland for centuries tae come. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' recordit that Lunnon wis "refounded" by [[Alfred the Great]] in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment o Lundenwic an a revival o life an tred wiin the auld Roman walls. Lunnon then grew slowly until aboot 950, efter whilk activity increased dramatically.<ref name="blackwell">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vince|first= Alan|year=2001|title=London|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England |publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> Bi the 11t century, Lunnon wis ayont aw comparison the lairgest toun in Ingland. [[Wastmeenster Abbey]], rebiggit in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style by King [[Edward the Confessor]], wis ane o the grandest kirks in Europe. [[Winchester]] haed aforehaun been the caipital o Anglo-Saxon Ingland, but frae this time on, Lunnon becam the main forum for furren traders an the base for defence in time o war. In the view o [[Frank Stenton]]: "It had the resources, an it was rapidly developing the dignity an the political self-consciousness appropriate tae a national capital."<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten/page/538 538]–539|publisher= Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Blair |first= John |year=2001|title=Westminster|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wastmeenster Abbey]], as seen in this pentin (Canaletto, 1749), is a [[World Heritage Site]] an ane o Lunnon's auldest an maist important biggins]] Follaein his victory in the [[Battle o Hastings]], [[William the Conqueror|William, Duke o Normandy]], wis crowned [[Keeng o Ingland]] in the newly finished Wastmeenster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.<ref name=Lunnon_015>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|title=History&nbsp;– 1066&nbsp;– King William|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Yen4R?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> William biggit the [[Touer o Lunnon]], the first o the mony Norman castles in Ingland tae be rebuilt in stone, in the sootheastren corner o the ceety, tae intimidate the native indwallers.<ref name=Lunnon_016>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|title=A History of British Architecture&nbsp;— White Tower|last=Tinniswood|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Tinniswood|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZWxtH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1097, [[William II o Ingland|William II]] began the biggin o [[Wastmeenster Hall]], close bi the abbey o the same name. The hall becam the basis o a new [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]].<ref name=Lunnon_017>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|title=UK Parliament&nbsp;— Parliament: The building|date=9 November 2007|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032051/http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|archivedate=2008-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_018>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|title=Palace of Westminster|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404171249/http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|archivedate=2008-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 12t century, the institutions o central government, whilk haed hitherto accompanied the ryal Inglis court as it moved aroond the kintra, grew in size an sophistication an becam increasingly fixed in ane place. In maist cases this wis Wastmeenster, awtho the ryal treasury, haein been moved frae Winchester, came tae rest in the Tower. While the [[Ceety o Wastmeenster]] developed intae a true caipital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the ceety o Lunnon, remained Ingland's lairgest ceety an principal commercial centre, an it flourished unner its ain unique admeenistration, the [[Ceety o Lunnonn Corporation|Corporation o Lunnon]]. In 1100, its population wis aroond 18,000; by 1300 it haed grown tae nearly 100,000.<ref name=Lunnon_019>{{Cite book|last=Schofield|first=John|last2=Vince|first2=Alan|author2-link=Alan Vince|title=Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6002-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qu7QLC7g7VgC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=london+population+1100+-+1300|page=26|ref=harv}}</ref> Disaster struck during the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14t century, when Lunnon lost nearly a third o its population.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |title=Black Death |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZmE6P?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=3 November 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon wis the focus o the [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381.<ref name=Lunnon_020>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|title=Richard II (1367–1400)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 October 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0aYnXz?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Air modren=== [[File:Great Fire London.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] destroyed mony pairts o the ceety in 1666.]] [[File:London - John Norden's map of 1593.jpg|thumb|Cairt o Lunnon in 1593. Thare is anly ane bridge athort the Thames, but pairts o Southwark on the sooth bank o the river hae been developed.]] During the [[Tudor period]] the [[Inglis Reformation|Reformation]] produced a gradual shift tae Protestantism, wi much o Lunnon passin frae kirk tae private ainership.<ref name=pevsner>[[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner, Nikolaus]]. ''Lunnon I: The ceeties o Lunnon an Westminster'' rev. edition, 1962. Introduction p. 48.</ref> The traffic in [[woollen]] cloths shipped undyed an undressed frae Lunnon tae the nearby shores o the [[Law Kintras]] whaur it wis considered indispensable.<ref>J. G. Pounds (1976). "An Historical Geography o Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". p. 430. CUP Archive,</ref> But the tentacles o English maritime enterprise hardly extendit beyond the seas o north-wast Europe. The commercial route tae [[Italy]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] normally lay throu [[Antwerp]] an ower the [[Alps]]; ony ships passing throu the [[Strait o Gibraltar]] tae or frae England war likely tae be Italian or [[Dubrovnik|Ragusan]]. Upon the re-openin o the [[Netherlands]] tae English shipping in Januar 1565 thare at ance ensued a strang outburst o commercial activity.<ref>Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants an the Revolt o the Netherlands: The End o the Antwerp Mart. Volume 2, pp. 1 an 62–63. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1849-7</ref> The [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] wis foondit.<ref>The life an times o Sir Thomas Gresham, founner o the Royal Exchange: including notices o many o his contemporaries. wi illustrations, Volume 2, pages&nbsp;80–81, John William Burgon, E. Wilson, 1839.</ref> [[Mercantilism]] grew an monopoly trading companies sic as the [[East Indie Company]] war established, wi tred expanding tae the [[New World]]. Lunnon becam the principal [[North Sea]] port, wi migrants arrivin frae England an abroad. The population rose frae an estimatit 50,000 in 1530 tae aboot 225,000 in 1605.<ref name=pevsner/> In the 16t century, [[William Shakespeare]] an his contemporaries lived in Lunnon at a time o hostility tae the development o the [[Elizabethan theatre|theatre]]. By the end o the Tudor period in 1603, Lunnon wis still vera compact. Thare wis an assassination attempt on [[James I o England|James I]] in Westminster, throu the [[Gunpowder Plot]] on 5 November 1605.<ref name=Lunnon_023>{{Cite book |title=James I |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs |last=Durston |first=Christopher|year=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-415-07779-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59 59] |ref=harv }}</ref> Lunnon wis [[Bubonic plague|plagued]] by disease in the early 17t century,<ref name=Lunnon_024>{{cite web |url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |title=A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665 |publisher=Urban Rim |date=4 December 2009 |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gVUqcycW?url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |archivedate=2009-05-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> culminatin in the [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]] o 1665–1666, whilk killt up tae 100,000 bodies, or a fift o the population.<ref name=Lunnon_025>{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |title= Story of the plague |publisher= Channel 4 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bPVKk?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] broke oot in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the ceety an quickly swept throu the widden biggins.<ref name="Samuel Pepys' Diary">{{Cite book | last = Pepys | first = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Pepys | title = The Diary of Samuel Pepys | volume = 45: August/September 1666 | date = 2 September 1666 | origyear = 1893 | editor = [[Mynors Bright]] (decipherer) | editor2 = [[Henry B. Wheatley]] | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-520-22167-3 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bzHYi?url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | archivedate = 2011-05-19 | access-date = 2015-06-04 | url-status = live }}</ref> Rebiggin teuk ower ten year an wis supervised by [[Robert Hooke]]<ref name=Lunnon_026>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |title=London After the Great Fire: Civil War and Revolution |author=Schofield, John |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=4 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ckJxq?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_027>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |title= Rebuilding after the fire |publisher= Museum o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080201204641/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |archivedate= 2008-02-01 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_028>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jX8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=rebuilding+of+london&dq=rebuilding+of+london|title=The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire|publisher=Thomas Fiddian|year=1940|accessdate=27 April 2008}}</ref> as Surveyor o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_029>The curious life o Robert Hooke, the man who measured Lunnon by Lisa Jardine</ref> In 1708 [[Christopher Wren]]'s masterpiece, [[St Paul's Cathedral]] wis completit. During the [[Georgian era]] new destricts sic as [[Mayfair]] war formed in the wast; an new brigs ower the Thames encouraged development in [[South Lunnon]]. In the east, the [[Port o Lunnon]] expanded downstream. In 1762, [[George III o Great Britain|George III]] acquired [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]] an it wis enlairged ower the next 75 year. During the 18t century, Lunnon wis dogged by crime an the [[Bow Street Runners]] war established in 1750 as a professional police force.<ref>"[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/madding/thieftaker.html Thief Taker, Constable, Police]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In tot, mair nor 200 offences war punishable by death,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8181192.stm |title=Rough justice&nbsp;– Victorian style |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2009 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> includin petty theft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |title=National Affairs: Capital punishment: a fading practice |work=Time |location=New York |date=21 March 1960 |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011174652/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most childer born in the ceety died afore reakin thair third birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/foundling_01.shtml |title=The Foundling Hospital |publisher=BBC History |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The [[coffeehouse]] became a popular place tae debate ideas, wi growin [[literacy]] an the development o the [[prentin press]] makkin news widely available; an [[Fleet Street]] became the centre o the British press. Accordin tae Samuel Johnson: {{quote|Ye cannae fin a man, at aw intellectual, wha is willin tae leave Lunnon. Naw, Sir, whan a man is fauchelt Lunnon, he is tired o life; for there in Lunnon aw that life can afford.|[[Samuel Johnson]], 1777<ref name=Lunnon_022>{{cite web |url= http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |title= When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522151652/http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |archivedate= 2015-05-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref>}} ===Late modren an contemporary=== [[File:British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg|thumb|British volunteer recruits in Lunnon, August 1914]] [[File:LondonBombedWWII full.jpg|thumb|A bombed-oot Lunnon street during [[the Blitz]] o the Seicont World War]] Lunnon wis the warld's [[Leet o lairgest ceeties throughout history|lairgest ceety frae aboot 1831 tae 1925]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's overcrowded conditions led tae [[cholera]] epidemics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |title=Hidden extras: cholera comes tae Victorian London |publisher=The Science Museum |location=Lunnon |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213064834/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> claimin 14,000 lifes in 1848, an 6,000 in 1866.<ref>{{cite web |author= Brown, Robert W. |url= http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |title= London in the Nineteenth Century |publisher= University o North Carolina at Pembroke |accessdate= 13 December 2011 |archive-date= 2011-12-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111230164544/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> risin [[traffic congestion]] led tae the creation o the warld's first local urban rail network. The [[Metropolitan Board o Works]] oversaw infrastructure expansion in the caipital an some surroondin counties; it wis abolished in 1889 when the [[Lunnon County cooncil]] wis creatit oot o those areas o the counties surroondin the caipital. [[German strategic bombin during World War I|Lunnon wis bombed bi the Germans during the First World War]] while during the Seicont World War [[the Blitz]] an ither bombin bi the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' killed ower 30,000 Lunnoners an destroyed lairge tracts o housing an ither biggins athort the ceety. Immediately efter the war, the [[1948 Simmer Olympics]] war held at the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], at a time when Lunnon haed barely recovered frae the war. In 1951, the [[Festeeval o Britain]] wis held on the [[Sooth Bank]]. The [[Great Smog]] o 1952 led tae the [[Clean Air Act 1956]], that endit the "[[pea soup fog]]s" for whilk Lunnon haed been notorious. Frae the 1940s onwart, Lunnon became hame tae numerous [[immigrants]], lairgely frae [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]] countries lik [[Jamaica]], Indie, [[Bangladesh]] an [[Pakistan]], makkin Lunnon ane o the maist diverse ceeties in Europe. [[File:London Thames (1930).jpg|thumb|left|A view frae Victoria Touer, in late 1920s.]] Primarily stairtin in the mid-1960s, Lunnon becam a centre for the warldwide [[youth cultur]], exemplified bi the [[Swinging Lunnon]] subculture associatit wi the [[Keeng's Road]], [[Chelsea, Lunnon|Chelsea]] an [[Carnaby Street]]. The role o trendsetter wis revived in the [[punk rock|punk]] era. In 1965 Lunnon's political boundaries wis expandit tae tak intae accoont the growthe o the urban area an a new [[Greater Lunnon cooncil]] wis creatit. Throu [[The Troubles]] in Northren Ireland, Lunnon wis subjectit tae bombin attacks bi the [[Provisional IRA]]. Racial inequality wis hielichtit bi the [[1981 Brixton riot]]. Greater Lunnon's population declined steadily in the decades efter the Seicont World War, frae an estimatit peak o 8.6&nbsp;million in 1939 tae aroond 6.8&nbsp;million in the 1980s. The principal ports for Lunnon moved downstream tae [[Port o Felixstowe|Felixstowe]] an [[Port o Tilbury|Tilbury]], wi the [[Lunnon Docklands]] area becomin a focus for regeneration, includin the [[Canary Wharf]] development. This wis borne oot o Lunnon's ever-increasin role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The [[Thames Barrier]] wis completit in the 1980s tae pertect Lunnon against tidal surges frae the [[North Sea]]. The Greater Lunnon cooncil wis abolished in 1986, whilk left Lunnon as the anerly lairge metropolis in the warld wioot a central admeenistration. In 2000, Lunnon-wide govrenment wis restored, wi the creation o the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]. tae celebrate the stairt o the 21st century, the [[Millennium Dome]], [[Lunnon Eye]] an [[Millennium Bridge (Lunnon)|Millennium Bridge]] war biggit. On 6 Julie 2005 Lunnon wis awairdit the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]], makkin Lunnon the first ceety tae stage the [[Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/4655555.stm |title= London beats Paris tae 2012 Games |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref> The naxt day (7 Julie 2005) Lunnon's tube network wis hit bi major bomb attacks. In Februar 2015, Greater Lunnon's population wis estimatit tae be 8.6 million, the heichest level syne 1939.<ref>{{cite web|title = London's population hits 8.6m record high|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-05-21}}</ref> ==Government== {{Politics o Lunnon}} ===Local government=== {{Main|Local government in Lunnon|History o local government in Lunnon|Leet o heads o Lunnon government}} The admeenistration o Lunnon is formed o twa tiers—a ceety-wide, strategic tier an a local tier. ceety-wide admeenistration is coordinatit bi the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] (GLA), while local admeenistration is carried oot by 33 smawer authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_032>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|title=About the Greater London Authority|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hYGdz?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The GLA consists o twa electit components; the [[Mayor o Lunnon]], wha haes executive powers, an the [[Lunnon Assembly]], whilk scrutinises the mayor's decisions an can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals ilka year. The headquarters o the GLA is [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]], [[Southwark]]; the mayor is [[Sadiq Khan]]. The mayor's [[statutory planning]] strategy is published as the [[Lunnon Plan]], whilk daed it's maist recent revision in 2011.<ref name=Lunnon_plan>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|title=The London Plan|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67vG4jMg5?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|archivedate=2012-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The local authorities are the cooncils o the 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s an the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref name=Lunnon_035>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|title=Links tae other websites&nbsp;— London boroughs|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055428/http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|archivedate=2007-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay are responsible for maist local services, sic as local planning, schuils, [[social work|social services]], local roads an refuse collection. Certaint functions, sic as [[Waste disposal authorities in Lunnon|waste management]], are providit throu jynt arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by Lunnon cooncils an the GLA amountit tae juist ower £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs an £7.4 billion for the GLA).<ref>http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf</ref> Policing in Greater Lunnon, except the [[City o Lunnon]], is providit bi the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police Force]], overseen bi the Mayor throu the [[Mayor's Office for Policing an Crime]] (MOPAC).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |title= About MOPAC |publisher= Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate= 4 May 2013 |archive-date= 2013-04-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130411075040/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |title=MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority |publisher= Metropolitan Police Authority |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon haes its ain police force&nbsp;– the [[City o Lunnon Police]].<ref name="Policing">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |title=Policing |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173357/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |archivedate=2008-01-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[British Transport Police]] are responsible for police services on [[National Rail]] an [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] services.<ref name="BTP">{{cite web |url= http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |title= Areas |publisher= British Transport Police |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hdc31?url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Fire Brigade]] is the [[statute|statutory]] [[Fire service in the UK|fire an rescue service]] for Greater Lunnon. It is run bi the [[Lunnon Fire an Emergency Planning Authority]] an is the third lairgest fire service in the warld.<ref name="LFB">{{cite web |url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |title=Who we are |publisher=Lunnon Fire Brigade |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hzveR?url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Health Service]] [[Emergency medical services|ambulance services]] are providit bi the [[Lunnon Ambulance Service|Lunnon Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust]], the lairgest free-at-the-pynt-o-uise emergency ambulance service in the warld.<ref name="LAS">{{cite web |url= http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |title= About us |publisher= Lunnon Ambulance Service NHS Trust |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0iCW89?url=http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Air Ambulance]] charity operates in conjunction wi the LAS whaur required. [[Her Majesty's Coastguard]] an the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate on the [[River Thames]],<ref name="Coastguard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |title= Station list |year= 2007 |publisher= Maritime an Coastguard Agency |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0jzXE7?url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lifeboat">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |title=Thames lifeboat service launched |date=2 January 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0kXnz9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> whilk is unner the jurisdiction o the [[Port o Lunnon Authority]] frae [[Teddington Lock]] tae the sea.<ref name="portLunnonauthority">{{cite web |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |title=Port of London Act 1968 |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005959/http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===National government=== Lunnon is the seat o the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]]. Mony govrenment departments are based close tae the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], parteecularly alang [[Whitehall]], includin the [[Prime Minister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Minister's]] residence at [[10 Downing Street]].<ref name=Lunnon_036>{{cite web |url= http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510193022/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archivedate= 2008-05-10 |title= 10 Downing Street&nbsp;— Official Website |accessdate= 26 April 2008 |url-status= live }}</ref> The British Parliament is eften referred tae as the "Mother o Parliaments" (awtho this ''[[sobriquet]]'' wis first applied tae England itself by [[John Bright]])<ref name="Lunnon_037">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=3 June 1998 |title=UK Politics: Talking Politics&nbsp;— The 'Mother of Parliaments' |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0l5vww?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> acause it haes been the model for maist ither [[parliamentary system]]s.<ref name="Lunnon_037"/> Thare are 73 Members o Parliament (MPs) frae Lunnon, who correspond tae local parliamentary [[Leet o Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Lunnon|constituencies]] in the national [[British House o Commons|Parliament]]. As o Juin 2017, 49 are frae the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], 21 are [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], an 3 are [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web|title = General Election Results 2015|url = http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|website = Lunnon DataStore|accessdate = 2015-05-10|publisher = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]|date = 2015-05-08|archive-date = 2016-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504063550/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography o Lunnon}} ===Scope=== [[File:London, United Kingdom.JPG|thumb|Satellite view o inner Lunnon]] [[Greater Lunnon]] is the tap-level administrative subdiveesion coverin Lunnon.<ref group="note">Greater Lunnon isnae a ceety in the sense that the word applies in the Unitit Kinrick, that o havin [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] grantit by the Crown.</ref> The wee, ancient [[City o Lunnon]] at its core ance contained the hale dounset, but as the urban area grew the [[City o Lunnon Corporation|City Corporation]] resistit attemps tae amalgamate it wi its suburbs, causin "Lunnon" tae be defined in a nummer weys for different purposes.<ref name="chancery">{{Cite journal|author=Beavan,Charles|author2=Bickersteth, Harry|title=Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court|publisher=Saunners an Benning|year=1865|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YFYDAAAAQAAJ|ref=harv}}</ref> Forty per cent o Greater Lunnon is covered bi the [[Lunnon postal destrict|Lunnon]] post toun, wiin whilk 'Lunnon' forms pairt o postal addresses.<ref name=Lunnon_042>{{Cite book|last=Stationery Office|title=The Inner London Letter Post|publisher=H.M.S.O|year=1980|isbn=978-0-10-251580-0|page=128|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=map_post>{{Cite book|title=London Postcode and Administrative Boundaries|publisher=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|author=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|year=2008|edition=6|isbn=978-1-84348-592-6|ref=harv}}</ref> The Lunnon telephone [[area code]] (020) covers a lairger area, seemilar in size tae Greater Lunnon, awtho some outer destricts are omeetit an some places juist ootside are included. The Greater Lunnon boundary haes been [[Leet o Greater Lunnon boundary changes|aligned tae the M25 motorway]] in places.<ref name=Lunnon_044>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|title=The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order|year=1993|publisher=Office o Public Sector Information|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0lyLLA?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Outward urban expansion is nou preventit bi the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]],<ref name=Lunnon_040>{{Cite book|last=Dilys|first=M Hill|title=Urban Policy and Politics in Britain|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-22745-6|page=268|ref=harv}}</ref> awtho the biggit-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resultin in a separately defined [[Greater Lunnon Urban area]]. Beyond this is the vast [[Lunnon commuter belt]].<ref name=Lunnon_041>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |title=London in its Regional Setting |publisher=Lunnon Assembly |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193714/http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Greater Lunnon is split for some purposes intae [[Inner Lunnon]] an [[Outer Lunnon]].<ref name=Lunnon_045>{{cite book |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |title=London Government Act 1963 |publisher=Office o Public Sector Information |accessdate=6 May 2008 |isbn=978-0-16-053895-7 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mVCtM?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceety is split bi the River Thames intae [[North Lunnon|North]] an [[South Lunnon|South]], wi an informal [[central Lunnon]] area in its interior. The coordinates o the nominal centre o Lunnon, tradeetionally considered tae be the oreeginal [[Eleanor Cross]] at [[Charing Cross]] near the junction o [[Trafalgar squerr]] an [[Whitehall]], are approximately {{Coord|51|30|26|N|00|07|39|W|type:city(7,000,000)_region:GB}}.<ref name=Lunnon_039>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|title=London&nbsp;— Features&nbsp;— Where is the Centre of London?|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msV6aAO0?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Status=== Athin Lunnon, baith the [[City o Lunnon]] an the [[City o Westminster]] hae [[City status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] an baith the ceety o Lunnon an the remainder o Greater Lunnon is the [[Ceremonial counties o England|ceremonial counties]].<ref name=Lunnon_049>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|title=Lieutenancies Act 1997|publisher=OPSI|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mpHnm?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The area o [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan counties o England#Greater Lunnon|Greater Lunnon]] haes incorporatit area that war ance pairt o the [[Historic counties o England|historic counties]] o [[Middlesex]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], [[Essex]] an [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name=Lunnon_050>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=I. M. |title=Metropolitan Government|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl/page/n363 346]|ref=harv}}</ref> Lunnon's status as the caipital o England, an later the Unitit Kinrick, haes never been grantit or confirmed offeecially—by [[statute]] or in written form.{{refn|According tae the ''Collins English Dictionary'' definition o 'the seat o government',<ref name=Lunnon_061>(1994) ''Collins English Dictionary'', Collins Education plc.</ref> Lunnon isnae the offeecial capital o England, as England disnae hae its ain government. Accordin tae the ''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' definition o 'the maist important toun'<ref name=Lunnon_062>''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'', Oxford English.</ref> an mony ither authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_063>"HC 501 0304.PDF" (PDF). Parliament Publications</ref>|group=note}} Its poseetion wis formed throu [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], makkin its status as ''de facto'' caipital a pairt o the [[Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick|UK's unwritten constitution]]. The caipital o Ingland wis moved tae Lunnon frae [[Winchester]] as the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]] developed in the 12t an 13t centuries tae become the permanent location o the [[Noble court|royal court]], an sicweys the political caipital o the naition.<ref name=Lunnon_060>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=John |date=June 1999 |title=British Archaeology |publisher=British Archaeology |issue=45 |issn=1357-4442 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45regs.html |accessdate=6 May 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mw1Sn?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45regs.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Mair recently, Greater Lunnon haes been defined as a [[Regions o England|region o England]] an in this context is kent as ''Lunnon''.<ref name=region/> ===Topography=== [[File:London in snow 2 February 2009 387.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Lunnon|Victoria Memorial]] in the snow in 2009]] Greater Lunnon encompasses a tot area o {{convert|1583|km2|sqmi}}, an area that haed a population o 7,172,036 in 2001 an a population density o {{convert|4542|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. The extendit area kent as the Lunnon Metropolitan Region or the Lunnon Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a tot area o {{convert|8382|km2|sqmi}} haes a population o 13,709,000 an a population density o {{convert|1510|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modern Lunnon stauns on the [[The burn the Thames|Thames]], its primary geographical featur, a [[Navigability|navigable]] river whilk crosses the ceety frae the sooth-wast tae the east. The [[Thames Valley]] is a [[floodplain]] surroondit by gently rolling hills includin [[Parliament Hill, Lunnon|Parliament Hill]], [[Addington Hills]], an [[Primrose Hill]]. The Thames wis ance a fair bit broader, shallaer burn wi extensive [[marsh]]lands; at heich tide, its shores reakit five times thair present width.<ref name=Lunnon_065>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=M9qvtYYhRtAC&pg=PR11&dq=thames+%22iron+age%22+london+wide+geography+shallow+marsh |title=London: A History |first=Francis|last= Sheppard | page=10 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-285369-1 |accessdate=6 June 2008}}</ref> Syne the [[Victorian era]] the Thames haes been extensively [[Thames Embankment|embanked]], an mony o its Lunnon [[Tributaries o the River Thames|tributaries]] nou flow [[Subterranean rivers o Lunnon|unnerground]]. The Thames is a tidal river, an Lunnon is vulnerable tae flooding.<ref name=Lunnon_066>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|title=Flooding|publisher=UK [[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=19 June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215080725/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2006-02-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The threat haes increased ower time acause o a slaw but continuous rise in [[Tide|heich watter]] level bi the slow 'tilting' o Britain (up in the north an doun in the sooth) caused by [[post-glacial rebound]].<ref name=Lunnon_067>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|title="Sea Levels"&nbsp;– UK Environment Agency|publisher=[[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523225152/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2008-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1974, a decade o work began on the construction o the [[Thames Barrier]] athort the Thames at [[Woolwich]] tae deal wi this threat. While the barrier is expectit tae function as designed til aboot 2070, concepts for its future enlairgement or redesign is awready bein discussed.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Adam|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|title=Thames Barrier gets extra time as London's main flood defence|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=31 March 2009|accessdate=7 November 2009|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0n91QT?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Summer Love of Russell Square.jpg|thumb|Average simmertime day temperatures range atween 22°C an 28°C. Awbesit uncommon, temperatures as heich as 40°C hae been recordit]] Lunnon haes a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb&#x202f;''), seemilar tae aw o soothren Britain. Maugre its reputation as bein a rainy ceety, Lunnon receives less precipitation ({{convert|601|mm|0|abbr=on}} in a year), than [[Roum]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Toulouse]], [[Naples]] an even [[Sydney]] in Australie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|work=bom.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |title=Weather Information for Naples |publisher=Worldweather.org |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145214/http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&station=289&name_station=Napoli%20CapodichinoVisualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ The Weather Network] 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517203416/http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 |date=2016-05-17 }} 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm World Weather Information Service – Toulouse] 18 November 2011</ref> Temperature extremes for aw sites in the Lunnon area range frae {{convert|40.2|°C|°F|1}} at [[Heathrow Airport]] during 19 Julie 2022 doun tae {{convert|-17.4|°C|°F|1}} at Northolt during 13 December 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|title=January 1962 weather|accessdate=18 September 2012|archive-date=2015-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235843/https://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1549448971676012546|user=metoffice|title=Here are the highest temperatures across the country today 👇 At least 34 sites have exceeded the UK's previous na…|date=19 Julie 2022}}</ref> Simmers are generally warm an whiles het, Lunnon's average Julie heich is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}. On average, Lunnon will see 31 days abuin {{convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ilka year, an 4.2 days abuin {{convert|30.0|°C|°F|1}} ilka year. Throu the [[2003 European heat wave]] thare war 14 consecutive days abuin {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} an 2 consecutive days whaur temperatures reakit {{convert|38|°C|°F|1}}, leadin tae hunners o heat relatit daiths.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=10|issue=7|date=1 July 2005|first1=H|last1=Johnson|first2=RS|last2=Kovats|first3=G|last3=McGregor|first4=J|last4=Stedman|first5=M|last5=Gibbs|first6=H|last6=Walton6|url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558}}</ref> Winters are generally cuil an damp wi little temperature variation. Snowfall daes occur frae time tae time, an can cause traivel disruption whan this happens. Spring an hairst are mixed seasons an can be leesome. As a lairge ceety, Lunnon haes a considerable [[urban heat island]] effect,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|title=London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|date=October 2006|accessdate=29 April 2015|archive-date=2012-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015955/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> makkin the centre o Lunnon at times {{convert|5|C-change|0|}} warmer than the suburbs an outskirts. The effect o this can be seen ablo whan comparin Lunnon Heathrow that is locatit {{convert|24|km}} wast o Lunnon wi the Lunnon Weather Centre that is locatit in the centre o Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ever warmer as temperatures rival France|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|publisher=Telegraph|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Heathrow 1981-2010 |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 17 |Feb record high C = 20 |Mar record high C = 24 |Apr record high C = 29 |May record high C = 33 |Jun record high C = 36 |Jul record high C = 37 |Aug record high C = 38 |Sep record high C = 35 |Oct record high C = 30 |Nov record high C = 21 |Dec record high C = 17 |year record high C = 38.1 |Jan high C = 8 |Feb high C = 8 |Mar high C = 11 |Apr high C = 14 |May high C = 18 |Jun high C = 21 |Jul high C = 24 |Aug high C = 23 |Sep high C = 20 |Oct high C = 16 |Nov high C = 11 |Dec high C = 8 |year high C = 15 |Jan low C = 2 |Feb low C = 2 |Mar low C = 4 |Apr low C = 6 |May low C = 9 |Jun low C = 12 |Jul low C = 14 |Aug low C = 14 |Sep low C = 11 |Oct low C = 8 |Nov low C = 5 |Dec low C = 3 |year low C = 8 |Jan record low C = -22 |Feb record low C = -10 |Mar record low C = -7 |Apr record low C = -4 |May record low C = 0 |Jun record low C = 3 |Jul record low C = 7 |Aug record low C = 7 |Sep record low C = 3 |Oct record low C = -5 |Nov record low C = -6 |Dec record low C = -12 |year record low C= -22 |Jan precipitation mm = 55.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 40.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 41.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 43.7 |May precipitation mm = 49.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 45.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 44.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 49.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 49.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 68.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 59.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 55.2 |year precipitation mm = 601.7 |Jan sun = 61.5 |Feb sun = 77.9 |Mar sun = 114.6 |Apr sun = 168.7 |May sun = 198.5 |Jun sun = 204.3 |Jul sun = 212.0 |Aug sun = 204.7 |Sep sun = 149.3 |Oct sun = 116.5 |Nov sun = 72.6 |Dec sun = 52.0 |year sun = 1632.6 |source 1= <ref name="UK Met Office" >{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b |title=London Heathrow Airport |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=17 September 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Britain's highest recorded temperatures for each day o the year">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |title=British Weather Extremes: Daily Maximum Temperatures |publisher=Torro |accessdate=17 September 2014 |archive-date=2015-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824032720/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Weather Centre UHI |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 8.5 |Feb high C = 8.9 |Mar high C = 11.7 |Apr high C = 15.7 |May high C = 18.6 |Jun high C = 22.4 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.2 |Sep high C = 20.8 |Oct high C = 16.1 |Nov high C = 11.9 |Dec high C = 8.6 |year high C = 15.8 |Jan mean C = 6.8 |Feb mean C = 6.8 |Mar mean C = 8.8 |Apr mean C = 12.0 |May mean C = 14.8 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 19.6 |Aug mean C = 19.4 |Sep mean C = 17.3 |Oct mean C = 13.5 |Nov mean C = 10.0 |Dec mean C = 7.0 |year mean C = 12.8 |Jan low C = 5.0 |Feb low C = 4.7 |Mar low C = 5.8 |Apr low C = 8.2 |May low C = 10.9 |Jun low C = 14.1 |Jul low C = 15.5 |Aug low C = 15.5 |Sep low C = 13.7 |Oct low C = 10.9 |Nov low C = 8.0 |Dec low C = 5.4 |year low C = 9.8 |source 1= <ref name="Lunnon Weather Centre climate data" >{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=03779&CONT=ukuk&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0003&LAND=UK&MOD=tab&ART=TMX&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2001&LMM=12&LYY=2014 |title=London Weather Centre analysis |publisher=weatheronline.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Climate Lunnon Weather Centre" >{{cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |title=climate: Climate London Weather Centre |publisher=Tutiempo |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archive-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042433/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} ===destricts=== {{Main|Leet o destricts o Lunnon}} Lunnon's vast urban area is aften descrievit uisin a set o destrict names, lik [[Bloomsbury]], [[Mayfair]], [[Wembley]] an [[Whitechapel]]. Thay are aither informal designations, reflect the names o villages that hae been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units sic as parishes or [[Metropolitan boroughs o the County o Lunnon|umwhile boroughs]]. Siclike names hae remained in uise throu tradeetion, ilk o thaim referrin tae a local area wi its ain distinctive character, but wioot official boundaries. Syne 1965 Greater Lunnon haes been dividit intae 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s in addition tae the ancient ceety o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_071>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|title=London boroughs&nbsp;— London Life, GLA|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213025156/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|archivedate=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_072>{{Cite book |last1=Dogan |first1=Mattei |first2=John D. |last2=Kasarda |title=The Metropolis Era |publisher=Sage |year=1988 |page=99 |isbn=978-0-8039-2603-5 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=_GFPAAAAMAAJ&q=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london&dq=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london |ref=harv}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon is the main financial destrict,<ref name=Lunnon_073>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |title= London as a financial centre |publisher= Mayor o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106051217/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archivedate= 2008-01-06 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> an [[Canary Wharf]] haes recently developed intae a new financial an commercial hub in the [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] tae the east. The [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] is Lunnon's main entertainment an shoppin destrict, attracting tourists.<ref name=Lunnon_075>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |title=West End still drawing crowds |work=BBC News |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=22 October 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0o6fkv?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[West (Lunnon sub region)|West Lunnon]] includes expensive residential areas whaur properties can sell for tens o millions o pounds.<ref name=Lunnon_076>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |title=Super Rich |date=17 April 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=James |last=Meek |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ofbib?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average price for properties in [[Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|Kensington an Chelsea]] is ower £2 million wi a seimilarly heich outlay in maist o [[central Lunnon]].<ref name="Lunnon's Properties">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3Dbf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746%26version%3D-1|archivedate=2016-12-30|title=Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough|publisher=Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190409/https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx?docid=bf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746&version=-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=GuardAug14>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/08/housing-london-jump-19-per-cent-year |title= Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year |author=Rupert Jones |newspaper=The Guardian |location= Lunnon |date=8 August 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> The [[East End o Lunnon|East End]] is the area closest tae the oreeginal [[Port o Lunnon]], kent for its heich immigrant population, as weel as for bein ane o the puirest areas in Lunnon.<ref name="East End">{{cite news |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |date=6 July 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829024354/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=2006-08-29 |title=Tomorrow's East End |newspaper=Newsweek |author=Flynn, Emily |location=New York |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The surroondin [[North East (Lunnon sub region)|East Lunnon]] area saw a fair bit o Lunnon's early industrial development; nou, [[brownfield land|brownfield]] sites throughout the area are bein redeveloped as pairt o the [[Thames Gateway]] includin the [[Lunnon Riverside]] an [[Lower Lea Valley]], that wis developed intae the [[Olympic Park, Lunnon|Olympic Park]] for the [[Lunnon 2012 Olympic bid|2012 Olympics an Paralympics]].<ref name="East End" /> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture o Lunnon|Leet o tallest biggins an structures in Lunnon}} [[File:Aerial Tower of London.jpg|thumb|right|The Tower of London]] Lunnon's biggins are ower diverse tae be characterised by ony parteecular [[architectural]] style, partly acause o thair varyin ages. Mony grand houses an public biggins, sic as the [[National Gallery]], are biggit frae [[Portland stone]]. Some areas o the ceety, parteecularly those juist wast o the centre, are characterised by white [[stucco]] or whitewashed biggins. Few structures in central Lunnon pre-date the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]] o 1666, thir bein a few trace [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] remains, the [[Tower o Lunnon]] an a few scattered [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] survivors in the ceety. Faur oot is, for insample, the [[Tudor period]] [[Hampton Court Palace]], England's auldest surviving Tudor palace, biggit by Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] c. 1515.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |title=Hampton Court: The Lost Palace |publisher=BBC History |date=29 March 2011 |author=Foyle, Jonathan |accessdate=16 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pDL3i?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}}</ref> [[Christopher Wren|Wren]]'s late 17t-century kirks an the financial institutions o the 18t an 19t centuries lik the [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] an the [[Bank o England]], tae the early 20t century [[Old Bailey]] an the 1960s [[Barbican Estate]] form pairt o the varied architectural heritage. [[File:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[30 St Mary Axe]], forby kent as "the Gherkin", touers ower [[St Andrew Undershaft]]]] The disuised, but suin tae be rejuvenated, 1939 [[Battersea Power Station]] bi the burn in the sooth-wast is a local laundmerk, while some railway termini are excellent insamples o [[Victorian architecture]], maist notably [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras]] an [[Paddington railway station|Paddington]].<ref name=Lunnon_078>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |title=Paddington Station |publisher=Great biggins |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pwi86?url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The density o Lunnon varies, wi heich employment density in the [[Central Lunnon|central area]], heich residential densities in [[inner Lunnon]] an laicher densities in [[Outer Lunnon]]. [[The Monument]] in the ceety o Lunnon provides views o the surroondin areas while commemoratin the [[Great Fire o Lunnon]], whilk originatit fae a biggin naurhaun. [[Marble Arch]] an [[Wellington Arch]], at the north an sooth ends o [[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]] respectively, hae royal connections, as dae the [[Albert Memorial]] an [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[Kensington]]. [[Nelson's Column]] is a nationally recognised monument in [[Trafalgar squerr]], ane o the focal pynts o the ceety centre. Older biggins are mainly brick biggit, maist commonly the yellae [[Lunnon stock brick]] or a warm orange-red variety, eften decoratit wi carvings an white plaster [[moulding (decorative)|mouldings]].<ref name=Lunnon_077>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=A1&xml=/property/2008/03/27/lpgreen127.xml |title=Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=12 October 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=Sarah |last=Lonsdale |date=27 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0rvzUL?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- [[File:Buckingham Palace frae gardens, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|left|thumb|[[Buckingham Palace]] is the official residence o the British monarch]] --> In the dense airts, maist o the concentration is via medium- an heich-rise biggins. Lunnon's skyscrapers lik [[30 St Mary Axe]], [[Tower 42]], the [[Broadgate Tower]] an [[One Canada squerr]] are maistly in the twa financial destricts, the [[City o Lunnon]] an [[Canary Wharf]]. High-rise development is restrictit at certaint sites if it wad obstruct pertectit views o [[St Paul's Cathedral]] an ither historic biggins. Housomeiver, thare a nummer o verra heich skyscrapers in central Lunnon ''(see [[Tall biggins in Lunnon]])'', includin the 72-storey [[Shard Lunnon Bridge]], the [[Leet o heichest biggins in the European Union|heichest biggin in the European Union]]. Other notable modern biggins include [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] in [[Southwark]] wi its distinctive oval shape,<ref name=Lunnon_079>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |title=Inside London's new 'glass egg' |date=16 July 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=26 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0sZ57q?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> an the [[British Library]] in [[Somers Town, Lunnon|Somers Town]]/[[Keengs Cross, Lunnon|Kings Cross]]. What wis formerly the [[Millennium Dome]], bi the Thames tae the east o Canary Wharf, is nou an entertainment venue cried [[The O2 (Lunnon)|The O2 Arena]]. {{wide image|Horniman London skyline 2013.jpg|1000px|[[The Shard]] dominating the [[City o Lunnon]] skyline, as seen frae [[Forest Hill, Lunnon|Forest Hill]] in July 2013}} ===Natural history=== The Lunnon Natural History Society suggest that Lunnon is "one o the World's Greenest ceeties" wi mair nor 40 percent green space or open watter. Thay indicate that 2000 species o flowering plant hae been foond growin thare an that the [[Tideway|tidal Thames]] supports 120 species o fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lnhs.org.uk/index.htm|title=Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page|work=lnhs.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2007-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212143739/http://www.lnhs.org.uk/Index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay forby state that ower 60 species o bird nest in [[central Lunnon]] an that thair members hae recordit 47 species o butterflee, 1173 moths an mair nor 270 kinds o speeder aroond Lunnon. Lunnon's [[wetland]] airts support nationally important populations o mony watter birds. Lunnon haes 38 [[Sites o Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs), twa [[National Nature Reserves]] an 76 [[Local Nature Reserves]].<ref>Lunnon Natural History Society.</ref> [[Amphibians]] are common in the caipital, includin [[smooth newt]]s livin bi the [[Tate Modern]], an common [[frog]]s, common [[toad]]s, [[palmate newt]]s an [[great crestit newt]]s, housamiver, native reptiles lik [[slow-worm]]s, [[common lizard]]s, [[grass snake]]s an [[Vipera berus|adder]]s, are maistly anly seen in [[outer Lunnon]].<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/27/london-amphibian-reptile-map "London's amphibians and reptile populations mapped". Laurie Tuffrey, ''The Guardian'', Friday 27 July 2012]</ref> [[File:Flickr - Duncan~ - Fox Trot.jpg|thumb|left|Fox on Ayres Street, [[Southwark]], [[South Lunnon]] ]] Amang ither indwallers o Lunnon are 10,000 tods, sae that thare are nou 16 tods for every squerr mile (2.6 squerr kilometres) o Lunnon. Thir urban tods are noticeably bolder than thair kintra cousins, sharin the pavement (sidewalk) wi pedestrians an raisin cubs in people's backyards. Tods hae even sneaked intae the [[Houses o Parliament]], whaur ane wis foond asleep on a filing cabinet. Anither broke intae the grunds o [[Buckingham Palace]], reportedly killin some o Queen Elizabeth II's prized [[pink flamingo]]s. Generally, housamiver, tods an ceety folk appear tae get alang. A survey in 2001 bi the Lunnon-based [[Mammal Society]] foond that 80 percent o Lunnoners liked haein them aroond.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london_2.html "10,000 Foxes Roam London". James Owen in London for ''National Geographic'' News, May 15, 2006]</ref> Other mammals foond in [[Greater Lunnon]] are [[hedgehog]]s, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, an squirrels,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|title=Mammals|work=The Royal Parks|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135419/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|url-status=dead}}</ref> In wilder areas o [[Outer Lunnon]], sic as [[Epping Forest]], a wide variety o mammals are foond includin [[hare]], [[brock]], field, bank an watter [[laund-moose]], [[wid moose]], [[yellae-neck moose]], [[mowdiwarp]], [[shrew]], an [[wheasel]], in addition tae tod, squirrel an hurcheon. A deid otter wis foond at The Highway, in [[Wapping]], aboot {{convert|1|mi|adj=on}} frae the [[Tower Bridge]], that wad suggest that thay hae begun tae muive back efter bein absence a hunner year frae the ceety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/946018.londons_first_wild_otter_found/|title=London's first wild otter found|author=Peter Law|work=This Is Local Lunnon}}</ref> Ten o England's eighteen species o [[bat]]s hae been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius an common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's an leisler's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|title=Mammals|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318070552/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amang the strange sights seen in Lunnon hae been a whale in the Thames,<ref>Liam O'Brien, (24 March 2013). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/dead-whale-found-floating-in-the-thames-estuary-will-be-examined-8547350.html "Dead whale found floating in the Thames Estuary 'will be examined'"]. ''The Independent on Sunday'' (Lunnon).</ref> while The BBC Twa programme "Natural World: Unnatural History o Lunnon", shaws pigeons uisin the [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] tae get aroond the ceety, a [[Pinniped|seal]] that taks fish frae [[fishmonger]]s athoot [[Billingsgate Fish Market]], an tods that will "sit" gif thay're gien sausages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|title=BBC Nature - A Question of Nature: How hidden is the UK's wild side?|work=BBC Nature|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2018-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726124445/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> Herds o [[red deer|red]] an [[fallow deer]] roam freely wiin hantle o [[Richmond Park|Richmond]] an [[Bushy Park]]. A cull takes place ilk November an Februar tae ensure nummers can be sustained.<ref name="Deer cull begins">{{cite news | url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/10026864.Richmond_Park_deer_cull_begins/ | title=Richmond Park deer cull begins | work=Wandsworth Guardian | date=5 November 2012 | accessdate=9 November 2012 | author=Rachel Bishop | location=Lunnon}}</ref> Epping Forest is kent for its [[fallow deer]] an aa, whilk can frequently be seen in herds tae the north o the Forest. A rare population o [[melanistic]], black fallow deer is forby maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near [[Theydon Bois]]. [[Muntjac deer]], that escaped frae deer parks at the turn o the twentieth century, are foond in the wid. While Lunnoners are accustomed tae wildlife sic as birds an tods sharin the ceety, mair recently urban deer hae becomin a regular featur, an hale herds o [[fallow deer|fallow]] an [[white tailed deer]] come intae residential airts at nicht tae tak advantage o the Lunnon's green spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/in-pictures-londons-urban-deer-9149902.html|title=In pictures: London's urban deer|work=The Evening Standard}}</ref> Thare are in Lunnon mony [[muntjak]] deer an aa, but acause thay are shy it is less common tae see them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/9761337.Photographer_snaps_Muntjac_deer_in_Mill_Hill_garden/|title=Photographer snaps Muntjac deer in Mill Hill garden|author=Emma Innes|work=Times Series}}</ref> ==Demography== {{Main|Demographics o Lunnon}} {{Table Lunnon tap 28 birth kintras}}<!--- Ref name=Pop2001 ---> Wi increasin industrialisation, Lunnon's population grew rapidly outthrou the 19t an early 20t centuries, an it wis for some time in the late 19t an early 20t centuries the maist populous ceety in the warld. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately afore the outbreak o the Seicont World War, but haed declined tae 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. Housamiver, the population then grew by juist ower a million atween the 2001 an 2011 Censuses, tae reak 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls "2011 Census. London population"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904221157/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls |date=2022-09-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904221157/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls |date=2022-09-04 }}. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 May 2015</ref> Houiver, Lunnon's continuous urban area extends ayont the borders o Greater Lunnon an wis home tae 9,787,426 people in 2011,<ref name="urbanpopulation"/> while its wider [[Lunnon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] haes a population o atween 12 an 14&nbsp;million dependin on the definition uised.<ref name=metro_area_1>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=The Principal Agglomerations o the World|work=City Population|accessdate=3 March 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archivedate=2010-07-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=metro2>{{cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=British urban pattern: population data |accessdate=22 February 2010 |date=March 2007 |work=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |page=119 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae [[Eurostat]], Lunnon is the [[mucklemaist ceeties an metropolitan areas in the European Union (Eurostat)|maist populous ceety an metropolitan area o the European Union]] an the seicont [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] (or third if [[Istanbul]] is included). in the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000&nbsp;immigrants arrived in Lunnon.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |work=The Times |accessdate=8 August 2009 |location=Lunnon |archive-date=2008-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The region covers an area o {{convert|1579|km2|sqmi}}. The population density is {{convert|5177|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}},<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis World Association o the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |isbn=978-0-7306-2020-4 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mair nor ten times that o ony ither [[NUTS:UK|British region]].<ref name=Lunnon_087>{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195152/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archivedate= 2008-06-24 |title= Population density o London: by London borough, 2006 |publisher= UK Statistics Authority |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> In terms o population, Lunnon is the 19t [[World's mucklemaist ceeties|mucklemaist ceety]] an the 18t [[Leet o metropolitan areas by population|mucklemaist metropolitan]] region in the warld. As o 2014, Lunnon haes the mucklemaist nummer o billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the warld, wi 72 residing in the ceety.<ref name=Billionaires>{{cite news|title='Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|accessdate=11 May 2014|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=11 May 2014}}</ref> Lunnon ranks as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld, alongside Tokyo an Moscow.<ref name=Lunnon_089>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |title=World's Most Expensive Cities 2004 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=16 August 2007 |date=11 June 2004 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ygZWg?url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{Main|Ethnic groups in Lunnon}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Ethnic groups in the 2011 census <ref name=2011censusdemo>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=2016-01-05 }}. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref> |label1 = White |value1 = 59.8 |color1 = Red |label2 = Asian |value2 = 18.4 |color2 = Orange |label3 = Black |value3 = 13.3 |color3 = Yellow |label4 = Mixed |value4 = 5 |color4 = Green |label5 = Arab |value5 = 1.3 |color5 = Blue |label6 = Other |value6 = 2.1 |color6 = Purple }} Accordin tae the [[Office for National Statistics]], based on the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 Census]] estimates, 59.8 per cent o the 8,173,941 indwallers o Lunnon war [[White people|White]], wi 44.9 per cent [[White British]], 2.2 per cent [[Irish migration tae Great Britain|White Irish]], 0.1 per cent [[Gypsy (term)|gypsy]]/[[Irish traveller]] an 12.1 per cent classifee'd as [[Other White]]. 20.9 per cent o Lunnoners are o [[British Asian|Asian]] an mixed-Asian strynd. 19.7 per cent are o full Asian strynd, wi those o mixed-Asian heritage comprisin 1.2 o the population. [[British Indien|Indiens]] accoont for 6.6 per cent o the population, followed by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistanis]] an [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] at 2.7 per cent for ilk o thaim. [[British Chinese|Chinese]] fowks accoont for 1.5 per cent o the population, wi [[British Arabs|Arabs]] comprisin 1.3 per cent. A faur 4.9 per cent are classifee'd as "Other Asian". 15.6 per cent o Lunnon's population are o [[Black British|Black]] an mixed-Black strynd. 13.3 per cent are o fou Black strynd, wi thaim that's o mixed-Black heritage comprisin 2.3 per cent. [[Black British|Black Africans]] accoont for 7.0 per cent o Lunnon's population, wi 4.2 per cent as [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]] an 2.1 per cent as "Other Black". 5.0 per cent are o [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|mixed race]]. athort Lunnon, [[Black British|Black]] an [[British Asian|Asian]] childer outnumber [[White British]] childer by aboot sax tae fower in state schuils.<ref name=Lunnon_094>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-o-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |title=One fifth o children frae ethnic minorities |author=Paton, Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hYR0tUao?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archivedate=2009-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Altogether at the 2011 census, o Lunnon's 1,624,768 population aged 0 tae 15, 46.4 per cent war White, 19.8 per cent war Asian, 19 per cent war Black, 10.8 per cent war Mixed an 4 per cent representit anither ethnic group.<ref>{{cite web |author= ONS |url= https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/livelinks/12297.xlsx |title=LC2109EWls - Ethnic group by age |publisher=www.nomisweb.co.uk |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> In Januar 2005, a survey o Lunnon's ethnic an religious diversity claimed that thare war mair nor 300 leids spoken in Lunnon an mair nor 50 non-indigenous communities wi a population o mair nor 10,000.<ref name=Lunnon_090>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |title= Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth |work= The Guardian |location= Lunnon |accessdate= 6 May 2008 |first= Leo |last= Benedictus |date= 21 January 2005 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0zlxGl?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> figurs frae the [[Office for National Statistics]] shaw that, {{as o|2010|alt=in 2010}}, Lunnon's furren-born population wis 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up frae 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2011 census shawed that 36.7 per cent o [[Greater Lunnon]]'s population war born athoot the UK.<ref name=Lunnon_092>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |title=Census 2001: London |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=3 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11Wpqv?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The table tae the right shows the 30 maist common countries o birth o Lunnon residents in 2011, the date o the last published [[UK Census]].<ref name=Pop2011/> A portion o the German-born population are as lik as tae be British nationals born tae parents servin in the [[British Armed Forces]] in Germany.<ref name=Lunnon_095>{{cite book |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |title=Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities |last=Kyambi |first=Sarah |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=20 January 2007 |isbn=978-1-86030-284-8 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11tc6i?url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Estimates produced bi the [[Office for National Statistics]] indicate that the five mucklemaist furren-born groups bidin in Lunnon in the period Julie 2009 tae Juin 2010 war those born in [[Indie]], Poland, the Republic o Ireland, Bangladesh an [[Nigerie]].<ref name=Estimates>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-o-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |title=Table 1.4: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country o birth, July 2009 tae June 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=7 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12D272?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }} figur given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref> ===Releegion=== {{Main|Releegion in Lunnon}} {{bar box |title=[[Releegion in Lunnon|Releegion in Lunnon (2011 census)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |title=2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=11 December 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent(%) |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|48.4}} {{bar percent|[[Irreleegion|No releegion]]|violet|20.7}} {{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|12.4}} {{bar percent|Undeclared|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|5.0}} {{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|Blue|1.8}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|1.5}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|1.0}} {{bar percent|Ither|grey|0.6}} }} Accordin tae the [[2011 UK Census|2011 Census]], the mucklemaist releegious groupins are [[Christianity|Christians]] (48.4 per cent), follaed bi those o [[Irreleegion|no releegion]] (20.7 per cent), [[Islam|Muslims]] (12.4 per cent), nae reponse (8.5 per cent), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (5.0 per cent), [[Judaism|Jews]] (1.8 per cent), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (1.5 per cent), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.0 per cent) an ither (0.6 per cent). Lunnon haes tradeetionally been Christian, an haes a [[Leet o kirks in Lunnon|hantle o kirks]], parteecularly in the Ceety o Lunnon. The well-kent [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in the Ceety an [[Southwark Cathedral]] sooth o the river are [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] admeenistrative centres,<ref name=Lunnon_096>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|title=About Saint Paul's Cathedral|publisher=Dean an Chapter St Paul's|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407082352/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|archivedate=2008-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[Archbishop o Canterbury]], principal bishop o the [[Krik o Ingland]] an warldwide [[Anglican Communion]], haes his main residence at [[Lambeth Palace]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Lambeth]].<ref name=Lunnon_097>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|title=Lambeth Palace Library|publisher=Lambeth Palace Library|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12b6iD?url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Important national an royal ceremonies are shared atween [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]] an [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=Lunnon_098>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|title=Westminster Abbey|publisher=Dean an Chapter o Westminster|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12pvY3?url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The Abbey is nae tae be confused wi nearby [[Westminster Cathedral]], that is the mucklemaist [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[England an Wales]].<ref name=Lunnon_099>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|title=West Minster Cathedral|publisher=Westminster Cathedral|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327041736/http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|archivedate=2008-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the prevalence o Anglican kirks, observance is verra laich wiin the Anglican denomination. Kirk attendance continues on a lang, slaw, steady decline, accordin tae Kirk o Ingland statistics.<ref name=Lunnon_100>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/info/statistics/2007provisionalattendance.pdf |title=Church o England Statistics |publisher=Church o England |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |archive-date=2014-07-09 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140709133529/http://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:St Paul's Cathedral, 26 August 2012 (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[St Paul's Cathedral]]]] Lunnon is hame tae sizeable [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], an [[Jewish]] commonties an aw. Notable mosques include the [[East Lunnon Mosque]] in Touer Hamlets, [[Lunnon Central Mosque]] on the edge o [[Regent's Park]] an the [[Baitul Futuh]] Mosque o the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]. Follaein the ile boom, increasin nummers o wealthy Hindus an [[Middle-East]]ren Muslims hae based themselves aroond [[Mayfair]] an [[Knightsbridge]] in Wast Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|title=sikhchic.com - The Art and Culture o the Diaspora - Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report|work=sikhchic.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011082625/http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2013/03/14/comment-british-sikhs-are-the-best-example-o-cultural-integ|title=Comment: British Sikhs are the best insample o cultural integration|work=politics.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_102>{{cite web |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming-6890813.html |author= Bill, Peter |title= The $300&nbsp;billion Arabs are coming |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 29 May 2008 |accessdate= 3 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo15MyJm?url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23488244-the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming.do |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> Thare muckle Muslim commonties in the eastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Touer Hamlets|Touer Hamlets]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]].<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719020954/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 |date=2012-07-19 }} Office for National Statistics</ref> lairge Hindu communities are in the north-wastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Harrow|Harrow]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Brent|Brent]]; the latter is hame tae Europe's mucklemaist [[Hindu temple]], [[Neasden Temple]].<ref name=Lunnon_103>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |title= Hindu London |date= 6 June 2005 |publisher= BBC Lunnon |accessdate= 3 June 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |archivedate= 2006-02-18 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon is hame tae 42 Hindu temples. Thare are Sikh communities in East an West Lunnon, parteecularly in Southall, hame tae ane o the mucklemaist Sikh populations an the mucklemaist Sikh temple ootside Indie.<ref name=Lunnon_104>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |title=£17&nbsp;m Sikh temple opens |date=30 March 2003 |work=BBC News |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18FMYP?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority o [[Breetish Jews]] live in Lunnon, wi signeeficant Jewish commonties in [[Stamford Hill]], [[Stanmore]], [[Golders Green]], [[Finchley]], [[Hampstead]], [[Hendon]] an [[Edgware]] in [[North Lunnon]]. [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] in the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] is affiliatit tae Lunnon's heestoric [[Sephardic]] Jewish commonty. It is the anly synagogue in Europe that haes held regular services continuously for ower 300 year. [[Stanmore an Canons Pairk Synagogue]] haes the mucklemaist membership o ony single Orthodox synagogue in the whole o Europe, owertakin [[Ilford]] synagogue (in Lunnon an aa) in 1998.<ref name=Lunnon_106>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Stanmore |accessdate=12 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18Qcmw?url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The commonity set up the [[unnon Jewish Forum]] in 2006 in response tae the growin signeeficance o devolved Lunnon Govrenment.<ref name=Lunnon_107>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Jonny |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1178443551.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+10%2C+2006&author=JONNY+PAUL%2C+Jerusalem+Post+correspondent&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=05&desc=Livingstone+apologizes+to+UK+Jews |title=Livingstone apologizes tae UK's Jews |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo19jSJq?url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856232 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Accent=== Thare are mony accents that are tradeetionally thocht on as Lunnon accents. The maist weel kent o the Lunnon accents lang syne acquired the [[Cockney]] label, that is haurd baith in Lunnon itself, an athort the wider [[South East England]] region mair generally.<ref>"Cracking Up!". p. 178. Lulu.com</ref> The accent o a 21st-century 'Lunnoner' varies widely; what is becomin mair an mair common amongst the unner-30s houiver is some fusion o Cockney wi a whole array o 'ethnic' accents, in parteecular [[Caribbean]], that form an accent labelled [[Multicultural Lunnon English]] (MLE).<ref name="MCLE">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|title=Jafaican and Tikkiny drown out the East End's Cockney twang|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|work=[[The Independent]]|location=Lunnon|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=22 August 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK682mq?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The ither widely heard an spoken accent is RP ([[Received Pronunciation]]) in various forms, that can aften be haurd in the media an mony o ither traditional professions an ayont this area, tho this accent isnae leemitit tae Lunnon an South East England, an can be haurd selectively atouer the hale UK amang certaint social groupins. ==Economy== {{Main|Economy o Lunnon|Media in Lunnon}} [[File:The City London.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[City o Lunnon]] is ane o the lairgest financial centres in the warld.<ref name="Mastercard" /><ref name="forbes.com" />]] Lunnon generates aboot 20 per cent o [[Economy o the Unitit Kinrick|the UK's GDP]]<ref name="Lunnon's place in economy">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06 |publisher=City o Lunnon |accessdate=11 March 2008 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (or $446&nbsp;billion in 2005); while the economy o the [[Lunnon metropolitan area]]—[[Leet o ceeties by GDP#Europe, Western|the lairgest in Europe]]—generates aboot 30 per cent o the UK's GDP (or an estimatit $669&nbsp;billion in 2005).<ref name=Lunnon_109>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195153/http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archivedate=2008-06-24|title=The Economic Positioning of Metropolitan Areas in North Western Europe|date=December 2002|publisher=The Institute for Urban Planning an Development o the Paris Île-de-France Region|accessdate=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon is ane o the pre-eminent financial centres o the warld an vies wi New York ceety as the maist important location for international finance.<ref name="economist1">{{Cite news |title=After the fall |work=[[The Economist]] |date=29 November 2007 |location=Lunnon |url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CAPd8?url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |title=Financial Centres&nbsp;— Magnets for money |date=13 September 2007 |work=The Economist |location=Lunnon |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CVVgP?url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's lairgest industry is finance, an its [[financial export]]s mak it a lairge contributor tae the UK's [[balance o payments]]. Aroond 325,000 fowk wis employed in financial services in Lunnon til mid-2007. Lunnon haes ower 480 owerseas banks, mair nor ony ither ceety in the warld. Ower 85 percent (3.2&nbsp;million) o the employed population o greater Lunnon works in the services industries. Acause o its prominent global role, Lunnon's economy haed been affectit bi the [[Late-2000s financial crisis]]. Housamiver, by 2010 the ceety haes recovered; pit in place new regulatory powers, proceedit tae regain lost ground an re-established Lunnon's economic parity wi New York.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0</ref> The [[City o Lunnon]] is home tae the [[Bank o England]], [[Lunnon Stock Exchange]], an [[Lloyd's o Lunnon]] insurance mercat. Ower hauf o the UK's tap 100 listit companies (the [[FTSE 100]]) an ower 100 o Europe's 500 lairgest companies hae thair headquarters in central Lunnon. Ower 70 per cent o the FTSE 100 are athin Lunnon's metropolitan area, an 75 per cent o [[Fortune 500]] companies hae offices in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_113>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|title=London Stock Exchange|year=2008|publisher=Lunnon Stock Exchange plc.|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FWjWx?url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canary Wharf]] is ane o the biggest financial centres in Europe an is hame tae some o the [[Leet o tallest biggins in the Unitit Kinrick|UK's tallest biggins]].]] Alang wi [[professional services]], media companies are [[Media in Lunnon|concentratit in Lunnon]] an the media distribution industry is Lunnon's seicont maist competitive sector.<ref name=Lunnon_114>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6 |date=November 2005 |work=Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf o the Corporation o Lunnon |page=19 |accessdate=19 June 2006 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BBC]] is a significant employer, while ither broadcasters hae heidquarters aroond the ceety an aa. Mony [[Leet o newspapers in the Unitit Kinrick|naitional newspapers]] are editit in Lunnon. Lunnon is a major retail centre an in 2010 haed the heichest non-food retail sales o ony ceety in the warld, wi a tot spend o aroond £64.2&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|title=London tops world cities spending league|accessdate=29 April 2011|agency=Reuters|date=17 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FVjQo?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|archivedate=2011-05-19|first=Mark|last=Potter|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port o Lunnon]] is the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handlin 45&nbsp;million [[tonne]]s o cargo ilka year.<ref name=handling/> Lunnon haes five major business destricts: the ceety, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington an Lambeth & Southwark. One wey tae get an idea o thair relative importance is tae leuk at relative amounts o office space: Greater Lunnon haed 27&nbsp;million m² o office space in 2001, an the ceety conteens the maist space, wi 8&nbsp;million m² o office space. Lunnon haes some o the heichest real estate prices in the warld.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | location=Lunnon | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Felix | last=Lowe | title=Highgate trumps Chelsea as priciest postcode | date=19 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | work=Forbes | title=U.K.'s Most Expensive Postcodes | date=12 December 2007}}</ref> A growin nummer o technology companies are based in Lunnon notably in [[East Lunnon Tech ceety]], forby kent as Silicon Roundabout. In Aprile 2014, the ceety wis amang the first tae receive a [[geoTLD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|title=Availability|work=mydotLunnon.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113544/http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 2014 Lunnon wis ranked as the European ceety o the Future <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | location=Lunnon | work=Lunnon&Partners | title=London named as European City of the Future | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2018-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625162127/http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | url-status=dead }}</ref> in the 2014/15 leet by [[FDi Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | location=Lunnon | work=fDiIntelligence.com | title=European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15 | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2014-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112110111/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes the heichest property prices o ony European ceety accordin tae the Office for National Statistics an the European Office o Statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html|title=City Mayors: UK and European cities compared|work=citymayors.com}}</ref> On average the price per squerr metre in central Lunnon is €24,252 (Aprile 2014). This is higher than the property prices in ither G8 European caipital ceeties; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 an Paris €11,229.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/United-Kingdom/square-meter-prices|title=Price per Square Meter United Kingdom - British Cost per Square Meter|author=Global Property Guide|work=Global Property Guide}}</ref> The gas an electricity distribution networks that manage an operate the touers, cables an pressure systems that deliver energy tae consumers athort the ceety are managed by [[National Grid plc]], [[SGN (company)|SGN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas distributors|url=https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/gas/distribution-networks/gb-gas-distribution-network|website=www.ofgem.gov.uk/|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> an [[UK Power Networks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity distributor|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|website=www2.nationalgrid.com/|accessdate=15 September 2014|archive-date=2014-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914184550/http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Lunnon}} [[File:British Museum from NE 2 (cropped).JPG|thumb|250pg|The British Museum]] Lunnon is a popular centre for [[Tourism in Lunnon|tourism]], ane o its prime industries, employin the equivalent o 350,000 fou-time workers in 2003,<ref name=Lunnon_117>{{cite web|url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|title=London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK|date=15 February 2005|publisher=PersonnelToday.com|accessdate=3 June 2006|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1GNS8r?url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> while annual expenditure by tourists is aroond £15&nbsp;billion.<ref name=Lunnon_118>"{{cite web |url= http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |title= The Importance of Tourism in London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}", Visit Lunnon. Retrieved 3 June 2006.</ref> Lunnon attracks ower 14&nbsp;million international visitors a year; that gars it Europe's maist visitit ceety.<ref name=EuromonitorCityRanking>{{cite web|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/01/euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking1-.html|title=Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking |publisher=Euromonitor International|date=10 January 2012|accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Lunnon attracts 27&nbsp;million overnicht-stay visitors every year.<ref name="Lunnon 101">"{{cite web |url= http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |title= London 101: One Hundred and One Amazing Facts About London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |publisher= Visit Lunnon |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 2010 the ten maist-visitit attractions in Lunnon war:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |title=Top 10 London Attractions |publisher=Visit Lunnon |date=1 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Gbp7Y?url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> # [[British Museum]] # [[Tate Modern]] # [[National Gallery]] # [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] # [[Imperial War Museum]] # [[Science Museum (Lunnon)|Science Museum]] # [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] # [[Madame Tussauds]] # [[National Maritime Museum]] # [[Tower o Lunnon]] ===Housing crisis=== {{Main|Affordability o housing in the Unitit Kinrick}} Thousans o faimlies athoot hames fin thairsels stuck in emergency accommodation for at least twa year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Housing shortage leaves homeless families 'stuck' in hostels for two years |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/housing-shortage-leaves-homeless-families-stuck-in-hostels-for-two-years-9652684.html |newspaper=The Independent |location= Lunnon |date= 6 August 2014 |author= Emily Dugan |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> A growthe in the nummer o UK households haes led tae the homeless charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] statin: "This growth is a result o people livin langer, mair fowk livin on thair lanesomes or in weeer hoosehauds, an net migration."<ref>{{cite web |title= Immigration and housing |url= http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |publisher= Shelter |page= 9 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2014-11-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141128122805/http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Transport== {{Main|Transport in Lunnon|Infrastructure in Lunnon}} [[File:Black London Cab.jpg|right|thumb|A black Lunnon taxi, forbye kent as a [[hackney carriage]].]] Transport is ane o the fower main area o policy administered bi the Mayor o Lunnon,<ref name=Lunnon_121>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|title=Transport for London|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msa508h4?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> houiver the mayor's financial control disnae extend tae the langer distance rail network that enters Lunnon. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, that nou form the [[Lunnon Overground]] network, adding tae the existin responsibility for the Lunnon Unnergrund, trams an buses. The public transport network is administered by [[Transport for Lunnon]] (TfL) an is ane o the priceymaist in the warld. The lines that formed the Lunnon Unnergrund, as weel as trams an buses, became pairt o an integratit transport system in 1933 when the [[Lunnon Passenger Transport Board]] or ''[[Lunnon Transport (brand)|Lunnon Transport]]'' wis creatit. Transport for Lunnon is nou the statutory corporation responsible for maist aspects o the transport system in Greater Lunnon, an is run by a board an a commissioner appyntit bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]].<ref name=stat_tfl>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055413/http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archivedate=2007-10-19|title=How do I find out about transport in London?|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=5 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Aviation=== {{Main|Airports o Lunnon}} [[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]] is the busiest airport in the UK an Europe as well as the seicont busiest in the warld for international passenger traffic. ([[Lunnon Heathrow Terminal 5|Terminal 5]]C is pictured]] Lunnon is a major international air transport hub wi the lairgest ceety airspace in the warld.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Aicht airports uise the wird ''Lunnon'' in thair name, but maist traffic passes throu sax o thir. [[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]], in [[Lunnon Borough o Hillingdon|Hillingdon]], West Lunnon, is the [[World's busiest airport|busiest airport in the warld]] for international traffic, an is the major hub o the naition's banner carrier, [[British Airways]].<ref name=Lunnon_135>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairport.com/|title=BAA Heathrow: Official Website|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archive-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195656/http://www.heathrowairport.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch 2008 its fift terminal wis opened.<ref name=Lunnon_137>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|title=Heathrow Airport Terminal 5|publisher=TMC Ltd|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1I83JE?url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Thare war plans for a third runway an a sixth terminal houiver thir war cancelled bi the [[Unitit Kinrick coalition government (2010–present)|Coalition Government]] on 12 Mey 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |title=Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=30 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1J2Xuu?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar traffic, wi some [[Low-cost carrier|cheap]] [[short-haul]] flights, is forbye handled at [[Gatwick Airport]], sooth o Lunnon in [[West Sussex]].<ref name=Lunnon_139>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|title=BAA Gatwick: Gatwick Airport|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JBGRX?url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lunnon Stanstit Airport|Stanstit Airport]], north east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a local UK hub an [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton Airport]] tae the north o Lunnon in [[Bedfordshire]], caters maistly for cheap short-haul flights.<ref name=Lunnon_140>{{cite book|url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|title=BAA Stansted : Stansted Airport|year=2008|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-86039-476-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JkALo?url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_141>{{cite book|url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|title=London Luton Airport|publisher=Lunnon Luton Airport|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-11-510256-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1KGPZQ?url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon ceety Airport]], the weeest an maist central airport, in [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]], East Lunnon, is focused on business travellers, wi a mixtur o fou service short-haul schedult flichts an considerable [[business jet]] traffic.<ref name=Lunnon_142>{{cite web|url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|title=London City Airport&nbsp;— Corporate Information|publisher=Lunnon ceety Airport Ltd.|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Kyrhl?url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon Southend Airport]], east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a smawer, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights. The [[Airports Commission]] is due tae report in Summer 2015 on future expansion o airport capacity. ===Rail=== ====Underground an DLR==== [[File:Baker Street tube station MMB 19 S Stock.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the warld's auldest an seicont-langest [[rapid transit]] system]] The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]], commonly referred tae as the Tube, is the auldest<ref name="Metro">{{Cite book |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |title=London Underground: History|author=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=30 December 2012|isbn=978-0-904711-30-1 |ref=harv }}</ref> an seicont langest<ref name="railwaygazette.com"/> [[rapid transit|metro]] system in the warld. The system serves 270 [[metro station|stations]]<ref name="facts">{{Cite journal |title=Key facts |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2009 |ref=harv }}</ref> an wis formed frae several private companies, includin the warld's first unnerground electric line, the [[City an South Lunnon Railway]].<ref name="UrbanRail">{{cite book|url=http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|title=London Underground|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|year=2001|publisher=UrbanRail.net|accessdate=24 September 2006|isbn=978-3-936573-01-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013919/http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|archivedate=2006-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> It dates frae 1863. Ower three million journeys is made ilk a day on the Underground network, ower 1&nbsp;billion ilk a year.<ref name=Lunnon_124>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |title=Tube breaks record for passenger numbers |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |date=27 December 2007 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJy1HWj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An investment programme is attemptin tae reduce congestion an impruive reliability, includin £6.5&nbsp;billion (€7.7&nbsp;billion) spent afore the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The London 2012 legacy |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/25869.aspx|publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 11 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Docklands Light Railway]], that opened in 1987, is a seicont, mair local metro system uisin smawer an lighter tram-teep vehicles that serve [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] an [[Greenwich]]. ====Suburban==== [[File:King's Cross Western Concourse.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's Cross railway station]] Western Concourse]] Thare are 366 [[railway stations]] in the [[Lunnon fare zones|Lunnon Travelcard Zones]] on an extensive abuin-ground suburban railway network. South Lunnon, parteecularly, haes a heich concentration o railways as it haes fewer Underground lines. Maist rail lines terminate aroond the centre o Lunnon, running intae [[Lunnon station group|eighteen terminal stations]], cep for the [[Thameslink]] trains connecting [[Bedford]] in the north an [[Brighton]] in the sooth via [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton]] an [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] airports.<ref name="Lunnon_127">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDd2BCwh?url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archivedate=2010-02-01 |title=First Capital Connect |publisher=First Capital Connect |accessdate=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes Britain's busiest station&nbsp;by nummer o passengers – [[Lunnon Waterloo station|Waterloo]], wi ower 184&nbsp;million people uisin the interchange station complex (whilk includes [[Lunnon Waterloo East railway station|Waterloo East]] station) ilka year.<ref name="National Rail Station Usage">{{cite web |url= http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |title= Rail Station Usage |publisher= Office o Rail Regulation |accessdate= 24 October 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5QO6kHRpk?url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |archivedate= 2007-07-17 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Tube exits">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |title=Tube exits |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=24 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QW719FI3?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |archivedate=2007-07-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{rws|Clapham Junction}} is the busiest station in Europe bi the nummer o trains passing. Wi the need for mair rail capacity in Lunnon, [[Crossrail]] is due tae open in 2018. It will be a new railway line runnin east tae wast throu Lunnon an intae the [[Home Counties]] wi a branch tae [[Heathrow Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/regional-map |title=Crossrail Regional Map |publisher= Crossrail |accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> It is Europe's biggest construction project, wi a £15 billion projectit cost.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |work=BBC News |title= Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |date=2 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |newspaper= The Independent on Sunday |location= Lunnon |title= Crossrail delayed tae save £1bn |date= 29 August 2010 |first= Mark |last= Leftly |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2020-11-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201116062835/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |url-status= dead}}</ref> ====Inter-city an international==== [[File:St Pancras railway station MMB B9 373213.jpg|thumb|[[St Pancras railway station]] is the main terminal for heich speed [[Eurostar]] an [[HS1]] services, as well as suburban [[Thameslink]] an [[East Midlands Trains]] services.]] Lunnon is the centre o the [[National Rail]] network, wi 70 percent o rail journeys stairtin or endin in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail|url=http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|work=Lunnon First|publisher=Lunnon First|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083946/http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lik suburban rail services, regional an inter-ceety trains depart frae several termini aroon the ceety centre, linkin Lunnon wi the rest o Britain includin [[Cambridge]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[Exeter]], [[Birmingham]], [[Holyhead]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Edinburgh]] an [[Glasgow]]. Some international railway services tae [[Continental Europe]] wis operatit during the 20t century as [[boat train]]s, lik the ''[[Admiraal de Ruijter (train)|Admiraal de Ruijter]]'' tae [[Amsterdam]] an the ''[[Night Ferry]]'' tae Paris an Brussels. The openin o the [[Channel Tunnel]] in 1994 connectit Lunnon directly tae the continental rail network, allouin [[Eurostar]] services tae begin. Syne 2007, heich-speed trains link [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras International]] wi [[Lille]], [[Paris]], [[Brussels]] an European tourist destinations via the [[High Speed 1]] rail link an the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref name=Lunnon_128>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |title=Eurostar |publisher=Eurostar |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJz4xiY?url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first [[Southeastern (train operating company)|heich-speed domestic]] trains stairtit in Juin 2009 linking [[Kent]] tae Lunnon.<ref name="Southeastern Highspeed">{{cite web |url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |title=Highspeed |publisher=Southeastern |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJzQVXK?url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare plans for a [[High Speed 2|seicont heich speed line]] linkin Lunnon tae the Midlands, North West England, an Yorkshire. ====Freight==== Awtho [[rail freight]] levels are far doun compared tae thair heicht, significant quantities o cargo are forby carried intae an oot o Lunnon by rail; chiefly biggin materials an [[landfill]] waste.<ref name="Freight Plan">August 2007, [https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/rail-freight-strategy-aug-2007.pdf Rail Freight Strategy], [[Lunnon Rail]]</ref> As a major hub o the British railway network, Lunnon's tracks forby cairy lairge amounts o freight for the ither regions, sic as [[containerisation|container freight]] frae the Channel Tunnel an [[English Channel]] ports, an [[nuclear waste]] for [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]] at [[Sellafield]].<ref name="Freight Plan"/> ===Buses an trams=== [[File:Arriva London bus DW262 (LJ59 GUA), 18 September 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon buses|red double decker bus]] is an iconic seembol o Lunnon]] Lunnon's [[Lunnon Buses|bus network]] is ane o the lairgest in the warld, runnin 24 oor a day, wi aboot 8,500 buses, mair nor 700 bus routes an aroond 19,500 bus stops.<ref name="Buses">{{cite web|title=What we do – Buses|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/buses|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> In 2013, the network haed mair nor 2 billion commuter trips per annum, mair nor the Underground.<ref name="Buses"/> Aroond £850&nbsp;million is taen in revenue ilk a year. Lunnon haes the lairgest wheelchair accessible network in the warld<ref name=Lunnon_131>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|title=London's bus improvements get Parliamentary seal of approval|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Transport For Lunnon|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1M9NgV?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an, frae the 3rd quarter o 2007, becam mair accessible tae hearin- an sicht- impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wis introduced. The distinctive reid [[double-decker bus]]es is a international recognised trademark o Lunnon transport alang wi [[Hackney carriage|black cabs]] an the Tube.<ref name=Lunnon_132>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |title= London Black Cabs |publisher= Lunnon Black Cabs |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1MLOHV?url=http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_133>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |title= Tube |publisher= [[Transport for Lunnon]] |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJwfagc?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon haes a modern tram network, kent as [[Tramlink]], centred on [[Croydon]] in [[South Lunnon]]. The network haes 39 stops an fower routes, an carried 28&nbsp;million bodies in 2013.<ref name=Trams>{{cite web|title=What we do – Trams|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/tramlink|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> Syne Juin 2008 [[Transport for Lunnon]] haes completely owned Tramlink, an it plans tae spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades an capacity enhancements.<ref name=Lunnon_134>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5o8t78IGj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archivedate= 2010-03-11 |date= Summer 2009 |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |title= Tramlink Factsheet |accessdate= 19 February 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> ===Cable car=== Lunnon's first an anly cable car, kent as the [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Emirates Air Line]], opened in Juin 2012. Crossin the [[River Thames]], linking [[Greenwich Peninsula]] an the [[Royal Docks]] in the east o the ceety, the cable car is integratit wi Lunnon's Oyster Card ticketing system. ===Cycling=== [[File:Blue, Yellow and Red Boris Bikes 2015-05-01.jpg|thumb|[[Santander Cycles|Cycle hire]] docking station|200x200px]] [[Cycling in Lunnon|Cycling]] is an increasingly popular wey tae get aroond Lunnon. The launch o [[Santander Cycles|a cycle hire scheme]] in Julie 2010 haes been successfu an generally weel received. The [[Lunnon Cycling Campaign]] lobbies for better provision.<ref name="Lunnon_122">{{cite web|url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|title=London Cycling Campaign|date=20 November 2006|publisher=Rosanna Downes|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Hlskj?url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Port an river boats=== Frae bein the lairgest port in the warld, the [[Port o Lunnon]] is nou anly the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handling 45 million tonnes o cargo each year.<ref name=handling>{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |title=ARCHIVED CONTENT&#93; Provisional Port Statistics 2009 |publisher=Department for Transport&nbsp;– Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJx5cho?url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most o this actually passes throu the [[Port o Tilbury]], ootside the boundary o Greater Lunnon. Lunnon haes frequent river boat services on the Thames kent as [[Thames Clippers]]. Thir run up tae every 20 minutes atween [[Embankment Pier]] an [[North Greenwich Pier]]. The [[Woolwich Ferry]], wi 2.5 million passengers every year,<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/27762.aspx Transport for London: Woolwich Ferry, 50 years on] Retrieved 8 September 2013</ref> is a frequent service linking the [[North Circular Road|North]] an [[South Circular Road|South Circular]] Roads. Other operators run baith commuter an tourist boat services in Lunnon. ===Roads=== [[File:Rush hour on the A102 - geograph.org.uk - 205323.jpg|thumb|right|The [[A102 road|A102]], near [[Greenwich]]. This wis ane o the few routes proposed in the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]] wiin [[Inner Lunnon]] tae be biggit.]] Awtho the majority o journeys involvin central Lunnon are made bi public transport, car traivel is common in the suburbs. The [[Lunnon Inner Ring Road|inner ring road]] (aroond the ceety centre), the [[A406 road|North]] an [[A205 road|South Circular]] roads (in the suburbs), an the outer orbital [[motorway]] (the [[M25 motorway|M25]], athoot the biggit-up area) encircle the ceety an are intersectit by a nummer o busy radial routes—but verra few motorways penetrate intae [[inner Lunnon]]. A plan for a comprehensive network o motorways atouer the ceety (the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]]) wis prepared in the 1960s but wis maistly cancelt in the air 1970s. The M25 is the langest ring-road motorway in the warld at {{convert|121.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>Campbell, Ken (2000). "Guinness World Records 2001". p. 150.</ref><ref name=Lunnon_143>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |title=Beds, Herts and Bucks Travel&nbsp;— All you need tae know about the M25 |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 1988 |accessdate=20 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0nLrV?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] an [[M1 motorway|M1]] connect Lunnon tae [[Leeds]], an [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] an [[Edinburgh]]. Lunnon is notorious for its traffic congestion, wi the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the kintra. The average speed o a car in the rush oor is {{convert|10.6|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Lunnon_147>{{cite news |accessdate=1 September 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |title=Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |first=Hélène |last=Mulholland |date=16 March 2009 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK1Mq9U?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, a [[Lunnon congestion charge|congestion charge]] wis introduced tae reduce traffic volumes in the ceety centre. Wi a few exceptions, motorists are required tae pey £10 a day tae drive wiin a defined zone encompassing a fair bit o central Lunnon.<ref name="Lunnon_144">{{Cite journal |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |title= Charging Zone |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 7 June 2008 |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0vSxb?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |journal= |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lunnon_145">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608124006/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archivedate=2008-06-08 |title=Who pays what |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Motorists wha is resident o the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced saison pass.<ref name="Lunnon_146">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |title=Residents |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK17mHL?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon government initially expectit the Congestion Charge Zone tae increase daily peak period Underground an bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic bi 10 tae 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 tae 15 per cent, an reduce queues by 20 tae 30 per cent.<ref>Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. 15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> Ower the course o several years, the average nummer o cars enterin the centre o Lunnon on a weekday wis reduced frae 195,000 tae 125,000 cars&nbsp;– a 35-per-cent reduction o vehicles driven a day.<ref>Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> ==Eddication== {{Main|Eddication in Lunnon}} ===Tertiary eddication=== [[File:Strand102.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's College Lunnon]], established by Royal Charter haein been foondit by [[Keeng George IV]] an [[Duke o Wellington]] in 1829, is ane o the foundin colleges o the [[University o Lunnon]].]] [[File:Wilkins Building 2, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The Wilkins biggin at [[University College Lunnon]]]] Lunnon is a major centre o heicher eddication lair an research an its 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o heicher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2"/> In 2008/09 it haed a higher education student population o aroond 412,000 (aboot 17 per cent o the UK tot); oot o thaim, aroond 287,000 wis registered for unnergraduate degrees an 118,000 war studyin at postgraduate level.<ref name=Lunnonhigher>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=95&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=393&cHash=66a6e680d7|title=Numbers of students in London|accessdate=26 August 2010|publisher=Lunnon Higher|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK24fXt?url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008/09 thare war aroond 97,150 international students in Lunnon, aboot 25 per cent o aw international students in the UK.<ref name=Lunnonhigher/> A nummer o warld-leadin education institutions are based in Lunnon. In the 2014/15 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', [[Imperial College Lunnon]] is ranked jynt 2nt in the warld (alongside [[The University o Cambridge]]), [[University College Lunnon]] (UCL) is ranked 5t, an [[Keeng's College Lunnon]] (KCL) is ranked 16t.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014|title=QS World University Rankings – Overall for 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Lunnon School o Economics]] haes been describit as the warld's leadin social science institution for baith teaching an research.<ref name=Lunnon_156>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007&nbsp;– Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Sunday Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=23 September 2007 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK36cad?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archivedate=2011-05-20 |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Business School]] is considert ane o the warld's leadin business schuils an in 2015 its MBA programme wis ranked seicont best in the warld bi the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name = "ft">{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |work=Financial Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK3NXwE?url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wi 120,000 students in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|publisher=University o Lunnon|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-date=2016-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905140556/http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the federal [[University o Lunnon]] is the lairgest contact teaching varsity in the UK.<ref>[http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls HESA Statistics: United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044330/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls |date=2007-09-28 }}. HESA. Retrieved 6 April 2015</ref> It includes fower lairge multi-faculty varsities&nbsp;– [[Keeng's College Lunnon]], [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]], [[Royal Holloway]] an [[University College Lunnon|UCL]]&nbsp;– an a nummer o smawer an mair specialised institutions includin [[Birkbeck College|Birkbeck]], the [[Courtauld Institute o Art]], [[Goldsmiths, University o Lunnon|Goldsmiths]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]], the [[Institute o Education]], the [[Lunnon Business School]], the [[Lunnon School o Economics]], the [[Lunnon School o Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], the [[Royal Academy o Music]], the [[Central School o Speech an Drama]], the [[Royal Veterinary College]] an the [[School o Oriental an African Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|title=Colleges and Institutes|accessdate=23 September 2010|publisher=University o Lunnon|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4QvPy?url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Members o the University o Lunnon hae thair ain [[University an college admission|admissions]] procedures, an some awaird thair ain degrees. Thare a nummer o varsities in Lunnon that is ootwi the University o Lunnon system, includin [[Brunel University]], [[City University Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Lunnon]], [[Keengston University]], [[Lunnon Metropolitan University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o East Lunnon]], [[University o West Lunnon]] an [[University o Westminster]], (wi ower 34,000 students, the lairgest unitary varsity in Lunnon),<ref name=Lunnon_157>[http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf About London Met] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124143209/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf |date=2009-01-24 }} Lunnon Metropolitan University, August 2008</ref> [[Lunnon South Bank University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o the Arts Lunnon]] (the lairgest varsity o airt, design, fashion, communication an the performin arts in Europe),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|title=University of the Arts London|accessdate=27 August 2010|work=The Guardian|location=Lunnon|date=1 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4mSBu?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[University o East Lunnon]], the [[University o West Lunnon]] an the [[University o Westminster]]. In addition, thare three international varsities in Lunnon&nbsp;– [[Regent's College]], [[Richmond University]] an [[Schiller International University]]. [[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|The front façade o the [[Royal College o Music]]]] Lunnon is home tae [[Unitit Hospitals|five major medical schools]]&nbsp;– [[Barts an The Lunnon School o Medicine an Dentistry]] (pairt o [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]]), [[Keeng's College Lunnon School o Medicine]] (the lairgest medical schuil in Europe), [[Imperial College School o Medicine]], [[UCL Medical School]] an [[St George's, University o Lunnon]]&nbsp;– an haes numerous affiliatit teaching hospitals. Forbye, it is a major centre for biomedical research, an three o the UK's five [[academic health science centre]]s is based in the ceety&nbsp;– [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]], [[Keeng's Health Partners]] an [[UCL Partners]] (the lairgest sic centre in Europe).<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |title=NHS hospitals tae forge £2bn research link-up with university |accessdate=6 September 2010 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |date=7 August 2008 |first=John |last=Carvel |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK5JH6x?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare are a nummer o business schuils in Lunnon, includin the [[Lunnon School o Business an Finance]], [[Cass Business School]] (pairt o [[City University Lunnon]]), [[Hult International Business School]], [[ESCP Europe]], [[European Business School Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Business School]] an the [[Lunnon Business School]]. Lunnon is hame tae mony specialeet arts education institutions an aa, includin the [[Lunnon College o Contemporary Arts (LCCA)]], the [[Academy o Live an Recorded Arts]], the [[Lunnon Contemporary Dance Scuil]], [[Royal Academy o Dramatic Art|RADA]], the [[Royal College o Art]], the [[Royal College o Music]] an [[Trinity Laban]]. ===Primary an secondary education=== The majority o primary an seicontar schuils an faur education colleges in Lunnon is controlt bi the [[Lunnon boroughs]] or otherwise state-funded; leadin ensaumples include [[City an Islington College]], [[Ealing, Hammersmith an West Lunnon College]], [[Leyton Sixth Form College]], [[Tower Hamlets College]] an [[Bethnal Green Academy]]. Thare a nummer o private schuils an colleges in Lunnon an aa, some auld an famous, lik [[City o Lunnon Scuil]], [[Harrow Scuil|Harrow]], [[St Paul's Scuil (Lunnon)|St Paul's Scuil]], [[University College Scuil]], [[Highgate Scuil]] an [[Westminster Scuil]]. ==Cultur== {{Main|Cultur o Lunnon}} ===Leisure an entertainment=== [[File:Open Happiness Piccadilly Circus Blue-Pink Hour 120917-1126-jikatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piccadilly Circus]]]] Wiin the [[City o Westminster]], the entertainment destrict o the [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] haes its focus aroond [[Leicester squerr]], whaur Lunnon an warld film [[premieres]] are held, an [[Piccadilly Circus]], wi its giant electronic advertisements.<ref name=Lunnon_160>{{cite web|url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|title=Piccadilly Lights|publisher=Land Securities|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7QmKt?url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon's [[West End theatre|theatre]] destrict is here, as is mony cinemas, bars, clubs an restaurants, includin the ceety's [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]] destrict (in [[Soho]]), an juist tae the east is [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], an area hoosin speciality shops. The ceety is the hame o [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], whase musicals hae dominate the West End theatre syne the late 20t century.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical] ''The New York Times''.. refert tae Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the maist commercially successful composer in history"</ref> The Unitit Kinrick's [[Royal Ballet]], [[English National Ballet]], [[Royal Opera, Lunnon|Royal Opera]] an [[English National Opera]] are based in Lunnon an perform at the [[Royal Opera House]], the [[Lunnon Coliseum]], [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]] an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] as weel as tourin the kintra.<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts">{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|title=Theatres and concert halls.|publisher=Your Lunnon|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124185332/http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|archivedate=2008-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Harrods at Night, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Harrods]] in [[Knightsbridge]]]] [[Islington]]'s {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang Upper Street, extendin northlins frae [[Angel, Lunnon|Angel]], haes mair bars an restaurants nor ony ither street in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=Lunnon_161>{{Cite journal|title=2001: Public houses|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|accessdate=4 June 2008|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7ebGH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|archivedate=2011-05-20|journal=|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe's busiest shoppin airt is [[Oxford Street]], a shoppin street near {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang, makin it the langest shoppin street in the Unitit Kinrick. Oxford Street is hame tae vast nummers o retailers an [[department stores]], includin the warld-famous [[Selfridges]] [[Flagship store#Retailing|flagship store]].<ref name=Lunnon_162>{{Cite journal| url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| publisher=[[The Lunnoner]]| title=Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team| date=September 2006| accessdate=19 June 2007| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204913/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| archivedate=2007-09-30| ref=harv| journal=| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Knightsbridge]], hame tae the equally renowned [[Harrods]] [[department store]], lees tae the sooth-wast. [[File:London, UK (August 2014) - 156.JPG|thumb|right|[[Shakespeare's Globe]] is a modren reconstruction o the Globe Theatre on the sooth bank o the River Thames]] Lunnon is home tae designers [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[John Galliano|Galliano]], [[Stella McCartney]], [[Manolo Blahnik]], an [[Jimmy Choo]] amang others; its renowned airt an fashion schuils mak it an international centre o fashion alang wi [[Paris]], [[Milan]], an [[New York ceety]]. Lunnon offers a great variety o cuisine as a result o its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the [[Bangladesh]]i restaurants o [[Brick Lane]] an the [[Chinese food]] restaurants o [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]].<ref name=Lunnon_163>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|title=Chinatown&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Chinatown Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK84XXn?url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare is a variety o [[Leet o annual events in Lunnon|annual events]], beginnin wi the relatively new [[New Year's Day Parade]], fireworks display at the [[Lunnon Eye]], the warld's seicont lairgest [[street party]], the [[Notting Hill Carnival]] is held durin the late [[August Bank Holiday]] ilka year. Traditional parades include November's [[Lord Mayor's Show]], a centuries-auld event celebrating the annual appointment o a new [[Lord Mayor o the ceety o Lunnon]] wi a procession alang the streets o the ceety, an Juin's [[Trooping the Colour]], a formal military pageant performed by regiments o the [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] an [[British Army|British]] armies tae celebrate the [[Queen's Official Birthday]].<ref name=Lunnon_164>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620233221/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archivedate=2008-06-20|title=One Queen, Two Birthdays|publisher=Royal Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature, film an television=== {{Main|Lunnon in fiction|Lunnon in film|Leet o films set in Lunnon|Leet o television shows set in Lunnon|Lunnon Television Archive}} [[File:Keats House.jpg|thumb|[[Keats House]], whaur [[John Keats|Keats]] wrote his ''[[Ode tae a Nightingale]]''. The veelage o [[Hampstead]] haes historically been a literary centre in Lunnon.]] Lunnon haes been the setting for mony works o literature. The literary centres o Lunnon hae tradeetionally been hilly [[Hampstead]] an (syne the early 20t century) [[Bloomsbury]]. Writers closely associatit wi the ceety are the diarist [[Samuel Pepys]], notit for his eyewitness accoont o the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]], [[Charles Dickens]], whose representation o a foggy, snawy, grimy Lunnon o street sweepers an pickpockets haes been a major influence on people's vision o early [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Lunnon, an [[Virginia Woolf]], regarded as ane o the foremost [[modrenism|modrenist]] literary figurs o the 20t century.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature">{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|title=London in Literature,|publisher=Bryn Mawr College|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8S7iR?url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Sherlock Holmes Museum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sherlock Holmes Museum]] in [[Baker Street]], bearing the nummer 221B]] The pilgrims in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s late 14t-century ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' set oot for [[Canterbury]] frae Lunnon&nbsp;– specifically, frae the [[The Tabard|Tabard]] inn, [[Southwark]]. [[William Shakespeare]] spent a lairge pairt o his life livin an working in Lunnon; his contemporary [[Ben Jonson]] wis forby based thare, an some o his work—maist notably his play ''[[The Alchemist (play)|The Alchemist]]''—wis set in the ceety.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> ''[[A Journal o the Plague Year]]'' (1722) bi [[Daniel Defoe]] is a fictionalisation o the events o the 1665 [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]].<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Later important depictions o Lunnon frae the 19t an early 20t centuries are Dickens' novels, an [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Modern writers pervasively influenced bi the ceety include [[Peter Ackroyd]], author o a "biography" o Lunnon, an [[Iain Sinclair]], wha writes in the genre o [[psychogeography]]. Lunnon haes played a significant role in the film industry, an haes major studios at [[Ealing Studios|Ealing]] an a [[special effect]]s an [[post-production]] community centred in [[Soho]]. [[Working Title Films]] haes its headquarters in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_165>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|title=Working Title Films|publisher=Universal Studios|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8c0bN?url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Lunnon haes been the setting for films includin ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1948), ''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'' (1951), ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|The 101 Dalmatians]]'' (1961), ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' (1964), ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), ''[[The Long Good Friday]]'' (1980), ''[[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]]'' (1999), ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003), ''[[V For Vendetta (film)|V For Vendetta]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber o Fleet Street]]'' (2008) an ''[[The King's Speech]]'' (2010). Notable actors an filmmakers frae Lunnon include; [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Jude Law]], [[Tom Hardy]], [[Keira Knightley]] an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. As o 2008, the [[British Academy Film Awards]] haes taen place at the [[Royal Opera House]]. Lunnon is a major centre for television production, wi studios includin [[BBC Television Centre]], [[The Fountain Studios]] an [[The Lunnon Studios]]. Mony television programmes hae been set in Lunnon, includin the popular television soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', broadcast bi the BBC syne 1985. ===Museums an art galleries=== [[File:Galería Nacional, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-07, DD 035.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[National Gallery|The National Gallery]]]] Lunnon is [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|home tae mony museums]], galleries, an ither institutions, mony o thaim free o admission charges an are major [[tourist attraction]]s as weel as playin a research role. The first o thaim tae be established wis the [[British Museum]] in [[Bloomsbury]], in 1753. oreeginally containin antiquities, naitural history specimens an the national leebrar, the museum nou haes 7&nbsp;million artefacts frae aroond the globe. In 1824 the [[National Gallery]] wis foondit tae hoose the British national collection o Western pentins; this nou occupies a prominent poseetion in [[Trafalgar squerr]]. In the latter hauf o the 19t century the locale o [[South Kensington]] wis developed as "[[Albertopolis]]", a cultural an scientific quarter. Three major national museums are thare: the [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] (for the [[applied arts]]), the [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] an the [[Lunnon Science Museum|Science Museum]]. The [[National Portrait Gallery, Lunnon|National Portrait Gallery]] wis foondit in 1856 tae hoose depictions o figurs frae British history; its holdings nou comprise the warld's maist extensive collection o portraits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/organisation.php|title=Organisation|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> The national gallery o British airt is at [[Tate Britain]], oreeginally established as an annexe o the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it wis umwhile kent, became a major centre for modern airt an aa; in 2000 this collection muived tae [[Tate Modern]], a new gallery housed in the umwhile [[Bankside Power Station]]. ===Music=== [[File:Royal Albert Hall Crop, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Royal Albert Hall]] hosts concerts an muisical events]] Lunnon is ane o the major [[Classical music|classical]] an [[popular music]] capitals o the warld an is hame tae major muisic corporations, sic as [[EMI]] an [[Warner Music Group]] as weel as countless bands, musicians an industry professionals. The ceety is home tae mony orchestras an concert halls an aa, lik the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] (principal base o the [[Lunnon Symphony Orchestra]] an the [[Lunnon Symphony Chorus]]), [[Cadogan Hall]] ([[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]) an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] ([[The Proms]]).<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Lunnon's twa main opera houses are the [[Royal Opera House]] an the [[Coliseum Theatre]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> The UK's lairgest [[pipe organ]] is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals an major kirks. Several [[conservatoire]]s are wiin the ceety: [[Royal Academy o Music]], [[Royal College o Music]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]] an [[Trinity College o Music]]. [[File:Abbey Rd Studios.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abbey Road Studios]], 3 [[Abbey Road (street)|Abbey Road]], [[St John's Wood]], ceety o Westminster]] Lunnon haes numerous venues for rock an pop concerts, includin lairge arenas sic as [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court]], [[Wembley Arena]] an the [[The O2 Arena (Lunnon)|O₂ Arena]], as weel as mony mid-sized venues, sic as [[Brixton Academy]], the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] an the [[Shepherd's Bush Empire]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Several [[music festivals]], includin the [[Wireless Festival]], are held in Lunnon. The ceety is hame tae the first an oreeginal [[Hard Rock Cafe]] an the [[Abbey Road Studios]] whaur [[The Beatles]] recorded mony o thair hits. In the 1960s, 1970s an 1980s, musicians an groups lik [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[David Bowie]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[The Kinks]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Small Faces]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Cat Stevens]], [[The Police]], [[The Cure]], [[Madness (baund)|Madness]], [[The Jam]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]] an [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], derived thair sound frae the streets an rhythms vibrating throu Lunnon.<ref name="Top40">{{cite book |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/04/06/garycrowley_londontop40_feature.shtml |title=London's top 40 artists |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-89820-135-2}}</ref> Lunnon wis instrumental in the development o [[punk muisic]],<ref name=Lunnon_172>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |publisher=Allmusic |title=Punk |accessdate=19 February 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426153907/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wi figurs sic as the [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]],<ref name="Top40"/> an [[Vivienne Westwood]] aw based in the ceety. Mair recent artists tae emerge frae the Lunnon music scene include [[George Michael]], [[Kate Bush]], [[Seal (muisicker)|Seal]], [[Siouxsie an the Banshees]], [[Bush (baund)|Bush]], the [[Spice Girls]], [[Jamiroquai]], [[Blur (baund)|Blur]], [[The Prodigy]], [[Gorillaz]], [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Coldplay]], [[Amy Winehouse]] an [[Adele]].<ref name="Scene">{{cite web|url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|title=History of music in London|publisher=The Lunnon Music Scene|accessdate=2 August 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9hhlR?url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Walker, Tim (28 July 2008). [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/mumford--sons-the-luminaire-london-878562.html "Mumford & Sons, The Luminaire, London"]. ''The Independent'' (Lunnon). Retrieved 13 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2011/dec/09/10-classic-club-nights |title=From the Dug Out and dreads tae DMZ and dubstep: 10 classic club nights |work=Guardian Music Blog |location =Lunnon |author=Warren, Emma |accessdate= 13 October 2012 |date=9 December 2011}}</ref> Lunnon is a centre for urban music an aa. In parteecular, the genres [[UK garage]], [[drum an bass]], [[dubstep]] an [[grime (music)|grime]] evolved in the ceety frae the furren genres o [[hip hop]] an [[reggae]], anent local [[drum an bass]]. Black music station [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] wis set up tae support the rise o home-grown urban music baith in Lunnon an in the rest o the UK. ==Notable fowk== {{Main|Leet o fowk frae Lunnon}} ==Recreation== ===Parks an open spaces=== {{Main|Parks an open spaces in Lunnon|Royal Parks o Lunnon}} {{see also|Leet o Sites o Special Scientific Interest in Greater Lunnon|Leet o Local Nature Reserves in Greater Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Aerial view of Hyde Park.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = Aerial view o [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] | alt1 = Hyde Park | image2 = St James's Park Lake – East from the Blue Bridge - 2012-10-06.jpg | width2 = 220 | caption2 = [[St. James's Park]] lake wi the Lunnon Eye in the distance | alt2 = Lake wi Lunnon Eye in the background }} The mucklest pairks in the [[Central Lunnon|central area o Lunnon]] are three o the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]], namely [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] an its neebur [[Kensington Gardens]] in the wast, an [[Regent's Park]] tae the north.<ref name=Lunnon_080>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|title=Kensington Gardens|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0tndiN?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hyde Park in parteecular is popular for [[Lunnon#Sports|sports]] an whiles hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park conteens [[Lunnon Zoo]], the warld's auldest scientific zoo, an is near the tourist attraction o [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum.<ref name=Lunnon_081>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Madame Tussauds|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0uQJ4x?url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_082>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Tourist Information|publisher=Tourist Information UK|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0v6PMD?url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Primrose Hill]] in the northren pairt o Regent's Park at {{convert|256|ft|0}}<ref name=mills>Mills, A., ''Dictionary o Lunnon Place Names'', (2001)</ref> is a popular spot tae view the ceety skyline. Close tae Hyde Park are smawer Royal Parks, [[Green Park]] an [[St. James's Park]].<ref name=Lunnon_083>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|title=Green Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE6fuYvF?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|archivedate=2010-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> A nummer o lairge parks lie ootside the ceety centre, includin the remainin Royal Parks o [[Greenwich Park]] tae the sooth-east<ref name=Lunnon_170>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|title=Greenwich Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0w5wlZ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Bushy Park]] an [[Richmond Park]] (the lairgest) tae the sooth-wast,<ref name=Lunnon_084>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|title=Bushy Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0wb1mJ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_085>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|title=Richmond Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0x5bB5?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hampton Court Park]] is a royal park an aa, but, acause it conteens a palace, it is administered bi the [[Historic Royal Palaces]], unlik the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |title=Richmond Borough Council |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2015-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826172424/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Close tae Richmond Park is [[Kew Gardens]] whilk haes the warld's lairgest collection o livin plants. In 2003, the gardens war pit on the [[Unitit Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] leet o [[Leet o World Heritage Sites o the Unitit Kinrick|World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|title= Kew, History & Heritage|author= |work= |publisher= [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate= 24 January 2013|archive-date= 2008-08-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829192523/http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Thare a thrang o parks administert bi Lunnon's borough cooncils, includin [[Victoria Park, Lunnon|Victoria Park]] in the [[East End]] an [[Battersea Park]] in the centre. Some mair informal, semi-naitural open spaces exist, includin the {{convert|320|ha|acre|sing=on}} [[Hampstead Heath]] o [[North Lunnon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|title=City of London Corporation Hampstead Heath|publisher=City o Lunnon Corporation|accessdate=19 February 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xBire?url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Epping Forest]], whilk covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |title= Epping Forest You & Your Dog |work= brochure |publisher= ceety o Lunnon |accessdate= 13 March 2010 |archive-date= 2011-07-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110704191340/http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> in the east. Baith is controlt bi the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramblers |url=http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |title=Corporation of London Open Spaces |publisher=Ramblers.org.uk |accessdate=12 December 2011 |archive-date=2008-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232404/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=City o Lunnon|title=Green spaces|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-date=2012-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721005003/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hampstead Heath incorporates [[Kenwood House]], the umwhile [[stately home]] an a popular location in the summer months whaur classical muisical concerts is held bi the lake, attracting thousans o fowk ilka weekend tae enjoy the muisic, scenery an fireworks.<ref name=Lunnon_086>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|title=Kenwood House|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xs5EE?url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, includin moontain biking, walking, horse ridin, golf, anglin, an orienteerin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|title=Epping Forest|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2012-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811004010/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Walking=== [[File:Carshalton 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Carshalton]] Ponds, on the [[Wandle Trail]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Sutton]]]] [[Walking in Lunnon|Walking is a popular recreational activity in Lunnon]]. Areas that provide for walks include [[Wimbledon Common]], [[Epping Forest]], [[Hampton Court Park]], [[Hampstead Heath]], the aicht [[Royal Parks]], canals an disuised railway tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|title=Inner London Ramblers - Walk Ideas|author=Phil Marson|work=innerLunnonramblers.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119050940/https://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Access tae canals an rivers haes improved recently, includin the creation o the [[Thames Path]], some {{convert|28|mi|km}} o whilk is wiin [[Greater Lunnon]], an The [[Wandle Trail]]; this rins {{convert|12|mi|km}} throu [[South Lunnon]] alang the [[River Wandle]], a [[tributaries o the River Thames|tributary o the River Thames]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/wandle-trail|title=Wandle Trail - Map|work=Sustrans}}</ref> Ither [[long distance path]]s, linkin green spaces, hae been creatit an aa, includin the [[Capital Ring]], the [[Green Chain Walk]], [[Lunnon Outer Orbital Path]] ("Loop"), [[Jubilee Walkway]], [[Lea Valley Walk]], an the [[Diana, Princess o Wales Memorial Walk]].<ref>Ideas for Lunnon walks frae the Inner Lunnon Walking Group</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Wembley Stadium interior.jpg | width1 = 225 | caption1 = [[Wembley Stadium]], hame o the [[Ingland fitba team]], has a 90,000 capacity. It is the UK's mucklemaist stadium | alt1 = The interior o a empy stadium as viewed frae its upper tier o seatin. The seats is a vivid red an the pick is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible throuch a openin in the ceilin abuin the pick. | image2 = Twickenham Stadium - May 2012.jpg | width2 = 225 | caption2 = [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], hame o the [[Ingland naitional rugby union team|Ingland rugby union team]], has an 82,000 capacity, the warld's lairgest rugby union stadium | alt2 = A rugby union stadium packed wi fans watchin a game | image3 = Centre Court, 28 March 2012.jpg | width3 = 225 | caption3 = [[Centre Court]] at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. First played in 1877, the Championships is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html 125 years of Wimbledon: frae birth of lawn tennis tae modren marvels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218114004/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html |date=2020-02-18 }} CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2011</ref> | alt3 = Centre Court, Wimbledon | image4 = Lord's in 2005.jpg | width4 = 225 | caption4 = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] is widely referred tae as the "hame o cricket".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=22 August 2009}}</ref> | alt4 = A cricket ground during a game }} Lunnon haes hostit the [[Summer Olympic Gemmes|Simmer Olympics]] three times: in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], an [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]].<ref name=Lunnon_173>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|title=London 1908|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9wPnn?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_174>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|title=London 1948|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKBZHIo?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis chosen in Julie 2005 tae host the 2012 Olympics an [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], makin it the first ceety tae host the modren Gemmes three times.<ref name=IOC/> The ceety wis forby the host o the [[Commonweel Gemmes|Breetish Empire Gemmes]] in [[1934 Breetish Empire Gemmes|1934]].<ref name=Lunnon_175>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|title=England&nbsp;— Introduction|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKDfTeZ?url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017 Lunnon hostit the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |title=London Defeats Doha tae host 2017 International Athletics Championships |publisher=Gamesbids.com |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113180038/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon's [[Sport in the Unitit Kinrick#Popularity|maist popular sport]] is [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] an it haes fourteen [[The Football League|League]] fitbaa clubs, includin sax in the [[Premier League]]: [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], an [[West Ham Unitit F.C.|West Ham United]].<ref name=Lunnon_176>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|title=TheFA.com&nbsp;— Premier League|date=17 January 2004|work=The FA.com|publisher=The Football Association|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027030131/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|archivedate=2004-10-27|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mey 2012, Chelsea becam the first Lunnon club tae win the [[UEFA Champions League]]. Frae 1924, the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] wis the hame o the [[Inglish naitional fitba team]]. It hostit the [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final]], wi Ingland defeatin Wast Germany, an serd as the venue for the [[FA Cup Final]] as weel as [[rugby league]]'s [[Challenge Cup]] final.<ref name=Lunnon_178>{{cite web|url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|title=Wembley Stadium History&nbsp;— Official Website|publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limited.|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403102710/http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|archivedate=2008-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new [[Wembley Stadium]] sers exactly the same purposes an haes a capacity o 90,000.<ref name="Wembley Stadium Facts an figurs">{{Cite journal | url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | title=Wembley Stadium&nbsp;— Presspack&nbsp;— Facts and Figures | publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limitit | accessdate=6 June 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516051636/http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 | journal= | url-status=live }}</ref> Five [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]] rugby union teams is based in Lunnon, ([[Lunnon Irish]], [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]], [[Lunnon Wasps|Wasps]], [[Lunnon Welsh]] an [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]), awbesit currently anly Harlequins an Saracens play thair hame gemmes wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_177>{{cite web |url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |title=Premiership Rugby: Clubs |publisher=Premier Rugby |accessdate=5 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKEiEV8?url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lunnon Scottish F.C.|Lunnon Scottish]] play in the [[RFU Championship]] club an ither rugby union clubs in the ceety include [[Richmond F.C.]], [[Rosslyn Park F.C.]], [[Westcombe Park R.F.C.]] an [[Blackheath F.C.]]. [[Twickenham Stadium]] in sooth-wast Lunnon is the naitional [[rugby union]] stadium, an haes a capacity o 82,000 nou that the new sooth staund haes been completit.<ref name="musiccap">{{Cite press release |publisher=Twickenham Rugby Stadium |title=RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007 |url=http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050620/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archivedate=2008-06-25 |date=3 October 2006 |ref=harv |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While [[rugby league]] is mair popular in the north o England, thare are twa professional rugby league clubs in Lunnon&nbsp;– the seicont tier [[Rugby League National Championship 1|Championship One]] team the [[Lunnon Broncos]] wha play at [[The Hive Stadium|The Hive]] in [[Edgware]] an the third tier [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] team the [[Lunnon Skolars]] frae [[Wood Green]], [[Lunnon Borough o Haringey|Haringey]]; in addition, [[Hemel Stags]] frae [[Hemel Hempstead]] north o Lunnon play in League 1 an aa. Ane o Lunnon's best-kent annual sports competitions is the [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Tennis Championships]], held at the [[All England Lawn Tennis an Croquet Club|All England Club]] in the sooth-wastren suburb o [[Wimbledon, Lunnon|Wimbledon]].<ref name=Lunnon_181>{{cite web|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423182334/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archivedate=2008-04-23|title=Wimbledon&nbsp;— official website|publisher=The aw England Tennis an Croquet Club (AELTC)|accessdate=29 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Played in late Juin tae early Julie, it is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld, an widely considered the maist prestigious.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer|work=The New York Times | date=7 May 2008| first=Christopher| last = Clarey| quote = Federer said[:] 'I love playing wi him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html?ref=tennis|accessdate = 17 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia| editor = Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson| encyclopedia = Britain an the Americas| title = Tennis|year = 2005 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| volume=1 : Culture, Politics, an History| isbn = 1-85109-431-8| page=958 |quote = this first tennis championship, whilk later evolved intae the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the warld's maist prestigious event.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Is The Most Prestigious Grand Slam Tennis Tournament?|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/05/30/what-is-the-most-prestigious-grand-slam-tennis-tournament/ |work=Forbes |location= New York |date= 30 May 2012 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |author=Burke, Monte}}</ref> [[Cricket]] in Lunnon is served by twa [[Test cricket]] grunds [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]] (hame o [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex C.C.C.]]) in [[St John's Wood]]<ref name=Lunnon_179>{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|title=About Lord's—the home of cricket&nbsp;— official website|year=2008|publisher=MCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKGCiA3?url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[the Oval]] (home o [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey C.C.C.]]) in [[Kennington]].<ref name=Lunnon_180>{{cite web|url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|title=The Brit Oval&nbsp;— Official Website|year=2008|publisher=Surrey CCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKH3JOW?url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lord's haes hostit fower finals o the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Ither key events is the annual mass-participation [[Lunnon Marathon]], in whilk some 35,000 runners attemp a {{convert|26.2|mi|km}} course aroond the ceety,<ref name=Lunnon_182>{{cite web |url=http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |title=Flora London Marathon 2008 |publisher=Lunnon Marathon Ltd |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426224024/http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |archivedate=2008-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[The Boat Race|Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race]] on the [[River Thames]] atween [[Putney]] an [[Mortlake]].<ref name=Lunnon_183>{{cite web |url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |title=The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race&nbsp;— Official Website |publisher=The Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKHGidM?url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sister ceities == == Twin ceeties == {{Main|Leet o twin touns in the Unitit Kinrick#Lunnon|l1=Leet o touns an ceeties twinned wi Lunnon}} Thare 46 ither places on sax continents namit efter Lunnon. As weel as Lunnon's twinnin, the [[Lunnon burgh]]s hae [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinnins]] wi pairts o ither ceeties the warld ower. Shawn ablo is the leet o ceeties that the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] haes twinnin arrangements wi: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], Peru * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]], Sooth Africae * {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysie * {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], Kuwait * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[New York Ceety]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran |} The follaein ceeties hiv a freendship greement wi Lunnon: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie * {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Los Angeles]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Mumbai]], Indie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce * {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan * {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie |} ==Notes== <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Lunnon}} [[Category:Lunnon| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ceeties in Ingland]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century]] iaw4ck4j6rdd9joey5lwbrz6i5552wp 0 1713 923495 914624 2026-09-26T07:31:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Paris |commune status = [[Communes o France|Commune]] an [[Departments o Fraunce|depairtment]] |image = <center>{{Photomontage |border=0 |size=275 |spacing=2 |color=none |photo1a=Seine and Eiffel Tower from Tour Saint Jacques 2013-08.JPG |photo2a=Arc Triomphe (square).jpg |photo2b=Notre Dame dalla Senna.jpg |photo3a=Louvre Museum Wikimedia Commons.jpg}}</center> |caption = Clockwise frae tap: skyline o Paris on the [[Seine]] wi the [[Eiffel Tower]], [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], the [[Louvre]] an its [[Louvre Pyramid|large pyramid]], an the [[Arc de Triomphe]] |image flag = Flag of Paris.svg |image flag size = x95px |image coat of arms = Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg |image coat of arms size = x95px |city motto = {{lang|fr|''[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]''}}<br /> {{smaller|"Tossed but niver sunk"}} |coordinates = {{coord|48.8567|2.3508|type:city(2200000)_region:FR|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |mayor = [[Emmanuel Grégoire]] |party = [[Socialist Pairty (Fraunce)|PS]] |term = {{nowrap|2026–2032}} |subdivisions entry = [[Admeenistrative diveesion|Subdiveesions]] |subdivisions = [[Arrondissements o Paris|20 arrondissements]] |total type = Ceety |area km2 = 105.4 |area footnotes = <ref name="area">[http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches%5CRS%5CDEP%5C75%5CCOM%5CRS_COM75056.pdf INSEE local statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229230237/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/DEP/75/COM/RS_COM75056.pdf |date=2009-12-29 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229230237/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/DEP/75/COM/RS_COM75056.pdf |date=2009-12-29 }}, including [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]].</ref> |INSEE=75056 | population_total = 2,148,271 | population_footnotes = <ref name="INSEE-1893198">{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198|title=INSEE official estimated population by department and region as of 1 January 2019|date=22 January 2019|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421215403/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_metro = 12,532,901 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Dossier complet − Aire urbaine de Paris (001) |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=AU2010-001 |website=www.insee.fr |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724110512/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=AU2010-001 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_as_of = 1 Januar 2020 (est) | population_density_km2 = auto |urban area km2 = 2845 |urban area date = <!--Note: Unneeded as same as adjacent to "Population" heading (2013).--> |urban pop = 10601122 |metro area km2 = 17174.4 |metro area date = <!--Note: Unneeded as same as adjacent to "Population" heading (2013).--> |metro area pop = 12,405,426 |metro area pop date = <!--Note: Unneeded as same as adjacent to "Population" heading (2013).--> | population_demonym = Parisian(s) (or ''Parisien'', ''Parisienne'' ([[French leid|fr]]) |postal code= 75001–75020, 75116 |website = [http://www.paris.fr/ www.paris.fr] }} '''Paris''' is the caipital an maist muckle city o [[Fraunce]]. It is situatit on the river [[Seine]], in northren Fraunce, at the hert o the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[Regions o Fraunce|region]] (or Paris Region, {{Lang-fr|Région parisienne}}). The city o Paris, athin its admeenistrative limits (the 20 [[arrondissements o Paris|arrondissements]]), maistlins unchynged syne 1860, haes an estimatit population o 2,211,297 (Januar 2008), but the [[Paris aire urbaine|Paris metropolitan area]] haes a population o 12,089,098 (Januar 2008), an is ane o the [[Lairgest population centres in the European Union|maist populatit metropolitan areas]] in [[Europe]]. Paris wis the maistmuckle city in the Wastren warld for aboot 1,000 year, prior tae the 19t century, an the maistmuckle in the entire warld atween the 16t an 19t centuries. Kent warldwide as the Ceity o Licht (la Ville Lumière), Paris haes been a major tourist destination for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paris Luxury Travel Guide|url=https://www.prfire.co.uk/paris-luxury-travel-guide/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=FREE UK Press Release Distribution|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231822/https://www.prfire.co.uk/paris-luxury-travel-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ceity is weel-kent fae the beauty o its airchitectur, its urban perspectives an avenues, an the walth o its museums an aw. Biggit on an airc o the Watter Seine, it is dividit intil twa pairts: the Richt Baunk tae the north and the smawer Left Baunk tae the sooth. Formerly the caipital o a colonial empire raxin ower five continents, Paris is yit regairdit as the hert o the [[French leid|French-speakin]] warld an haes hauden a strang international poseetion, hostin the heidquarters o the OECD an the UNESCO amang ithers. This, combined wi its financial, business, poleetical, and tourism acteevities, haes turned Paris intil ane o the major transportation hubs in the warld. New York, [[Lunnon]], Tokyo, an Paris is aften listit as the fower major global ceeties. The Sooth Bay airt o Paris is cried Paris-Saclay. == See an aw == * [[Disneyland Resort Paris]] * [[Paris in the 20th Century]] * [[Conservatoire national des arts et métiers|Musée des Arts et Métiers]] == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat}} {{Depairtments o Fraunce}} [[Category:Paris| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ceeties in Fraunce]] [[Category:Depairtments o Fraunce]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Fraunce]] pguy6l5fzdllgp7fkvjrl2u996ycwzo 0 2459 923547 866673 2026-09-26T09:19:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923547 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Eyton Thomas Campbell 1809-1880.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Thomas Campbell Eyton.]]'''Thomas Campbell Eyton''' ([[10 September]] [[1809]] - [[25 October]] [[1880]]) wis an [[Ingland|Inglis]] [[natural historie|naituralist]]. Eyton wis born at Eyton Haw, naur [[Wellington, Shropshire]]. He studied at [[Cambridge Varsity]] wi his freend [[Charles Darwin]]. Efter succeedin tae the estate in 1855 Eyton biggit a lairge naitural historie museum at Eyton Haw. Eyton set furth ''History of the Rarer British Birds'' (1836), ''A Monograph on the Anatidae, Or Duck Tribe'' (1838), ''A History of Oyster and Oyster Fisheries'' (1858) an ''Osteologia Avium'' (1871-78). ==Fremmit Airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191209002352/http://www.darwincountry.org/explore/000284.html?sid=d401b676610b33f251e55eb5d7146cf6 Biography] {{DEFAULTSORT:Eyton}} [[Category:1809 births]] [[Category:1880 daiths]] [[Category:Inglis ornithologists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Zoological Society o Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wellington, Shropshire]] [[Category:Alumni o St John's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Deputy Lieutenants o Shropshire]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Science}} l25qmv0ltby1t1dwzajozj2qimeofn9 0 3678 923524 912605 2026-09-26T08:45:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sheena Blackhall.JPG|thumb|Sheena Blackhall]] '''Sheena Blackhall''' (b.1947, Aiberdeen) is a Nor' Aest scriever, illustrator, tradietional ballant sangster an shenachie. Ootthrou [[1998]]−[[2003]] she wis ''Creative Writing Fellow'' at [[Varsity o Aiberdeen|Aiberdeen Varsity]]'s Elphinstone Institute.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sheena Blackhall - Poet|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/sheena-blackhall/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Career== '''Sheena Blackhall''' is a screiver, illustrator, tradietional ballant singer an shennachie in Nor East Scotland. Frae 1998 tae 2003 she wis Creative Screivin Fellow in Scots at [[Varsity o Aiberdeen|Aiberdeen Vairsity]]’s Elphinstone Institute an eenoo is an Honorar Research Associate yonner.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009 she becam [[Makar]] (poet laureate) fur Aiberdeen an the Nor East.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Kirsten|title=Sheena Blackhall named north-east Makar by Doric Board|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen-aberdeenshire/1898968/sheena-blackhall-named-north-east-makar-by-doric-board/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Press and Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> Twa o her plays fur bairns wis televised, ''The Nicht Bus'' and ''The Broken Hert''. Alang wi Les Wheeler, she co-edits the Doric wabsteid "Elphinstone Kist", an has wirked on the Aiberdeen Reading Bus as a shennachie an screiver.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Sheena Blackhall|url=https://projects.handsupfortrad.scot/hall-of-fame/sheena-blackhall/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Scottish Traditional Music Hall of Fame|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2003 she traivelled as pairt o a boorich tae [[Washington D.C.|Washington]], showcasin Scotlan's cultur as a guest o the Smithsonian Institution.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Drysdale|first=Neil|title=Doric Quine Sheena Blackhall reveals pupil attack and suicide bid in new autobiography|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/education/higher-education/2998729/doric-quine-sheena-blackhall-reveals-pupil-attack-and-suicide-bid-in-new-autobiography/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Press and Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2007 she wis Creative Screivin Tutor at the Institute o Irish an Scottish lear at King's College, an twa years eftir wis Screiver in Residence durin [[Varsity o Aiberdeen|Aiberdeen Vairsity’s]] Wird Festival. ==Airly years an study== Sheena Blackhall wis born Sheena Booth Middleton in 1947 in [[Aiberdeen]], dother o the manager o Strachan's Deeside Omnibus Service, Chae Middleton, an his secunt cousin, fairmer's dother Winifred Booth.{{Citation needed}} She wis educatit in Aiberdeen, bit simmered in [[Ballater]] fur a wheen years.{{Citation needed}} Aifter a year's study at Gray's Schule o Art, Blackhall wrocht fur a while as a speecial needs teacher, whaun she scrieved tales fur [[BBC Radio Scotland]]’s producer Frieda Morrison.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotslanguage.com - Jessie the Jumbo|url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/125/type/referance|access-date=2022-01-20|website=www.scotslanguage.com|language=en}}</ref> In 1994 she wan a Bsc (Hons. Psych) frae the Open University, gaun on tae get an M.Litt wi Distinction frae [[Varsity o Aiberdeen|Aiberdeen Vairsity]] in 2000.<ref name=":1" /> ==Awairds== In April 2009 she wis creatit [[Makar]] for Aberdeen and the Nor East o Scotland. She haes wun the Robert McLellan tassie fur best Scots short story 3 times (1989,1990,2001) an the [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] trophy fur best Scots poem 4 times (1990,2000,2001,2010).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Author: Sheena Blackhall|url=https://www.scottishbooktrust.com/authors/sheena-blackhall|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Scottish Book Trust|language=en-gb}}</ref> In 1992 she skared the Sloane Award wi [[Matthew Fitt]], frae [[Varsity o Saunt Aundraes|the Varsity of Saunt Aundraes]].<ref name=":1"/> Ither prizes is awards frae the Doric Festival, the Bennachie Baillies, an frae the TMSA fur ballant scrievin an tradietional singin.<ref name=":2" /> She his twice bin shortlisted fur the Callum Macdonald Poetry Pamphlet prize (2005 & 2009).<ref name=":2" /> In 2007, [[Lallans|Lallans Magazine]] gied her the William Gilchrist Graham prize fur best Scots short story. She haes likewyse bin shortlistit fur the McCash poetry prize. In 2013 she wan 1st prize in Bipolar Scotland's Short Story Competition, in 2014 she becam a Patron o Readin.<ref name=":2" /> Blackhall is a Honorary Fellow o the Wird Centre for Creative Screivin at Aiberdeen University an aa. In 2018 she wis gien the award o Maister o the University bi Aiberdeen University. In 2019 she wis presentit wi the [[Janet Paisley]] Lifetime Achievement Award for her wark in Scots.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifetime Achievement Award for Sheena Blackhall {{!}} News {{!}} The University of Aberdeen|url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/13366/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=www.abdn.ac.uk}}</ref> In Novemmer 2019, she wis made Nor East Makar fur three years, bi the Doric Boord. In 2020 Blackhall becam a Honorary Officer o Merit  o the Confraternity o the Knights o the Maist Haly Trinity (Priory o Scotland) . She wis tae be awardit the Eagle o Honour medal, tae be presentit bi the Knights efter the corona virus pandemic wis ower.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News|url=http://www.priorykmht.org/news.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=KHT|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120205652/http://www.priorykmht.org/news.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021 she was named as Ambassador for Scots fur the Scottish Poetry Library.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Sheena Blackhall - SPL Ambassador|url=https://doricboard.com/news/sheena-blackhall-spl-ambassador/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=The Doric Board|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Poetry Ambassadors 2021|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry-ambassadors-2021/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Scottish Poetry Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Selectit warks == ===Poetry beuks=== * Blackhall, Sheena (2014) The Space Between: New and Selected Poems Aberdeen University Press, pp.&nbsp;153 + xiv. {{ISBN|978-1-85752-005-7}} * Stagwyse Selected Poems ''Charles Murray Trust'' 1995 {{ISBN|0-9521142-5-9}} * The Skreich, Poems in Scots & English ''Lochlands'' 2010 * Victor Vratch the Craa ''Lochlands'' 2009 * Figurehead (Poems & Prose) ''Lochlands'' 2009 * The Ship of Fools (Poems & Story) ''Malfranteaux Concepts'' 2009 * Cats in a Gale ''Lochlands'' 2009 * Danse Macabre: Writings Round a Festival (Poems & Songs) ''Lochlands'' 2009 * A Visit to Planet Auschwitz (Poems & Prose) ''Lochlands'' 2009 * The Barley Queen (Poems & Prose) ''Malfranteaux Concepts'' 2009 * Peacock (Poems) ''Lochlands'' 2009 * Wittins (Selected Poems) ''Diehard Publishers'' 2010 ===Stories=== * 1989: ''Nippick o Nor East Tales'' (Short stories); Keith Murray Publications, <nowiki>ISBN 1 870978 099</nowiki>. * 1991: ''Reets'' (Short stories); Keith Murray Publications, <nowiki>ISBN 870978 331</nowiki>. * 1992: ''A Hint o Granite'' (Short stories); Hammerfield Publishing. * 1993: ''Braeheid. A Fairm an its Fowk'' (Short stories); Hammerfield Publishing. * 1995: ''A Kenspeckle Creel'' (Short stories); Hammerfield Publishing. * 1996: ''Wittgenstein's Web'' (Short stories); GKB Enterprises, <nowiki>ISBN 09526554 11</nowiki>. * 1998: ''The Bonsai Grower'' (Short stories); GKB Enterprises, <nowiki>ISBN 095-2655-42-X</nowiki>. * 2002: ''The Fower Quarters'' (Short Stories); GKB Enterprises, <nowiki>ISBN 095 2655446 2</nowiki>. * 2004: ''Indian Peter'' (Bairn Tales); Ltd. Ed., Thistle Repro. * 2004: ''Pie in the Sky'' (Short Stories); Ltd. Ed., Thistle Repro. * 2009: ''Victor Vratch the Craa'' (Bairn Stories); Lochlands. * 2010: ''Isle o the Deid'' (Short Story Collection); Malfranteaux Concepts, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-870978-63-7</nowiki>. * 2011: ''The Chimaera Institute: Short Stories''; Lochlands. * 2013: ''Aberdeenshire Folk Tales'', jintly wi [[Grace Banks]] (Fowk tales); The History Press, <nowiki>ISBN 9780752497587</nowiki>. * 2014: Scottish Urban Myths and Ancient Legends, jintly wi Grace Banks (Urban legends); The History Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978 0 7509 5622 2</nowiki>. * 2016: Cheerybye Eden (Tales); Lochlands. ===Novellas=== * 2003: ''Loon'' (Scots novella); Black and White/ [[Itchy Coo]], <nowiki>ISBN 1-902927-72-9</nowiki>. * 2004: ''Minnie'' (Scots novella); SLRC, <nowiki>ISBN 1 899920 03X</nowiki>. * 2007: ''The Quarry'' (Novella); Lochlands. * 2008: ''The Gods of Grayfriars Lane'' (Novella); Lochlands. ===Bairn’s fiction=== * 2010: ''The Bairn Books: Millie'', wi illustrations bi Bob Dewar (Fiction); Reading Bus Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-9564837-4-4</nowiki> * 2011: ''The Bairn Books: Apardion, A Leopard’s Quest'', wi illustrations bi Julia Lacombe (Fiction); Reading Bus Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-9564837-8-2</nowiki> ===Owersettins=== * 2004: ''The Tower o Babel'' (Owersettins); Ltd. Ed., Thistle Repro. * 2015: ''Scottish Spleen: Baudelaire in Scots'' (Contreebution tae multi-authort anthology o owersetts o warks bi [[Charles Baudelaire]]); Tapsalteerie, <nowiki>ISBN 9780-9926631-3-1</nowiki>. * 2015: ''The Doric Gruffalo'', owersett o the classic bairn's buik, ''[[The Gruffalo]]'', bi [[Julia Donaldson]]; Black and White/ Itchy Coo, <nowiki>ISBN 9781785300042</nowiki>. * 2016: ''The Doric Gruffalo’s Bairn'', owersett o ''The Grufallo's Child'' bi Julia Donaldson; Black and White/ Itchy Coo, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78530-039-1</nowiki>. * 2018: ''Jean Eyre'', jintly wi Doric makar Sheena Templeton, owersett intae Nor-East Scots o the classic [[novel]], ''Jane Eyre'', bi Charlotte Brontë; Dundee: Evertype, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78201-215-3</nowiki>. * 2018: ''Fey Case o Dr Jekyll an Mr Hyde'', owersettin o the classic novel, ''The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr Hyde'', bi [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]; Dundee: Evertype, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78201-226-9</nowiki>. * 2018: ''The Winnerfu Warlock o Oz'', owersett o the classic bairn's buik, ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'', bi L. Frank Baum; Dundee: Evertype; <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-78201-218-5</nowiki>. * 2018: ''O Mice & Men''; owersett intae Nor-East Scots o the classic novel, ''Of Mice and Men'', bi John Steinbeck, Dundee: Evertype, <nowiki>ISBN-13 978-1-78201-229-0</nowiki>. * 2020: ''The Itchy Coo Book o Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales in Scots,'' bi (author) Martin Waddell; eeditit bi James Robertson an Matthew Fitt; introduction bi Julia Donaldson; illustrations bi Emma Chichester Clark. ISBN 978-1-78530-313-5 2020. ''The Little Mermaid'', owerset bi Blackall, is the utmaist story. *2021: Mither Tongue: Jidi Majia:Anthology of Translations ISBN 978-1-913212-31-5 *2021:·The War o the Warlds: The War of the Worlds in North-east Scots (Doric) (Scots Edition)Owersett by Sheena Blackhall ISBN: 1782012710  Author: H G Wells. Pages: 224  Publisher: Evertype  Publication Date: 2021-08-01 *Fiction direct series no 4 , Diehard at the Callander press 91-93  Main Street Callander,  FK17 8BQ. * Whudderin Heichts: ISBN 978-1-7394667-3-2 == References == {{Reflist}} == Airtins == *[http://www.screivins.blogspot.com Sheena Blackhall's ain site] *[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/elphinstone/staff/details.php?id=s.middleton Bio fae Aiberdeen Varsity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607172322/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/elphinstone/staff/details.php?id=s.middleton |date=2011-06-07 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131217003930/http://deadgoodpoets.co.uk/sheenablackhall/ A puckle o her poems] *[http://www.scottisharts.org.uk/1/artsinscotland/scots/poemofthemonth/archive/poemdecember2004.aspx A wee bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320202612/http://www.scottisharts.org.uk/1/artsinscotland/scots/poemofthemonth/archive/poemdecember2004.aspx |date=2006-03-20 }} *{{in|en}}http://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/connect/podcast/sheena-blackhall {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blackhall, Sheena}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots weemen poets]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen writers]] nxnfeyqpepwl500tzjip9dfdfaqtv1n 0 3747 923512 922483 2026-09-26T08:04:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Religionsmajoritaries.png|thumb|380px|]] '''Releegion''' - whan uisit interchyngeabt wae faith ar belief seestem — bih fur ordinar definit beliefs adae wae ra supernaitural, saucrit, ar divine; an ra moral codets, practicets, vailets, institutionts an reetuals associate wae sic beliefs. In thir braid sense fowk hae definit hit ra hail tot o tollts giit tae expoond bodyts rael wae ra. Inae ra coorse o ra tilcom ae releegion, hit hae taen mony formts inae sindry ra cultoorts an ra bodyets. Antrin ra tidts, ra wird "releegion" uised for tae designate whit wad bih mair guid describit "organized releegion" – they bih, an organisation o fowk uphaudin ra daeunts o releegion, aften tak the form o ra legal entity. Inae thare bih mony releegions inae ra warld ra dae. [[File:ReligijneSymbole.svg|thumb|Various [[List o seembols#Releegious, esoteric, metapheesical an meestical seembols|Releegious seembols]], includin (first raw) [[Christianity|Christian]], [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i]], (seicont raw) [[Islam]]ic, tribal, [[Taoism|Taoist]], [[Shinto]] (third raw) [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]], (fowert raw) [[Ayyavali]], [[Triple Goddess]], [[Maltese cross]], pre-Christian Slavonic]] Thir [[idea]]s anent the basic structur o the [[warld]] canna be studied uisin juist the [[scienteific method]]. Releegions ettles tae repone tae speirins lik "Whaur did the warld come frae?" an "Whit happens tae us efter we dee?" Whan answers tae thir speirins is fand, fowk sterts new releegions or eiks thair beliefs tae auld anes. Monie releegions believes in [[supernaitural]] beins sic as [[speerit]]s, [[deil]]s, [[angel]]s, gods or [[God]], that can influence fowk an the warld. Fowk that writes anent or teaches a releegion says thay gat thair ideas frae a supernaitural bein. Monie releegions is gey auld, but some fowk shapes new anes whan thay dinna lik the ideas o the auld anes. Things conseidert important bi releegions is cryed [[saucrit]] or [[halie]]. Monie o thaim haes saucrit [[beuk]]s (the [[Bible]] bein an exemplar) that tells o thair ain main beliefs an stories. Mony releegions believes that fowk will gae tae [[Heiven]] foriver efter thay dee, gin thay'r guid, or [[Hell]] gin thay are ill. <!-- ar ye shuir? e'en the non-Abrahamic anes? --> Releegions aften encourages fowk tae be guid, but thay aften causes problems an aw, acause a releegion's speirins is that important tae its follaers, an it's difficult tae ken whit answers is richt. Historically, whan fowk dinna accept ideas aboot ithers' releegions, or ithers micht cause problems for thair ain, confrontations an fechts arises atween thaim. Monie releegions haes [[biggin]]s for thair follaers tae meet. Dependin on the releegion, thay micht be cryed [[kirk]]s, [[chaipel]]s, [[temple]]s, [[mosque]]s, [[shrine]]s, or [[seenagogue]]s. Monie o the warld's auldest biggins is releegious. ==Table== {|style="width:100%;" class="wikitable sortable" |- !Seembol !! Religion !! Number ! Grouping !!class="unsortable"| Invented!!class="unsortable"| Source |- |[[File:Christian cross.svg|center|40x40px]] || Christianity || align="right" |2.2 || {{Sort|01|Abrahamic}} || Levant || <ref>[http://worldchristiandatabase.org/wcd/ World Christian Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304152957/http://worldchristiandatabase.org/wcd/ |date=2007-03-04 }} [[Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary]] Centre for the Study of Global Christianity</ref> |- |[[File:IslamSymbol.svg|center|40x40px]] || Islam || align="right" |1.6 || {{Sort|02|Abrahamic}} || n/a || <ref name="mgmpPRC"> {{Kitap kaynağı | soyadı = Miller| ad = Tracy | ay = Ekim | yıl = 2009 | yayıncı = [[Pew Research Center]] | başlık = Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population | format = PDF | url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx | erişimtarihi = 2009-10-08 }}</ref><ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | başlık = The World Factbook | yayıncı = CIA Factbook | erişimtarihi = 2010-12-08 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20151218214908/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | arşivtarihi = 18 Aralık 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2010-01-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515072953/http://www.pupr.edu/hkettani/papers/HICAH2010.pdf 2010 World Muslim Population pdf] Dr. Houssain Kettani January 2010</ref> |- |[[File:Dharmacakra.svg|center|40x40px]] || Buddhism || align="right" |1.0 || {{Sort|07|n/a}} || n/a|| <ref name="ciawf">"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |date=2010-01-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |date=2010-01-05 }}". ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'', 2010</ref><ref>Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid, et al. ''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy & Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Zen''. [[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala]]: Boston (English: pub. 1994; orig. German: 1986); pg. 50.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/forum/story/2008/03/080323_tibet_analysis.shtml a BBC News article]{{vi icon}}</ref> |- |[[File:Om.svg|center|40x40px]] || Hinduism || align="right" |0.5 || n/a || India|| <ref>[[Peter B. Clarke|Clarke, Peter B.]] (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, [[Marshall Editions]] Limited: USA (1993); pg. 125</ref> |- | || Folk religion || align="right" |0.4 || n/a || n/a || <ref group="nb" name="varies">The number of people who consider themselves party to a "folk tradition" is impossible to determine.</ref> |- |[[File:Torii.svg|center|40x40px]] || Shinto || align=right| n/a || n/a || Japan || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |title=Japanese government |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2009-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031920/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[File:Khanda.svg|center|40x40px]] || Sikhism || align=right| 27-65 || n/a || n/a || <ref name="ciawf"/><ref>Indian Registrar General & Census Commissioner. "[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx Religious Composition]". ''[[Census of India]]'', 2001</ref> |- |[[File:Star of David (bold).svg|center|40x40px]] || Judaism || align=right|{{Sort|10|14–18}} || {{Sort|03|n/a}} || n/a|| <ref name="ciawf"/> |- |[[File:Jainism barnstar award.png|center|40x40px]] || Jainism || align=right|{{Sort|11|8–12}} || {{Sort|09|n/a}} || n/a|| <ref group="nb">Figures for the population of Jains differ from just over six million to twelve million due to difficulties of Jain identity, with Jains in some areas counted as a Hindu sect. Many Jains do not return Jainism as their religion on census forms for various reasons such as certain Jain castes considering themselves both Hindu and Jain. Following a major advertising campaign urging Jains to register as such, the 1981 Census of India returned 3.19 million Jains. This was estimated at the time to still be half the true number. The 2001 Census of India had 8.4 million Jains.</ref> |- |[[File:Bahai star.svg|center|40x40px]] || Bahaism || align=right|{{Sort|12|7.6–7.9}} || {{Sort|04|n/a}} || Iran, 19t century || <ref name="ARDA05">{{Web kaynağı | başlık = World Religions (2005) | çalışma = QuickLists > The World > Religions | yayıncı = The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] | yıl = 2005 | url = http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp | biçim = | doi = | erişimtarihi = 2009-07-04 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150910141151/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp | arşivtarihi = 10 Eylül 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225045350/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp%20 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | başlık = World: People: Religions | çalışma = [[CIA World Factbook]] | yayıncı = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | yıl = 2007 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#people | biçim = | doi = | ISSN = 1553-8133 | erişimtarihi = 2009-09-06 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20151218214908/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | arşivtarihi = 18 Aralık 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2010-01-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#people | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |[[File:Cao Dai white.png|center|40x40px]] || Cao Dai || align=right|{{Sort|13|2–6}} || {{Sort|19|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.tuvy.com/Countries/vietnamese/people/cao_dai.htm | başlık = Cao Đài | yayıncı = tuvy.com | yer = http://www.tuvy.com | erişimtarihi = 4 January 2012 | alıntı = …by the early 1990s Cao Đài was reported to have some two million adherents in Vietnam, Cambodia, France, and the United States. Headquarters of the religion are at Tây Ninh, near Ho Chi Minh City…. | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20120510212455/http://tuvy.com/Countries/vietnamese/people/cao_dai.htm | arşivtarihi = 10 Mayıs 2012 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2012-05-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212455/http://tuvy.com/Countries/vietnamese/people/cao_dai.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | başlık = Cao Đài Religion | yayıncı = ReligionFacts | yer = http://www.religionfacts.com | erişimtarihi = 4 January 2012 | alıntı = Adherents: 2-6 million | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150320045355/http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | arşivtarihi = 20 Mart 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2015-03-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320045355/http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |[[File:Cheondoist flag.PNG|center|40x40px]] || Chendoism || align=right|{{Sort|14|3}} || {{Sort|18|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>Self-reported figures from 1999; North Korea only (South Korean followers are minimal according to self-reported figures). In ''The A to Z of New Religious Movements'' by George D. Chryssides. ISBN 0-8108-5588-7</ref> |- |[[File:Eckankar.svg|center|40x40px]] || Eckankar || align=right|0,5 - 3 || n/a || n/a || <ref>Petersen, William J. Those Curious New Cults in the 80s. New Canaan, Connecticut: Keats Publishing; pg. 286.</ref><ref>Godwin, John. Occult America; Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc.; pg. 114.</ref> |- |[[File:Tenrikyo emblem.svg|center|40x40px]] || [[Tenrikyo]] || align=right|{{Sort|15|2}} || {{Sort|15|n/a}} || Japan 19t century || |- |[[File:Pentacle (fixed width).svg|center|40x40px]] || Wicca || align=right|{{Sort|16|1-3}} || {{Sort|10|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thompson Gale, 2004) p. 82</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | başlık = The Big Religion Chart | erişimtarihi = 15 Ağustos 2013 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150414025804/http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | arşivtarihi = 14 Nisan 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2015-04-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414025804/http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |[[File:Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg|center|40x40px]] || Rastafarianism || align=right|{{Sort|19|1}} || {{Sort|12|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>''Chanting Down Babylon'' p. 1</ref><ref> {{citation | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/ataglance/glance.shtml |title=Rastafari at a glance | quote= There are approximately one million world wide adherents of Rastafari as a faith. | accessdate=24 Ağustos 2013}} </ref> |- |[[File:USVA headstone emb-23.svg|center|40x40px]] || Sekanova || align=right|{{Sort|18|1}} || {{Sort|17|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.seicho-no-ie.org/eng/whats_sni/index.html | başlık = What's SNI: Summary | yayıncı = EICHO-NO-IE International | tarih = December 31, 2010 | erişimtarihi = July 30, 2013 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150426074807/http://www.seicho-no-ie.org:80/eng/whats_sni/index.html | arşivtarihi = 26 Nisan 2015}}</ref> |- | [[File:USVA headstone emb-24.svg|center|40x40px]] || Kirk of World Messianity || align=right|{{Sort|17|1}} || {{Sort|16|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>Clarke, Peter B. (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, Marshall Editions Limited: USA (1993); pg. 208. "Sekai Kyuseikyo has about one million members, a growing number of them in the west and the third world, especially Brazil and Thailand. "</ref> |-. |} '''Medium-sized religions''' {|style="width:100%;" class="wikitable sortable" |- !Seembol !! Religion !! Number !! Cultur !!class="unsortable"| Invented!!class="unsortable"| Source |- |[[File:Flaming Chalice.svg|center|40x40px]] || Unitarian Universalism || align=right|{{Sort|20|0.63}} || {{Sort|11|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |title=American Religious Identification Survey |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2005-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024031359/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |N/A|| Scientology || align=right|500,000 || n/a || n/a || <ref name="Major religions ranked by size">[http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html Major religions ranked by size] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |date=2010-01-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html%20 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054926/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html%20 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |url-status=dead}} retrieved 11 November 2012</ref><ref name="Major religions ranked by size"/> |- |[[File:Orkhon.svg|centre|frameless|59x59px]]|| Tengriism || align=right|500,000 || Neopaganism || 1990 || <ref name="Marlene Laruelle">[http://www.cacianalyst.org/issues/20060322Analyst.pdf?SMSESSION=NO Tengrismus:Auf der Suche nach den geistigen Wurzeln Zentralasiens/Marlene Laruelle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207233331/http://www.cacianalyst.org/issues/20060322Analyst.pdf?SMSESSION=NO |date=2006-12-07 }}(ingilizce) Marlene Laruelle/ Tengricilik: Orta Asya ruhani köklerinin arayışında. PDF</ref> |- |[[File:Faravahar-BW.svg|center|40x40px]]||Zoroastrianism||align="right" |190.000||Persian||n/a||<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/ataglance/glance.shtml</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/middle_east_zoroastrians_in_iran/html/7.stm</ref><ref>[[Zerdüştlük]]</ref><ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe04/sbe0404.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dunyadinleri.com/mazdaizm.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2012-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725085556/http://www.dunyadinleri.com/mazdaizm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.avesta.org/</ref><ref>http://www.zoroastrianism.com/</ref><ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/</ref> |- |[[File:Baphosimb.gif|centre|frameless|54x54px]]|| Satanism || align=right|30,000 - 100,000 || n/a || 1966 || <ref>The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity - Page 5, Per Faxneld, Jesper Aa. Petersen - 2013</ref> |- |[[File:Raelian symbol.svg|center|40x40px]] || Raelism || align=right|80,000 - 85,000 || UFO religion || Fraunce, 1974 || <ref>[http://www.raelpress.org/news.php?item.248.1 Rael Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415103940/http://www.raelpress.org/news.php?item.248.1 |date=2017-04-15 }} retrieved 12 November 2012</ref><ref>Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations, Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft - 2006</ref> |- |[[File:Tribann.svg|center|40x40px]] || Druidism || align=right|50,000 || Neopaganism || England, 18t century || <ref>The Everything Paganism Book, Selene Silverwind - 2011</ref> |} == Leet o releegions o the warld == * [[Bahá'í|Bahá'í Faith]] * [[Buddhism]] * [[Christianity]] ** [[Catholicism]] ** [[Kirk o Scotland]] ** [[Baptists]] * [[Hinduism]] * [[Islam]] * [[Jainism]] * [[Judaism]] * [[Beuk o Mormon|Latter Day Saunt muivement]] * [[Scientology]] * [[Shinto]] * [[Sikhism]] * [[Sufism]] * [[Taoism]] * [[Unitarian Universalism]] * [[Voodoo]] * [[Wicca]] * [[Yoga]] * [[Zoroastrianism]] ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> ==References== {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.religionfacts.com ReligionFacts.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628123654/http://www.religionfacts.com/ |date=2009-06-28 }} * [http://www.usome.com] * [http://www.thearda.com American Religion Data Archive] * [http://www.history-forum.com/index.php/board,13.0.html History of Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203043958/http://www.history-forum.com/index.php/board,13.0.html |date=2005-12-03 }} {{Commonscat|Religion}} [[Category:Releegion|*]] 0fst3ft1spsnozlx5pw099kf440jdsp 0 3941 923479 921049 2026-09-26T07:05:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = New Zealand |native_name = ''Aotearoa'' |common_name = New Zealand |image_flag = Flag of New Zealand.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of New Zealand.svg |image_map = NZL orthographic NaturalEarth.svg |map_caption = Location o New Zealand within the [[Realm o New Zealand]] |national_anthem = {{unbulleted list | "[[God Defend New Zealand]]"<br /><center>[[File:God Defend New Zealand instrumental.ogg]]<center> | "[[God_Save_the_Queen|God Save the King]]" <ref>http://www.mch.govt.nz/anthem/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424065003/http://www.mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage/national-anthems |date=2013-04-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424065003/http://www.mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage/national-anthems |date=2013-04-24 }})</ref> }} |capital = [[Wellington]] |coordinates = {{Coord|41|17|S|174|27|E|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Auckland]] |official_languages = {{unbulleted list | 95.9% [[Inglis leid|Inglish]] | 4.2% [[Māori leid|Māori]] | {{nowrap|0.6% [[New Zealandic Sign Leid]]}} }} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 74.0% [[European New Zealanders|European]] | 14.9% [[Māori fowk|Māori]] | 11.8% [[Asian fowk|Asian]] | 7.4% [[Pacific Islander|Paceefic fowks]] | 1.2% Middle Eastren, [[Latin American]], African | 1.7% Ither<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-about-national-highlights/cultural-diversity.aspx |title=2013 Census – Cultural Diversity |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=2014-07-05 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006090911/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-about-national-highlights/cultural-diversity.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} |demonym = {{unbulleted list |New Zealander|New Zealandic|{{nowrap|[[Kiwi (fowk)|Kiwi]] {{small|(colloquial)}}}}}} |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] |leader_title1 = [[Monarchy o New Zealand|Monarch]] |leader_name1 = [[Charles III]] |leader_title2 = Govrenor-General |leader_name2 = [[Cindy Kiro]] |leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o New Zealand|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[Jacinda Ardern]] |legislature = [[New Zealand Pairlament|Pairlament]]<br />{{small|(Hoose o Representatives)}} |sovereignty_type = [[Unthirldom o New Zealand|Independence]] |sovereignty_note = frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]] |established_event1 = [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]] |established_date1 = 17 January 1853 |established_event2 = [[Dominion o New Zealand|Dominion]] |established_date2 = 26 September 1907 |established_event3 = [[Statute o Westminster Adoption Act 1947]] |established_date3 = 25 November 1947 |established_event4 = [[Constitution Act 1986]] |established_date4 = 13 December 1986 |area_rank = 75t |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 268,021 |area_sq_mi = 103,483 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 1.6 |population_estimate =4,537,081<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/tools/population_clock.aspx |title=Estimated resident population of New Zealand |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=2011-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200026/http://www.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/tools/population_clock.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = June&nbsp;2014 |population_estimate_rank = 123rd |population_census = 4,242,048<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/census_counts/NumberofElectoratesandElectoralPopulations_MR2013Census.aspx |title=Number of Electorates and Electoral Populations: 2013 Census – Media Release |work=2013 Census |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2013 |population_density_km2 = 16.5 |population_density_sq_mi = 42.7 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 205t |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$122.193 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=57&pr.y=12&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=196&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=New Zealand |work=International Monetary Fund |access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,493<ref name="imf2" /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$181.3 billion<ref name="imf2" />}} |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2013 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $40,481<ref name="imf2" /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 1997 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 36.2 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html |title=Equality and inequality: Gini index |work=[[Human Development Report]] 2009 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |access-date=14 April 2011 |archive-date=2009-10-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kbHWMLQA?url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.919 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Summary.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2013 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=5 May 2013 |page=16 |archive-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808102732/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Summary.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 6th |currency = [[New Zealand dollar]] |currency_code = NZD |country_code = NZ |time_zone = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]] |utc_offset = +12 |time_zone_DST = [[Time in New Zealand|NZDT]] |utc_offset_DST = +13 |DST_note = (Sep to Apr) |date_format= dd/mm/yyyy |drives_on = left |calling_code = [[+64]] |cctld = [[.nz]] }} '''New Zealand''' ({{IPA-endia|njʉː ˈzɪələnd|Inglis pronunciation:}}; {{lang-mi|Aotearoa}} {{IPA-mi|aɔˈtɛaɾɔa|}}) is a [[sovereign state|sovereign]] [[island kintra]] in the soothwastren [[Paceefic Ocean]]. The kintra geografically comprises twa main landmasses—the [[North Island]] (''Te Ika-a-Māui''), an the [[Sooth Island]] (''Te Waipounamu'')—an aroond 600 [[Leet o islands o New Zealand|wee islands]]. New Zealand is situatit some {{convert|1500|km|-2}} east o [[Australie]] athort the [[Tasman Sea]] an reuchly {{convert|1000|km|-2}} sooth o the [[Paceefic Islands|Paceefic island auries]] o [[New Caledonie]], [[Fiji]], an [[Tonga]]. Acause o its remoteness, it wis ane o the last launds tae be settled bi humans. In its lang period o isolation, New Zealand developit a distinct [[Biodiversity o New Zealand|biodiversity]] o ainimal, fungal, an plant life. The kintra's varied topografie an its shairp moontain peaks, such as the [[Soothren Alps]], awe muckle tae the [[tectonic uplift]] o laund an volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's [[Caipital o New Zealand|caipital ceety]] is [[Wellington]], while its maist populous ceety is [[Auckland]]. Sometime atween 1250 an 1300, [[Polynesies]] settled in the islands that later war named New Zealand an developit a distinctive [[Māori cultur]]. In 1642, Dutch explorer [[Abel Tasman]] becam the first European tae sicht New Zealand. In 1840, representatives o the Unitit Kinrick an [[Māori fowk|Māori]] chiefs signed the [[Treaty o Waitangi]], that declared Breetish sovereignty ower the islands. In 1841, New Zealand [[Colony o New Zealand|becam a colony]] within the [[Breetish Empire]] an in 1907 it [[Domeenion o New Zealand|becam a Domeenion]]; it gained [[Unthirldom o New Zealand|full unthirldom]] in 1947, but the Breetish monarch remeened the [[heid o state]]. The day, the majority o [[New Zealanders|New Zealand's population]] o 4.7 million is o [[European New Zealanders|European strynd]]; the indigenous Māori are the lairgest minority, follaed bi [[Asie New Zealanders|Asies]] an [[Paceefic Islander]]s. Reflectin this, [[Cultur o New Zealand|New Zealand's cultur]] is mainly derived frae Māori an early Breetish settlers, wi recent braidenin arisin frae increased [[Immigration tae New Zealand|immigration]]. The [[Leids o New Zealand|offeecial leids]] are [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[Māori leid|Māori]] an [[New Zealand Sign Leid|NZ Sign Leid]], wi Inglis bein verra dominant. New Zealand is a [[developit kintra]] an [[internaitional rankins o New Zealand|ranks heichly]] in internaitional comparisons o naitional performance, sic as quality o life, heal, eddication, an economic freedom. The kintra unnerwent [[Rogernomics|major economic chynges]] in the 1980s, that transformed it frae a [[pertectionist]] tae a [[economic leeberalisation|leeberalised]] [[free-tred]] economy. The service sector dominates the [[Economy o New Zealand|naitional economy]], follaed bi the industrial sector, an [[Agricultur in New Zealand|agricultur]]. Internaitional [[tourism in New Zealand|tourism]] is a signeeficant soorce o revenue. Naitionally, legislative authority is vestit in an elected, [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[New Zealand Pairlament|Pairlament]], while executive poleetical pouer is exercised bi the [[Cabinet o New Zealand|Cabinet]], led bi the [[Prime Meenister o New Zealand|Prime Meenister]], that is currently [[Jacinda Ardern]]. [[Charles_III|King Charles III]] is the kintra's heid o state an is representit bi a [[Govrenor-General o New Zealand|govrenor-general]], currently Cindy Kiro. In addeetion, New Zealand is organised intae 11 [[Regions o New Zealand|regional cooncils]] an 67 [[Territorial authorities o New Zealand|territorial authorities]] for local govrenment purposes. The [[Realm o New Zealand]] an aw includes [[Tokelau]] (a [[dependent territory]]); the [[Cook Islands]] an [[Niue]] (sel-govrenin states in [[Associatit state|free association]] wi New Zealand); an the [[Ross Dependency]], that is New Zealand's [[territorial claims in Antarcticae|territorial claim in Antarcticae]]. New Zealand is a member o the [[Unitit Naitions]], [[Commonweel o Naitions]], [[ANZUS]], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development]], [[Association o Southeast Asie Naitions#ASEAN Plus Three an Six|ASEAN Plus mechanism]], [[Asie-Paceefic Economic Cooperation]], an the [[Pacific Islands Forum]]. == Muckle ceities == * [[Auckland]] * [[Christchurch]] * [[Wellington]] * [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] * [[Dunedin]] * [[Invercargill]] == See an aa == *[[:Category:New Zealand stubs|New Zealand stub airticles]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commons category}} [[Category:New Zealand| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Oceanie]] [[Category:Airchipelagoes o the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1840]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Members o the Commonweel o Naitions]] [[Category:Polynesie]] [[Category:Zealandie (continent)]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] p1f7v8oj3h2y4t3radtdy9je9d647k9 0 3994 923343 905722 2026-09-26T00:11:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923343 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Arctic Monkeys.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Arctic Monkeys (2006)]] '''Arctic Monkeys''' is a fowersome [[indie rock]] baund frae High Green, a suburb o [[Sheffield]]. Thair debut single, "[[I Bet You Look Good On the Dancefloor]]", an the follae-up "[[When The Sun Goes Down]]", gaed richt tae nummer ane in the [[UK Singles Chairt]]. The baund's debut album, ''[[Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not]]'', hauds the record for the maist first-week sales o a debut album fer a baund in the UK. The baund's [[Northren England|northren]] ruits, aften seen as a key element o the baund's style, haes seen thaim cryed the "northren [[Libertines]]", while thair aesome soond an wry leerics - aften social commentaries - haes been compared tae [[The Jam]], [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] an [[The Streets]]. Thay'r weel kent for thair uiss o the [[internet]] for tae mercat thairsels, throu [[viral mercatin]]. Estaiblished in [[2002]], the baund conseists o:- * '''[[Alex Turner (muisician)|Alex Turner]]''': [[electric guitar|guitar]], [[vocals]] * '''Jamie''' "Cookie" '''Cook''': guitar, [[backin vocals]] * '''Nick O'Malley''': [[bass guitar|bass]], backin vocals * [[Matthew Helders|'''Matthew''' "The Cat" '''Helders''']]: [[Drum kit|drums]], backin vocals == Albums == * Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not (2006) * Favourite Worst Nightmare (2007) * Humbug (2009) * Suck It and See (2011) * AM (2013) * Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino (2018) == Fremmit airtins == '''Offeicial steids''' * [http://www.arcticmonkeys.com Offeicial wabsteid] * [http://www.arcticmonkeys.com/forum/index.php Offeicial baund forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206184428/http://www.arcticmonkeys.com/forum/index.php |date=2006-02-06 }} * [http://www.dominorecordco.com/site/?page=news&artistID=209 Domino Records baund page] '''Fan steids''' * [http://www.arctic-monkeys.com Arctic-Monkeys.com] * [http://www.mardy-bum.com Mardy-Bum.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210221633/https://mardy-bum.com/ |date=2021-02-10 }} * [http://www.ritztorubble.com Ritz To Rubble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008000225/http://ritztorubble.com/ |date=2016-10-08 }} '''Ither airtins''' * [http://www.arcticmonkeyslinks.co.uk Arctic Monkeys Links - Portal wi a muckle database o relatit airtins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019145112/http://arcticmonkeyslinks.co.uk/ |date=2015-10-19 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060113222449/http://www.hostmybb.com/phpbb/index.php?mforum=arctic Fanboard Forum] * [http://news.google.co.uk/news?ie=UTF-8&tab=wn&q=Arctic-Monkeys Google News Latest Reports anent Arctic Monkeys] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A6125285 BBC Collective: Live videos, interviews an reviews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220201349/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A6125285 |date=2006-02-20 }} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arctic Monkeys}} [[Category:Arctic Monkeys| ]] [[Category:Brit Awaird winners]] [[Category:Domino Recording Company airtists]] [[Category:Inglis indie rock groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups frae Sheffield]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2002]] [[Category:NME Awards winners]] [[Category:2002 establishments]] [[Category:Breetish rock muisic groups]] [[Category:Post-punk revival muisic groups]] 5s4ty2etdlvpmioc5o45ej64v9tfjxk 0 4710 923285 415956 2026-09-25T19:28:17Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in history section fae en wiki an pit in stub tag 923285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hughenden_playing_fields_(geograph_3914913).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hughenden_playing_fields_(geograph_3914913).jpg|thumb|The Hughenden playing fields]] '''Hughenden''' is a rugby pairk, the hame o Hillheid/Jordanhill an [[Glesca Rugby]] blaws a capacity o 6,000. It is in the Wast End o [[Glesca]]. == History == Hillheid Sports Club wis formed in 1902 as a private club for umwhile pupils o [[Hillhead High School|Hillheid Heich Schuil]], catering for various sports including [[fitba]], [[cricket]], [[hockey]] and athletics.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Hillhead Sports Club|trans-title=History o Hillheid Sports Club|url=http://www.hillheadsportsclub.com/history/4587742197|url-status=live|access-date=18 August 2015|publisher=Hillhead Sports Club|language=en-sco}}</ref> A rugby team, Hillheid High Schuil Former Pupils RFC (later [[Hillheid RFC]]), wis formed in 1904. At the stairt the club uised the [[Scotstoun Stadium|Scotstoun Showgrounds]] afore seekin tae fun a permanent hame efter the First World War, purchasin land at Hughenden in 1922. The club's new hame, wi its pavilion designed bi ''W. Hunter McNab'', wis offeecially appent on 24 Mey 1924.<ref name="played">{{cite book|last1=O'Brien|first1=Ged|title=Played in Glasgow|date=2010|publisher=Malavan Media|isbn=978-0-954744-557|location=London|pages=115–117|language=en|trans-title=Played in Glesga}}</ref> Fae than Hughenden haes hostit a variety o sports includin hockey, cricket an tennis, awtho it haes been maist closely associatit wi rugby.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ferguson|first=David|date=21 March 2008|title=One last hurrah at Hughenden|language=en|trans-title=Ane last hurrah at Hughenden|work=The Scotsman|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/one-last-hurrah-at-hughenden-1-1160554|url-status=live|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> The first major sports tournament haud at the club wis the ''Wast o Scotland Tennis Championship'' in 1925. Due tae the grawin popularity o the rugby team, a grandstaun wis biggit alangside the pitch in 1934, designed bi local consultin ingineers ''FA MacDonald''. The staun wis biggit oot o reinforced concrete wi a cantilevered ruif, unuisual for the time. It was first used in September 1934, for a match between Hillheid and [[Glasgow Academicals RFC|Glasgow Academicals]].<ref name="played" /> The grund haed an upgrade tae thair fluidlights in 1977.<ref>{{cite news|last=McMurtrie|first=Bill|date=11 October 1977|title=Made for brighter play|language=en|trans-title=Made for brichter play|page=25|work=The Glasgow Herald|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3OY9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i0gMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2915%2C2183968|url-status=live|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> == Airts tae Hughenden fae Glesca ceety mids == Laich-level trein tae [[Hyndland]] Gang caurie oot o the station up tae the tap o Novar Drive. Gang caurie alang Hyndland Road an Hughenden is the caurie turn directly afore the tennis club. === Omnibuses === Mony omnibuses gang alang Great Western Road (whit is alangside the pairk). Wheen o whit are 11, 20, 41 an 66. Git aff the omnibus at the stap immediately afore seicont traffec lunts efter the Botanic Gardens junction. Gang caurie intae Hyndland Road an doremaist richt doon loan tae Hughenden Road an rugby pairk. The 44 omnibus gangs fae the ceety mids to Hyndland Road an aw - git aff at the stap juist efter the Rock pub. ===Fae ootside o Glesca=== Gin you're traivelling by caur fae the north or east tak the M8 to Glesca an ootgate fae junction 17, sign-posted for Dumbarton. At the end o the slip road, gang richt at the traffec lunts an tak the flyower back ower the motorway. Follae this gate (Great Western Road) for roond aboot 3&nbsp;km. Weir in the Botanic Gardens on your richt an gang straicht yont the neist set of traffec lunts. Gang caurie at the follaein set o traffec lunts intae Hyndland Road, an first richt efter the tennis club. ==By caur fae the sooth or wast== Tak the M8 to Glesca, cross the Kingston Bridge an ootgang fae Junction 18 sign-posted for Dumbarton. At the end o the slip road, gang richt at the traffec lunts an tak the flyower back across the motorway. Follae this road (Great Western Road) for roond aboot 3&nbsp;km. Pass the Botanic Gardens on your richt an gang straicht through the neist set o traffec lunts. Gang caurie at the follaeing set o traffec lunts intae Hyndland Road, then first richt efter the tennis club. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Sport}} {{coord|55|52|54|N|4|18|28|W|type:landmark|display=title}} [[Category:Rugby union stadiums in Scotland]] [[Category:Rugby union in Glesga]] [[Category:Rugby league stadiums in Scotland]] [[Category:Sports venues in Glesga]] mqqa8ayx5qhars3wstqnpdrxvgsnx2r 923286 923285 2026-09-25T19:28:56Z Cobra 3000 28371 Sortit formattin 923286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hughenden_playing_fields_(geograph_3914913).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hughenden_playing_fields_(geograph_3914913).jpg|thumb|The Hughenden playing fields]] '''Hughenden''' is a rugby pairk, the hame o Hillheid/Jordanhill an [[Glesca Rugby]] blaws a capacity o 6,000. It is in the Wast End o [[Glesca]]. == History == Hillheid Sports Club wis formed in 1902 as a private club for umwhile pupils o [[Hillhead High School|Hillheid Heich Schuil]], catering for various sports including [[fitba]], [[cricket]], [[hockey]] and athletics.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Hillhead Sports Club|trans-title=History o Hillheid Sports Club|url=http://www.hillheadsportsclub.com/history/4587742197|url-status=live|access-date=18 August 2015|publisher=Hillhead Sports Club|language=en-sco}}</ref> A rugby team, Hillheid High Schuil Former Pupils RFC (later [[Hillheid RFC]]), wis formed in 1904. At the stairt the club uised the [[Scotstoun Stadium|Scotstoun Showgrounds]] afore seekin tae fun a permanent hame efter the First World War, purchasin land at Hughenden in 1922. The club's new hame, wi its pavilion designed bi ''W. Hunter McNab'', wis offeecially appent on 24 Mey 1924.<ref name="played">{{cite book|last1=O'Brien|first1=Ged|title=Played in Glasgow|date=2010|publisher=Malavan Media|isbn=978-0-954744-557|location=London|pages=115–117|language=en|trans-title=Played in Glesga}}</ref> Fae than Hughenden haes hostit a variety o sports includin hockey, cricket an tennis, awtho it haes been maist closely associatit wi rugby.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ferguson|first=David|date=21 March 2008|title=One last hurrah at Hughenden|language=en|trans-title=Ane last hurrah at Hughenden|work=The Scotsman|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/one-last-hurrah-at-hughenden-1-1160554|url-status=live|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> The first major sports tournament haud at the club wis the ''Wast o Scotland Tennis Championship'' in 1925. Due tae the grawin popularity o the rugby team, a grandstaun wis biggit alangside the pitch in 1934, designed bi local consultin ingineers ''FA MacDonald''. The staun wis biggit oot o reinforced concrete wi a cantilevered ruif, unuisual for the time. It was first used in September 1934, for a match between Hillheid and [[Glasgow Academicals RFC|Glasgow Academicals]].<ref name="played" /> The grund haed an upgrade tae thair fluidlights in 1977.<ref>{{cite news|last=McMurtrie|first=Bill|date=11 October 1977|title=Made for brighter play|language=en|trans-title=Made for brichter play|page=25|work=The Glasgow Herald|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3OY9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i0gMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2915%2C2183968|url-status=live|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> == Airts tae Hughenden fae Glesca ceety mids == Laich-level trein tae [[Hyndland]] Gang caurie oot o the station up tae the tap o Novar Drive. Gang caurie alang Hyndland Road an Hughenden is the caurie turn directly afore the tennis club. === Omnibuses === Mony omnibuses gang alang Great Western Road (whit is alangside the pairk). Wheen o whit are 11, 20, 41 an 66. Git aff the omnibus at the stap immediately afore seicont traffec lunts efter the Botanic Gardens junction. Gang caurie intae Hyndland Road an doremaist richt doon loan tae Hughenden Road an rugby pairk. The 44 omnibus gangs fae the ceety mids to Hyndland Road an aw - git aff at the stap juist efter the Rock pub. ===Fae ootside o Glesca=== Gin you're traivelling by caur fae the north or east tak the M8 to Glesca an ootgate fae junction 17, sign-posted for Dumbarton. At the end o the slip road, gang richt at the traffec lunts an tak the flyower back ower the motorway. Follae this gate (Great Western Road) for roond aboot 3&nbsp;km. Weir in the Botanic Gardens on your richt an gang straicht yont the neist set of traffec lunts. Gang caurie at the follaein set o traffec lunts intae Hyndland Road, an first richt efter the tennis club. === By caur fae the sooth or wast === Tak the M8 to Glesca, cross the Kingston Bridge an ootgang fae Junction 18 sign-posted for Dumbarton. At the end o the slip road, gang richt at the traffec lunts an tak the flyower back across the motorway. Follae this road (Great Western Road) for roond aboot 3&nbsp;km. Pass the Botanic Gardens on your richt an gang straicht through the neist set o traffec lunts. Gang caurie at the follaeing set o traffec lunts intae Hyndland Road, then first richt efter the tennis club. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Sport}} {{coord|55|52|54|N|4|18|28|W|type:landmark|display=title}} [[Category:Rugby union stadiums in Scotland]] [[Category:Rugby union in Glesga]] [[Category:Rugby league stadiums in Scotland]] [[Category:Sports venues in Glesga]] nxv1u5p2kpilahra46mumvq6fyp5qov 0 4907 923418 917549 2026-09-26T04:20:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|47|N|20|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Hungary | common_name = Hungary | native_name = {{native name|hu|Magyarország}} | image_flag = Flag of Hungary.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hungary.svg | symbol_width = 50px | national_motto = | national_anthem ={{native name|hu|"[[Himnusz]]"|italics=no|icon=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magyarnews.org/news.php?viewStory=619|title=The Story Behind the Hungarian National Anthem|publisher=Jules S. Vállay|accessdate=8 May 2017|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075407/http://magyarnews.org/news.php?viewStory=619|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br /> {{small|"Hime"}} <br /> | image_map = EU-Hungary.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=daurk green |region=Europe |region_color=daurk grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Hungary.svg}} | capital = [[Budapest]] | coordinates = {{Coord|47|26|N|19|15|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caipital | languages_type = Offeecial leid<br />{{nobold|an naitional leid}} | languages = [[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]]<ref name="Flaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf|title=The Fundamental Law of Hungary|publisher=Hungarian State|accessdate=8 May 2017|archive-date=2014-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629205136/http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 80.7% [[Hungarians]] | 14.7% nae declared | 3.1% [[Romani fowk|Roma]] | 1.3% [[German fowk|Germans]]<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_orsz_2011.pdf|format=PDF|title=2011 Hungary Census Report|publisher=ksh.hu|access-date=2017-08-31|archive-date=2019-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717211318/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_orsz_2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011 |religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |76% [[Christianity]] |21% [[Irreleegion|No releegion]] |3% Ither releegions<ref name="Religious Belief in Central and Eastern Europe">{{cite web|author=ANALYSIS |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/10104119/CEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf |title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe |date=10 May 2017 |accessdate=12 May 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513130508/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/10104119/CEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf |archivedate=13 May 2017 |df= }}</ref> }} | demonym = [[Hungarian fowk|Hungarian, Magyar]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]]<br />[[constitutional republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[Leet o heids o state o Hungary|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Tamás Sulyok]] | leader_title2 = [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Hungary|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Péter Magyar]] | leader_title3 = [[Leet o Speakers o the Naitional Assembly o Hungary|Speaker o the Naitional&nbsp;Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Ágnes Forsthoffer]] | legislature = [[Naitional Assembly (Hungary)|Országgyűlés]] ''(Naitional Assembly)'' | sovereignty_type = [[History o Hungary|Foundation]] | established_event1 = [[Principality o Hungary]] | established_date1 = 895<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=wSxpTrquNcmi-gbEodXjCw&ct=result&id=igzYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarian+state+895&q=%22in+895%22#search_anchor Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1], Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581</ref> | established_event2 = [[Battle o Pressburg]] | established_date2 = 4–6 Julie 907 | established_event3 = [[Kinrick o Hungary|Christian Kinrick]] | established_date3 = 25 December 1000<ref>University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xV7xAAAAMAAJ&q=Christmas+Day+1000+Coronation&dq=Christmas+Day+1000+Coronation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fK2RT-aHGJLU8QO2872vBA&ved=0CEAQ6AEwATgK Studies in medieval and renaissance history], Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159</ref> | established_event4 = [[Gowden Bull o 1222]] | established_date4 = 24 Apryle 1222 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Battle o Mohács]]}} | established_date5 = 29 August 1526 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Battle o Buda (1686)|Liberation]]}} o [[Buda]] | established_date6 = 2 September 1686 | established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Hungarian Revolution o 1848|Revolution o 1848]]}} | established_date7 = 15 Mairch 1848 | established_event8 = [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] | established_date8 = 20 Mairch 1867 | established_event9 = [[Treaty o Trianon]] | established_date9 = 4 Juin 1920 | established_event10 = [[History o Hungary#Third Republic (since 1989)|Third Republic]] | established_date10 = 23 October 1989 | established_event11 = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlairgement o the European Union|Jyned]] the [[European Union]]}} | established_date11 = 1 Mey 2004 | area_km2 = 93,030<ref name=area>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hu.html|title=Hungary|publisher=CIA The World Factbook|accessdate=27 March 2014|archive-date=2009-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610082839/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/HU.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_rank = 108t | area_sq_mi = 35,919 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.74% | population_estimate = 9,797,561<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_eves/i_wdsd001.html|title=Population by type of settlement – annually|work=[[Hungarian Central Statistical Office]]|date=24 December 2015|accessdate=24 December 2015}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 92nt | population_density_km2 = 105.3 | population_density_sq_mi = 274.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 103rd | GDP_PPP = $284.266 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=43&pr.y=13&sy=2017&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=944&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Hungary |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=29 April 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 57t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $28,965<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 45t | GDP_nominal = $125.297 billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 58t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,767<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54t | Gini = 27.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->decrease | Gini_ref =<ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer|accessdate=4 December 2015|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045123/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank =16t | HDI = 0.836 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2015 |year=2015 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 43rd | currency = [[Hungarian forint|Forint]] | currency_code = HUF | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | date_format = yyyy/mm/dd | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Hungary|+36]] | patron_saint = [[Mary (mither o Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] | cctld = [[.hu]]^a | footnote_a = Also [[.eu]] as part of the European Union. | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | country_code = hu }} [[File:RegionsHungary.png|thumb|Territorial organization]] '''Hungary''' (Hungarian: ''Magyarország'') is a kintra in [[Europe]]. It's bund bi [[Ukraine]] an [[Romanie]] tae the east, [[Serbie]] an [[Croatie]] tae the sooth, [[Austrick]] an [[Slovenie]] tae the wast, an [[Slovakie]] tae the north. Wi aboot 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a [[Member state o the European Union|medium-sized member state]] o the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1|title=Eurostat – Population on 1 January 2015|publisher=[[European Commission]]|accessdate=20 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Leids o Hungary|offeecial leid]] is [[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]], that is the maist widely spoken [[Uralic leids|Uralic leid]] in the warld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html |title=Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages, Classification of the Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages, with present numbers of speakers and areas of distribution (last updated 24 September 2015)|date=6 June 2017 |publisher=helsinki.fi|accessdate=6 June 2017}}</ref> Hungary's caipital an its [[Leet o ceities an touns o Hungary|lairgest ceity an metropolis]] is [[Budapest]], a signeeficant economic hub, clessifee'd as a leadin [[global ceity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|title=Budapest is classified as Alpha- leading global city.|date=13 April 2010|publisher=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network, Loughborough University|accessdate=25 November 2016|archive-date=2016-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major urban areas include [[Debrecen]], [[Szeged]], [[Miskolc]], [[Pécs]] an [[Győr]]. Follaein centuries o successive habitation bi [[Celts]], [[Auncient Roum|Romans]], [[Germanic fowk]], [[Wast Slavs]], [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]], an the [[Huns]] the foondation o Hungary wis laid in the late 9t century bi the [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] grand prince [[Árpád]] in the [[Hungarian conquest o the Carpathian Basin|conquest o the Carpathian Basin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf |title=Hungary in the Carpathian Basin|date=6 June 2017 |publisher=Lajos Gubcsi, PhD|accessdate=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name='Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'>{{cite book|title=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNkTAQAAMAAJ|volume=36|year=1982|publisher=Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences)|page=419}}</ref> He founded the [[Principality o Hungary]] whilk lasted from 895-1000. His great-grandson [[Stephen I o Hungary|Stephen I]] ascendit the throne in 1000, convertin the kintra tae a [[Kinrick o Hungary|Christian kinrick]]. Bi the 12t century, Hungary becam a middle pouer within the Wastren warld, reachin a [[History o Hungary#Age o early absolutism|gowden age bi the 15t century]].<ref>Kristó Gyula – Barta János – Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, {{ISBN|963-9252-56-5}}, p. 687, pp. 37, pp. 113 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált."/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European constituent, became a middle power.", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország&nbsp;... /Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644</ref> Follaein the [[Battle o Mohács]] in 1526 an aboot 150 year o pairtial [[Ottoman Hungary|Ottoman occupation]] (1541–1699), Hungary cam unner [[Habsburg Empire|Habsburg rule]], an later formed the [[great pouer]] [[Austro–Hungarian Empire]] thegither wi [[Austrick Empire|Austrick]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria-Hungary |title=Austria-Hungary, HISTORICAL EMPIRE, EUROPE|date=6 June 2017 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=6 June 2017}}</ref> Hungary's current mairches war established in 1920 bi the [[Treaty o Trianon]] efter [[Warld War I]], whan the kintra lost 71% o its territory, 58% o its population, an [[Hungarian diaspora|32% o ethnic Hungarians]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Richard C. Frucht| title = Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture| url = https://books.google.com/?id=lVBB1a0rC70C| date = 31 December 2004| publisher = ABC-CLIO| isbn = 978-1-57607-800-6| page = 360 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Trianon, Treaty of|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html|encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]]|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Text of the Treaty, Treaty of Peace Between The Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary And Protocol and Declaration, Signed at Trianon June 4, 1920| url= http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon|accessdate=10 June 2009}}</ref> Follaein the [[Hungary atween the Warld Wars|interwar period]], Hungary jynt the [[Axis Powers]] in [[Warld War II]], sufferin signeeficant damage an casualties.<ref name="Montgomery">[http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&pre=1 ''Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216070442/http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&pre=1 |date=16 February 2007 }} John F. Montgomery, ''Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite''.http://kapos.hu/hirek/kis_szines/2018-06-16/megerkezett_az_idei_balaton_sound_himnusza.html Devin-Adair Company, New York, 1947. Reprint: Simon Publications, 2002.</ref><ref name="Thomas, pg. 11">Thomas, ''The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II'', pg. 11</ref> Hungary becam a satellite state o the [[Soviet Union]], that contreibutit tae the establishment o a [[Hungarian Fowk's Republic|socialist republic spannin fower decades]] (1949<ref name=HBulletin-1949>{{Cite journal |language=Hungarian |journal=Magyar Közlöny (Hungarian Bulletin) |title=1949. évi XX. törvény. A Magyar Népköztársaság Alkotmánya. |trans-title=Act XX of 1949. The Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic |publisher=Állami Lapkiadó Nemzeti Vállalat |location=Budapest |volume=4 |issue=174 |page=1361 |date=20 August 1949}}</ref>–1989<ref name=HBulletin-1989>{{Cite journal |language=Hungarian |journal=Magyar Közlöny (Hungarian Bulletin) |title=1989. évi XXXI. törvény az Alkotmány módosításáról |trans-title=Act XXXI of 1989 on the Amendment of the Constitution |publisher=Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat |location=Budapest |volume=44 |issue=74 |page=1219 |date=23 October 1989}}</ref>).<ref name="Rao, B. V. 2006">It wis govrened bi the [[Hungarian Socialist Wirkers' Pairty|Socialist Wirkers' Pairty]], that wis unner the influence o the [[Soviet Union]]. – Rao, B. V. (2006), ''History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002'', Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> The kintra gained widespread internaitional attention as a result o its [[Hungarian Revolution o 1956|Revolution o 1956]] an the seminal [[End o Communism in Hungary (1989)#Attitudes taewart the Warsaw Pact|appenin o its previously-restrictit mairch wi Austrick in 1989]], that accelerated the collapse o the [[Eastren Bloc]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Hanrahan|first=Brian | authorlink =Brian Hanrahan|title=Hungary's Role in the 1989 Revolutions|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8036685.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=9 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE5DD1530F934A25755C0A96F948260 | work=The New York Times | first=Henry | last=Kamm | title=Hungarian Who Led '56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero | date=17 June 1989}}</ref> On 23 October 1989, Hungary becam a [[democracy|democratic]] [[pairlamentary republic]].<ref>{{Cite journal | title = 1989. évi XXXI. törvény az Alkotmány módosításáról | trans-title = Act XXXI of 1989 on the Amendment of the Constitution | journal = Magyar Közlöny | publisher = Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat | location = Budapest | volume = 44 | issue = 74 | page = 1219 | language = Hungarian | date = 23 October 1989}}</ref> In the 21st century, Hungary is a [[middle pouer]]<ref name="Solomon">Solomon S (1997) [http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426220103/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |date=26 April 2015 }}, ''ISS''</ref><ref name="Higott-Cooper">{{cite journal|last1=Higgott|first1=Richard A.|last2=Cooper|first2=Andrew Fenton|title=Middle power leadership and coalition building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-organization_autumn-1990_44_4/page/589|journal=International Organization|date=1990|volume=44|issue=4|pages=589–632|doi=10.1017/S0020818300035414|jstor=2706854}}</ref> an haes the warld's [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|57t lairgest economy bi nominal GDP]], as weel as the [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (PPP)|58t lairgest bi PPP]], oot o 191 kintras meisurt bi [[IMF]]. As a substantial actor in several industrial an technological sectors,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thomaswhite.com/world-markets/hungary-emerging-economic-power-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ |title=Hungary: Emerging Economic Power In Central And Eastern Europe |publisher=Thomas White International |date= |accessdate=18 June 2017 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075636/https://www.thomaswhite.com/world-markets/hungary-emerging-economic-power-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> it is the warld's [[leet o countries bi exports|35t lairgest exporter]] an [[Leet o kintras bi imports|34t lairgest importer]] o guids. Hungary is an [[OECD]] [[Warld Bank heich-income economy|heich-income economy]] wi a [[Leet o kintras bi Human Development Index|verra heich staundart o leevin]].<ref name="wb">[http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income Country and Lending Groups.] [[Warld Bank]]. Accessed on Julie 1, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3746,en_2649_201185_1889402_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=List of OECD Member countries – Ratification of the Convention on the OECD |publisher=Oecd.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-04}}</ref> It keeps up a [[social siccarity]] an [[Healcare in Hungary|universal heal care]] seestem, an a tuition-free [[Leet o varsities in Hungary|varsity eddication]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author=OECD|date=June 27, 2013|title=OECD Health Data: Social protection|work=OECD Health Statistics (database)|location=Paris|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]|doi=10.1787/data-00544-en|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-health-statistics/oecd-health-data-social-protection_data-00544-en|accessdate=2013-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103053845/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-health-statistics/oecd-health-data-social-protection_data-00544-en|archive-date=2014-01-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/compulsory_education_EN.pdf | title=Compulsory Education in Europe 2013/2014 | publisher=European commission | accessdate=19 May 2014 | author=Eurydice | archive-date=2015-12-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223114017/http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/Education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/compulsory_education_EN.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Hungary performs weel in [[Internaitional rankins o Hungary|internaitional rankins]]: it is 20t in [[quality o life]], 24t in [[Guid Kintra Index]], 28t in [[Leet o countries bi inequality-adjuistit HDI|inequality-adjuistit human development]], 32nt in the [[Social Progress Index]], 33rd in [[Global Innovation Index]] an ranks as the [[Global Peace Index|15t saufest country]] in the warld. Hungary jynt the [[European Union]] in 2004 an haes been pairt o the [[Schengen Area]] syne 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkik.hu/en/magyar-kereskedelmi-es-iparkamara/benefits-of-eu-membership-2630|title=Benefits of EU Membership|date=6 June 2017|publisher=Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry|accessdate=6 June 2017|archive-date=2017-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608120246/http://www.mkik.hu/en/magyar-kereskedelmi-es-iparkamara/benefits-of-eu-membership-2630|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hungary is a member o the [[Unitit Naitions]], [[NATO]], [[WTO]], [[Warld Bank]], the [[Asie Infrastructure Investment Bank|AIIB]], the [[Cooncil o Europe]], the [[Visegrád Group]] an mair.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true |title=International organizations in Hungary |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=20 November 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115736/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true |archivedate=13 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> Weel kent for its rich [[Cultur o Hungary|cultural]] history, Hungary haes contreibutit signeeficantly tae [[Hungarian airt|airts]], [[Muisic o Hungary|muisic]], [[Hungarian leeteratur|leeteratur]], [[Hungary at the Olympics|sports]] an [[Science an technology in Hungary|science an technology]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://mta.hu/english/hungarys-nobel-prize-winners-106018| work=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] | title=Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners, 13 Hungarian win Nobel Prize yet}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.medalspercapita.com/#golds-per-capita:all-time| work=medalspercapita.com| title=Population per Gold Medal. Hungary has the second highest gold medal per capita in the world. All together it has 175 gold medal until 2016.| access-date=2018-08-01| archive-date=2017-07-30| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730144712/http://www.medalspercapita.com/#golds-per-capita:all-time| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='Britannic.'>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276684/Hungarian-literature ''Hungarian literature – ”Popular poetry is the only real poetry was the opinion of Sándor Petőfi, one of the greatest Hungarian poets, whose best poems rank among the masterpieces of world literature.”''], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2012 edition</ref><ref>Szalipszki, pg.12<br />Refers tae the kintra as "widely considered" tae be a "home of music".</ref> Hungary is the [[Warld Tourism rankins|11t maist popular]] kintra as a [[Tourism in Hungary|tourist destination]] in Europe, attractin 15.8 million internaitional tourists in 2017.<ref name="WTO Tourism Highlights 2016 Edition">{{cite book|title=World Tourism Organization (2018), UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2018 Edition, UNWTO, Madrid|last=|first=|publisher=|year=2018|isbn=|location=|pages=|doi=10.18111/9789284419876}}</ref> It is hame tae the lairgest [[Het spring|thermal watter]] cave seestem an the [[Loch Hévíz|seicont lairgest thermal loch]] in the warld, the [[Loch Balaton|lairgest loch in Central Europe]] an the [[Hortobágy Naitional Pairk|lairgest naitural gresslands in Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/11/18/europe/OUKWD-UK-HUNGARY-CAVE.php |title=Search – Global Edition – The New York Times |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=20 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Balaton |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011913/Lake-Balaton |accessdate=2008-03-20 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Hungary| ]] [[Category:Central European kintras]] [[Category:Laundlocked kintras]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] {{Stub/Europe}} g0twgq862004sp7j131tkxomati6zjc 0 4950 923351 918201 2026-09-26T00:33:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic o Azerbaijan | common_name =Azerbaijan | native_name = {{native name|az|Azərbaycan Respublikası}} | image_flag = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Azerbaijan.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = <!-- The Republic of Azerbaijan has no official, constitutionally fixed motto --> | national_anthem = {{vunblist |''[[Azərbaycan marşı]]'' |{{small|"Mairch o Azerbaijan"}}|<center>[[File:Azerbaijan national anthem (vocal version).ogg]]</center>}} | image_map = Azerbaijan (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Location o Azerbaijan (green) | capital = [[Baku]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|25|N|49|50|E|type:city}} | official_languages= [[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]] |languages_type = Ethnic minority leids |languages = [[Avar leid|Avar]], [[Budukh leid|Budukh]], [[Georgie leid|Georgie]], [[Juhuri leid|Juhuri]], [[Khinalug leid|Khinalug]], [[Kryts leid|Kryts]], [[Lezgian leid|Lezgian]], [[Roushie leid|Roushie]], [[Rutul leid|Rutul]], [[Tat leid (Caucasus)|Tat]], [[Tatar leid|Tatar]], [[Tsakhur leid|Tsakhur]] an [[Udi leid|Udi]] | demonym = Azerbaijani | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-pairty seestem|dominant-pairty]]}} {{nowrap|[[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Azerbaijan|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Ilham Aliyev]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o Azerbaijan|Vice Preses]] | leader_name2 = [[Mehriban Aliyeva]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Azerbaijan|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name3 = [[Ali Asadov]] | legislature = [[Naitional Assembly o Azerbaijan|Naitional Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History o Azerbaijan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Democratic Republic]] | established_date1 = 28 Mey 1918 | established_event2 = [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Socialist Republic]] | established_date2 = 28 Aprile 1920 | established_event3 = Independence from [[Soviet Union]] | established_date3 = 30 August 1991 (declared)<br />18 October 1991 (unthirldom)<br />25 December 1991 (completit) | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution o Azerbaijan|Constitution]] adopted}} | established_date4 = 12 November 1995 | area_km2 = 86600 | area_rank = 112t | area_sq_mi = 33436 <!--Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.6 | population_estimate = 9,754,830<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azadliq.az/xeber/20667/azerbaycan-ehalisinin-sayi-aciqlanib-statistika/Azərbaycanda |title=Azərbaycanda Əhalinin Sayı Açıqlandı |trans-title=Population of Azerbaijan Announced |language=Azerbaijani |date=15 December 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_estimate_rank = 89t | population_density_km2 = 112.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 291.7 <!--Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 103rd | GDP_PPP = $167.905&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"> {{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=90&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=912&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Azerbaijan |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2016 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17,688<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $35.686 &nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2016 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,759<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 33.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2008 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.751 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html |title=Human Development Index, 2012 Update |year=2011 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121093046/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html |archivedate=21 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 76th | currency = [[Azerbaijani manat|Manat]] (₼) | currency_code = AZN | time_zone = [[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]] ([[UTC+04]]) | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = [[Richt- an left-haund traffic|richt]] | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Azerbaijan|+994]] | cctld = [[.az]] }} '''Azerbaijan''' ([[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]: ''Azərbaycan''), offeecially the '''Republic o Azerbaijan''' ([[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]: ''Azərbaycan Respublikası'') is the lairgest kintra in the [[Sooth Caucasus]] region o [[Eurasie]]. Locatit at the crossroads o [[Eastren Europe]] an [[Soothwast Asie|Wastren Asie]],<ref>Azerbaijan mey be considered tae be in [[Asie]] an/or [[Europe]]. The [[Unitit Naitions|UN]] [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm classification o warld regions] places Azerbaijan in [[Wastern Asie]]; the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[CIA World Factbook|World Factbook]] [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html CIA.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html |date=2009-06-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html |date=2009-06-10 }}, [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=azerba&Mode=d&SubMode=w NationalGeographic.com], an ''[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46781/Azerbaijan Encyclopædia Britannica]'' an' a' place Georgie in Asie. Conversely, numerous sources place Azerbaijan in Europe such as the [[BBC]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1235976.stm NEWS.bbc.co.uk], ''Oxford Reference Online'' [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t186.e21064&srn=1&ssid=416740626#FIRSTHIT OxfordReference.com], ''[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Azerbaijan Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]'', and [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm www.worldatlas.com].</ref> it is boondit bi the [[Caspian Sea]] tae the east, [[Roushie]] tae the north, [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] tae the northwast, [[Armenie]] tae the wast, an [[Iran]] tae the sooth. The [[exclave]] o [[Nakhchivan]] is boondit bi Armenie tae the north an east, Iran tae the sooth an wast, while haein a short borderline wi [[Turkey]] tae the northwast. The enclaves o [[Karki, Azerbaijan|Karki]], [[Yuxarı Əskipara]], [[Barxudarlı]] an [[Sofulu, Qazakh|Sofulu]] are surroondit bi Armenie an hae been controlled bi it syne the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]]. The majority-Armenian populatit [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] region in the southwest o Azerbaijan declared itself independent frae Azerbaijan in 1991, but it is [[Leet o unrecognized kintras|no diplomatically recognised]] bi ony naition an is still considered a ''[[de jure]]'' pairt o Azerbaijan, bein occupied bi Armenian forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res822.htm |title=Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2011-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185041/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res822.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res853.htm |title=Резолюция СБ ООН № 853 от 29 июля 1993 года |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2012-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121075610/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res853.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res874.htm |title=Резолюция СБ ООН № 874 14 октября 1993 года |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2011-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185045/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res874.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res884.htm |title=Резолюция СБ ООН № 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2011-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185053/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res884.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] wis the first successfu attempt tae establish a [[democratic]] an [[secular]] [[republic]] in the [[Muslim warld]].<ref>Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. [[Columbia University Press]], 1995. ISBN 0-231-07068-3, 9780231070683, p.69.</ref><ref>Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN 1-86064-822-3, 9781860648229.{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Nouadays Azerbaijan, a naition wi a majority [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]]<ref name="fco">{{Cite web | author= | title=Country Profile: Azerbaijan | url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/azerbaijan | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410023630/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/azerbaijan | work= | publisher=British Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) | archivedate=2008-04-10 | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-07-07 | url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/azerbaijan |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410023630/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/azerbaijan |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="cia">{{Cite web | author= | title=Azerbaijan | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html | work=World Factbook | publisher=CIA | archivedate=2009-06-10 | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-06-04 | url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html |date=2009-06-10 }}</ref> an [[Shia Islam|Shi‘ite Muslim]]<ref name="usdos">{{Cite web| author= | title=Azerbaijan | url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2909.htm | archiveurl= | work=Background Note | publisher=U.S. Department of State | archivedate= | year=2009 | accessdate= 2009-06-04}}</ref> population, is a [[secularism|secular]] an a [[unitarism|unitary]] [[republic]] wi an auncient an historic [[Azerbaijani cultur|cultural heritage]]. Azerbaijan haes diplomatic relations wi 158 kinrtas sae far an haulds membership in 38 internaitional organisations.<ref name="FCO">{{Cite web| last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = AUK Foreign Office – Country Profiles: Azerbaijan| work = | publisher = FCO.gov.uk| date = | url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019233781986| format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-05-26| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030731063022/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019233781986| archivedate = 2003-07-31| url-status = live}}</ref> Azerbaijan is ane o the foondin members o [[GUAM Organization for Democracy an Economic Development|GUAM]] an the [[Organisation for the Prohibition o Chemical Weapons]], an jynt the [[Commonwealth o Independent States]] in September 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/erc/economics/trade_reports/1993/Azerbaijan.html|title=US State Department 1993 Country Reports on Economic Practice and Trade Reports: Azerbaijan|access-date=2010-11-23|archive-date=2010-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710184153/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/economics/trade_reports/1993/Azerbaijan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 Mey 2006 Azerbaijan wis electit tae membership in the newly established [[Human Richts Council]] bi the [[Unitit Naitions General Assembly]]. The term o office began on 19 Juin 2006.<ref name="Un.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/ga/60/elect/hrc/ |title=Elections & Appointments – Human Rights Council |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2009-01-03}}</ref> A Special Envoy o the [[European Commission]] is present in the kintra, which is an' a' a member o the [[Unitit Naitions]], the [[Organization for Security an Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], the [[Council o Europe]], an the [[NATO]] [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP) program. The kintra an aa haulds observer status in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] an [[Warld Tred Organisation]] an is a correspondent at the [[Internaitional Telecommunication Union]].<ref name="FCO"/> == Etymology o the name == {{Main|History o the name Azerbaijan}} [[File:Azərbaycan Rayonları.png|thumb|left|Territorial organization]] [[File:Independent-Turkic-States-Azerbaijan-2010-new.png|thumb|left|250px|Azerbaijan is ane o the sax independent [[Leet o Turkic states an empires|Turkic States]] as o 1991.]] The name o Azerbaijan derives frae ''[[Atropates]]'',<ref>Minorsky, V.; Minorsky, V. "Ādharbaydjān (Azarbāydjān )." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P.Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. [http://www.encislam.brill.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0016 EncIslam.brill.nl]{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref>Encyclopedia Iranica, "Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History", K. Shippmann.</ref> a [[Persian fowk|Persian]]<ref>''Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States'' by James Minahan, published in 2000, page 20</ref><ref name="Lendering">{{Cite web|last=Lendering|first=Jona|url=http://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm|title=Atropates (Biography)|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=2007-12-10|archive-date=2007-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029173948/http://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Chamoux, Francois. ''Hellenistic Civilization''. Blackwell Publishing, published 2003, page 26</ref><ref>Bosworth, A.B., and Baynham, E.J. ''Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction''. Oxford, published 2002, page 92</ref><ref>Encyclopedia Iranica, "Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History", K. Shippmann </ref> [[satrap]] unner the [[Achaemenid Empire]], that wis later reinstatit as the satrap o [[Medes|Media]] unner [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Chaumont">{{Cite book|last=Chaumont|first=M. L.|chapter=Atropates|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=3.1|year=1989|location=London|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|chapter-url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a020.html|access-date=2010-11-23|archive-date=2007-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015212953/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a020.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dictionary">''Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan'' by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. The Scarecrow Press, Inc., Lanham, Maryland (1999), ISBN 0-8108-3550-9. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</ref> The oreeginal etymology o this name is thocht tae hae its roots in the auncient Iranian releegion o [[Zoroastrianism]]. In the [[Avesta]], Frawardin [[Yasht]] ("Hymn tae the Guardian Angels"), thare is a mention o ''âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide'', which literally translates frae [[Avestan leid|Avestan]] as ''"we worship the [[Fravashi]] o the holy Atare-pata"''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avesta.org/ka/yt13sbe.htm|title=Frawardin Yasht ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels") – translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East, American Edition, 1898)}}</ref> [[Atropates]] ruled ower the region o [[Atropatene]] (present-day [[Iranian Azerbaijan]]). The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration o an Auld-Iranian, probably Median, compoondit name wi the meanin "Protectit bi the (Holy) Fire". The Greek name is mentioned bi [[Diodorus Siculus]] an [[Strabo]], an it is continued as ''ādurbādagān'' in the [[Middle Persian]] geographical text Shahrestānihā i Erānshahr.<ref>ed. Touraj Daryaee, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa 2002.</ref> The wird is translatable as baith "the treasury" an "the treasurer" o fire in [[Persian leid|Modren Persian]]. {{clear}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Azerbaijan| ]] [[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]] [[Category:Eastren European kintras]] [[Category:Bicontinental kintras]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Landlocked kintras]] [[Category:Turkic kintras]] [[Category:Caucasus]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1991]] h0rxpmgbd7i1hjtsz1jc5gaki2gk7pu 0 4967 923440 891005 2026-09-26T05:00:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Republic o Kazakhstan}} |common_name = Kazakhstan |native_name = {{unbulleted list |{{native name|kk|{{lower|0.2em|Қазақстан Республикасы&nbsp;}}|italics=off}}<br/>''{{small|Qazaqstan Respublikasy}}'' |{{native name|ru|{{lower|0.2em|Республика Казахстан&nbsp;}}|italics=off}}<br/>''{{small|Respublika Kazakhstan}}'' }} |image_flag = Flag of Kazakhstan.svg |image_coat = Emblem of Kazakhstan latin.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |national_motto = |national_anthem = [[Meniñ Qazaqstanım|Менің Қазақстаным]]<br/>{{transl|kk|Mening Qazaqstanym}}<br />{{small|''My Kazakhstan''}}<br/><center>[[File:Kazakhstan 2006.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}} |capital = [[Noursoultan]] |coordinates = {{Coord|51|10|N|71|26|E|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Almaty]] |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kazakh leid|Kazakh]] {{small|(offeecial state leid)}} |[[Roushie leid|Roushie]]{{small| (uisin as offeecial)<ref>[http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K950001000_ "Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"]. zan.kz.</ref>}}}} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 66.48% [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] | 20.61% [[Roushie fowk|Roushie]] | 12.91% ithers }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2016.<ref name="KZ2016">{{cite web |url=http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT118979 |title=Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2016 года |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24 |archive-date=2017-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014084023/http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT118979 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |demonym = Kazakh<ref name="CIA">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html Kazakhstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html |date=2018-12-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010136/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html%20 |date=2018-12-26 }}. ''CIA World Factbook''.</ref> |government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Dominant-pairty seestem|dominant-pairty]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Kazakhstan|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] (Қасым-Жомарт Тоқаев) |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Kazakhstan|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Oljas Bektenov]] (Олжас Бектенов) |legislature = [[Pairlament o Kazakhstan|Parliament]] |upper_house = [[Senate o Kazakhstan|Senate]] |lower_house = ''[[Mazhilis]]'' |sovereignty_type = [[History o Kazakhstan|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Kazakh Khanate]] |established_date1 = 1456 |established_event2 = [[Alash Autonomy]] |established_date2 = 13 December 1917 |established_event3 = [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)|Kirghiz ASSR]] |established_date3 = 26 August 1920 |established_event4 = [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazak ASSR]] |established_date4 = {{nowrap|19 June 1925}} |established_event5 = [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]] |established_date5 = 5 December 1936 |established_event6 = Declared Sovereignty |established_date6 = 25 October 1990 |established_event7 = Reconstitutit as the Republic o Kazakhstan |established_date7 = 10 December 1991 |established_event8 = Declared Unthirldom frae the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] |established_date8 = 16 December 1991 |established_event9 = [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|Recognized]] |established_date9 = {{nowrap|26 December 1991}} |established_event10 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution o Kazakhstan|Current Constitution]]}} |established_date10 = 30 August 1995 |area_km2 = 2,724,900 |area_rank = 9t |area_sq_mi = 1,052,085 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 1.7 |population_estimate = 18,050,488<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Kazakhstan|title=countrymeters|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 8 January 2017 |population_estimate_rank = 64t |population_density_km2 = 6.49 |population_density_sq_mi = 16.82 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 227t |GDP_PPP = $460 billion<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=12&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=916&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Kazakhstan |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2016 |GDP_PPP_rank = 42nt |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25,669<ref name=IMF/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd |GDP_nominal = $225.619 billion<ref name=IMF/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_rank = 50t |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,950<ref name=IMF/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54t |Gini = 26.4 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 21 November 2015}}</ref> |HDI = 0.788 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |year=2015 |accessdate=14 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 56th |currency = [[Kazakhstani tenge|Tenge]] (₸) |currency_code = KZT |time_zone = [[Time in Kazakhstan|West{{\}}East]] |utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]] |utc_offset_DST = |time_zone_DST = |drives_on = right |calling_code = +7-6xx, +7-7xx |cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.kz]] |[[.қаз]]}} |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |country_code = KAZ }} '''Kazakhstan''', alsae spellt '''Kazakstan''' or '''Khazakhstan''' ([[Kazakh leid|Kazakh]]: ''Қазақстан'', ''Qazaqstan''. [[Roushie leid|Roushie]]: ''Казахстан'', ''Kazakhstán''), kent offeecially as the '''Republic o Kazakhstan''' is a kintra that raxes ower a muckle amoont o laund in Northren an Central [[Eurasie]]. An wee bit o the kintra, Wast o the [[Ural River]] is pairt o Eastren [[Europe]]. It haes laund mairches wi [[Roushie]], [[Cheenae]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] an [[Turkmenistan]]. It wis ance ane o the republics o the umwhile [[Soviet Union]] but is nou pairt o the Commonwalth o Independent States. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Turkic-speakin regions}} [[Category:Kazakhstan| ]] [[Category:Central Asie kintras]] [[Category:Turkic kintras]] [[Category:Eurasie]] [[Category:Eurasian steppe]] [[Category:Landlocked kintras]] [[Category:Roushie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1991]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] enee6ab1rausim8f5uldztff9ok3foo 0 5721 923489 918406 2026-09-26T07:22:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923489 wikitext text/x-wiki <div align="right">{{Infobox OS|name=OpenBSD|source model=Open soorce|ui=Modified pdksh, X11 (FVWM)|userland=[[BSD]]|kernel type=Monolithic|supported platforms=<nowiki>Alpha, x86-64, ARMv7, ARMv8 (64-bit), PA-RISC, IA-32, LANDISK]], Omron LUNA-88K, Loongson, MIPS64, PowerPC, SPARC64</nowiki><ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/plat.html "OpenBSD Supported Platforms"]. OpenBSD Foundation. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref>|package manager=OpenBSD package tools<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html#PkgMgmt "Package Management"]. OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions. Gotten 21 September 2020.</ref>|programmed in=C, assembly, Perl, Unix shell|released={{Start date and age|df=yes|1996|10|01}}|working state=Current|logo=OpenBSD Logo - Cartoon Puffy with textual logo below.svg|family=Unix-like|developer=The OpenBSD Project|collapsible=|caption=OpenBSD 6.1 defaut desktap wi a curn utilities: top, xterm, xclock, xcalc, glxgears|screenshot=Openbsd61 desktop.png|logo alt=Puffy, the pufferfish mascot o OpenBSD posin in the offiecial logo.|logo size=200px|logo caption=''Free, Functional, and Secure''|license=BSD, ISC, ither permissive licenses<ref name=":10">[http://www.openbsd.org/policy.html "Copyright Policy"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref>}}</div> '''OpenBSD''' is a free [[Operatin seestem|operatin system]], that pits its emphasis on securitie. The [[Open soorce|source code is open]]. It's nae muckle different fae UNIX o the [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] varietie (Berkeley Software Distribution). It wis Theo de Raadt that stairtit OpenBSD in 1995, wi a forkin o the code fae NetBSD. De Raadt's threap is that OpenBSD is an operatin system meant for research an for giein computers better securitie.<ref name=":0">[https://www.openbsd.org/papers/hackfest2015-pledge/mgp00002.html "Pledge() - A New Mitigation Mechanism"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> The OpenBSD project keeps, an uphauds, portable versions o a wheen o its ain subsystems as packages that ither operatin systems can tak an uise. Wi the emphasis it pits on haein guid-quality code, a lot o OpenBSD's components is uised ower agane in ither saftware projects. [[Android (operatin seestem)|Android]] uises a lot fae OpenBSD's staundart C library.<ref>[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20140506132000 "Android's C Library Has 173 Files of Unchanged OpenBSD Code"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> LLVM uises OpenBSD's regular expression library,<ref>[http://releases.llvm.org/7.0.0/LICENSE.TXT "LLVM Release License"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> an Windows 10 uises OpenSSH (kent forby as OpenBSD Secure Shell) wi LibreSSL.<ref>[https://twitter.com/nocentino/status/996843655112613888 "OpenSSH for Windows"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> The wird "open" in the name OpenBSD means that its source code can be gotten fae the [[Internet]], tho the wird "open" in the name OpenSSH means "OpenBSD". Forby, "open" means that OpenBSD can rin on a heest o different types o [[computer]].<ref>Grimes, Roger A. (29 December 2006). [http://www.infoworld.com/article/2659465/security/new-year-s-resolution-no--1--get-openbsd.html "New year's resolution No. 1: Get OpenBSD"]. ''[[InfoWorld]]''.</ref> == History == [[File:Bsd_distributions_usage.svg|thumb|Baur chart shawin the proportion o uisers o ilka kynd o [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] frae a 2005 BSD survey o uiss.<ref name=":1">[http://www.bsdcertification.org/downloads/pr-20051031-usage-survey-en-en.pdf BSD Usage Survey] (PDF) (Report). The BSD Certification Group. 31 October 2005. p. 9. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref>{{Refn|Mair nor the ae walin wis alloued sin a uiser micht uise mair nor the ae BSD variant at the ae time.|group=n|name=survey_nuance}} Ilka partiecipant wis alloued tae chyse mair nor ane o the BSD kynds]] In December 1994, Theo de Raadt wis gart resign fae the NetBSD core team. His access tae the program code wis taen awa fae him. Ither team members claimed it was aw aboot fowk on the mailin lists fawin oot wi ane anither.<ref>Glass, Adam (23 December 1994). [http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-users/1994/12/23/0000.html "Theo De Raadt"]. ''netbsd-users'' (Mailin list).</ref> In October 1995, De Raadt foondit OpenBSD, a new project fork't fae NetBSD 1.0. The first release, OpenBSD 1.2, wis in July 1996, follaed by OpenBSD 2.0 in the October o thon same year.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (18 October 1996). [http://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/ftp/releases/OpenBSD-2.0 "The OpenBSD 2.0 release"]. ''openbsd-announce'' (Mailin list).</ref> Sinsyne, the project his pitten oot a release ilka six months. Thay support ilkane o thaim for ae year. On 25 July 2007, OpenBSD developer Bob Beck annunce't the foondin o the OpenBSD Foundation in Canada. This wis a nae-profits organisation wi the ettle o bein "a single pynt o contact for fowk an organisations, needin a legal entitie that thay cud deal wi whan thay wir wantin tae support OpenBSD".<ref>[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20070726015128 "Announcing – The OpenBSD Foundation"]. [[OpenBSD Journal|''OpenBSD Journal'']]. 26 Julie 2007.</ref> It's haurd tae ken jist hou widely OpenBSD gets uised, seein as the developers disna gaither or publish statistics aboot this. In September 2005, the BSD Certification Group surveyed BSD uisers. Thay fand that 33% o thaim uised OpenBSD,<ref name=":1" /> ahint FreeBSD wi its 77% an aheid o NetBSD wi jist 16%.{{Refn|Mair nor the ae walin wis alloued sin a uiser micht uise mair nor the ae BSD variant at the ae time.|group=n|name=survey_nuance}} == Uisses == [[File:OpenBSD_5.3_Startup.png|thumb|OpenBSD stairtup in console mode]] [[File:OpenBSD_5.3_Welcome.png|thumb|OpenBSD console login and walcome message]] === Netwark appliances === Ae thing that OpenBSD staunds oot for is its strang, sturdy netwarkin stack. It can be uised as a router<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/pf/example1.html "OpenBSD PF - Building a Router"]. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> or a wireless access pynt.<ref>[https://ctors.net/2013/12/30/openbsd_wireless_access_point "Building an OpenBSD wireless access point"]. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> OpenBSD's better securitie, its ain inbiggit cryptographie, an its packet filter maks it a guid chyce for firewaws,<ref name=":2">McIntire, Tim (8 August 2006). [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-openbsd.html "Take a closer look at OpenBSD"]. ''[[Developerworks]]''. [[IBM]]. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> intrusion detection, VPN gateweys, an ither purposes whaur securitie is important. A wheen o proprietarie systems is biggit on OpenBSD, amang thaim anes fae Armorlogic (Profense web application firewaw),<ref>[http://www.armorlogic.com/ Armorlogic ApS's hamepage].</ref> Calyptix Security,<ref>[http://www.calyptix.com/products/models/ae800/ "AccessEnforcer Model AE800"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202054857/https://www.calyptix.com/products/models/ae800/ |date=2020-12-02 }}. ''Calyptix Security''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> GeNUA<ref>[https://www.genua.de/en/products/high-resistance-firewall-genugate.html "High Resistance Firewall genugate"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919032649/https://www.genua.de/en/products/high-resistance-firewall-genugate.html |date=2020-09-19 }}. ''GeNUA''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> and .vantronix.<ref>[http://www.vantronix.com/ .vantronix GmbH's hamepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101215138/http://www.vantronix.com/ |date=2012-01-01 }}. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> === Foreign operatin systems === A curn versions o Microsoft's Services for UNIX, a biggin oot o the Windows operatin system tae gie functionalitie sib tae UNIX, uises a lot o OpenBSD code that comes wi the Interix interoperability suite develop't by Softway Systems Inc,<ref>Dohnert, Roberto J. (21 Januar 2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211164430/http://www.osnews.com/story/5751 "Review of Windows Services for UNIX 3.5"], OSNews, David Adams, archived frae [http://www.osnews.com/story/5751 the orieginal ane] on the 11 Februar 2008</ref><ref>Reiter, Brian (26 Januar 2010). [https://brianreiter.org/2010/01/26/wontfix-select2-in-sua-5-2-ignores-timeout/ "WONTFIX: select(2) in SUA 5.2 ignores timeout"]. brianreiter.org.</ref> that Microsoft bocht in 1999.<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/sept99/softwaypr.aspx "Microsoft Acquires Softway Systems To Strengthen Future Customer Interoperability Solutions"], ''Microsoft News Center'', [[Microsoft]], 17 September 1999</ref><ref>[https://www.milltech.com/about "Milltech Consulting Inc"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918125111/https://www.milltech.com/about |date=2020-09-18 }} 2019.</ref> Core Force, a securitie product for Windows, is foondit on OpenBSD's firewaw.<ref>[http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/index.php?module=Wiki&action=view&type=project&name=Core_Force "Core Force"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128042152/http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/index.php?module=Wiki&action=view&type=project&name=Core_Force |date=2011-11-28 }}, ''Core Labs'', gotten 18 September 2020, "CORE FORCE provides inbound and outbound stateful packet filtering for TCP/IP protocols using a Windows port of OpenBSD's PF firewall, granular file system and registry access control and programs' integrity validation."</ref> === Personal computers === OpenBSD comes ready wi Xenocara,<ref>[https://xenocara.org/ "About Xenocara"]. ''Xenocara''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> a implementation o the X Window System. It can be uised as a desktap operatin system for personal computers, laptaps an aw.<ref>Tzanidakis, Manolis (21 Apryle 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505103419/http://archive09.linux.com/articles/52930 "Using OpenBSD on the desktop"]. ''[[Linux.com]]''. Archived frae [http://archive09.linux.com/articles/52930 the orieginal ane] on the 5 Mey 2012. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref><ref name=":3">Lucas, Michael W. (Apryle 2013). [https://www.nostarch.com/obenbsd2e ''Absolute OpenBSD: Unix for the Practical Paranoid''] (2nt ed.). San Francisco, California: [[No Starch Press]]. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-476-4|978-1-59327-476-4]].</ref> As o September 2018, OpenBSD hauds aboot 8000 packages in its saftware repositorie,<ref>[http://openports.se/statistics.php "OpenPorts.se Statistics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928185241/https://openports.se/statistics.php |date=2020-09-28 }}. ''OpenPorts.se''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> amang thaim environments the like o GNOME, Plasma 4, an Xfce, an wab browsers the likes o [[Firefox]] and Chromium.<ref name=":4">[https://www.openbsd.org/59.html "OpenBSD 6.0"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> === Servers === OpenBSD his a full server suite. It can be setten up tae be a mail server, wab server, FTP server, DNS server, router, firewa, NFS file server, or onie o thae things thegither. == Securitie == Nae lang efter the wark stairtit on OpenBSD, De Raadt heard fae a local security saftware company named Secure Networks (ane that McAfee bocht later).<ref>The Age. ''[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/07/1097089476287.html "Staying on the cutting edge"],'' October 8 2004. ''[[The Age]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>Laird, Cameron; Staplin, George Peter (17 Julie 2003). [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2003/07/17/openbsd_core_team.html "The Essence of OpenBSD"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022004013/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2003/07/17/openbsd_core_team.html|date=2017-10-22}}. ''[[ONLamp]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Thay wir wirkin on a netwark security audit tool cried Ballista,{{refn|Later renamed tae Cybercop Scanner efter SNI wis bocht by [[McAfee|Network Associates]].|name=ballista|group=n}} that its aim wis tae find, an tak a len o, flaws in saftware security. This fittit weel wi De Raadt's interest in securitie, sae the twa o thaim wirkit thegither, leadin tae the launch o OpenBSD 2.3.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (19 December 2005). [http://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/ftp/releases/OpenBSD-2.3 "2.3 release annuncement"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). "Without [SNI's] support at the right time, this release probably would not have happened."</ref> This jynt wark helpit tae bring securitie tae the fore as the focus o the OpenBSD project.<ref>Wayner, Peter (13 Julie 2000). "18.3 Flames, Fights, and the Birth of OpenBSD". [https://web.archive.org/web/20120122011859/http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/free_for_all.peter_wayner/index.html ''Free For All: How Linux and the Free Software Movement Undercut the High Tech Titans''] (1st ed.). [[HarperBusiness]]. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-06-662050-3|978-0-06-662050-3]]. Archived frae [http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/free_for_all.peter_wayner/index.html the orieginal ane] on the 22 Januar 2012. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> OpenBSD his a wheen o features that thair aim is better security, the likes o: * Secure functions insteid o POSIX functions in the C standart librarie, the likes o <code>strlcat</code> for <code>strcat</code>, an <code>strlcpy</code> for <code>strcpy</code><ref>Miller, Todd C.; De Raadt, Theo (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/usenix99/millert.html ''strlcpy and strlcat - Consistent, Safe, String Copy and Concatenation'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> * Cheenges tae Toolchain, amang thaim a static boonds checker<ref>[http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.0/man1/gcc-local.1 "gcc-local – local modifications to gcc"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001945/http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.0/man1/gcc-local.1 |date=2016-11-04 }}. ''OpenBSD manual pages''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> * Weys o memory protection, tae gaird against forbidden access, the likes o ProPolice an W^X page protection * Strang cryptographie an randomisation<ref>De Raadt, Theo; Hallqvist, Niklas; Grabowski, Artur; Keromytis, Angelos D.; Provos, Niels (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/deraadt.html ''Cryptography in OpenBSD: An Overview'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> * Liemits on system caws an on uise o the file system, tae liemit whit a process can dui wi thaim<ref name=":0" /> Tae lower the risk o a waikness, or wrang settin up, or allouin a process tae hae privilege it shudna hae, a lot o programs his been written or cheenged tae mak uise o privilege separation, privilege revocation an chrooting. Privilege separation is a wey o wirkin, first tried on OpenBSD and inspire't by the principle o "lowest privilege", whaur a program is splitten intae twa or mair pairts: ane o thaim dis the privileged operations an the ither ane, awmaist aye the feck o the code, rins wi nae privilege.<ref>Provos, Niels (9 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120102075206/http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/ssh/privsep.html "Privilege Separated OpenSSH"]. Archived frae [http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/ssh/privsep.html the orieginal ane] on the 2 Januar 2012. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Privilege revocation is gey near the same, an gars a program dui ony operations it needs til wi the privileges it stairts wi, an syne draps thaim. Chrooting means haudin an application tae ae pairt o the file system, baurin it fae areas that micht haud private or system files. Developers sinsyne his applied thon principles tae OpenBSD maks o a wheen common applications, the likes o tcpdump, file, tmux, smtpd, and syslogd.<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/innovations.html "Innovations"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020. "Privilege separation: [...] The concept is now used in many OpenBSD programs, for example [...] etc."</ref> OpenBSD developers played a big pairt in the makkin o OpenSSH (kent forby as OpenBSD Secure Shell). It code is haudit in the same CVS repositories as OpenBSD. OpenBSD Secure Shell is foondit on the auld, first SSH.<ref>[http://www.openssh.com/history.html "Project History and Credits"]. ''[[OpenSSH]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> It first appeared in OpenBSD 2.6, an nou it's by far the widest uised SSH client an server, available on a heest o operatin systems.<ref>[http://www.openssh.com/usage/ "SSH usage profiling"]. ''[[OpenSSH]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> The project his a policy o aye auditin source code for problems. This is wark that developer Marc Espie his said "is nivver finish't ... mair a maiter o a process nor o a kent bug bein huntit." He cairied on tae gie a list o a curn typical steps thay tak ance a bug is fund, amang thaim leukin throu the hail code tree for problems that is the same or gey near the same, "tryin tae wirk oot if the documents is needin cheenged", an leukin intae whether "it's possible tae mak the [[compiler]] warn aboot this partiecular problem."<ref>Biancuzzi, Federico (18 Mairch 2004). [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2004/03/18/marc_espie.html "An Interview with OpenBSD's Marc Espie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504070533/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2004/03/18/marc_espie.html|date=2018-05-04}}. ''[[ONLamp]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> === Security record === The OpenBSD wabsite maks a claim aboot the system's security record, a claim that staunds oot richt awa. Until June 2002, it read: {{Quote|Five year, an nae remote hole in the defaut installation!}} In June 2002, Mark Dowd fae Internet Security Systems telt awbodie aboot a bug in the OpenSSH code, the pairt giein challenge-response authentication.<ref>Internet Security Systems. [http://www.iss.net/threats/advise123.html OpenSSH Remote Challenge Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322081956/http://www.iss.net/threats/advise123.html |date=2016-03-22 }}, June 26, 2002. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> This waikness in OpenBSD's defaut installation alloued a attacker tae get intae the ruit accoont remote-like, an this wis gey serious no jist tae OpenBSD, bit forby tae the wheen o ither operatin systems that wis uisin OpenSSH by then.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141202141151/http://xforce.iss.net/xforce/xfdb/9169 A pairtial list o operatin systems that's affectit.] Archived frae [http://xforce.iss.net/xforce/xfdb/9169 the orieginal ane] on the 2 December 2014. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Oot o this, the slogan on the OpenBSD wabsite hid tae be cheenged til: {{Quote|Ae remote hole in the defaut installation, in near-on 6 year!}} The claim bade the wey it wis ower time, until 13th Mairch, 2007, whan Alfredo Ortega fae Core Security Technologies<ref>[http://www.coresecurity.com/ Core Security Technologies' hamepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013132209/https://blog.coresecurity.com/ |date=2016-10-13 }}.</ref> telt awbodie aboot a remote vulnerability tied tae netwarkin.<ref>Core Security Technologies. [http://www.coresecurity.com/content/open-bsd-advisorie ''OpenBSD's IPv6 mbufs remote kernel buffer overflow''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328112822/http://www.coresecurity.com/content/open-bsd-advisorie |date=2014-03-28 }}. 13 Mairch 2007. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Efter this ane the quote wis cheenged til: {{Quote|Twa remote holes in the defaut installation, in a awfu lang time!}} This statement his been doun-cried, seein as the defaut installation disna hae monie rinnin services, an a lot o uise cases needs ither services an aw.<ref>Brindle, Joshua (30 Mairch 2008), [http://securityblog.org/brindle/2008/03/30/secure-doesnt-mean-anything/ "Secure doesn't mean anything"], ''Security Blog'', Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> As weel, seein as the ports tree hauds [[third-pairtie saftware]] that hisna been auditit, it is easie for uisers tae waiken securitie if thay instaw packages wrang or set thaim up wrang. For aw that, the project threaps that the slogan is meant tae be aboot a defaut installation, an that it is richt by that meisure. Ane o the basic ideas ahint OpenBSD is a drive for systems tae be simple, clean, an secure fae the beginnin. Thare's nae muckle tae the defaut installation, that the project says is tae mak shuir new uisers "disna need tae become securitie experts owernicht".<ref>"[http://www.openbsd.org/security.html Security"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020. "Secure by Default."</ref> This fits wi open-source an code audits bein thocht on as important elements o a securitie system.<ref>Wheeler, David A. (3 Mairch 2003). [http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/open-source-security.html "2.4. Is Open Source Good for Security?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501112323/http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/open-source-security.html |date=2007-05-01 }}. [http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/index.html ''Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208033155/https://dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/index.html |date=2020-12-08 }}. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> === Alleged back door === On 11 December 2010, Gregory Perry, that hid aerlier been a technical consultant for the [[Federal Bureau o Investigation]] (FBI), emailed De Raadt wi a claim that the FBI hid pey'd some OpenBSD ex-developers 10 year afore tae pit "backdoors" intae the OpenBSD Cryptographic Framewark. De Raadt made the email public on 14 December by sendin it on tae the openbsd-tech mailin list an askit for a audit o the IPsec codebase.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (14 December 2010). [https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-tech&m=129236621626462&w=2 "Allegations regarding OpenBSD IPSEC"]. ''openbsd-tech'' (Mailin list). Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>Holwerda, Thom (14 December 2010). [http://www.osnews.com/story/24136/_FBI_Added_Secret_Backdoors_to_OpenBSD_IPSEC_ "FBI Added Secret Backdoors to OpenBSD IPSEC"]. ''[[OSNews]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> De Raadt's answer wis that he hid his douts aboot the report, an he invitit aw the developers tae review the code independent-like. In the weeks that follaed, bugs wis fix't but naebodie fund onie evidence o backdoors.<ref>Ryan, Paul (23 December 2010). [https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2010/12/openbsd-code-audit-uncovers-bugs-but-no-evidence-of-backdoor.ars "OpenBSD code audit uncovers bugs, but no evidence of backdoor"]. [[Ars Technica|''Ars Technica'']]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> De Raadt threap't "A div believe that NetSec wis likelie contractit tae write backdoors lik it's been alleged. If thay wir written, A dinna believe thay wun the lenth o oor tree. Thay micht hae been deployed as thair ain product."<ref>Mathew J. Schwartz (22 December 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170711004138/http://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-and-threats/openbsd-founder-believes-fbi-built-ipsec-backdoor/d/d-id/1095055 "OpenBSD Founder Believes FBI Built IPsec Backdoor"]. ''InformationWeek: DARKreading''. Archived frae [http://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-and-threats/openbsd-founder-believes-fbi-built-ipsec-backdoor/d/d-id/1095055 the orieginal ane] on the 11 Julie 2017.</ref> === Criticisms === In December 2017, Ilja van Sprundel, director at IOActive, gied a speik at the CCC<ref>Van Sprundel, Ilja (December 2017). [https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-8968-are_all_bsds_created_equally "Are all BSDs created equally? — A survey of BSD kernel vulnerabilities"].</ref> as weel as DEF CON,<ref>Van Sprundel, Ilja (Julie 2017). [https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2025/DEF%20CON%2025%20presentations/DEF%20CON%2025%20-%20Ilja-van-Sprundel-BSD-Kern-Vulns.pdf "Are all BSDs created equally? — A survey of BSD kernel vulnerabilities"] (PDF).</ref> wi the title "Is aw BSDs creatit equal-like?" A survey o BSD kernel waiknesses" whaur he said that, awtho OpenBSD wis the clear winner o the BSDs as meisured by hou secure thay ar, "Bugs is aye easie tae find in thae kernels, even in OpenBSD". Twa year efter, in 2019, a speik wi the name "A systematic evaluation of OpenBSD's mitigations" wis gien at the CCC.<ref>[https://fahrplan.events.ccc.de/congress/2019/Fahrplan/events/10519.html "Lecture: A systematic evaluation of OpenBSD's mitigations"]. December 2019.</ref> It airgued that, while OpenBSD dis hae some wirthwhile mitigations, a guid monie o thaim is "uiseless at best, an foondit on pure luck an superstition", airguin for a mair rational approach in thair design.<ref>[https://isopenbsdsecu.re/ "Is OpenBSD secure?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924083526/https://isopenbsdsecu.re/ |date=2020-09-24 }}. 29 December 2019.</ref> == Haurdware compatibiliie == The different computers an ither devices ye can uise OpenBSD on is gien in a list in the OpenBSD Supported Platforms Notes.<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/plat.html "OpenBSD Supported Platforms"]. OpenBSD Foundation. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Ither arrangements micht wirk an aw, bit they jist hinna been testit or pitten doun in the documents. Thare's a 3rd-pairtie repository o (roch) lists o computers an ither devices, pitten thegither automatic-like.<ref>[https://github.com/bsdhw/Drivers/blob/master/openbsd/openbsd-6.7.list "OpenBSD 6.7: ids of supported devices"]. BSD Hardware Project. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> In 2020, a new project wis stairtit tae gaither information, automatic-like, aboot aw the testit haurdware arrangements.<ref>[https://github.com/bsdhw/Trends/tree/master/Dist/OpenBSD "OpenBSD Hardware Trends"]. BSD Hardware Project. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> == Subprojects == Monie open source projects stairtit as components o OpenBSD. Amang thaim wir: * bioctl, a generic RAID management interface nae muckle different fae ifconfig * CARP, a free (for naething) alternative tae [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]]'s patentit HSRP/VRRP redundancie protocols * cwm, a stackin windae manager * OpenBSD httpd,<ref>[https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/httpd/ "src/usr.sbin/httpd/"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304012243/https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/httpd/ |date=2021-03-04 }}. ''OpenBSD CVSWeb''.</ref><ref>[https://www.freshports.org/www/obhttpd/ "web/obhttpd: OpenBSD http server"]. ''[[Freshports]]''.</ref> a implementation o httpd * hw.sensors, a sensors framewark uised by ower 100 drivers * LibreSSL, a implementation o the [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]] an [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] protocols, forkit fae OpenSSL 1.0.1g<ref>[https://www.libressl.org/ "LibreSSL"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Some subsystems his been brocht inby as pairt o ither BSD operatin systems,<ref>[https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/stable/10/crypto/openssh/README?view=markup "Contents of /stable/10/crypto/openssh/README"]. ''svnweb.freebsd.org''. Gotten 19 September 2020. "This is the port of OpenBSD's excellent OpenSSH to Linux and other Unices."</ref><ref>[http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/README?rev=1.4&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup&only_with_tag=MAIN "src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/README – view – 1.4"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611075741/http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/README?rev=1.4&content-type=text%2Fx-cvsweb-markup&only_with_tag=MAIN |date=2016-06-11 }}. ''NetBSD CVS Repositories''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>[https://gitweb.dragonflybsd.org/dragonfly.git/blob/HEAD:/crypto/openssh/README "dragonfly.git/blob – crypto/openssh/README"]. ''gitweb.dragonflybsd.org''. Gotten 19 September 2020. "This is the port of OpenBSD's excellent OpenSSH to Linux and other Unices."</ref> an a lot o thaim can be gotten as packages tae be uised in ither Unix-like systems.<ref>[https://www.archlinux.org/packages/core/x86_64/openssh/ "Arch Linux – openssh 7.2p2-1 (x86_64)"]. ''[[Arch Linux]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>[https://software.opensuse.org/package/openssh "openssh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610151358/https://software.opensuse.org/package/openssh|date=2016-06-10}}. ''[[OpenSUSE]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>[https://packages.debian.org/jessie/openssh-client "Debian – Details of package openssh-client in jessie"]. ''[[Debian]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> [[Linux]] administrator Carlos Fenollosa said, whan he gaed ower fae Linux tae OpenBSD, that the system is leal tae Unix's philosophie o haein sma an simple tools that wirks thegither weel. "Some base components disna hae the same number o features, deliberate-like. Seein as 99% o the servers disna need tae be swack lik Apache, OpenBSD's httpd wull wirk fine, be mair secure, an likelie faster".<ref name=":5">https://cfenollosa.com/blog/openbsd-from-a-veteran-linux-user-perspective.html</ref> He described the developer community's attitude tae components this wey: "whan the community decides that some module is nae uise for oniething, they jist develop a new ane fae the beginnin. OpenBSD his its ain NTPd, SMTPd and, mair latelie, HTTPd. They wirk jist rare".<ref name=":5" /> The ootcome is that, time an time agane, OpenBSD creates components an syne a wheen o thaim is uised agane in ither systems. OpenBSD rins gey near aw o its staundart daemons inside chroot and privsep securitie structures by defaut, as pairt o haurdenin the base system.<ref name=":5" /> The Calgary Internet Exchange wis foondit in 2012, in pairt sae's tae serve the needs o the OpenBSD project.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (18 June 2013). [http://www.yycix.ca/talks/cuug-2013-06-18/an-internet-exchange-for-Calgary.pdf "An Internet Exchange for Calgary"]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (PDF). Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> == Third-pairtie components == Inside OpenBSD thare's a wheen o third-pairtie components, a lot o thaim wi patches meant jist for OpenBSD,<ref name=":4" /> the likes o X.Org, Clang<ref>[http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.2/man1/clang-local.1 "clang-local – OpenBSD-specific behavior of LLVM/clang"]. ''OpenBSD manual pages''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> (the defaut compiler on a wheen o architectures), GCC,Perl, NSD, Unbound, ncurses, GNU binutils, GDB, an AWK. == Development == [[File:OpenBSD_hackers_at_c2k++_at_MIT.jpg|right|thumb|OpenBSD developers at c2k1 hackathon at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], June 2001]] Development gangs on aw the time, an team management is open an organised intae tiers. Oniebodie wi the richt skills can jyne in, wi the richt tae commit wark gien on merit an wi De Raadt actin as the heid-ane.<ref name=":3" /> Twa official releases is made ilka year, wi the version number raised by 0.1,<ref name=":6">Andrews, Jeremy (2 Mey 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130424125958/http://kerneltrap.org/node/6550 "Interview: Theo de Raadt"]. ''[[KernelTrap]]''. Archived frae [http://kerneltrap.org/node/6550 the orieginal ane] on the 24 Apryle 2013.</ref> and ilkane is supportit for twal months (twa release cycles).<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq5.html#Flavors "OpenBSD's flavors"]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Snapshot releases is pitten oot an aw, aften. Upkeep patches for supportit releases can be pitten on manual-like or by bringin a system up-tae-date against the patch braunch o the CVS repository for that release.<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq10.html#Patches "Applying patches in OpenBSD"]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> On the ither haund, a system administrator can decide tae upgrade fae a snapshot release an syne update the system regular-like fae the current branch o the CVS repository, sae's tae gain access tae new features afore thay'r released. The generic OpenBSD kernel providit by defaut is recommendit as the best ane for end uisers, nae like operatin systems that recommends uisers dui the kernel customisation thaimsels.<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq1.html#OtherUnixes "Migrating to OpenBSD"]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020</ref> Packages ootside the base system is maintained by CVS throu a ports tree, an thay'r the responsibilitie o the individual maintainers, cried "porters". As weel as keepin the current braunch up tae date, porters is leukit-tae tae pit in the richt bug-fixes an upkeep fixes tae braunches o thair package for OpenBSD's supportit releases. On the hail, ports is no gien the same on-gaun auditin as the base system, for want o manpouer. Binary packages is biggit central-like fae the ports tree for ilka architecture. This process is duin for the current version, for ilka supportit release, and for ilka snapshot. Administrators is recommendit tae uise the package mechanism insteid o biggin the package fae the ports tree, unless they need tae make thair ain cheenges tae the source code. OpenBSD's developers meets regular-like at special events cried hackathons,<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/hackathons.html "Hackathons"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> whaur they "sit doun an code", wi the ettle o daein a lot o wark.<ref>[https://www.linux.com/news/interview-theo-de-raadt-openbsd/ "Interview: Theo de Raadt of OpenBSD"]. ''NewsForge''. 28 Mairch 2006. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> In maist new releases, there's a sang.<ref name=":7">[http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html "Release Songs"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> == Open source an open documentation == OpenBSD is kent for its guid quality o documentation. It's seen as the best amang aw the BSD operating systems, tho aw o thaim pits a lot o effort intae correct documentation.<ref>Chisnall, David (20 Januar 2006). [http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=439601&seqNum=3 "BSD: The Other Free UNIX Family"]. ''[[InformIT]]''. frae the orieginal ane on the 14 Mairch 2014.</ref><ref>Smith, Jesse (18 November 2013). [http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20131118#feature "OpenBSD 5.4: Puffy on the Desktop"]. frae the orieginal ane on the 30 Apryle 2014.</ref> Whan OpenBSD wis first stairtit, De Raadt wantit the source code tae be open tae oniebodie tae read. At thon time, it wis uisual that a sma team o developers hid access tae a project's source code.<ref name=":8">Cranor, Chuck D.; De Raadt, Theo (6 June 1999). ''[https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix99/cranor_f.html Opening the Source Repository with Anonymous CVS]''. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Chuck Cranor<ref>Cranor, Chuck D. [http://chuck.cranor.org/ "Chuck Cranor's Home Page"]. Gotten 20 September 2020. "I also hosted and helped create the first Anonymous CVS server on the Internet (the original [http://anoncvs.openbsd.org anoncvs.openbsd.org]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [...]"</ref> an De Raadt thocht this practice "didna fit wi the open source philosophie" an wis jist gettin in the road o potential contributors. Thegither, Cranor and De Raadt set up the first public, nameless CVS server. De Raadt's decision alloued uisers tae "tak a mair steerin role", and set doun the project's commitment tae haein open access.<ref name=":8" /> OpenBSD disna haud closed-source binary drivers in the source tree, an thay dinna haud code that needs a non-disclosure agreement tae be signed aither.<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/goals.html "Project Goals"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020. "Integrate good code from any source with acceptable licenses. [...], NDAs are never acceptable."</ref> Seein as OpenBSD his its hame in Canada, US American export restrictions on cryptography disna haud. This allous the distribution tae mak full uise o modren algorithms for encryption. For example, the swap space is pairtit intae sma sections an ilka section is encryptit wi its ain key, makkin shuir that sensitive data disna leak ower intae a insecure pairt o the system.<ref name=":2" /> OpenBSD randomises the different things that applications dis, makkin it haurder tae foretell whit thay'r gaun tae dae, and that wey thay'r faur haurder tae attack. For example, PIDs is creatit an associate tae processes random-like; the <code>bind</code> system caw uises random port numbers; files is creatit wi random inode numbers; and IP datagrams his random identifiers.<ref>De Raadt, Theo; Hallqvist, Niklas; Grabowski, Artur; Keromytis, Angelos D.; Provos, Niels (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/full_papers/deraadt/deraadt_html/node18.html "Randomness Used Inside the Kernel"]. ''[https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/deraadt.html Cryptography in OpenBSD: An Overview]''. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The OpenBSD policie on openness gaes as faur as haurdware documentation: in the slides for a presentation in December 2006, De Raadt explain't that wi-oot it "developers aften gangs agley writin drivers", an pyntit oot that "the [michtie, A gart it wirk] rush is haurder tae bring aboot, an some developers jist gies up."<ref name=":9">De Raadt, Theo (5 December 2006). [http://www.openbsd.org/papers/opencon06-docs/index.html "Presentation at OpenCON"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> He gaed on tae say that binary drivers fae the vendor is nae acceptable as pairt o OpenBSD, that thay hiv "nae trust o vendors' binaries rinning in oor kernel" an that thare is "nae wey tae fix [thaim] ... whan thay brak."<ref name=":9" /> == Licensin == OpenBSD's [[Saftware license|licence]] policie is a strict ane,<ref name=":10">[http://www.openbsd.org/policy.html "Copyright Policy"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> wi a better likin for the ISC license an ither variants o the BSD licence. The project tries tae haud tae the spirit o the auld Berkeley Unix [[Copyricht|copierichts]]," that alloued a "Unix source distribution wi-oot muckle hindrance."<ref name=":10" /> The widelie uised Apache License an the GNU General Public License is seen as ower strict.<ref>Matzan, Jem (15 June 2005). [https://www.linux.com/news/bsd-cognoscenti-linux "BSD cognoscenti on Linux"]. ''NewsForge''. [[Linux.com]]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> In June 2001, stemmin fae worries aboot Darren Reed's cheenges tae IPFilter's licence wirdin, a systematic license audit o the OpenBSD ports an the source trees wis haudit.<ref>Gasperson, Tina (6 June 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626101129/http://www.linux.com/feature/12774 "OpenBSD and ipfilter still fighting over license disagreement"]. ''[[Linux.com]]''. Archived frae [http://www.linux.com/feature/12774 the orieginal ane] on the 26 June 2008.</ref> Code in mair nor a hunder files throu the hail system wis fund tae be: nae licensed ava; nae licensed clear-like; or in uise against the terms o thair license. Tae mak shuir that aw the licences wis abidden by, thay tried tae mak contact wi aw thaim that hid relevant copyrichts: some pieces o code wis taen oot, an a wheen o thaim wis replace't awthegither. Ither anes, the like o the multicast routin tools <code>mrinfo</code> and <code>map-mbone</code>, wis licensed ower agane sae's that OpenBSD cud cairy on uisin thaim.<ref>[http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/mrinfo.c?rev=1.7&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup "src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/mrinfo.c – view – 1.7"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504132914/http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/mrinfo.c?rev=1.7&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup |date=2020-05-04 }}. ''cvsweb.openbsd.org''. 31 Julie 2001. Gotten 20 September 2020. "New license from Xerox! This code is now FREE! Took a while and a lot of mails, but it is worth it."</ref><ref>[http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/map-mbone/mapper.c?rev=1.5&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup "src/usr.sbin/map-mbone/mapper.c – view – 1.5"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901112450/http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/map-mbone/mapper.c?rev=1.5&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup |date=2018-09-01 }}. ''cvsweb.openbsd.org''. 31 Julie 2001. Gotten 20 September 2020. "New license from Xerox! This code is now FREE! Took a while and a lot of mails, but it is worth it."</ref> Forby, aw saftware that wis the wark o Daniel J. Bernstein wis taen oot. At thon time, Bernstein wis wantin aw cheenges tae his code tae hae his approval afore thay wir sent oot, an OpenBSD developers wis sweirt tae pit time an darg intae daein this.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (24 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160419110701/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2544.html "Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2544.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 Apryle 2016.</ref><ref>Bernstein, Daniel J. (27 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204203539/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2812.html "Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2812.html the orieginal ane] on the 4 Februar 2012.</ref><ref>Espie, Marc (28 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160419080907/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2864.html "Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2864.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 Apryle 2016.</ref> Oot o worries aboot licensin, the OpenBSD team his written saftware ower agane fae the beginnin, or brocht in suitable saftware that hid been written awreadie. For example, OpenBSD developers creatit the PF packet filter efter they cudna accept restrictions that hid been pitten on IPFilter. PF wis first pairt o OpenBSD 3.0,<ref>Hartmeier, Daniel (10 June 2002). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix02/tech/freenix/hartmeier.html ''Design and Performance of the OpenBSD Stateful Packet Filter (pf)'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> an it's pairt o a lot o ither operatin systems nou.<ref>[http://www.reedmedia.net/books/pf-book/ ''The OpenBSD PF Packet Filter Book: PF for NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly and OpenBSD'']. Reed Media Services. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-9790342-0-5|0-9790342-0-5]]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> OpenBSD developers his written thair ain tools, wi the licence open tae oniebodie, tae tak the place o general licensed tools the like o CVS, diff, grep and pkg-config.<ref>[https://slashdot.org/story/52396 "New BSD licensed CVS replacement for OpenBSD"]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref><ref>[https://man.openbsd.org/pkg-config.1 "pkg-config(1)"]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> == Fundin == OpenBSD an its portable components is uised in ither products, tho De Raadt says that nae muckle o the siller fae sellin thae products wins the lenth o OpenBSD. "Mainlie wir siller haes been gotten fae uisers' donations an fae uisers buyin wir CDs. It's easie tae see that wunna be muckle."<ref name=":6" /> For a peiriod o twa year in the aerlie 2000s, the project wis gettin siller frae DARPA, an that "pey'd the salaries o 5 fowk tae wirk ful-time, bocht aboot thertie thoosand dollars in haurdware, and pey'd for 3 hackathons", fae the POSSE project.<ref name=":6" /> In 2006, the OpenBSD project suffer't fae a want o siller.<ref>[http://slashdot.org/story/06/03/21/1555243/openbsd-project-in-financial-danger "OpenBSD Project in Financial Danger"]. ''[[Slashdot]]''. 21 Mairch 2006. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The [[Mozilla Foundation]]<ref>[http://slashdot.org/story/06/04/04/1820228/mozilla-foundation-donates-10k-to-openssh "Mozilla Foundation Donates $10K to OpenSSH"]. ''[[Slashdot]]''. 4 Apryle 2006. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> an GoDaddy<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061111090358/http://www.thehostingnews.com/article2217.html "GoDaddy.com Donates $10K to Open Source Development Project"]. ''The Hosting News''. 19 Apryle 2006. Archived frae [http://www.thehostingnews.com/article2217.html the orieginal ane] on the 11 November 2006.</ref> is twa o the organisations that helpit OpenBSD tae haud gaun. For aw that, De Raadt wis fash't that this wis aw ae-sidit: "A think donations an peyments shoud hae come first fae the saftware sellers, an syne saicont fae the corporate uisers, an third fae uisers by thaimsels. Reallie, it's been awmaist the ither wey roon awthegither, wi a ratio o awmaist 15 dollars tae ane comin fae the wee fowk. Thank ye muckle, wee fowk!"<ref name=":6" /> On 14 January 2014, Bob Beck askit for siller tae pey electritie bills. Gin thay cudna find fundin for the lang term, Beck thocht the OpenBSD project wad hae tae close doun.<ref>Beck, Bob (14 Januar 2014). [https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=138972987203440&w=2 "Request for Funding our Electricity"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The project suin got a donation o twintie thoosand US dollars fae Mircea Popescu, him that wis the Romanian creator o the MPEx bitcoin stock exchange. The donation wis pey'd in [[Bitcoin|bitcoins]].<ref name=":11">Bright, Peter (20 Januar 2014). [https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/openbsd-rescued-from-unpowered-oblivion-by-20k-bitcoin-donation/ "OpenBSD rescued from unpowered oblivion by $20K bitcoin donation"]. [[Ars Technica|''Ars Technica'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The project brocht in US$150,000 fae the appeal,<ref>[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/campaign2014.html "The OpenBSD Foundation 2014 Fundraising Campaign"]. [[OpenBSD Foundation|''OpenBSD Foundation'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> sae's it cud pey its bills an mak siccar its short-term future.<ref name=":11" /> Fae 2014 on, a curn big contributions tae the OpenBSD Foundation his come fae corporations, the likes o Microsoft,<ref>McAllister, Neil (8 Julie 2015). [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/07/08/microsoft_donates_to_openbsd_foundation/ "Microsoft rains cash on OpenBSD Foundation, becomes top 2015 donor"]. ''The Register''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Facebook an Google as weel as the Core Infrastructure Initiative.<ref>[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/contributors.html "Contributors"]. [[OpenBSD Foundation|''OpenBSD Foundation'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Durin the 2016 and 2017 fundraisin campaigns, it wis Smartisan, a Chinese firm, that gied the maist siller tae the project.<ref>[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/contributors.html "OpenBSD Donors"].</ref><ref>[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20170817195416 "Smartisan Makes Another Iridium Donation to the OpenBSD Foundation"]. ''Undeadly''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> == Distribution == Oniebodie can get haud o OpenBSD, an in a wheen o weys: the source can be taen anonymous-like fae CVS,<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/anoncvs.html "Anonymous CVS"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> an binary releases an development snapshots can be dounloadit by FTP, HTTP, and rsync.<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html "Mirrors"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> CD-ROM sets, up tae version 6.0, can be order't online for a smaw fee, thegither wi a curn stickers an a copie o the release's theme sang. Thir things, wi thair airtwark an ither bonuses, his been ane o the project's (no monie) sources o siller. It peys for haurdware, Internet service, an ither costs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111219075939/http://openbsd.org/orders.html "Orders"]. ''OpenBSD''. Archived frae [http://www.openbsd.org/orders.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 December 2011. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Stairtin fae version 6.1, CD-ROM sets is no gien oot onie mair. OpenBSD comes wi its ain package management system sae's that programs that is no pairt o its base operatin system can be instawed an managed easie-like.<ref name=":12">[http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html "Packages and Ports"]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Packages is binarie files that is extractit, managed an taen oot wi the package tools. On OpenBSD, the source o packages is the ports system, a gaitherin thegither o Makefiles an ither infrastructure needit tae create packages. In OpenBSD, the ports an base operatin system is developed an released thegither for ilka version. This means that the ports or packages released wi, for example, 4.6 is no suitable for uisin wi 4.5, an the same the ither wey roond.<ref name=":12" /> === Sangs and airtwark === [[File:Puffyanim.gif|right|thumb|3D-rendered, animatit OpenBSD mascot ''Puffy'']] Tae stairt wi, OpenBSD uised a version (wi a halo) o the BSD daemon mascot drawn by Erick Green, him that wis askit by De Raadt tae draw the logo for the 2.3 and 2.4 versions o OpenBSD. Green planned tae draw a full daemon, heid an body an aw, bit jist the heid wis ready in time for OpenBSD 2.3. The body wi the graip an tail wis ready for OpenBSD 2.4.<ref>[http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/shirts/openbsd.html "OpenBSD"]. ''mckusick.com''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The follaein releases uised ither things, the likes o a police daemon fae Ty Semaka.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (19 Mey 1999). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092721/http://www.monkey.org/openbsd/archive/announce/9905/msg00002.html |date=2014-02-02 }}. ''openbsd-announce'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://www.monkey.org/openbsd/archive/announce/9905/msg00002.html the orieginal ane] on the 14 Mairch 2014. "OpenBSD 2.5 introduces the new Cop daemon image done by cartoonist Ty Semeka."</ref> In the hinner end, thay settle't on a pufferfish cried Puffy.<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/27.html "OpenBSD 2.7"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Fae then on, Puffy his been on OpenBSD promotional material an feature't in release sangs an airtwark. The promotional material o aerlie OpenBSD releases didna hae jist ae theme or design rinnin throu it, bit later the CD-ROMs, release sangs, posters an tee-shirts for ilka release his been produce't wi jist ae style and theme, whilies wi inpit fae Ty Semaka fae the Plaid Tongued Devils.<ref name=":7" /> Thir things his come tae be pairt o OpenBSD's advocacie, wi ilka release pittin ower a moral or political pynt important tae the project, aften by wey o a parodie.<ref>Matzan, Jem (1 December 2006). [http://www.softwareinreview.com/bsd/openbsd_4.0_review.html "OpenBSD 4.0 review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210225707/http://www.softwareinreview.com/bsd/openbsd_4.0_review.html |date=2020-12-10 }}. ''Software in Review''. Gotten 20 September 2020. "Each OpenBSD release has a graphical theme and a song that goes with it. The theme reflects a major concern that the OpenBSD programmers are addressing or bringing to light."</ref> Thare's been themes the likes o ''Puffy the Barbarian'' in OpenBSD 3.3. Pairt o it wis an 80s [[Rock muisic|rock sang]] an parodie o [[Conan the Barbarian]] hintin at open documentation,<ref name=":7" /> ''The Wizard of OS'' in OpenBSD 3.7, tied tae the project's wark on wireless drivers, an ''Hackers of the Lost RAID'', a parodie o Indiana Jones hintin at the new RAID tools in OpenBSD 3.8. == Beuks == Thare's been a wheen o beuks aboot OpenBSD that wis published, includin: * ''[http://www.devguide.net/index.php?q=node/19 The OpenBSD Command-Line Companion, 1st ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815214350/http://www.devguide.net/index.php?q=node%2F19 |date=2019-08-15 }}'' by Jacek Artymiak. ISBN 83-916651-8-6. * ''[http://www.devguide.net/books/openbsdfw-02-ed/ Building Firewalls with OpenBSD and PF: Second Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114123635/http://www.devguide.net/books/openbsdfw-02-ed/ |date=2006-01-14 }}'' by Jacek Artymiak. ISBN 83-916651-1-9. * ''[http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/mfreeopenbsd/ Mastering FreeBSD and OpenBSD Security]'' by Yanek Korff, Paco Hope and Bruce Potter. ISBN 0-596-00626-8. * ''Absolute OpenBSD, Unix for the Practical Paranoid'' by Michael W. Lucas. ISBN 1-886411-99-9. * ''[http://www.aw-bc.com/catalog/academic/product/0,1144,0321193660,00.html Secure Architectures with OpenBSD]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' by Brandon Palmer and Jose Nazario. ISBN 0-321-19366-0. * ''[http://www.reedmedia.net/books/pf-book/ The OpenBSD PF Packet Filter Book: PF for NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly and OpenBSD]'' published by Reed Media Services. ISBN 0-9790342-0-5. * ''[http://www.wiley.com/legacy/compbooks/catalog/35366-3.htm Building Linux and OpenBSD Firewalls]'' by Wes Sonnenreich and Tom Yates. ISBN 0-471-35366-3. == Notes == {{reflist|group=n}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{commonscat|OpenBSD}} * [http://www.openbsd.org/ OpenBSD's homepage] * [http://www.openssh.com/ OpenSSH's homepage] * [http://www.openntpd.org/ OpenNTPD's homepage] * [http://www.openbgpd.org/ OpenBGPD's homepage] * [http://www.opencvs.org/ OpenCVS's homepage] * [http://www.undeadly.org/ OpenBSD journal] * [http://ports.openbsd.nu/ Unofficial OpenBSD ports tracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001170331/http://ports.openbsd.nu/ |date=2006-10-01 }} * [http://mdoc.su/ Short manual page URLs] * [http://ports.su/ OpenBSD ports and packages search] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225001809/http://bxr.su/OpenBSD/ Super User's BSD Cross Reference (OpenGrok), OpenBSD] — source code search [[Category:Computers]] [[Category:BSD]] 5zvtvmgeos4t7vfs4v84d0ch2o42r0y 0 5798 923283 923281 2026-09-25T13:15:33Z CiphriusKane 74958 RV - mess ae incorreck airtins an broken refs/images 923283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|For ither uises, see [[New York (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = New York | official_name = The Ceety o New York | settlement_type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o New York#Ceety|Ceety]] | image_skyline = NYC Montage 2011.jpg | imagesize = 275px | image_caption = Clockwise frae top: [[Midtown Manhattan]], the [[Unitit Naitions Heidquairters]], the [[Statue o Liberty]], the [[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Central Park]], [[Times Square]], an the [[Unisphere]] in [[Queens]] | image_flag = Flag of New York City.svg | image_seal = | nickname = [[Big Apple|The Big Apple]], Gotham, Center o the Universe, The Ceety That Neier Sleeps,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/|title=Why is New York City known as "the Big Apple" and "Gotham?"|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2012-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215214452/http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Caipital o the Warld<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972 |title=Showcase Destinations New York City: Capital of the World |publisher=Mpiweb.org |date=September 22, 1924 |accessdate=2011-06-16 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930082527/http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml|title=About New York City|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407134046/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm|title=FORWARD New York – Capital of the Modern World|author=Eugene J. Sherman|publisher=The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011|accessdate=2011-06-16|archive-date=2008-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002112343/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | image_map = Map of New York Highlighting New York City.svg | map_caption = Location in the state o [[New York]] | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_label = New York | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Unitit States]] | coordinates = {{coord|40|39|51|N|73|56|19|W|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = {{GR|1|dateform=mdy}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[United States]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Leet o kintras|Historic Countries]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]], [[Dutch Republic]] | subdivision_type2 = [[U.S. State|State]] | subdivision_name2 = [[New York]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Colony|Historic Colony]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Colony o New York]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Coonty (Unitit States)|Coonties]] | subdivision_name4 = [[The Bronx|Bronx]], [[Brooklyn|Kings]], [[Manhattan|New York]], [[Queens]], [[Staten Island|Richmond]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1624 | established_title1 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporatit]] | established_date1 = 1898 | government_footnotes = <ref name="MayorsOffice">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0/ |title=Biography |accessdate=2010-01-08 |publisher=New York, City of |author=the Mayor, New York City Office of |date=January 8, 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317115700/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | government_type = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Mayor–Cooncil]] | leader_party = [[Unthirlt (politeecian)|D]] | governing_body = [[New York City Council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor o New York Ceety|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Zohran Mamdani]] | area_footnotes = {{GR|1|dateform=mdy}} | area_total_sq_mi = 468.48 | area_land_sq_mi = 302.64 | area_water_sq_mi = 165.84 | elevation_footnotes = {{GR|3|dateform=mdy}} | elevation_ft = 33 | elevation_m = 10 | population_footnotes = {{GR|2|dateform=mdy}} | population_total = 8336697 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|1st]]) | population_as_of = [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010]] | population_total = 8336697 ([[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|1st]]) | population_as_of = 2012 [[Unitit States Census Bureau|Unitit States Census]] estimates<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-population-growth-in-new-york.html|title=Population Growth in New York City Is Outpacing 2010 Census, 2011 Estimates Show|author=Sam Roberts|publisher=© 2012 The New York Times Company|date=April 5, 2012|accessdate=2012-04-24}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi= 27243.06 | population_metro = 18897109 ([[Table o Unitit States Metropolitan Statistical Auries|1st]]) | population_blank1_title = [[Unitit States combined statistical aurie|CSA]] | population_blank1 = 22085649 ([[Table o Unitit States Combined Statistical Auries|1st]]) | population_demonym = New Yorker | timezone1 = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EST]] | utc_offset1 = -5 | timezone1_DST = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = -4 | postal_code_type = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]] | postal_code = 100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx | area_code = [[Aurie code 212|212]], [[Aurie code 347|347]], [[Aurie code 646|646]], [[Aurie code 718|718]], [[Aurie code 917|917]], [[Aurie code 929|929]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 36-51000 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID | blank1_info = 975772 | website = {{URL|www.nyc.gov}} | footnotes = }}{{Fix Scots|date=September 2026}} '''New York Ceety''' ({{lang-en|New York City|link=no}}) is the maist populous ceety in the [[Unitit States]] an the centre o the [[New York metropolitan aurie]], at is ae o the maist populous metropolitan auries in the warld. New York Ceety haes a significant impact on global commerce, finance, media, cultur, airt, fashion, research, eddication, an entertainment. As host o the Unitit Naitions Heidquarters, it is an aa an important centre for internaitional affairs. The ceety is aften referred tae as '''New York Ceety''' or the '''Ceety o New York''' tae distinguish it frae the [[New York (state)|state o New York]], at it is apairt o. Locatit on a lairge naitural harbour on the Atlantic coast o the Northeastren Unitit States, the ceety consists o five boroughs: The Bronx, [[Brooklyn]], Manhattan, [[Queens]], an [[Staten Island]]. The ceety's 2009 estimatit population approached 8.4 million, an wi a laund aurie o 305 square mile (790 km2), New York Ceety is the maist densely populatit major ceety in the Unitit States. The [[New York metropolitan aurie]]'s population is the USA's mucklest, estimatit at 19.1 million fowk ower 6,720 square mile (17,400 km2). The Combined Statistical Aurie contained 22.2 million fowk as o 2009 Census estimates, an aa the mucklest in the Unitit States. New York wis foondit as a commercial tredin post bi the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] in 1624. The dounset wis cawed New Amsterdam til 1664 whan the colony cam unner [[Kinrick o Ingland|Inglis]] control. Mony destricts an laundmerks in the ceety hae acome weel kent tae ootsiders. The [[Statue o Liberty]] greetit millions o immigrants as thay cam tae Americae in the late 19t an earlie 20t centuries. Times Square, iconifee'd as "The Crossroads o the Warld", is the brichtly illuminatit hub o the Broadway theatre destrict, ane o the warld's busiest pedestrian intersections, an a major centre o the warld's entertainment industry. Anchored bi [[Wall Street]], in Lawer Manhattan, New York vies wi [[Lunnon]] as the financial caipital o the warld an is hame tae the [[New York Stock Exchynge]], the warld's mucklest stock exchynge bi mercat caipitalisation o its leetit companies. The oreeginal Manhattan Chinatown attracts thrangs o tourists tae its bustlin sidewalks an retail establishments. Warld-cless schuils an varsities sic as Columbia Varsity, New York Varsity an Fordham Varsity an aa reside in New York Ceety. == Sister ceeties == New York Ceety haes ten [[toun twinnin|sister ceeties]] recognisit bi Sister Cities International (SCI):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|title=New York City Global Partners|year=2010|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=27 January 2010|archive-date=2008-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521052322/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:white" width=70% |- style="color:white;" ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width: 4%"| Airms ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width:10%;"| Ceety ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width:24%;"| Geographical location ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width:22%;"| Naition ! ! style="background:#659ec7; width: 5%;"| Syne |- |! !| [[File:Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|25px|]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Tokyo]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Kantō region]] ([[Honshū]] island) |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Japan|size=30px}} |! !| 1960 |- |! !| &nbsp; |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Beijing]]''' |! !| &nbsp; |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Cheenae|size=30px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=2009-06-23|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |! !| 1980 |- |! !| &nbsp; |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Cairo]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Cairo Govrenorate]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Egyp|size=30px}} |! !| 1982 |- |! !| [[File:Escudo de Madrid.svg|25px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Madrid]]''' |! ! align=left| [[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|30px]] [[Community o Madrid]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Spain|size=30px}} <ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web| title = Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas|publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid|url = http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD}}</ref> |! !| 1982 |- |! !| [[File:Escudo de Santo Domingo de Guzmán.svg|30px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Santo Domingo]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Distrito Nacional|Naitional Destrict]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Dominican Republic|size=30px}} |! !|1983 |- |! !| [[File:Coa Hungary Town Budapest big.svg|50px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Budapest]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Central Hungary]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Hungary|size=30px}} |! !| 1992 |- |! !| |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Roum]]''' |! ! align=left| [[File:Lazio Flag.svg|30px]] [[Lazio]] ([[Latium]]) |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Italy|size=30px}} |! !| 1992 |- |! !| [[File:Emblem_of_Jerusalem.svg|25px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Jerusalem]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Jerusalem Destrict]] |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Israel|size=30px}} |! !| 1993 |- |! !| [[File:Arms of the Greater London Council.svg|22px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Lunnon]]''' |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Ingland|size=30px}} |! ! align=left| {{Flagcountry|UK|size=30px}} |! !| 2001 |- |! !| [[File:Coat of Arms of Johannesburg.svg|45px]] |! ! bgcolor=lemonchiffon| '''[[Johannesburg]]''' |! ! align=left| [[Gauteng]]<ref>It occupies pairt o the umwhile province o [[Transvaal]].</ref> |! ! align=left| {{Flag|Sooth Africae|size=30px}} |! !| 2003 |} Lik New York Ceety, aw except Beijing are the maist populous ceeties o thair respective kintras.<ref>''[[The Statesman's Yearbook]] 2003'', editit bi Barry Turner, [[Palgrave Macmillan]] ([[Basingstoke]], London and New York), 2002, ISBN 0-333-98096-4</ref> Unlik New York Ceety, aw but Johannesburg serve as ''de facto'' or ''de jure'' naitional poleetical caipitals. New York an her sister ceeties are aw major economic centres, but few o the sister ceeties share New York's status as a major seaport.<ref>"Countries of the World", ''[[Whitaker's Almanack]] 1999'' (Standard Edition), [[The Stationery Office]], Lunnon, 1998, ISBN 0-11-702240-3, pp. 781–785, 907</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} ==See also== * [[New York Ceety draucht riots]] {{Commonscat|New York City}} [[Category:New York Ceety| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in New York]] [[Category:Umwhile caipitals o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]] [[Category:Umwhile Unitit States state caipitals]] [[Category:Govrenment o New York Ceety]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1624]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Hudson River]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Atlantic coast]] [[Category:1624 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]] {{Stub/USA}} {{Stub/Ceety}} iaom63hmfx7m0wie9fkuid86cgtbn9p 0 6031 923557 883822 2026-09-26T09:35:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Týr 01670.JPG|thumb|Terji Skibenæs, Kári Streymoy an Heri Joensen.]] [[File:Týr 01519.JPG|thumb|Gunnar Thomsen.]] '''Týr''' [tʊiːɹ] is a [[fowk metal]] baund frae the [[Faroe Islands]]. They tak their name frae the Norse god [[Týr]], a god o war that wis wirshippit in the langsyne. == History == Týr wis stairtit in Januar 1998 whan Heri Joensen met up wi an auld baundmate o his, Kári Streymoy, at a pairty in [[Colpenhaven]]. Joensen sugeestit tae Streymoy that they shoud tryst for tae jam. Streymoy wisna sae keen at first, but later decidit tae dae it. They war suin jyned by anither auld baundmate o theirs, bassist Gunnar H. Thomsen, makkin thaim a trio. They decidit tae mak muisic that wis hivily inspired bi [[Norse meethologie]], Faroese [[fowk muisic]], [[Iron Maiden]] an [[Dream Theatre]]. Ower the nine year o the baund's exeestance baundmates haes come an gane. Vocalist Pól Arni Holm an guitarist Jón Joensen (Heri's brither) wis pairt o the baund while they recordit ''How Far To Asgaard'' but quat the baund no lang efter it wis pitten oot. Terji Skibenæs jyned the baund efter Jón Joensen haed quat. Allan Streymoy (Kári's brither), teuk ower the singin for a bit time while they recordit an set futh the single ''Ólavur Riddararós''. Efter Allan quat Heri Joensen teuk ower the vocals. It wis this line-up that recordit ''Eric the Red''. Terji Skibenæs quat the baund for a bit time efer ''Eric the Red'' wis pitten oot. The baund pleyed as a trio for some time, but in the simmer o 2004 a guitarist frae [[Iceland]] cried Ottó P. Arnarson jyned for a wee while. Efter Ottó left, Terji cam back. [[File:Tyr in Hamburg 0223.JPG|thumb|right|Týr in [[Hamburg]], [[September 16]], [[2006]].]] == Line-up == === Current Members === * ''Heri Joensen'' - Vocals an Guitar * ''Terji Skibenæs'' - Guitar * ''Gunnar H. Thomsen'' - Bass * ''Kári Streymoy'' - Drums === Umwhile members === * ''Jón Joensen'' - Guitar an Vocals * ''Pól Arni Holm'' - Vocals * ''Allan Streymoy'' - Vocals * ''Ottó P. Arnarson'' - Guitar == Discography == === Albums === * ''How Far to Asgaard'' (2002) ** Re-releasit in 2008 - haes "Stýrisvølurin" an "Ólavur Riddararós" - baith frae the EP ''Ólavur Riddararós'' * ''Eric the Red'' (2003) ** Re-releasit in 2006 - haes "God of War" an "Hail to the Hammer" - baith frae the ''Týr Demo'' * ''Ragnarok'' (2006) * ''Land'' (2008) * ''By the Light of the Northern Star'' (2011) === EPs/Demos/Singles === * ''Týr Demo'' (2000) * ''Ólavur Riddararós'' (2002) === Compilations === * ''Tutl 25 ár - Live 2002'' (Track #8: ''"Sand In The Wind"'') (2002) * ''The Realm of Napalm Records (CD/DVD)'' (On DVD, track #17: "Regin Smiður", an track #18: "Hail to the Hammer") (On CD: track #13: "Regin Smiður") (2006) === Videos === * "Hail to the Hammer" (2002) * "Ormurin Langi" (2002) * "Regin Smiður" (2003) == Fremmit Airtins == {{commons|Týr}} * [http://www.tyr.net Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909052339/http://www.tyr.net/ |date=2006-09-09 }} * [http://www.myspace.com/tyr1 Týr] at [[MySpace]] * [http://www.napalmrecords.com/promo/tyrp.html Týr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070731091937/http://www.napalmrecords.com/promo/tyrp.html |date=2007-07-31 }} at [[Napalm Records]] === Videos === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050723002838/http://www.tyr.net/video/HAILTDHA.WMV "Hail to the Hammer"] (2002) on Týr's official website ([[Windows Media Video|WMV]]) * [http://www.tyr.net/video/ormurin.wmv "Ormurin Langi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228074008/http://www.tyr.net/video/ORMURIN.WMV |date=2006-12-28 }} (2002) on Týr's official website ([[Windows Media Video|WMV]]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016012329/http://www.tyr.net/video/reginhq.WMV "Regin Smiður"] (2003) on Týr's official website ([[Windows Media Video|WMV]]) {{Commonscat|Tyr (Metal band)}} [[Category:Fowk metal muisical groups]] h7oy0tfkd1zv3ma61n1foicm80etnkq 0 6209 923300 914046 2026-09-25T23:38:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ASCII Code Chart.svg|thumb|250px|ASCII]] '''American Staundart Cod for Information Interchynge''' ('''ASCII'''), maistlins said {{IPA|[ˈaski]}} is a chairacter encodin scheme foondit on the [[English ABC]]. ASCII cods represents text in [[computer]]s, [[telecommunications|communications]] graith, an ither devices that wirks wi text. Maist modren chairacter encodins—dealin wi mony mair chairacters—haes a historical fund in ASCII. Wark on ASCII begoud in 1960. The first edeetion o the staundart wis setten furth in 1963,<ref>''[http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9907/06/1963.idg/index.html Brandel, Mary. 1963: The Debut of ASCII] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125114548/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9907/06/1963.idg/index.html |date=2007-11-25 }}'': History o the stairt o the ASCII standard.</ref>a major reveesion in 1967, an the maist recent update in 1986. Juist nou, it haes cods for 128 chairacters: 33 is nane-prentin, maistlins obsolete [[control chairacter]]s that affects the wey that text is processed, an 95 is prentable chairacters. == Further readin == * {{cite web | title=Tom Jennings | work=World Power Systems:Texts:Annotated history of character codes | url=http://wps.com/projects/codes/ | accessdate=2006-11-06 | archive-date=2006-10-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024093444/http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/ | url-status=dead }} == References == <references /> == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/index.html A history o ASCII, its ruits an forebears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019221633/http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/index.html |date=2008-10-19 }} by [[Tom Jennings]], [[October 29]] [[2004]] (accessed [[December 17]] [[2005]]) * [http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/~sburke/stuff/pronunciation-guide.txt A pronunciation guide for ASCII characters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021014194137/http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/~sburke/stuff/pronunciation-guide.txt |date=2002-10-14 }} * [http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~goerz/verschiedenes/ascii.pdf Anither Printable ASCII Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628230706/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~goerz/verschiedenes/ascii.pdf |date=2007-06-28 }} * [http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ANSI+INCITS+4-1986+(R2002) ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608045513/http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ANSI+INCITS+4%2D1986+%28R2002%29 |date=2007-06-08 }} Information Systems - Coded Character Sets - 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII) * [http://boujemong.blogspot.com/2006/12/mini-projects-ok-so-it-pains-me-to-say.html ASCII tae 8-bit binary converter an soorce code] * [http://boujemong.blogspot.com/2007/01/blog-post_03.html ASCII tae ASCII CODE converter an soorce code] * [http://www.jimprice.com/jim-asc.htm ASCII Chart, whit wey tae send documents "in ASCII", etc.]<!-- i think this can stay at least for now it doesn't seem to contain misinformation about what ASCII is or extended ASCII though there is a small issue with its "IBM PC Extended ASCII" section (its only correct for English versions and sometimes not even for those) [[:en:User:Plugwash|Plugwash]] 23:14, [[25 December]] [[2005]] (UTC)--> * [http://www.visual-integrity.com/format-ascii.htm Pit PDF, PostScript, WMF an EMF ower til ASCII] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823204906/http://www.visual-integrity.com/format-ascii.htm |date=2007-08-23 }} * [http://software.ellerton.net/txt2bin/ Interactive AJAX-style ASCII (an Unicode) Decoder Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820125530/http://software.ellerton.net/txt2bin/ |date=2007-08-20 }} * [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100530092446/http%3A//home1.paulschou.net/tools/xlate/ Online Encoder/Decoder for ASCII, HEX, Binary, Base64, etc with MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA1+2, CRC, an ither hashin algorithms] <!-- note: this website originally started as a school project, I wanted to make something to help the other students in the class and I think it may really help others. I intend to stand behind this work and if you find any error please don't hesitate to notify me of them. -user:paulschou --> * [http://www.devlist.com/Default.aspx Printable ASCII Table] * [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf The ASCII subset] o [[Unicode]] * Thochts anent the Bygane an Futur [http://www.trailing-edge.com/~bobbemer/ wi computer pioneer, Bob Bemer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015921/http://www.trailing-edge.com/~bobbemer/ |date=2007-09-28 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ascii}} [[Category:ASCII]] 8sino3fj6zi1hunciuai8bmd6528g85 0 7137 923573 857365 2026-09-26T10:01:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Iceberg_with_hole_near_Sandersons_Hope_2007-07-28_2.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Watter in three states: liquid watter, solit watter is [[ice]] an [[clood]]s is [[Condensation|condensed]] [[watter vapour]].]] '''Watter''' (or '''wattir''') is a common [[chemical substance]] that is needit bi aw kent furms o [[life]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/1997/36/i43/abs/bi971323j.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-02-09 |archive-date=2007-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520193451/http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/1997/36/i43/abs/bi971323j.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Forordnar, ''watter'' refers anerlie til its [[liquid]] furm or [[States o matter|state]], but the substance haes a [[solit]] state, ''[[ice]]'', an a [[gaseous]] state, ''[[watter vapour]]'' an aw. Aboot 1,460 [[Tonne|teratonnes]]&nbsp;(Tt) o watter haps 71% o the [[Yird]]'s surface, maistlie in oceans an ither mukkil watter bodies, wi 1.6% o watter ablo the grund in [[aquifer]]s an 0.001% in the [[atmosphere|lift]] as [[vapour]], [[clood]]s (shapit o solit an liquid watter pairtikils suspendit in the lift), an [[preceepitation (meteorology)|preceepitation]].<ref>[http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Water Vapor in the Climate System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html |date=2007-03-20 }}, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). [http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ Vital Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ |date=2008-02-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708023755/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html |date=2009-07-08 }} [[UNEP]].</ref> Sum o the Yird's watter is inheld in man-makkit an naitural objeks naur the Yirds's surface sicas [[watter touer]]s, [[ainimal]] an [[plaunt]] bodies, manufactured products, an hain'd fuid. [[Sautwatter]] [[ocean]]s hauds 97% o surface watter, [[glacier]]s an polar [[ice kaip]]s hauds 2.4%, an ither laund surface watter sic as [[river]]s an [[loch]]s hauds 0.6%. Watter is the [[chemical substance]] wi the [[chemical formula]] '''[[hydrogen|H]]₂[[oxygen|O]]''': ae [[molecule]] o watter haes twa [[hydrogen]] [[atom]]s [[covalent]]lie [[chemical bond|bondit]] til the ae [[oxygen]] atom. == Notes == <references/> {{Commonscat|Water}} [[Category:Hydrogen compoonds]] [[Category:Oxygen compoonds]] [[Category:Inorganic solvents]] [[Category:Liquids]] [[Category:Oxides]] [[Category:Watter| ]] 0bxiyux6v9imfahg7e01xaa2x7fxqhq 0 8538 923445 920426 2026-09-26T05:17:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|42|35|N|21|00|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic o Kosovo | native_name = {{unbulleted list |item_style=font-size:81%; |{{native name|sq|Republika e Kosovës|italics=off}} |{{native name|sr|Република Косово <br/> Republika Kosovo|italics=off}} }} | common_name = Kosovo | image_flag = Flag of Kosovo.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Kosovo.svg | image_map = Europe-Republic of Kosovo.svg | map_caption = Location an extent o Kosovo in [[Europe]]. | national_motto = | national_anthem = "[[Europe (anthem)|Europe]]"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110215123402/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=06&dd=11&nav_id=51011 "Assembly approves Kosovo anthem"], ''b92.net'', 11 June 2008. Link accessed 11 June 2008.</ref><br/><center>[[File:National Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo.ogg]]</center> | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Albanie leid|Albanie]] |[[Serbie leid|Serbie]]}} | regional_languages = {{hlist |[[Bosnie leid|Bosnie]] |[[Turkis leid|Turkis]] |[[Gora dialect|Gorani]] |[[Romani leid|Romani]]}} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Kosovar, Kosovan}} | capital = {{nowrap|[[Pristina]]}} | status = [[Leet o states wi leemitit recogneetion|Disputit]]<br/> * [[Internaitional recogeetion o Kosovo|Recognised bi 111 member states]] o the [[Unitit Naitions]] * Claimed bi [[Serbie]] as the ''[[Autonomous Province o Kosovo an Metohija]]'' {{small|(unner [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil Resolution 1244|UN Security Cooncil resolution 1244]])}} | coordinates = {{Coord|42|40|N|21|10|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Kosovo|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Vjosa Osmani]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Kosovo|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Albin Kurti]] | legislature = [[Assemmly o Kosovo]] | leader_title3 = [[Chairman o the Assembly o Kosovo|Chairman o the Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Glauk Konjufca]] | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | area_km2 = 10,908 | area_sq_mi = 4,212 | percent_water = 1.0<ref>{{cite web|title=Water percentage in Kosovo (Facts about Kosovo; 2011 Agriculture Statistics)|url=http://ask.rks-gov.net/|publisher=Kosovo Agency of Statistics, KAS}}</ref> | population_estimate = 1,907,592<ref name=Demographics2015>{{cite web|title=Demographics of Kosovo (2016)|url=http://www.geoba.se/country.php?cc=XK&year=2018|publisher=Geoba.se|access-date=2018-02-09|archive-date=2017-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810091013/http://www.geoba.se/country.php?cc=XK&year=2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 159 | population_density_sq_mi = 412 | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP = $19 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=43&pr.y=14&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=967&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Kosovo |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $10,383 | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal = $7 billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,581 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini_year = FY2005/2006 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 30.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html |title=Distribution of family income&nbsp;– Gini index |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=31 August 2014 |archive-date=2011-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = 121 | HDI_year = 2013 | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.786 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Kosovo Human Development Report 2014|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/khdr2014english.pdf|publisher=Swiss Cooperation Office Kosovo|accessdate=4 July 2015|format=PDF|date=2014}}</ref> | HDI_rank = | currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])^c | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Kosovo|+383]]^d | iso3166code = XK <!--^e--> | established_event1 = [[Kosovo Vilayet]] | established_date1 = 1877 | established_event2 = [[Socialist Autonomous Province o Kosovo|Autonomous Province]] | established_date2 = 31 Januar 1946 | established_event3 = [[Republic o Kosova]] | established_date3 = 2 Julie 1990 | established_event4 = [[UN Security Cooncil Resolution 1244|UNSCR 1244]] | established_date4 = 10 Juin 1999 | established_event5 = [[Unitit Naitions Interim Admeenistration Mission in Kosovo|UN Admeenistration]] | established_date5 = Juin 1999 | established_event6 = [[2008 Kosovo declaration o unthirrldom|Declaration o unthirldom]] | established_date6 = 17 Februar 2008 | established_event7 = [[Internaitional Steerin Group for Kosovo|End o Steerin Group superveesion]] | established_date7 = 10 September 2012 | established_event8 = [[Brussels Greement (2013)|Brussels Greement]] | established_date8 = 19 Apryle 2013 | footnote_a = 2014 estimate. A new estimate haes been addit in order tae gie a mair correct GDP per capita. | footnote_b = Preliminar results o 2011 census, that excludit fower northren Serb-majority municipalities whaur it coud nae be cairied oot. | footnote_c = Adoptit unilaterally; Kosovo is nae a formal member o the [[eurozone]]. | footnote_d = Assigned 15 December 2016 tae Kosovo bi ITU.<ref>[https://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/ob-lists/icc/e164_763.pdf LIST OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATION E.164 ASSIGNED COUNTRY CODES]</ref> [[+381]] wis previously uised for fixed lines. Kosovo-licensed mobile-phone providers uised [[Telephone nummers in Monaco|+377]] (Monaco) or [[Telephone nummers in Slovenie|+386]] (Slovenie) insteid. | footnote_e = XK is a "uiser assigned" ISO 3166 code nae designatit bi the staundart, but uised bi the [[European Commission]], [[Swisserland]], the [[Deutsche Bundesbank]] an ither organisations. }} [[File:Districts of Kosovo.png|thumb|Territorial organization]] [[File:Panorama of Kacanik, Kosovo.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Kacanik]] [[File:Kulla e Brahim Hoxhës, Junik.jpg|thumb|Junik]] [[File:Church of the Holy Saviour - Prizren.jpg|thumb|Old Church of the Holy Saviour in Prizren]] [[File:070706 Ulpiana 01.jpg|thumb|Ruins o Roman city in Ulpiana]] '''Kosovo''' is a Balkan kintra in sooth-wastren Europe. It haes a laund mairch wi [[Montenegro]] tae the nor'wast, [[Serbie]] in the nor'east, the [[Republic o Macedonie]] in the south an wi [[Albanie]] in the sooth east. == Recognition == Serbie hinna recognised Kosovo as a kintra, gied Kosovo declared unthirldom frae Serbie. A list o aw the kintras whit hae recognised the kintra is here ablo: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! # !! Kintra<ref name="recognition">{{dead link|date=August 2019}}[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,259 Countries that have recognized the Republic of Kosova], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo</ref> !! Date o [[diplomatic recognition|recognition]] !! Reference |- | 1 || {{CRI}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|17}} || <ref>[http://www.rree.go.cr/file.php?id_file=310 Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto Memoria Institucional 2007–2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092418/http://www.rree.go.cr/file.php?id_file=310 |date=24 September 2015 }} (in Spanish) p.93</ref> |- | 2 || {{AFG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|18}} || <ref>[http://kosova.org/post/The-Statement-of-Afghanistan-on-the-Recognition-of-Independence-of-Kosovo The Statement of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on the Recognition of Independence of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Afghanistan, 2008-02-18, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714094856/http://kosova.org/post/The-Statement-of-Afghanistan-on-the-Recognition-of-Independence-of-Kosovo archived from the original on 14 July 2014]</ref> |- | 3 || {{ALB}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|18}} || <ref>[http://www.km.gov.al/?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 Statement of Prime Minister of Albania Mr. Sali Berisha on Recognition of Independence of Kosova], Republic of Albania Council of Ministers, 2008-02-18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425231648/http://www.km.gov.al/?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 |date=25 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150425224959/http://www.km.gov.al/?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323 According to the official text of recognition] and the [https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=Declaration+of+Assembly+of+Albania,+on+October+21,+1991&source=bl&ots=75u564MqRc&sig=Sc0Gdrmr4da8dLn-e6_5wBCLyeg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BF17T6mJL-334QSt7tCHBA&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Declaration%20of%20Assembly%20of%20Albania%2C%20on%20October%2021%2C%201991&f=false law of 1991] of the [[People's Assembly of Albania]] the Republic of Albania recognised the Republic of Kosovo, based on the law of 1991, which recognised the [[Republic of Kosova]] on {{dts|format=dmy|1991|10|21}}. On 18 February 2008, Albania decided to take full diplomatic relations and accredit an ambassador to Pristina.</ref> |- | 4 || {{FRA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|18}} || <ref>[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/kosovo_6154/index.html Kosovo declares independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France, 2008-02-18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217164449/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/kosovo_6154/index.html |date=17 December 2014 }}</ref> |- | 5 || {{SEN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|18}} || <ref>[http://www.aps.sn/articles.php?id_article=40531 Senegal – Kosovo, Dakar reconnaît le nouvel Etat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217162049/http://www.aps.sn/articles.php?id_article=40531 |date=17 December 2014 }}, Agence de Presse Sénégalaise 2008-02-18 (in French)</ref><ref>[http://www.haaba.com/news/2008/02/19/7-93587/senegal-recognises-kosovos-independence-ministry Senegal recognises Kosovo's independence: ministry], haaba.com, 2008-02-19 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217183113/http://www.haaba.com/news/2008/02/19/7-93587/senegal-recognises-kosovos-independence-ministry |date=17 February 2012 }}</ref> |- | 6 || {{TUR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|18}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.tr/statement-of-h_e_-mr_-ali-babacan_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic--of-turkey_-regarding-the-recognition-of-kosovo.en.mfa Statement of H.E. Mr. Ali Babacan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey, Regarding the Recognition of Kosovo by Turkey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204105043/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/statement-of-h_e_-mr_-ali-babacan_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic--of-turkey_-regarding-the-recognition-of-kosovo.en.mfa |date=4 December 2008 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey, 2008-02-18</ref> |- | 7 || {{GBR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|18}} || <ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/02/18/uk-kosovo-serbia-britain-idUKL1824693920080218 UK recognises Kosovo independence], Reuters. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031170056/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/02/18/uk-kosovo-serbia-britain-idUKL1824693920080218 |date=31 October 2014 }}</ref> |- | 8 || {{USA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|18}} || <ref>[http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/02/100973.htm U.S. Recognizes Kosovo as Independent State], U.S. Department of State, 2008-02-18</ref> |- | 9 || {{AUS}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|19}} || <ref>[https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber%2Fhansardr%2F2008-02-18%2F0034;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansardr%2F2008-02-18%2F0080%22 QUESTIONS WITHOUT NOTICE Kosovo], Parliament of Australia, 2008-02-18</ref> |- | 10 || {{LVA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|20}} || <ref>[http://www.am.gov.lv/en/security/news/4457/?pg=10306 Announcement by Minister of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Latvia on recognition of Kosovo's independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217170534/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/security/news/4457/?pg=10306 |date=2014-12-17 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, 2011-02-20</ref> |- | 11 || {{GER}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|20}} || <ref>[http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6516/Content/EN/Archiv16/Artikel/2008/02/2008-02-20-deutschland-erkennt-kosovo-an__en.html Germany recognises Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019052233/http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6516/Content/EN/Archiv16/Artikel/2008/02/2008-02-20-deutschland-erkennt-kosovo-an__en.html |date=19 October 2011 }}, German Federal Government, 2008-02-20</ref> |- | 12 || {{EST}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|21}} || <ref>[http://www.vm.ee/en/node/682 Estonia recognises Republic of Kosovo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604164525/http://www.vm.ee/en/node/682 |date=4 June 2011 }}, Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008-02-21</ref> |- | 13 || {{ITA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|21}} || <ref>[http://www.governo.it/Governo/ConsiglioMinistri/dettaglio.asp?d=38401 Consiglio dei Ministri n. 93 del 21 febbraio 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402053007/http://www.governo.it/Governo/ConsiglioMinistri/dettaglio.asp?d=38401 |date=2 April 2008 }}, Italian Council of Ministers, 2008-02-21 (in Italian)</ref> |- | 14 || {{DEN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|21}} || <ref>[http://www.ambbeirut.um.dk/en/menu/aboutus/news/denmarkrecognizeskosovoasanindependentstate.htm Denmark recognizes Kosovo as an independent state] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132945/http://www.ambbeirut.um.dk/en/menu/aboutus/news/denmarkrecognizeskosovoasanindependentstate.htm |date=19 July 2011 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, 2008-05-12</ref> |- | 15 || {{LUX}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|21}} || <ref>[http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2008/02-fevrier/20-asselborn-kosovo/index.html Le Luxembourg reconnaît formellement le Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226145534/http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2008/02-fevrier/20-asselborn-kosovo/index.html |date=26 February 2008 }}, Le Gouvernement du Grande-Duché de Luxembourg, 2008-02-21 (in French)</ref> |- | 16 || {{PER}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|22}} || <ref>[http://www.rree.gob.pe/portal/boletinInf.nsf/mrealdia/C9B70437F80DBAF7052573F700710D15?OpenDocument Perú decide reconocer independencia de Kósovoe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226065905/http://www.rree.gob.pe/portal/boletinInf.nsf/mrealdia/C9B70437F80DBAF7052573F700710D15?OpenDocument |date=26 February 2008 }}, Peruvian Ministry of External Relations, 2008-02-22 (in Spanish)</ref> |- | 17 || {{BEL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|24}} || <ref>[http://www.kosovothanksyou.com/files/Belgium_RoyalDecree.pdf Koninklijk besluit betreffende de erkenning van de Republiek Kosovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816102709/http://www.kosovothanksyou.com/files/Belgium_RoyalDecree.pdf |date=2018-08-16 }}, Kosovo Thanks You, 2008-02-18 (in Dutch and French)</ref> |- | 18 || {{POL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|26}} || <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240610160121/https://archive.ph/20120805145303/http://www.premier.gov.pl/en/press_centre/news/government_has_recognised_the_,2220/ Government has recognised the independence of Kosovo], The Chancellery of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland, 2008-02-26</ref> |- | 19 || {{SUI}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|27}} || <ref>[http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/eur/vkos/bilkos.html Bilateral relations between Switzerland and Kosovo], Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of the Swiss Confederation, 2008-02-27</ref> |- | 20 ||{{AUT}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|28}} || <ref>[http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/news/press-releases/2008/plassnik-letter-on-kosovos-recognition-signed.html Plassnik: "Letter on Kosovo's recognition signed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109032659/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/news/press-releases/2008/plassnik-letter-on-kosovos-recognition-signed.html |date=2012-11-09 }}, Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs of the Republic of Austria, 2008-02-28</ref> |- | 21 ||{{IRL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|29}} || <ref>[http://foreignaffairs.gov.ie/home/index.aspx?id=42938 Minister for Foreign Affairs Dermot Ahern TD Announces Ireland's recognition of the Republic of Kosovo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305011519/http://foreignaffairs.gov.ie/home/index.aspx?id=42938 |date=5 March 2008 }}, Department of Foreign Affairs, 2008-02-29</ref> |- | 22 ||{{SWE}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|4}} || <ref>[http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10358/a/99714 Sweden recognises the Republic of Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305191825/http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/10358/a/99714 |date=5 March 2008 }}, Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2008-03-04</ref> |- | 23 ||{{NLD}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|4}} || <ref>[http://www.government.nl/news/2008/03/04/the-netherlands-recognises-kosovo.html The Netherlands recognises Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621042809/https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2008/03/04/the-netherlands-recognises-kosovo |date=21 June 2018}}, Government of the Netherlands, 2008-03-04</ref> |- | 24 ||{{ISL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|5}} || <ref>[http://eng.utanrikisraduneyti.is/speeches-and-articles/nr/4135 The Government of Iceland formally recognizes Kosovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308125219/http://eng.utanrikisraduneyti.is/speeches-and-articles/nr/4135 |date=2012-03-08 }}, Iceland Foreign Ministry, 2008-03-05</ref> |- | 25 ||{{SVN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|5}} || <ref>[http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1264437 Slovenia Recognizes Kosovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216171112/http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1264437 |date=2009-02-16 }}, Slovenian Press Agency, 5 March 2008</ref> |- | 26 || {{FIN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|7}} || <ref>[http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=123797&nodeid=15145&contentlan=2&culture=en-US Finland recognised the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 2008-03-07</ref> |- | 27 || {{JPN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|18}} || <ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2008/3/0318.html Statement by Foreign Minister Masahiko Koumura on the Recognition of the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2008-03-18</ref> |- | 28 || {{CAN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|18}} || <ref>[http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/croatia-croatie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_kosovo.aspx?lang=eng Canada-Kosovo Relations], Government of Canada, 2010-07-12</ref> |- | 29 || {{MCO}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|19}} || <ref>[http://www.president-ksgov.net/?page=1,6,972 Principata e Monakos njohu Republikën e Kosovës], President of the Republic of Kosovo, 2008-03-19 (in Albanian)</ref> |- | 30 || {{HUN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|19}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum/en/bal/actualities/spokesman_statements/Kosovo_recognition_080319.htm Hungary recognizes Kosovo's Independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323041624/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum/en/bal/actualities/spokesman_statements/Kosovo_recognition_080319.htm |date=23 March 2008 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary, 2008-03-19</ref> |- | 31 || {{CRO}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|19}} || <ref>[http://www.vlada.hr/en/naslovnica/novosti_i_najave/2008/ozujak/hrvatska_priznala_kosovo Croatia recognises Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324111856/http://www.vlada.hr/en/naslovnica/novosti_i_najave/2008/ozujak/hrvatska_priznala_kosovo |date=24 March 2008 }}, Government of the Republic of Croatia, 2008-03-19</ref> |- | 32 || {{BGR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|20}} || <ref>[http://old.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0137&n=575 Sergei Stanishev: Bulgarian Government's decision to recognize the independence of Kosovo is fully complied with the country's national interests and our commitment to the future of the region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126065938/http://old.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001 |date=2019-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126065938/http://old.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001 |date=2019-11-26 }}, Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria, 2008-03-20</ref> |- | 33 || {{LIE}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|25}} || <ref>[http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-pia-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilungen-alt.htm?pmid=108807&lpid=3789&imainpos=15844 Liechtenstein anerkennt den Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403062343/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-pia-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilungen-alt.htm?pmid=108807&lpid=3789&imainpos=15844 |date=3 April 2008 }}, Liechtenstein government, 2008-03-28 (in German)</ref> |- | 34 || {{ROK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|28}} || <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080409223926/http://www.mofat.go.kr/webmodule/htsboard/template/read/engboardread.jsp?typeID=12&boardid=302&seqno=306110&c=TITLE&t=&pagenum=1&tableName=TYPE_ENGLISH&pc=undefined&dc=&wc=&lu=&vu=&iu=&du= Recognition of the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Republic of Korea, 2008-03-28</ref> |- | 35 || {{NOR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|28}} || <ref>[http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/press/News/2008/norway_kosovo.html?id=505130 Norway recognises Kosovo as an independent state], Norway – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008-03-28</ref> |- | 36 || {{MHL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|04|17}} || <ref>[http://www.newkosovareport.com/20080417889/Politics/breaking-news-republic-of-the-marshall-islands-has-recognized-kosovo.html Republic of the Marshall Islands has recognized Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022131450/http://newkosovareport.com/20080417889/Politics/breaking-news-republic-of-the-marshall-islands-has-recognized-kosovo.html |date=22 October 2013 }}, New Kosova Report, 2008-04-17</ref> |- | 37 || {{BFA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|04|23}} || <ref>[http://www.newkosovareport.com/20080424902/Politics/Burkina-Faso-recognizes-Kosovo.html Burkina Faso recognizes Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428231354/http://www.newkosovareport.com/20080424902/Politics/Burkina-Faso-recognizes-Kosovo.html |date=28 April 2008 }}, New Kosova Report, 2008-04-24</ref><ref name="Burkina, Nauru">{{cite web | url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2008&mm=04&dd=24&nav_id=49716 | title=Burkina Faso, Nauru recognize Kosovo | publisher=B92 | date=24 April 2008 | access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref> |- | 38 || {{LTU}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|6}} || <ref>[http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=319343 Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania Resolution on the Recognition of the Republic of Kosovo], Chancellery of the Parliament of Lithuania, 2008-05-06</ref> |- | 39 || {{SMR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|12}} || <ref>[https://archive.today/20120906042055/http://www.interni.segreteria.sm/on-line/Home/DelibereC.d.S..html?P0_path=/home/tomcat/indicizzazione/indexdelibere&P0_paginazione=10&P0_pagina=1&P0_oggetto=Kosovo&P0_numero=&P0_data_gg=&P0_data_mm=&P0_data_aa=&annoiniziale=&annofinale=&P0_document=&P0_data_ordered=&P0_maxresults=2000&P0_orderBy=data_ordered,numero&P0_order=desc,asc&P0_operatorMustBe=only&indicericerca=-1&x=0&y=0 Delibera n. 8 del 12/05/2008 – Riconoscimento della Repubblica del Kosovo da parte della Re-pubblica di San Marino], Secretary of State for Internal Affairs of the Republic of San Marino</ref> |- | 40 || {{CZE}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|21}} || <ref>[http://www.mzv.cz/wwwo/mzv/default.asp?id=58430&ido=6569&idj=2&amb=1 The Czech Republic has recognized independence of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, 2008-05-21 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015212559/http://www.mzv.cz/wwwo/mzv/default.asp?id=58430&ido=6569&idj=2&amb=1 |date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> |- | 41 || {{LBR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|30}}{{refn|group="fn"|In Juin 2018, follaein a meetin atween Liberian Foreign Minister [[Gbehzohngar Milton Findley]] and Serbian Foreign Minister [[Ivica Dacic]], a note frae the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Liberia wis published whit sayed in part that it "annuls its letter o recognition o Kosovo."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2018&mm=06&dd=20&nav_id=104444|title=Liberia annuls letter of recognition of Kosovo|date=2018-06-20|access-date=2018-06-25|publisher=[[B92]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/politika/crno-na-belo-o-kosovu-dacic-je-ovim-dokumentima-zapusio-usta-pristinskim-politicarima/gl8x2xlCRNO|title=NA BELO O KOSOVU Dačić je ovim dokumentima zapušio usta prištinskim političarima|date=2018-07-04|access-date=2018-07-14|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517203849/https://www.blic.rs/vesti/politika/crno-na-belo-o-kosovu-dacic-je-ovim-dokumentima-zapusio-usta-pristinskim-politicarima/gl8x2xlCRNO|url-status=dead}}</ref> A feu days later, Liberie's MFA sayed on its wabsteid that it wished "to refute reports in som internaitional an social media o its removal o diplomatic relations wi the Republic o Kosovo."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2/2press.php?news_id=3108&related=7&pg=sp|title=Liberia Reaffirms Bilateral Ties with Kosovo|access-date=2018-06-25|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Liberia|archive-date=2020-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514145103/http://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2/2press.php?news_id=3108&related=7&pg=sp|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || <ref>[http://www.newkosovareport.com/20080530967/Politics/liberia-recognizes-kosovo.html Liberia Recognizes Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714172733/http://www.newkosovareport.com/20080530967/Politics/liberia-recognizes-kosovo.html |date=14 July 2011 }}, Liberian Daily Observer, 2011-02-20</ref> |- | 42 || {{COL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|4}} || <ref>[http://mre.cancilleria.gov.co/wps/portal/espanol/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_jQsKAwo2AXYwN3n2BnA08z82BHf2dfQwMDA_2CbEdFAJSyt1c!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/WCM_MENUPRINCIPAL_MRE/menu+principal/relaciones+internacionales/bilaterales/europa/kosovo Colombia reconoció formalmente la República de Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223095152/http://mre.cancilleria.gov.co/wps/portal/espanol/%21ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_jQsKAwo2AXYwN3n2BnA08z82BHf2dfQwMDA_2CbEdFAJSyt1c%21/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FWCM_MENUPRINCIPAL_MRE%2Fmenu+principal%2Frelaciones+internacionales%2Fbilaterales%2Feuropa%2Fkosovo |date=23 February 2013 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Colombia, 2008-08-04 (in Spanish)</ref> |- | 43 || {{BLZ}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|7}} || <ref>[http://www.president-ksgov.net/?page=1,6,884 Belize njeh pavarësinë e Kosovës], President of the Republic of Kosovo, 2008-08-07 (in Albanian)</ref> |- | 44 || {{MLT}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|22}} || <ref>[http://www.foreign.gov.mt/default.aspx?MDIS=21&NWID=68 Malta Recognizes Kosovo as an Independent State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627211252/http://www.foreign.gov.mt/default.aspx?MDIS=21&NWID=68 |date=2009-06-27 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malta, 2008-08-22</ref> |- | 45 || {{WSM}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|09|15}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,54 Samoa njeh pavarësinë e Kosovës], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo, 2008-09-15 (in Albanian)</ref><ref>[http://www.newkosovareport.com/200809151219/Politics/samoa-recognizes-independent-kosovo.html Samoa recognizes independent Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017142205/http://www.newkosovareport.com/200809151219/Politics/samoa-recognizes-independent-kosovo.html |date=17 October 2011 }}, New Kosova Report, 2008-09-15</ref> |- | 46 || {{POR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|10|7}} || <ref>[http://kosova.org/docs/independence/Portugal.pdf Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros: Comunicado de Imprensa – Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721223059/http://kosova.org/docs/independence/Portugal.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}, 2008-10-07 (in Portuguese)</ref> |- | 47 || {{MNE}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|10|9}} || <ref>[http://www.gov.me/en/search/33098/164405.html Joint Statement of the Government of Montenegro and the Government of the Republic of Macedonia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180920/http://www.gov.me/en/search/33098/164405.html |date=2018-06-20 }}, Government of Montenegro, 2008-10-09</ref> |- | 48 || {{North Macedonia}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|10|9}} || <ref>[http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=57722300&lId=2 Macedonia recognizes Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015121606/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=57722300&lId=2 |date=15 October 2008 }}, Macedonian Information Agency, 2008-10-09</ref> |- | 49 || {{ARE}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|10|14}} || <ref>[http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1223546208865&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews UAE recognises Kosovo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017065840/http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1223546208865&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews |date=17 October 2008 }}, Emirates News Agency, 2008-10-14</ref> |- | 50 || {{MYS}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|10|30}} || <ref>[http://www.kln.gov.my/?m_id=26&vid=797 Press Statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia on the recognition of Kosovo's independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, 2008-11-01 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917092630/http://www.kln.gov.my/?m_id=26&vid=797 |date=17 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.kosovothanksyou.com/files/MalaysiaRecognizesTheIndependenceOfKosovo.jpg Verbal Note] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928082041/http://www.kosovothanksyou.com/files/MalaysiaRecognizesTheIndependenceOfKosovo.jpg |date=2013-09-28 }}, Kosovo Thanks You</ref> |- | 51 || {{flag|Micronesia}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|12|5}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,117 Micronesia recognizes independence of Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2008-12-05</ref><ref>[http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr120508.htm FSM Recognizes Kosovo Act of Self-Determination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330162928/http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr120508.htm |date=30 March 2017 }}, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, 2008-12-05</ref> |- | 52 || {{PAN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|01|16}} || <ref>[http://www.presidencia.gob.pa/noticia.php?cod=10471 Comunicado de prensa sobre reconocimiento de la República de Kosovo], Presidencia de la República de Panamá, 2009-01-16 (in Spanish) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926181330/http://www.presidencia.gob.pa/noticia.php?cod=10471 |date=26 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/index.php?page=2,4,124 Panama recognized independent state of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-16</ref> |- | 53 || {{MDV}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|02|19}} || <ref>[http://www.foreign.gov.mv/v3/?p=news&view=sep&nid=3042 Maldives extends full diplomatic recognition to the Republic of Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722222923/http://www.foreign.gov.mv/v3/?p=news&view=sep&nid=3042 |date=22 July 2011 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Maldives, 2009-02-19</ref> |- | 54 || {{GMB}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|04|7}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,168 Gambia recognizes Kosovo's independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-04-07</ref> |- | 55 || {{SAU}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|04|20}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,171 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia recognizes the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-04-20</ref> |- | 56 || {{COM}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|05|14}} || <ref>[https://telegrafi.com/pacolli-thote-se-comors-nuk-e-ka-terhequr-njohjen-per-kosoven/</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,175 Union of the Comoros recognizes the Republic of Kosovo, as an independent and sovereign state], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-05-19</ref> |- | 57 || {{BHR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|05|19}} || <ref>[http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/433388 Bahrain recognizes Kosovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907125751/http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/433388 |date=2012-09-07 }}, Bahrain News Agency, 2009-05-19</ref> |- | 58 || {{JOR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|7|7}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,12 Jordan recognizes the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-07-08</ref> |- | 59 || {{DOM}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|7|10}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,11 Dominican Republic recognized the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-07-11</ref><ref>[http://kosovothanksyou.com/files/DominicanRepublicRecognition.pdf Comunicado] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323151335/http://kosovothanksyou.com/files/DominicanRepublicRecognition.pdf |date=23 March 2012 }}, Kosovo Thanks You (in Spanish)</ref> |- | 60 || {{NZL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|11|9}} || <ref name="newzealand">[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,324 New Zealand recognizes the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-11-09</ref> |- | 61 || {{MWI}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|12|14}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,404 Republic of Malawi recognizes Kosovo as independent and sovereign state], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-12-16</ref> |- | 62 || {{MRT}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|01|12}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,419 The Islamic Republic of Mauritania recognized the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2010-01-14</ref> |- | 63 || {{SWZ}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|04|12}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,481 Recognition of the Republic of Kosovo by the Kingdom of Swaziland], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2010-04-12</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/repository/docs/nota_verbale.pdf Verbal Note], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo</ref> |- | 64 || {{VUT}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|04|28}} || <ref>[http://www.kosovothanksyou.com/files/VanuatuRecognition.jpg Official recognition letter by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade of the Republic of Vanuatu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217130137/http://www.kosovothanksyou.com/files/VanuatuRecognition.jpg |date=2019-12-17 }}, Kosovo Thanks You, 2010-04-28</ref> |- | 65 || {{DJI}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|05|08}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,513 Recognition is confirmed by Djibouti], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2010-05-12</ref> |- | 66 || {{SOM}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|05|19}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,525 Somalia recognized the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2010-05-21</ref> |- | 67 || {{HND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|09|03}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,574 Honduras recognises the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2010-09-03</ref> |- | 68 || {{KIR}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|10|21}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,599 Kiribati recognises the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2010-10-25</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akr-ks.eu/news/image/62/kiribati.jpg|title=Verbal Note |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313164623/http://www.akr-ks.eu/news/image/62/kiribati.jpg |archive-date=13 March 2013 |publisher=[[New Kosovo Alliance]]}}</ref> |- | 69 || {{TUV}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|11|18}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,607 Tuvalu recognises Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2010-11-19</ref> |- | 70 || {{QAT}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|07}} || <ref name="Qatar">[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,620 Qatar recognized the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-01-07</ref> |- | 71 || {{GNB}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|10}}{{refn|group="fn"|In a letter on 21 November 2017, the Ministry o Foreign Affairs o Guinea-Bissau tellt Kosovo that it haed gotten rid o its recognition o Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/pres-servis/saopstenja/18955-2017-11-21-16-58-00?lang=cyr|title=The Government of the Republic of Guinea Bissau has withdrawn the decision on recognition of Kosovo|date=2017-07-21|access-date=2017-07-21|publisher=Government of Serbia|archive-date=2020-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212220524/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/pres-servis/saopstenja/18955-2017-11-21-16-58-00?lang=cyr|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gvineja Bisao povukla odluku o priznanju Kosova iz 2011|url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2017&mm=11&dd=21&nav_category=640&nav_id=1327890|access-date=21 November 2017|work=b92.net|agency=[[Tanjug]]|date=21 November 2017|language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prime Minister of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau denies that the country has recognized Kosovo|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/press-service/statements/17186-prime-minister-of-the-republic-of-guinea-bissau-denies-that-the-country-has-recognized-kosovo|access-date=21 November 2017|work=mfa.gov.rs|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia|date=17 November 2017|archive-date=2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730132422/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/press-service/statements/17186-prime-minister-of-the-republic-of-guinea-bissau-denies-that-the-country-has-recognized-kosovo|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 Februar 2018, Kosovo's MFA sayed that it haed gat a new note verbale frae Guinea-Bissau sayin that the aulder note gittin rid o recognition hinna haed an effect.<ref name=GBRest>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1%2C217%2C4725#.WnRkXI7JC3U.twitter Ministria e Jashtme pranon Notën Verbale të ri-konfirmimit zyrtar të njohjes së Republikës së Kosovës nga shteti Guinea-Bissau], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2018-02-02</ref><ref name=GBRest2>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/pacollibehgjet/status/959439612526575616/photo/1|title=The Embassy of Guinea-Bissau in Brussels transmitted to @MFAKOSOVO the Note Verbale re-confirming that #GuineaBissau's recognition of #Kosovo's independence in 2011 is sustainable. #Kosovo's recognition is global & unstoppable. This is the flow of history!pic.twitter.com/IctZNtRlLO|first=Behgjet|last=Pacolli&nbsp;🇽🇰}}{{Primary source inline|date=February 2018}}</ref>}} || <ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,623 The Republic of Guinea-Bissau Recognized the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-01-10</ref><ref>[http://www.lajmeshqip.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/njohja-Guinea-Bissau.jpg Verbal Note], Lajme Shqip, 2011-09-08 (in French)</ref> |- | 72 || {{AND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|06|08}} || <ref name="Andorra">[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,795 The Principality of Andorra recognizes Kosovo's independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-06-08</ref> |- | 73 || {{GIN}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|08|12}}||<ref name="Niger & Guinea">[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,896 The Republic of Niger and the Republic of Guinea Conakry recognize Kosovo's independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-16</ref><ref>[http://www.1deputyprimeminister-ks.net/repository/images/16.08.2011_nota_verbale_Guina_Conakry.jpg Note] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002730/http://www.1deputyprimeminister-ks.net/repository/images/16.08.2011_nota_verbale_Guina_Conakry.jpg |date=4 November 2013 }}, First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-12 (in French)</ref> |- | 74 || {{NER}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|08|15}}||<ref name="Niger & Guinea" /><ref>[http://www.1deputyprimeminister-ks.net/repository/images/16.08.2011_nota_verbale_Nigeri.jpg Verbal Note] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002954/http://www.1deputyprimeminister-ks.net/repository/images/16.08.2011_nota_verbale_Nigeri.jpg |date=4 November 2013 }}, First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-15 (in French)</ref> |- | 75 || {{BEN}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|08|18}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,900 The Republic of Benin is the 80th state to recognize Kosovo's independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-18</ref> |- | 76 || {{LCA}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|08|19}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,906 Santa Lucia is the 81st UN member state to recognize the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-22</ref> |- | 77 || {{GAB}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|09|15}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,984 Kosovo's recognition confirmed by the Republic of Gabon], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo, 2011-10-13</ref><ref>[http://www.1deputyprimeminister-ks.net/repository/images/09.09.2011_nota_verbale_Gaboni.jpg Verbal Note] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002650/http://www.1deputyprimeminister-ks.net/repository/images/09.09.2011_nota_verbale_Gaboni.jpg |date=4 November 2013 }}, First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo 2011-09-15 (in French)</ref> |- | 78 || {{CIV}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|09|16}}||<ref>[http://www.top-channel.tv/english/artikull.php?id=2797 Ivory Coast recognizes Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301123720/http://www.top-channel.tv/english/artikull.php?id=2797 |date=1 March 2012 }}, Top Channel, 2011-09-21</ref><ref>[http://www.1deputyprimeminister-ks.net/repository/images/20.09.2011_nota_verbale_Bregu_i_Fildishte_.jpg Déclaration par la Côte d'Ivoire de la reconnaissance de l'État du Kossovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002523/http://www.1deputyprimeminister-ks.net/repository/images/20.09.2011_nota_verbale_Bregu_i_Fildishte_.jpg |date=4 November 2013 }}, Ministère des Affaires Etrangères de la Républic du Côte d'Ivoire, released First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo (in French)</ref> |- | 79 || {{KWT}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|10|11}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,981 Kuwait formally recognizes the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-10-11</ref> |- | 80 || {{HTI}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2012|02|10}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,1111 Haiti's recognition of Kosovo confirmed during Minister Hoxhaj's visit to this state], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-02-10</ref> |- | 81 || {{BRN}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2012|04|25}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,1214 Brunei Darussalam recognizes Kosovo independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-04-25</ref> |- | 82 || {{TCD}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2012|06|01}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,1282 Chad recognizes the Republic of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-06-01</ref> |- | 83 || {{TLS}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2012|09|20}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,1479 Timori Lindor njeh pavarësinë e Kosovës], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-11-09 (in Albanian)</ref><ref>[http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8067/8171165751_9692eae762_b.jpg Note verbale], Timor-Leste Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2012-09-20</ref> |- | 84 || {{FIJ}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|19}}||<ref>[http://kryeministri-ks.net/?page=2,9,3213 Prime Minister Thaçi: Kosovo's membership in EBRD testified that the process of the recognition of the Kosovo as a democratic and sovereign country has taken an irreversible up-turn and is recognized as an historical fact], Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-11-19</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,1504 Fiji's verbal note recognizing Kosovo arrives], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-11-22</ref> |- | 85 || {{KNA}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|28}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,1517 Saint Kitts dhe Nevis njeh zyrtarisht pavarësinë e Kosovës], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-11-28 (in Albanian)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foreign.govt.kn/ambassador-of-kosovo-pays-courtesy-call-on-the-honourable-mark-brantley-2/|title=Ambassador of Kosovo pays courtesy call on the Honourable Mark Brantley (STK Ministry of Foreign Affairs)|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909230511/http://www.foreign.govt.kn/ambassador-of-kosovo-pays-courtesy-call-on-the-honourable-mark-brantley-2/|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 86 ||{{PAK}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2012|12|24}}||<ref>[http://www.mofa.gov.pk/mfa/pages/article.aspx?id=1429&type=1 Recognition of the Republic of Kosovo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102231400/http://www.mofa.gov.pk/mfa/pages/article.aspx?id=1429&type=1 |date=2 January 2013 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 2012-24-12</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,1550 Arrin nota verbale e njohjes së Kosovës nga Pakistani], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-12-28 (in Albanian)</ref> |- | 87 || {{GUY}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2013|03|16}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,1626 Guajana njeh shtetin e pavarur dhe sovran të Kosovës], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013-03-16 (in Albanian)</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2013/sc11107.doc.htm| title=Security Council Welcomes Progress in Implementing Peace Accord as Members Urge Leaders of Serbia, Kosovo to 'Stay the Course'| publisher=[[UN]]|date=2013-08-29|quote=In June, Egypt, United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Guyana and El Salvador had recognized its independence, joining more than 100 Member States that had done the same.}}</ref> |- | 88 || {{TAN}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2013|05|29}}||<ref>[http://www.telegrafi.com/fo/2010/njohja-verbale-foto.jpg CKA 699/755/01] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416054341/http://www.telegrafi.com/fo/2010/njohja-verbale-foto.jpg |date=2016-04-16 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the United Republic of Tanzania, 2013-06-05</ref> |- | 89 || {{YEM}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2013|06|11}}||<ref>[http://www.sabanews.net/en/news313610.htm Yemen recognizes Kosovo], Saba Net, 2013-06-11</ref><ref>[http://sphotos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/q71/s720x720/1016336_374748159293609_1053382903_n.jpg Verbal Note] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213170600/http://sphotos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-prn1/q71/s720x720/1016336_374748159293609_1053382903_n.jpg |date=13 December 2013 }}, The official Facebook page of Enver Hoxhaj</ref> |- | 90 || {{EGY}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2013|06|26}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.eg/Arabic/Ministry/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?Source=1d5b0202-c337-4794-ab10-342893d069e1&newsID=17393f2d-a0db-471c-bd41-1c1d169b79c2 قرار حكومة جمهورية مصر العربية الاعتراف بجمهورية كوسوفو كدولة مستقلة وذات سيادة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630231622/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/Arabic/Ministry/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?Source=1d5b0202-c337-4794-ab10-342893d069e1&newsID=17393f2d-a0db-471c-bd41-1c1d169b79c2 |date=30 June 2013 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt, 2013-06-26 (in Arabic)</ref> |- | 91 || {{SLV}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2013|06|29}}||<ref>[http://www.telegrafi.com/lajme/el-salvador-njeh-kosoven-2-33589.html El Salvador njeh Kosovën] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123055037/http://www.telegrafi.com/lajme/el-salvador-njeh-kosoven-2-33589.html |date=2016-01-23 }}, Telegrafi, 2013-06-29</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/repository/docs/17_07_13_121825_20130712-15-KND-MPJ-WEB-01.pdf June, month of record recognitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021506/http://www.mfa-ks.net/repository/docs/17_07_13_121825_20130712-15-KND-MPJ-WEB-01.pdf |date=5 February 2017 }}, Kosovo's New Diplomat, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Kosovo, June/August 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,1906 Arrin nota verbale nga El Salvadori], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013-10-04 (in Albanian)</ref> |- | 92 || {{THA}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2013|09|24}}||<ref>[http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/?page=2,9,3792 Prime Minister Thaçi officially receives Thailand recognition of Kosovo in a meeting with Thailand Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Surapong Tovichakchaikul], Prime Minister of Kosovo, 2013-09-26</ref><ref>[http://www.ryt9.com/s/cabt/1742142 การรับรองโคโซโวโดยการสถาปนาความสัมพันธ์ทางการทูตกับโคโซโว], ข่าวออนไลน์ RYT9, 2013-09-25 (in Thai)</ref> |- | 93 || {{LBY}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2013|09|25}}||<ref>[http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/?page=2,9,3789 Today, in New York, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, Hashim Thaçi met the Prime Minister of Libya, Ali Zeidan in a private meeting], Prime Minister of Kosovo, 2013-09-25</ref><ref>[http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/26/libya-officially-recognises-kosovo/ Libya officially recognises Kosovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820125627/https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/26/libya-officially-recognises-kosovo/ |date=2018-08-20 }}, Libya Herald, 2013-09-26</ref> |- | 94 || {{TON}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2014|01|15}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2227 Arrin nota verbale e njohjes nga Mbretëria e Tongës], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2014-01-20 (in Albanian)</ref> |- | 95 || {{ATG}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2015|05|20}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,4,2633 Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the independence of Kosovo], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2015-05-20</ref> |- | 96 || {{SGP}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2016|12|01}}||<ref>[http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,217,3943 Singapore Recognizes Kosovo as an Independent State and Diplomatic Relations are Established], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2016-12-01</ref><ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2016/201612/press_201612011.html The Government of the Republic of Singapore and the Government of the Republic of Kosovo have established diplomatic relations with effect from 1 December 2016.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181102/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2016/201612/press_201612011.html |date=20 June 2018 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore, 2016-12-01</ref> |- | 97 || {{BAN}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2017|02|27}}||<ref>[http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/02/27/bangladesh-officially-recognises-kosovo-independent-state/ Bangladesh Officially Recognizes Kosovo as an Independent State], Dhaka Tribune, 2017-02-27</ref><ref>[http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/?page=2,9,6604 Prime Minister Mustafa accepted verbal note of recognition of Kosovo by Bangladesh], Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, 2016-02-28</ref> |- | 98 || {{BRB}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2018|02|15}}||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rtklive.com/sq/news-single.php?ID=245243|title=Në prag të përvjetorit të Pavarësisë, Barbadosi njeh Kosovën|date=15 February 2018|access-date=6 March 2018|work=RTKLive|language=sq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koha.net/arberi/75744/barbadosi-njeh-pavaresine-e-kosoves/|title=Barbadosi njeh pavarësinë e Kosovës|date=15 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=pacollibehgjet|number=964216679868850177|title=Very pleased to announce that #Barbados has recognized #Kosovo as an independent and sovereign state. Thanks to my colleague FM Maxine McClean for this decision taken on the eve of #Kosovo’s 10 anniversary of independence.There is no better way to celebrate #Kosova10!|date=16 February 2018|first=Behgjet|last=Pacolli}}</ref> |- | 99 || {{ISR}}||{{dts|format=dmy|2020|09|04}}||<ref>Israeli envoy to Serbia: We recognised Kosovo on September 4; not an issue any. [http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a642039/Israeli-envoy-to-Serbia-We-recognised-Kosovo-on-September-4-it-s-not-issue-anymore.html 21.09.2020. N1 Belgrade.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009113422/http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a642039/Israeli-envoy-to-Serbia-We-recognised-Kosovo-on-September-4-it-s-not-issue-anymore.html |date=2020-10-09 }}</ref><ref name="TheTimesofIsrael_KosovoSerbia" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reuters|date=2020-09-04|title=Serbia, Kosovo to Open Israel Embassies in Jerusalem|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/09/04/world/middleeast/04reuters-serbia-kosovo-usa-jerusalem.html|access-date=2020-09-04|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907060846/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/09/04/world/middleeast/04reuters-serbia-kosovo-usa-jerusalem.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ;Notes {{reflist|group=fn}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Kosovo| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Europe]] [[Category:States an territories established in 2008]] [[Category:Unrecognized or lairgely unrecognized states]] f2nd3lbcshz9ll2olvpvmmcklvy56fa 0 8800 923355 916867 2026-09-26T00:49:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923355 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Bastart Operator frae Hell''' (''BOFH''), is an imaginary rogue seestem admeenistrator that taks oot his anger on uisers (aft cried lossers), his colleagues, bosses an awbody that gets in his wey. The term is uised for tae refer tae ony seestem admeenistrator that shaws (or wisses he coud get awa wi) the qualities o the oreeginal an aw. In the stories, PFY (Plouk-Faced Youth) is the BOFH's asseestant; this haes become a general term for a junior or trainee seestem admeenistrator an aw. The BOFH wis cleckit by Simon Travaglia. ==Fremmit airtins== {{wikiquote}} * [http://members.iinet.com.au/~bofh/index.html BOFH, The Complete WWW Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107142701/http://members.iinet.com.au/~bofh/index.html |date=2006-11-07 }} * [http://bofh.ntk.net/Bastard_Indexes.html BOFH stories, 1988-1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318201951/http://bofh.ntk.net/Bastard_Indexes.html |date=2009-03-18 }} * [http://www.theregister.co.uk/odds/bofh/ BOFH stories, 2000-present from The Register] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910120035/http://www.theregister.co.uk/odds/bofh/ |date=2012-09-10 }} * [http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ballard/bofh/bofhserver.pl BOFH Excuse Server] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060101090133/http://bofh.ntk.net/Bastard.html The BOFH Text Adventure Game] [[Category:Computers]] 7bu2dw6qnk493gn2da3nuysco39aoyc 0 10842 923403 920175 2026-09-26T03:39:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name = Giorgia Gueglio | image = Giorgia_Gueglio.jpg | caption = Giorgia Gueglio on the stage (Genova,June 2009) | background = solo_singer | origin = [[Italy]] | instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]] | genre = [[Haurd rock]], [[Hivy metal]] | years_active = 1998 - present | label = Lion Music | associated_acts = [[Mastercastle]], | website = [http://www.myspace.com/mastercastle / Offeecial myspace] }} '''Giorgia Gueglio''' (born 1973) is an Italian sangster an foondin memmer o the hivy metal baund [[Mastercastle]]. == Biography == She stairtit singin in 1990, follaein her passion fur sangsters lik [[David Coverdale]], [[Robert Plant]] an [[Ian Gillan]]. Frae 1994 she entered mony haurd rock an hivy metal baunds. In 2004, she becam a memmer o the gothic metal projeck Artisluna, featurin the furst [[Labyrinth (baund)|Labyrinth]] drummer Mattia Stancioiu, wha wis the producer an aa. Anither muisicker involvit in the projeck wis guitar pleyer [[Pier Gonella]], memmer o Labyrinth an [[Necrodeath]]. In 2008, she foondit the baund [[Mastercastle]] thegither wi [[Pier Gonella]]. Wi this baund she published the album ''[[The Phoenix (Mastercastle album)|The Phoenix]]'' in 2009 an the album ''[[Last Desire]]'' in 2010, baith unner the label [[Lion Music]]. In 2001 she wis contactit fur a collaboration bi the [[extreme metal]] baund Necrodeath. She recordit the vyce o the sang "Queen of Desire (onyric version)", includit on thair album ''[[Necrodeath|The Age of Fear]]'', lowsed on 26 Mey 2011 bi [[Scarlet Records]]. == Discography == ===Wi Mastercastle=== * 2009 - ''The Phoenix'' * 2010 - ''Last Desire'' * 2011 - ''Dangerous Diamonds'' ===Collaborations=== *2011 - ''Necrodeath - The Age of Fear'' (voice on track 14) * 2011 - ''Embrace the sun'' (guest in the track 14: ''Sakura'') == See an aw == * [[Mastercastle]] == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.myspace.com/giorgiagueglio Giorgia Gueglio myspace official] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100927171927/http://www.femmemetal.net/mastercastlegiorgiagint.htm a recent Gueglio's interview] * [http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=3540279512 Encyclopaedia Metallum page anent Mastercastle] * [http://www.myspace.com/mastercastle Mastercastle official] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gueglio, Giorgia}} [[Category:Italian female sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Female hivy metal sangsters]] n0pcv1r4lnsnqvzi97nc4z5mfcapgjg 0 10900 923404 904992 2026-09-26T03:44:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Linkrot}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Gothenburg |native_name = ''Göteborg'' |official_name = Göteborg |settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline = Gothenburg montage.png |image_caption = Clockwise frae tap: [[Svenska Mässan]], [[Lilla Bommen]], Domkyrkan, the [[Gothenburg Opera]], [[Götaplatsen]] | pushpin_map = Sweden Västra Götaland#Sweden South#Sweden | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Västra Götaland##Location within Sooth Swaden##Location within Swaden |image_shield = Göteborg vapen.svg |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Swaden]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities o Swaden|Municipality]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Gothenburg Municipality]],<br />[[Härryda Municipality]],<br />[[Partille Municipality]] an<br />[[Mölndal Municipality]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Coonties o Sweden|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Västra Götaland Coonty]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Swaden|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Västergötland]] an [[Bohuslän]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title3 = [[Ceety status in Swaden|Chairter]] |established_date3 = 1621 |area_footnotes =<ref name="scb">{{cite web| title=Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km² 2005 och 2010 | publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]] | url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_2.xls | format=xls | language=Swedish | accessdate=10 May 2009}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 450 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = 14.5 |area_water_percent = 3.2 |area_urban_km2 = 203.67 |area_metro_km2 = 3717 |population_as_of = 2011 (urban: 2010) |population_footnotes =<ref name="scb"/><ref>[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____228191.aspx Statistics Sweden: Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 30 juni 2011 och befolkningsförändringar 1 januari - 30 juni 2011]</ref> |population_total = 519,399 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 933,560 |population_density_metro_km2 = auto |population_urban = 549,839 |population_density_urban_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |coordinates = {{coord|57|42|N|11|58|E|region:SE|display=inline,title}} |website = [http://www.goteborg.se/ www.goteborg.se] }} '''Gothenburg''' ({{lang-sv|'''Göteborg'''}}; pronoonced {{IPA-sv|jœteˈbɔrj||sv-Göteborg.ogg}}) is the seicont-lairgest ceety in [[Swaden]] (efter [[Stockholm]]) an the fift-lairgest in the [[Nordic kintras]]. Situatit on the soothwast coast o Swaden, there are 512,754 fowk in the city itsel, wi 510,491 in the urban aurie roonaboot an tot o 926,654 fowk in the [[Metropolitan Gothenburg|metropolitan aurie]].<ref name="scb" /> The Ceety o Gothenburg wis foondit in 1621 bi King [[Gustavus Adolphus o Swaden|Gustavus Adolphus]]. It lees bi the sea at the mooth o [[Göta Älv]]—the river runnin throu the ceety—an is the mucklest seaport in the [[Nordic kintras]].<ref name = "selimw">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ne.se/jsp/search/article.jsp?i_art_id=189651&i_word=G%f6teborg&i_whole_article=true&i_history=1 |title=Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed) |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2013-01-14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114045148/http://www.ne.se/jsp/search/article.jsp?i_art_id=189651&i_word=G%F6teborg&i_whole_article=true&i_history=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gothenburg is hame tae mony students, as the ceety includes baith the [[University o Gothenburg]] an [[Chalmers University o Technology]]. [[Volvo Cars]] wis foondit in Gothenburg in 1927.<ref name="volvo-founders">{{Cite web |url=http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo%20group/history/volvosfounders/Pages/volvo_founders.aspx |title=Volvo group history: Volvo's founders |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2010-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409224701/http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo%20group/history/volvosfounders/Pages/volvo_founders.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Name== The ceety wis caaed efter the [[Geats]] (Swadish: ''Götar'' varied: Geatas, Gautar, [[Goths]], Gotar, Gøtar, Götar), the fowk o Gothia, nou soothren Sweden—i.e. ''"Defence of the Geats"''.<ref>Hellquist, E. Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Pamp, B. Ortnamnen i Sverige. Svenska ortnamnsarkiv. AWE/Gebers serie om ortnamnen i våra landskap.</ref> The river aside the ceety is the ''Göta Älv'' or Gothia River. ''Göta borg'' "Gothia Fortress" is the fort on the Göta River, biggit tae pertect the port, whit wis intendit tae be Sweden's commercial windae tae the wast. In [[Dutch leid|Dutch]], [[Scots leid|Scots]] an Inglis, leids wi a lang history o bein spoke in this tred an maritime-orientit ceety, the name ''Gothenburg'' haes whiles been uised for the ceety as in the [[Gothenburg Film Festival]]. The French form o the ceety name is ''Gothembourg''. ''Gottenburg'' kin be seen in aulder Inglis texts an aw. Thir tradeetional forms are nou whiles replacit wi the uiss o the Swadish ''Göteborg'', fir example bi the [[Göteborgsoperan]] an the Göteborg Ballet. Houanivver, Göteborgs universitet, aince designatit as Göteborg University in Inglis, chyngit tae the [[University o Gothenburg]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/current/the-university-s-new-english-name.cid778745 | publisher=University of Gothenburg | title=University of Gothenburg&nbsp;– the University's new English name | date=4 February 2008 | accessdate=18 May 2011 | archive-date=2011-07-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728080218/http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/current/the-university-s-new-english-name.cid778745 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The municipality o Gothenburg haes an aa revertit tae the uiss o the Inglis name in internaitional contexts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www17.goteborg.se/english/ |title=City of Gothenburg |publisher=7.goteborg.se |date= |accessdate=2011-09-16 |archive-date=2012-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212024802/http://www17.goteborg.se/english/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither auld forms in Swadish are ''Götheborgh'', an the mair common, ''Götheborg''. Ae Inglis text scrievit in the late 15t centurie caas the ceety "''Guthaeborg''". ==History== {{main|History o Gothenburg}} ==Geography== Gothenburg is locatit on the wast coast, in Soothwastren Swaden, aboot hauf wey atween the Dens an Norse caipitals [[Copenhagen]] an [[Oslo]]. The location at the mooth o the river [[Göta älv]], that feeds intae [[Kattegatt]], an airm o the [[North Sea]], haes helped the ceety graw as a [[tradin post|tradin ceety]]. The [[airchipelago]] o Gothenburg consists o roch, barren rocks an cliffs, whilk is gey common on the coast o [[Bohuslän]]. Cause o the [[Gulf Stream]], the ceety haes a mild climate an a fair bit o rain. The Gothenburg Metropolitan Aurie (''Stor-Göteborg'') haes 816,931 fowk an extends tae the municipalities o [[Ale Municipality|Ale]], [[Härryda]], [[Kungälv]], [[Lerum]], [[Mölndal]], [[Partille]], [[Stenungsund]], [[Tjörn Municipality|Tjörn]], [[Öckerö]] in [[Västra Götaland Coonty]], an [[Kungsbacka]] in [[Halland Coonty]]. [[Angered]], a suburb ootwi Gothenburg, consists o Hjällbo, Rannebergen, Hammarkullen, Gårdsten an Lövgärdet. It is a [[Million Programme]] pairt o Gothenburg, lik [[Rosengård]] in Malmö an [[Botkyrka]] in Stockholm. Angered haes 40,000 fowk in tot. It lees north frae Gothenburg an is isolatit frae the rest o the ceety. [[Bergsjön]] is anither Million Programme suburb north o Gothenburg, Bergsjön haes 14,000 fowk. Biskopsgården is the lairgest multicultural suburb on the isle [[Hisingen]], whilk is a pairt o Gothenburg separatit bi the river. ===Climate=== Gothenburg haes a [[oceanic climate]] accordin tae [[Köppen climate clessification]]. Despite its heich northren latitude, temperaturs are fairly mild throughoot the year an hintle warmer nor places in seemilar latitude, or even somewha faur sooth, mainly acause o the moderatin influence o the warum Gulf Stream. Durin the simmer, daylicht extends 17 oors, but lasts anerlie aboot 7 oors in late December. Simmers are warum an pleasant wi aiverage heich temperaturs o 19 tae 20&nbsp;°C (66 tae 68&nbsp;°F) an laws o 10 tae 12&nbsp;°C (50 tae 54&nbsp;°F), but temperaturs o 25–30&nbsp;°C (77–86&nbsp;°F) occur on mony days o the simmer. Winters are cauld an windy wi temperaturs o aroond -5 tae 3&nbsp;°C (23 tae 37&nbsp;°F), even tho it disna drop muckle ablo −10&nbsp;°C (14&nbsp;°F). Rain is regular but generally moderate throughoot the year. Snaw mainly occurs frae December tae Mairch. Awtho snaw is no unuisual in November an Aprile it can whiles occur even in October an Mey. ==Cultur== [[File:Haganygata.jpg|thumb|right|[[Haga, Gothenburg|The Haga destrict]] in Gothenburg, made amaist entirely oot o wid]] The sea, tred an industrial history o the ceety is evident in the cultural life o Gothenburg. The greatest attraction in the ceety is the amusement pairk [[Liseberg]] (see Pynts o interest). Anither fact relatit tae the industrial heritage o the ceety is that mony o the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals an the varsity, war creatit thanks tae donations frae rich merchants an industrialists, for ensaumple the [[Röhsska Museum]]. Thare are mony free theatre ensembles in the ceety, asides institutions lik [[Gothenburg Ceety Theatre]], [[Backa Theatre]] (youth theatre), an [[Folkteatern]]. On 29 December 2004, the [[Museum o Warld Cultur]] wis opened in Gothenburg, locatit naur [[Korsvägen]]. The [[Gothenburg Film Festival]], hauden ilka year, is the mucklest film festival in Scandinavie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfestival.org/filmfestival/page/en/information/festivalen |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124154359/http://www.filmfestival.org/filmfestival/page/en/information/festivalen |archivedate=2008-01-24 |title=Göteborg International Film Festival 2008: Göteborg International Film Festival |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=25 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Similarlie, the [[Gothenburg Beuk Fair]], hauden ivery year in September, is the mucklest sic event in Scandinavie. Citin the [[Great Recession|Financial Creesis]] the [[IFLA|Internaitional Federation o Library Associations an Institutions]] haes pit oot that Gothenburg will host the 2010 Warld Library an Wittins Congress,<ref>[http://www.ifla.org/en/news/2010-goteborg Göteborg, Sweden to host the 2010 IFLA Warld Library and Information Congress], IFLA 8 July 2009</ref> previously tae be hauden in [[Brisbane]], Australie. ===Airchitectur=== Thare are gey few hooses left frae the 17t century whan the ceety wis foondit, syne aw but the military an ryal hooses war biggit o wid.<ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] (NE), The Swadish Naitional Encyclopedia (Most of this section is based on NE)</ref> Ae ensaumple is [[Skansen Kronan]]. The first major airchitecturallie interestin period is the 18t century whan the [[Swadish East Indie Company|East Indie Company]] makkit Gothenburg a important tred ceety. Imposin stane hooses wi a [[Clessical airchitectur|Clessical]] leuk war erectit aroond the canals. Ae ensaumple frae this period is the East Indie Hoose, whilk the day hooses [[Ceety Museum o Gothenburg|Gothenburg’s Ceety Museum]]. [[File:Göteborg 03.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Mony biggins in the auld pairt o the ceety war biggit alang canals]] In the 19t century, the walthy bourgeoisie begun tae muive ootside the ceety waws that haed protectit the ceety whan the Union o Denmark an Norawa wis still a threat. The style nou wis a eclectic, academic, somewha ower-decoratit style whilk the middle-cless favoured. The wirkin cless bided in the owercroudit ceety destrict [[Haga, Gothenburg|Haga]], in widden hooses. In the 19t century the first important toun plan efter the foondin o the ceety wis creatit, that led tae the construction o the main street, [[Kungsportsavenyn]]. Aiblins the maist significant teep o hooses o the ceety, [[Landshövdingehus]]en, war biggit in the end o the 19t century; three storey-hooses wi the first floor in stane an the ither twa in wid. A gey important period in the airchitectural history o the ceety wis the early 20t century, whan the [[Naitional Romanticism|Naitional Romantic]] style dominatit. Amang the mony monumental biggin erectit the [[Masthugget Kirk]] can be mentioned. Forby in the beginnin o the 1920s, whan the ceety celebratit its 300t anniversary, the [[Götaplatsen]] square wi its [[Neoclessical airchitectur|Neo-Clessical]] leuk{{wrang}} wis biggit. Efter this the predominant style in Gothenburg an rest o Swaden wis [[Functionalism (airchitectur)|Functionalism]] that especially dominatit the suburbs lik [[Västra Frölunda]] an [[Bergsjön]]. The prominent Swadish functionalist airchitect [[Uno Åhrén]] served as the ceety planner here frae 1932 throu 1943. In the 1950s, the lairge stadium [[Ullevi]] wis erectit whan Swaden hostit the [[1958 FIFA Warld Cup]]. The modren airchitectur o the ceety is bein formed bi sic airchitects as [[Gert Wingårdh]] wha stairtit as a [[Post-Modrenist]] in the 1980s. A faur remarkable construction is [[Brudaremossen masts|Brudaremossen TV Touer]], ane o the few [[pairtially guyed touer]]s in the warld. ===Characteristic biggins=== [[File:Oscar Fredriks kyrka 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Oscar Fredrik Kirk]]]] The [[Gothenburg Central Station]] is in the hert o the ceety, juist next tae Nordstan an Drottningtorget. The biggin haes been renovatit an expandit numerous times syne the grand openin in October 1858. In 2003 a major reconstruction wis finished whilk brocht the 19t century biggin in tae the 21st century expandin the capacity for trains, traivellers an shoppin. Not faur frae the central station is [[Skanskaskrapan]], or mair commonly kent as "The Lipstick". It's 86 metres heich wi 22 floors an coloured in reid-white stripes. The skyscraper wis designed bi Ralph Erskine an biggit bi [[Skanska]] in the 1980s as the heidquarter for the company. Bi the shore o Göta Älv is the [[Gothenburg Opera]]. It wis completit in 1994. The airchitect [[Jan Izikowitz]] wis inspired bi the landscape an describit his veesion as "Something that maks yer mind float ower the squigglin landscape like the wings o a seagull". [[Feskekôrka]], or '''Fiskhallen''',<ref>''100 utmärkta hus i Göteborg'', Manne Ekman & Margareta Rydbo, Göteborgs Stadsmuseum, Alfa Print AB, Sundbyberg 2007 ISBN 978-91-85488-78-0 p. 78</ref> is a fishmercat bi the [[Rosenlundskanalen]] in the hert o Gothenburg. Feskekôrkan wis opened on 1 November 1874 an the name comes frae bein compared wi a kirk. The [[Gothenburg Law Court]] is in the [[Beaux-Arts airchitectur|Beaux-Arts]] style. The [[Gothenburg Synagogue]] at Stora Nygatan, naur [[Drottningtorget]], wis biggitt in 1855 accordin tae the designs o the German airchitect [[August Krüger]]. ===Muisic=== {{Further|[[Leet o baunds frae Gothenburg]]}} Gothenburg haes a diverse muisic community—the [[Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra]] is the maist weel-kent whan it comes tae clessical muisic. Gothenburg an aa wis the birthplace o the Swadish composer [[Kurt Atterberg]]. Baunds lik [[The Soundtrack of Our Lives]] an [[Ace of Base]] are weel kent pop representatives o the ceety. Thare is an aw a active indie scene. For ensaumple, the muisicker [[Jens Lekman]] wis born in the suburb o [[Angered]] an named his 2007 release ''[[Night Falls Over Kortedala]]'' efter anither suburb ([[Kortedala]]). Ither internaitionally acclaimed indie airtists include the electro pop duos [[Studio (baund)|Studio]], [[The Knife]], [[Air France (baund)|Air France]], [[The Tough Alliance]], sangwriter [[José González]] an pop sangster [[El Perro Del Mar]] as well as genre-bendin quartet [[Little Dragon]] frontit bi vocalist [[Yukimi Nagano]]. Anither son o the ceety is ane o Swaden's maist popular sangsters, [[Håkan Hellström]], wha aften includes mony places frae the ceety in his sangs. [[File:GoteborgsOperan.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The [[Gothenburg Opera]].]] Gothenburg's awn commercially successfu [[At the Gates]], [[In Flames]] an [[Dark Tranquillity]] are creditit wi pioneerin [[melodic daith metal]]. Anither weel-kent baund o the Gothenburg scene is [[The Haunted]]. Progressive pouer metal baund [[Evergrey]] an aa oreeginate frae the ceety as dae pouer metal baunds [[HammerFall]] an [[Dream Evil]]. The Metaltown Festival is a twa-day festival featurin [[hivy metal]] baunds, hauden in Gothenburg. It haes been arranged annually syne 2004, takin place at the Frihamnen venue. The maist recent festival in Juin 2010, includit baunds sic as [[Coheed and Cambria]], [[Dark Tranquillity]], [[Rammstein]], [[Amon Amarth]], an [[In Flames]]. ===Fuid an drink=== The ceety haes a nummer o starn chefs&nbsp;– ower the past decade, seiven o the Swadish Chef o the Year Awairds hae been wan bi Gothenburgers.<ref>[http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/travel/tmagazine/10well-goteborg-t.html?pagewanted=2&ref=tmagazine "Sweden Unzipped"]. ''New York Times'' 23 September 2007</ref> A popular place tae buy fish ingredients is the [[Feskekôrka]] ("Fish Kirk"); a indoor fish mercat that got its name frae the biggin's resemblance tae a [[Gothic airchitectur|Gothic]] kirk. Five Gothenburg restaurants hae a starn in the 2008 [[Michelin Guide]]: ''28 +'', ''Basement'', ''Fond'', ''Kock & Vin'', ''Fiskekrogen'' an ''Sjömagasinet''.<ref>Wittins frae the tourist company Göteborg & Co, website www.goteborg.com</ref> ===Sports=== [[File:Göteborg - Sailing.jpg|thumb|Wi aroond 20,000 sailboats an yachts scattered aboot the ceety, sailin is a popular sports activity in the region, pairticularly acause o the naurbi [[Gothenburg Airchipelago]].]] [[File:Ullevi stadium in gothenburg 20060510.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Ullevi Stadium]], the lairgest ootdoor sports arena in Scandinavie]] As in aw o Swaden, a variety o sports are follaed, includin but no leemitit tae [[association fitbaa|fitbaa]], [[ice hockey]], basketbaw, [[team handbaw]], an [[feegur skeitchin]]. Thare is a varied amateur an professional sport clubs scene. Gothenburg is the birthplace o [[fitbaa in Swaden]] as the [[first fitbaa match in Swaden]] wis played thare in 1892. The ceety's three major clubs, [[IFK Göteborg]], [[Örgryte IS]] an [[GAIS]] share a tot o 34 Swadish Championships atween them. IFK haes an aa wan the [[UEFA Cup]] twice. Ither notable clubs include [[BK Häcken]] ([[association fitbaa|fitbaa]]), [[Pixbo Wallenstam IBK]] ([[floorbaw]]), multiple naitional [[team handbaw]] champion [[Redbergslids IK]], an three time naitional ice hockey champion [[Frölunda HC]], Gothenburg haes an aa a professional basketbaw team [[Gothia Basket]]. The [[bandy]] depairtment o GAIS, [[GAIS Bandy]], played qualification matches tae the heichest diveesion [[Elitserien (bandy)|Elitserien]] last saison. The ceety's maist notable sports venues are [[Scandinavium]] ([[ice hockey]]), an [[Nya Ullevi]] (multisport) an the new-biggit [[Gamla Ullevi (2008)|Gamla Ullevi]]<ref>Gamla Ullevi, Higabgruppen, website (Swedish) http://www.higab.se/fotbollsarenan/default.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316031257/http://www.higab.se/fotbollsarenan/default.asp |date=2009-03-16 }}</ref> ([[association fitbaa|fitbaa]]). Gothenburg haes hostit a nummer o internaitional sportin events includin the [[1958 FIFA Warld Cup]], the [[1983 European Cup Winners' Cup Feenal]], an [[NFL]] presaison gemme on 14 August 1988 atween the [[Chicago Bears]] an the [[Minnesota Vikings]], the [[1992 European Fitbaa Championship]], the 1993 an the 2002 [[Warld Men's Handbaw Championship]], the [[1995 Warld Championships in Athletics]], the 1997 Warld Championships in Swimmin (Short track), the 2002 [[Ice Hockey Warld Championships]], the 2004 [[UEFA Cup]] feenal, the [[2006 European Championships in Athletics]], an the [[2008 Warld Feegur Skeitchin Championships]]. Annual events hauden in the ceety are the [[Gothia Cup]] an the [[Göteborgsvarvet]]. Gothenburg hostit the XIII FINA Warld Masters Championships 2010.<ref>http://www.2010finamasters.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218001606/http://2010finamasters.org/ |date=2009-02-18 }} XIII FINA World Masters Championships 2010 website</ref> Divin, soummin, synchronised soummin an open watter competitions teuk place frae 28 Julie tae 7 August. The watter polo events wis hauden on the neeburin ceety o [[Borås]]. ==Govrenment== {{main|Gothenburg Municipality}} ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Swaden}} ===Twin touns an sister ceeties=== Gothenburg is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {{Col-start}} {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Bergen]], Norawa * {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Turku]], Finland * {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Aarhus Municipality]], Denmark * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], Fraunce<ref name="Lyon">{{cite web |url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1 |title=Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon |publisher=Mairie de Lyon |year=2008 |accessdate=17 July 2009 |archive-date=2009-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Kraków|Cracow]], Poland {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saunt Petersburg]], Roushie * {{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], Estonie * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Rostock]], Germany * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Badalona]], Spain {{Col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Göteborg}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121212024802/http://www17.goteborg.se/english/ Goteborg.se]&nbsp;– Ceety o Gothenburg wabsteid {{in|en}} {{Ceeties in Swaden}} {{Västra Götaland Coonty}} {{Localities in Göteborg Municipality}} {{Localities in Härryda Municipality}} {{Localities in Mölndal Municipality}} {{Localities in Partille Municipality}} {{Swadish Seats}} [[Category:Gothenburg| ]] [[Category:Municipal seats o Västra Götaland Coonty]] [[Category:Populatit places in Gothenburg Municipality]] [[Category:Populatit places in Härryda Municipality]] [[Category:Populatit places in Mölndal Municipality]] [[Category:Populatit places in Partille Municipality]] [[Category:Coastal ceeties an touns in Swaden]] [[Category:Geats]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Swaden]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the North Sea]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1621]] bo7n4xmb4gtt970rvp5kjt3kh95jumq 0 10964 923508 880679 2026-09-26T07:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox settlement |name = Quebec Ceety |official_name = ''Ville de Québec'' |settlement_type = [[Leet o ceeties in Quebec|Ceety]] |image_skyline = Quebec City Montage.png |image_flag = Flag of Quebec City.svg |flag_size = 120x100px |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = 100x100px |nickname = La Vieille Capitale'' |motto = Don de Dieu feray<!--sic--> valoir<br />("I shall put God's gift to good use"; the ''Don de Dieu'' was Champlain's ship) |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Canada Quebec |pushpin_label_position = left |pushpin_mapsize = 197 |pushpin_map_caption = |coordinates = {{coord|46|49|N|71|13|W|region:CA-QC|display=inline,title}} |coor_pinpoint = 2, rue des Jardins, Québec<ref name="mamrot">{{mamrot |type=municipalite |23027}}</ref> |coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="toponymie">{{toponymie |51718}}</ref> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Canadae}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces an territories o Canadae|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Quebec}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Region (Quebec)|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Capitale-Nationale]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Regional coonty municipality|RCM]] |subdivision_name3 = None |subdivision_type4 = Metropolitan commonty |subdivision_name4 = [[Communauté métropolitaine de Québec]] |subdivision_type5 = [[Agglomeration]] |subdivision_name5 = [[Agglomeration o Quebec Ceety]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 3 Julie 1608, bi [[Samuel de Champlain]] |established_title1 = Constitutit |established_date1 = 1 Januar 2002 |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |parts_type =Burghs |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = [[Beauport, Quebec Ceety|Beauport]] |p2 = [[Charlesbourg, Quebec Ceety|Charlesbourg]] |p3 = [[La Cité-Limoilou]] |p4 = [[La Haute-Saint-Charles, Quebec Ceety|La Haute-Saint-Charles]] |p5 = [[Les Rivières, Quebec Ceety|Les Rivières]] |p6 = [[Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge]] |government_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/> |government_type = [[Quebec Ceety Cooncil]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Régis Labeaume]] |leader_title1 = [[Members o the Canadian Hoose o Commons|MPs]] |leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title = Leet o MPs |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = [[Raymond Côté]] - Beauport—Limoilou |2 = [[Anne-Marie Day]] - Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles |3 = [[Denis Blanchette]] - Louis-Hébert |4 = [[Alexandrine Latendresse]] - Louis-Saint-Laurent |5 = [[Jonathan Tremblay]] - Montmorency—Charlevoix—Haute-Côte-Nord |6 = [[Annick Papillon]]- Québec |7 = ([[Élaine Michaud]] - Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier) }} |leader_title2 = [[Naitional Assembly o Quebec|MNAs]] |leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = List of MNAs |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = [[Raymond Bernier]] - Montmorency |2 = [[Yves Bolduc]] - Jean-Talon |3 = [[André Drolet]] - Jean-Lesage |4 = [[Sam Hamad]] - Louis-Hébert |5 = [[Éric Caire]] - La Peltrie |6 = [[Patrick Huot]] - Vanier |7 = [[Agnès Maltais]] - Taschereau |8 = [[Michel Pigeon]] - Charlesbourg |9 = [[Gérard Deltell]] - Chauveau }} |area_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/><ref name="cp2011">{{SCref |unit=csd |code=2423027}}</ref> |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 484.10 |area_land_km2 = 454.10 |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011-CA">{{SCref |unit=cma |code=421}}</ref> |area_metro_km2 = 3349.12 |elevation_footnotes = <ref>http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/quebec-city</ref><!--for references: use<ref></ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 98 |population_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011"/> |population_total = 516,622 ([[Leet o the 100 lairgest municipalities in Canadae bi population|11t]]) |population_as_of = 2011 |population_density_km2 = 1137.7 |population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011-CA"/> |population_metro = 765,706 ([[Leet o the 100 lairgest metropolitan auries in Canadae|7t]]) |population_density_metro_km2 = 228.6 |population_blank1_title = Chynge&nbsp;<small>(2006–11)</small> |population_blank1 = {{increase}}5.2% |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_blank2_title = Dwellins |population_blank2 = 255785 |population_note = |timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = −5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren Daylicht Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −4 |postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code|Postal code(s)]] |postal_code = [[Leet o G postal codes o Canadae|G1A to G2N]] |area_code = [[Aurie codes 418 an 581|418 an 581]] |blank_name = [[Standard Geographical Classification code (Canada)|SGC code]] |blank_info = 24 23 027 |blank1_name = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] Map |blank1_info = 021L14 |blank2_name = [[Geographical Names Board of Canada|GNBC]] Code |blank2_info = EHTWR |blank3_name = |blank3_info = |website = {{URL|www.ville.quebec.qc.ca}} |footnotes = }} '''Quebec''' ({{IPA-en|kwɨˈbɛk|}} or {{IPA|/kəˈbɛk/}}; {{lang-fr|'''Québec'''}}, {{IPA-fr|keˈbɛk||FR-Québec.ogg}}), an aw '''Québec''', '''Quebec Ceety''' or '''Québec Ceety''' ({{lang-fr|Ville de Québec}})<ref>Accordin tae the [[Government of Canada|federal]] an [[Politics o Quebec#Government o Quebec|provincial governments]], '''Québec''' (wi the [[acute accent]]) is the ceety's offeecial name in baith [[Quebec French|French]] an [[Canadian Inglis|Inglis]]. Even though French place names in Canadae typically retain their accents in Inglis an the ceety's name is [http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/info/pan_can_e.php not among 81 locales of pan-Canadian significance with official forms in both languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210041815/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/info/pan_can_e.php |date=2009-12-10 }}, as is the case wi the province o [[Quebec|Quebec/''Québec'']], '''Quebec''' is a legitimate an well-established exception in Inglis (as is [[Montreal]]). Similarly, '''Quebec CIty''' is common (e.g., per the ''[[Canadian Oxford Dictionary]]'' (ISBN 0-19-541816-6, p. 1265)), and is used particularly to distinguish the city from the province. According to ''Editing Canadian English'' (ISBN 1-55199-045-8, p. 77) the form '''Québec City''' makes no sense in either English or French; nonetheless, it is used by the [http://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/EN/apropos/portrait/symbole_identitaire.aspx municipal government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720233313/http://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/en/apropos/portrait/symbole_identitaire.aspx |date=2015-07-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720233313/http://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/en/apropos/portrait/symbole_identitaire.aspx |date=2015-07-20 }} and other sources (e.g., [[Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport]]).</ref> is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] o the [[Canadae|Canadian]] [[Provinces an territories o Canadae|province]] o [[Quebec]] an is locatit athin the [[Capitale-Nationale]] region. It is the seicont maist populous ceety in Quebec efter [[Montreal]], which is aboot 233 kilometres (145&nbsp;mi) tae the soothwast. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Quebec City}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Quebec]] [[Category:Quebec Ceety| ]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Canadae]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Saint Lawrence River]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1608]] [[Category:Umwhile caipitals o Canadae]] [[Category:Hudson's Bay Company tredin posts]] [[Category:Port settlements in Quebec]] {{Stub/Canadae}} {{Stub/Ceity}} oro4oontrp6szo9za9rvw6zitgb9ll3 0 11293 923553 897810 2026-09-26T09:29:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic o Tunisie<br/>{{lang|ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} [[Arabic leid|(Arabic)]] <br/> ''al-Jumhūrīyah at-Tūnisīyah'' |common_name = Tunisie |image_flag = Flag of Tunisia.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Tunisia.svg |symbol_type = Coat o airms |national_motto = {{lang|ar|حرية، ، عدالة، نظام}}<br/>"{{transl|ar|Ḥurrīyah, 'Adālah, Niẓām}}"<br/>{{small|"Liberty, Justice, Order"}}<ref name="art4">{{cite web |title=Tunisia Constitution, Article 4 |url=http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |publication-date=26 January 2014 |accessdate=10 February 2014 |archive-date=2014-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209234154/http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |national_anthem = {{lang|ar|حماة الحمى}}<br/>''[[Humat al-Hima]]''<br/>{{small|''Defenders o the Hameland''}}<br/>{{center|[[File:Humat al-Hima.ogg]]}} |image_map = Location Tunisia AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=dark blue|region=Africa|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[African Union]]|subregion_color=light blue}} |image_map2 = Tunisia - Location Map (2013) - TUN - UNOCHA.svg |capital = [[Tunis]] |coordinates = {{Coord|36|50|N|10|9|E|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |official_languages = [[Arabic]]<ref name="art1">{{cite web |title=Tunisian Constitution, Article 1 |url=http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |publication-date=26 January 2014 |accessdate=10 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209234154/http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |archivedate=9 February 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209234154/http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |date=2014-02-09 }} Translation by the University of Bern: "Tunisia is a free State, independent and sovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is the Republic."</ref> |languages_type = Spoken leids |languages = {{vunblist |[[Tunisie Arabic]]<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb Arabic, Tunisian Spoken]. Ethnologue (19 February 1999). Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref> |[[Tamazight]] (Berber)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.britannica.com/topic/Tamazight-language|title=Tamazight language|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2017-04-21|archive-date=2021-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104233722/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Tamazight-language|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nawaat.org/portail/2012/02/27/interview-avec-association-tunisienne-de-culture-amazigh/|title=Nawaat – Interview avec l’ Association Tunisienne de Culture Amazighe|work=Nawaat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchdirect.uws.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:573|title=An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/10/13/tunisian-amazigh-and-the-fight-for-recognition/|title=Tunisian Amazigh and the Fight for Recognition – Tunisialive|work=Tunisialive|access-date=2017-04-21|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065936/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/10/13/tunisian-amazigh-and-the-fight-for-recognition/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[French leid|French]] <small>(commercial an eddicational)</small>}} [[English leid|Inglis]] <small>(commercial an edidcational)</small> |ethnic_groups = <!--The following is sourced (see ethnic_groups_year above), so please do not change it without also replacing that source:--> {{vunblist | 98% {{nowrap|[[Arabs|Arab]]<ref name=CIA/><!--end nowrap:-->}} | 1% [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]]<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |title=Tunisia |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |publisher=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=15 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BRmFRbow?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |archivedate=2012-10-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> | 1% [[Jews|Jewish]] an ither<ref name=CIA/> }} |demonym = Tunisie |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]]}} [[republic]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frosini|first1=Justin|last2=Biagi|first2=Francesco|title=Political and Constitutional Transitions in North Africa: Actors and Factors|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317597452|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FK2BQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>Choudhry, Sujit; Stacey, Richard (2014) [http://www.idea.int/publications/constitution-building-a-global-review/upload/cbgr_c5.pdf "Semi-presidential government in Tunisia and Egypt"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202025829/http://www.idea.int/publications/constitution-building-a-global-review/upload/cbgr_c5.pdf |date=2016-02-02 }}. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Retrieved 7 January 2016.</ref> |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Tunisia|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Kais Saied]] (قيس سعيد) |leader_title2 = [[Heid o Govrenment o Tunisie|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Kamel Madouri]] (كمال المدوري) |legislature = [[Assembly o the Representatives of the People (Tunisie)|Assembly o the Representatives o the Fowk]] |sovereignty_type = [[History o Tunisie|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Husainid Dynasty]] inauguratit |established_date1 = 15 Julie 1705 |established_event2 = Independence frae [[French Fowert Republic|Fraunce]] |established_date2 = 20 Mairch 1956 |established_event3 = [[History o modren Tunisie|Republic declared]] |established_date3 = 25 Julie 1957 |established_event4 = [[Tunisie Revolution|Revolution Day]] |established_date4 = 14 Januar 2011 |area_km2 = 163610 |area_rank = 93rd |area_sq_mi = 63170 |percent_water = 5.0 |population_estimate = 10,982,754<ref name="ins">{{cite web |url=http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php |title=National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia |publisher=National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia |date=12 September 2014 |accessdate=12 September 2014 |archive-date=2015-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023615/http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_census = |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_estimate_rank = 79t |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 63 <!--pop est 2011 (164,418 sq km) / land area(163610) = 63,482 sq mi--> |population_density_sq_mi = 163 |population_density_rank = 133rd |GDP_PPP = $130.831 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=38&pr.y=8&sy=2016&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=744&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Tunisia |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2016 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,656<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $42.388 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2016 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,776<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = 36.1 <!-- number only --> |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=GINI index |publisher=World Bank |date= |accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> |HDI = 0.725 <!-- number only --> |HDI_year = 2016<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2016_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate=04 April 2016 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 97th |currency = [[Tunisie dinar]] |currency_code = TND |time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |drives_on = [[Richt- an left-haund traffic#Tunisie|richt]] |calling_code = [[+216]] |cctld = {{ublist |[[.tn]] |{{rtl-lang|ar|[[.تونس]]}}<ref name="iana">{{cite web |url=http://www.iana.org/reports/2010/tunis-report-16jul2010.html |title=Report on the Delegation of تونس. |year=2010 |publisher=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |accessdate=8 November 2010}}</ref>}} |religion = [[Islam]] |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |country_code = +216 }} '''Tunisie''', offeecially the '''Tunisian Republic''' (الجمهورية التونسية‎ al-Jumhūriyya at-Tūnisiyya), is the northrenmaist kintra in [[Africae]]. It is an Arab kintra an is bordered bi [[Algerie]] tae the wast, [[Libie]] tae the sootheast, an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] tae the north an east. Its aurie is amaist 165,000&nbsp;km², wi an estimatit population o juist ower 10.3 million. Its name is derived frae the caipital [[Tunis]] locatit in the north-east. == Name == {{Main|[[Tunis#Etymology|Etymology o Tunis]]}} The wird ''Tunisie'' is derived frae '''[[Tunis]]'''; a ceety an caipital o modren-day Tunisie. The present form o the name, wi its Latinate suffix ''{{nowrap|-ia}}'', evolved frae French ''Tunisie''. This name wis introduced bi French geographers an historians as pairt o thair efforts tae gie names tae thair new occupied territories an protectorates. The French derivative ''Tunisie'' wis adoptit in some European leids wi slicht modifications, introducin a distinctive name tae designate the kintra. Ither leids remained untouched, sic as the [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] ''Túnez''. In this case, the same name is uised for baith kintra an ceety as in [[Arabic]]: تونس an ae bi context can ane tell the difference.<ref name="adrian">{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom |publisher=McFarland |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom/page/385 385] |isbn=0-7864-2248-3 }}</ref> The name ''Tunis'' can be attributit tae different oreegins. It can be associatit wi the Phoenician goddess ''[[Tanit|Tanith (aka Tunit)]]'', auncient ceety o ''Tynes'' or tae the Berber ruit ''ens'' which means "tae lie doun". == Govrenorates an ceeties == === Govrenorates === [[File:Governorates of Tunisia.svg|thumb|right|200px|Govrenorates o Tunisie]] {{Main|Govrenorates o Tunisie|Delegations o Tunisie}} Tunisia is subdividit intae 24 [[govrenorate]]s, thay are: <table><td><ol> <li> [[Ariana Govrenorate|Ariana]] <li> [[Béja Govrenorate|Béja]] <li> [[Ben Arous Govrenorate|Ben Arous]] <li> [[Bizerte Govrenorate|Bizerte]] <li> [[Gabès Govrenorate|Gabès]] <li> [[Gafsa Govrenorate|Gafsa]] <li> [[Jendouba Govrenorate|Jendouba]] <li> [[Kairouan Govrenorate|Kairouan]] <li> [[Kasserine Govrenorate|Kasserine]] <li> [[Kebili Govrenorate|Kebili]] <li> [[Kef Govrenorate|Kef]] <li> [[Mahdia Govrenorate|Mahdia]] </ol></td><td><ol start=13> <li> [[Manouba Govrenorate|Manouba]] <li> [[Medenine Govrenorate|Medenine]] <li> [[Monastir Govrenorate|Monastir]] <li> [[Nabeul Govrenorate|Nabeul]] <li> [[Sfax Govrenorate|Sfax]] <li> [[Sidi Bou Zid Govrenorate|Sidi Bou Zid]] <li> [[Siliana Govrenorate|Siliana]] <li> [[Sousse Govrenorate|Sousse]] <li> [[Tataouine Govrenorate|Tataouine]] <li> [[Tozeur Govrenorate|Tozeur]] <li> [[Tunis Govrenorate|Tunis]] <li> [[Zaghouan Govrenorate|Zaghouan]] </ol></td></table> The govrenorates are dividit intae 264 "[[Delegations o Tunisie|delegations]]" or "[[destrict]]s" (''mutamadiyat''), an further subdividit intae [[municipality|municipalities]] (''shaykhats'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/utn.html |title=Tunisia Governorates |publisher=Statoids.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> an sectors (''imadats'').<ref>[http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true ''Portail de l'industrie Tunisienne''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106172919/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |date=2013-01-06 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106172919/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |date=2013-01-06 }}, in French</ref> === Major ceeties === '':See an aa:[[Leet o ceeties in Tunisie]]'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="width:50px;"| Nr. ! style="width:150px;"| Ceety ! style="width:170px;"| Population ! style="width:150px;"| Governatorate |- | {{center|1}} | '''[[Tunis]]''' | <div class="center"> 983,861 <ref>3,980,500 in the metropolitan aurie</ref></div> | [[Tunis Govrenorate|Tunis]] |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|2}} | '''[[Sfax]]''' | <div class="center">855,256 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2467454/sfax|title=Mongabay.com, population of Sfax|accessdate=2009-10-09|work=|archive-date=2011-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128022036/http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2467454/sfax|url-status=dead}}</ref></div> | [[Sfax Govrenorate|Sfax]] |- | {{center|3}} | '''[[Kairouan]]''' | <div class="center">546,209 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2473449/kairouan|title=Mongabay.com, population of Kairouan|accessdate=2009-10-09|work=|archive-date=2011-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128023903/http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2473449/kairouan|url-status=dead}}</ref></div> | [[Kairouan Govrenorate|Kairouan]] |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|4}} | '''[[Sousse]]''' | <div class="center">544,413 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2464915/sousse|title=Mongabay.com, population of Sousse|accessdate=2009-10-09|work=|archive-date=2011-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103075259/http://population.mongabay.com/population/tunisia/2464915/sousse|url-status=dead}}</ref></div> | [[Sousse Govrenorate|Sousse]] |- | {{center|5}} | '''[[Ettadhamen-Mnihla|Ettadhamen]]''' <ref name=tt>Part of Tunis metropolitan area</ref> | <div class="center">422,246 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/tunisia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|title=FITA, population of At Tadaman|accessdate=2009-10-09|work=|archive-date=2010-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105408/http://www.fita.org/countries/tunisia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|url-status=dead}}</ref></div> | [[Ariana Govrenorate|Ariana]] |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|6}} | '''[[Gabès]]''' | <div class="center">342,630 </div> | [[Gabès Govrenorate|Gabès]] |- | {{center|7}} | '''[[Bizerte]]''' | <div class="center">114,371</div> | [[Bizerte Govrenorate|Bizerte]] |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|8}} | '''[[Aryanah]]''' <ref name="tt"/> | <div class="center">97,687</div> | [[Ariana Govrenorate|Ariana]] |- | {{center|9}} | '''[[Gafsa]]''' | <div class="center">84,676</div> | [[Gafsa Govrenorate|Gafsa]] |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|10}} | '''[[El Mourouj]]''' <ref name="tt"/> | <div class="center">81,986</div> | [[Ben Arous Govrenorate|Ben Arous]] |} == Affiliations == Tunisie is a member o the follaein organisations: <center> {| class="wikitable" colspan="2" |- |Organization |Dates |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Unitit Naitions]] | syne 12 November 1956 |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Arab League]] | syne 1958 |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Organization o the Islamic Conference]] | syne 1969 |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Warld Tred Organisation]] | syne 29 Mairch 1995 |- | style="text-align:center;"| [[Mediterranean Dialogue|Mediterranean Dialogue group]] | syne Februar 1995 |} </center> == Notes == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Tunisia}} {{Wikivoyage|Tunisia}} *[http://www.tunisie.gov.tn/index.php?lang=english Government o Tunisie] *{{dmoz|Regional/Africae/Tunisie}} *{{wikiatlas|Tunisie}} [[Category:Tunisie| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Africae]] [[Category:African Union member states]] [[Category:Member states o the Arab League]] [[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]] [[Category:French-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Member states o La Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1956]] [[Category:North Africae]] {{Stub/NAfricae}} {{authority control}} mkrxlwp8gml1unwdyh2copbhahr8lgg 0 11495 923577 894664 2026-09-26T10:07:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923577 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Yamaha YZR-M1''' is an 800cc motorcycle specifically developed bi [[Yamaha Motor Company]] tae race in the current [[MotoGP]] series.<ref name="History">{{cite web |url=http://www.yamaha-racing.com/Racing/motogp/bike/history/ |title=History of 990cc |accessdate=2008-03-21 |work=Yamaha Racing |publisher=[[Yamaha Motor Company]] |archive-date=2008-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322034310/http://www.yamaha-racing.com/Racing/motogp/bike/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It succeedit the 500cc [[Yamaha YZR500|YZR500]] bi the [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racin saison|2002 saison]] an wis oreeginally developed wi a 990cc ingine. Syne then, the YZR-M1 haes been continuously developed intae several iterations. == 2002 – 2003 == [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racin saison|2002]] wis the first saison which allowed 990 cc [[Fower-stroke ingine|4-strokes]] tae be raced alangside 500 cc [[Twa stroke cycle|2-strokes]]. In a chynge frae thair [[V4 ingine|V-4]] [[Yamaha YZR500|YZR500]], Yamaha designed the YZR-M1 (for "Mission Ane") wi an [[Straicht-4|inline-4]] ingine, in order tae hae a langer [[swingairm]] an shorter [[wheelbase]]. An aa, Yamaha wantit tae preserve the superior haundlin o the YZR500, sae the M1's ingine wis designed tae fit in a chassis seemilar tae the YZR500's. The M1 wis ootfittit wi an electronic ingine management seestem that controlled the [[ingine brakin]] endemic tae 4-strokes.<ref name="History"/><ref name="Crash1">{{cite news |title=Mission One: Introducing Yamaha's awesome YZR-M1 |publisher=Crash.net |date=2001-05-14 |url= http://www.crash.net/motorsport/motogp/feature/715-0/mission_one_introducing_yamahas_awesome_yzr-m1.html |accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref> The M1 wis test-ridden an developed bi [[Max Biaggi]], [[John Kocinski]], [[Norihiko Fujiwara]] an Kyoji Namba throughoot 2001. It wis raced in the 2002 saison bi Biaggi an [[Carlos Checa]] on the factory team, an towards the end o the saison M1s wur an aa providit tae [[Norifumi Abe]], [[Olivier Jacque]] an [[Shinya Nakano]]. In [[2003 Grand Prix motorcycle racin saison|2003]], the ingine went frae [[Carburetor|carburetion]] tae [[fuel injection]], an the Ingine Management Seestem wis changed tae the Idle Control Seestem.<ref name="Crash2">{{cite news |title=Evolution of the YZR-M1 - part one |publisher=Crash.net |date=2006-11-19 |url= http://www.crash.net/motorsport/motogp/news/140453-0/evolution_of_the_yzr-m1_-_part_one.html |accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref> Biaggi achieved 2 wins in 2002, an placed seicont in the feenal staundins as did Yamaha in the manufacturer's championship. In 2003, M1 riders wur Checa, [[Alex Barros]], [[Olivier Jacque]], [[Marco Melandri]], [[Shinya Nakano]] an [[Norifumi Abe]], an thare wur no wins an Yamaha came in third in the manufacturer's championship. == 2004/2005 == [[Valentino Rossi]] signed a twa-year contract wi Yamaha, reportedly worth in excess o USD$6 million per saison, in a muive that wis describit bi the press as "biting off more than he could chew". It wis widely felt nae anly bi his critics an media pundits, but an aa bi mony fans, that even he wad nae be able tae bring the strugglin YZR-M1 up tae the level o the hereto aw conquering [[Honda RC211V]]. A well publicised increase in the pace o development o the Honda machine ower the winter saison fuelled expectation that a [[Honda RC211V]] in the haunds o riders the calibre o [[Max Biaggi]] an [[Sete Gibernau]] wad hae na problem in retainin the Warld Title for Honda. Meanwhile, Rossi wisna the anly defection Honda haed tae contend wi; [[Jeremy Burgess]] (crew chief for Rossi at Honda), alang wi the majority o his lang established crew, wur convinced bi Rossi tae join him at Yamaha. This wis a shrewd muive, an wis citit bi Rossi in his autobiography as bein instrumental in providin him wi the strang basis necessary for launchin an attack on the Championship wi the YZR-M1. Durin 2003/2004 winter testin, Yamaha stepped up tae the plate bi pullin oot aw the staps in thair collaboration wi Rossi an Burgess. Throu a seestematic regime o innovation an testin, thay soucht tae refine the M1's tradeetionally strang traits sic as guid brakin an quick handlin (which impressed Rossi), an mairy them wi guid balance an transeetion tae pouer. Wirkin closely wi Rossi an Burgess, Yamaha engineers unner YZR-M1 project leader Koichi Tsuji experimented wi a nummer o ingine modifications in an attempt tae fix the pouer delivery, an feenally it wis decidit tae gang ahead wi a fower valve per cylinder heid configuration (as opposed tae the earlier five valve heid), wi a specially refined cylinder firin order. This turned the straicht fower cylinder ingine frae a tradeetional "screamer", whaur the pouer pulses ar spaced equally (every 180 crank degrees) in the fower stroke cycle, intae a sae cried [[big-bang firin order|"lang bang"]] ingine whaur the pouer pulses ar grouped unevenly athort the cycle (270-180-90-180). This firin order mimics that o a V4 ingine while maintainin the desirable ingine packaging o a tradeetional inline fower cylinder. Thir developments significantly improved the torque characteristics o the ingine, an coupled wi slicht chynges tae the poseetion o the ingine in the chassis, made the M1 much easier tae control at the leemit o adhesion while exitin corners. Efter a frantic winter o development an testin, the team shawed the warld that thay haed made a significant step in the richt direction, when Rossi an the M1 wan the BMW car at the 2004 pre saison IRTA test at Catalunya, bi postin the fastest lap o the open session (seemilar tae normal race qualifyin). Wi the tradeetional first race o the saison at [[Suzuka Circuit|Suzuka]] aff the leet due tae safety considerations, the 2004 saison stairtit at [[Welkom]] in [[Sooth Africae]]. In a quite remarkable race, Rossi came throu tae claim the victory, nae anly silencin his critics, but acomin the first man in heestory tae win twa GPs back tae back wi twa different manufacturers. Rossi wad gang on tae claim 8 mair GP wins on his wye tae win the 2004 Championship, wi a tally o 304 pynts. Honda riders [[Sete Gibernau]] an [[Max Biaggi]] teuk seicont an third wi 257 an 217 pynts respectively. The 2004 saison wad tharefore unfauld tae gie Rossi the opportunity he haed soucht; tae prove that it wis his talent rather than juist the bike that haed wan him his championships. In sae doin, he an aa achieved ane o the great coups in the heestory o Motorcycle Racin. The YZR-M1 an Rossi partnership continued tae dominate in 2005, when the Championship wis wan bi a massive 147 pynt margin ower Honda rider [[Marco Melandri]] in seicont place. The 2005 M1 wis hailed bi insiders tae be a great race bike, it illustrated that Yamaha wi input frae Rossi haed creatit a race bike tae beat the ithers quite easily. Rossi wad gang on later tae say that the 2005 M1 wis the greatest bike he haes ever ridden. == 2006 == [[File:2006YamahaYZR-M1-001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Valentino Rossi]]'s 2006 Yamaha YZR-M1]] The [[2006 Grand Prix motorcycle racin season|2006 saison]] proved a wee mair problematic for Yamaha, wi the M1 sufferin frae chatter frae the very first race o the year. It wad be a recurrin problem for aw Yamaha riders in the first third o the saison, an wis thoucht tae be a function o three major winter saison developments; namely a signeeficant hike in ingine pouer, a new stiffer chassis an a new construction o [[Michelin]] tyre wi an even stickier compound an revised profile. Acause aw three developments occurred almaist simultaneously, the uisual meticulous testin o ane development at a time wis compromised an it wad tak much o the early saison tae unnerstaund an owercome the problems. This setback for Yamaha an the YZR-M1 wis lairgely responsible for Valentino Rossi's mediocre saison stairt in 2006, manifest bi poor qualifyin performances an a brace o misluck, he an aa suffered a wrist injury mid saison, which addit tae his woes. In the feenal third o a memorable saison, the M1's problems wur virtually eradicatit, an Valentino Rossi turned in a string o performances that wad close doun a lairge pynts gap on Championship leader [[Nicky Hayden]] aboard the Honda RC211V. It wis anly in the feenal race o the saison that the M1 an Valentino Rossi war beaten bi juist five pynts an Yamaha relinquished the Championship back tae Honda in the haunds o [[Nicky Hayden]], who anly wan twa races that saison. Hayden wad later state that Rossi deserved tae be champion, but luck an DNF'S cost him the championship. Valentino Rossi wad win 5 races in 2006 tae Nicky Hayden's 2, a fact that wis well played durin the aff saison. == 2007 == Regulations again changed for the 2007 saison wi the capacity o MotoGP machines reduced tae 800&nbsp;cc in an effort bi the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] tae reduce the ever increasin speeds o the 990&nbsp;cc bikes (capable o well in excess o 210&nbsp;mph ''(340&nbsp;km/h)''); tharefore the YZR-M1 wad continue in 2007 in 800&nbsp;cc fairm. In post-2006 an in 2007 pre-saison testin, the new 800&nbsp;cc equipped YZR-M1 (alang wi ither 800&nbsp;cc MotoGP bikes) haes been paradoxically quicker straucht oot o the box than the 990&nbsp;cc version o the M1. This is bi virtue o later, harder brakin, quicker haundlin, heicher corner speeds, an mair controllable traction, an as the 2007 saison got unner wye, the 800&nbsp;cc YZR-M1 wis expectit tae get quicker as its development continued. The chatter that plagued the early 2006 YZR-M1 haes been eliminatit in the switch tae 800 cc.<ref>Birt, M.: [http://www.motorcyclenews.com/nav?page=motorcyclenews.articles.articleCategory.article&resourceId=6539358&articleCategory=SPORT_MOTOGP Yamaha chatter finished] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225073718/http://www.motorcyclenews.com/nav?page=motorcyclenews.articles.articleCategory.article |date=2007-02-25 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225073718/http://www.motorcyclenews.com/nav?page=motorcyclenews.articles.articleCategory.article |date=2007-02-25 }} ''motorcyclenews.com'', 2007-02-21.</ref> While the Main sponsor for the Offeecial Factory Yamaha Team haes switched frae [[Camel]] wi thair distinctive yellae an blue livery, tae that o The Italian Motor Manufacturer [[Fiat]]. The team will run ineetially in a blue an white colour scheme an haes hinted at the unusual intention o runnin a variety o colour schemes throughoot the saison. == 2008 == The 2008 YZR-M1 wis regardit as the best aw roond bike in MotoGP. Rossi wan the 2008 Championship bi a record margin an dominated podium feenishes aw saison. Teammate Jorge Lorenzo managed a first ever Rookie win on the M1 at the Portuguese GP an haed 6 podium finishes. Mony alang wi Rossi hae said that the YZR-M1 wis the best bike o 2008 season, something that wis well proven durin the heatit battles Rossi haed wi Casey Stoner on the Ducati. ==Successes== '''5 Warld Championships wan''': <br />Valentino Rossi in 2004, 2005, 2008 an 2009 <br />Jorge Lorenzo in 2010 '''62 races won''': <br />2002 Biaggi 2 <br />2004 Rossi 9 <br />2005 Rossi 11 <br />2006 Rossi 5 <br />2007 Rossi 4 <br />2008 Rossi 9, Lorenzo 1 <br />2009 Rossi 6, Lorenzo 4 <br />2010 Lorenzo 9, Rossi 2 == Specifications == {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2 | Yamaha YZR-M1 (2010) Specifications |- | colspan=2 | '''Ingine''' |- | Ingine type: | Liquid-cooled, in-line, 4-cylinder, 2-stroke wi 16-valve DOHC |- | Displacement: | 800 cc |- | Igneetion: | Magneti Marelli wi adjustable mapping - NGK spark plugs |- | Fuel Seestem: | Fuel injection |- | Lubrication seestem: | Wet sump - Motul Oils |- | Data recordin: | 2D |- | Maximum pouer: | Aroond 147&nbsp;kW ''(200 bhp)'' |- | Maximum speed: | In excess o 360&nbsp;km/h ''(220.1mph)'' |- | colspan=2 | '''Transmission''' |- | Type: | 6-speed cassette-teep gearbox, wi alternative gear ratios available |- | Primary drive: | Gear |- | Clutch: | Dry multi-plate slipper clutch |- | Feenal drive: | Chain |- | colspan=2 | '''Chassis an running gear''' |- | Frame type: | Twin-tube aluminium delta box frame, multi-adjustable steering geometry, wheelbase, ride heicht, wi aluminium swingarm |- | Front suspension: | Fully-adjustable Öhlins inverted telescopic forks |- | Rear suspension: | Braced aluminium swingarm wi single Öhlins shock an rising-rate linkage |- | Front/rear wheels: | 16.5&nbsp;inch front, 16.5&nbsp;inch rear, available in a variety o rim widths |- | Front/rear tyres: | Bridgestone slicks, intermediates, wets or haund-cut tyres. 16.5&nbsp;inch front, 16.5&nbsp;inch rear |- | Front brake: | Twin 320&nbsp;mm carbon discs wi radial mounted fower-piston Brembo calipers |- | Rear Brake: | Single 220&nbsp;mm ventilated stainless steel disc wi twin-piston Brembo caliper |- | Wicht: | 148&nbsp;kg, in accordance wi FIM regulations |- | Fuel capacity: | 21 litres, in accordance wi FIM regulations |- |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.yamaha-racing.com/Racing/motogp/bike/index.jsp The current YZR-M1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520120715/http://www.yamaha-racing.com/Racing/motogp/bike/index.jsp |date=2008-05-20 }} * [http://www.motorcycledaily.com/27february02yamahamotogp Yamaha Explains Uise o Carburettors on M1] * [http://www.motorcycledaily.com/2001/09/06sept01yamaha2002m1gpracer/ Yamaha Spills the Beans on YZR-M1 GP Racer] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Yamaha motorcycles|YZR-M1]] dogh9ui9tj60fpl6jyncixpim14fdtg 0 11833 923375 918236 2026-09-26T01:52:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Ciudad del Este |type = Ceety |native_name = |image_skyline = |image_caption = View o Ciudad del Este skyline |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |pushpin_map = Paraguay |pushpin_label_position = left |pushpin_map_caption = Location o ''Ciudad del Este'' in Paraguay |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Paraguay}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Depairtments o Paraguay|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Alto Paraná Depairtment|Alto Parana]] |leader_title = [[Intendente|Intendente Municipal]] |leader_name = Sandra Mac Leod de Zacarias |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 3 Februar 1957 |area_total_km2 = 104 |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total = 320782 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone1 = [[Atlantic Staundart Time Zone|AST]] |utc_offset1 = -04 |timezone1_DST = ADT |utc_offset1_DST = -03 |coordinates = {{coord|25|31|00|S|54|37|00|W|region:PY_type:city(320782)|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 7000 |area_code = (595) (61) |website = {{official|http://www.mcde.gov.py/}} }} '''Ciudad del Este''' (Spainyie for Ceety o the East) is the seicont lairgest ceety in [[Paraguay]] an caipital o [[Alto Paraná Depairtment]], locatit at the [[Rio Paraná]]. Foondit in 1957, it wis oreeginally cawed '''Puerto Flor de Lis''' (Port Fleurdelis), then till 1989 '''Puerto Presidente Stroessner''' (Port Preses Stroessner), efter [[Alfredo Stroessner]]. It is pairt o a triangle kent as the [[Triple Frontera]] (Triple border), or Tríplice Fronteira in Portuguese. It is linked tae the Brazilian ceety o [[Foz do Iguaçu]] bi the [[Friendship Bridge (Paraguay–Brazil)|Friendship Bridge]]; ''Puente de la Amistad'' in Spainyie, ''Ponte da Amizade'' in Portuguese. The ceety is the seat o the [[Roman Catholic Diocese o Ciudad del Este]]. ==Population== ===Sizeable Immigrant Population=== The ceety haes a lairge Asian-born population, specifically [[Taiwanese fowk|Taiwanese]], [[Korean Paraguayan|Koreans]], [[Arabs]] an [[Iranian citizens abroad|Iranians]], evident in the ceety's [[mosque]] an [[pagoda]]s. The Taiwanese govrenment peyed for the construction o the ceety's toun hall in exchange for Paraguayan support in the [[Unitit Naitions]], hence the Taiwanese banner that flies on the buildin. ==Economy== Ciudad del Este generates aboot 60% o Paraguay's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. It is the third lairgest free-tax commerce zone in the warld, efter [[Miami]] an [[Hong Kong]], an &mdash; thegither wi Foz do Iguaçu &mdash; it is the heidquarters o the company that operates the nearbi [[Itaipu]] dam. The ceety's economy (an [[Economy o Paraguay|Paraguay's economy]] as well) relies heavily on the mood o the [[Economy o Brazil|Brazilian economy]], as 95% o Paraguay's share o the energy generatit bi the [[Itaipu|Itaipu Dam]] is sauld tae Brazil (for US$300 million), an that ivery day mony Brazilians cross the mairch tae buy less-expensive products<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/15/world/in-paraguay-border-town-almost-anything-goes.html?sec=&spon=&&scp=3&sq=paraguay%20taiwan&st=cse In Paraguay Border Town, Almost Anything Goes] By DIANA JEAN SCHEMO, March 15, 1998]</ref> (US$1.2 billion, makstly electronics). Smugglin is a major occupation in the ceety, wi some estimates puttin the value o this black mercat at five times the naitional economy. Indeed, evidence indicates that some o the revenue generatit bi smugglin mey support criminal organisations based ootside the region, includin terrorist organisations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume3/january_2005/1_05_4.html|title=Terrorist Threat in the Tri-Border Area: Myth or Reality?|access-date=2010-10-25|archive-date=2010-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224074207/http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume3/january_2005/1_05_4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17874369/|title=Hezbollah builds a Western base.|access-date=2010-10-25|archive-date=2010-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106193033/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17874369/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Transportation== [[Guarani Internaitional Airport]], locatit in the suburb ceety o Minga Guazú, connects the ceety wi ither Sooth American destinations. [[Image:Ciudad del Este puente de la Amistad.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Skyline view an the Friendship Bridge]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=664384/ Current photos o the ceety in the Skyscrapercity Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211138/http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=664384%2F |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.ciudaddeleste.galeon.com/ Ciudad del Este] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514012109/http://www.ciudaddeleste.galeon.com/ |date=2012-05-14 }} * [http://www.mcde.gov.py/ Municipalidad de Ciudad del Este] * [http://www.iguassufallstour.com/main.php?run=items&key=21 Images o the ceety] * [http://www.paraguay-botschaften.de/site19.CIUSpanisch.htm Ciudad del Este] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220171212/http://www.paraguay-botschaften.de/site19.CIUSpanisch.htm |date=2009-02-20 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060626222639/http://www.abc.com.py/paraguay/Xaltoparana.htm ABC Color] * [http://www.senatur.gov.py/index.php?language=2 SENATUR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112200418/http://www.senatur.gov.py/index.php?language=2 |date=2012-11-12 }} * [http://www.ciudaddeleste.com.py CiudaddelEste.com.py]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004195813/http://ciudaddeleste.com.py/ |date=2016-10-04 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Populatit places in Paraguay]] [[Category:Brazil–Paraguay border crossins]] tpbd8wcwug7rprsm6d7vrlskpkjzla6 0 12292 923472 889674 2026-09-26T06:42:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|32|-6|scale:5000000_type:country_region:MA|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Kinrick o Morocco |common_name = Morocco |native_name ={{unbulleted list|{{native name|ber|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|italics=off}}|{{native name|ar|المملكة المغربية|italics=off}}}} |image_flag = Flag of Morocco.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg |national_motto = <div style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;">{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|لله، الوطن، الملك&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>''{{transl|ar|Allah, Al Watan, Al Malik}}''</div>''{{native phrase|ber|ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ}}''</div><br/>{{small|"God, Hameland, Keeng"}} |national_anthem = <br/>{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|النشيد الوطني المغربي&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{native phrase|ber|{{lower|0.1em|ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|''[[Cherifian Anthem]]''}}<br />{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Morocco.ogg]]}} |image_map = Morocco WS-included (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = |capital = [[Rabat]] |coordinates = {{Coord|34|02|N|6|51|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Casablanca]]<br>{{small|{{coord|33|32|N|7|35|W|display=inline}}}} |official_languages = {{hlist |[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]] |[[Standard Moroccan Berber|Berber]]}} |languages_type = Native laeids |languages = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Moroccan dialect|Moroccan Arabic]]|[[Berber leids|Berber]]|[[Hassaniya Arabic]]|}} |languages2_type = Ither leids |languages2 = [[French leid|French]]<ref group="Notes" name="French">[[French leid|French]] is an aa uised in offeecial govrenment documents an bi the business commonty, awtho it haes na offeecial status: "French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)..." [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612210041/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |date=2007-06-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226055346/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html%20 |date=2018-12-26 }} – See [[French leid in Morocco]] for forder information</ref> |ethnic_groups = <!--The following is sourced (see ethnic_groups_year above), so please do not change it without also replacing that source:-->{{ublist|Arab-Berber 99%|other 1%}} |ethnic_groups_year = 2014{{lower|0.2em|<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |title=Morocco |work=World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=2010-10-10 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226055346/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |demonym = [[Moroccan fowk|Moroccan]] |government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]]<br/>{{raise|0.25em|[[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="Const1">{{cite web |url=http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/2298ADD6-703C-471E-B924-A5E4F396FEA2/0/Texteint%C3%A9gralduprojetdenouvelleConstitution.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518075239/http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/2298ADD6-703C-471E-B924-A5E4F396FEA2/0/Texteint%C3%A9gralduprojetdenouvelleConstitution.pdf |archivedate=18 May 2012 |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco, I-1 |format=PDF |accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref>}} |leader_title1 = [[Keeng o Morocco|Keeng]] |leader_name1 = [[Mohammed VI o Morocco|Mohammed VI]] (محمد السادس, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ) |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Morocco|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Aziz Akhannouch]] (عزيز أخنوش, ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵅⵏⵓⵛ) |legislature = [[Pairlament o Morocco|Pairlament]] |upper_house = [[Hoose o Cooncillors (Morocco)|Hoose o Cooncillors]] |lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Representatives (Morocco)|Hoose o Representatives]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[History o Morocco|Moroccan stateheid]] |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Idrisid dynasty]] {{small|(first)}}}} |established_date1 = 789 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Alaouite dynasty]] {{small|(current)}}}} |established_date2 = 1666 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[History o Morocco#European influence|Pertectorate established]]}} |established_date3 = 30 March 1912 |established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[History o Morocco#Independent Morocco: syne 1956|Unthirldom]]}} |established_date4 = 7 April 1956 |area_km2 = 710,850 |area_footnote = {{nowrap|<br/>{{raise|0.15em|or 446,550 km{{sup|2}}{{ref label|Territory|b|}}}}}} |area_rank = 40t or 58t |area_sq_mi = 274,460 sq mi<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->{{nowrap|<br/>{{raise|0.15em|or 172,413 {{ref label|Territory|b|}}}}}} |percent_water = {{nowrap|0.056 {{small|(250 km{{sup|2}})}}}} |population_census = 33,848,242<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hcp.ma/Note-sur-les-premiers-resultats-du-Recensement-General-de-la-Population-et-de-l-Habitat-2014_a1516.html |title=Note sur les premiers résultats du Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat 2014 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Haut Commissariat au Plan|HCP]] |accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref> |population_census_year = 1 September 2014 |population_density_km2 = 73.1 |population_density_sq_mi = 189.3 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = $274.53&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knoema.com/atlas/Morocco/GDP-PPP-based|title=Morocco – GDP (PPP based)|work=Knoema}}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,194<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knoema.com/atlas/Morocco/GDP-per-capita-PPP-based|title=Morocco – GDP per capita (PPP based)|work=Knoema}}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $103.08&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knoema.com/atlas/Morocco/GDP|title=Morocco – GDP|work=Knoema}}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,077<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knoema.com/atlas/Morocco/GDP-per-capita|title=Morocco – GDP per capita|work=Knoema}}</ref><!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = 40.9 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2007 |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=World Bank GINI index}}</ref> |HDI = 0.628 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |year=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 126t |currency = [[Moroccan dirham]] |currency_code = MAD |time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]<ref>[http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=395 L'horaire d'été (GMT+1) maintenu jusqu'au 27 octobre 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002138/http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=395 |date=2017-02-02 }}, Ministère de la Fonction Publique et de la Modernisation de l'Administration. Retrieved 20 January 2017.</ref> |utc_offset = &#8203;<!--NOTE: Please do not remove. This is a blank character entity so that the infobox displays "UTC" without a specified offset.--> |utc_offset_DST = +1 |time_zone_DST = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]+1 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+212]] |cctld = [[.ma]] |footnote_a = {{note|Offeecial releegion}} [[State releegion|Offeecial releegion]]. |footnote_b = {{note|Territory}} The area {{convert|446550|km2|abbr=on}} excludes aw disputit territories, while {{convert|710850|km2|abbr=on}} includes the Moroccan-admeenistered pairts o [[Wastren Sahara]] (claimed as the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] bi the [[Polisario Front]]). |religion = [[Sunni Islam]]{{ref label|Offeecial releegion|a|}} (offeecial)<ref>{{cite web|title=Morocco in CIA World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html|website=CIA.gov|access-date=2010-10-10|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226055346/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> |area_magnitude = 1_E10 |population_rank = }} [[File:Las 12 regiones de Marruecos (por capital).png|thumb|Territorial organization]] '''Morocco''' ({{lang-ar|المغرب}}, ''al-Maġrib'', {{IPA-ar|al.maɣrib|}}; Moroccan Arabic: المغرب, ''el-Maġrib''; {{lang-ber|ⵍⵎⴰⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}, {{lang|ber|ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ}}; {{lang-fr|Maroc}}), offeecially the '''Kinrick o Morocco'''<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html#Govt Conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco - Conventional short form: Morocco - Local lang form: al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya - Local cutty form: al-Maġrib] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612210041/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html#Govt |date=2007-06-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226055346/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html%20#Govt |date=2018-12-26 }} - CIA World Factbook</ref> ({{lang-ar|المملكة المغربية|link=no}}, ''al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya'', {{IPA-ar|al.mamlaka l.maɣribijja|}}), is a kintra locatit in [[North Africae]]. It haes a population o nearly 32 million an an aurie o 710,850&nbsp;km², includin the disputit [[Wastren Sahara]] which is mainly unner Moroccan admeenistration. Morocco haes a coast on the [[Atlantic Ocean]] that reaches past the [[Strait o Gibraltar]] intae the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It is bordered bi [[Spain]] tae the north (a watter mairch throu the Strait an land borders wi three smaw Spaingie-controlled [[exclaves]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], an [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]]), [[Algerie]] tae the east, ane [[Mauritanie]] tae the sooth.<ref name="border">Pending resolution o the [[Wastren Sahara conflict]].</ref> Morocco is a [[de jure]] [[constitutional monarchy]] wi an electit parliament. The [[Leet o rulers o Morocco|Keeng o Morocco]] holds vast executive pouers, includin dissolvin parliament at will. [[Executive pouer]] is exercised bi the [[Moroccan govrenment|govrenment]] an bi the king as well. [[Legislative pouer]] is vestit in baith the govrenment an the twa chambers o parliament, the [[Assembly o Representatives o Morocco|Assembly o Representatives]] an the [[Assembly o Councillors]]. The king can an aa issue decrees cawed [[dahir]]s which hae the force o law. [[Elections in Morocco|Parliamentary elections]] wur held in Morocco on 7 September 2007, an wur considered bi some neutral observers tae be maistly free an fair; awtho voter turnout wis estimatit tae be 37%, the lawest in decades. The politeecal caipital is [[Rabat]], an the lairgest ceety is [[Casablanca]]; ither lairge ceeties include [[Zagora]], [[Marrakech]], [[Fes]], [[Salé]], [[Agadir]], [[Tangier]], [[Meknes]], [[Oujda]] an [[Tetouan]]. Morocco haes a rich [[Cultur o Morocco|cultur]] an [[history o Morocco|civilization]], which remained mainly indigenous throughoot times an the [[Cuisine o Morocco|Moroccan cuisine]] haes lang been considered as ane o the maist diversified cuisines in the warld. The population is almaist entirely [[Arab]]-[[Berber fowk|Berber]]. Awtho [[Arabic leid|Arabic]] is the majority leid,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morocco.com/culture/language/|accessdate=September 16, 2010|title=Morocco's Cuture}}</ref> modern studies show that the [[Arabization]] process in Morocco wis maistly linguistic. The Moroccans or Moroccan Arabs, ar a lairgely homogenous group speakin [[Moroccan Arabic]], awtho regional variation daes occur. The [[Berber fowk]] in Morocco can be dividit in three main groups wi different dialects: the [[Riffians]], the [[Chleuh]] an the Central Atlas indwallers. == History == {{Main|History o Morocco}} The earliest well-kent Moroccan unthirlt state wis the [[Mauretanie|Berber kinrick o Mauretanie]] unner keeng [[Bocchus I]]. This Berber Kinrick o Mauretanie (current northren Morocco) dates at least tae 110 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70880/Bocchus-I|accessdate=September 27, 2010|title=Bocchus I}}</ref> [[Umayyad]] Arabs conquered the region in the 7t century, bringin thair leid, thair seestem o govrenment, an Islam, tae which mony o the Berbers slowly convertit, maistly efter the Arab rule recedit. In the Islamic era the first Moroccan Muslim state, independent frae the [[Arab Empire]], wis The [[Kinrick o Nekor]], an emirate in the [[Rif Muntains|Rif aurie]]. It wis foondit bi an immigrant frae [[Yemen]], [[Salih I ibn Mansur]] in 710 AD, as a client state tae [[Rashidun Caliphate|Caliphal grant]]. [[Idris I]] fled tae Morocco frae the Abbasids' massacre against his tribe in Iraq an managed tae convince the Awraba Berber tribes tae break allegiance tae the distant Abbasid caliphs in [[Baghdad]]. He foondit the [[Idrisid Dynasty]] in 780 AD. Morocco became later a centre o [[University o Al-Karaouine|learnin]] an a major pouer. Frae the 20t century onwards, a series o pouerful Bakker dynasties arose. Unner the [[Almoravid dynasty]] an the [[Almohad dynasty]], Morocco dominatit the [[Maghreb]], Muslim Spain, an the wastren Mediterranean region. In the 13t century the [[Merinids]] gained pouer ower Morocco an strove tae replicate the successes o the [[Almohads]]. In the 15t century the [[Reconquista]] endit Islamic rule in [[Iberie]] an mony [[Muslims]] an [[History o the Jews in Morocco|Jews]] fled tae Morocco. Unner the [[Saadi Dynasty]], the first Moroccan dynasty initiatit bi ethnic Arabs synee the Idrisids, the kintra wad consolidate pouer an fecht aff [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] invaders, as in the [[battle o Ksar el Kebir]]. The reign o [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] brocht new wealth an prestige tae the Sultanate, an a massive Moroccan invasion o the [[Songhay Empire]] wis initiatit. Housomeivver, managin the territories athort the [[Sahara]] proved too difficult. Efter the daith o al-Mansur the kintra wis dividit amang his sons. In 1666 the sultanate wis reunitit bi the Alaouite dynasty, who hae syne been the rulin hoose in Morocco. The organisation o the state developed wi [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]]. Wi his [[Black Guard]] he drove the [[Breetish Empire|Breetish]] frae Tangier (1684) an the [[Spaingie Empire|Spaingie]] frae [[Larache]] (1689). In 1912, efter the [[First Moroccan Crisis]] an the [[Agadir Crisis]], the [[Treaty o Fez]] wis signed, effectively dividin Morocco intae a [[French Morocco|French]] an [[Spaingie Morocco|Spaingie protectorate]]. In 1956, efter 44 year o occupation, Morocco regained unthirldom frae Fraunce an Spain as the "Kinrick o Morocco". === Population o Morocco === The aurie o present day Morocco haes been inhabitit syne [[Neolithic|Neolithic times]] (at least syne 2000 BC, as attestit bi signs o the [[Capsian cultur]]), a period when the [[Maghreb]] wis less arid than it is the day. In [[Mesolithic]] ages the geography o Morocco resembled a [[savanna]] mair nor the present day arid landscape.<ref>D. Rubella, ''Environmentalism and Pi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.)'', in, J.D. Clark & S.A. Brandt (eds.), ''From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa'', Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 41-56</ref> In the classical period, Morocco wis kent as [[Mauretanie]], awtho this shoud nae be ramfeeselt wi the modren-day kintra o [[Mauritanie]]. Modren DNA analysis (see link) haes confirmed that various populations hae contributit tae the present-day gene pool o Morocco in addition tae the main modern group which is the Amazighs/[[Berber fowk|Berbers]]. Those ither various populations are [[Arab]]s, [[Iberians]], [[Phoenicie|Phoenicians]], [[Sephardic]] [[Jew]]s an [[sub-Sahara]]n [[Africae|Africans]]. A smaw [[Moroccan Jews|Jewish community]] lived in Morocco afore the creation o [[Israel]], numberin approximately 265,000 in 1948, awtho atween 7,000 an 12,000 live thare nou (maistly in few major ceeties). A caw made bi late king [[Hassan II o Morocco|Hassan II]] for Jews tae return tae Morocco wis no answered. == Notes == <references group="Notes"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Kintras in Africae]] [[Category:Morocco| ]] [[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Arab League]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states o La Francophonie]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Current monarchies]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1956]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] {{Stub/NAfricae}} 2k2gs35okx0y5qu4yh8id8w88bd9ich 0 12328 923576 846813 2026-09-26T10:07:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Yamaha DT-1 250.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Yamaha DT-1]] The '''Yamaha DT''' is a series o [[mopeds]] an [[motorcycle]]s produced bi the [[Yamaha Motor Company]]. Models in the DT series feature an [[ingine displacement]] o 50 tae 400 cc (3.1 tae 24 cu in). The first DT model, the '''DT-1''', wis released in 1968 an quickly sold through its initial 12,000 production run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/2008-05-01/Motorcycle-Reviews/Yamaha-DT-1-First-Into-The-Dirt.aspx|title=Yamaha DT-1|publisher=Motorcycle Classics|accessdate=2009-08-07|date=May/June 2008|author=Sean Ross|archive-date=2009-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704114336/http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/2008-05-01/Motorcycle-Reviews/Yamaha-DT-1-First-Into-The-Dirt.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The DT series wis creatit bi Yamaha in the late 1960s when the Unitit States motorcycle market wis doun. Market research bi Yamaha indicatit that, despite slow motorcycle sales, there wis a lairgely untapped market for off-road motorcycles. At the time, anerlie a few specialty European manufacturers such as [[Bultaco]] an [[Husqvarna]] made motorcycles specifically for off-road uise. Instead, mony awners purchased road motorcycles an modified them for off-road uise, typically bi raisin the [[muffler]]. Such modifications wur commonly kent as creatin [[scrambler (motorcycle)|scrambler]]s. The first DT model, the DT-1, wis released in late [[1967]] an quickly sold oot.<ref>Yamaha Motor Company, "[http://www.yamaha-motor.co.jp/global/product-history/mc/1960/dt-1/index.html Motorcycle Development History: DT-1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810233231/http://www.yamaha-motor.co.jp/global/product-history/mc/1960/dt-1/index.html |date=2008-08-10 }}."</ref> The DT series, an the DT-1 in particular, hae been creditit wi inventin the [[trail bike]] category o motorcycle.<ref>"[http://www.yamaha-motor.com/corporate/foundinghistory.aspx Paving the Road to Yamaha Motor Corporation, USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807134641/http://yamaha-motor.com/corporate/foundingHistory.aspx |date=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807134641/http://yamaha-motor.com/corporate/foundingHistory.aspx |date=2013-08-07 }}," 2008.</ref> == Models in the DT Series == * DT-1 *[[Yamaha DT50LC|DT50LC]] *[[Yamaha DT50M|DT50M]] *[[Yamaha DT50MX|DT50MX]] *[[Yamaha DT50R|DT50R]] *[[Yamaha DT50X|DT50X]] *[[Yamaha DT80MX|DT80MX]] *[[Yamaha DT80LC|DT80LC]] *[[Yamaha DT80R|DT80R]] *[[Yamaha DT100MX|DT100MX]] *[[Yamaha DT100R|DT100R]] *[[Yamaha DT125|DT125]] *[[Yamaha DT125LC|DT125LC]] *[[Yamaha DT125MX|DT125MX]] *[[Yamaha DT125R|DT125R]] *[[Yamaha DT125X|DT125X]] *[[Yamaha DT175MX|DT175MX]] *[[Yamaha DT200R|DT200R]] *[[Yamaha DT250MX|DT250MX]] *[[Yamaha DT250R|DT250R]] *[[Yamaha DT350LC|DT350LC]] *[[Yamaha DT350R|DT350R]] *[[Yamaha DT400B|DT400B]] ==References== {{reflist}} <!-- == External links == --> <!--========================({{No More Links}})============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA | | IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | =======================({{No More Links}})=============================--> {{Yamaha motorcycles}} {{Yamaha motorcycles timeline 50s}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Yamaha motorcycles|DT]] jsyg34u8z3on88s4gkvz3jvb1pz7uuk 0 12810 923545 871581 2026-09-26T09:15:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |image = Teodoro Obiang detail, 1650FRP051.jpg |office = 2nt [[Leet o heids o state o Equatorial Guinea|Preses o Equatorial Guinea]] |primeminister = [[Cristino Seriche Bioko]]<br>[[Silvestre Siale Bileka]]<br>[[Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan]]<br>[[Cándido Muatetema Rivas]]<br>[[Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó]]<br>[[Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea]]<br>[[Ignacio Milam Tang]]<br>[[Vicente Ehate Tomi]] |term_start = 3 August 1979 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Francisco Macías Nguema]] |successor = |office1 = [[Chairperson o the African Union]] |term_start1 = 31 Januar 2011 |term_end1 = 29 Januar 2012 |predecessor1 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] |successor1 = [[Yayi Boni]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|6|5|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Acoacán]], [[Spanish Guinea]]<br><small>(nou [[Equatorial Guinea]])</small> |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Democratic Pairty o Equatorial Guinea|Democratic Pairty]] |spouse = Constancia Mangue |children = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue|Teodoro]] |religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] }} '''Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo''' (born 5 Juin 1942) is the [[Preses o Equatorial Guinea]], haein served syne 1979. ==Early life== Born intae the Esangui clan in [[Acoacán]], Obiang jynt the military durin the colonial period, an attendit the [[General Military Academy o Zaragoza|Military Academy]] in [[Zaragoza]], [[Spain]]. He achieved the rank o lieutenant upon the election o [[Francisco Macías Nguema]]. Unner Macías, Obiang held various jobs, includin governor o [[Bioko]], heid o the [[Black Beach Prison]], an leader o the [[Military o Equatorial Guinea|Naitional Guard]]. == Presidency == He deposed [[Francisco Macías Nguema|Francisco Macías]] on 3 August 1979 in a bloody [[coup d'état]]. Macías wis placed on trial for his activities ower the previous decade an sentenced tae daith. His activities heid includit the [[genocide]] o the [[Bubi fowk|Bubi]]. He wis executit on 29 September 1979 bi firin squad.<ref>"When Macias wis duly sentenced tae daith 101 times, a new Moroccan presidential guard haed tae form the firin squad, because local soldiers feared his allegit magical pouers." Bloomfield, Steve (13 May 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113546/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html "Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer"] ''The Indepedndent'', last accessed 21 October 2010</ref> Obiang declared that the new government wad mak a fresh stairt frae the repressive measures taken bi Macías' admeenistration. He inheritit a kintra wi an empty treasury an a population that haed dropt tae a third o its 1968 level, wi aboot 50% o the umwhile 1.2 million indwallers haein moved aither tae Spain or tae neighborin African kintras, or bein murthert durin the dictatorship o Obiang's predecessor. He formally assumed the presidency in October 1979.<ref>http://www.dictatorofthemonth.com/Obiang/Mar2005ObiangEN.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726143535/http://www.dictatorofthemonth.com/Obiang/Mar2005ObiangEN.htm |date=2010-07-26 }}</ref> A new [[constitution]] wis adoptit in 1982; at the same time, Obiang wis electit tae a seiven-year term as [[preses]]. He wis reelectit in 1989 as the ae candidate. Efter ither pairties wur permittit tae organize, he wis reelectit in 1996 an 2002 wi 98 per cent o the vote<ref>Bloomfield, Steve (13 May 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113546/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html "Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer"] ''The Indepedndent'', last accessed 21 October 2010</ref> in elections condemned as fraudulent bi internaitional observers.<ref>United States Central Intelligence Agency (2009) ''CIA World Factbook 2010'' Skyhorse Pub Co Inc., New York, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA214 page 214], ISBN 978-1-60239-727-9</ref> Again in 2009 he wis electit wi 97% o the vote amid accusations o fraud an intimidation.<ref>Tran, Mark (30 November 2009) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/30/president-equatorial-guinea-extends-rule "President Nguema of Equatorial Guinea on course to extend three-decade rule"] ''The Guardian'', last accessed 21 October 2010</ref> Obiang's regime retained clear [[authoritarian]] characteristics even efter ither pairties wur legalized in 1991. Maist domestic an interniational observers consider his regime tae be ane o the maist corrupt, [[Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]], oppressive an undemocratic states in the warld. Equatorial Guinea is nou essentially a single-pairty state, dominatit bi Obiang's [[Democratic Pairty o Equatorial Guinea]] (PDGE). In 2008 American jurnalist [[Peter Maass]] cawed Obiang Africae's worst dictator, waur nor [[Robert Mugabe]] o [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="Maass in Slate">{{cite news|last=Maass|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Maass|title=Who's Africa's Worst Dictator?|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2193870/|publisher=[[The Washington Post Company]]|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=2008-06-24|accessdate=2008-06-30|quote=But Mugabe may no be Africae's worst. That prize arguably goes tae Teodoro Obiang, the ruler o Equatorial Guinea}}</ref> The constitution grants Obiang wide pouers, includin the pouer tae rule bi decree. Nanetheless, Obiang haes far less pouer than Macías, an for the maist pairt his rule haes been considerably milder. Notably, thare hae been nane o the atrocities that characterized the Macías era.^{<font colour="blue">Questioned</font>} Abuses unner Obiang hae includit "unlawful killins bi security forces; government-sanctioned kidnappings; seestematic torture o prisoners ad detainees bi security forces; life threatenin conditions in prisons an detention facilities; impunity; arbitrary arrest, detention, an incommunicado detention."<ref>United States State Department (25 February 2009) [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118999.htm "2008 Human Rights Report: Equatorial Guinea"], archived at [http://www.freezepage.com/1287677008YSVRPSPIOB Freezepage]</ref> Aw but ane member o the 100-seat naitional parliament belang tae the PDGE or are aligned wi it. The opposition is severely hampered bi the lack o a free press as a vehicle for thair views. Aroond 90% o aw opposition politeecians live in exile, 550 anti-Obiang activists hae been jailed unfairly, an several killed syne 1979. In Julie 2003, state-operatit radio declared Obiang tae be a [[god]] who is "in permanent contact wi the Almighty" an "can decide tae kill athoot onyane cawin him tae accoont an athoot goin tae hell." He personally made seemilar comments in 1993. Despite thir comments, he still claims that he is a devout Catholic an wis invitit tae the Vatican bi [[John Paul II]] an again bi [[Benedict XVI]]. Macías haed an aa proclaimed himsel a god.<ref>{{cite news|title=Equatorial Guinea's 'God'|accessdate=2007-11-01|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2003-07-26|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3098007.stm}}</ref> Obiang haes encouraged his [[cult o personality]] bi ensuring that public speeches end in well-wishin for himsel rather than for the republic. Mony important buildings hae a presidential lodge, mony touns an ceeties hae streets commemoratin Obiang's coup against Macías as well as thare bein a penchant amang the population tae wear claes wi his face printit on them.<ref>Maass, Peter (2005) [http://motherjones.com/politics/2005/01/obiang-equatorial-guinea-oil-riggs "A Touch of Crude"] ''Mother Jones'' 30 (1):&nbsp;pp.&nbsp;48–89</ref><ref name="Silverstein">Silverstein, Ken (2010) [http://www.petroleumworld.com/sati10061901.htm "Saturday Lagniappe: UNESCO for Sale: Dictators allowed to buy their own prizes, for the right price"] ''Petroleumworld'', originally published by ''Harpers Magazine'', June 2, 2010, archived at [http://www.freezepage.com/1287676231QTNSPIRBQH Freezepage]</ref> Lik his predecessor an ither African dictators sic as [[Idi Amin]] an [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], Obiang haes assigned tae himsel several creative titles. Amang them are "gentleman o the great island o Bioko, Annobón an Río Muni."<ref>"In his address UNESCO’s annual meetin o governments on 30th October, 2007 the “Gentleman o the great island o Bioko, Annobón an Río Muni, El Jefe (the boss), “a god who is ‘in permanent contact wi the Almighty’” an “can decide tae kill athoot onyane cawin him tae accoont an athoot going tae hell” His Excellence, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, ..." Kabanda (3 October 2010) [http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=14262&article=6879 "Money for good causes: does the source matter?"] ''Sunday Times'' (Rwanda), premium content that requires login, last accessed 21 October 2010</ref> He an aa refers tae hissel as ''El Jefe'' (the boss).<ref>Staff (28 September 2010) [http://news.za.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=154791786&page=3 "Africa's Worst Dictators: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823055030/http://news.za.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=154791786&page=3 |date=2011-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://www.freezepage.com/1287677237QLFEJNZVIL?url=http://news.za.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid%3D154791786%26page%3D3 |date=2010-10-21 }} ''MSN News'' (South Africa), archived at [http://www.freezepage.com/1287677237QLFEJNZVIL Freezepage]</ref> In seemilar fashion tae Idi Amin, Obiang haes purportedly alloued rumors that he is a [[cannibal]] tae circulate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1496535,00.html|title=Obiang 'will eat my testicles'|publisher=News24|accessdate=2007-11-01|date=2004-03-11|archive-date=2008-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604042458/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1496535,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fictional rumors on [[cannibalism]] haed been uised for centuries amang the [[Beti-Pahuin|Fang fowk]] o Central an Wast Africae tae mak opponents fear them, o which Obiang is a descendant. Mony testimonies o umwhile residents o Equatorial Guinea, afore an durin the civil unrest, indicate that cannibalism haed been applee'd as a tuil o [[psychological warfare]]. [[Forbes magazine|''Forbes'' magazine]] haes said that he is ane o the [[Leet o heids o government an state bi net worth|wealthiest heids o state]], wi a net worth o 600 million dollars.<ref>{{Cite document|publisher=''Forbes''|url=http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/2006/05/04/rich-kings-dictators_cz_lk_0504royals.html|title=Fortunes Of Kings, Queens And Dictators|date=5 May 2006|postscript=<!--None-->|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061122070135/http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/2006/05/04/rich-kings-dictators_cz_lk_0504royals.html|archivedate=2006-11-22|journal=|access-date=2010-10-24|url-status=live}} and [http://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide_8.html?thisSpeed=35000?forwardName=cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide part of a slideshow]</ref> Offeecial soorces hae complained that ''Forbes'' is wrongly coontin state property as personal property.<ref>Kroll, Luisa (15 May 2006) [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12635548/ 'Fortunes of kings, queens and dictators: A look at the world's wealthiest leaders"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104122814/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12635548/ |date=2012-11-04 }} ''Forbes'' on ''MSNBC.com'', last accessed 21 October 2010</ref>} In 2003, Obiang told his citizenry that he felt compelled tae tak full control o the naitional treasury in order tae prevent civil servants frae bein temptit tae engage in corrupt practices. Tae avoid this corruption, Obiang deposited mair nor hauf a billion dollars intae accoonts controlled bi Obiang an his faimily at [[Riggs Bank]] in Washington, D.C., leadin a U.S. federal court tae fine the bank $16 million.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Ken Silverstein]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030206213146/http://www.latimes.com/|title=Oil Boom Enriches African Ruler: While the people of Equatorial Guinea live on a dollar a day, sources say their leader controls more than $300 million in a Washington bank|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|archivedate=2003-02-06|url=http://www.latimes.com/|access-date=2010-10-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> === Finances === Obiang haed a close relationship wi Washington DC-based [[Riggs Bank]]. He is said tae hae been welcomed bi tap Riggs officials, who held a luncheon in his honour.<ref name='WaPo 2004-07-17'>{{cite news | first=David | last=Montgomery | coauthors= Kathleen Day | title=Critics Say Allbritton Ruined Bank He Loved | date=2004-07-17 | publisher= | url =http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A56372-2004Jul16.html | work =[[Washington Post]] | pages = | accessdate = 2008-07-08 | language = }}</ref> (Publicity regarding this relationship wad later contribute tae the downfall o Riggs.<ref>Gurulé, Jimmy (2008) "Chapter 11: Private causes of action: using the civl justice system to hold terrorist financiers accountable" ''Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism'' Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, England, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&pg=PA356 footnote 10, page 356], ISBN 978-1-84542-962-1</ref>) His son awns property throu his "Sweetwater Malibu LLC" at 3620 Sweetwater Road, Malibu, CA. This property haes the hichtest assessed property value in Malibu.<ref>Staff (11 August 2006) [http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/468/en/african_minister_buys_multi_million_dollar_califor "African Minister buys multi-million dollar California mansion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902222613/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/468/en/african_minister_buys_multi_million_dollar_califor |date=2010-09-02 }} ''Global Witness''</ref> An airticle published in [[Forbes]] magazine suggestit Obiang haes gathered roughly $700m o the kintra's wealth in [[Unitit States|US]] bank accoonts.<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/10/20101021155522938291.html</ref> == References == <references/> {{Commonscat|Teodoro Obiang}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Teodoro}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Equatoguinean Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Leaders that teuk pouer bi coup]] [[Category:Preses o Equatorial Guinea]] [[Category:Democratic Pairty o Equatorial Guinea politeecians]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] bl1t8ai89eamxpiwmj05fj1eoqcokh0 0 12937 923539 900006 2026-09-26T09:01:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:2004.suzuki.grand.vitara.2point0td.arp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|2004 Suzuki Grand Vitara XL-7 (Euro-spec)]] The '''Suzuki XL-7''' is Suzuki's mid-sized [[SUV]], launched in 1998. {{TOCleft}} {{clear}} ==First generation== The first-generation XL-7 wis a [[Suzuki]] design an wis essentially a stretched [[Suzuki Grand Vitara|Grand Vitara]]. It haed a Suzuki-designed 2.7 liter [[V6]] on a [[rear wheel drive]]-based platform wi optional [[fower wheel drive]]. When introduced, the XL-7 wis the least expensive [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] available wi 3-row seatin in North Americae. The Suzuki XL-7 sauld ower 20,000 a year, an wis awardit the Consumer's Digest Best Buy awaird. Housomeivver, sales slowed as competitors came oot wi SUVs wi mair features, lawer prices, better fuel efficiency an mair pouerful ingines, such as the [[Toyota Highlander]], the [[Honda Pilot]], an the [[Honda CR-V]]. [[File:2001-2003 Suzuki Grand Vitara XL-7 (JA) wagon (2010-02-24) 01.jpg|thumb|left|1999 Suzuki Grand Vitara XL-7 (JA; Australiae)]] A unique trait in the U.S. mercat in this segment, the XL-7 wis available wi 5-speed manual transmission, in baith 5-person an 7-person variants. {{clear}} ==Seicont generation== [[File:Suzuki XL7 -- 08-28-2009.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Suzuki XL7]] Introduced in the fowert quarter o 2006, Suzuki pairtnered wi [[General Motors]] tae big the 2007 model, nou cried XL7 (athoot the hyphen). It uises the same unibody platform an mony o the same components as the [[Chevy Equinox]], [[Pontiac Torrent]] an [[Saturn Vue]], but incorporates third row seatin exclusive tae the Suzuki. The seicont generation model uises a version o the [[GM High Feature ingine]], biggit in Japan an shipt tae [[CAMI Automotive]] in [[Ingersoll, Ontario]], [[Canada]], whaur the XL7 is assembled wi the Equinox an Torrent, an awso the seicont-generation Suzuki XL7 is Suzuki's first entry in the [[crossover SUV]] segment. Stylin cues on the 2007 include a chrome slottit grille an trapezoidal heidlichts. [[Image:Suzuki XL7 Hill Climb Special.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Suzuki XL7 at the 2007 [[Pikes Peak International Hill Climb]] durin the record breakin run]] In Mey 2009, Suzuki haltit production o the XL7 indefinitely due tae law demand.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.autotropolis.com/auto-industry-news/suzuki-halts-production-of-xl7-crossover.html | title="Suzuki Halts Production of XL7 Crossover" | author=Ross, Jeffrey N. | publisher=Autotropolis.com | date=2009-05-13 | accessdate=2009-05-13 | archive-date=2009-07-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708071519/http://www.autotropolis.com/auto-industry-news/suzuki-halts-production-of-xl7-crossover.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Throu Mey 10, 2009, [[CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive Inc.]] haed anerlie produced fower XL7s for Suzuki efter producin mair nor 12,000 units last year. {{clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{clear}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090208155244/http://www.suzukiauto.com/sr_06/xl7/ XL7 offeecial wabsteid] *[http://www.allnewxl7.com/ The ALL NEW 2007 XL7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928215408/http://www.allnewxl7.com/ |date=2007-09-28 }} {{Suzuki North Americae}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] [[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Aw-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:2001 introductions]] [[Category:Suzuki vehicles|XL-7]] dyu11uveht244wh1m9dau7pdiji70wj 0 13007 923488 862900 2026-09-26T07:22:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Opel blitz pritsche 1 sst.jpg|thumb|right|An Opel Blitz frae aroond 1960.]] [[Image:Opel blitz 3 sst.jpg|thumb|right|Last model 1965-1975]] '''Opel Blitz''' wis the name gien tae various German licht an middle-wecht [[Larrie|trucks]] biggit bi [[Opel]] atween 1930 an 1975. During the years preceding [[Warld War II]] Opel wis Germany's lairgest truck producer. The Blitz name wis first applee'd tae an Opel truck in 1930 an bi 1934 thare war fower base versions offered o the 1 tonne model alang wi fourteen versions o the lairger 2/2½ tonne trucks. [[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-303-0554-24, Italien, Soldaten auf LKW Opel-Blitz.jpg|thumb|left|A Military LKW Opel Blitz, Italy, 1944.]] [[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-559-1085-07, Italien, Flugzeug Me 323 Gigant, Opel "Maultier".jpg|left|thumb|Opel Maultier towin an artillery piece ontae or aff an [[Me-323]].]] Frae 1939 onwards the 3-ton version wis uised frequently throughoot [[Warld War II]], amang ither things as service vehicle for the [[Messerschmitt Me 323]]. A hauf-trackt version, uisin tracks an suspension based on that uised on the [[Universal Carrier]], wis an aa produced as the ''[[Maultier|Opel Maultier]]'' (mule). In Europe this truck wis considered [[General Motors]] contreibution tae German successes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/intl/en/history/1920-1929.brand_opel.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-30 |archive-date=2010-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716222908/http://media.gm.com/content/media/intl/en/history/1920-1929.brand_opel.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QfsPuodL3xIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Opel+and+GM&ots=k9UKRWLNDP&sig=qv9uCQ_tLm00JGICk-KaL4S987Y#v=onepage&q=Opel%20and%20GM&f=false</ref> It is an' a' argued that Opel, a subsidiary o GM, uised forced labor tae reap unprecedentit profits.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=fHYh1QxFnFwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Opel+and+GM&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=onepage&q=Opel%20and%20GM&f=false</ref> Housomeivver, tae wha degree GM controlled Opel at the time can be arguit, but it is clear that GM did in fact play a role in givin Nazi Germany the Opel Blitz truck.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ij7xEul8FDEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Opel+and+GM&ots=aTkzsQ0Rnp&sig=Z35lKb7feE71eweTQafSME05wEE#v=onepage&q=Opel%20and%20GM&f=false</ref> Frae 1973 tae 1987 a successor vehicle produced bi [[Bedford Vehicles]] o [[Luton]], an based on the [[Bedford CF]], wis sauld in some markets as the "Bedford Blitz". ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130121080009/http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/Cars/European%20brands/Opel/Opel%20Blitz.html Opel Blitz Pictures] * {{De|Opel Blitz}} {{Commons|Opel Blitz}} {{Opel}} <references></references> {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Opel vehicles|Blitz]] [[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]] [[Category:Warld War II German vehicles]] [[Category:Militar trucks]] rf9bb2pd979q3yrswn8sebgo5w49yab 0 13046 923405 856962 2026-09-26T03:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923405 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Governorates of Tunisia.svg|thumb|right|190px|Govrenorates o Tunisie]] [[Tunisie]] is dividit intae 24 [[govrenorate]]s (''wilayat'', sing. ''[[wilayah]]''): {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-2}} <li> [[Ariana Govrenorate|Ariana]] <li> [[Béja Govrenorate|Béja]] <li> [[Ben Arous Govrenorate|Ben Arous]] <li> [[Bizerte Govrenorate|Bizerte]] <li> [[Gabès Govrenorate|Gabès]] <li> [[Gafsa Govrenorate|Gafsa]] <li> [[Jendouba Govrenorate|Jendouba]] <li> [[Kairouan Govrenorate|Kairouan]] <li> [[Kasserine Govrenorate|Kasserine]] <li> [[Kebili Govrenorate|Kebili]] <li> [[Kef Govrenorate|Kef]] <li> [[Mahdia Govrenorate|Mahdia]] </ol></td><td><ol start=13> <li> [[Manouba Govrenorate|Manouba]] <li> [[Medenine Govrenorate|Medenine]] <li> [[Monastir Govrenorate|Monastir]] <li> [[Nabeul Govrenorate|Nabeul]] <li> [[Sfax Govrenorate|Sfax]] <li> [[Sidi Bou Zid Govrenorate|Sidi Bouzid]] <li> [[Siliana Govrenorate|Siliana]] <li> [[Sousse Govrenorate|Sousse]] <li> [[Tataouine Govrenorate|Tataouine]] <li> [[Tozeur Govrenorate|Tozeur]] <li> [[Tunis Govrenorate|Tunis]] <li> [[Zaghouan Govrenorate|Zaghouan]] {{col-end}} The govrenorates are dividit intae 264 "[[Delegations o Tunisie|delegations]]" or "[[destrict]]s" (''[[mutamadiyat]]''), an further subdividit intae [[municipality|municipalities]] (''[[shaykhat]]s'')<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/utn.html Tunisia Governorates<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, an sectors (''[[imadat]]s'').<ref>[http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true ''Portail de l'industrie Tunisienne''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106172919/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |date=2013-01-06 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106172919/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |date=2013-01-06 }}, in French</ref> {{Govrenorates o Tunisie}} {{Airticles on first-level administrative divisions o African kintras}} ==See an aa== * [[ISO 3166-2:TN]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Govrenorates o Tunisie| ]] [[Category:Subdiveesions o Tunisie]] [[Category:Leets o kintra subdiveesions|Tunisie, Governorates]] [[Category:Kintra subdiveesions o Africae|Tunisie 1]] [[Category:First-level admeenistrative kintra subdiveesions|Tunisie, Governorates]] [[Category:Tunisie-relatit leets]] rkjb8x93duwagh9et6yt6d7j0s8hjzv 0 13053 923544 852394 2026-09-26T09:14:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Tbilisi <br /> თბილისი |name_local = თბილისი |image_skyline = Tbilisi sunset-6.jpg |image_caption = Historical center o Tbilisi |imagesize = 350px |image_flag = Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg|280px |image_seal = Seal of Tbilisi, Georgia.svg |pushpin_map = Georgia |mapsize = 280px |map_caption = Location o Tbilisi in Georgia |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Georgie}} |established_title = Established |established_date = [[circa|c.]] 479 A.D |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Giorgi Ugulava]] |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_total_km2 = 726 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 1,473,551|population_metro = 1485293 |population_density_km2 =auto |timezone = Georgian Time |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = <!-- No DST in Georgia since 2005 --> |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|41|43|0|N|44|47|0|E|region:GE|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = 770 |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = 380 |elevation_min_ft = |area_code = +9955 32 |website = [http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1 www.tbilisi.gov.ge] |footnotes = }} '''Tbilisi''' ({{lang-ka|თბილისი}}, {{IPA-ka|tbiˈliːsi|}} {{Audio-IPA|Tbilisi.ogg|}}, literally "Warm Spring") is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an the [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Georgie (kintra)|lairgest ceety]] o [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]], lyin on the banks o the Mt'k'vari ([[Kura River|Kura]]) River. The name is derived frae an early Georgian form ''T'pilisi'' an it wis offeecially kent as '''Tiflis''' (ტფილისი) till 1936.<ref>{{cite book|first=E.M.|last= Pospelov|title=Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_5892160297_078|location=Moscow|year=1998|pages= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_5892160297_078/page/n412 412]}}.</ref> The ceety covers an aurie o 726&nbsp;km² (280.3 square mile) an haes 1,480,000 indwallers. == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns - sister ceeties === Tbilisi is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571|title=Tbilisi Municipal Portal - Sister Cities|publisher=© 2009 - Tbilisi City Hall|accessdate=2009-06-16|archive-date=2013-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120155/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Saarbrücken]], Germany <small>''(since 1975)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> * {{flagicon|France}} [[Nantes]], Fraunce <small>''(since 1979)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> * {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenie <small>''(since 1979)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> * {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Innsbruck]], Austrick <small>''(since 1982)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> * {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenie <small>''(since 1996)''<ref name="Yerevan Sister Cities">{{cite web|url=http://yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&page_id=194|title=Yerevan Municipality - Sister Cities|publisher=© 2005-2009 [http://yerevan.am/?lang=3 www.yerevan.am]|accessdate=2009-06-22|archive-date=2011-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075135/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=194&lang=3|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Atlanta]], Unitit States <small>''(since 1987)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Palermo]], Italy <small>''(syne 1987)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> || * {{flagicon|UK}} [[Bristol]], Unitit Kinrick <small>''(syne 1988)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/><ref name="Bristol">{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/|title=Bristol City - Town twinning|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2009 [http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/portal/ Bristol City Council]|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075325/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Bilbao]], Spain <small>''(syne 1989)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], Turkey <small>''(since 1998)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small><ref name="Ankara">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=''Ankara Metropolitan Municipality: Sister Cities of Ankara''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2007 Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi - Tüm Hakları Saklıdır.Kullanım Koşulları & Gizlilik.|accessdate=2008-12-08|archive-date=2009-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], Ukraine <small>''(syne 1999)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> * {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan <small>''(syne 2005)'' <ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities"/></small> |} === Brither ceeties === Tbilisi haes a brither ceety:<ref name="Trend">{{cite web |url=http://en.trend.az/news/cis/georgia/1492690.html |title=TREND: Tbilisi, Vilnius become brother cities |publisher=en.trend.az |accessdate=2009-10-12 |archive-date=2009-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114113411/http://en.trend.az/news/cis/georgia/1492690.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuanie<ref name="Trend"/> === Pairtnerships === * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Kraków]] in Poland<ref name="Kraków">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=www.krakow.pl|accessdate=2009-07-19|last=|first=|language=Pols}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Odessa]] in [[Ukraine]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/06/25/georgia-tears-stalin-statue-dictators-home-town/ Major statue o dictator joseph stalin removed for guid on 25 Juin 2010!] * [http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/ Offeecial wabsteid o the Ceety o Tbilisi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115065837/http://www.georgia.travel.com/ Offeecial Wab Page o the Tourism Depairtment o Georgie] * [http://tbilisi-portal.com Symbolism, history, information, an mair on Georgie ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205143810/https://tbilisi-portal.com/ |date=2020-12-05 }} * [http://www.info-tbilisi.com/ Tbilisi ceety guide, includes daily events calendar] * [http://ceroi.net/reports/tbilisi/background/about.htm History, geography an climate o Tbilisi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515185850/http://ceroi.net/reports/tbilisi/background/about.htm |date=2011-05-15 }} * [http://www.concordtravel.ge/portal/alias__concordtravel/lang__en/tabid__1395/default.aspx Georgia, Tbilisi History an information] * [http://www.globalpost.com/video/commerce/100819/location-tbilisi-georgia On Location: Tbilisi, Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106022126/http://www.globalpost.com/video/commerce/100819/location-tbilisi-georgia |date=2010-11-06 }} - video bi ''[[Global Post]]'' * [http://www.english.rfi.fr/culture/20100430-hidden-gem-tblisis-academy-art A hidden gem - Tblisi's Academy o Airt] - Wab report wi slideshow {{Template group |list = {{Historic caipitals o Georgie}} {{Ceeties an touns in Georgie (kintra)}} {{Administrative divisions o Georgie}} {{Leet o European caipitals bi region}} {{Leet o Asian caipitals bi region}} }} {{Coord|41|43|N|44|47|E|display=title}} [[Category:Tbilisi| ]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Populatit places alang the Silk Road]] [[Category:Populatit places in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Haly ceeties]] [[Category:Regions o Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 5t century]] 228hod2afk6m4g4scq7gcsm2ggz9svh 0 13092 923397 878949 2026-09-26T03:02:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gorky Automobile Plant in Nizhny Novgorod.jpg|thumb]] '''GAZ''' (RTS:GAZA) or ''Gorkovsky avtomobilny zavod'' ([[Roushie]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]]), translatit as Gorky Automobile Plant ({{lang-ru|ГАЗ or Го́рьковский автомоби́льный заво́д}}), startit in 1929 as NAZ, a cooperation atween [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] an the [[Soviet Union]]. == External links == {{Commons|GAZ vehicles}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014421/http://gazgroup.ru/ GAZ offeecial wabsteid] {{in|en}} * [http://www.gazgroup.ru/ GAZ offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820211534/http://www.gazgroup.ru/ |date=2011-08-20 }} {{in|ru}} {{Commonscat|GAZ vehicles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaz}} [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers o Roushie]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Defence companies o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Soviet Union–Unitit States relations]] [[Category:Caur manufacturers]] [[Category:GAZ| ]] [[Category:Companies based in Nizhniy Novgorod]] {{Stub/Roushie}} {{Stub/Caur}} 19f54myepin5pydf3a4v9gb50767sd8 0 13138 923432 851390 2026-09-26T04:49:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:O'Rourke Joseph Cornelius.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Portrait bi [[George Dawe]] in the [[Military Gallery]].]] '''[[Coont]] Joseph Cornelius O'Rourke''' (1772-1849) wis a [[Roushie nobility|Roushie nobleman]] an military leader who focht in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. He is an aa parteecularly well remembered in [[Serbie]] whaur he led a combined Roushie an Serb arimy tae defeat the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] at [[Varvarin]] in 1810. A monument in his honour wis erectit in [[Serbie]] in 1910. The O'Rourke faimily wur oreeginally members o the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] [[Erse nobility|Erse Nobility]] who [[Flight o the Wild Geese|fled Ireland]] follaein defeat bi the [[Williamite War in Ireland|Williamites]] in 1691. The majority o the faimily moved tae Fraunce, but a branch an aa moved tae [[Estonie]], which wis then a province o the [[Roushie Empire]]. O'Rourke wis born at [[Tartu|Dorpat]] in 1772. Bi this time the faimily haed been completely absorbed intae Roushie hie society, an, accordin tae custom, he wis immediately enrolled in the [[Roushie Imperial Guard]]. He first saw action as a yung man in [[Seicont Battle o Zürich|Zürich]] against the [[French Revolutionary Army]] an went on tae be awardit the ''[[Order o Saunt George]]'' an the ''[[Order o St. Anna]]'', servin unner [[Mikhail Kutuzov|General Kutuzov]] in 1805. Later, O'Rourke raised an equipt his awn private regiment an maircht tae Serbie tae fecht the Turks. Thay focht at [[Prahovo]], [[Bela Palanka]], [[Soko Bania]] ([[Sokobanja]]) an [[Jassika]] afore the decisive victory at [[Varvarin]]. O'Rourke concludit his military career as a Lieutenant General fechtin French forces in Germany. He retired tae his estate at [[Vselyub]] near [[Minsk]] an dee'd in 1849. ==See an aa== *[[Roushie history, 1796-1855]] *[[Flight o the Wild Geese]] *[[Erse nobility]] *[[Erse diaspora]] ==External links== *[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~ruairc/russian.htm Biography frae 1910] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080725055544/http://www.hoganstand.com/general/identity/geese/stories/orourkes.htm O'Rourkes in Roushie] {{DEFAULTSORT:Orourke, Joseph Cornelius}} [[Category:Roushie nobility]] [[Category:1772 births]] [[Category:1849 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tartu]] [[Category:Roushie commanders o the Napoleonic Wars]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Wild Geese]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Saunt George III Class]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o St. Anna]] 1n8ahop00ou8yhnh2p3j1agc3c9q400 0 13201 923422 876262 2026-09-26T04:28:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|33|N|44|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic o Iraq | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|جمهورية العـراق|italics=off}}|{{native name|ku|كۆماريى عێراق|italics=off}}}} | common_name = Iraq | image_flag = Flag of Iraq.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Iraq.svg | image_map = Iraq (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Iraq - Location Map (2013) - IRQ - UNOCHA.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|الله أكبر|italics=off}}<br />"[[Takbir|Allahu Akbar]]"&nbsp;{{small|([[transleeteration]])<br />"[[God in Islam|God]] is the Greatest"}} |national_anthem = "''[[Mawtini]]''"<br />{{lang|ar|"موطني"}}<br />"{{small|My Homeland}}"<br />{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Mawtini.ogg]]}}<!--<br />''[[Ardh Alforatain]]''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|(previous)}}--> | capital = [[Baghdad]] | coordinates = {{Coord|33|20|N|44|26|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caipital | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Modren Standard Arabic|Arabic]]|[[Kurdish leids|Kurdish]]}} | religion = [[Islam]] | demonym = Iraqi | government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Iraq|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Barham Salih]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Iraq|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mustafa Al-Kadhimi]] | legislature = [[Cooncil o Representatives o Iraq|Cooncil o Representatives]] | area_rank = 59t | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 437,072 | area_sq_mi = 169,234 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 38,146,025<ref>[http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ Embassies overseas of Republic of İraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014232/http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |date=2014-02-08 }}: [http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/nld/ab/articledisplay.aspx?gid=1&id=14075 جريدة الصباح تنشر احصائية وزارة التخطيط لعدد نفوس سكان العراق لسنة] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014232/http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |date=2014-02-08 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014232/http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |date=February 8, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=cia>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html |title=Iraq |work=[[CIA Factbook]] |access-date=2017-05-11 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211125/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 36t | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 82.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 183.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 125t | GDP_PPP = $612 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=12&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=433&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a= |title=Iraq |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 34t | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $16,551<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 71st | GDP_nominal_year = 2015 | GDP_nominal = $240.006 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 47t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,491<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 88t | sovereignty_type = [[Unthirldom]] {{nobold|frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]}} | established_event2 = [[Kinrick o Iraq|Kingdom]] | established_date2 = {{start date|1932|10|03|df=y}} | established_event3 = [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état|Republic declared]] | established_date3 = 14 July 1958 | established_event4 = [[Constitution o Iraq|Current constitution]] | established_date4 = 15 October 2005 | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 29.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=World Bank GINI index |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |accessdate=2016-08-17 }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.654 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report Statistical Annex |date=2015 |accessdate=December 14, 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | page=9}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 121st | currency = [[Iraqi dinar]] | currency_code = IQD | country_code = IRQ | time_zone = [[Arabie Staundart Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Iraq|+964]] | cctld = [[.iq]] | footnote_a = Constitution o Iraq, Airticle 4 (1st). }} [[File:Iraqi Governorates.svg|thumb|Territorial Organization]] '''Iraq''' ({{pron-en|iːˈrɑːk}} or {{IPA|/ɪˈræk/}}, [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|'''العراق'''}} {{transl|ar|''Al-Irāq''}}), offeecially the '''Republic o Iraq''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{Audio|Ar-al Gumhuriyah al Iraqiya.ogg|جمهورية العراق}} {{transl|ar|''Jumhūrīyat Al-Irāq''}}, {{lang-ku-2|كؤماری عێراق}}, ''Komara Îraqê'')<ref name="articles1">{{cite web |url=http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp?smap=01010100&lngnr=16&anr=25535&rnr=240 |title=Kurdistan Regional Government |publisher=KRG |date= |accessdate=2009-03-23 |archive-date=2011-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501043209/http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp?smap=01010100&lngnr=16&anr=25535&rnr=240 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a kintra in [[Wastren Asie]] spannin maist o the northwastren end o the [[Zagros Muntains|Zagros muntain range]], the eastren pairt o the [[Sirie Desert]] an the northren pairt o the [[Arabie Desert]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071126-11.html|title=Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America}}</ref> Iraq is bordered bi [[Jordan]] tae the wast, [[Sirie]] tae the northwast, [[Turkey]] tae the north, [[Iran]] tae the east, an [[Kuwait]] an [[Saudi Arabie]] tae the sooth. Iraq haes a narrae section o coastline measurin 58&nbsp;km (35 mile) on the northren [[Persie Gulf]]. The caipital ceety, [[Baghdad]] is in the centre-east o the kintra. Twa major rivers, the [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]], run throu the centre o Iraq, flowin frae northwast tae sootheast. Thir provide Iraq wi agriculturally capable land an contrast wi the [[steppe]] an [[desert]] landscape that covers maist o Wastren Asie. Historically, the territory comprisin o the land cawed "Iraq" wis kent in [[Europe]] bi the [[Greek leid|Greek]] toponym '[[Mesopotamie]]' ''(Land atween the rivers)''. Iraq haes been hame tae conteenous successive ceevilizations syne the [[6t millennium BC]]. The region atween the [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]] rivers is identifee'd as the [[cradle o ceevilization]] an the birthplace o [[writin]] an the [[Wheel#History|wheel]]. == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Iraq| ]] [[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]] [[Category:Mesopotamie]] [[Category:Levant]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Near Eastren kintras]] [[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Arab League]] [[Category:Federal kintras]] [[Category:Umwhile monarchies]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:OPEC member states]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1932]] sd1jkfgok147ri08e7gulbwq6ce8a9c 0 13469 923549 884350 2026-09-26T09:22:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox settlement |name=Tiraspol |settlement_type=Municipality |image_skyline = Central street of Tiraspol.jpg ||image_caption = Central street o Tiraspol |image_shield = Tiraspol Coat-of-Arms.gif |shield_size = 70px |image_flag = Flagge der Tiraspol.png |flag_size = |pushpin_map=Moldova Transnistria |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Transnistrie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Moldovae}} |subdivision_type1 = Republic |subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnistrie|Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]] ([[Transnistrie]]) |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |coordinates = {{coord|46|51|N|29|38|E|region:MD|display=inline}} |leader_name = [[Andrey Bezbabchenko]]<ref>{{in|en}} [http://mfa-pmr.org/index.php?newsid=1071 State Administrations of Cities and Regions of the PMR]</ref> |leader_title = Heid o the State Admeenistration o Tiraspol |population_as_of = 2013 |population_total = 135,700 |area_code = + 373 533 }} '''Tiraspol''' ({{IPA-all|tɪˈraspəl}}; [[Roushie leid|Roushie]]: Тирасполь an [[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]]: Тирасполь) forby kent as '''Tyraspol''', is the seicont lairgest ceety in [[Moldovae]] an is the caipital an administrative centre o the de facto independent [[Transnistrie|Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]] ([[Transnistrie]]). The ceety is locatit on the eastren bank o the [[Dniester|Dniester River]]. Tiraspol is a regional hub o [[licht industry]], sic as furniture an electrical guids production. Tiraspol wis foondit bi the Roushie general [[Alexander Suvorov]] in 1792.<ref>[http://www.worldwindow.md/?lang=en&page=pridnestrovie About Transdniestra (Russian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415161715/http://www.worldwindow.md/?lang=en |date=2008-04-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415161715/http://www.worldwindow.md/?lang=en |date=2008-04-15 }} World Window NGO. Retrieved 2006, 12-27</ref> The ceety celebrates its anniversary ivery year on October 14.<ref>[http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/node/276 Street fairs, celebrations mark Tiraspol's 214th birthday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014842/http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/node/276 |date=2007-09-30 }} Tiraspol Times, Oct 14, 2006. Retrieved 2007, [[February 20|2-20]]</ref> ==Name== The [[toponym]] consists o twa wirds: Τύρας, ''[[Tyras]]'' — the [[ancient Greek]] name for the Dniester River, an ''[[polis]]'', i.e., a ceety. Tiraspol is translatit tae "rapid ceety". == History == [[File:Statue of Suvorov in Tiraspol.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue o [[Alexander Suvorov]] in Tiraspol]] [[File:Presidentiraspol.jpg|thumb|200px|Transnistria parliament building in Tiraspol. In front is a statue o [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]].]] ===Pre-history=== [[Tyras]], spelled ''Tiras'' an aw, wis a colony o the [[Greek]] ceety [[Miletus]], probably foondit aboot 600 BCE, situatit some 10&nbsp;km. frae the mooth o the Tiras River (Dniester). O nae great importance in early times in the 2nt century BCE, it fell unner the dominion o [[indigenous]] keengs whose names appear on its coins. It wis destroyed bi the [[Getae]] aboot 50 BCE. In CE 56 the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] restored the ceety an made it pairt o the colonial province o [[Lawer Moesie]]. A series o its coins exist that featur heids o Roman emperors frae [[Domitian]] ( ) tae [[Alexander Severus]] ( ). Suin efter the time o the latter, the ceety wis destroyed again, this time bi the invasion o the [[Goths]]. Its govrenment wis in the haunds o five [[archon]]s, a [[senate]], a popular assembly an a [[Civil registration|registrar]]. The images on its coins frae this period suggest a tred in wheat, wine an fish. The few inscriptions extant are maistly concerned wi tred. Sic ancient [[archeological]] remains are scanty, as the ceety site wis biggit ower bi the great [[medieval]] fortress o Monocastro or [[Akkerman]].<ref>See E. H. Minns, ''Scythians and Greeks'' (Cambridge, 1909); V. V. Latyshev, ''Inscriptiones Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini,'' vol. I.</ref> Durin the [[Middle Ages]], the aurie aroond Tiraspol wis a buffer zone atween the [[Tatars]] an the Moldavians, an inhabitit bi baith [[ethnic]] groups. ===Foondation=== The [[Roushie Empire]] conquered its wey tae the [[Dniester]] River, takin territory frae the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1792, the [[Military o Roushie|Roushie airmy]] biggit some fortifications tae guard the wastren mairch near a Moldavian veelage named [[Sucleie]]. Field Marshall [[Alexander Suvorov]] is considered the foonder o modren Tiraspol; his statue is ceety's maist distinctive laundmerk. The ceety wis named efter ''Tyras'', the [[Latin]] name o the Dniester River on which it wis biggit. In 1828 the Roushie govrenment established a customs hoose in Tiraspol tae try tae suppress [[smugglin]]. The customs hoose wis subordinatit tae the chief o the [[Odessa]] customs region. It began operations wi 14 employees. Thay inspectit shipments o breid, paper, ile, wine, succar, fruits an ither guids. ===20t century - Soviet Tiraspol=== Efter the Roushie Revolution, the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] wis creatit in [[Ukraine]] in 1924, wi [[Balta, Ukraine|Balta]] as its caipital. The republic haed [[Romanie leid|Romanian]], [[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]] an [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] as its offeecial leids. Its caipital wis moved in 1929 tae Tiraspol, which remained the caipital o the Moldavian ASSR till 1940. In 1940, follaein the secret provisions o the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], the USSR forced Romanie tae cede Bessarabie. It integratit Tiraspol, till then pairt o the [[Ukrainian SSR]], intae the newly-formed [[Moldavian SSR]]. On August 7, 1941, follaein the [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion o the Soviet Union]], the ceety wis taken ower bi [[Romanie durin Warld War II|Romanian troops]]. Durin the occupation, Tiraspol wis unner Romanian admeenistration. Durin that period amaist aw o its Jewish population perished: thay wur murthert in place or deportit tae German Nazi [[concentration camp]]s, whaur thay wur killed. In 1941 afore the occupation, the newspaper ''Dnestrovskaya pravda'' wis foondit bi the Tiraspol Ceety Cooncil o popular deputies. This is the auldest periodical publication in the region. On Aprile 12, 1944, the ceety wis retaken bi the [[Red Airmy]] an became again pairt o Moldavian SSR. <!-- This 46-year gap ought to be filled... eventually --> ===Efter independence=== On Januar 27, 1990, the ceetizens in Tiraspol passed a [[referendum]] declarin the ceety as an [[independence|independent territory]]. The nearbi ceety o [[Bender, Moldova|Bendery]] declared its independence frae [[Moldova]] an aw. As the [[Roushie leid|Roushie-speakin]] independence movement gained momentum, some local governments baundit thegither tae resist pressure frae the Moldovan govrenment for nationalization. On September 2, 1990, Tiraspol wis proclaimed the caipital o the new [[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. The new republic wis no offeecially recognised bi Soviet authorities; housomeivver, it received support frae some important Soviet leaders, sic as [[Anatoly Lukyanov]]. Efter the dissolution o the Soviet Union, the territory east o the Dniester River declared independence as the [[Transnistrie|Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]] (PMR), wi Tiraspol as its caipital. It wis no recognised bi the internaitional community. On Julie 1, 2005, the Lucian Blaga Lyceum, a hie schuil wi Romanian as its leid o instruction, wis registered as a Transnistrian non-governmental establishment. The registration o [[Moldovan schools in Transnistria|sax Romanian leid schools]] haes been the subject o negotiations wi the govrenment syne 2000. The tension increased in the simmer o 2004, when the Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed the schools that uised the [[Moldovan leid]] in the [[Laitin]] script. Accordin tae the offeecial [[PMR]] view, this is considered as [[Romanian leid|Romanian]]. Moldovan, written in the [[Cyrillic script]], is ane o the three offeecial leids in the PMR; Romanian is no. Some economic measures an counter-measures wur taken on baith banks o the Dniester. ==Climate== Tiraspol featurs a [[humid continental climate]] that closely borders an [[oceanic climate]]. Simmers are mild, wi average monthly temperaturs at aroond {{convert|21|°C|0|abbr=on}} in Julie an August. Winters are cauld, wi average temperaturs in the cauldest month (Januar) at {{convert|-2.7|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Preceepitation is relatively evenly spread throughoot the year, tho thare is a noticeable increase in monthly precipitation in Juin an Julie. Tiraspol on average sees nearly {{convert|500|mm|2|abbr=on}} o preceepitation per year. {{Weather box |location = Tiraspol |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 0.7 |Feb high C = 2.3 |Mar high C = 7.8 |Apr high C = 16.5 |May high C = 22.5 |Jun high C = 25.8 |Jul high C = 27.4 |Aug high C = 27.3 |Sep high C = 23.0 |Oct high C = 16.1 |Nov high C = 8.6 |Dec high C = 3.3 |year high C = 15.1 |Jan low C = -6.1 |Feb low C = -4.3 |Mar low C = -0.7 |Apr low C = 5.1 |May low C = 10.3 |Jun low C = 13.8 |Jul low C = 15.5 |Aug low C = 14.7 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 5.3 |Nov low C = 1.3 |Dec low C = -2.8 |year low C = 5.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 33 |Feb precipitation mm = 35 |Mar precipitation mm = 28 |Apr precipitation mm = 35 |May precipitation mm = 52 |Jun precipitation mm = 72 |Jul precipitation mm = 63 |Aug precipitation mm = 49 |Sep precipitation mm = 38 |Oct precipitation mm = 26 |Nov precipitation mm = 36 |Dec precipitation mm = 38 |year precipitation mm = 495 |Jan precipitation days = 11 |Feb precipitation days = 11 |Mar precipitation days = 9 |Apr precipitation days = 10 |May precipitation days = 11 |Jun precipitation days = 11 |Jul precipitation days = 10 |Aug precipitation days = 7 |Sep precipitation days = 7 |Oct precipitation days = 7 |Nov precipitation days = 11 |Dec precipitation days = 11 |year precipitation days = 116 |source 1 = World Weather Information Service<ref name=eather1>{{cite web | url =http://www.worldweather.org/108/c01425.htm| title =Weather Information for Tiraspol | accessdate = 6 January 2008 | publisher =World Weather Information Service | language = }}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} ==Fowk an cultur== [[File:soviet tank in the center of Tiraspol.jpg|thumb|200px|Soviet tank monument in Tiraspol]] [[File:Calle Tiraspol.jpg|thumb|200px|2006: Bus in Tiraspol paintit in the colors o the banner]]===Demographics=== In 1989 the ceety haed a population o aboot 190,000 an in 1992 203,000. 41% wur [[Roushies]], 32% [[Ukrainians]] an 18% wur [[Moldovans]]. As result o the poleetical an economic situation that follaed the proclamation o the independent (unrecognized) [[Transnistrie|Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]], as well as lairge Jewish emigration in the early 1990s, the population o the ceety fell belaw its 1989 nummer an the [[2004 Census in Transnistrie]] puts its current population at 158,069.<ref>[http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html 2004 Census: PMR urban, multilingual, multicultural] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318044749/http://pridnestrovie.net/2004census.html |date=2009-03-18 }}, fraePridnestrovie.net.</ref> ===Sport=== Thare are twa professional fitbaa clubs in Tiraspol, playin in the [[Divizia Naţională]], the tap Moldovan fitbaa league: [[FC Sheriff Tiraspol]] & [[FC Tiraspol]]. Sheriff are the maist successfu Moldovan fitbaa club o recent history, winnin ivery league title syne the 2000-2001 saison, an 6 [[Moldovan Cup]]s. A third club, [[CS Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol]], athdrew frae competeetion prior tae the 2009-2010 saison. Tiraspol is hame tae the [[Sheriff Stadium]], the biggest seatit stadium in the region wi a capacity o 14,300. [[File:Sheriff stadium.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sheriff Stadium]]]] ==Twin touns — Sister ceeties== {{dablink|See an aa: [[Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Moldovae]]}} Tiraspol is [[toun twinnin|twinned]] wi: *{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Trondheim]], [[Norawa]], syne 2000<ref name="Trondheim">[http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 Trondheims offisielle nettsted - Vennskapsbyer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223208/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 |date=2012-02-21 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|Germany}}[[Eilenburg]], Germany (2002)<ref name="Eilenburg">[http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/archiv/?dig=2005%2F04%2F09%2Fa0254 Article in the German newspaper taz]</ref> *{{flagicon|South Ossetia}}[[Tskhinvali]], Sooth Ossetia *{{flagicon|Russia}}[[Severodvinsk]], Roushie ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons|Tiraspol}} ===Non-Transnistrian links=== *{{pl icon}} [http://www.dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_XII/718 Tyraspol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223051922/http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_XII/718 |date=2012-02-23 }} (Tiraspol) in the [[Geographical Dictionary o the Kinrick o Poland]] (1892) *[http://weather.yahoo.com/forecast/MDXX0005_f.html Current wather at Tiraspol frae Yahoo] *[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/journeys/feature/tiraspol06.cfm Airticle aboot travellin tae Tiraspol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106205606/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/journeys/feature/tiraspol06.cfm |date=2006-11-06 }} at [[Lonely Planet]] *[http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&om=1&ll=46.85303,29.62326&spn=0.078772,0.161018 Tiraspol on Google Maps] *[http://www.nomer.org/tiraspol/ Tiraspol telephone directory] *[http://www.yellowpages.md/query_eng.asp?rgn=&town=tiraspol&street=&mode=4&imageField4.x=0&imageField4.y=0 Yellae pages o Tiraspol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220040438/http://www.yellowpages.md/query_eng.asp?rgn=&town=tiraspol&street=&mode=4&imageField4.x=0&imageField4.y=0 |date=2007-02-20 }} ===Transnistrian links=== *[http://www.visitpmr.com VisitPMR.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412160105/http://www.visitpmr.com/ |date=2010-04-12 }} ([[Politics o Transnistrie|govrenment]]-registered ([[ICDISS]]-funded) traivel information wabsteid) *[http://www.tiraspol.info Tiraspol.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031220180219/http://www.tiraspol.info/ |date=2003-12-20 }} (in Roushie) {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Transnistrie]] [[Category:Ceeties in Moldovae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1792]] {{stub/Ceety}} 3ek7u67t7gtpratf7limsyvahix6olh 0 13692 923529 832974 2026-09-26T08:49:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Skiltron''' is an [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[Celtic metal]] baund formed in 2004. This muisical fusion is common in mony groups throughout [[Europe]], but is particularly exceptional in [[Sooth Americae]], an muckle mair so in Argentinae, Skiltron being a pioneer group o the genre. ==Baund members== * Emilio Souto − Electric Guitar, Mandolin, Bouzuki * Juan José Fornés − Electric Guitar * Fernando Marty − Bass * Diego Valdez − Vocals * Matias Pena − Drums * Pablo Allen − Bagpipes, Tin whistle The baund an aa hae mony unsigned associatit acts such as Tórk, who are an Erse Hivy/progressive metal baund. ==Name== The name Skiltron comes frae ane pronunciation o the wird [[schiltron]], a formation uised bi the Scots durin the [[Wars o Scots Independence|Wars o Independence]]. ==Discography== === Demos === {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- !Year !Title |- |2004||''[[Gathering the Clans]]'' |- |2007||''[[The Blind Harry]]'' |} ===Albums an Live Albums=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- !Year !Title |- |2006||''[[The Clans Have United]]'' |- |2008||''[[Beheading The Liars]]'' |- |2010||''[[The Clans Have United]] (Remasterizado)'' |- |2010||''[[The Highland Way]] (CD+DVD)'' |} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.Skiltron.net Offeecial wabsteid] * {{MySpace|id=clanskiltron}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120302111252/http://www.skiltronforum.com.ar/ Offeecial forum] {{DEFAULTSORT:Skiltron}} [[Category:Argentine hivy metal muisical groups]] [[Category:2000s muisic groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2004]] [[Category:Celtic metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Muisical sextets]] oartn1ybu1la859f4r1bbpboeynw86j 0 13795 923533 872693 2026-09-26T08:52:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Somali |nativename={{lang|so|''Af-Soomaali''}}<br/>{{lang|ar|اللغة الصومالية}} |states=[[Somalie]], ''[[Somaliland]]'',<ref>Nae internaitionally recognized. See [[Leet o sovereign states]]</ref> [[Djibouti]],<br> [[Ethiopie]], [[Yemen]], [[Kenyae]]<!-- Per [[Template:Infobox language]], this parameter is reserved for "countries in which it is mainly spoken". --> |region=[[Horn o Africae]]<!-- Per [[Template:Infobox language]], this parameter is reserved for "geographic region in which it is mainly spoken". --> |speakers=16.6 million |date=2006 |ref=<ref name="eth">{{cite web | title = Somali | publisher = [[SIL International]]| date = 2013 | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/som | accessdate = May 4, 2013}}</ref> |familycolor=Afro-Asiatic |fam2=[[Cushitic leids|Cushitic]] |fam3=[[Laichland East Cushitic leids|Lowland East]] |fam4=[[Macro-Somali leids|Macro-Somali]] |fam5=[[Somali leids]] |nation={{flag|Somalie}} |iso1=so |iso2=som |iso3=som |script= *[[Somali alphabet|Laitin]] (offeecial) *[[Arabic script|Arabic]] (offeecial) *[[Osmanya alphabet|Osmanya]] *[[Borama alphabet|Borama]] *[[Kaddare alphabet|Kaddare]] |map=Somali map.jpg |mapcaption=Somali-speakin region |notice= }} The '''Somali leid''' ({{lang-so|Afsoomaali|italic=yes}}, {{lang-ar|الصومالية}}) is a member o the [[East Cushitic leids|East Cushitic]] branch o the [[Afro-Asiatic leids|Afro-Asiatic]] leid faimily. Its nearest relatives are [[Afar leid|Afar]] an [[Oromo leid|Oromo]]. Somali is the best documentit o the [[Cushitic leids]],<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/b14r67j54k377r7g/ A software tool for research in linguistics and lexicography: Application to Somali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327170337/http://www.springerlink.com/content/b14r67j54k377r7g/ |date=2020-03-27 }}</ref> wi academic studies beginnin afore 1900. == Number o speakers == The exact number o speakers o Somali is unkent. Ane source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers o Somali in Somalie itself (includin Somaliland) an 12.65 million speakers globally.<ref name=ETHNOLOGUE-SOMALIA>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=som Ethnologue: Somalia] Ethnologue.com</ref> A population estimate made bi the Dutch Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht puts the Somali population somewhaur atween 10 an 15 million.<ref name=SOMALIA-HISTORICAL-DEMOGRAPHICAL-DATA>[http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Africa/somaliac.htm SOMALIA historical demographic data of the whole country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502175103/http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Africa/somaliac.htm |date=2006-05-02 }} Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht</ref> Combined wi a lairge internaitional expatriate community, it is difficult tae get a specific number o Somali speakers, but somewhaur atween 10 an 16 million warldwide seems a reasonable estimate. Accordin tae Gordon (2005), approximately 13 million fowk speak Somali, but upwards o 25 million individuals are commonly estimatit tae speak the leid.[https://web.archive.org/web/20101230115340/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=202] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Agglutinative leids]] [[Category:Afro-Asiatic leids]] [[Category:Cushitic leids]] [[Category:East Cushitic leids]] [[Category:Leids o Somalie]] [[Category:Leids o Ethiopie]] [[Category:Somali leid| ]] cxcfasz5eqw5twnvuv08qlnuouysu1x 0 14387 923359 923034 2026-09-26T00:53:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Beirut |other_name =Βηρυτός <small>(Greek)</small> |other_name =Beyrut<small>(Turkis)</small> |native_name = بيروت ''Bayrūt'' |other_name =Beyrouth <small>(French)</small> |settlement_type = Ceety |city_motto = BERYTUS NUTRIX LEGUM ([[Laitin]]) |image_skyline = Beirutcity.jpg |imagesize = 275px |image_caption = Beirut ceety skyline in the early 2000s |image_flag = Drapeau de Beyrouth.png |image_seal = BlasonBeyrouth4.jpg |image_map = |image_caption = |mapsize =100 best |map_caption = Location in Lebanon. The surroondin destrict can be seen on the map. |image_shield = |shield_size = |pushpin_map=Lebanon |pushpin_mapsize=300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Lebanon|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name = [[Lebanon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Beirut Govrenorate|Beirut, Caipital Ceety]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Bilal Hamad |area_note = |area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 20 | area_urban_km2 = 100 | area_metro_km2 = 200 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = | population_total = 750000 | population_urban = 1900000 | population_metro = 2250000 ~ 3000000 |timezone = +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = +3 |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|33|53|13|N|35|30|47|E|region:LB|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |latitude = 33°53' N |longitude = 35°30' E |website = [http://www.beirut.gov.lb/ Ceety o Beirut] |footnotes = }} '''Beirut''' ({{lang-ar|بيروت}}, ''Bayrūt'') is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Warld's lairgest ceeties|lairgest ceety]] o [[Lebanon]] wi a population [[Beirut#Demographics|rangin frae some 1 million tae ower 2 million]] as o 2007. Locatit on a [[Leet o peninsulaes|peninsulae]] at the midpoint o Lebanon's coastline wi the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean sea]], it serves as the kintra's lairgest an main seaport, an an' a' forms the Beirut Metropolitan Aurie, which consists o the ceety an its suburbs. The first mention o this metropolis is foond in the [[ancient Egyp]]tian [[Amarna|Tell el Amarna]] letters, datin tae the 15t century BC, an the ceety haes been continuously inhabitit syne. Beirut haulds Lebanon's [[seat o govrenment]], an plays a central role in the Lebanese economy wi its ceety centre, [[Hamra Street|Hamra]], Verdun, an Ashrafieh-based corporate firms an banks. The ceety is the focal point o the kintra's cultural life, renouned for its press, theatres, cultural activities, an nichtlife. Efter the destructive [[Lebanese Ceevil War|Lebanese ceevil war]], Beirut unnerwent major reconstruction,<ref>[http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmhamilton/reconstruct.html Reconstruction of Beirut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116051421/http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmhamilton/reconstruct.html |date=2009-01-16 }}, Macalester College</ref><ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-10/2004-10-27-voa47.cfm?CFID=234705748&CFTOKEN=74239565 Lebanon's Reconstruction: A Work in Progress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427165527/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-10/2004-10-27-voa47.cfm |date=2007-04-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427165527/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-10/2004-10-27-voa47.cfm |date=2007-04-27 }}, VOA News</ref><ref>[http://worldviewcities.org/beirut/elipsis.html Beirut: Between Memory and Desire], Worldview</ref> an the redesigned historic ceety centre, marina, pubs an nichtlife destricts hae ance again rendered it a tourist attraction. Beirut wis named the top place tae visit in 2009 bi ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="NYTimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/01/11/travel/20090111_DESTINATIONS.html |title=The 44 Places to Go in 2009 - Interactive Graphic |location=Beirut (Lebanon);Washington (DC);Galapagos Islands;Berlin (Germany);Las Vegas (Nev);Hawaii;Vienna (Austria);Doha (Qatar);Dakar (Senegal);Phuket (Thailand);Chicago (Ill);Dallas (Tex);Bhutan;Florida Keys;Rome (Italy);Cuba;Penang (Malaysia);Seychelles Islands;Florianopolis (Brazil);Copenhagen (Denmark);Monument Valley;Great Britain;Cologne (Germany);Reykjavik (Iceland);Red Sea;Egypt;Deauville (France);South Africa;India;Kazakhstan;Buffalo (NY);Madagascar;Tasmania (Australia);Stockholm (Sweden);Alaska;Pennsylvania;Zambia |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=2009-01-11 |accessdate=2009-05-05 | first1=Zach | last1=Wise | first2=Miki | last2=Meek/}}</ref> It wis an aa leetit as ane o the ten liveliest ceeties in the warld bi [[Lonely Planet]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/lebanon/beirut |title=Beirut Travel Information and Travel Guide&nbsp;— Lebanon |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=2009-03-24 |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Lebanon}} === Twin touns&nbsp;– Sister ceeties === Beirut is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {{Col-begin}} {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]]<ref name="twins">{{cite web|url=http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2fwww%2ebeirut%2egov%2elb%2fMCMSEN%2fTwinning%2bthe%2bCities%2f&NRNODEGUID=%7b18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7d&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest|title=Twinning the Cities|publisher=City of Beirut|accessdate=2008-01-13|archive-date=2008-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221055403/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSEN%2FTwinning+the+Cities%2F&NRNODEGUID=%7B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest%23|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], [[Colombie]] * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Brest, Fraunce|Brest]], [[Fraunce]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]] * {{Flagicon|Syria}} [[Damascus]], [[Sirie]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Libya}} [[Tripoli]], [[Libie]] {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=392389 |title=Isfahan, Beirut named sister cities |accessdate=2007-05-02 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |work= |publisher=MNA |pages= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012160800/http://mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=392389 |archivedate=2007-10-12 |quote= |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2007-09-08|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], [[Kuwait]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[Unitit States]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/html/23.htm |title=Beirut, Lebanon |publisher=Lacity.org |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05 |archive-date=2009-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502011637/http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/html/23.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], [[Fraunce]] * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Marseille]], [[Fraunce]]<ref name="twins" /> {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico Ceety]], [[Mexico]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], [[Canadae]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] * {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Split, Croatie|Split]], [[Croatie]] * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Strasbourg]], [[Fraunce]] * {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenie]]<ref name="twins" /><ref name="Yerevan Sister Cities">{{cite web|url=http://yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&page_id=194|title=Yerevan Municipality&nbsp;– Sister Cities|publisher=© 2005–2009 [http://yerevan.am/?lang=3 www.yerevan.am]|accessdate=2009-06-22|archive-date=2011-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075135/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=194&lang=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Col-3}} {{Col-end}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Beirut]] [[Category:Amarna letters locations]] [[Category:Auncient ceeties]] [[Category:Auncient Greek steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Auncient mints]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Beirut Govrenorate]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Lebanon]] [[Category:Crusades]] [[Category:Hellenistic colonies]] [[Category:Mediterranean]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Lebanon]] [[Category:Phoenicie ceeties]] [[Category:Phoenicie steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Roman colonies]] [[Category:Roman steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 3rd millennium BC]] tp8xpio8ats1a8345ptyw7030l3nc0q 0 14458 923551 898405 2026-09-26T09:27:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{aboot|the caipital o Libie|ither uises|Tripoli (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Tripoli|native_name = طرابلس الغرب |other_name = Tarabulus al-Gharb |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = |image_skyline = Tripoli Montage.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = '''Top:''': That El Emad Touers; '''Middle''': [[Martyrs' Square, Tripoli|Martyrs' Square]]; '''Bottom left:''' [[Marcus Aurelius]] Airch; '''Bottom richt:''' Souq al-Mushir – Tripoli Medina |image_flag = |image_seal = |pushpin_map = Libya |map_size = 200px |map_caption = Location in Libie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Libie]]<!--please do not insert flag icon; flag generally not appropriate in an infobox. see [[WP:MOSFLAG]]--> |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = [[Tripolitanie]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o Libie|Destrict]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Tarabulusm Destrict|Tripoli]] |established_title = First settled |established_date = 7t century BC (as Oea) |founder = [[Phoenicie]]s |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_total_km2 = 400 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = <ref>Table (undated). [http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html "Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065516/http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html |date=2014-10-06 }} (requires [[Adobe Flash Player]]). ''[[Der Spiegel]]''. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</ref> |population_total = 1.8 million |population_density_km2 = 4500 |timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = 81 |elevation_ft = 266 |area_code = 21 |coordinates = {{coord|32|54|8|N|13|11|9|E|region:LY|display=inline}} }} '''Tripoli''' ({{lang-ar|'''طرابلس'''}} ''{{unicode|Ṭarābulus}}'' {{Audio|Ar-tarabulus.ogg|pronunciation}}- an aa '''طرابلس الغرب''' '''{{unicode|Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb}}'''<ref>Meanin ''Wastren Tripoli'' tae distinguish it frae [[Tripoli, Lebanon]]</ref> [[Libian Arabic|Libian vernacular]]: '''{{unicode|Ṭrābləs}}''' {{Audio|Ar-ly-Trables.ogg|pronunciation}}; derived frae "Τρίπολη"; the Greek wird for "three ceeties" in [[Greek leid|Greek]]: '''Τρίπολις''' ''{{unicode|Tripolis}}'') is the lairgest ceety an [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] o [[Libie]]. The Tripoli metropolitan aurie (destrict aurie) haes a population o 1,065,405 (2006 census). The ceety is locatit in the northwast o the kintra on the edge o the desert, on a point o rocky land projectin intae the [[Mediterranean Sea]] an formin a bay. Tripoli wis foondit in the 7t century BC bi the [[Phoenicie|Phoenicians]], who named it ''Oea''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Daniel J |authorlink= |year=1997|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index) | edition= |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |doi= |isbn=0-8777-9546-0 }}</ref> Tripoli is the lairgest ceety, the principal [[Port o Tripoli|sea port]], an the lairgest [[Economy o Libie|commercial an manufacturin centre in Libie]]. It is an aa the site o [[University o Libyae|Al-Fateh University]]. Due tae the ceety's lang history, thare are mony sites o airchaeological significance in Tripoli. The climate is typical Mediterranean, wi hot, dry simmers, cuil winters an some modest rainfaw. "Tripoli" mey an aa refer tae the ''[[Destricts o Libie#Shabiyat|shabiyah]]'' (top-level admeenistrative diveesion in the current Libian seestem), Tripoli Destrict, kent as the [[Tarabulus Destrict]] an aw. ==Geography== [[File:Tripolilibyanasa.jpg|thumb|Satellite image o Tripoli's dountoun aurie]] Tripoli lies at the wastren extremity o Libie close tae the Tunisian border, on the continent o Africae. Ower a thoosan kilometres separates Tripoli frae Libie's seicont lairgest ceety, Benghazi. Coastal [[oasis|oases]] alternate wi sandy auries an [[lagoons]] alang the shores o [[Tripolitanie]] for mair nor 300 kilometres (190&nbsp;mi). Till 2007, the "[[Destricts o Libie|Sha'biyah]]" includit the Ceety, its suburbs an their immediate surroondins. In aulder admeenistrative seestems an throughoot history, thare existit a Province ("[[muhafazah]]"), State ("[[wilayah]]") or Ceety-state wi a hintle lairger aurie (though no constant bundaries), which is sometimes mistakenly referred tae as Tripoli but mair appropriately shoud be cried [[Tripolitanie]]. As a sha'biyah, Tripoli borders the follaein sha'biyat: *[[Al Murgub Destrict|Al Murgub]] – east *[[Al Jabal al Gharbi Destrict|Al Jabal al Gharbi]] – sooth *[[Al Jfara Destrict|Al Jfara]] – soothwast *[[Az Zawiyah Destrict|Az Zawiyah]] – wast ==Main sichts== [[Image:Emhemmed Elmgharief Street Tripoli.jpg|thumb|Emhemmed Elmgharief Street in central Tripoli haes some o the best examples o [[Italianate airchitectur|Italianate colonial airchitectur]] in Tripoli.]] [[File:Tripoli - Eingang zum Nationalmuseum.jpg|thumb|left|Red Castle an entrance tae [[Red Castle Museum|National Museum]]]] The ceety's auld toun, the [[Medina quarter|Medina]], is still unspoiled bi mass-tourism, though it is increasingly being exposed tae mair an mair visitors frae abroad, follaein the liftin o the UN embargo in 2003. Housomeivver, the wawed Medina retains muckle o its serene auld-warld ambiance. The [[Red Castle Museum]] (''Assaraya al-Hamra''), a vast palace complex wi numerous courtyards, dominates the ceety skyline an is locatit on the ootskirts o the Medina. Thare are some classical statues an funtains frae the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period scattered aroond the castle. Three gates providit access tae the auld toun: Bab Zanata in the wast, Bab Hawara in the sootheast an Bab Al-Bahr in the north wall. The ceety walls are still staundin an can be climbed for guid views o the ceety. The [[Bazaar]] is an aa kent for its traditional ware; fine jewelery an clothes can be foond in the local mercats. Thare are a nummer o biggins that wur constructit bi the Italian colonial rulers an later demolished unner Gaddafi. They includit the Ryal Miramare Theatre<ref>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Real_Teatro_Miramare,_Tripoli.jpg File]</ref> next tae the Red Castle an Tripoli Railway Central Station.<ref>[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tripoli_Stazione_Centrale.jpg File]</ref> ==Sports== [[Association fitbaa|Fitbaa]] (soccer) is the maist popular sport in the Libian caipital. Tripoli is hame o the maist prominent fitbaa clubs in Libie, [[Almadina S.C.|Al Madina]], [[Al Ahly Tripoli|Al Ahly (Tripoli)]] an [[Al-Ittihad (Tripoli)|Al Ittihad]]. Ither sports clubs based in Tripoli include [[Al Wahda Tripoli|Al Wahda]] an [[Addahra]]. The ceety an aa played host tae the [[Italian Super Cup]] in 2002, a match in which [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] (Italian [[Serie A]] champion haulder) defeatit [[Parma F.C.|Parma]] ([[Coppa Italia]] haulder) 2–1. ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], [[Colombie]] *{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algerie]] *{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] *{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]], syne 2003 *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]], [[Turkey]] *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], syne 1976 *{{flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates]] ==Transport== [[Tripoli International Airport]] is the lairgest airport in Tripoli an Libie. Tripoli is the interim destination o a [[Transport in Libi#Railways|railway]] frae [[Sirt]] unner construction in 2007. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat}} *{{wikivoyage|Tripoli}} *[http://www.mytripolilife.com/ Livin tips an advices for Tripoli.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714144749/http://www.mytripolilife.com/ |date=2011-07-14 }} *[http://www.goruma.de/staedte/tripolis.html Tripoli at goruma (German).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517111554/http://www.goruma.de/staedte/tripolis.html |date=2007-05-17 }} Machine translation [https://web.archive.org/web/20070517111554/http://www.goruma.de/staedte/tripolis.html by Freetranslation.com.] *[http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&om=1&z=11&ll=32.804013,13.174667&spn=0.267217,0.462799 Google Maps showin "greater" Tripoli], roughly bundit bi [[Tajura]] on the east, [[Janzur]] on the wast, [[Qaşr Bin Ghashīr]] on the sooth. (View at 1024x768 screen resolution or adjust the cairt tae the described bundaries). {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Tripoli| ]] [[Category:Destricts o Libie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Libie]] [[Category:Barbary Wars]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 7t century BC]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Libie]] [[Category:Phoenicie colonies]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Libie]] [[Category:Umwhile Italian colonies]] {{Stub/Libie}} {{Stub/Ceety}} kiu92spt7ti41ivx1j33rx4drvin3z0 0 14770 923294 913907 2026-09-25T23:24:42Z Atlantic306 30244 /* History */ removed archive today 923294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Addis Ababa |native_name ={{unbulleted list|{{native name|am|አዲስ አበባ|italics=off}}}} |native_name_lang = am |settlement_type = Caipital |image_skyline =Addis_abeba_meskele_square.jpg |image_caption = Addis Ababa skyline(2020) |imagesize = 250px |nickname = Ceety o Humans, Adisaba, Sheger, Adu, Adu Genet |image_flag = |image_seal = |established_title = Chairtered |established_date = 1886 |pushpin_map = Ethiopia |mapsize = |map_caption = Location in Ethiopie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopie}} |subdivision_type1 = Chairtered Ceety |subdivision_name1 = Addis Ababa |leader_title = [[Mayor o Addis Ababa|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Diriba Kuma]] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 527 |area_land_km2 = 527 |area_water_km2 = |area_note =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |title=2011 National Statistics |publisher=Csa.gov.et |date= |accessdate=20 July 2013 |archive-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330021225/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_as_of = 2008 |population_urban = 3384569 |population_note =<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census" /> |population_total = 3384569 |population_metro = 4567857 |area_metro_km2 = |population_density_km2 = 5165.1 |timezone = [[East Africae Time]] |utc_offset = +3 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|9|1|48|N|38|44|24|E|region:ET|display=inline}} |elevation_m= 2355 |elevation_ft= 7726 |latitude = |longitude = |area_code = (+251) 11 |website = {{official website|http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/}} |footnotes = }} '''Addis Ababa''' (whiles spelled '''Addis Abeba''', the spellin uised bi the offeecial [[Ethiopian Mapping Authority]]) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]] o [[Ethiopie]]. (In Ethiopian leids: [[Amharic leid|Amharic]], ''Addis Abäba'' {{IPA-am|adːiːs aβəβa|}} "new flouer"; [[Oromo leid|Oromo]], ''Finfinne''; [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the lairgest ceety in Ethiopiee, wi a population o 3,384,569 accordin tae the 2007 population census.<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |author=Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia |title=Census 2007, preliminary ('''pdf-file''') |accessdate=2008-12-07 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205052942/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a [[Regions o Ethiopie|chairtered ceety]] (''ras gez astedader''), Addis Ababa haes the status o baith a ceety an a state. It is whaur the [[African Union]] an its predecessor the [[Organisation o African Unity|OAU]] are based. Addis Ababa is therefore aften referred tae as "the poleetical caipital o Africae", due tae its historical, diplomatic an poleetical significance for the continent.<ref name="Political capital of Africa">http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424124634/http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ |date=2012-04-24 }}</ref> The ceety is populatit bi fowk frae different regions o Ethiopie – the kintra haes as mony as 80 naitionalities speakin 80 leids an belangin tae a wide variety o releegious communities. It is hame tae [[Addis Ababa University]]. The Federation o African Societies o Chemistry (FASC) an Horn o Africae Press Institute (HAPI) are an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. == History == {{Main|History o Addis Ababa}} The site o Addis Ababa wis chosen bi Empress [[Taytu Betul]] an the ceety wis foondit in 1886 bi her husband, Emperor [[Menelik II o Ethiopie|Menelik II]]. The name o the ceety (ኣዲስ ኣበባ) wis taken frae pairts o the ceety cawed ''hora Finfinnee'' ("hot springs") in [[Oromo leid|Oromo]]. Anither Oromo name o the ceety is Sheger. Menelik, as initially a Keeng o the [[Shewa]] province, haed foond [[Munt Entoto]] a uiseful base for military operations in the sooth o his realm, an in 1879 visitit the reputit ruins o a medieval toun, an an unfinished rock kirk that showed proof o an Ethiopian presence in the aurie prior tae the campaigns o [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi|Ahmad Gragn]]. His interest in the aurie grew when his wife Taytu began wirk on a kirk on Entoto, an Menelik endoued a seicont kirk in the aurie. Housomeivver the immediate aurie did no encourage the foonding o a toun due tae the lack o [[firewood]] an [[water]], sae dounset actually began in the valley sooth o the muntain in 1886. Initially, Taytu biggit a hoose for hersel near the "Filwoha" het [[mineral springs]], whaur she an members o the Showan Ryal Court liked tae tak mineral baths. Ither nobility an thair staffs an hoosehaulds settled the vicinity, an Menelik expandit his wife's hoose tae acome the [[Imperial Palace]] which remains the seat o govrenment in Addis Ababa the day. The name chynged tae Addis Ababa an became Ethiopie's caipital when Menelik II became Emperor o Ethiopie. The toun grew bi leaps an boonds. Ane o Emperor Menelik's contreibutions that is still visible the day is the plantin o numerous [[eucalyptus]] trees alang the ceety streets.<ref>Pankhurst, p. 195</ref> On 5 Mey 1936, [[Italy|Italian]] troops invadit Addis Ababa durin the [[Seicont Italo-Abyssinian War]], makin it the caipital o [[Italian East Africae]] frae 1936 tae 1941 efter killin aboot a million Ethiopians wi mustard gas. Efter the Italian airmy in Ethiopie wis defeatit bi the Breetish forces durin the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|East African Campaign]], Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] returned tae Addis Ababa on 5 Mey 1941—five years tae the vera day efter he haed depairtit—an immediately began the wirk o re-establishin his caipital. Emperor Haile Selassie helped form the [[Organization o African Unity]] in 1963, an invitit the new organisation tae keep its heidquarters in the ceety. The OAU wis dissolved in 2002 an replaced bi the [[African Union]] (AU), an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. The [[Unitit Naitions Economic Commission for Africae]] an aa haes its heidquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa wis an aa the site o the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Cooncil o the Oriental Orthodox Kirks]] in 1965. Ethiopia haes aften been cawed the oreeginal hame o mankind due tae various humanoid fossil discoveries lik the [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html African tribe frae Ethiopie populated rest o the warld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512140843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html |date=2009-05-12 }}.</ref> North eastren Africae, an the [[Afar Region|Afar]] region in parteecular wis the central focus o thir claims till recent DNA evidence suggestit oreegins in sooth central Ethiopian regions lik present-day Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM&refer=australia |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |title=DNA Links Humanity To One Common Origin: Africa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914103215/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter analysin the DNA o amaist 1,000 fowk aroond the warld, geneticists an ither scientists claimed fowk spread frae wha is nou Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |title=New Study Proves Theory of Human Recent African Origin |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205092113/http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The research indicatit that genetic diversity declines steadily the farther ane's ancestors traveled frae Addis Ababa, Ethiopie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/21/AR2008022102739.html?hpid=moreheadlines |title=Genetic Mutations Offer Insights on Human Diversity | work=The Washington Post | first=David | last=Brown | date=2008-02-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnd.com/news/nation/story/262406.html|title=DNA studies trace migration from Ethiopia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020010637/http://www.bnd.com/news/nation/story/262406.html|archivedate=2007-10-20|access-date=2011-01-03|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.bnd.com/news/nation/story/262406.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> == Sister ceeties == {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Beersheba]]''', Israel, 2004 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |title=קשרים בין-ל�?ומיים של העיר ב�?ר-שבע |publisher=Beer-sheva.muni.il |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131035/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Netanya]]''', Israel, 2004 * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae, 2006 * {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Chuncheon]]''', Sooth Korea * {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Leipzig]]''', Germany, 2004 * {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[San Francisco]]''', Unitit States * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Chongqing]]''', Cheenae * {{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae, 2002 * {{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Bangkok]]''', Thailand, 2005 || * {{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Havana]]''', Cuba, 2003 * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Lunnon]]''', Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Roum]]''', Italy, 2000 * {{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Cairo]]''', Egyp * {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[Dubai]]''', Unitit Arab Emirates * {{flagicon|India}} '''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie, 2004 * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', Brazil, 2010 * {{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', Turkey * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Jeddah]]''', Saudi Arabie * {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Stockholm]]''', Swaden |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Addis Abeba}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Addis Ababa| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1886]] [[Category:Regions o Ethiopie]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} dvg09uw862biutml4fr08silchehgdc 923295 923294 2026-09-25T23:27:59Z Atlantic306 30244 /* History */ removed unarchived dead link 923295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Addis Ababa |native_name ={{unbulleted list|{{native name|am|አዲስ አበባ|italics=off}}}} |native_name_lang = am |settlement_type = Caipital |image_skyline =Addis_abeba_meskele_square.jpg |image_caption = Addis Ababa skyline(2020) |imagesize = 250px |nickname = Ceety o Humans, Adisaba, Sheger, Adu, Adu Genet |image_flag = |image_seal = |established_title = Chairtered |established_date = 1886 |pushpin_map = Ethiopia |mapsize = |map_caption = Location in Ethiopie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopie}} |subdivision_type1 = Chairtered Ceety |subdivision_name1 = Addis Ababa |leader_title = [[Mayor o Addis Ababa|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Diriba Kuma]] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 527 |area_land_km2 = 527 |area_water_km2 = |area_note =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |title=2011 National Statistics |publisher=Csa.gov.et |date= |accessdate=20 July 2013 |archive-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330021225/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_as_of = 2008 |population_urban = 3384569 |population_note =<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census" /> |population_total = 3384569 |population_metro = 4567857 |area_metro_km2 = |population_density_km2 = 5165.1 |timezone = [[East Africae Time]] |utc_offset = +3 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|9|1|48|N|38|44|24|E|region:ET|display=inline}} |elevation_m= 2355 |elevation_ft= 7726 |latitude = |longitude = |area_code = (+251) 11 |website = {{official website|http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/}} |footnotes = }} '''Addis Ababa''' (whiles spelled '''Addis Abeba''', the spellin uised bi the offeecial [[Ethiopian Mapping Authority]]) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]] o [[Ethiopie]]. (In Ethiopian leids: [[Amharic leid|Amharic]], ''Addis Abäba'' {{IPA-am|adːiːs aβəβa|}} "new flouer"; [[Oromo leid|Oromo]], ''Finfinne''; [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the lairgest ceety in Ethiopiee, wi a population o 3,384,569 accordin tae the 2007 population census.<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |author=Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia |title=Census 2007, preliminary ('''pdf-file''') |accessdate=2008-12-07 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205052942/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a [[Regions o Ethiopie|chairtered ceety]] (''ras gez astedader''), Addis Ababa haes the status o baith a ceety an a state. It is whaur the [[African Union]] an its predecessor the [[Organisation o African Unity|OAU]] are based. Addis Ababa is therefore aften referred tae as "the poleetical caipital o Africae", due tae its historical, diplomatic an poleetical significance for the continent.<ref name="Political capital of Africa">http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424124634/http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ |date=2012-04-24 }}</ref> The ceety is populatit bi fowk frae different regions o Ethiopie – the kintra haes as mony as 80 naitionalities speakin 80 leids an belangin tae a wide variety o releegious communities. It is hame tae [[Addis Ababa University]]. The Federation o African Societies o Chemistry (FASC) an Horn o Africae Press Institute (HAPI) are an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. == History == {{Main|History o Addis Ababa}} The site o Addis Ababa wis chosen bi Empress [[Taytu Betul]] an the ceety wis foondit in 1886 bi her husband, Emperor [[Menelik II o Ethiopie|Menelik II]]. The name o the ceety (ኣዲስ ኣበባ) wis taken frae pairts o the ceety cawed ''hora Finfinnee'' ("hot springs") in [[Oromo leid|Oromo]]. Anither Oromo name o the ceety is Sheger. Menelik, as initially a Keeng o the [[Shewa]] province, haed foond [[Munt Entoto]] a uiseful base for military operations in the sooth o his realm, an in 1879 visitit the reputit ruins o a medieval toun, an an unfinished rock kirk that showed proof o an Ethiopian presence in the aurie prior tae the campaigns o [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi|Ahmad Gragn]]. His interest in the aurie grew when his wife Taytu began wirk on a kirk on Entoto, an Menelik endoued a seicont kirk in the aurie. Housomeivver the immediate aurie did no encourage the foonding o a toun due tae the lack o [[firewood]] an [[water]], sae dounset actually began in the valley sooth o the muntain in 1886. Initially, Taytu biggit a hoose for hersel near the "Filwoha" het [[mineral springs]], whaur she an members o the Showan Ryal Court liked tae tak mineral baths. Ither nobility an thair staffs an hoosehaulds settled the vicinity, an Menelik expandit his wife's hoose tae acome the [[Imperial Palace]] which remains the seat o govrenment in Addis Ababa the day. The name chynged tae Addis Ababa an became Ethiopie's caipital when Menelik II became Emperor o Ethiopie. The toun grew bi leaps an boonds. Ane o Emperor Menelik's contreibutions that is still visible the day is the plantin o numerous [[eucalyptus]] trees alang the ceety streets.<ref>Pankhurst, p. 195</ref> On 5 Mey 1936, [[Italy|Italian]] troops invadit Addis Ababa durin the [[Seicont Italo-Abyssinian War]], makin it the caipital o [[Italian East Africae]] frae 1936 tae 1941 efter killin aboot a million Ethiopians wi mustard gas. Efter the Italian airmy in Ethiopie wis defeatit bi the Breetish forces durin the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|East African Campaign]], Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] returned tae Addis Ababa on 5 Mey 1941—five years tae the vera day efter he haed depairtit—an immediately began the wirk o re-establishin his caipital. Emperor Haile Selassie helped form the [[Organization o African Unity]] in 1963, an invitit the new organisation tae keep its heidquarters in the ceety. The OAU wis dissolved in 2002 an replaced bi the [[African Union]] (AU), an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. The [[Unitit Naitions Economic Commission for Africae]] an aa haes its heidquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa wis an aa the site o the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Cooncil o the Oriental Orthodox Kirks]] in 1965. Ethiopia haes aften been cawed the oreeginal hame o mankind due tae various humanoid fossil discoveries lik the [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html African tribe frae Ethiopie populated rest o the warld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512140843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html |date=2009-05-12 }}.</ref> North eastren Africae, an the [[Afar Region|Afar]] region in parteecular wis the central focus o thir claims till recent DNA evidence suggestit oreegins in sooth central Ethiopian regions lik present-day Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM&refer=australia |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |title=DNA Links Humanity To One Common Origin: Africa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914103215/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter analysin the DNA o amaist 1,000 fowk aroond the warld, geneticists an ither scientists claimed fowk spread frae wha is nou Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |title=New Study Proves Theory of Human Recent African Origin |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205092113/http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The research indicatit that genetic diversity declines steadily the farther ane's ancestors traveled frae Addis Ababa, Ethiopie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/21/AR2008022102739.html?hpid=moreheadlines |title=Genetic Mutations Offer Insights on Human Diversity | work=The Washington Post | first=David | last=Brown | date=2008-02-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> == Sister ceeties == {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Beersheba]]''', Israel, 2004 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |title=קשרים בין-ל�?ומיים של העיר ב�?ר-שבע |publisher=Beer-sheva.muni.il |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131035/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Netanya]]''', Israel, 2004 * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae, 2006 * {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Chuncheon]]''', Sooth Korea * {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Leipzig]]''', Germany, 2004 * {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[San Francisco]]''', Unitit States * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Chongqing]]''', Cheenae * {{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae, 2002 * {{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Bangkok]]''', Thailand, 2005 || * {{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Havana]]''', Cuba, 2003 * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Lunnon]]''', Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Roum]]''', Italy, 2000 * {{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Cairo]]''', Egyp * {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[Dubai]]''', Unitit Arab Emirates * {{flagicon|India}} '''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie, 2004 * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', Brazil, 2010 * {{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', Turkey * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Jeddah]]''', Saudi Arabie * {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Stockholm]]''', Swaden |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Addis Abeba}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Addis Ababa| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1886]] [[Category:Regions o Ethiopie]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 8oaykprmmorbecssmddhj9cqb4pyt00 923297 923295 2026-09-25T23:30:12Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Sister ceeties */ fixing reference 923297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Addis Ababa |native_name ={{unbulleted list|{{native name|am|አዲስ አበባ|italics=off}}}} |native_name_lang = am |settlement_type = Caipital |image_skyline =Addis_abeba_meskele_square.jpg |image_caption = Addis Ababa skyline(2020) |imagesize = 250px |nickname = Ceety o Humans, Adisaba, Sheger, Adu, Adu Genet |image_flag = |image_seal = |established_title = Chairtered |established_date = 1886 |pushpin_map = Ethiopia |mapsize = |map_caption = Location in Ethiopie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopie}} |subdivision_type1 = Chairtered Ceety |subdivision_name1 = Addis Ababa |leader_title = [[Mayor o Addis Ababa|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Diriba Kuma]] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 527 |area_land_km2 = 527 |area_water_km2 = |area_note =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |title=2011 National Statistics |publisher=Csa.gov.et |date= |accessdate=20 July 2013 |archive-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330021225/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_as_of = 2008 |population_urban = 3384569 |population_note =<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census" /> |population_total = 3384569 |population_metro = 4567857 |area_metro_km2 = |population_density_km2 = 5165.1 |timezone = [[East Africae Time]] |utc_offset = +3 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|9|1|48|N|38|44|24|E|region:ET|display=inline}} |elevation_m= 2355 |elevation_ft= 7726 |latitude = |longitude = |area_code = (+251) 11 |website = {{official website|http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/}} |footnotes = }} '''Addis Ababa''' (whiles spelled '''Addis Abeba''', the spellin uised bi the offeecial [[Ethiopian Mapping Authority]]) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]] o [[Ethiopie]]. (In Ethiopian leids: [[Amharic leid|Amharic]], ''Addis Abäba'' {{IPA-am|adːiːs aβəβa|}} "new flouer"; [[Oromo leid|Oromo]], ''Finfinne''; [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the lairgest ceety in Ethiopiee, wi a population o 3,384,569 accordin tae the 2007 population census.<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |author=Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia |title=Census 2007, preliminary ('''pdf-file''') |accessdate=2008-12-07 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205052942/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a [[Regions o Ethiopie|chairtered ceety]] (''ras gez astedader''), Addis Ababa haes the status o baith a ceety an a state. It is whaur the [[African Union]] an its predecessor the [[Organisation o African Unity|OAU]] are based. Addis Ababa is therefore aften referred tae as "the poleetical caipital o Africae", due tae its historical, diplomatic an poleetical significance for the continent.<ref name="Political capital of Africa">http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424124634/http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ |date=2012-04-24 }}</ref> The ceety is populatit bi fowk frae different regions o Ethiopie – the kintra haes as mony as 80 naitionalities speakin 80 leids an belangin tae a wide variety o releegious communities. It is hame tae [[Addis Ababa University]]. The Federation o African Societies o Chemistry (FASC) an Horn o Africae Press Institute (HAPI) are an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. == History == {{Main|History o Addis Ababa}} The site o Addis Ababa wis chosen bi Empress [[Taytu Betul]] an the ceety wis foondit in 1886 bi her husband, Emperor [[Menelik II o Ethiopie|Menelik II]]. The name o the ceety (ኣዲስ ኣበባ) wis taken frae pairts o the ceety cawed ''hora Finfinnee'' ("hot springs") in [[Oromo leid|Oromo]]. Anither Oromo name o the ceety is Sheger. Menelik, as initially a Keeng o the [[Shewa]] province, haed foond [[Munt Entoto]] a uiseful base for military operations in the sooth o his realm, an in 1879 visitit the reputit ruins o a medieval toun, an an unfinished rock kirk that showed proof o an Ethiopian presence in the aurie prior tae the campaigns o [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi|Ahmad Gragn]]. His interest in the aurie grew when his wife Taytu began wirk on a kirk on Entoto, an Menelik endoued a seicont kirk in the aurie. Housomeivver the immediate aurie did no encourage the foonding o a toun due tae the lack o [[firewood]] an [[water]], sae dounset actually began in the valley sooth o the muntain in 1886. Initially, Taytu biggit a hoose for hersel near the "Filwoha" het [[mineral springs]], whaur she an members o the Showan Ryal Court liked tae tak mineral baths. Ither nobility an thair staffs an hoosehaulds settled the vicinity, an Menelik expandit his wife's hoose tae acome the [[Imperial Palace]] which remains the seat o govrenment in Addis Ababa the day. The name chynged tae Addis Ababa an became Ethiopie's caipital when Menelik II became Emperor o Ethiopie. The toun grew bi leaps an boonds. Ane o Emperor Menelik's contreibutions that is still visible the day is the plantin o numerous [[eucalyptus]] trees alang the ceety streets.<ref>Pankhurst, p. 195</ref> On 5 Mey 1936, [[Italy|Italian]] troops invadit Addis Ababa durin the [[Seicont Italo-Abyssinian War]], makin it the caipital o [[Italian East Africae]] frae 1936 tae 1941 efter killin aboot a million Ethiopians wi mustard gas. Efter the Italian airmy in Ethiopie wis defeatit bi the Breetish forces durin the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|East African Campaign]], Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] returned tae Addis Ababa on 5 Mey 1941—five years tae the vera day efter he haed depairtit—an immediately began the wirk o re-establishin his caipital. Emperor Haile Selassie helped form the [[Organization o African Unity]] in 1963, an invitit the new organisation tae keep its heidquarters in the ceety. The OAU wis dissolved in 2002 an replaced bi the [[African Union]] (AU), an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. The [[Unitit Naitions Economic Commission for Africae]] an aa haes its heidquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa wis an aa the site o the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Cooncil o the Oriental Orthodox Kirks]] in 1965. Ethiopia haes aften been cawed the oreeginal hame o mankind due tae various humanoid fossil discoveries lik the [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html African tribe frae Ethiopie populated rest o the warld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512140843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html |date=2009-05-12 }}.</ref> North eastren Africae, an the [[Afar Region|Afar]] region in parteecular wis the central focus o thir claims till recent DNA evidence suggestit oreegins in sooth central Ethiopian regions lik present-day Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM&refer=australia |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |title=DNA Links Humanity To One Common Origin: Africa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914103215/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter analysin the DNA o amaist 1,000 fowk aroond the warld, geneticists an ither scientists claimed fowk spread frae wha is nou Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |title=New Study Proves Theory of Human Recent African Origin |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205092113/http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The research indicatit that genetic diversity declines steadily the farther ane's ancestors traveled frae Addis Ababa, Ethiopie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/21/AR2008022102739.html?hpid=moreheadlines |title=Genetic Mutations Offer Insights on Human Diversity | work=The Washington Post | first=David | last=Brown | date=2008-02-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> == Sister ceeties == {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Beersheba]]''', Israel, 2004 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |title=קשרים בין-לאומיים של העיר באר-שבע|publisher=Beer-sheva.muni.il |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131035/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Netanya]]''', Israel, 2004 * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae, 2006 * {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Chuncheon]]''', Sooth Korea * {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Leipzig]]''', Germany, 2004 * {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[San Francisco]]''', Unitit States * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Chongqing]]''', Cheenae * {{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae, 2002 * {{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Bangkok]]''', Thailand, 2005 || * {{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Havana]]''', Cuba, 2003 * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Lunnon]]''', Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Roum]]''', Italy, 2000 * {{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Cairo]]''', Egyp * {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[Dubai]]''', Unitit Arab Emirates * {{flagicon|India}} '''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie, 2004 * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', Brazil, 2010 * {{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', Turkey * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Jeddah]]''', Saudi Arabie * {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Stockholm]]''', Swaden |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Addis Abeba}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Addis Ababa| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1886]] [[Category:Regions o Ethiopie]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} d8y5txq8y6ppxdgwvqlhdjjkprfi0ni 0 14864 923466 906492 2026-09-26T06:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | logo = [[File:Mercedes-Benz_Group_black.svg|220px]] | image = Stuttgart-Untertuerkheim-DC-Zentrale.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Mercedes-Benz Group AG Headquarters | type = [[Aktiengesellschaft]] | traded_as = {{FWB|DAI}} | predecessor = Daimler-Benz (1926–98)<br />DaimlerChrysler (1998–2007) | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = [[Dieter Zetsche]] <small>(Chairman o the Buird o Management)</small><br />Manfred Bischoff <small>(Chairman o the [[Supervisory Buird]])</small> | industry = [[Automotive industrie|Automotive]] | products = [[Automobile]]s, [[commercial vehicle]]s | revenue = {{Increase}} €153.261 billion (2016)<ref name="FS2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.daimler.com/dokumente/investoren/berichte/geschaeftsberichte/daimler/daimler-ir-factsheet-fy-2016.pdf |title=Daimler AG 2016 Fact Sheet |publisher=Daimler AG |access-date=2017-07-09 |archive-date=2017-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609175407/http://www.daimler.com/dokumente/investoren/berichte/geschaeftsberichte/daimler/daimler-ir-factsheet-fy-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | operating_income = {{Decrease}} €12.902 billion (2016)<ref name="FS2016" /> | net_income = {{Increase}} €8.784 billion (2016)<ref name="FS2016" /> | equity = {{Increase}} €54.753 billion (2016)<ref name="IR2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.daimler.com/documents/investors/berichte/zwischenberichte/q3/daimler-ir-interimreport-q3-2016.pdf |title=Daimler AG Q3 2016 Interim Report |publisher=Daimler AG |access-date=2017-07-09 |archive-date=2017-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103020718/https://www.daimler.com/documents/investors/berichte/zwischenberichte/q3/daimler-ir-interimreport-q3-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | assets = {{Increase}} $235.118 billion (2016)<ref name="IR2016" /> | owner = Institutional shareholders<ref name="shareholder structure">{{cite web|url=https://www.daimler.com/investor-relations/daimler-shares/shareholder-structure|title=shareholder structure|accessdate=3 March 2015|publisher=Daimler|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107005422/https://www.daimler.com/investors/share/shareholder-structure/|url-status=dead}}</ref><small>(74.8%)</small><br />Private shareholders <small>(15.3%)</small><br />[[Kuwait Investment Authority]] <small>(6.8%)</small><br />[[Renault–Nissan Alliance]] <small>(3.1%)</small> | num_employees = 284,482 (2016)<ref name="IR2016" /> | divisions = [[Mercedes-Benz]]<br/>[[Smart (marque)|Smart]] | subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List| '''Transportation''' * [[Aston Martin]] (5%) * [[EvoBus|EvoBus GmbH]] ** [[Setra]] * [[Daimler Trucks North America]] ** [[Freightliner Trucks]] ** [[Thomas Built Buses]] ** [[Western Star Trucks]] * [[Mercedes-Benz Mexico]] * [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation]] (89.29%) * [[Daimler India Commercial Vehicles]] ** [[BharatBenz]] * [[Mercedes-Benz India]] * [[Master Motors]] * [[Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles]] '''Sports''' * [[Mercedes-AMG]] '''Automotive Technology''' * [[Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation]] (50.1%) '''Engines''' * Engine Holding '''Finances''' * [[Daimler Financial Services]] ** [[Mercedes-Benz Bank]] ** Mercedes-Benz Financial ** Daimler Truck Financial '''Other''' * [[Detroit Diesel]] '''International''' * Daimler do Brasil * Daimler South Africa * Daimler Australia * Daimler Korea * Daimler South East Asia}} | intl = yes | homepage = {{URL|http://www.daimler.com/en/}} | foundation = {{start date and age|1926|6|28|df=yes}} | location = [[Stuttgart]], Germany }} '''Mercedes-Benz Group [[Aktiengesellschaft|AG]]''' ({{IPA-de|ˈdaɪmlɐ aːˈɡeː}}; umwhile '''Daimler-Benz''', '''DaimlerChrysler''' an '''Daimler AG'''; {{FWB|DAI}}) is a [[Germany|German]] caur corporation, heidquairtered in [[Stuttgart]], [[Baden-Württemberg]]. It wis fuirmit wi the merger o [[Karl Benz#Benz & Cie. and the Benz Patent Motorwagen|Benz & Cie]] an [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]] in 1926. The company wis renamit DaimlerChrysler upon acquirin the American automobile manufacturer [[Chrysler Corporation]] in 1998, an wis again renamed Daimler upon divestin o Chrysler in 2007. As o 2022, the Mercedes-Benz Group awned or haed shares in a nummer o caur, bus, larrie an motorcycle buists includin [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Mercedes-AMG]], [[Smart (marque)|Smart Automobile]], [[Detroit Diesel]], [[Freightliner Trucks|Freightliner]], [[Western Star Trucks|Western Star]], [[Thomas Built Buses]], [[Setra]], [[BharatBenz]], [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi Fuso]], [[MV Agusta]] as well as shares in [[Denza]], [[KAMAZ]] an [[Beijing Automotive Group]]. The luxury [[Maybach]] buist wis terminatit at the end o 2012, but revivit in Apryle 2015 as "[[Maybach#Mercedes-Maybach|Mercedes-Maybach]]" versions o the [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]] an [[Mercedes-Benz G-Class|G-Class]]. In 2017, it saud 3.3 million vehicles.<ref name="FS2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.daimler.com/dokumente/investoren/berichte/geschaeftsberichte/daimler/daimler-ir-factsheet-fy-2017.pdf |title=Daimler AG 2017 Fact Sheet |publisher=Daimler AG |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164345/https://www.daimler.com/dokumente/investoren/berichte/geschaeftsberichte/daimler/daimler-ir-factsheet-fy-2017.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Bi unit sales, the Mercedes-Benz Group is the thirteent-lairgest [[Automotive industry|caur manufacturer]] an is the lairgest larrie manufacturer in the warld. It provides financial services throu [[Mercedes-Benz Mobility]]. The company is a component o the [[Euro Stoxx 50]] [[stock mercat index]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/indices/euro+stoxx+50+EU0009658145/constituents |title=Frankfurt Stock Exchange |access-date=2019-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208093448/http://www.boerse-frankfurt./ |archive-date=2019-02-08 |url-status=dead}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119171222/http://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/indices/euro%2Bstoxx%2B50%2BEU0009658145/constituents |date=19 November 2015 }}</ref> The Mercedes-Benz Group complex in [[Stuttgart]] include central company heidquairters, [[Mercedes-Benz]] an Daimler caur plants, [[Mercedes-Benz Museum]] an stadium [[Mercedes-Benz Arena (Stuttgart)|Mercedes-Benz Arena]]. == History == Mercedes-Benz Group AG is a German manufacturer o automobiles, motor vehicles, an ingines, which dates back mair nor a century. An ''Agreement of Mutual Interest'' wis signed on Mey 1, 1924 atween [[Benz & Cie.#Benz & Cie. an the Motorwagen|Benz & Cie]] (foondit 1883) o [[Karl Benz]] an [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]] (foondit 1890) o [[Gottlieb Daimler]] an [[Wilhelm Maybach]]. Baith companies continued tae manufacture thair separate automobile an internal combustion ingine brands till, on Juin 28, 1926, when Benz & Cie. an Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft AG formally merged—becomin [[Daimler-Benz]] [[Aktiengesellschaft|AG]]—an agreed that thereefter, aw o the factories wad uise the brand name o [[Mercedes-Benz]] on thair automobiles. In 1998 Daimler-Benz AG "merged" wi the American automobile manufacturer [[Chrysler|Chrysler Corporation]], an formed '''DaimlerChrysler AG'''. In 2007, when the Chrysler group wis sauld aff tae [[Cerberus Capital Management]], the name o the parent company wis chynged tae simply '''Daimler AG'''. It wis chynged tae Mercedes-Benz Group on 1 Februar 2022. === Timeline o Mercedes-Benz Group AG === [[Benz & Cie.#Benz & Cie. and the Motorwagen|Benz & Company]], 1883–1926 <br /> [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft|Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft AG]], 1890–1926 <br /> Daimler-Benz AG, 1926–1998 <br /> DaimlerChrysler AG, 1998–2007 <br /> Daimler AG, 2007–2022<br /> Mercedes-Benz Group AG, 2022–present == Sharehaulders Structur == ''bi Awnership'' <ref name="MBDA">{{cite web|url=http://www.daimler.com/ir|title=Daimler Investor Relations|accessdate=30 November 2008}}</ref> * [[Aabar Investments]] ([[Unitit Arab Emirates]]): 9.1% * [[Kuwait Investment Authority]] ([[Kuwait]]): 6.9% * [[Renault]] ([[Fraunce]]): 1.55% * [[Nissan]] ([[Japan]]): 1.55% * [[Institutional investor]]s: 60.4% * [[Private investors|Private Investors]]: 20.4% * [[Federal Meenistry o Finance (Germany)|Treasury Shares]]: 0.1% ''bi Region'' <ref name=MBDA /> * 30.0% Germany * 33.5% Ither Europe * 17.9% United States * 9.1% United Arab Emirates * 6.9% Kuwait * 2.6% Others == Buists == Mercedes-Benz Group sells automobiles unner the follaein [[marque]]s warldwide: * Mercedes-Benz Cars ** [[Maybach]] ** [[Mercedes-Benz]] ** [[Smart (automobile)|Smart]] ** [[Mercedes-AMG]] * Daimler Trucks ** Commercial vehicles *** [[Freightliner Trucks|Freightliner]] *** Mercedes-Benz (truck group) *** [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi Fuso]] *** [[Thomas Built Buses]] *** [[Sterling Trucks]] - operations wind doun in 2010, but will continue tae support authorized dealers and vehicle owners *** [[Western Star Trucks|Western Star]] ** Components *** [[Detroit Diesel]] *** Mercedes-Benz *** Mitsubishi Fuso * Daimler Buses ** [[Mercedes-Benz buses]] ** [[Orion Bus Industries]] ** [[Setra]] * Mercedes-Benz Vans ** Mercedes-Benz (vans group) * [[Daimler Financial Services]] ** Mercedes-Benz Bank ** Mercedes-Benz Financial ** Daimler Truck Financial ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Mercedes-Benz Group|*]] [[Category:Companies established in 1926]] [[Category:Companies based in Stuttgart]] [[Category:German buists]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers o Germany]] [[Category:Bus manufacturers]] [[Category:Caur manufacturers o Germany]] [[Category:1926 establishments in Germany]] [[Category:Multinaitional companies]] [[Category:Aabar Investments]] cw3sr7mbs5rcr8dd6oiat0mgfk0q7eh 0 15229 923369 920558 2026-09-26T01:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company|logo_caption=Bugatti|image=Bugatti Veyron Hermes Automobilforum 2011 (6020819933).jpg|logo=Bugatti Logo.png}} '''Bugatti''' is an automobile brand that wis foondit in [[Molsheim]], Fraunce (Germany at that time) in 1909 as a [[automotive industry|manufacturer]] o [[hie performance vehicle|hie performance automobiles]] bi [[Ettore Bugatti]], an Italian-born ingineer, that wis describit as an eccentric genius. The company is kenspeckle for biggin mony o the maist exclusive an swith caurs in the warld. [[Warld War II]], and the daith o Ettore Bugatti's son, Jean, pit the company in financial bother. The last caur wis pit out in the 1950s and syne, the Bugatti company wis bocht for its airplane pairts business in the 1960s. The day the Bugatti name is awned bi [[Volkswagen Group]], that revived it as a bigger o limitit production exclusive [[sports caur]]s. ==Unner Ettore Bugatti== [[File:Bugatti Typ 35C Grand Prix Racer 1926.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35C (1926)]], paintit in the blue [[Leet o internaitional auto racin colors|racin colour]] o Fraunce.]] Foonder [[Ettore Bugatti]] wis born in [[Milan]], Italy, an the automobile company that bears his name wis foundit in 1909 in the toun o [[Molsheim]] in the [[Alsace]]. The company wis kent baith for the level o detail o its ingineerin in its automobiles, an for their airtistic designs, gart frae the airtistic naitur o Ettore's faimily. Carlo Bugatti (1856–1940), Ettore's faither wis an important [[Art Nouveau]] furniture an jewelry designer. The company haed great success in early [[Grand Prix motor racin]], forbye, winnin the first iver [[Monaco Grand Prix]]. The company's success culminatit wi driver [[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] winnin the [[24 hours o Le Mans]] twice (in 1937 wi [[Robert Benoist]] an 1939 wi [[Pierre Veyron]]). ===Design=== Bugatti's caurs war thocht baith as warks o airt an mechanical creations. [[Ingine block]]s war haund scartit that the surfaces haedna mister for gaskets for sealin, mony o the exposed surfaces o the ingine compartment featurt [[Guilloché]] (ingine turnt) finishes on them, an safety wires threidit throu naurhaund ilka fastener in intricate-lacit pattrens. Raither nor bolt the springs tae the [[axle]]s sic as maist manufacturers duin, Bugatti's axles war forged sic that the spring passed thru a carefully sized openin in the axle, a guid wheen mair elegant solution that needit fewer pairts. He famously describit his arch competitor Bentley's caurs as "the world's fastest lorries" for focusin on durability. Accordin tae Bugatti, "weight was the enemy". ==Models== Anerlie a few examples o each o Ettore Bugatti's vehicles wur iver produced, the maist famous bein the [[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 Grand Prix]] caurs, the "[[Bugatti Royale|Royale]]", the [[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57 "Atlantic"]] an the [[Bugatti Type 55|Type 55]] sports caur. On 2 Januar 2009, it wis revealed dick that a rare 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Atlantic haed been foond in the garage o a deceased surgeon in England. Anly 17 o this model war made, aw bi haund. On 10 Julie 2009, a 1925 Bugatti Brescia Type 22 which haed lain at the bottom o Lake Maggiore on the mairch o Swisserland an Italy for 75 years haes been liftit oot o the watter. The Mullin Museum in Oxnard, CA bought it at auction for $351,343 at Bonham's Retromobile sale in Paris in 2010. Throughoot the production run o approximately 7,900 caurs (o which aboot 2,000 still exist), each Bugatti model wis designatit wi the prefix T for Type, which referred tae the chassis an drive train. <gallery> File:RL 1938 Bugatti 57SC Atlantic 34 2.jpg|1938 [[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57SC Atlantic]] frae the [[Ralph Lauren]] collection File:1933 Bugatti Type 59 Grand Prix 34 rear.jpg|1933 [[Bugatti Type 59|Type 59]] [[Grand Prix motor racin|Grand Prix]] racer frae the [[Ralph Lauren]] collection <!-- Deleted image removed: File:JeanBugattiandRoyale2.jpg|[[Jean Bugatti]] an his 1932 "[[Bugatti Type 41|Royale]]" {{deletable image-caption|1={{Subst:#time:l, j F Y| + 7 days}}}} --> </gallery> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:99%;" |- ! style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"| Prototypes ! style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"| Racin Caurs ! style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"| Road Caurs |- | valign=top | *1900–1901 [[Bugatti Type 2#Type 2|Type 2]] *1903 [[Bugatti Type 5#Type 5|Type 5]] *1908 [[Bugatti Type 10|Type 10]] « Petit Pur Sang » *1925 [[Bugatti Type 36|Type 36]] *1929 [[Bugatti Type 40|Type 40]] *1929 [[Bugatti Prototypes#Type 41|Type 41]] *1929–1930 [[Bugatti Type 45|Type 45/47]] *[[Bugatti Type 56|Type 56]] ([[electric caur]]) *1939 [[Bugatti Type 64|Type 64]] (coupe) *1943/1947 [[Bugatti Type 73|Type 73C]] | valign=top | *1910–1914 [[Bugatti Type 13#Type 13|Type 13]]/[[Bugatti Type 13#15|Type 15]]/[[Bugatti Type 17|17]]/[[Bugatti Type 22|22]] *1912 [[Bugatti Type 16#Type 16|Type 16]] « bébé » *1922–1926 [[Bugatti Type 30#Type 29|Type 29]] « Cigare » *1923 [[Bugatti Type 32|Type 32]] « Tank Bugatti » *1924–1930 [[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35|Type 35]]/[[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35A|35A]]/[[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35B|35B]]/[[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35T|35T]]/[[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35C|35C]]/[[Bugatti Type 37|37]]/[[Bugatti Type 39|39]] « Grand Prix » *1927–1930 [[Bugatti Type 52|Type 52]] ([[electric vehicle|electric racer]] for bains) *1936–1939 [[Bugatti Type 57#Type 57G|Type 57G "Tank"]] *1937–1939 [[Bugatti Type 50#Type 50 B|Type 50B]] *1931–1936 [[Bugatti Type 53|Type 53]] *1931–1936 [[Bugatti Type 51#Type 51/51A|Type 51/51A]]/[[Bugatti Type 51#Type 54 GP|54GP]]/[[Bugatti Type 59|59]] *1955–1956 [[Bugatti Type 251|Type 251]] | valign=top | *1910 [[Bugatti Type 13]]<ref>Georgano, G. N. ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)</ref> *1912–1914 [[Bugatti Type 18#Type 18|Type 18]] *1913–1914 [[Bugatti Type 23|Type 23]]/[[Bugatti Type 13#Type 23 Brescia Tourer|Brescia Tourer]] (roadster) *1922–1934 [[Bugatti Type 30#Type 30|Type 30]]/[[Bugatti Type 38|38]]/[[Bugatti Type 40|40]]/[[Bugatti Type 43|43]]/[[Bugatti Type 44|44]]/[[Bugatti Type 49#Type 49|49]] (tourin caur) *1927–1933 [[Bugatti Royale#Type 41|Type 41]] « Royale, Coupé Napoléon » *1929–1939 [[Bugatti Type 46#Type 46|Type 46]]/[[Bugatti Type 50|50]]/[[Bugatti Type 46#Type 50T|50T]] (tourin caur) *1932–1935 [[Bugatti Type 55#Type 55|Type 55]] (roadster) *1934–1940 [[Bugatti Type 57#Type 57|Type 57]]/[[Bugatti Type 57S|57S]]/[[Bugatti Type 57#Type 57SC|Type 57SC]] (tourin caur) *1951–1956 [[Bugatti Type 101|Type 101]] (coupe) *1957–1962 [[Bugatti Type 252|Type 252]] (2-seater sports convertible) |} Durin the war Bugatti wirked at [[Levallois]] in northwastren suburbs o Paris, on several new projects, includin the ''Type 73'' road caur, ''Type 73C'' single seater racin caur (5 biggit), an the ''Type 75''. Efter [[Warld War II]], a 375&nbsp;cc superchairged caur wis canceled when Ettore dee'd. ==Racin success== Bugatti caurs wur extremely successfu in racin, wi mony thoosans o victories in juist a few decades. The little [[Bugatti Type 10]] swept the tap fower poseetions at its first race. The 1924 [[Bugatti Type 35]] is probably the maist successfu racin caur o aw time, wi ower 2,000 wins. Bugattis swept tae victory in the [[Targa Florio]] for five years straight frae 1925 throu 1929. [[Louis Chiron]] held the maist podiums in Bugatti caurs, an the 21st century Bugatti company remembered him wi a [[Bugatti Chiron|concept caur]] named in his honour. But it wis the final racin success at [[24 hours o Le Mans|Le Mans]] that is maist remembered—[[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] an [[Pierre Veyron]] wan the 1939 race wi juist ane caur an meagre resoorces. {| class="wikitable" |- !Year !Race !Driver !Caur |- |1921 |[[Voiturettes Grand Prix]] |[[Ernest Friderich]] | |- |1925 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Bartolomeo Costantini]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35]] |- |1926 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[Jules Goux]] |[[Bugatti Type 39|Type 39 A]] |- |1926 |[[Italian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Charavel]] | |- |1926 |[[Spainyie Grand Prix]] |[[Bartolomeo Costantini]] | |- |1926 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Bartolomeo Costantini]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 T]] |- |1927 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Emilio Materassi]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 C]] |- |1928 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[William Grover-Williams]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 C]] |- |1928 |[[Italian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1928 |[[Spainyie Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1928 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Albert Divo]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 B]] |- |1929 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[William Grover-Williams]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 B]] |- |1929 |[[German Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1929 |[[Spainyie Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1929 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |[[William Grover-Williams]] | |- |1929 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Albert Divo]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 C]] |- |1930 |[[Belgian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1930 |[[Czechoslovakian Grand Prix]] |[[Heinrich-Joachim von Morgen]] an [[Hermann zu Leiningen]] | |- |1930 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[Philippe Étancelin]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 C]] |- |1930 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |[[René Dreyfus]] | |- |1931 |[[Belgian Grand Prix]] |[[William Grover-Williams]] an [[Caberto Conelli]] | |- |1931 |[[Czechoslovakian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1931 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] an [[Achille Varzi]] |[[Bugatti Type 51|Type 51]] |- |1931 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1932 |[[Czechoslovakian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1933 |[[Czechoslovakian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1933 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |[[Achille Varzi]] | |- |1934 |[[Belgian Grand Prix]] |[[René Dreyfus]] | |- |1936 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] an [[Raymond Sommer]] |[[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57 G]] |- |1937 |[[24 hours o Le Mans]] |[[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] an [[Robert Benoist]] |[[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57 G]] |- |1939 |[[24 hours o Le Mans]] |[[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] an [[Pierre Veyron]] |[[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57 C]] |} ==Bugatti in Formula Ane== ([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;" |- ! Year ! Chassis ! Ingine(s) ! Tires ! Drivers ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! Pynts ! WCC |- |rowspan="2"| {{F1|1956}} |rowspan="2"| [[Bugatti Type 251]] |rowspan="2"| Bugatti [[Straight-8]] |rowspan="2"| {{Dunlop}} || || [[1956 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] || [[1956 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] || [[1956 Indianapolis 500|500]] || [[1956 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] || [[1956 French Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[1956 Breetish Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[1956 German Grand Prix|GER]] || [[1956 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |rowspan="2"|'''0*''' |rowspan="2"|'''-*''' |- | [[Maurice Trintignant]] | | | | | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The Warld Constructors' Championship wis no awardit afore 1958. ==Aviation== ===The Bugatti 100P=== In the 1930s, Ettore Bugatti got involved in the creation o a racer [[fixed-wing aircraft|airplane]], hopin tae beat the Germans in the [[Deutsch de la Meurthe prize]]. This wad be the Bugatti 100P,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Bugatti%20Model%20100%20Racer.asp#TopOfPage|title=Bugatti Model 100 at the EAA Museum|accessdate=2009-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bugattiaircraft.com/plane.htm |title=Bugatti Aircraft Association - 100P Airplane |publisher=Bugattiaircraft.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> which never flew. It wis designed bi Belgian ingineer [[Louis de Monge]] who haed awready applee'd Bugatti Brescia ingines in his "Type 7.5" liftin body. ==The end== Ettore Bugatti an aa designed a successfu motorised railcaur, the ''[[Autorail]]''. His son, [[Jean Bugatti]], wis killed on 11 August 1939 at the age o 30, while testin a [[Bugatti Type 57#Type 57S Tank|Type 57 tank-bodied race caur]] near the [[Molsheim]] factory. Subsequently the company's fortunes began tae decline. Warld War II ruined the factory in Molsheim, an the company lost control o the property. Durin the war, Bugatti planned a new factory at Levallois in [[Paris]] an designed a series o new caurs. Ettore Bugatti dee'd on 21 August 1947. The company attemptit a comeback unner [[Roland Bugatti]] in the mid-1950s wi the [[mid-ingine design|mid-engined]] [[Bugatti Type 251|Type 251]] race caur. Designed wi help frae famed [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Ferrari]], an [[Maserati]] designer [[Gioacchino Colombo]], the caur failed tae perform tae expectations, an the company's attempts at automobile production wur haltit. In the 1960s, [[Virgil Exner]] designed a Bugatti as pairt o his "[[Exner Revival Cars|Revival Cars]]" project. A show version o this caur wis actually biggit bi [[Ghia]] uisin the last [[Bugatti Type 101]] chassis, an wis shawn at the 1965 [[Turin Motor Show]]. Finance wis no fortcomin, an Exner then turned his attention tae a revival o [[Stutz]]. Bugatti continued manufacturin airplane pairts an wis sauld tae [[Hispano-Suiza]] (anither auto maker turned aircraft supplier) in 1963. [[Snecma]] teuk ower in 1968, later acquirin [[Messier]]. The twa wur merged intae Messier-Bugatti in 1977. i no how tae spell ==Bugatti brand uised efterwards== ===Bugatti Automobili SpA=== [[File:2007-06-15 18 Bugatti EB 110 (bearb - kl).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Bugatti EB110]] (1996)]] Italian entrepreneur [[Romano Artioli]] acquired the famous Bugatti name in 1987, an establisht '''Bugatti Automobili SpA'''. The new company biggit a factory designed bi the architect Giampaolo Benedini in [[Campogalliano]], Italy, a toun near [[Modena]], hame tae ither performance-caur manufacturers [[De Tomaso]], [[Ferrari]], [[Pagani]] an [[Maserati]]. Bi 1989 the plans for the new Bugatti revival wur presentit bi Paolo Stanzani an [[Marcello Gandini]], famous designers o the [[Lamborghini Miura]] an [[Lamborghini Countach|Countach]]. The first completit cur wis labelled the [[Bugatti EB110]] GT, advertised as the maist technically advanced sports caur iver produced. Frae 1992 throu 1994 famed racin caur designer [[Mauro Forghieri]] wis technical director. On 27 August 1993, throu his hauldin company, ACBN Holdings S.A. o [[Luxembourg]], Romano Artioli purchased the [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]] caur company frae [[General Motors]]. The acquisition brocht thegither twa o the greatest historical names in automotive racin, an plans wur made for leetin the company's shares on internaitional stock exchynges. Bugatti an aa presentit in 1993 the prototype o a lairge saloon cried the EB112. Bi the time the EB110 came tae mercat the North American an European economies wur in recession, an operations ceased in September 1995. A model specific tae the Unitit States mercat cried the "Bugatti America" wis in the preparatory stages when the company closed. Bugatti's liquidators sauld Lotus tae [[Proton (caurmaker)|Proton]] o Malaysie. In 1997 German manufacturer [[Dauer Racing]] bought the EB110 license an remainin pairts stock tae Bugatti in order tae produce five mair EB110 SS units, awtho thay wur greatly refined bi Dauer. The factory wis later sauld tae a furniture-makin company, which an aa collapsed afore thay wur able tae muive in, leavin the biggin unoccupied.<ref>{{cite web |author=Copyright. Est February 2003. |url=http://www.trade-247.com/80.html |title=Bugatti on TradeTwentyfourSeven website |publisher=Trade-247.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-31 |archive-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323151700/http://www.trade-247.com/80.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aiblins the maist famous Bugatti EB110 awner wis the German racin driver [[Michael Schumacher]], seiven-time [[Formula Ane Warld Champion]], who bought the EB110 in 1994 while racin for the Benetton team. In 2003 Schumacher sauld the caur&mdash;which haed been repaired efter a severe crash the year he bought it&mdash;tae Modena Motorsport, a Ferrari service an race preparation garage in Germany. ===Bugatti Automobiles SAS=== [[File:Bugatti veyron in Tokyo.jpg|thumb|[[Bugatti Veyron|Veyron 16.4]].]] {{main|Bugatti Automobiles SAS}} [[Volkswagen AG]] purchased the richts tae produce caurs unner the Bugatti marque in 1998. Thay commissioned [[ItalDesign]] tae produce the [[Bugatti EB118]] concept, a tourin [[sedan (automobile)|saloon (sedan)]], which featurt a (555 PS; 547&nbsp;bhp), an the first [[W ingine|W-configuration]] [[W16 ingine|16-cylinder ingine]] in ony passenger vehicle, at the [[Paris Auto Show]]. In 1999, the [[Bugatti EB 218]] concept wis introduced at the [[Geneva Auto Show]]; later that year the [[Bugatti 18/3 Chiron]] wis introduced at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] (IAA). At the [[Tokyo Motor Show]], the EB 218 reappeared, an the [[Bugatti Veyron|Bugatti EB 16.4 Veyron]] wis presentit as the first incarnation o wha wis tae be a production road caur. ==See an aw== * [[Musée National de l'Automobile de Mulhouse]], hame o the Schlumpf Collection o Bugatti caurs * [[Bugatti Type 8]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons|Bugatti vehicles}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080324133507/http://www.bugatti.com/ Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.] *[http://www.octagonfox.com/biblio.html Bugatti bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412172359/http://www.octagonfox.com/biblio.html |date=2008-04-12 }} *[http://www.bugatti-trust.co.uk/ The Bugatti Trust] *[http://www.les24heures.fr/index.php/1937/129-1937-voitures/483-1937-1-2-bugatti-t57g Bugatti at LeMans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911234314/http://www.les24heures.fr/index.php/1937/129-1937-voitures/483-1937-1-2-bugatti-t57g |date=2015-09-11 }} {{Template group |list = {{Volkswagen Group brands}} {{Bugatti road caur timeline}} {{Formula Ane constructors|state=collapsed}} }} {{Commonscat|Bugatti vehicles}} [[Category:Bugatti| ]] [[Category:Caur manufacturers o Fraunce]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers o Fraunce]] [[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]] [[Category:Sports caur manufacturers]] [[Category:Formula Ane constructors]] [[Category:Formula Ane entrants]] [[Category:Grand Prix teams]] [[Category:French auto racin teams]] [[Category:French racecaur constructors]] [[Category:Companies established in 1909]] [[Category:Luxury buists]] [[Category:Defunct aircraft ingine manufacturers o Fraunce]] [[Category:Luxury vehicles]] [[Category:Volkswagen Group]] 4qjqhvpi3qezh2dzj39bpg98giv56kz 0 15392 923378 825040 2026-09-26T02:11:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Cucq |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Cucq (Pas-de-Calais).svg |image = Stella dunes..jpg |caption = Beach at Stella from the dunes |region = [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] |department = [[Pas-de-Calais]] |arrondissement = [[arrondissement of Montreuil-sur-Mer|Montreuil]] |canton = Montreuil |INSEE = 62261 |postal code = 62780 |mayor = Walter Kahn |term = 2008&ndash;2014 |intercommunality = Mer et Terres d’Opale |coordinates = {{coord|50.4775|1.6194|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 5 |elevation min m = 3 |elevation max m = 45 |area km2 = 13.16 |population = 4912 |population date = 1999 }} '''Cucq''' (offeecially cried is '''Cucq-Trépied-Stella-Plage''') is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Pas-de-Calais]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in the [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] region o [[Fraunce]]. ==Geografie== Cucq is made up o three veelages: Cucq itsel, the seicont veelage o Trépied in the north an the coastal resort o Stella-Plage tae the wast. ==History== Durin the [[Merovingian]] period, the terrain presently occupied bi Cucq, [[Le Touquet-Paris-Plage|Le Touquet]], [[Merlimont]] an [[Berck]] wis aither mairshland or tidal. Little bi little, the sea athdrew an the mairshes wur covered bi saund an the dunes. The gress-covered dunes o Cucq an Trépied are the result o centuries o coastal movement. The saund o the lawer beach, blown bi the wind at law tide, accumulatit tae form a cordon o dunes alang the coast. ===Oreegins o the names o Cucq an Trépied=== Cucq or Cuc in [[Celtic leids|Celtic]] meant "height, hill" or in Laitin "fortified". The toun wis oreeginally situatit on a dune slichtly heicher than ithers in the vicinity, frae which the comparison an the name o Cucq or Cuck or Cucques haes evolved. Trépied is sae-cried acause o the triangular ootline o the toun. ===Creation o Le Touquet=== In 1819, the govrenment decidit tae sell the land o the umwhile domain o the Abbey o St. Josse, confiscatit at the time o the [[French Revolution]]. 1600 hectares o the warrens o Trépied wur sauld in 1837 tae Jean-Baptiste Daloz. [[Pine]] trees wur plantit ower the entire plot o land. Maist o this aurie became better-kent later as [[Le Touquet-Paris-Plage|Le Touquet]], a separate commune, in 1912. On the banks o the river [[Canche]], the harbour o Trépied ance boastit mair nor thirty fishin boats. 150 men lived frae the sea, supplyin fish tae the mercats o [[Amiens]], [[Abbeville]] an [[Beauvais]]. ===Stella-Plage=== Durin the 20t century, Stella-Plage stairtit tae emerge as a tourist toun. Frae 1914 tae 1920, plans for the fundation o Stella-Plage wur put on hauld bi [[Warld War I]] but frae 1925, Stella wis inauguratit as a "Climatic Station" an attractit holiday-makers frae [[Paris]] an [[Lille]]. [[Warld War II]] saw Stella razed tae the grund, save for twa villas, that remained intact at the end o the conflict. ==Population== {{Demography |1962 = 3323 |1968 = 3883 |1975 = 4154 |1982 = 4373 |1990 = 4299 |1999 = 4912 |withoutdoublecount = 1962 }} ==Places o interest== Early each Februar, the beach is the scene o the motor-bike races kent as the Enduropal (umwhile the [[Enduro]] o Le Touquet). ==Notable fowk== * [[Matthieu Bataille]], judo champion o Fraunce 2006 an bronze medallist at the Judo Warld Championship 2007 * [[Pauline Parmentier]], professional tennis player * [[Michael Stewart (basketbaw)|Michael Curtis "Yogi" Stewart]], played in the [[NBA]] [[basketbaw]] league for the [[Atlanta Hawks]] * [[Pauline Crammer]], weemen's fitbaa player * [[Ophélie David]], skier ==See also== *[[Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department]] ==References== * [http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/fichecommunale.asp?codedep=62&codecom=261 INSEE commune file] ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808183418/http://www.quid.fr/communes.html?mode=query Cucq on the Quid website] {{Fr}} * [http://www.stella-plage.fr/fr/index.php Tourism Office o Stella-Plage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124050311/http://www.stella-plage.fr/fr/index.php |date=2007-11-24 }} {{Fr}} {{Pas-de-Calais communes}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Communes o Pas-de-Calais]] hdui5xwcs9se0nwbn1moo0393cmo5r8 0 15530 923507 887953 2026-09-26T07:55:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Qasr al Hallabat |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Toun<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Qasr Al-Hallbat complex.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Releegions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|32|4|N|36|22|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Qasr al Hallabat''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> The toun is named efter the [[Umayyad]] castle locatit thare. An aa locatit in the toun is the [[Qasr Hammam As Sarah]]. It is locaedt north-east o the caipital o [[Amman]]. ==Castle== The complex o Qasr al-Hallabat is locatit in Jordan's eastren desert. Oreeginally a [[Auncient Rome|Roman]] fortress biggit unner Emperor [[Caracalla]] tae pertect its indwallers frae [[Bedouin]] tribes, this site dates oe the seicont an third century AD, awtho thare is trace evidence o [[Nabatean]] presence at the site. It wis ane o mony on the Roman hghway, [[Via Nova Traiana]], a route that connected [[Damascus]] tae [[Aqaba]] bi wey o [[Petra]] an [[Amman]]. Howsomever,, bi the aicht century, the Umayyad [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] ordered for the Roman structures tae be demolished in order tae redevelop this military site an its neighboring territory tae acome ane o the grandest o aw Umayyad desert complexes. Guided bi the extant plan, he incorporated a [[mosque]] (foond 15 meters frae the southeast o the main structur), a complicated watter seestem includin five [[cisterns]] an a considerably lairge watter [[reservoir]], an a bathhouse. Furthermair, situated tae the wast o the palace remains an enclosed structur probably uised for agricultural purposes sic as cultivating olive trees an/or grapevines. While an earlier ane-layered ofuitprint o the agricultural structur still stands the day, three wall sections o the mosque, includin the [[mihrab]] in the southren wall, remain intact. The main palace is biggit o black [[basalt]] an limestone an haes a square floorplan wi touers at each corner. Grand in stature, the principal structures war faur enhanced wi decorative mosaics depicting an assortment o ainimals, detailed frescoes an heichly crafted stucco carvings. The site remains tae be completely restored. Approximately 1400 meters east o the palace stands the remains o the mosque at Qusayr al-Hallabat. Small in scale, it measures 10.70 bi 11.80 meters an is biggit o layered [[limestane|limestone]]. Inside, twa arching rocks divide the mosque intae three sections. A roondit mauldin extends the perimeter o the space at the heicht o 2.10 meters. Similar tae [[Qusayr 'Amra]] an Qasr Hammam as Sarah, three tunnel vaults support the ruif o the structur. Encircling the mosque frae the north, wast, an east stood a 3.30-meter wide portico. <gallery> Image:Qasr Al-Hallabat mosque.jpg|mosque Image:Qasr Al-Hallabat, entrance courtyard.jpg |entrance courtyard Image:Qasr Al Hallabat, mosaic floor.jpg |floor mosaic Image:Qasr Al Hallabat, inscribed block.jpg |inscribed block </gallery> ==Freemit airtins== {{commons}} *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/qasr-al-hallabat/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Qasr al Hallabat in the MSN Encarta atlas] *[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=4643 Archnet entry for Qasr al Hallabat and Qasr as Sarah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120082209/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=4643 |date=2010-11-20 }} *[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199005/qasr.al-hallabat.htm A history of the excavation of Qasr al Hallabat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103140215/http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199005/qasr.al-hallabat.htm |date=2010-01-03 }} ==References== <references /> {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] [[Category:Umayyad pailaces]] 3wglc7uy2m2128e43pai9rcnqy96gud 0 15629 923401 899049 2026-09-26T03:37:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Genoa | official_name = ''Comune di Genova'' | native_name = ''Genova'' | image_skyline = Collage Genova.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_alt = | image_caption = A collage o Genoa, Clockwise frae top left: Torre della Lanterna, Piazza de Ferrari, Galleria Mazzini, Brigata Liguria Street, View o San Teodoro frae Genoa Port | image_flag = Flag of Genoa.svg | image_shield = Stemma_di_Genova.svg | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|44|24|40|N|8|55|58|E|region:IT-GE_type:city(620,000)|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Ligurie]] | province = [[Province o Genoa|Genoa]] (GE) | frazioni = | mayor_party = Independent – [[Centre-left]] | mayor = [[Marco Doria]] | sovereign = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 243.60 | population_footnotes = <ref>Total population referred to to the ''[[comune]]'' (or municipality), rather than the extended urban area. [http://www.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=495043&resourceName=Allegato%202 Notiziario statistico del Comune di Genova – Andamento della popolazione al 31 dicembre 2009 (Statistical report of Genoa Municipality at december 31, 2009)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111092225/http://www2.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=495043&resourceName=Allegato%202 |date=2012-01-11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111092225/http://www2.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=495043&resourceName=Allegato%202 |date=2012-01-11 }}</ref> | population_total = 608154 | population_as_of = 31 August 2011 | metropolitan_area = 1400000 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Genovesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 20 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = [[John the Baptist]] | day = June 24 | postal_code = 16121-16167 | area_code = 010 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.genova.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Genoa''' ({{lang-it|Genova}} {{audio|It-Genova.ogg|<small>listen</small>}}, {{IPA-it|ˈdʒɛːnova|pron}}; in [[Genoese dialect|Genoese]] an [[Ligurian leid (Romance)|Ligurian]]: ''Zena'', {{IPA-lij|ˈzeːna|pron}}; in [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] an, archaically, in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Genua'') is a [[ceety]] an an impairtant [[seaport]] in nairthren [[Italy]], the caipital o the [[Province o Genoa]] an o the [[region]] o [[Ligurie]]. The ceety haes a population o aboot 610,000 an the urban aurie haes a population o aboot 900,000. Genoa's Metropolitan Aurie haes a population o aboot 1,400,000. It is an aa creit ''la Superba'' ("the Superb ane") due tae its glarious past.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/italy/article844402.ece |title=Genoa: a bloody history, a beguiling present &#124; Italy |publisher=Times Online |date=2004-04-25 |accessdate=2009-04-11 |location=London |archive-date=2021-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529131603/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pairt o the auld ceety o Genoa wis inscribit on the Warld Heritage Leet (UNESCO) in 2006. The ceety's rich [[airt]], [[muisic]], [[gastronomie]], [[airchitectur]] an [[historie]], made it 2004's EU [[Caipital o cultur]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Province o Genoa}} [[Category:Genoa| ]] [[Category:Italian Riviera]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Italy]] [[Category:Roman touns an ceeties in Italy]] [[Category:Maritime Republics]] [[Category:European Caipitals o Cultur]] c08fargmb4k95m1mgkikftme6cw7b6r 0 15685 923454 915729 2026-09-26T05:33:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923454 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a complete '''leet o aw ceeties an touns in [[Bulgarie]]''' sortit bi population. Province caipitals are shown in '''bauld'''. As base soorces are uised the National Statistical Institute (NSI)<ref name="statistika"/> an the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.<ref name="BAN"/> {|class="wikitable" |- |'''Rank''' |'''CoA''' |'''Ceety''' |'''[[Provinces o Bulgarie|Province (''Oblast'')]]''' |'''Population <small>1946<ref name="BAN">{{bg icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142758/http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{en icon}}{{bg icon}}[http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm „pop-stat.mashke.org“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |date=2015-10-16 }}</ref></small>''' |'''Population <small>1992&nbsp;census</small>''' |'''Population <small>2001&nbsp;census</small>''' |'''Population <small>2011&nbsp;census</small>''' |'''Image''' |- | 1 || [[File:BG Sofia coa.svg|50px]] || '''[[Sofia]]''' || [[Sofia|Sofia City]] || 366,801|| 1,114,925 || 1,096,389 || --- || [[File:Downtown Sofia Boby Dimitrov 1.jpg|250px]] |- | 2 || [[File:Plovdiv-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] ||'''[[Plovdiv]]''' || [[Plovdiv Province]] ||126,563|| 341,058 || 340,638 || --- || [[File:Antique-theater-plovdiv.jpg|250px]] |- | 3 || || '''[[Varna]]''' || [[Varna Province]] ||76,954|| 308,432 || 314,539 || --- || [[File:Euxinograd -panorama.JPG|250px]] |- | 4 || [[File:Burgas-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Burgas]]''' || [[Burgas Province]] ||44,449|| 195,686 || 192,390 || --- || [[File:View of Burgas11.jpg|250px]] |- | 5 || [[File:Rousse-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Ruse, Bulgaria|Rousse]]''' || [[Rousse Province]] ||57,509|| 170,038 || 162,128 || --- || |- | 6 || [[File:Stara-Zagora-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Stara Zagora]]''' || [[Stara Zagora Province]] ||38,325|| 150,518 || 143,989 || --- || [[File:The roman amphithe galleryfull.jpg|250px]] |- | 7 || [[File:Pleven-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Pleven]]''' || [[Pleven Province]] ||39,059|| 130,812 || 122,149 || --- || [[File:Pleven Theatre TodorBozhinov.jpg|250px]] |- | 8 || [[File:Dobrich-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Dobrich]]''' || [[Dobrich Province]] ||30,522|| 104,494 || 100,379 ||---|| [[File:Dobicrh-chirch.jpg|250px]] |- | 9 || [[File:BUL Сливен COA.png|50px]] || '''[[Sliven]]''' || [[Sliven Province]] ||34,291|| 106,212 || 100,695 || --- || [[File:Sliven-1.jpg|250px]] |- | 10 || [[File:Emblem of Shumen.png|50px]] || '''[[Shumen]]''' || [[Shumen Province]] ||31,327|| 93,390 || 89,054 || --- || [[File:Shumen-Military Club-ifb.JPG|250px]] |- | 11 || [[File:Haskovo-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Haskovo]]''' || [[Haskovo Province]] ||27,435|| 80,700 || 80,870 || --- || [[File:Haskovo-theater-Ivan-Dimov.JPG|250px]] |- | 12 || [[File:Coat of arms of Pernik.svg|50px]] || '''[[Pernik]]''' || [[Pernik Province]] ||28,545|| 90,549 || 86,133 || --- || [[File:Pernik-culture-palace-right-2.jpg|250px]] |- | 13 || [[File:Yambol Coat of Arms.jpg|50px]] || '''[[Yambol]]''' || [[Yambol Province]] ||30,576|| 91,497 || 82,924 || --- || [[File:Theatre Yambol.jpg|250px]] |- | 14 || [[File:Emblem of Pazardzhik.svg|50px]] || '''[[Pazardzhik]]''' || [[Pazardzhik Province]] ||30,376|| 82,578 || 79,452 || --- || [[File:Pazardzhik Stanislav Dospevski House.jpg|250px]] |- | 15 || [[File:Emblem of Blagoevgrad.svg|50px]] || '''[[Blagoevgrad]]''' || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] ||14,200|| 71,476 || 71,361 || --- || [[File:The Presentation of Virgin Mary.jpg|250px]] |- | 16 || [[File:Vratsa-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Vratsa]]''' || [[Vratsa Province]] ||19,620|| 75,518 || 69,423 || --- || [[File:Vratsa 12.jpg|250px]] |- | 17 || [[File:Veliko-Tarnovo-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Veliko Tarnovo]]''' || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] ||16,223|| 67,540 || 66,998 || --- || [[File:Tsarevets-Panorama.jpg|250px]] |- | 18 || [[File:BG Gabrovo coa.svg|50px]] || '''[[Gabrovo]]''' || [[Gabrovo Province]] ||21,180|| 76,522 || 67,350 || --- || |- | 19 || [[File:Coat of arms of Vidin.svg|50px]] || '''[[Vidin]]''' || [[Vidin Province]] ||18,481|| 62,691 || 57,614 || --- || [[File:Baba Vida Klearchos 4.jpg|250px]] |- | 20 || [[File:Kardzhali-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Kardzhali]]''' || [[Kardzhali Province]] ||10,502|| 45,793 || 45,729 || --- || [[File:KurdjaliArcheologyMuseum.jpg|250px]] |- | 21 || [[File:Asenovgrad-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || [[Asenovgrad]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] ||20,952|| 52,360 || 52,116 || --- || [[File:Sveta Bogorodica.jpg|250px]] |- | 22 || || [[Kazanlak]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] ||20,096|| 60,095 || 54,021 || --- || [[File:Reproduction of Thracian tomb 1.jpg|250px]] |- | 23 || [[File:Kyustendil-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Kyustendil]]''' || [[Kyustendil Province]] ||19,238|| 54,431 || 50,243 || --- || [[File:SvetiGeorgi.Kyustendil.3.JPG|250px]] |- | 24 || [[File:Coat of Arms of Montana (Bulgaria).png|50px]] || '''[[Montana, Bulgaria|Montana]]''' || [[Montana Province]] ||8,049|| 52,476 || 49,368 || --- || [[File:Montana-Bulgaria-lapidarium-2.jpg|250px]] |- | 25 ||[[File:BUL Димитровград COA.png|50px]] || [[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria|Dimitrovgrad]] || [[Haskovo Province]] ||---|| 50,977 || 45,918 || --- || [[File:Dimitrovgrad-d blagoev blvd.jpg|250px]] |- | 26 || [[File:Lovech-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Lovech]]''' || [[Lovech Province]] ||11,829|| 48,242 || 44,262 || --- || [[File:Hisarya - Lovech.jpg|250px]] |- | 27 || [[File:Silistra-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || '''[[Silistra]]''' || [[Silistra Province]] ||15,951|| 48,360 || 42,153 || --- || [[File:Silistra-art-gallery-Svik.jpg|250px]] |- | 28 || [[File:Gerba targovishte.jpg|50px]] || '''[[Targovishte]]''' || [[Targovishte Province]] ||10,561|| 43,016 || 40,775 || ---|| [[File:TheOldChurch Tshte0.jpg|250px]] |- | 29 || [[File:Emblem of Razgrad.png|50px]] || '''[[Razgrad]]''' || [[Razgrad Province]] ||15,010|| 40,933 || 39,036 || --- || [[File:Maktul ibrahim Pasa Camii (Razgrad).jpg|250px]] |- | 30 || [[File:Dupnitsa-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || [[Dupnitsa]] || [[Kyustendil Province]] ||19,301|| 41,398 || 38,323 || --- || [[File:Mosque in Dupnitsa.jpg|250px]] |- | 31 ||[[File:BUL Горна Оряховица COA.png|50px]] || [[Gorna Oryahovitsa]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] ||10,488|| 38,914 || 35,621 || --- || [[File:GO centre.png|250px]] |- | 32 || || [[Petrich]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] ||13,493|| 27,659 || 29,785 || --- || [[File:Rupite-Temple-2.JPG|250px]] |- | 33 || [[File:Smolyan Coat of Arms.png|50px]] || '''[[Smolyan]]''' || [[Smolyan Province]] ||5,406|| 34,086 || 33,153 || --- || [[File:Smolyan-houses-gruev.JPG|250px]] |- | 34 || || [[Sandanski]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] ||7,447|| 26,096 || 26,695 || ---|| [[File:Bulgaria-Sandanski-02.jpg|250px]] |- | 35 || [[File:Emblem of Samokov.png|50px]] || [[Samokov]] || [[Sofia Province]] ||13,218|| 28,608 || 27,664 || --- || [[File:Samokov-History-museum-right.jpg|250px]] |- | 36 || [[File:BUL Лом COA.png|50px]] || [[Lom, Bulgaria|Lom]] || [[Montana Province]] ||15,255|| 31,133 || 27,897 || ---|| [[File:Lom main square.jpg|250px]] |- | 37 || [[File:Karlovo gerb.gif|50px]] || [[Karlovo]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] ||8,903|| 27,291 || 25,715 || ---|| [[File:Karlovo, Sankta Nikolao.jpg|250px]] |- | 38 || || [[Nova Zagora]] || [[Sliven Province]] ||10,988|| 26,260 || 25,453 ||---|| [[File:Nova-Zagora-history-museum-01.jpg|250px]] |- | 39 || [[File:BUL Севлиево COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Sevlievo]] || [[Gabrovo Province]] ||9,827|| 25,494 || 24,775 || ---|| [[File:Batoshevo-Assumption-of-Mary-Monastery.jpg|250px]] |- | 40 || [[File:Svishtov-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || [[Svishtov]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] ||13,093|| 30,404 || 30,591 || ---|| [[File:Часовникава кула.jpg|250px]] |- | 41 || [[File:Velingrad-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || [[Velingrad]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] ||---|| 25,634 || 25,009 || ---|| [[File:Velingrad cloudy.jpg|250px]] |- | 42 || [[File:Troyan-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || [[Troyan]] || [[Lovech Province]] ||5,206|| 25,104 || 23,332 || ---|| [[File:Troyan-monastery-imagesfrombulgaria.JPG|250px]] |- | 43 || || [[Aytos]] || [[Burgas Province]] ||9,929|| 22,401 || 21,339 || --- || |- | 44 || [[File:BUL Ботевград COA.png|50px]] || [[Botevgrad]] || [[Sofia Province]] ||6,079|| 23,006 || 21,545 || --- || [[File:Botevgrad-centre.jpg|250px]] |- | 45 || [[File:Emblem of Harmanli.png|50px]] || [[Harmanli]] || [[Haskovo Province]] ||9,225|| 21,349 || 19,927 || --- || [[File:Harmanli chitalishte.jpg|250px]] |- | 46 || || [[Gotse Delchev (town)|Gotse Delchev]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] ||14,358|| 20,454 || 20,426 || --- || |- | 47 || || [[Karnobat]] || [[Burgas Province]] ||10,265|| 21,917 || 20,587 || --- || [[File:Izgled ot Karnobat.jpg|250px]] |- | 48 || [[File:Peshtera-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || [[Peshtera]] || [[Pazardjik Province]] ||8,938|| 19,280 || 19,411 || --- || [[File:Peshtera-court-hall.jpg|250px]] |- | 49 || [[File:Panagyurishte-coat-of-arms.svg|50px]] || [[Panagyurishte]] || [[Pazardjik Province]] ||12,014|| 21,131 || 19,994 || --- || [[File:Panagyrishte-history-museum.jpg|250px]] |- | 50 || [[File:BUL Свиленград COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Svilengrad]] || [[Haskovo Province]] ||9,686|| 18,643 || 18,982 || --- || [[File:Mezek Fortress Neoutzikon Bulgaria.jpg|250px]] |- | 51 || [[File:BUL Попово COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Popovo, Bulgaria|Popovo]] || [[Targovishte Province]] ||6,525|| 19,722 || 17,791 || --- || [[File:Novata carkva Popovo.jpg|250px]] |- | 52 || || [[Chirpan]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] ||13,220|| 19,940 || 18,022 || --- || |- | 53 || || [[Momchilgrad]] || [[Kardzhali Province]] || 3,143 || 7,266 || 7,948 || --- || [[File:Tatul-sarcofagi.jpg|250px]] |- | 54 || [[File:Rakovski-coat-of-arms.jpg|50px]] || [[Rakovski (town)|Rakovski]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || 15,799 || 16,184 || --- || [[File:Rakovski E1.jpg|250px]] |- | 55 || || [[Cherven Bryag]] || [[Pleven Province]] ||5,244|| 18,003 || 15,792 || --- || |- | 56 || || [[Parvomay]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] ||5,050|| 16,809 || 15,266 || --- || |- | 57 || || [[Berkovitsa]] || [[Montana Province]] ||6,876|| 16,146 || 15,459 || --- || [[File:Rojdestvo.jpg|250px]] |- | 58 || || [[Provadiya]] || [[Varna Province]] ||8,729|| 15,251 || 14,141 || --- || [[File:Ovech 11.jpg|250px]] |- | 59 || [[File:BUL Радомир COA.png|50px]] || [[Radomir (town)|Radomir]] || [[Pernik Province]] ||5,783|| 16,909 || 15,631 || --- || [[File:Radomir3.jpg|250px]] |- | 60 || || [[Novi Pazar, Bulgaria|Novi Pazar]] || [[Shumen Province]] ||5,477|| 14,284 || 13,542 || --- || [[File:Novi-pazar-clocktower-2.jpg|250px]] |- | 61 || || [[Radnevo]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] || - || 14,447 || 14,595 || --- || |- | 62 || || [[Pomorie]] || [[Burgas Province]] ||4,823|| 13,946 || 13,641 || --- || [[File:Town of Pomorie aerial Boby Dimitrov.jpg|250px]] |- | 63 || || [[Byala Slatina]] || [[Vratsa Province]] ||9,324|| 15,995 || 13,832 || --- || |- | 64 || || [[Ihtiman]] || [[Sofia Province]] ||6,526|| 12,926 || 13,615 || --- || [[File:Golf ihtiman.jpg|250px]] |- | 65 || [[File:BUL Балчик COA.gif|50px]] || [[Balchik]] || [[Dobrich Province]] ||6,131|| 12,235 || 12,448 || --- || [[File:Balchik Palace garden ifb.JPG|250px]] |- | 66 || || [[Kozloduy]] || [[Vratsa Province]] || - || 13,632 || 14,871 || --- || [[File:Radetzky steamship.JPG|250px]] |- | 67 || || [[Razlog]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] ||6,912|| 13,422 || 12,614 || --- || [[File:Razlog Kapustin ifb.jpg|250px]] |- | 68 || || [[Pavlikeni]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] ||6,383|| 13,996 || 12,879 || --- || |- | 69 || [[File:BUL Мездра COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Mezdra]] || [[Vratsa Province]] || - || 13,006 || 12,387 || --- || [[File:Mezdra-school-Hristo-Botev.jpg|250px]] |- | 70 || || [[Stamboliyski]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || 13,015 || 12,490 || 11,721 || |- | 71 || [[File:BGR Каварна COA.png|50px]] || [[Kavarna]] || [[Dobrich Province]] ||5,652|| 12,139 || 11,479 || --- || [[File:BGKaliakra-fortress-2003.jpg|250px]] |- | 72 || [[File:Emblem of Levski (town).svg|50px]] || [[Levski (town)|Levski]] || [[Pleven Province]] ||5,122|| 13,178 || 12,166 || --- || |- | 73 || || [[Elhovo]] || [[Yambol Province]] ||6,720|| 13,776 || 12,070 || --- || [[File:Church in Elhovo, Bulgaria.jpg|250px]] |- | 74 || || [[Knezha]] || [[Pleven Province]] ||13,035|| 13,690 || 12,658 || --- || |- | 75 || [[File:BUL Исперих COA.png|50px]] || [[Isperih]] || [[Razgrad Province]] || - || 10,494 || 9,953 || --- || [[File:Tomb sveshtari2-1-.jpg|250px]] |- | 76 || || [[Etropole]] || [[Sofia Province]] ||3,021|| 12,078 || 11,371 || --- || [[File:Etropole-historical-museum.jpg|250px]] |- | 77 || [[File:BUL Тетевен COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Teteven]] || [[Lovech Province]] ||4,817|| 12,567 || 11,427 || --- || [[File:Sv.Iliya.Teteven.1.JPG|250px]] |- | 78 || || [[Kostinbrod]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || 12,123 || 12,120 || --- || [[Файл:Kostinbrod-church-4.jpg|250px]] |- | 79 || [[File:Tryavna-Coat-of-Arms.jpg|50px]] || [[Tryavna]] || [[Gabrovo Province]] ||4,355|| 12,491 || 11,131 || --- || [[File:Tryavna-gruev.JPG|250px]] |- | 80 || [[File:BUL Тутракан COA.png|50px]] || [[Tutrakan]] || [[Silistra Province]] ||7,183|| 11,573 || 10,322 || --- || [[File:Tutrakan-military-cemetery.jpg|250px]] |- | 81 || [[File:Emblem of Omurtag.png|50px]] || [[Omurtag (town)|Omurtag]] || [[Targovishte Province]] ||4,233|| 8,938 || 8,893 || --- || [[File:Omurtag-ot-Panicishte.jpg|250px]] |- | 82 || || [[Kubrat (town)|Kubrat]] || [[Razgrad Province]] || - || 9,906 || 9,045 || --- || |- | 83 || [[File:Nessebar-coat-of-arms.gif‎|50px]] || [[Nesebar]] || [[Burgas Province]] ||2,286|| 8,604 || 8,789 || --- || [[File:Bulgaria-Nesebar-04.JPG|250px]] |- | 84 || [[File:BUL Луковит COA.gif|50px]] || [[Lukovit]] || [[Lovech Province]] ||7,751|| 10,505 || 10,002 || --- || [[File:Lukovit-chitalishte.JPG|250px]] |- | 85 || || [[Byala, Rousse Province|Byala]] || [[Rousse Province]] ||6,352|| 11,222 || 10,006 || --- || [[File:Бяла - мостът на Кольо Фичето през нощта.jpg|250px]] |- | 86 || || [[Sopot, Plovdiv Province|Sopot]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] ||3,644|| 11,774 || 9,926 || --- || [[File:Vazov Museum Sopot.jpg|250px]] |- | 87 || [[File:Weliki-Preslaw-coat-of-arms.png|50px]] || [[Veliki Preslav]] || [[Shumen Province]] ||4,127|| 9,969 || 9,328 || --- || [[File:Preslav fortress 11.jpg|250px]] |- | 88 || || [[Sredets]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || 10,464 || 9,548 || 9,238 || [[File:All-Saints-Church-Sredets.jpg|250px]] |- | 89 || [[File:BUL Лясковец COA.png|50px]] || [[Lyaskovets]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] ||5,541|| 10,050 || 9,109 || --- || [[File:Lyaskovets monastery-tower 780x585 ttonkov.jpg|250px]] |- | 90 || || [[Krichim]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || 8,761 || 8,544 || 8,590 || [[File:Krichim-Vatcha-river.jpg|250px]] |- | 91 || [[File:Belene coat of arms.jpg|50px]] || [[Belene]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || 10,453 || 9,903 || --- || [[File:Град Белене.JPG|250px]] |- | 92 || [[File:BUL Септември COA.gif|50px]] || [[Septemvri]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || 9,361 || 8,937 || --- || |- | 93 || [[File:Banskogerb.jpg|50px]] || [[Bansko]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] ||6,161|| 9,385 || 9,204 || --- || |- | 94 || || [[Galabovo]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] || - || 9,507 || 9,166 || --- || |- | 95 || || [[Devnya]] || [[Varna Province]] || - || 8,412 || 8,648 || --- || [[File:Bulgaria-Pobiti Kamani-05.jpg|250px]] |- | 96 || || [[Ardino]] || [[Kardzhali Province]] || - || 3,663 || 3,733 || --- || [[File:Dyavolski bridge.jpg|250px]] |- | 97 || [[File:BUL Ракитово COA.gif|50px]] || [[Rakitovo]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || 8,417 || 8,442 || --- || |- | 98 || [[File:BUL Дряново COA.gif|50px]] || [[Dryanovo]] || [[Gabrovo Province]] ||3,764|| 9,673 || 8,655 || --- || [[File:Dryanovo church kf.jpg|250px]] |- | 99 || || [[Dulovo, Bulgaria|Dulovo]] || [[Silistra Province]] || - || 7,618 || 7,001 || --- || |- | 100 || [[File:Coat of arms of Krumovgrad.svg|50px]] || [[Krumovgrad]] || [[Kardzhali Province]] ||1,514|| 5,286 || 5,239 || --- || |- | 101 || || [[Svoge]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || 8,410 || 8,559 || --- || [[File:Svoge-station.jpg|250px]] |- | 102 || || [[Hisarya, Bulgaria|Hisarya]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || 9,149 || 8,299 || --- || [[File:Hisarq krepost.jpg|250px]] |- | 103 || || [[Beloslav]] || [[Varna Province]] || - || 7,970 || 8,071 || --- || |- | 104 || || [[Zlatograd]] || [[Smolyan Province]] ||4,182|| 8,831 || 7,887 || --- || |- | 105 || [[File:BUL Пирдоп COA.gif|50px]] || [[Pirdop]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || 8,566 || 8,372 || --- || [[File:Anton Elenska.jpg|250px]] |- | 106 || || [[Lyubimets]] || [[Haskovo Province]] || - || 8,499 || 8,163 || --- || |- | 107 || || [[General Toshevo]] || [[Dobrich Province]] || - || 8,955 || 8,042 || --- || |- | 108 || || [[Tervel (town)|Tervel]] || [[Dobrich Province]] || - || 7,859 || 7,178 || --- || |- | 109 || || [[Simeonovgrad]] || [[Haskovo Province]] ||4,261|| 8,294 || 7,648 || --- || |- | 110 || [[File:BUL Сливница COA.png|50px]] || [[Slivnitsa]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || 8,455 || 7,878 || --- || |- | 111 || || [[Kostenets]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || 10,866 || 9,954 || --- || |- | 112 || || [[Aksakovo]] || [[Varna Province]] || - || 7,039 || 7,283 || --- || |- | 113 || || [[Devin, Bulgaria|Devin]] || [[Smolyan Province]] ||2,695|| 6,411 || 7,485 || ---|| |- | 114 || || [[Simitli]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] || - || 7,466 || 7,127 || --- || |- | 115 || || [[Dolni Chiflik]] || [[Varna Province]] || - || 7,126 || 6,863 || --- || |- | 116 || [[File:BUL Джебел COA.gif|50px]] || [[Dzhebel]] || [[Kardzhali Province]] || - || 2,294 || 2,871 || --- || |- | 117 || [[File:Emblem of town of Elin Pelin.png|50px]] || [[Elin Pelin (town)|Elin Pelin]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || 6,646 || 6,700 || ---|| |- | 118 || || [[Varshets]] || [[Montana Province]] || - || 7,635 || 7,199 || --- || |- | 119 || [[File:Kuklen municipal.jpg|50px]] || [[Kuklen]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || 5,647 || 5,907 || --- || |- | 120 || || [[Kotel, Bulgaria|Kotel]] || [[Sliven Province]] ||3,674|| 7,781 || 6,893 || --- || |- | 121 || || [[Tvarditsa]] || [[Sliven Province]] || - || 7,196 || 5,983 || --- || |- | 122 || || [[Straldzha]] || [[Yambol Province]] || - || 6,613 || 6,176 || --- || |- | 123 || [[File:Bobov.dol-coat-of-arms.gif|50px]] || [[Bobov Dol]] || [[Kyustendil Province]] || - || 7,655 || 6,915 || ---|| |- | 124 || || [[Madan, Bulgaria|Madan]] || [[Smolyan Province]] || - || 8,545 || 6,573 || --- || |- | 125 || [[File:Coat_of_arms_tgrad.png|50px]] || [[Topolovgrad]] || [[Haskovo Province]] ||6,668|| 7,386 || 6,618 || --- || |- | 126 || [[File:BUL Елена COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Elena, Bulgaria|Elena]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] ||2,658|| 7,226 || 6,412 || --- || |- | 127 || || [[Belogradchik]] || [[Vidin Province]] ||2,192|| 6,635 || 5,838 || --- || [[File:Belogradchik fortress 2009.jpg|250px]] |- | 128 || || [[Oryahovo]] || [[Vratsa Province]] ||6,985|| 6,767 || 6,088 || --- || |- | 129 || || [[Tsarevo]] || [[Burgas Province]] ||1,960|| 6,005 || 5,854 || --- || |- | 130 || || [[Yakoruda]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] || - || 6,455 || 6,139 || --- || |- | 131 || || [[Saedinenie, Plovdiv Province|Saedinenie]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || 6,801 || 6,364 || --- || |- | 132 || || [[Vetovo]] || [[Ruse Province]] || - || 5,287 || 4,991 || --- || |- | 133 || || [[Strazhitsa]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] || - || 5,554 || 5,279 || --- || |- | 134 || || [[Kameno]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || 5,391 || 5,094 || --- || |- | 135 || || [[Chepelare]] || [[Smolyan Province]] || - || 6,264 || 5,633 || --- || |- | 136 || [[File:BUL Златица COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Zlatitsa]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || 5,636 || 5,757 || --- || |- | 137 || || [[Polski Trambesh]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] || - || 5,471 || 5,160 || --- || |- | 138 || || [[Dalgopol]] || [[Varna Province]] || - || 5,304 || 5,319 || --- || |- | 139 || || [[Perushtitsa]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || 5,586 || 5,385 || --- || [[File:Redchurchperushtitsa.jpg|250px]] |- | 140 || || [[Suvorovo]] || [[Varna Province]] || - || 4,799 || 4,702 || --- || |- | 141 || || [[Koynare]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 5,115 || --- || |- | 142 || || [[Nedelino]] || [[Smolyan Province]] || - || - || 5,071 || --- || |- | 143 || || [[Dolna Banya]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || - || 4,911 || --- || |- | 144 || || [[Dolni Dabnik]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 4,891 || --- || |- | 145 || || [[Tsar Kaloyan (town)|Tsar Kaloyan]] || [[Razgrad Province]] || - || - || 4,848 || --- || |- | 146 || || [[Bozhurishte]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || - || 4,822 || --- || |- | 147 || || [[Godech]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || - || 4,801 || --- || |- | 148 || || [[Dve Mogili]] || [[Rousse Province]] || - || - || 4,790 || --- || |- | 149 || || [[Trastenik]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 4,784 || --- || |- | 150 || || [[Slavyanovo]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 4,763 || --- || |- | 151 || || [[Nikopol, Bulgaria|Nikopol]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 4,758 || --- || |- | 152 || || [[Sozopol]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 4,679 || --- || [[File:Sozopol - fortress.JPG|250px]] |- | 153 || [[File:BUL Стрелча COA.gif|50px]] || [[Strelcha]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || - || 4,678 || --- || |- | 154 || [[File:BUL Белово COA.png|50px]] || [[Belovo, Bulgaria|Belovo]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || - || 4,592 || --- || |- | 155 || || [[Kostandovo]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || - || 4,535 || --- || |- | 156 || [[File:BUL Брацигово COA.gif|50px]] || [[Bratsigovo]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || - || 4,529 || --- || |- | 157 || [[File:BUL Ивайловград COA.gif|50px]]|| [[Ivaylovgrad]] || [[Haskovo Province]] || - || - || 4,442 || --- || |- | 158 || [[File:BUL Правец COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Pravets]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || - || 4,430 || --- || |- | 159 || || [[Breznik]] || [[Pernik Province]] || - || - || 4,394 || --- || |- | 160 || [[File:BUL Летница COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Letnitsa]] || [[Lovech Province]] || - || - || 4,389 || --- || |- | 161 || || [[Glodzhevo]] || [[Rousse Province]] || - || - || 4,366 || --- || |- | 162 || || [[Rudozem]] || [[Smolyan Province]] || - || - || 4,361 || --- || |- | 163 || || [[Smyadovo]] || [[Shumen Province]] || - || - || 4,331 || --- || |- | 164 || || [[Sapareva Banya]] || [[Kyustendil Province]] || - || - || 4,328 || --- || |- | 165 || || [[Shivachevo]] || [[Sliven Province]] || - || - || 4,303 || --- || |- | 166 || || [[Zavet (town)|Zavet]] || [[Razgrad Province]] || - || - || 4,208 || --- || |- | 167 || [[File:BUL Върбица COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Varbitsa (town)|Varbitsa]] || [[Shumen Province]] || - || - || 4,204 || --- || |- | 168 || || [[Valchedram]] || [[Montana Province]] || - || - || 4,176 || --- || |- | 169 || || [[Debelets]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] || - || - || 4,128 || --- || |- | 170 || [[File:BUL Шабла COA.gif|50px]] || [[Shabla]] || [[Dobrich Province]] || - || - || 3,945 || --- || |- | 171 || || [[Iskar (town)|Iskar]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 3,925 || --- || |- | 172 || || [[Kresna]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] || - || - || 3,882 || --- || |- | 173 || || [[Slivo Pole]] || [[Rousse Province]] || - || - || 3,867 || --- || |- | 174 || || [[Gulyantsi]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 3,817 || --- || |- | 175 || [[File:Emblem of Miziya.svg|50px]] || [[Miziya]] || [[Vratsa Province]] || - || - || 3,810 || --- || |- | 176 || [[File:BUL Батак COA.gif‎|50px]] || [[Batak, Bulgaria|Batak]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || - || 3,806 || --- || [[File:Batak-Church-StNedelya.jpg|250px]] |- | 177 || || [[Sarnitsa]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || - || 3,803 || --- || |- | 178 || || [[Kula, Bulgaria|Kula]] || [[Vidin Province]] || - || - || 3,802 || --- || |- | 179 || || [[Marten, Bulgaria|Marten]] || [[Rousse Province]] || - || - || 3,759 || --- || |- | 180 || || [[Sungurlare]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 3,756 || --- || |- | 181 || || [[Kaspichan]] || [[Shumen Province]] || - || - || 3,749 || --- || |- | 182 || || [[Krivodol]] || [[Vratsa Province]] || - || - || 3,683 || --- || |- | 183 || || [[Valchi Dol]] || [[Varna Province]] || - || - || 3,670 || --- || |- | 184 || || [[Dolna Mitropoliya]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 3,669 || --- || |- | 185 || [[File:BUL Мъглиж COA.png|50px]] || [[Maglizh]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] || - || - || 3,610 || --- || |- | 186 || [[File:BUL Роман COA.jpg|50px]] || [[Roman, Bulgaria|Roman]] || [[Vratsa Province]] || - || - || 3,602 || --- || |- | 187 || || [[Belitsa]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] || - || - || 3,582 || --- || |- | 188 || || [[Vetren, Pazardzhik Province|Vetren]] || [[Pazardzhik Province]] || - || - || 3,554 || --- || |- | 189 || || [[Dragoman, Bulgaria|Dragoman]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || - || 3,551 || --- || |- | 190 || || [[Kalofer]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || - || 3,475 || --- || |- | 191 || || [[Primorsko]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 3,461 || --- || |- | 192 || || [[Dolna Oryahovitsa]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] || - || - || 3,227 || --- || |- | 193 || || [[Opaka]] || [[Targovishte Province]] || - || - || 3,224 || --- || |- | 194 || || [[Nikolaevo]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] || - || - || 3,167 || --- || |- | 195 || || [[Gurkovo]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] || - || - || 3,159 || --- || |- | 196 || || [[Apriltsi]] || [[Lovech Province]] || - || - || 3,122 || --- || |- | 197 || [[File:BUL Ябланица COA.gif|50px]] || [[Yablanitsa]] || [[Lovech Province]] || - || - || 3,080 || --- || |- | 198 || || [[Kaolinovo]] || [[Shumen Province]] || - || - || 3,073 || --- || |- | 199 || || [[Pavel Banya]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] || - || - || 3,060 || --- || |- | 200 || || [[Hadzhidimovo]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] || - || - || 3,045 || --- || |- | 201 || || [[Loznitsa]] || [[Razgrad Province]] || - || - || 3,004 || --- || |- | 202 || [[File:BUL Угърчин COA.png|50px]] || [[Ugarchin]] || [[Lovech Province]] || - || - || 2,960 || --- || |- | 203 || [[File:Gerb.Rila.jpg|50px]] || [[Rila (town)|Rila]] || [[Kyustendil Province]] || - || - || 2,959 || --- || [[File:A 1157889869 rm7.jpg|250px]] |- | 204 || || [[Byala Cherkva]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] || - || - || 2,952 || --- || |- | 205 || || [[Dobrinishte]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] || - || - || 2,919 || --- || |- | 206 || || [[Kableshkovo]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 2,905 || --- || |- | 207 || || [[Zlataritsa]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] || - || - || 2,845 || --- || |- | 208 || [[File:BUL Трън COA.png|50px]] || [[Tran, Bulgaria|Trun]] || [[Pernik Province]] || - || - || 2,838 || --- || |- | 209 || || [[Dunavtsi]] || [[Vidin Province]] || - || - || 2,834 || --- || |- | 210 || || [[Bregovo]] || [[Vidin Province]] || - || - || 2,809 || --- || |- | 211 || [[File:Emblem of Malko Tarnovo.svg|50px]] || [[Malko Tarnovo]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 2,801 || --- || |- | 212 || [[File:Emblem of Dospat.png|50px]] || [[Dospat]] || [[Smolyan Province]] || - || - || 2,693 || --- || |- | 213 || || [[Borovo, Bulgaria|Borovo]] || [[Rousse Province]] || - || - || 2,613 || --- || |- | 214 || || [[Sadovo]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || - || 2,613 || --- || |- | 215 || || [[Koprivshtitsa]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || - || 2,567 || --- || [[File:Bulgaria Koprivshtica 08.JPG|250px]] |- | 216 || || [[Kilifarevo]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] || - || - || 2,470 || --- || |- | 217 || || [[Batanovtsi]] || [[Pernik Province]] || - || - || 2,447 || --- || |- | 218 || || [[Laki, Bulgaria|Laki]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || - || 2,432 || --- || |- | 219 || || [[Sveti Vlas]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 2,311 || --- || |- | 220 || [[File:BUL Чипровци COA.gif|50px]] || [[Chiprovtsi]] || [[Montana Province]] || - || - || 2,267 || --- || [[File:Chiprovski-monastery-church-and-monks-cloister.jpg|250px]] |- | 221 || [[File:Kocherinovo-coat-of-arms.gif|50px]] || [[Kocherinovo]] || [[Kyustendil Province]] || - || - || 2,210 || --- || |- | 222 || || [[Pordim]] || [[Pleven Province]] || - || - || 2,189 || --- || |- | 223 || [[File:Gerb suhindol.gif|50px]] || [[Suhindol]] || [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] || - || - || 2,182 || --- || |- | 224 || || [[Glavinitsa]] || [[Silistra Province]] || - || - || 2,133 || --- || |- | 225 || || [[Balgarovo]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 2,094 || --- || |- | 226 || || [[Kermen]] || [[Sliven Province]] || - || - || 2,082 || --- || |- | 227 || || [[Byala, Varna Province|Byala]] || [[Varna Province]] || - || - || 2,081 || --- || |- | 228 || || [[Merichleri]] || [[Haskovo Province]] || - || - || 2,043 || --- || |- | 229 || || [[Plachkovtsi]] || [[Gabrovo Province]] || - || - || 2,043 || --- || |- | 230 || || [[Obzor]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 2,033 || --- || |- | 231 || || [[Brezovo]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || - || 1,976 || --- || |- | 232 || || [[Zemen]] || [[Pernik Province]] || - || - || 1,892 || --- || |- | 233 || || [[Boychinovtsi]] || [[Montana Province]] || - || - || 1,804 || --- || |- | 234 || || [[Antonovo]] || [[Targovishte Province]] || - || - || 1,796 || --- || |- | 235 || || [[Momin Prohod]] || [[Sofia Province]] || - || - || 1,790 || --- || |- | 236 || || [[Alfatar]] || [[Silistra Province]] || - || - || 1,761 || --- || |- | 237 || || [[Gramada]] || [[Vidin Province]] || - || - || 1,730 || --- || |- | 238 || || [[Senovo, Bulgaria|Senovo]] || [[Rousse Province]] || - || - || 1,616 || --- || |- | 239 || || [[Brusartsi]] || [[Montana Province]] || - || - || 1,444 || --- || |- | 240 || || [[Klisura (Bulgaria)|Klisura]] || [[Plovdiv Province]] || - || - || 1,404 || --- || |- | 241 || || [[Boboshevo]] || [[Kyustendil Province]] || - || - || 1,383 || --- || |- | 242 || || [[Bolyarovo]] || [[Yambol Province]] || - || - || 1,350 || --- || |- | 243 || || [[Shipka (town)|Shipka]] || [[Stara Zagora Province]] || - || - || 1,348 || --- || [[File:Shipka-russian-church.jpg|250px]] |- | 244 || || [[Dimovo]] || [[Vidin Province]] || - || - || 1,343 || --- || |- | 245 || || [[Ahtopol]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 1,328 || --- || |- | 246 || || [[Kiten, Burgas Province|Kiten]] || [[Burgas Province]] || - || - || 1,075 || --- || |- | 247 || || [[Pliska]] || [[Shumen Province]] || - || - || 1,034 || --- || [[File:Pliska - Gate.JPG|250px]] |- | 248 || [[File:BUL Маджарово COA.gif|50px]] || [[Madzharovo]] || [[Haskovo Province]] || - || - || 696 || --- || |- | 249 || || [[Melnik, Bulgaria|Melnik]] || [[Blagoevgrad Province]] || - || - || 252||---|| [[File:Meleniko.jpg|250px]] |} == See an aa == {{Portal box|Europe|European Union|Bulgarie}} * [[Provinces o Bulgarie]] * [[Municipalities o Bulgarie]] * [[Leet o veelages in Bulgarie]] * [[NUTS o Bulgarie|Nomenclature o Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) o Bulgarie]] * [[Leets o ceeties]] * [[Ceeties o present-day naitions an states]] * [[Leet o veelages in Europe bi kintra]] * [[Leet o ceeties bi continent]] ** [[Leet o ceeties in Africae]] ** [[Leet o ceeties in North Americae]] ** [[Leet o ceeties in Sooth Americae]] ** [[Leet o ceeties in Asia]] ** [[Leet o ceeties in Europe]] ** [[Leet o ceeties in Oceanie]] == References == <div style="font-size: 85%"> {{reflist}} </div> == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021210112100/http://www.bgmaps.com/home.asp?lang=en Map o Bulgarian towns at BGMaps.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044542/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/s/p_bg.htm Map o Bulgarian towns at the World Gazetteer website] * [http://bulgaria.domino.bg/maps/eng/maps.htm?sofia Maps o Bulgarian towns at Domino.bg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117162557/http://bulgaria.domino.bg/maps/eng/maps.htm?sofia |date=2008-01-17 }} * [http://www.visitvelikoturnovo.com/ Veliko Tarnovo o Bulgarie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111153612/http://www.visitvelikoturnovo.com/ |date=2011-01-11 }} {{Leet o ceeties in Europe}} {{Bulgarie topics}} {{Ceeties of Bulgarie}} {{Commonscat|Cities in Bulgaria}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Ceeties An Touns In Bulgarie}} [[Category:Leets o ceeties bi kintra|Bulgarie, Leet o cities in]] [[Category:Populatit places in Bulgarie| ]] [[Category:Leets o ceeties in Europe|Bulgarie, Leet o ceeties in]] [[Category:Bulgarie-relatit leets|Ceeties]] 9dx5q8vuyxcnggdnfpx109a1pfeh734 0 15776 923362 876289 2026-09-26T00:55:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|6|28|N|2|36|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name= Republic o Benin |native_name = {{smaller|{{native name|fr|République du Bénin}}}} |common_name = Benin |image_flag = Flag of Benin.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Benin.svg |image_map = Location Benin AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark blue|region=Africae|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[African Union]]|subregion_color=light blue}} |image_map2 = |national_motto = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|fr|"Fraternité, Justice, Travail"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}|{{small|"Fraternity, Juistice, Labour"}}}} |national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|fr|[[L'Aube Nouvelle]]|nolink=yes}}|{{small|''The Dawn o a New Day''}}}}<center>[[File:L'Aube Nouvelle.ogg|L'Aube Nouvelle]]</center> |official_languages = [[French leid|French]] |languages_type = [[Vernacular ]]leids |languages = {{hlist|[[Fon leid|Fon]]|[[Yoruba leid|Yoruba]]}} |demonym = {{hlist|Beninese}} |ethnic_groups ={{vunblist|39.2% [[Fon fowk|Fon]]|17.6% [[Yoruba fowk|Yoruba]]|15.2% [[Aja fowk|Adja]]|9.2% [[Bariba fowk|Bariba]]|6.9% [[Fula fowk|Fula]]|6.1% Ottamari|4.0% Yoa-Lokpa|2.5% [[Dendi fowk|Dendi]]|}} |ethnic_groups_year = 2006 |capital = [[Porto-Novo]]^a |largest_city = [[Cotonou]] |government_type = [[Presidential seestem|Presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Leet o heids o state o Benin|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Patrice Talon]] |leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Naitional Assemmly o Benin|Preses o the Naitional Assemmly]] |leader_name2 = [[Louis Vlavonou]] |legislature = [[Naitional Assemmly (Benin)|Naitional Assemmly]] |sovereignty_type = [[Unthirldom]] |established_event1 = frae [[Fraunce]] |established_date1 = 1 August 1960 |area_rank = 100t |area_km2 = 114763 |area_sq_mi = |area_footnote = <ref name="AS2010">{{cite report |date=2012 |title=Annuaire statistique 2010 |language=fr |url=http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files/publications/annuel/Annuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique|INSAE]] |page=49 |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> |percent_water = 0.4% |population_estimate = {{UN Population|Benin}}{{UN Population|ref}} |population_estimate_rank= 82nt |population_estimate_year= {{UN Population|Year}} |population_census = 10,008,749<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insae-bj.org/ |title=BENIN en Chiffres |trans-title=BENIN in Figures |language=fr |website=[[Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique|INSAE]] |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104155/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/benin.aspx?levels=Zou |archive-date=2012-03-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2013 |population_density_km2 = 94.8 |population_density_sq_mi= |population_density_rank = 120t |GDP_PPP = $26.177 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=58&pr1.y=13&c=638&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Benin |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2017 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,297<ref name="imf2" /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $9.605 billion<ref name="imf2" /> |GDP_nominal_year = 2017 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $842<ref name="imf2" /> |Gini_year = 2003 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 36.5 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |access-date=1 September 2009 |archive-date=2007-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.485 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |access-date=21 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 167t |currency = [[Wast African CFA franc]] |currency_code = XOF |country_code = |time_zone = [[Wast Africae Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = richt |calling_code = [[+229]] |cctld = [[.bj]] |footnote_a = [[Cotonou]] is the seat o govrenment. }} [[File:Benin, administrative divisions - de - colored.svg|thumb|Territorial Organization]] '''Benin''' ({{IPA-en|bɨˈniːn}}), offeecially the '''Republic o Benin''', is a kintra in [[Wast Africae]]. It borders [[Togo]] tae the wast, [[Nigerie]] tae the east an [[Burkina Faso]] an [[Niger]] tae the north. Its sma soothren coastline on the [[Bicht o Benin]] is whaur a majority o the population is locatit. The caipital o Benin is [[Porto-Novo]], but the [[seat o govrenment]] is locatit in the kintra's lairgest ceety o [[Cotonou]]. Benin covers an aurie o approximately 110,000 square kilometers (42,000 sq mi), wi a population o approximately 9.05 million. Benin is a [[tropical]], [[sub-Saharan]] naition, heichlie dependent on [[agricultur]], wi substantial employment an income arisin frae [[subsistence agricultur|subsistence farmin]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024021730/http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |date=2012-10-24 }}. United Nations, June 29th, 2010</ref> The offeecial leid o Benin is [[French leid|French]], housomeivver, indigenous leids such as [[Fon leid|Fon]] an [[Yoruba leid|Yoruba]] are commonly spoken. The lairgest releegious group in Benin is [[Roman Catholicism]], follaed closely bi [[Muslims]], [[Vodun]], an [[Protestants]]. Benin is a member o the [[Unitit Naitions]], the [[African Union]], the [[Organisation o the Islamic Conference]], [[Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone]], [[La Francophonie]], the [[Community o Sahel-Saharan States]], the [[African Petroleum Producers Association]] an the [[Niger Basin Authority]].<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Benin-INTERNATIONAL-COOPERATION.html "Benin – International Cooperation"]. Nation Encyclopedia, June 29th, 2010</ref> Frae the 17t century tae the 19t century, the laund o current-day Benin wis ruled bi the [[Dahomey|Kinrick o Dahomey]]. The region became kent as the [[Slave Coast]] durin the early 17t century due tae the prevalence o the [[trans-Atlantic slave trade]]. In 1892, wi the slave trade banned an regional pouer diminishin, [[Fraunce]] teuk ower the aurie an renamed it [[French Dahomey]]. In 1960, Dahomey gained full unthirldom frae Fraunce, bringin in a democratic govrenment for the next 12 years. Atween 1972 an 1990, a sel-proclaimed [[Marxist-Leninist]] [[dictatorship]] cried the [[Fowkrepublic o Benin]] existit, usherin in a period o repression which ultimately led tae an economic collapse. Formation o the Republic o Benin occurred in 1991, bringin in multipairty elections. == Name == Durin the colonial period an at unthirldom, the kintra wis [[Geographical renamin|kent as]] '''Dahomey'''. It wis renamed on November 30, 1975, tae '''Benin''' efter the body o watter on which the kintra lies – the [[Bicht o Benin]] – which, in turn, haed been named efter the [[Benin Empire]]. The kintra o Benin haes nae direct connection tae [[Benin Ceety]] in modren Nigerie, nor to the [[Benin bronzes]]. The new name, Benin, wis chosen for its neutrality. Dahomey wis the name o the umwhile [[Kinrick o Dahomey]], which covered anerlie the soothren third o the present kintra an therefore did no represent the northwastren sector [[Atakora]] nor the kinrick o [[Borgu]], which covered the northeastren third. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Benin| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Africae]] [[Category:African Union member states]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Economic Community o Wast African States]] [[Category:French-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Least Developed Kintras]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o La Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1960]] <!--Other languages--> 20mx6xh01a9wu0xfsd72i5fp34iemqd 0 15901 923586 914097 2026-09-26T10:14:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name= Łódź<br>Lodz |motto= ''Ex navicula navis'' (''Frae a boat, a ship'') |image_skyline= {{Photomontage |color=#ffffff | photo1a = Manufaktura panorama Łódź.jpg | photo2a = Masa 2013 07.jpg | photo2b = Łódź - Pałac Izraela Poznańskiego.jpg | photo3a = SM_Willa_Światłowskiego_2017_(2_cropped).jpg | photo3b = Łódź Fabryczna, 2017 (cropped).jpg | photo4a = Łódź - Pałac Alfreda Biedermanna. - panoramio (2).jpg | spacing = 2 | border = 0 | size = 280 }} |imagesize= 250px |image_caption=<small>Left tae richt: [[Manufaktura]]{{•}}[[Julian Tuwim Monument, Łódź|Julian Tuwim Monument]] on [[Piotrkowska Street]]{{•}}[[Izrael Poznański Palace|Poznański Palace]]{{•}}[[Łódź Wooden Architecture Skansen|Wooden Architecture Skansen]] near the [[White Factory]]{{•}}[[Łódź Fabryczna railwey station]]{{•}}Winter in Helenów Park</small> |image_flag= POL Łódź flag.svg |image_shield= [[File:POL Łódź COA.svg|75px]] |pushpin_map= Poland |pushpin_label_position= bottom |pushpin_label = Łódź |subdivision_type= [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name= {{POL}} |subdivision_type1= [[Voivodeships o Poland|Voivodeship]] |subdivision_name1= [[Łódź Voivodeship|Łódź]] |subdivision_type2= [[Powiat|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2= ''ceety coonty'' |leader_title= Mayor |leader_name= [[Hanna Zdanowska]] |leader_party=[[Ceevic Platform|PO]] |established_title= Ceety Richts |established_date= 1423 |area_total_km2= 293.25 |population_as_of= 30.06.2017 |population_total= 693,797 |population_density_km2= auto |population_metro= 1100000 |timezone= [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset= +1 |timezone_DST= [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST= +2 |coordinates = {{coord|51|47|N|19|28|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} |elevation_max_m = 278 |elevation_min_m = 162 |postal_code_type= Postal code |postal_code= 90-001 tae 94–413 |area_code= +48 42 |website= {{URL|http://www.uml.lodz.pl/}} |blank_name= [[Vehicle registration plates o Poland|Caur plates]] |blank_info= EL }} '''Łódź''' ({{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Łódź-3.ogg|ł|u|ć}} {{lang-yi|לאדזש}}, ''Lodzh'') is the third-lairgest ceety in [[Poland]]. Locatit in the central pairt o the kintra, it haed a population of 742,387 in December 2009. It is the caipital o [[Łódź Voivodeship]], an is approximately 135 kilometres (84&nbsp;mi) sooth-wast o [[Warsaw]]. The ceety's [[coat o airms]] is an example o [[cantin airms|cantin]]: depictin a boat, it alludes tae the ceety's name which translates literally as "boat". == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Poland}} === Twin touns – sister ceeties === Łódź is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<small><ref name="Łódź Tourism">''{{Cite web |url=http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029 |title=Twin Cities |accessdate=23 Oct 2008 |work=The City of Łódź Office |publisher=[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|14px]] [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|border|10px]] {{fontcolor|Green|(in [[Inglis leid|{{fontcolor|Green|Inglis}}]] an [[Pols leid|{{fontcolor|Green|Pols}}]])}} [[copyright|©]] 2007 UMŁ |archive-date=2009-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009012259/http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029 |url-status=dead }}''</ref></small> {| class="wikitable" |- | * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Chemnitz]], Germany <small>''(syne 1972)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Stuttgart]], Germany <small>''(syne 1988)''<ref>[http://stuttgart.de/sde/menu/frame/ns_top_11021_11041.htm Stuttgart official website, 23 Mar 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913203351/http://www.stuttgart.de/sde/menu/frame/ns_top_11021_11041.htm |date=2008-09-13 }}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1991)''<ref name="Partner">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=21 Oct 2008|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]] <small>''(syne 1991)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Ivanovo]], Roushie <small>''(syne 1992)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Kaliningrad]], Roushie <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Kaliningrad">{{Cite web|url=http://www.klgd.ru/en/search/index.php?q=partner+cities&where=|title=''Kaliningrad -Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2000–2006 Kaliningrad City Hall|accessdate=8 Dec 2008|archive-date=2008-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211114532/http://www.klgd.ru/en/search/index.php?q=partner+cities&where=|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belaroushie]] <small>''(syne 1993)''<ref name="Minsk">{{Cite web|url=http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng|title=''Twin towns of Minsk''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee|accessdate=8 Dec 2008|archive-date=2009-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830121424/http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]] <small>''(syne 1993)''</small> || || * {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv|Tel-Aviv]], [[Israel]] <small>''(syne 1994)''<ref name="twinning">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |title=Tel Aviv sister cities |accessdate=19 Jan 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=he |archive-date=2009-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214183503/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Tianjin]], Fowkrepublic o Cheenae <small>''(syne 1994)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Rustavi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgia]] <small>''(syne 1995)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Barreiro, Portugal|Barreiro]], Portugal <small>''(syne 1996)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Tampere]], Finland <small>''(syne 1996)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], Mexico <small>''(syne 1997)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Murcia]], Spain <small>''(syne 1999)''</small> * {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Örebro]], Swaden <small>''(syne 2001)''<ref name="Vänorter">''Vänorter – http://www.ore {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727165113/http://www.orebro.se/2444.html |date=2009-07-27 }}bro.se/2444.html'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727165113/http://www.orebro.se/2444.html |date=2009-07-27 }}:</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szeged]], [[Hungary]] <small>''(syne 2004)''</small> * {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Córdoba, Argentinae|Córdoba]], Argentina * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], USA <small>''(syne 2010)''</small> |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lodz}} [[Category:Łódź| ]] [[Category:Ceety coonties o Poland]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Łódź Voivodeship]] {{Stub/Poland}} m0z9gvvfxvovyok3rt2o9ayk0izcwvt 0 16123 923521 911088 2026-09-26T08:37:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sayyid Qutb''' ({{IPA-ar|ˈsajjɪd ˈqʊtˤb}}) (an aa Said, Syed, Seyyid, Sayid, or Sayed; Koteb, Qutub, Kotb, or Kutb) ({{lang-ar|سيد قطب}}; October 9, 1906<ref>Some sources (e.g., U.S. Library of Congress) give 1903.</ref> – August 29, 1966) wis an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] author, educator, [[Islamist]], [[poet]], an the leadin [[Islamic theologian]] o the [[Egyp]]tian [[Muslim Britherhuid]] in the 1950s an '60s. Author o 24 buiks, includin novels, literary airts’ critique, wirks on education, he is best kent in the Muslim warld for his wirk on wha he believed tae be the social an poleetical role o [[Islam]], particularly in his beuks ''Social Justice'' an ''[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq]]'' (''Milestones''). His [[Maisterpiece|magnum opus]], ''[[Fi Zilal al-Qur'an]]'' (''In the shade o the Qur'an''), is a 30-volume commentary on the Qur'an. Even though maist o his observations an criticism wur leveled at the Muslim warld, Qutb is an aa kent for his disapproval o the society an cultur o the [[Unitit States]]<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_jihad.html PBS program America at the crossroads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314212338/http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_jihad.html |date=2023-03-14 }}.</ref><ref name="A Lesson In Hate">David Von Drehle, [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/presence-feb06.html A Lesson In Hate] {{Webarchive|url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090419041809/http%3A//www.smithsonianmag.com/history%2Darchaeology/presence%2Dfeb06.html |date=2009-04-19 }} ''Smithsonian Magazine''</ref> which he saw as obsessed wi materialism an violence.<ref name="beforeUS">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235927/http://www.disinfo.com/site/displayarticle8626.html 'Qutb: Between Terror And Tragedy' by Hisham Sabrin] quoting Hourani, A. ''Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798–1939.'' Cambridge University Press, 1962. and Mitchell, Richard S. ''The Society of The Muslim Brotherhood''. Oxford University Press, 1969.</ref> Views on Qutb vary widely. He haes been described bi supporters as a great [[airtist]] an [[Shahid|martyr for Islam]],<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=3m245Q Interview with Dr Abdel Moneim Abul Fotouh – Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510151517/http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=3m245Q |date=2008-05-10 }} May 8, 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/century20/syedQutb.htm |title=Sayyid Qutb by Ahmed El-Kadi, MD |access-date=2011-03-10 |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926022903/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/century20/syedQutb.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> but bi mony Wastren observers as ane who shaped the ideas o [[Islamist]]s<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=_5bmzlNx1iAC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=qutb+bin+laden&source=bl&ots=spQA79Znrx&sig=RDC6ldywAI6OeQuhlnE40JW-wnU&hl=en&ei=jux6SrejBIaKMpOV5P0C&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=qutb%20bin%20laden&f=false The Osama Bin Laden I Know By Peter L. Bergen] pp.18–20</ref> an particularly o terrorist groups such as [[Al Qaeda]]<ref name="Irwin">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3 Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"] ''The Guardian'' (November 1, 2001).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031005151059/http://members.cox.net/slsturgi3/PhilosopherOfIslamicTerror.htm Paul Berman, "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror"], ''New York Times Magazine'' (March 23, 2003).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf |title=Out of the Shadows: GETTING AHEAD OF PRISONER RADICALIZATION |access-date=2011-03-10 |archive-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423144416/http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html |title=The Evolution of Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi |access-date=2011-03-10 |archive-date=2022-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103022401/http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The day, his supporters are aften identified as [[Qutbism|Qutbists]]<ref>[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |date=2007-06-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |date=2007-06-09 }} by Dale C. Eikmeier. From ''[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]]'', Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.</ref> or "Qutbi", though they dae no uise the term tae describe thairsels. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Qutb, Sayyid}} [[Category:1906 births]] [[Category:1966 daiths]] [[Category:Muslim filosofers]] [[Category:Egyptian Islamists]] [[Category:Egyptian releegious leaders]] [[Category:Muslim activists]] [[Category:Greeley, Colorado]] [[Category:Islam an antisemitism]] [[Category:Executit activists]] [[Category:Muslim theologians]] [[Category:Fowk executit bi Egyp]] [[Category:Executit Egyptian fowk]] [[Category:20t-century executions]] [[Category:Fowk executit bi hangin]] [[Category:Muslim Britherheid leaders]] [[Category:Sex segregation]] mqmxnd65xubtqr7gvtucgef4lb0gu0x 0 16141 923470 918377 2026-09-26T06:34:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Prefecture Japan | Name = Miyagi | JapaneseName = 宮城県 | Rōmaji = Miyagi-ken | Symbol = Flag of Miyagi Prefecture.svg | Capital = [[Sendai]] | Region = [[Tōhoku Region|Tōhoku]] | Island = [[Honshu]] | TotalArea = 7,285.16 | AreaRank = 17t | PCWater = 0.3 | PopDate = 1 December 2010 | Population = 2,337,513 | PopRank = 15t | Density = 320.86 | Districts = 10 | Municipalities = 35 | ISOCode = JP-04 | Website = [http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/english/ www.pref.miyagi.jp/<br />english/] | Flower = Miyagi bush clover (''[[Lespedeza]]&nbsp;thunbergii'') | Tree = [[Zelkova serrata|Japanese zelkova<br>(''Zelkova serrata'')]] | Bird = Wild [[guiss]] | Fish = | Map = Map_of_Japan_with_highlight_on_04_Miyagi_prefecture.svg | Governor = [[Yoshihiro Murai]] }} {{nihongo|'''Miyagi Prefectur'''|宮城県|Miyagi-ken}} is a [[Prefecturs o Japan|prefectur]] o [[Japan]] locatit in the [[Tōhoku Region]] on [[Honshu]] island. The caipital is [[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]]. == History == Miyagi Prefecture wis umwhile pairt o the province o [[Mutsu Province|Mutsu]]. Mutsu Province, on northren [[Honshu]], wis ane o the last provinces tae be formed as land wis taken fre the indigenous [[Ainu fowk|Ainu]] an became the lairgest as it expandit northward. The auncient caipital wis in modren Miyagi Prefecture. In the third month o seicont year o the ''[[Wadō (era)|Wadō]]'' [[Japanese era names|era]] (709), there wis an uprisin against govrenmental authority in Mutsu Province an in nearbi [[Echigo Province]]. Troops wur promptly dispatched tae subdue the revolt.<ref name="t64">[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA64,M1 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 64].</ref> In ''Wadō'' 5 (712), the land o Mutsu Province wis admeenistratively separatit frae the [[Dewa Province]]. [[Empress Gemmei]]'s ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' continued tae organize ither [[cadastral]] chynges in the provincial map o the [[Nara period]], as in the follaein year when [[Mimasaka Province]] wis dividit frae [[Bizen Province]]; [[Hyūga Province]] wis sundered frae [[Osumi Province]]; an [[Tamba Province]] wis severed frae [[Tango Province]].<ref name="t64"/> Durin the [[Sengoku period]] various clans ruled different pairts o the province. The [[Uesugi clan]] haed a castle toun at [[Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima|Wakamatsu]] in the sooth, the [[Nambu clan]] at [[Morioka, Iwate|Morioka]] in the north, an [[Date Masamune]], a close ally o the [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]], established [[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]], which is nou the lairgest toun o the [[Tōhoku region]]. In the [[Meiji period]], fower new provinces wur creatit frae pairts o Mutsu: [[Rikuchū Province|Rikuchū]], [[Rikuzen Province|Rikuzen]], [[Iwaki Province|Iwaki]], an [[Iwashiro Province|Iwashiro]]. The aurie that is nou [[Aomori Prefectur]] continued tae be pairt o Mutsu till the [[Abolition o the han seestem]] an the naition-wide conversion tae the prefectural structur o modren Japan. [[Date Masamune]] built a castle at Sendai as his seat tae rule Mutsu. In 1871, Sendai Prefecture wis formed. It wis renamed Miyagi prefecture the follaein year. On 11 Mairch 2011, an [[2011 Sendai yirdquauk an tsunami|8.9 yirdquauk]] an a subsequent major [[tsunami]] hit Miyagi Prefecture, causin major damage tae the aurie.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598] == Geography == [[File:MiyagiMapCurrent.png|thumb|250px|Map o Miyagi Prefecture.]] Miyagi Prefecture is locatit in the central pairt o [[Tōhoku Region|Tōhoku]], facin the [[Paceefic Ocean]], an contains Tōhoku's lairgest ceety, Sendai. There are heich muntains on the wast an alang the northeast coast, but the central plain aroond Sendai is fairly lairge. [[Matsushima]] is kent as ane o the [[Three Views o Japan|three maist scenic views o Japan]], wi a bay full o 260 sma islands covered in pine groves. [[Oshika Peninsula]] projects frae the northren coastline o the prefecture. === Ceeties === Thirteen ceeties are locatit in Miyagi Prefecture: {| | valign="top" | *[[Higashimatsushima, Miyagi|Higashimatsushima]] *[[Ishinomaki, Miyagi|Ishinomaki]] *[[Iwanuma, Miyagi|Iwanuma]] *[[Kakuda, Miyagi|Kakuda]] *[[Kesennuma, Miyagi|Kesennuma]] *[[Kurihara, Miyagi|Kurihara]] *[[Natori, Miyagi|Natori]] | valign="top" | *[[Ōsaki, Miyagi|Ōsaki]] *[[Sendai]] (caipital) *[[Shiogama, Miyagi|Shiogama]] *[[Shiroishi, Miyagi|Shiroishi]] *[[Tagajō, Miyagi|Tagajō]] *[[Tome, Miyagi|Tome]] *[[Tomiya, Miyagi|Tomiya]] |} === Touns an veelages === <!-- template:Miyagi refers to the above header --> These are the touns an veelages in each [[destricts o Japan|destrict]]: {| |valign="top"| *[[Igu Destrict, Miyagi|Igu Destrict]] ::[[Marumori, Miyagi|Marumori]] *[[Kami Destrict, Miyagi|Kami Destrict]] ::[[Kami, Miyagi|Kami]] ::[[Shikama, Miyagi|Shikama]] *[[Katta Destrict, Miyagi|Katta Destrict]] ::[[Shichikashuku, Miyagi|Shichikashuku]] ::[[Zaō, Miyagi|Zaō]] *[[Kurokawa District, Miyagi|Kurokawa Destrict]] ::[[Ōhira, Miyagi|Ōhira]] ::[[Ōsato, Miyagi|Ōsato]] ::[[Taiwa, Miyagi|Taiwa]] |valign="top"| *[[Miyagi Destrict, Miyagi|Miyagi Destrict]] ::[[Matsushima, Miyagi|Matsushima]] ::[[Rifu, Miyagi|Rifu]] ::[[Shichigahama, Miyagi|Shichigahama]] *[[Motoyoshi Destrict, Miyagi|Motoyoshi Destrict]] ::[[Minamisanriku, Miyagi|Minamisanriku]] *[[Oshika Destrict, Miyagi|Oshika Destrict]] ::[[Onagawa, Miyagi|Onagawa]] *[[Shibata Destrict, Miyagi|Shibata Destrict]] ::[[Kawasaki, Miyagi|Kawasaki]] ::[[Murata, Miyagi|Murata]] ::[[Ōgawara, Miyagi|Ōgawara]] ::[[Shibata, Miyagi|Shibata]] |valign="top"| *[[Tōda Destrict, Miyagi|Tōda Destrict]] ::[[Misato, Miyagi|Misato]] ::[[Wakuya, Miyagi|Wakuya]] *[[Watari Destrict, Miyagi|Watari Destrict]] ::[[Watari, Miyagi|Watari]] ::[[Yamamoto, Miyagi|Yamamoto]] |} === Mergers === {{Main|Leet o mergers in Miyagi Prefecture}} === Future mergers === *Baith touns athin Watari Destrict are plannin tae merge an create a new ceety unner the name o Watari. Watari Destrict will dissolve if the ceety is creatit<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.w-y-gap.jp/ |title = カーシェアリングがわかった！ |accessdate = 2008-06-14 |archive-date = 2017-07-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170710225857/http://www.w-y-gap.jp/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> == Economy == Although Miyagi haes a guid deal o fishin an agricultur, producin a great deal o rice an livestock, it is dominatit bi the manufacturin industries aroond Sendai, particularly electronics, appliances, an fuid processin. == Sports == The sports teams leetit belaw are based in Miyagi Prefecture. *[[Fitbaa]] **[[Vegalta Sendai]] ([[Sendai Stadium|Yurtec Stadium]], [[Sendai]]) **[[Sony Sendai F.C.]] ([[Tagajō, Miyagi|Tagajō]]) *[[Basebaw]] **[[Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles]] ([[Miyagi Baseball Stadium]], [[Sendai]]) *[[Basketbaw]] **[[Sendai 89ERS]] ([[Sendai Gymnasium]], [[Sendai]]) == Visitor attractions == Sendai wis the [[castle toun]] o the [[daimyo]] [[Date Masamune]]. The remains o [[Sendai Castle]] staund on a hill abuin the ceety. Miyagi Prefecture boasts ane o Japan's three greatest sichts. [[Matsushima]], the pine-clad islands, dot the waters aff the coast o the prefecture. The follaein are an aa notit as attractions: {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Aoba Castle]] * [[Ichibanchō]] * [[Akiu]] [[Onsen|Hot Spring]] * [[Iwai Point]] * [[Kinkasan|Kinkasan Islet]] * [[Matsushima Bay]] {{col-break}} * [[Naruko, Miyagi|Naruko Hot Spring]] * [[Rikuchu Coast]] * [[Okama Crater Lake]] * [[Zao Botanical Garden]] * [[Zao Hot Spring]] {{col-end}} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Miyagi prefecture}} *[http://www.pref.miyagi.jp Official Miyagi Prefecture homepage ] {{ja icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303213348/http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/English/index.htm Official Miyagi Prefecture homepage] last accessed on March 25, 2007 * [http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/sichouson/gappei/zyoukyou.htm Official information of each merger in Miyagi Prefecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113130245/http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/sichouson/gappei/zyoukyou.htm |date=2010-01-13 }} last accessed on March 25, 2007 {{Miyagi}} {{Regions an admeenistrative diveesions o Japan}} {{Coord|38|21|N|140|58|E|scale:500000|display=title}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Miyagi Prefectur| ]] [[Category:Tōhoku region]] [[Category:Prefecturs o Japan]] [[Category:1870s establishments]] <!--Other languages--> qpb2hm105cw31q32x6ajevcbbcuym8w 0 16252 923420 923101 2026-09-26T04:23:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Igor Vitalyevich Chudinov''' ({{lang-ru|Игорь Витальевич Чудинов}}; born [[21 August]] 1961) is a umwhile Prime Meenister o [[Kyrgyzstan]]. He wis appyntit tae that poseetion on [[24 December]] 2007, follaein the resignation o [[Iskenderbek Aidaraliyev]].<ref name="PM">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-12/24/content_7304442.htm|title=Kyrgyzstan appoints new prime minister|author=|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=2007-12-24|accessdate=2007-12-26|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213024/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-12/24/content_7304442.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior tae his appyntment, he wis a energy an industrie meenister in the Kyrgyz govrenment. Chudinov wis nominatit for the poseetion bi the [[Ak Zhol (Kyrgyzstan)|Ak Zhol]] pairty, that wan a lairge majority o seats in the Kyrgyz pairlament - the [[Supreme Cooncil o Kyrgyzstan|Jogorku Kenesh]] - in the elections o 16 December 2007. He wis confirmed as prime meenister bi Preses [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] on 24 December.<ref name="PM"/> On 21 September 2009, Chudinov wis named Honorary Preses o the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227075111/http://www.kyrgyztradecouncil.org/ Kyrgyz-North America Trade Council], in recognition o his role in promotin tred an investment atween the USA/Canadae an Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eng.24.kg/business/2009/09/22/9087.html |title="Kyrgyz premier opens joint business-trade development council in New York" |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140159/http://eng.24.kg/business/2009/09/22/9087.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is [[Roushies|Roushie]] ([[Chud]]) an disna speak [[Kyrgyz leid|Kyrgyz]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/01/71e78c53-3782-43fe-aa18-7fbd80e1b442.html |title=Kyrgyzstan: New Prime Minister Makes Economy A Priority - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2008-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621192339/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/01/71E78C53-3782-43FE-AA18-7FBD80E1B442.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Iskenderbek Aidaraliyev]]<br><small>Acting</small>}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Meenister o Kyrgyzstan]]|years=2007–2009}} {{s-aft|after=[[Daniar Usenov]]}} {{s-end}} {{KyrgyzPMs}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chudinov, Igor}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Ak Jol politeecians]] [[Category:Kyrgyzstani fowk o Roushie strynd]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bishkek]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Kyrgyzstan]] l00e00i7ugsdb6r3e6notlertggo26k 0 17227 923486 921171 2026-09-26T07:18:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Nuweiba |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Port of Nuweiba.jpg |imagesize =300px |image_caption =Port o Nuweiba. |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Egypt<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Egyp <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Egyp}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Egyp|Governorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sooth Sinai Govrenorate|Sooth Sinai]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |<!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone =[[Egyp Staundart Time|EST]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|29|2|N|34|40|E|region:EG|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Nuweiba''' ({{lang-ar|نويبع}}) is a coastal toun in the eastren pairt o [[Sinai Peninsulae]], [[Egyp]], on the coast o the [[Gulf o Aqaba]]. It is believed bi mony tae be the steid o the [[The Exodus|Exodus]] accoont o [[auncient Israelites]] [[crossin the Red Sea]]. ==Geografie== Nuweiba lies on a lairge flood plain measurin aboot 40 km2 (15 sq mi), sandwiched atween the Sinai muntains an the Gulf o Aqaba, an is locatit some {{convert|150|km|-1|abbr=on|lk=on}} north o [[Sharm el-Sheikh]], 150&nbsp;km (90&nbsp;mi) sootheast frae [[Cairo]] an 465&nbsp;km (290&nbsp;mi) sooth o the [[Israel]]–[[Egyp]] border separating [[Taba, Egyp|Taba]] an [[Eilat]]. It is believed bi mony tae be the steid o the [[The Exodus|Exodus]] accoont o [[auncient Israelites]] [[crossin the Red Sea]]. Nuweiba consists o fower main auries: Nuweiba Tarabin, Nuweiba Toun, The Dunes, an Nuweiba Muzeina. Nuweiba Tarabin is the northren aurie, an is made up o a thick grove o palm trees, a shallow bay, an the ruins o a Turkis fort. Inside the ruins is a well that haes historically been uised bi the Bedouins as a source o fresh water for hunders o years. Nuweiba Tarabin wis settled maistly in the 1980s when members o the Tarabin tribe residin in the aurie north o Nuweiba permanently muivit intae the aurie typically occupee'd in the simmers, an began biggin simple accommodations, which gradually turned intae mair established camps an huts as tourism picked up.<ref name="Nuweiba">[http://www.touregypt.net/egypt-info/magazine-mag08012001-magf2a.htm Egypt: Tour Egypt Monthly: Nuweiba], Tour Egypt page on Nuweiba.</ref> Nuweiba Town wis built durin the Israeli occupation o 1971 aroond the Moshav Neviot, an marks the bundary atween the Tarabin an Muzeina tribes. The toun haes a bank, a hotel, a few restaurants, an mony camps <ref name="Nuweiba" /> The Dunes is split intae ''Duna'' an ''sma Duna'', an is a link atween Nuweiba Toun, an Nuweiba Muzeina, wi mony camps an sma hotels in the aurie. The Dunes is kent for the bonnie coral reefs that are foond right aff the shore. While maist campsteids are locatit at sma Duna, Duna itsel haes remained somewha mair untouched wi the maist simple camp accommodations.<ref name="Nuweiba" /> Nuweiba Port wis built in 1985 on the Gulf o Aqaba, an serves as a ferry port as well, which allows for easy travel atween [[Jordan]] an Egyp.<ref name="Nuweiba" /> ==History== It's suggestit that this toun marks the location o the [[Crossin o the Red Sea]] in Biblical times. Nuweiba is short for ''Nuwayba'al Muzayyinah'' in Arabic which means ''bonny bubbling spring''<ref>https://www.darsaal.com/names/detail/muzayyanah-name-meaning-in-english.html</ref>. Historically, the aurie wis inhabitit bi twa different [[Bedouin]] tribes: the [[Tarabin]] tae the north, and the [[Maizena]], some 8&nbsp;km (5&nbsp;mi) tae the south. Syne the [[Sax Day War]] when Israel captured the aurie, Nuweiba Toun sprung up juist 1.5&nbsp;km (1&nbsp;mi) sooth o Tarabeen, unner the Israeli name, Neviot. Efter the depairture o the Israelis, the toun expandit an Nuweiba Port, some 7&nbsp;km (4&nbsp;mi) tae the sooth, wis established an developed, wi several caur [[ferry|ferries]] now runnin ivery day tae [[Aqaba]] in [[Jordan]] bi the [[Arab Bridge Maritime]] company, an wi a sma toun growin up aroond itsel. Nuweiba castle (or Newibah castle), built on top o the remains o a still aulder castle in 1893, haes been proposed as a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]].<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/199/ Newibah castle - UNESCO World Heritage Centre] Retrieved on 2009-03-26</ref> ==Tourism== Atween the toun an the port are a strip o modren hotels, such as the [http://www.swisscare-hotels.com Swisscare Nuweiba Resort Hotel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206073132/http://www.swisscare-hotels.com/ |date=2021-02-06 }} or the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110102062021/http://hiltonworldresorts.com/Resorts/Nuweiba/index.html Hilton Nuweiba Coral Resort] or [http://www.elariaresort.com/ Elaria Beach Resort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710174907/http://www.elariaresort.com/ |date=2011-07-10 }}, caterin tae beach holiday makers an divers. Ane km frae Nuweiba, Tarabin veelage as well as the [http://www.habibavillage.com Habiba Village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119213618/http://habibavillage.com/ |date=2021-01-19 }} are weel kent for its Bedouin-style camps where ane can rent cheap huts. == Galery == <br><gallery class=center caption="Nuweiba - نويبع"> Sinai-Nuweiba-108-Bay Resort-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-140-Bay Resort-Abendlicht-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-168-Tarabien-Sonnenschirm mit Moewe-im Wasser-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-180-Strand-zwei Palmen-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-190-Moschee-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-196-Wohnblock-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-202-Palmwedel-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-220-Huette-2009-gje.jpg Sinai-Nuweiba-210-Berge-2009-gje.jpg </gallery> ==See an aw== * [[Red Sea Riviera]] * [[Arab Bridge Maritime]] * [http://www.elariaresort.com/ Elaria Beach Resort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710174907/http://www.elariaresort.com/ |date=2011-07-10 }} ==References== {{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Info Guide Archives|url=https://winchinsider.com/info-guide/|access-date=2022-09-18|website=Winch Insider|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172524/https://winchinsider.com/info-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Freemit airtins == * [http://travelogue.travelvice.com/egypt/nuweibas-east-delta-bus-station/ Nuweiba's East Delta Bus Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715011118/http://travelogue.travelvice.com/egypt/nuweibas-east-delta-bus-station/ |date=2014-07-15 }} * [http://www.allaboutsinai.com Practical Online Guide for Travellin aroond Sinai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095430/http://www.allaboutsinai.com/ |date=2009-03-25 }} * [http://www.sinaiweekly.com Sinai Local Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101625/https://sinaiweekly.com/ |date=2021-06-10 }} * [http://www.sharmsearch.com Sharm El Sheikh, Dahab & Nuweiba search ingine, fynd hotels, divin centers, excursion providers, restaurants, nichtclubs etc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109055926/http://sharmsearch.com/ |date=2014-01-09 }} * [http://www.livefromsinai.com Broadcasting videos frae Sinai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313141727/http://www.livefromsinai.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} * [http://www.exploresinai.com The Path Less Traveled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822005901/http://www.exploresinai.com/ |date=2009-08-22 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Populatit places in Sooth Sinai Govrenorate]] [[Category:Cultural Steids on the UNESCO Warld Heritage Tentative Leet]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Egyp]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Egyp]] [[Category:Umwhile Israeli dounsets]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Egyp]] ftz3b4uh1px5peu28sis5acfj9aivup 0 17267 923385 825284 2026-09-26T02:25:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dikirnis''' ([[Arabic]]: دكرنس ) is a toun in the centre o the [[Dakahlia Govrenorate]] o [[Egyp]]. It is situatit aboot 20&nbsp;km east o [[Mansoura]], the caipital o Dakahlia. ==Overview== Alang wi Mansoura an ither northren ceeties, Dikirnis forms a pairt o the Dakahlia Govrenorate. The toun is hame tae ane o the auldest seicontary schuils in Egyp, Ali Mubarak Schuil, which wis biggit in 1911. ==Veelages== Dekernes is the main ceety in Dekernes [[Regions o Egyp|Markaz]] (Center). It is surroondit bi mony sma veelages which form a pairt o Dekernes Markaz sic as: '''Local unit o Demouh:''' * Demouh * El Qibab El Kubra * El Qibab El Sughra * Kafr El Qibab * El Gazeera * Meit Dhafer * El Mersaah * Kafr Abdel Mo'men '''Local unit o Demeshalt:''' * Demeshalt * Meit El Nahhal * Kafr El Baz '''Local unit o Negeir:''' * Negeir * El Qalyubiya * El Azazna * Kafr Abu Nasser '''Ithers:''' * El Mahmoudiya * Manshat Abdel-Rahman * Ashmun El Rumman * Meit Tareif * Meit Sudan * Meit Sewiyd * Meit Sharaf * Meit Fares ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180317105008/http://dikirnis.net/ Dikirnis Offeecial Steid] {{ar icon}} *[http://www.Dikirnis.com/ Dikirnis Steid] {{en icon}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{EgypLairgestCeeties}} [[Category:Populatit places in Egyp]] jpp1dbd2aoriyk8w1orr3pirfa356wx 0 17286 923583 917526 2026-09-26T10:12:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} [[Image:Zeev Jabotinsky.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] '''Ze'ev Jabotinsky''' [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] ({{lang-he|זאב ז'בוטינסקי}}, {{lang-uk|Володи́мир (Зеєв) Євге́нович Жаботи́нський}}) born '''Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky''' ({{lang-ru|Влади́мир Евге́ньевич Жаботи́нский}}) (October 18, 1880 &ndash; August 4, 1940) wis a [[Zionism|Zionist]] leader, author, orator, an sodger o [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] oreegin. He wis the foonder o [[Reveesion Zionism]], the Jewish Self-Defence Organisation in [[Odessa]] an the [[Jewish Legion]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Struggle for the Jewish Legion and The Birth of the IDF |url=http://jewishmag.com/148mag/jewish_legion/jewish_legion.htm |first=Jerry |last=Klinger|publisher=Jewish Magazine |accessdate=5 December 2010 |date=October 2010}}</ref> o the Breetish airmy in [[Warld War I]]. ==Biography== [[File:Zeev Jabotinsky family.jpg|thumb|right|Jabotinsky an his faimily]] Born Vladimir Jabotinsky<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.odessitclub.org/reading_room/sokolyansky/konechno_v_odesse.htm |title=Archival documents on Zhabotinsky (Russian) |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929073418/http://www.odessitclub.org/reading_room/sokolyansky/konechno_v_odesse.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Odessa]], [[Roushie Empire]], he wis raised in a [[Jew]]ish middle-cless hame an educatit in Roushie schuils. While he teuk Ebreu lessons as a bairn, Jabotinsky wrote in his autobiography that his upbringin wis divorced frae Jewish faith an tradeetion. Jabotinsky's talents as a [[jurnalist]] became apparent even afore he feenished heich schuil. His first writins war published in Odessa newspapers whan he wis 16. Upon graduation he wis sent tae [[Bern (ceety)|Bern]], [[Swisserland]] an later tae [[Italy]] as a reporter for the [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] press. He wrote unner the [[pseudonym]] "Altalena" (the [[Italian leid|Italian]] wird for '[[Sweeng (seat)|sweeng]]'; see [[Altalena Affair]] as weel). While abroad, he studied [[law]] at the [[University o Rome La Sapienza|University o Rome]] an aw, but it wis anerlie upon his return tae Roushie that he qualified as an attorney. His dispatches frae Italy earned him recognition as ane o the brichtest young Roushie-leid jurnalists: he later editit [[newspaper]]s in [[Roushie leid|Roushie]], [[Yiddish leid|Yiddish]], an [[Ebreu]]. He mairit Jeanne in late 1907. Thay haed ane son, [[Ari Jabotinsky]], who wis a member o the Irgun-inspired [[Hillel Kook#Bergson Group|Bergson Group]], briefly served in the Knesset an dee'd in 1969. ==Zionist activism in Roushie== Efter the [[Kishinev pogrom]] o 1903, Jabotinsky jynt the Zionist movement, whaur he suin became kent as a pouerful speaker an an influential leader. Wi mair pogroms loomin on the horizon, Jabotinsky established the Jewish Self-Defence Organisation, a Jewish militant group, tae safeguard Jewish communities throughoot Roushie. Jabotinsky became the soorce o great controversy in the Roushie Jewish community as a result o thir actions. Aroond this time, he set upon hissel the goal o learnin [[modren Ebreu]], an teuk a Ebreu name—''Vladimir'' became ''Ze'ev'' ("wolf"). Durin the pogroms, he organized sel-defence units in [[Jewish]] communities athort Roushie an focht for the [[ceevil richts]] o the Jewish population as a whole. His slogan wis, "better to have a gun and not need it than to need it and not have it!" Anither caw tae airms wis, "Jewish youth, learn to shoot!" That year Jabotinsky wis electit as a Roushie delegate tae the Saxt [[Zionist Congress]] in Basel, Swisserland. Efter Herzl's daith in 1904 he became the leader o the richt-wing Zionists. In 1906 he wis ane o the chief speakers at the Roushie Zionist [[Helsinki|Helsingfors]] Conference in [[Helsinki]], which cried upon the Jews o Europe tae engage in ''Gegenwartsarbeit'' (wirk in the present) an tae jyne thegither tae demand autonomy for the ethnic minorities in Roushie.<ref name="liberal.org.il">{{cite web |url=http://www.liberal.org.il/the_man.htm |title=Jabotinsky Ze'ev. Liberal and Zionist Leader. Brief Biography |publisher=Liberal.org.il |date= |accessdate=2010-09-22 |archive-date=2009-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620113613/http://www.liberal.org.il/the_man.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He remained leal tae this Liberal approach scores o years later wi respect tae the Arab ceetizens o the future Jewish State: "Each one of the ethnic communities will be recognized as autonomous and equal in the eyes of the law."<ref name="liberal.org.il"/> In 1909 he fiercely criticized leadin members o the Roushie Jewish community for pairticipatin in ceremonies markin the centennial o the Roushie writer [[Nikolai Gogol]]. ==Military career== [[Image:Jabotinsky_in_Jewish_Legion.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Lt Jabotinsky in uniform 38t RF]] [[Image:Mbe medal front and reverse.jpg|right|180px|thumb|Badge o [[Members o the Order o the Breetish Empire]], obverse an reverse]] Durin Warld War I, he conceived the idea o establishin a Jewish Legion tae fecht alangside the [[United Kinrick|Breetish]] again the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] wha then controlled [[Palestine]]. In 1915, thegither wi [[Joseph Trumpeldor]], a ane-airmed veteran o the [[Russo-Japanese War]], he creatit the [[Zion Mule Corps]], whilk consistit o several hunder Jewish men, mainly Roushies, who haed been exiled frae Palestine bi the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] an haed settled in [[Egyp]]. The unit served wi distinction in the [[Battle o Gallipoli]]. Whan the Zion Mule Corps wis disbandit, Jabotinsky traveled tae [[Lunnon]], whaur he continued his efforts tae establish Jewish units tae fecht in Palestine as pairt o the [[Breetish Airmy]]. Awtho Jabotinsky didna serve wi the Zion Mule Corps, Trumpeldor, Jabotinsky an 120 V.M.C. did serve in Platoon 16/20t Battalion o the [[London Regiment]]. In 1917, the govrenment agreed tae establish three Jewish Battalions, initiatin the [[Jewish Legion]]. Jabotinsky sodgered in the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]] in 1918 an wis decoratit for bravery. As an officer in the 38t [[Ryal Fusiliers]], Jabotinsky focht wi [[General Allenby]] in 1917, an wis decoratit wi the MBE for heidin the first company tae cross the River Jordan intae Palestine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/Zionist+Leaders-+Ze-ev+Jabotinsky.htm |title=Zionist Leaders- Ze-ev Jabotinsky |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2010-09-22}}</ref> ==Jewish sel-defence== Efter Jabotinsky wis dischairged frae the Breetish Airmy in September 1919, he openly trained Jews in warfare an the uise o sma airms. Efter the [[1920 Palestine riots]], at the demand o the Arab leadership, the Breetish searched the offices an apairtments o the Zionist leadership, includin [[Chaim Weizmann|Weizmann]]'s an Jabotinsky's hames, for airms. In Jabotinsky's hoose thay foond 3 rifles, 2 pistols, an 250 roonds o ammunition. Nineteen men wur arrestit, includin Jabotinsky. A committee o inquiry placed responsibility for the riots on the Zionist Commission, for provokin the Arabs. Jabotinsky wis gien a 15-year preeson term for possession o wappens. The court blamed '[[Bolshevism]],' claimin that it 'flowed in Zionism's inner hert' an ironically identifee'd the fiercely anti-[[Socialist]] Jabotinsky wi the Socialist-aligned [[Poalei Zion]] ('Zionist Wirkers') pairty, whilk it cried 'a definite Bolshevist institution.'<ref name=Segev>[[Tom Segev]], ''One Palestine, Complete'', Metropolitan Books, 1999. p.141</ref> Follaein the public ootcry again the verdict, he received amnesty an wis released frae [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] preeson. ==Founder of the Revisionist movement== In 1920, Jabotinsky wis elect tae the first [[Assembly o Representatives (Mandate Palestine)|Assembly o Representatives]] in Palestine. The follaein year he wis elect tae the executive cooncil o the [[World Zionist Organisation|Zionist Organisation]]. He wis an' a' a foonder o the newly registered [[Keren Hayesod]] an served as its director o propaganda.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041617/http://www.kh-uia.org.il/us/history.html The Concise History, (Excerpt from Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol.10)]</ref> He quit the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923, housomeivver, due tae differences o opinion atween him an its chairman, [[Chaim Weizmann]], an established the new [[Revisionist Zionism|revisionist]] pairty cried [[Hatzohar|Alliance o Revisionists-Zionists]] an its [[Zionist youth movement|youth movement]], ''[[Betar (youth movement)|Betar]]'' (a Ebreu acronym for the "League o Joseph Trumpeldor"). His new pairty demandit that the mainstream Zionist movement recognise as its statit objective the establishment o a Jewish state; ane on baith banks o the [[Jordan River]]. His main goal wis tae establish a modren Jewish state wi the help an aid o the Breetish Empire. His philosophy contrastit wi the socialist orientit [[Labor Zionism|Labor Zionists]], in that it focused its economic an social policy on the ideal o the Jewish Middle cless in Europe. An Anglophile, his ideal for a Jewish state wis a form o naition state based loosely on the Breetish imperial model, whase wanin sel-confidence he deplored.<ref>‘England is becoming continental! Not long ago the prestige of the English ruler of the "coloured" colonies stood very high. Hindus, Arabs, Malays were conscious of his superiority and obeyed, not unprotestingly, yet completely. The whole scheme of training of the future rulers was built on the principle "carry yourself so that the inferior will feel your unobtainable superiority in every motion".’Jabotinsky, cited [[Lenni Brenner]], ''The Iron Wall'' London, ch.7, 1984</ref> His support base wis maistly locatit in Poland, an his activities focused on attainin Breetish support tae help in the development o the [[Yishuv]]. Anither aurie o major support for Jabotinsky wis [[Latvie]], whaur his fiery speeches in Roushie made an impression on the lairgely Roushie-speakin Latvian Jewish community. ==Return tae Palestine blockit bi the Breetish== [[Image:Zev Vladimir Jabotinsky uniform.jpg|right|framed|Ze'ev Jabotinsky durin [[Warld War I|Warld&nbsp;War&nbsp;I]].]] In 1930, while Jabotinsky wis visitin [[Sooth Africae]], he wis informed bi the Breetish Colonial Office that he wad no be alloued tae return tae Palestine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=20846869665381 |title=H-Net Reviews |publisher=H-net.msu.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-22}}</ref> The muivement he established wis no monolithic housomeivver, an later includit three separate factions, o which Jabotinsky's wis the maist moderate. Jabotinsky favoured poleetical cooperation wi the Breetish, while mair [[Irredentism|irredentist]]-mindit individuals lik [[David Raziel]], [[Abba Ahimeir]], an [[Uri Zvi Greenberg]] focused on independent action in Mandate Palestine, fechtin poleetically against the Labor mainstream, militarily against the Breetish Authorities, an retaliatin for Arab attacks. Durin his time in exile, Jabotinsky stairtit regardin [[Benito Mussolini]] as a potential ally again the [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]], an contacts wur made wi [[Italy]]. Jabotinsky an the Reveesionist Zionist movement set up the Betar Naval Academy in Mussolini's Italy in 1934. At the Betar Naval Academy Revisionist Zionist cadets wur trained on ships, includin the first Reveesionist Zionist ship named "The Sarah I". The academic Kaplan notes that awtho the Reveesionists wur keen tae ensure that trainees evit local Fascist politics the cadets did express public support for Benito Mussolini's regime, as Halpern later detailed in his beik History of Hebrew Seamanship. Cadets mairched alangside Italian soldiers in support o the Seicont Italo–Abyssinian War ad collected metal scraps for the Italian wappens industry. Thay "felt as if they were living the true Beitarist life in an atmosphere of heroism, militarism, and nationalistic pride." The Academy closed in 1938. An airticle bi writer Peter Snowdon notes; "It was Mussolini's naval academy at Civitavecchia which turned the Betar from just one more impetuous brownshirt gang into the disciplined organisation which would become, in turn, the Haganah, the Irgun and the Stern Gang. As one Jewish historian has put it: "He was the liberal-imperialist head on a totalitarian body."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/376/pal2.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2011-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405000210/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/376/pal2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Evacuation plan for the Jews o Poland, Hungary an Romanie== In the 1930s, Jabotinsky wis deeply concerned wi the situation o the Jewish community in Eastren Europe, parteecularly [[Poland]]. In 1936, Jabotinsky prepared the sae-cried 'evacuation plan', which cried for the evacuation o the entire Jewish population o [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] an [[Romanie]] tae Palestine. In 1936, he toured [[Eastren Europe]] as weel, meetin wi the Pols Foreign Meenister Colonel [[Józef Beck]]; the Regent of [[Hungary]], Admiral [[Miklós Horthy]], an Prime Meenister [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]] o [[Romanie]] tae discuss the evacuation plan. The plan gained the approval o aw three govrenments, but caused considerable controversy athin Pols Jewry, on the grunds that it played intae the haunds o Pols anti-Semites. In pairticular, the fact that the 'evacuation plan' haed the approval o the Pols govrenment wis taken bi mony Pols Jews as indicatin Jabotinsky haed gained the endorsement o wha thay considered tae be the wrang fowk. The evacuation o Jewish communities in Poland, Hungary an Romanie wis tae tak place ower a ten-year period. Housomeivver, the controversy wis rendered muit whan the Breetish govrenment vetoed it, an the [[World Zionist Organisation]]'s chairman, [[Chaim Weizmann]], dismissed it. Twa year later, in 1938, Jabotinsky statit in a speech that Pols Jews 'wur livin on the edge o the volcano' an warned that a wave o bloody [[Holocaust|super-pogroms]] wad be happenin in Poland sometime in the near future. Jabotinsky went on tae warn Jews in Europe that thay should leave for Palestine as suin as possible. ==Belief in integratin the Arab minority== Jabotinsky wis a complex personality, combinin cynicism an idealism. He wis convinced that thare wis nae wey for the Jews tae regain ony pairt o Palestine athoot opposition frae the Arabs, but he believed that the Jewish state coud be a hame for Arab ceetizens an aw. In 1934 he wrote a draft constitution for the Jewish state whilk declared that the Arab minority wad be on an equal fuitin wi its Jewish coonterpairt "ootthrough aw sectors o the kintra's public life." The twa communities wad share the state's duties, baith military an ceevil service, an enjoy its prerogatives. Jabotinsky proposed that Ebreu an Arabic shoud enjoy equal richts an that "in ivery cabinet whaur the prime meenister is a Jew, the vice-premiership shall be affered tae an Arab an vice versa."<ref>[http://www.meforum.org/article/711 Benny Morris's Reign of Error, Revisited: The Post-Zionist Critique - Middle East Quarterly<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Daith== [[File:Grave of Ze'ev Jabotinsky IMG 1161.JPG|thumb|250px|Grave o Jabotinsky, [[Munt Herzl]], [[Jerusalem]]]] Jabotinsky dee'd o a hert attack in [[New York Ceety]], on August 4, 1940, while visitin a Jewish sel-defence camp run bi [[Betar]]. He wis buried in New Montefiore cemetery in New York rather than in Palestine, in accordance wi the statement in his will, "I want to be buried outside Palestine, may NOT be transferred to Palestine unless by order of that country's eventual Jewish government." Initially, efter the State o Israel wis established, the govrenments heidit bi Prime Meenister [[David Ben-Gurion]] did no mak sic a decision, but in 1964, shortly efter becomin Prime Meenister, [[Levi Eshkol]] ordered the reinterment o Jabotinsky an his wife in [[Jerusalem]] at [[Munt Herzl]] Cemetery. A monument tae Jabotinsky remains at his oreeginal burial site in New York. == Legacy an commemoration == Ze'ev Jabotinsky's legacy is cairried on the day bi Israel's [[Herut]] pairty (merged wi ither richt wing pairties tae form the [[Likud]] in 1973), [[Herut – The National Movement]] (a breakaway frae Likud), [[Magshimey Herut]] (young adult activist movement) an [[Betar]] (youth movement). In the Unitit States, his caw for Jewish sel defence haes led tae the formation o [[Americans for a Safe Israel]] an the [[Jewish Defence Organisation]]. The JDO's trainin camp is named Camp Jabotinsky. In Israel, thare are mair streets, pairks an squares named efter Jabotinsky than ony ither figure in Jewish or Israeli history.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3476622,00.html Jabotinsky maist popular street name in Israel] Ynetnews, 28 November 2007</ref> The [[Jabotinsky Medal]] is awardit for distinguished service tae the State o Israel, an maist Israeli ceeties hae streets named efter him. On 11 August 2008, left wing Israeli Eddication Meenister [[Yuli Tamir]] annoonced plans tae remuive Jabotinsky's name frae a leet o terms students are required tae learn, creatin an uproar.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080814031042/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1010194.html Ha'aretz] 11 august 2008 ''Tamir infuriates rightists by removing Jabotinsky from curriculum''</ref> == Wirks == === Beuks === :'''By Jabotinsky''' * ''Turkey and the War'', London, T.F. Unwin, Ltd. [1917] * ''Samson the Nazarite'', London: M. Secker, [1930] * ''The Jewish War Front'', London: T.F. Unwin, Ltd. [1940] * ''The War and The Jew'', New York, [[The Dial Press]] [c1942] * ''The Story of the Jewish Legion'', New York, B. Ackerman, incorporated [c1945] * ''The Battle for Jerusalem. Vladimir Jabotinsky, John Henry Patterson, [[Josiah Wedgwood IV|Josiah Wedgwood]], [[Pierre Van Paassen]] explains why a Jewish army is indispensable for the survival of a Jewish nation and preservation of world civilisation,'' American Friends o a Jewish Palestine, New York, The Friends, [1941] * ''A Pocket Edition of Several Stories Mostly Reactionary'', Tel-Aviv: Reproduced bi Jabotinsky Institute in Israel, [1984]. Reprint. Oreeginally published: Paris, [1925] * ''The Five'', A Novel of Jewish Life in Turn-of-the-Century Odessa :'''Aboot Jabotinsky''' * ''Lone Wolf: a Biography of Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinsky'', bi Shmuel Katz; New York: Barricade Beuks, [c1996] * ''The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story'', bi Joseph B Schechtman; New York, T. Yoseloff [c. 1956-1961] * Zev Jabotinsky: Militant Fighter for Jews & Israel- Jewish Defence Organisation booklet * ''Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925-1948'', bi Yaacov Shavit, London, England; Totawa, N.J.:F. Cass, [1988] * ''Zionism in the Age of the Dictators'', Lenni Brenner, Lawrence Hill & Co; Rev Ed edition [c1983] *''Vladimir Jabotinsky'', [[Michael Stanislawski]] (Introduction), [2005] ISBN 978-0-8014-8903-7 *[http://www.kotar.co.il/KotarApp/Viewer.aspx?nBookID=92587410 Vladimir Jabotinsky: The Man and His Struggles], bi Joseph Nedava; Tel Aviv [1986] === Airticles an poems === *[[The East Bank of the Jordan]] (kent as "Two Banks has the Jordan" an aw), a poem bi Jabotinsky that became the slogan an ane o the maist famous sangs o [[Betar]] *[http://mnuez.blogspot.com/2007/09/jabo.html Video of Jabotinsky Speaking of Jewish Eastern Palestine], 1934 *[http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1237 Zionism and the Land of Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613221205/http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1237 |date=2006-06-13 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816181206/http://www.csuohio.edu/tagar/tisha.htm Tisha B'Av, 1937] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080102223444/http://www.csuohio.edu/tagar/boris.htm Instead of Excessive Apology], 1911 *[http://www.betar.co.uk/ideology.php The Ideology of Betar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131001049/http://www.betar.co.uk/ideology.php |date=2009-01-31 }} *[[Iron Wall (essay)]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070711132210/http://www.jabotinsky.org/Jaboworld/docs/ethics.doc "The Ethics of the Iron Wall"], 1923 *A selection o Jabotinsky's writins: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815215046/http://jabotinsky.org/jaboworld.html The World of Jabotinsky] *Jabotinsky translatit [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s "[[The Raven]]" intae Ebreu an Roushie, an pairts o [[Dante]]'s [[Divine Comedy]] intae modren Ebreu verse. == Quotes == * "Our habit of constantly and zealously answering to any rabble has already done us a lot of harm and will do much more. ... We do not have to apologize for anything. We are a people as all other peoples; we do not have any intentions to be better than the rest. As one of the first conditions for equality we demand the right to have our own villains, exactly as other people have them. ... We do not have to account to anybody, we are not to sit for anybody's examination and nobody is old enough to call on us to answer. We came before them and will leave after them. We are what we are, we are good for ourselves, we will not change, nor do we want to." (Frae ''Instead of Excessive Apology'', 1911) * "Eliminate the [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]], or the Diaspora will surely eliminate you." (Frae "Tisha B'av 1937") ==See also== * [[Itamar Ben-Avi]] ==References== * [http://www.jabotinsky.org/multimedia/upl_doc/doc_191207_49117.pdf ''The Iron Wall'' (1923)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706184227/http://www.jabotinsky.org/multimedia/upl_doc/doc_191207_49117.pdf |date=2010-07-06 }} * [http://www.jabotinsky.org/multimedia/upl_doc/doc_191207_181762.pdf ''The Ethics of the Iron Wall'' (1923)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115050102/http://www.jabotinsky.org/multimedia/upl_doc/doc_191207_181762.pdf |date=2013-11-15 }} {{Reflist}} ==External sources== {{Commonscat|Zeev Jabotinsky}} *[http://www.knesset.gov.il/vip/jabotinsky/eng/index_eng.html Memorial pages for Jabotinsky] in [[Knesset]] wabsteid {{en icon}} *[http://www.Jabotinsky.org/ The Jabotinsky Institute] *[http://www.jewishdefense.org Jewish Defence Organisation runs Camp Jabotinsky], ([http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/Zionist+Leaders-+Ze-ev+Jabotinsky.htm Zionist Leaders: Ze'ev Jabotinsky], [[Israeli Meenistry o Foreign Affairs]] *[http://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/zabotinski_eng.htm Ze'ev Jabotinsky's biography] Knesset wabsteid {{en icon}} *[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3062516,00.html Law honorin Zionist forefaither passed] Yediot Aharonot, 23 Mairch 2005 *[http://www.betar.co.uk/betaris/zeev.php Jabotinsky's biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123132730/http://www.betar.co.uk/betaris/zeev.php |date=2005-11-23 }} Betar UK *[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=907698%20&contrassID=2&subContrassID=15&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y Fighting Hitler with cartoons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207031313/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=907698%20&contrassID=2&subContrassID=15&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y |date=2009-02-07 }}, [[Haaretz]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jabotinsky, Ze'ev}} [[Category:1880 births]] [[Category:1940 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Odessa]] [[Category:Ukrainian Jews]] [[Category:Roushie Jews]] [[Category:Roushie Jews in the militar]] [[Category:Anti-communists]] [[Category:Buirials in New York]] [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Ryal Fusiliers officers]] [[Category:Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War I]] [[Category:Writers on Zionism]] [[Category:History o Israel]] [[Category:Jewish Naitional Cooncil members]] [[Category:Members o the Assembly o Representatives (Mandate Palestine)]] [[Category:Irgun members]] [[Category:Members o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] [[Category:Revisionist Zionism]] [[Category:Buirials at Munt Herzl]] cpb107xv5lxhh2c21eot160eriacz6b 0 17295 923429 917694 2026-09-26T04:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923429 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Israel-2013-Jaffa 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Jaffa skyline]] [[File:Israel-2013-Jaffa 25-St. Peter's Church.JPG|thumb|250px|[[St. Peter's Kirk, Jaffa|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Jaffa]] '''Jaffa''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|dʒ|æ|f|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|f|ə}}<ref>'''dictionary.reference.com''': [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jaffa Jaffa]</ref>; {{lang-he-n|יָפוֹ}}, {{Audio|He-Yafo.ogg|''Yāfō''}}; {{lang-ar|يَافَا}} {{Audio|Ar-Jaffa.ogg|''{{transl|ar|DIN|Yāfā}}''}}; {{lang-la|Joppe}}; an aa '''Japho''', '''Joppa''' as transliteration frae the Greek "Ιόππη") is an auncient [[port ceety]] believed tae be ane o the auldest in the warld.<ref name="haaretz">{{Cite document | last = Hai | first = Yigal | title = Archaeological discoveries may prove barrier to Jaffa port rejuvenation | publisher = ''[[Haaretz]]'' | date = January 15, 2008 | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/944906.html | accessdate = 2008-08-29 | postscript = <!--None--> | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080116221220/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/944906.html | archivedate = 2008-01-16 | journal = | url-status = live }}</ref> Jaffa haes been incorporatit wi [[Tel Aviv]] creatin the ceety o Tel Aviv-Yafo, [[Israel]]. ==Etymology== The name o the ceety is supposedly mentioned in Egyptian soorces an the [[Amarna Letters]] as ''Yapu''. Thare are several legends aboot the oreegin o the name ''Jaffa''. Some say it is named for [[Japheth]], ane o the sons o [[Noah]], who biggit it efter the [[Great Flood]]. The [[Hellenist]] tradeetion links the name tae "Iopeia", which is [[Boast o Cassiopeia|Cassiopeia]], the mither o [[Andromeda (meethology)|Andromeda]]. An ootcroppin o rocks near the harbor is reputit tae hae been the place frae which Andromeda wis rescued bi Perseus. [[Pliny the Elder]] associates the name wi [[Jopa]], the dochter o [[Aeolus]], god o wind. The [[Arab]] [[geographer]] [[Al-Muqaddasi]] mentions it unner the name Yaffa, which is uised bi Arabic speakers the day. ==Demography== [[File:Jaffa Port.JPG|thumb|200px|Jaffa port]] Modren Jaffa haes a [[heterogeneous]] population o Jews, Christians, an Muslims. Jaffa currently haes 46,000 residents, o whom 17,000 are [[Arab citizens o Israel]]. The majority o the Arab population lives in the renewed soothwastren neighborhuid o [[Ajami, Jaffa|Ajami]]. ===Socioeconomic an poleetical problems=== Jaffa suffers frae drog problems, heich creeme rates an violence. Some Arab residents hae alleged that the Israeli authorities are attemptin tae Judaize Jaffa bi evictin Arab residents frae hooses awned bi the [[Amidar (Company)|Amidar]] govrenment-operatit public hoosin company. Amidar representatives say the residents are illegal squatters.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853180.html Protesters rally in Jaffa against move to evict local Arab families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429043304/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853180.html |date=2007-04-29 }} 28/4/07, Haaretz</ref> The 2010 film ''Port of Memory'' explores thir themes, follaein the lives o Palestinians inhabitin the aurie, stavin aff expulsion.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1420561/</ref> The Tel Aviv municipality haed been accuised o tryin tae erase the ceety's Arab past. In the early 1950s, mony Arabic street names wur replaced bi Ebreu names. ==Mosques== [[File:Jaffa 0087.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Al-Bahr Mosque|Al-Bahr]] owerleukin Jaffa seashore]] Al-Bahr Mosque, owerleukin the harbor, is depictit in a pentin frae 1675 bi the Dutch painter [[Lebrun]]. It mey be Jaffa's auldest existin mosque, awtho the oreeginal date o construction is unkent an chynges tae the structur hae been made syne then, sic as the addition o a seicont floor an reconstruction o the upper pairt o the minaret. It wis uised bi fishermen an sailors frequentin the port, an residents o the surroondin aurie. Accordin tae local legend, the wives o sailors livin in Jaffa prayed thare for the safe return o thair husbands. The mosque wis renovatit in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7225 |title=Al-Bahr mosque in Jaffa |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629172815/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7225 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mahmoudia Mosque wis biggit in 1812 bi Abu Nabbut, govrenor o Jaffa frae 1810-1820.<ref>http://www.artmag.com/galeries/israel/jafphco/aisjaco6.html</ref> Ootside the mosque is a watter funtain (''sabil'') for pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7227 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2011-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604200302/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7227 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nouzha Mosque on Jerusalem Boulevard is Jaffa's main mosque the day. ==Urban development== Frae the 1990s onwards, efforts hae been made tae restore Arab an Islamic laundmerks, sic as the Mosque of the Sea an [[Hassan Bek Mosque]], an document the history of Jaffa's Arab population. Parts of the Old City hae been renovated, turning Jaffa intae a tourist attraction featurin auld restored buildings, airt galleries, theaters, souvenir shops, restaurants, sidewalk cafes an promenades. Beyond the Old City an tourist sites, mony neighborhoods of Jaffa are poor an underdeveloped. Houiver, real-estate prices hae risen sharply due tae gentrification projects in al-Ajami an Lev Yafo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1162378508780 |title=Changes in the air for Ajami - JPost |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-date=2011-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917103336/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1162378508780 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The municipality of Tel Aviv-Jaffa is currently wirkin tae beautify an modernize the port aurie, an are expanding the boardwalk alang the sea frae Bat Yam tae Tel Aviv. Thay are an aa biggin a light rail that will traivel frae Bat Yam tae Petach Tikvah an throughout the Gush Dan territory. == Landmarks == [[File:Jaffa Tour horloge.JPG|150px|thumb|Jaffa clock touer]] The ''Clock Square'' wi its distinctive clocktouer wis biggit in 1906 in honour o [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]. The ''Saraya'' (govrenor's palace) wis biggit in the 1890s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/index.htm |title=Tel-Aviv/Yafo Municipality |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2007-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422190510/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[St. Peter's Kirk, Jaffa|St. Peter's Kirk]] is a [[Franciscan]] kirk an hospice biggit in the 19t century on the remains o a [[Crusades|Crusaders]] [[fortress]]; [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] is believed tae hae stayed thare. ''St. Michael's Kirk'', restored in 1994, serves Romanian Christians. '' St. Tabitha chapel'' serves the Roushie Christian community, wi services in Roushie an Ebreu. ''St. Peter's Kirk'' wis biggit in 1895 on the steid o St. Peter's resurrection o Tabitha. Inside the monastery is the steid o the hoose whaur St. Tabitha lived wi her faimily. [[Immanuel Kirk (Jaffa)|Immanuel Kirk]], biggit 1904, serves the day a [[Lutheran]] congregation wi services in Inglis an Ebreu. ''Andromeda rock'' is the rock tae which bonnie [[Andromeda (meethology)|Andromeda]] wis chained in [[Greek mythology]]. The ''Zodiac alleys'' are a maze o restored alleys leadin tae the harbor. ''Jaffa Hill'' is a centre for [[airchaeology|airchaeological]] fynds, includin restored Egyptian gates, aboot 3,500 year auld. The Libian Synagogue'(''Beit Zunana'') wis a synagogue biggit bi a Jewish landlaird, Zunana, in the 18t century. It wis turned intae a hotel an then a [[saip]] factory, an reopened as a synagogue for [[Libie|Libian]] Jewish immigrants efter 1948. In 1995, it became a museum. [[Jaffa Licht|''Jaffa Lichthoose'']] is an inactive [[lichthoose]] locatit in the auld port. ===Jaffa Museum=== The Jaffa Museum is locatit in an 18t century Ottoman biggin constructit on the remains o a [[Crusades|Crusader]] fortress. In 1811, Abu Nabout turned it intae his seat o govrenment. In the late 19t century, the govrenmental muivit tae the "New Saraya," an the biggin wis sauld tae a walthy Greek-Orthodox faimily who established a soap factory thare. Syne the 1960s, it haes hoosed an airchaeological museum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Article.asp?ArticleID=171&CategoryID=17 |title=Old Jaffa Museum |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2008-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226005633/http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Article.asp?ArticleID=171&CategoryID=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Airchaeology== Excavations on Rabbi Pinchas Street in the flea mercat hae revealed walls an watter conduits datin tae the Iron Age, Hellenistic period, early Islamic period, Crusader period an Ottoman era. A limestone slab (50 × 50&nbsp;cm or 20 × 20 in) engraved wi a menorah discovered on Tanchum Street is believed tae be the door o a tomb.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biblicalproductions.com/archeological_excavations.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2013-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101034312/http://www.biblicalproductions.com/archeological_excavations.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Transportation == [[File:Hatayelet Hakala.jpg|thumb|250px|Jaffa promenade]] ===Bus=== Currently Jaffa is served bi [[bus]] anerlie. [[Dan Bus Company|Dan]] is the biggest bus company in the aurie. It operates frequent service tae various neighborhuids o Tel Aviv, an an' a' connects Jaffa tae [[Bat Yam]]. ===Licht rail=== The [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]] o the planned [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] will cross Jaffa north tae sooth alang Jerusalem Boulevard. ===Jaffa Railway Station=== {{main|Jaffa Railway Station}} Jaffa Railway Station wis the first railway station in the Middle East, it served as the terminus for the [[Jaffa–Jerusalem railway]]. The station wis opened in 1891 an closed in 1948; durin 2005-2009 the station wis restored an convertit tae an entertainment an leisure venue. ==Film== [[File:Passila Ja 032.jpg|thumb|250px|Jaffa flea mercat]] ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)]]'' is set in auncient Joppa. The 2009 Oscar-nominatit film ''[[Ajami (film)|Ajami]]'' is set in modren Jaffa. == See an aa == *[[Jaffa Harbor]] *[[Ajami, Jaffa]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Jaffa}} * [http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Articles.asp?CategoryID=17 The Old Jaffa Development Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009165119/http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Articles.asp?CategoryID=17 |date=2010-10-09 }} * [http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/jaffa The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project] * [http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Jope-em-Israel Jaffa Old City Photos in Cafetorah.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410172121/http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Jope-em-Israel |date=2010-04-10 }} * [http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Telaviv-em-Israel Telaviv-Jaffa in Cafetorah.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708111452/http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Telaviv-em-Israel |date=2011-07-08 }} * [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0494/9404075.htm Arab Jaffa seized before Israel's creation in 1948. ''Washington Report on Middle East Affairs.''] *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=135&letter=J Jewish Encyclopedia: Jaffa] *Schaalje, Jacqueline. [http://www.jewishmag.com/43mag/jaffa/jaffa.htm "Jaffa"], ''The Jewish Magazine'', Mey 2001. *[http://www.co-ground.com/common/yafo.html Travel photos of Old Jaffa and its port] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717131856/http://www.co-ground.com/common/yafo.html |date=2007-07-17 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090108105053/http://www.myworldshots.com/Israel/Jaffa/Israel-Jaffa-1286.html World Cities Images. Jaffa] *[http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Clock_tower.cfm Clock Square Virtual tour at Full HD - No plugin needed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113191112/http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Clock_tower.cfm |date=2008-01-13 }} *[http://www.telaviv4fun.com/jaffa_old_port.html Jaffa Port photo gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622071539/http://telaviv4fun.com/jaffa_old_port.html |date=2011-06-22 }} *[http://www.israelviews.com/photos/jaffa/ Jaffa Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909090535/http://www.israelviews.com/photos/jaffa/ |date=2010-09-09 }} {{Coord|32|3|N|34|45|E|region:IL_type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Israel]] [[Category:Templer settlements]] [[Category:Neebourheids o Tel Aviv]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Israel]] [[Category:Bronze Age steids]] [[Category:Iron Age steids]] [[de:Tel Aviv-Jaffa#Geschichte Jaffas]] r0otbudmp1v2xm60j964m6b3ae30plk 0 17325 923437 858253 2026-09-26T04:54:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Kafr Qasim |image_skyline=Kafr Quasim Memorial, Israel.jpg |image_caption=Monument in Kafr Qasim tae the victims o the [[Kafr Qasim massacre|massacre in 1956]]. |hebname=כַּפְר קָסִם, כפר קאסם |ISO=Kpar Qásim, Kpar Qáˀsem |arname=كفر قاسم |meaning= |coordinates = {{coord|32|06|51|N|34|58|38|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=19t century |type=city |typefrom=2008 |stdHeb= |altOffSp=Kafar Qasem |altUnoSp=Kufur Kassem |district=center | popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population = {{Israel populations|Kafar Qasem}} | population_footnotes={{Israel populations|reference}} |area_dunam=9154 |mayor=Adel Badir }} '''Kafr Qasim''' ({{lang-ar|كفر قاسم}}, cried '''Kafr Qassem''', '''Kufur Kassem''', '''Kfar Kassem''' an '''Kafar Kassem''' an aa), is a hill-top [[Arab citizens o Israel|Israeli Arab]] ceety locatit aboot twinty kilometers east o [[Tel Aviv]], near the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] separatin [[Israel]] an the [[Wast Bank]], on the soothren portion o the "[[Triangle (Israel)|Little Triangle]]" o Arab-Israeli touns an veelages. The toun became notorious for the [[Kafr Qasim massacre]], in which the [[Israel Border Polis]] killed 48 ceevilians on October 29, 1956. On Februar 12, 2008, the Israeli Meenister o the Interior declared Kafr Qasim a ceety in a ceremony held at the toun. == History == The toun's aurie wis populatit in auncient times, wi airchaeological ruins datin back tae Roman times. The modren toun wis foondit in the 17t century bi indwallers o the nearbi veelage Mes'ha. In 1917, durin [[Warld War I]], Kafr Qasim (thegither wi the rest o the aurie) wis captured frae the rulin [[Ottoman Empire]] bi the [[Breetish Airmy]] an wis later placed unner the [[Breetish Mandate o Palestine]]. Kafr Qasim is kent as the veelage whaur the Israeli military advances came tae a halt in the central pairt o Palestine durin the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. In 1949, Israel annexed the toun in accordance wi the [[1949 Airmistice Agreements|airmistice agreements]], which endit the war. Kafr Qasim became kent acause o the [[Kafr Qasim massacre|massacre]] that wis committit bi the Israel border polis (MAGAV) on October 29, 1956, durin which 49 ceevilians wur shot deid. This massacre remains an open wound atween the veelagers an rest o the Israeli society. In 1959, the toun wis grantit local cooncil status bi the [[Meenistry o Interior (Israel)|Israeli Interior Meenistry]] In recent years, the toun became kent as the place whaur [[Sheikh]] [[Abdullah Nimar Darwish]] stairtit the [[Islamic Movement in Israel|Islamic Movement]]. [[Knesset|Israeli parliamentarian]] [[Sheikh]] [[Ibrahim Sarsur]], a native o Kafr Qasim, served for a decade on the [[Local cooncil (Israel)|toun cooncil]] an heids the soothren faction o the Islamic Muivement o Israel syne 1999. In 2008, it wis annoonced that Kafr Qasim coud suin acome a [[ceety cooncil (Israel)|ceety]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/953568.html |title=Majadele: New Arab city will bolster our sense of belonging |access-date=2011-05-23 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210102415/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/953568.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Demographics == At the time o the [[1931 census o Palestine|1931 census]], Kafr Qasim haed 241 occupee'd hooses an a population o 989 Muslims.<ref name="Census1931">{{cite book | editor = E. Mills | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 | page = 64}}</ref> Accordin tae the [[Israel Central Bureau o Statistics]], the toun haed 18,100 maistly [[Muslim]] indwallers at the end o 2007.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 1,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2008-06-30|accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref> Thare are 936 [[female]]s for ivery 1,000 [[male]]s. The population increases at an annual rate o 2.7%. The social-economic rank o the toun is relatively law (3 oot o 10). Anerlie 50.2% o 12t graders wur eligible for graduation (''Bagrut'') certificates in 2000. The average monthly wage in 2000 wis 3,633 [[New Israeli Shekel|NIS]], as opposed tae the naitional average o 6,835 NIS at that time. == Fowk frae Kafr Qasim == *[[Abdullah Nimar Darwish]] *[[Ibrahim Sarsur]] *[[Walid Badir]] == See an aa == *[[Leet o Arab localities in Israel]] == References == {{Commons category|Kfar Qassem|Kafr Qasim}} {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.kufur-kassem.com/home.html Kufur-Kassem hame page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008004811/http://www.kafr-qassem.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=54 Kufur-Kassem offeecial hame page] * [http://www.kafr-qassem.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=90 the village location] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008001835/http://www.kafr-qassem.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=90 |date=2007-10-08 }} * [http://www.kafr-qassem.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=55 Material in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008001613/http://www.kafr-qassem.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=55 |date=2007-10-08 }} * [http://www.kafr-qassem.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=54 Material in Hebrew כפר קאסם בעברית] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008004811/http://www.kafr-qassem.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=54 |date=2007-10-08 }} {{Center Destrict (Israel)}} {{Commons category|Kfar Qassem}} [[Category:Arab localities in Israel]] [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Massacres in Israel]] [[Category:Triangle (Israel)]] b618vr4ckvx1mkt2g8ac30tjhnqyhks 0 17340 923303 917671 2026-09-25T23:39:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Acre |emblem= |emblem_type=Municipal emblem |image_skyline=עכו מבט מדרום.jpg |image_caption= |pushpin_map=Israel |coordinates = {{coord|32|55|40|N|35|04|54|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |arname=عكّا |hebname=עַכּוֹ |ISO=ʕakko |meaning= |founded= |type=city |typefrom= |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=north |population = {{Israel populations|Akko}} |population_footnotes ={{Israel populations|reference}} |popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} |area_dunam=13533 |mayor=[[Shimon Lankri]] }} '''Acre''' ({{lang-he-n|עַכּוֹ}}, ''Akko''; {{lang-ar|عكّا}}, ''ʻAkkā''),<ref>Ither spellins an historical names o the ceety include ''Accho'', ''Acco'' an ([[Bahá'í orthography]]) ''`Akká'', or umwhile ''Aak'', ''Ake'', ''Akre'', ''Akke'', ''Ocina'', ''Antiochia Ptolemais'' ({{lang-el|Αντιόχεια της Πτολεμαΐδος}}), ''Antiochenes'', ''Ptolemais Antiochenes'', ''Ptolemais'' or ''Ptolemaïs'', ''Colonia Claudii Cæsaris'', an ''St.-Jean d'Acre'' (Acre for short)</ref> is a [[Leet o Israeli ceeties|ceety]] in the Wastren [[Galilee]] region o [[Northren Destrict (Israel)|northren]] [[Israel]] at the northren extremity o [[Haifa Bay]]. Acre is ane o the auldest continuously inhabitit steids in the kintra. Historically, it wis a strategic coastal link tae the [[Levant]]. Acre is the holiest ceety o the [[Bahá'í Faith]].<ref name="Stokes">{{cite book|author=Jerry Stokes|title=Changing World Religions, Cults & Occult|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DTPJpanTizwC&pg=PA410|accessdate=19 October 2010|publisher=Jerry Stokes|page=410|id=GGKEY:7PKT22E2TP3}}</ref> In 2009, the population wis 46,300.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2009-12-31|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref> Acre is a mixed ceety, 72 percent Jewish an 28 percent Arab. ==Demography== [[File:Acre cityhall.jpg|thumb|250px|Acre ceety haw]] Accordin tae the Israeli Central Office o Statistics, 95% o the residents in the Auld Ceety are Arab.<ref>http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/statistical/arabju.pdf</ref> Anerlie aboot 15 percent o the current Arab population in the ceety descends frae families who lived thare afore 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1024906.html|title=For Love of Acre|author=Stern, Yoav|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=2008-10-20|archive-date=2008-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019050906/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1024906.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Schuils for Arab ceetizens hae been unnerfundit. In 1999, thare wur 22 schuils in Acre wi an enrollment o 15,000 childer.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/1477231 Cooperative Learning in Israel's Jewish and Arab Schools ]</ref> In 2000 thare wis anerlie ane Arab [[Primary education|elementary schuil]] in the ceety.<ref name=torstrick>Torstrick Rebecca L. (2000) The Limits of Coexistence: [[Identity politics|Identity Politics]] in Israel [[University of Michigan]] Press, ISBN 0472111248 p.219</ref> ==Education an cultur== The Sir Charles Clore Jewish-Arab Community Center in the Wolfson neighborhuid runs youth clubs an programs for Jewish an Arab childer. In 1990, Mohammed Faheli, an Arab resident o Acre, foondit the Acre Jewish-Arab association, which oreeginally operatit oot o twa bomb shelters. In 1993, Dame [[Vivien Duffield]] o the Clore Foundation donatit funds for a new biggin. Amang the programs affered is Peace Child Israel, which employs theater an the airts tae teach coexistence. The pairticipants, Jews an Arabs, spend twa month studyin conflict resolution an then wirk thegither tae produce an oreeginal theatrical performance that addresses the issues thay hae explored. Anither program is Patriots o Acre, a community responsibility an youth tourism program that teaches childer tae acome ambassadors for thair ceety. In the simmer, the centre runs an Arab-Jewish simmer camp for 120 disadvantaged childer aged 5–11. Some 1,000 childer tak pairt in the Acre Center's youth club an youth programmin ivery week. Adult education programs hae been developed for Arab weemen interestit in completin thair heich schuil education an acquirin computer skills tae prepare for joinin the wirkforce. The centre an aa affers parentin courses, an muisic an dance classes.<ref>[http://www.israel21c.org/social-action/ambassadors-for-peace-emerging-from-mixed-israeli-neighborhood Ambassadors for peace emerging from mixed Israeli neighborhood]</ref> ==Landmarks== Acre's Auld Ceety haes been designatit bi [[UNESCO]] as a [[Warld Heritage Steid]]. Syne the 1990s, lairge-scale aircheological excavations hae been unnertaken an efforts are bein made tae preserve auncient steids. In 2009, renovations wur planned for Khan al-Omadan, the Inn o the Columns", the lairgest o several Ottoman inns still staundin in Acre. It wis biggit near the port at the end o the 18t century bi [[Jezzar Pasha|Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar]]. Merchants who arrived at the port wad unload thair wares on the first floor an sleep in lodgins on the seicont floor. In 1906, a clocktouer wis addit ower the main entrance markin the 25t anniversary o the reign o the Turkis sultan, [[‘Abdu’l-Hamid II|Abdul Hamid II]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1061401.html |title=Unearthing Acre's Ottoman roots |access-date=2011-05-24 |archive-date=2009-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313123211/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1061401.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Ceety waws=== [[File:Pizaniwall1.jpg|thumb|250px|Acre sea waw]] In 1750, [[Dhaher al-Omar|Daher El-Omar]], the ruler o Acre, utilized the remnants o the [[Crusades|Crusader]] waws as a fundation for his waws. Twa gates wur set in the waw, the "land gate" in the eastren wall, an the "sea gate" in the soothren wall. The waws wur reinforced atween 1775 an 1799 bi [[Jezzar Pasha]] an survived [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]]'s siege. The waw wis thin: its heicht wis 10 tae 13 metres (33 tae 43 feet) an its thickness anerlie ane metre (3&nbsp;ft). A hivy land [[Defensive waw|defence waw]] wis biggit north an east tae the ceety in 1800–1814 bi [[Jezzar Pasha]] an his Jewish advisor [[Haim Farhi]]. It consists o a modren coonter airtillery [[fortification]] which includes a thick [[defensive wall]], a dry [[moat]], [[cannon]] ootposts an three ''burges'' (lairge defensive touers). Syne then, no major modifications hae taken place. The sea waw, which remains maistly complete, is the oreeginal El-Omar's waw that wis reinforced bi Jezzar Pasha. In 1910 twa additional gates wur set in the waws, ane in the northren waw an ane in the north-wastren corner o the ceety. In 1912 the [[Akko Light|Acre lichthoose]] wis biggit on the sooth-wastren corner o the waws. ===Jezzar Pasha Mosque=== The [[Jezzar Pasha Mosque|Mosque o Jezzar Pasha]] wis biggit in 1781. [[Jezzar Pasha]] an his successor [[Suleiman Pasha]], are baith buried in a sma graveyard adjacent tae the mosque. In a shrine on the seicont level o the mosque, a single hair frae the prophet Mohammed's beard is kept an shawn on special ceremonial occasions. ===Citadel o Acre=== The current biggin which constitutes the citadel o Acre is an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fortification, biggit on the fundation o the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitallerian citadel]]. The citadel wis pairt o the ceety's defensive formation, reinforcin the northren waw. Durin the 20t century the [[citadel]] wis uised mainly as a [[preeson]] an as the site for a [[gallows]]. Durin the [[Breetish Mandate o Palestine|Breetish mandate]] period, activists o Jewish Zionist [[resistance movement]]s wur held preesoner thare; some wut executit thare. ===Hamam al-Basha=== [[File:Turkish hamam in acre.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Hamam al-Basha]] Built in 1795 bi Jezzar Pasha, Acre's [[Turkis bath|hammam]] haes a series o het ruims an a hexagonal steam ruim wi a marble funtain. It wis uised bi the [[Irgun]] as a brig tae break intae the citadel's preeson. The bathhoose kept functionin till 1950. ===Knights' Haws=== [[File:Akko-Citadel.jpg|thumb|250px|Knights Haws]] Unner the citadel an preeson o Acre, airchaeological excavations revealed a complex o haws, which wis biggit an uised bi the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitallers Knights]].<ref name="jewishmag1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishmag.com/30MAG/acco/acco.htm |title=Archaeology in Israel&nbsp;– Acco (Acre) |publisher=Jewishmag.com |date= |accessdate=May 5, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606132333/http://www.jewishmag.com/30mag/acco/acco.htm| archivedate= 6 June 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> This complex wis a pairt o the Hospitallers' citadel, which wis combined in the northren waw o Acre. The complex includes sax semi-jynt haws, ane recently excavatit lairge haw, a dungeon, a [[dinin room]] an remains o an auncient [[Gothic airchitectur|Gothic]] kirk. [[Medieval European]] remains include the Kirk o [[Saunt George]] an adjacent hooses at the Genovese Square (cried Kikar ha-Genovezim or Kikar Genoa in Ebreu). Thare wur an aa residential quarters an mercatplaces run bi merchants frae [[Pisa]] an [[Amalfi]] in [[Crusades|Crusader]] an medieval Acre. ===Bahá'í holy places=== [[File:Bahji.jpg|thumb|250px|Bahai shrine in Acre, Bahji mansion]] Thare are mony [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]] holy places in an aroond Acre. Thay oreeginate frae [[Bahá'u'lláh]]'s impreesonment in the [[Bahá'í Warld Centre biggins#Prison cell o Bahá'u'lláh|Citadel]] during Ottoman Rule. The feenal years o Bahá'u'lláh's life wur spent in the Mansion o [[Bahjí]], juist ootside Acre, even tho he wis still formally a preesoner o the Ottoman Empire. Bahá'u'lláh dee'd on Mey 29, 1892 in Bahjí, an his [[Shrine o Bahá'u'lláh|shrine]] is the [[Maist Holy Place|maist holy place]] for Bahá'ís — thair [[Qiblih]], the location thay face when sayin thair daily prayers. It contains the remains o Bahá'u'lláh an is near the spot whaur he dee'd in the Mansion o Bahjí. Ither Bahá'í steids in Acre are the [[Bahá'í Warld Centre biggins#Hoose o `Abbúd|House of `Abbúd]] (whaur Bahá'u'lláh an his family residit) an the [[Bahá'í Warld Centre buildings#Hoose o `Abdu'lláh Páshá|Hoose o `Abdu'lláh Páshá]] (whaur later 'Abdu'l-Bahá residit wi his family), an the [[Bahá'í Warld Centre biggins#The Garden o Ridván|Garden o Ridván]] whaur he spent the end o his life. In 2008, the [[Bahá'í Warld Centre biggins|Bahai holy places]] in Acre an [[Haifa]] wur addit tae the [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid|Warld Heritage Leet]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bwns.org/story/642|title=Baha’i Shrines Chosen as World Heritage sites|publisher=Baha'i World News Service|date=2008-07-08|accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1000944.html|title=Israeli Baha'i Sites Recognized by UNESCO|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|author=Glass, Hannah|date=2008-07-10|accessdate=2008-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922091911/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1000944.html|archivedate=2008-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Transportation== The Acre central [[bus station]], served bi [[Egged Bus Cooperative|Egged]], affers ceety an inter-ceety bus routes tae destinations aw ower Israel. The ceety is an aa served bi the [[Acre Railway Station]]. ==Twin touns — Sister ceeties== Acre is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Pisa]], Italy, syne 1998 <ref name="Pisa">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.pisa.it/english/doc/gemhome.htm|title=''Pisa – Official Sister Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] Comune di Pisa, Via degli Uffizi, 1 – 56100 Pisa centralino: +39 050 910111|accessdate=2008-12-16|archive-date=2012-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416193130/http://www.comune.pisa.it/english/doc/gemhome.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> * {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Bregenz]], Austrick * {{flagicon|France}} [[La Rochelle]], Fraunce, syne 1972<ref name="La Rochelle">{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-larochelle.fr/en/decouvrir-la-ville/villes-jumelles.html |title=La Rochelle: Twin towns |publisher=www.ville-larochelle.fr |accessdate=2009-11-07 |archive-date=2017-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020095103/http://www.ville-larochelle.fr/en/decouvrir-la-ville/villes-jumelles.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Recklinghausen]], Germany * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Bielsko-Biała]], Poland<ref name="Bielsko">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.bielsko.pl/|title=''Bielsko-Biała – Partner Cities''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Urzędu Miejskiego w Bielsku-Białej.|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], Unitit States * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Deerfield Beach, Florida|Deerfield Beach]], Unitit States ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Sources== *<span class="citation" id="refKarsh">{{cite book|author=Karsh, Efraim|authorlink=Efraim Karsh|year=2010|title=Palestine Betrayed|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12727-0}}</span> ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Acre (city)|Acre, Israel}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Acre (town)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110519203217/http://www.akko.org.il/english/main/default.asp Offeecial wabsteid o the Auld Ceety o Acre] * [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Acco.html Acre's History] (Jewish [[Virtual library|Virtual Library]]) * [http://www.triptouch.com/israel/akko Acre travel home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104548/http://www.triptouch.com/israel/akko |date=2011-07-17 }} (TripTouch.com) * [http://www.bibleplaces.com/acco.htm Names by which Acre has been known & pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120145413/http://www.bibleplaces.com/acco.htm |date=2008-11-20 }} (Bibleplaces.com) * [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0006.html Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822075442/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0006.html |date=2006-08-22 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A5545442 The Tourists Guide tae Acre] * [http://www.ianandwendy.com/Israel/Akko/slideshow.htm Photo gallery o the auld ceety o Acco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630143928/http://www.ianandwendy.com/Israel/Akko/slideshow.htm |date=2011-06-30 }} {{Northren Destrict (Israel)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1929 Palestine riots]] [[Category:Acre, Israel| ]] [[Category:Arab Christian commonties in Israel]] [[Category:Baha'i haly ceeties]] [[Category:Castles an fortifications o the Knichts Hospitaller]] [[Category:Ceeties in Northren Destrict (Israel)]] [[Category:Coloniae (Roman)]] [[Category:Ebreu Bible ceeties]] [[Category:Histories o ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Haly ceeties]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Israel]] [[Category:Mixed Israeli commonties]] [[Category:New Testament ceeties]] [[Category:Phoenician ceeties]] [[Category:Roman touns an ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Talmud places]] 5idvyd9x6trbw3ls3z4sv9eoo68ql1l 0 18115 923379 920154 2026-09-26T02:15:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Damanhur |other_name = |native_name = دمنهور |native_name_lang = arz |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline =File:Damanhour.jpg |imagesize = 300 |image_caption =Damanhur |image_flag = Flag of Behira Govenorate.JPG |flag_size = |image_seal = Coat of Arms of Behira Govenorate.png |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Egypt<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Egyp <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Egyp}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Egyp|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Beheira Govrenorate|Beheira]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |<!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2011 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =242700 |population_density_km2 =auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone =[[Egyp Staundart Time|EST]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|02|26|N|30|28|12|E|region:EG|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 18 |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = (+20) 45 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Damanhur''' ({{lang-ar|دمنهور}} {{transl|ar|''Damanhūr''}}, [[Egyptian leid|Egyptian]]: ''Dmỉ-n-Ḥr.w'', [[Coptic leid|Coptic]]: {{Coptic|Ⲧⲙⲉⲛϩⲱⲣ}}, {{lang-el|Ἑρμοῦ πόλις μικρά |translit=Hermopolis Mikra}}) is a ceity in [[Lawer Egyp]], an the caipital o the [[Beheira Govrenorate]]. It is located 70&nbsp;km (43&nbsp;mi) sootheast o [[Cairo]], an 70&nbsp;km (43&nbsp;mi) northwast o [[Alexandria]], in the middle o the wastren [[Nile Delta]]. ==History== In [[Auncient Egyp]], the ceity wis the caipital o [[Lawer Egyp]]'s 7t [[Nome (Egyp)|Nome]] o '''[[A-ment]]'''. It stuid on the banks o a canal which connectit the lake [[Mareotis]] wi the [[Canopic]] or maist wasterly airm o the [[Nile]]. ([[Champollion]], ''L'Egypte'', vol. ii. p.&nbsp;249). The ceity wis dedicatit tae the Auncient Egyptian god [[Horus]]. In Greek an Roman times, it wis cried Hermopolis Mikra or Hermopolis Parva, which wad give it an association wi [[Hermes]], the Egyptian [[Thoth]]. As ''Hermopolis'', the ceity attractit the notice o numerous auncient geographers, includin [[Stephanus o Byzantium]] ''s. v.'', [[Strabo]] (xvii. p.&nbsp;802), [[Ptolemy]] (iv. 5. § 46), an the author o the [[Antonine Itinerary]] (p.&nbsp;154). It is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[titular see]]. In 1986, the population o Damanhur wis 188,939. The richly-cultivatit Beheira province gives rise tae mainly agricultural industries which include cotton ginnin, potato processin, an date pickin. It haes a mercat for cotton an rice an aw. [[Ahmed H. Zewail]], who wan the [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] in 1999, wis born in Damanhur in 1946. ==Etymology== Damanhur (or Damanhour) wis kent in the auncient Egyptian scripts bi the name "Di Men Hor", which means the ceity o god Hor or [[Horus]], on the grunds that it wis a center for the worship o this god. It wis kent bi ither names an aw: in the Egyptian texts kent as "Behdet", in the Greek texts kent as the "Hermopolis Prva" which means the ceity Hermes Minor, cried "Obollenoboles" in regards tae the Greek god [[Apollo]], an then they cried it "Tel Ballamon". Later, the Egyptians returned the oreeginal auld name, an pronoonce it "Temenhor", an efter the [[Islamic conquest]] they misrepresentit the name tae its name in [[Arabic]] which is nou kent as "Damanhur". ==Climate== Being locatit close tae the [[Nile Delta]] that gives Damanhur a [[Mediterranean climate]]. The ceity gets average [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] durin [[winter]], an rare [[rain]] durin ither [[saison]]s. [[Hail]] an [[frost]] are no unkent specifically durin winter. ==Tomb o Yaakov Abuhatzeira== The toun contains the tomb o [[Yaakov Abuhatzeira]] (1805–1880) a Moroccan Rabbi who dee'd here in 1880 while on a pilgrimage tae the [[Land o Israel]]. The steid is visitit each year bi hunders o devotees.<ref name=H>Barak, David. [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1138668.html Mubarak to allow Jewish pilgrims to visit famous rabbi's tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413080558/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1138668.html |date=2010-04-13 }}, ''[[Haaretz]]'', (December 30, 2009).</ref> The tomb is an offeecial antiquity steid protectit bi the govrenment o Egyp.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lipton |first1=Edward P. |title=Religious Freedom in the Near East, Northern Africa and the Former Soviet States |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=43_j4vdkk5MC&pg=PA18 |accessdate=2011-02-16 |year=2002 |publisher=Nova Publishers |location=New York |isbn=9781590333907 |page=18}}</ref> Some Egyptians hae protestit against permittin Jews tae enter Egyp tae mak the annual pilgrimage tae Rabbi Abuhatzeira's tomb.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90028915?Israeli%20pilgrims%20to%20Egyptian%20grave%20met%20with%20hostility |title=Israeli pilgrims to Egyptian grave met with hostility |first=David E. |last=Miller |date=28 December 2010 |publisher=The Media Line |format=Reprint |accessdate=2011-02-16 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113439/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90028915?Israeli%20pilgrims%20to%20Egyptian%20grave%20met%20with%20hostility |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 December 2010 |title=Cairo Airport prepares for Israeli pilgrims |journal=[[Al-Ahram]] |accessdate=2011-02-16 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/2674/Egypt/Cairo-Airport-prepares-for-Israeli-pilgrims-.aspx |archive-date=2011-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111115007/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/2674/Egypt/Cairo-Airport-prepares-for-Israeli-pilgrims-.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Cultural references== Damanhur is the fictional hame o the character Nebamon in the beuk ''Rise of the Golden Cobra'', bi [[Henry T. Aubin]]. Damanhur name is uised bi the airtist eco-veelage in northren Italy. ==References== {{reflist}} *{{1911|wstitle=Damanhūr}} *{{SmithDGRG|title=Damanhūr}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/EG/3/Damanhur.html|title=Geographical information on Damanhur, Egypt|accessdate=2008-03-30|author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc|archive-date=2008-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726124446/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/EG/3/Damanhur.html|url-status=dead}} *https://web.archive.org/web/20051107230115/http://www.damanhour.5u.com/en.htm Arabic script *http://www.damanhour.5u.com/en.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107230115/http://www.damanhour.5u.com/en.htm |date=2005-11-07 }} Inglis script *http://www.saeednet.4t.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321235728/http://www.saeednet.4t.com/ |date=2008-03-21 }} live cam frae Damanhour *{{CathEncy|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07289b.htm|title=Hermopolis Parva}} {{coord|31|03|N|30|28|E|display=title}} {{EgypLairgestCeeties}} {{Govrenorates caipital o Egyp}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Populatit places in Beheira Govrenorate]] [[Category:Govrenorate caipitals in Egyp]] [[Category:Nile River Delta]] [[Category:Auncient Greek steids in Egyp]] [[Category:Roman steids in Egyp]] [[Category:Titular sees in Africae]] [[Category:Jewish pilgrimage steids]] hr1drje9ulr0poxqjyg0he2ifxin2xb 0 18221 923330 844204 2026-09-25T23:56:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923330 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lebanon districts Aley.png|thumb|right|250px|Location o Aley Destrict in Lebanon]] '''Aley''' ({{lang-ar|'''عاليه'''}}) is a destrict (''[[qadaa]]'') in [[Munt Lebanon Govrenorate]], [[Lebanon]], tae the sooth-east o the Lebanon's caipital [[Beirut]]. The caipital is [[Aley]]. [[Aley]] ceety wis previously kent as the "bride o the simmers" durin the 1960s an 70s, when [[Aley]] an neighborin Bhamdune wur attractive tourist locations for Gulf tourists an Lebanese emigres. Durin the 1975-1990 [[Lebanese ceevil war]], Aley witnessed several battles aroond its environs. == Veelages == * [[Aazoneyye]] * [[Abey]] * [[Abadieh]] * [[Aghmeed]] * [[Ain Aanoub]] * [[Ainab]] * [[Ain Dara]] * [[Ain el Remaneh]] * [[Ain el Saydeh]] * [[Aitat]] * [[Aley]] * [[Aramoun]] * [[Baalchmey]] * [[Badghan]] * [[Basateen]] * [[Baysour]] * [[Bdadoun]] * [[Bechamoun]] - - first veelage tae raise the Lebenese flag in 22 November 1943 * [[Bhamdoun]] * [[Bleibel]] * [[Bkheshtey]] * [[Bmohray]] * [[Bmakin]] * [[Bsous]] * [[Chartoun]] * [[Chemlane]] * [[Kahale]] * [[Kaifun]] * [[Kfarmatta]] * [[Ktaily]] * [[Majd l Baana]] * [[Majdlaya]] * [[Mecherfe]] * [[Qmatiye]] * [[Qobeiy]] * [[Qrayye]] * [[Ramlieh]] * [[Rechmaya]] * [[Rimhala]] * [[Sarhmoul]] * [[Sawfar]] * [[Sharoun]] * [[Silfaya]] * [[Souk El Gharb]] ==Demographics== Like the Chouf destrict, Aley is a diverse aurie whaur various releegious sects coincide in peace an harmony. The lairgest releegious community in the Aley destrict are the [[Druze]], follaed bi [[Maronite]], an [[Greek Orthodox]] Christians. There are an aa sma communities o [[Sunni]], an Shiite Muslims. Christians uised tae constitute the majority afore the ceevil war. == Freemit airtins == * [http://kahale.net Kahale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901151618/http://www.kahale.net/ |date=2006-09-01 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201204201152/http://bsousonline.info/ Bsous] {{Destricts o Lebanon}} {{coord missing|Lebanon}} [[Category:Aley Destrict| ]] [[Category:Destricts o Lebanon]] tvyozr6qeenr7awb9zm0s3jg8ldtd0s 0 18261 923493 920096 2026-09-26T07:27:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Ouagadougou |other_name = |native_name = |settlement_type = Caipital o Burkina Faso |nickname = Ouaga |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = ''Place des cineastes'' |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = <!-- BurkinaFaso-Ouagadougou.png --> |mapsize = 150px |map_caption = <!-- Location of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso --> |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Burkina Faso |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = Location within Burkina Faso |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Burkina Faso}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = [[Centre Region (Burkina Faso)|Centre Region]] |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = [[Kadiogo]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Casimir Marin Ilboudo]] (syne 2013) |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 219.3 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = 2805 |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&sbj=pg&geo=-31|title=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130111110626/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&sbj=pg&geo=-31|archivedate=2013-01-11|access-date=2014-07-29|url-status=live}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 1626950 |population_density_km2 = 6727 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 1727390 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|12|21|26|N|1|32|7|W|region:BF|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 305 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +226 50 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website =[http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf Official website] |footnotes = }} '''Ouagadougou''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˌ|w|ɑː|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|uː|ɡ|uː}}; [[Mòoré language|Mossi]]: {{IPA-mos|ˈwaɡᵊdᵊɡᵊ|}}) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] o [[Burkina Faso]] an the admeenistrative, communications, cultural an economic centre o the naition. It is an aa the kintra's lairgest ceety, wi a population o 1,475,223 (2006).<ref name="c2006">[http://www.insd.bf/Documents/Publications/INSD/Publications/Resultats_enquetes/Autres%20enq/Rapport_preliminaire_RGPH06.pdf National 2006 census final results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721185435/http://www.insd.bf/Documents/Publications/INSD/Publications/Resultats_enquetes/Autres%20enq/Rapport_preliminaire_RGPH06.pdf |date=2015-07-21 }}</ref> The ceety's name is aften shortened tae ''Ouaga''. The indwallers are cried ''ouagalais''. The spellin o the name ''Ouagadougou'' is derived frae the [[French leid|French]] orthography common in umwhile French African colonies. If Inglis orthography wur uised (as in Ghana or Nigerie), the spellin wad be ''Wagadugu''.<ref name="Com">Commune Ouagadougou (2005). Mairie de Ouagadougou. Retrieved March 19, 2006 from [http://www.mairie-Ouaga.bf Mairie de Ouagadougou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028013056/https://mairie-ouaga.bf/ |date=2021-10-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001118/http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf/ |date=2011-06-29 }} {{fr icon}}</ref> Ouagadougou's primary industries are [[fuid processin]] an [[textiles]]. It is served bi an [[Ouagadougou Airport|internaitional airport]], rail links tae [[Abidjan]] in [[Côte d'Ivoire]] an tae [[Kaya, Burkina Faso|Kaya]] in the north o Burkina, an a heich-gate tae [[Niamey]], [[Niger]]. Ouagadougou wis the steid o Ouagadougou grand mercat, ane o the lairgest mercats in [[Wast Africae]], which burned in 2003 an remains closed. Ither attractions include the Naitional Museum o Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (steid o the [[Moro-Naba Ceremony]]), the [[Naitional Museum o Muisic]], an several [[craft]] mercats. ==History== [[File:NE 1200ad.jpg|right|500px|thumb|Near East in 1200 CE, showin the Kinrick o Wagadugu an its neighbors.]] The name ''Ouagadougou'' dates back tae the 15t century when the Ninsi tribes inhabitit the aurie. They wur in constant conflict till 1441 when Wubri, a Yonyonse hero an an important figur in [[Burkina Faso]]’s history, led his tribe tae victory. He then renamed the aurie frae “Kumbee-Tenga,” as the Ninsi haed cried it, tae “Wogodogo,” meanin "where fowk get honor an respect." ''Ouagadougou'' is a [[Francophone]] o Wogodogo. The ceety became the caipital o the [[Mossi Empire]] in 1441 an wis the permanent residence o the Mossi emperors (Moro-Naba) frae 1681.<ref name="wikifr">{{cite web | url=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou | title=French Wikipedia page | accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref> The [[Moro-Naba Ceremony]] is still performed ivery Friday bi the Moro-Naba an his court. The French made Ouagadougou the caipital o the [[Upper Volta]] territory (basically the same aurie as contemporary independent Burkina Faso) in 1919. In 1954 the railwey line frae [[Côte d'Ivoire]] reached the ceety. The population o Ouagadougou doubled frae 1954 tae 1960 an haes been doublin syne aboot ivery ten years.<ref name="wikifr"/> ==Geography== Ouagadougou, situatit on the central plateau (12.4° N 1.5° W), grew aroond the imperial palace o the [[Mogho Naaba]]. Being an admeenistrative centre o colonial rule, it became an important urban centre in the post-colonial era. First the caipital o the [[Mossi Kinricks]] an later o Upper Volta an Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou became a veritable communal centre in 1995. ==Government== The first municipal elections wur held in 1956. Ouagadougou is govrened bi a mayor, who is electit for a five-year term, twa senior councillors, an 90 cooncillors. The ceety is dividit intae five arrondissements, consistin o 30 sectors, which are subdividit intae destricts. Destricts o Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, an Tiendpalogo. Seiventeen veelages comprise the Ouagadougou metropolitan aurie, which is aboot 219.3&nbsp;km². The population o this aurie is estimatit tae be 1,475,000 indwallers, 48% o which are men an 52% weemen. The rural population is aboot 5% an the urban population aboot 95% o the total, an the density is 6,727 indwallers per square kilometer, accordin tae 2006 census. Concernin ceety management, the communes o Ouagadougou hae made the decision tae invest in huge projects. This is lairgely acause Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' bi merit o hauldin the [[SIAO]] (Internaitional Airts an Crafts fair) an the [[FESPACO]] (Panafrican Film an Telly Festival o Ouagadougou). Mairower, the growin affluence o the veelages allou for such investment, an the fact that the population is growin rapidly necessitates it.<ref name="Com" /> {| class="wikitable" |- |+ The Arrondissements o Ouagadougou |- ! {{highlight1}} | Arrondissement ! {{highlight1}} | Population (Census 2006)<ref name="c2006" /> |- | Baskuy || 180,512 |- | Bogodogo || 374,473 |- | Boulmiougou || 366,182 |- | Nongremassom|| 188,329 |- | Sig-Noghin|| 163,859 |} ==Climate== The [[Burkina Faso#Geography an climate|climate o Ouagadougou]] is hot. Unner the [[Köppen climate classification]] the ceety featurs a [[tropical savanna climate]]. The ceety is pairt o the Soudano-Sahelian aurie, wi a rainfaw o aboot 900&nbsp;mm (35&nbsp;in) per year. The rainy saison stretches frae Mey tae October, wi an average temperatur o 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F). The cauld saison runs frae December tae Januar, wi a minimum temperatur o 19&nbsp;°C (66&nbsp;°F). The maximum temperatur durin the hot saison, which runs frae Mairch tae Mey, can reach 45&nbsp;°C (113&nbsp;°F). The [[harmattan]] (a dry wind) an the [[monsuin]] are the twa main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate." {{Weather box |location = Ouagadougou |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 45 |Feb record high C = 45 |Mar record high C = 45 |Apr record high C = 47 |May record high C = 48 |Jun record high C = 44 |Jul record high C = 41 |Aug record high C = 38 |Sep record high C = 39 |Oct record high C = 41 |Nov record high C = 42 |Dec record high C = 45 |Jan high C=32.2 |Feb high C=36.3 |Mar high C=38.4 |Apr high C=39.1 |May high C=37.3 |Jun high C=34.3 |Jul high C=31.8 |Aug high C=30.9 |Sep high C=32 |Oct high C=35.4 |Nov high C=35.9 |Dec high C=33.6 |Jan mean C=24.6 |Feb mean C=27.7 |Mar mean C=30.7 |Apr mean C=32.4 |May mean C=31.4 |Jun mean C=29.1 |Jul mean C=27.1 |Aug mean C=26.4 |Sep mean C=26.9 |Oct mean C=28.9 |Nov mean C=27.5 |Dec mean C=25.1 |Jan low C=16.1 |Feb low C=19.1 |Mar low C=23 |Apr low C=25.7 |May low C=25.5 |Jun low C=23.9 |Jul low C=22.4 |Aug low C=21.9 |Sep low C=21.9 |Oct low C=22.5 |Nov low C=19.2 |Dec low C=16.7 |Jan record low C = 9 |Feb record low C = 12 |Mar record low C = 15 |Apr record low C = 15 |May record low C = 19 |Jun record low C = 17 |Jul record low C = 18 |Aug record low C = 14 |Sep record low C = 19 |Oct record low C = 18 |Nov record low C = 16 |Dec record low C = 11 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm=0 |Feb precipitation mm=2 |Mar precipitation mm=5 |Apr precipitation mm=23 |May precipitation mm=71 |Jun precipitation mm=110 |Jul precipitation mm=176 |Aug precipitation mm=227 |Sep precipitation mm=139 |Oct precipitation mm=33 |Nov precipitation mm=1 |Dec precipitation mm=1 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days=0 |Feb precipitation days=0.1 |Mar precipitation days=0.5 |Apr precipitation days=0.6 |May precipitation days=3.3 |Jun precipitation days=4.8 |Jul precipitation days=8 |Aug precipitation days=10.9 |Sep precipitation days=5.7 |Oct precipitation days=1.3 |Nov precipitation days=0 |Dec precipitation days=0 |Jan humidity=30.5 |Feb humidity=28.5 |Mar humidity=29.5 |Apr humidity=39.5 |May humidity=52.5 |Jun humidity=61 |Jul humidity=70 |Aug humidity=74 |Sep humidity=69.5 |Oct humidity=58 |Nov humidity=44 |Dec humidity=34.5 |Jand sun=9 |Febd sun=9 |Mard sun=9 |Aprd sun=8 |Mayd sun=9 |Jund sun=8 |Juld sun=7 |Augd sun=6 |Sepd sun=7 |Octd sun=9 |Novd sun=9 |Decd sun=8 | source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org'', altitude: 298m<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate: Ouagadougou - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/512/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=10 October 2013}}</ref> | source 2 = ''BBC Weather'' for humididty, sunshine, precipitation days and records<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2357048 | title =Average Conditions Ouagadougou | publisher =BBC Weather | accessdate =10 October 2013}}</ref> }} ==Tourism== ===Parks=== The Bangr-Weoogo urban pairk (aurie: 2.63 km2 (1 sq mi)), afore colonialism, belanged tae the Mosse chiefs. Considerin it a sacred forest, mony went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregardin its local significance an history, established it as a pairk in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations wur done in the pairk. In January 2001, the pairk wis renamed “Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo,” meanin "the urban pairk o the forest o knowledge." Anither notable pairk in Ouagadougou is the “L’Unité Pédagogique”, which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic gairden/biosphere seestem stretches ower 8 hectares (20 acres) an an aw serves as a museum for the kintra’s history. “Jardin de l’amitié Ouaga-Loudun” (Garden o Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), wi a green space that wis renovatit in 1996, is a seembol o the twin-ceety relationship atween Ouagadougou an Loudun in Fraunce. It is situatit in the centre o the ceety, near the “Naition Unies’ crossroads.” ===Ither steids=== “Naba Koom” is a statue depictin a wumman handlin a [[calabash]] tae pour watter. The 6-metre (20&nbsp;ft) heich statue faces the railway station, walcomin travellers intae Ouaga. The place bears the name o an important chief in Burkina Faso’s history. “Laongo”, 30&nbsp;km (19&nbsp;mi) east o the ceety, features enormous granite slabs that wur designed bi various sculptors. The exhibit displays wirks o airt frae five continents.<ref name="Com" /> “La Place du Grand Lyon” is a monument that reflects the relationship atween Burkina Faso’s caipital an Lyon in Fraunce. It is locatit near the French cultural Centre [[Georges Méliès]] an featurs an imposin lion. A zoo cried “Parc Animalier de Ziniaré” is locatit 30&nbsp;km (19&nbsp;mi) east o the ceety in the hametoun o the preses. * [[Naitional Museum o Music]]: exhibits aw the muisical instruments o Burkina Faso. * [[Musée de Manega]]: an aa exhibits musical instruments o Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles an ither cultural items. Located 55&nbsp;km (34&nbsp;mi) northwast o the ceety === Sichts o Ouagadougou === {| | [[File:ouagadougou place nations unies.JPG|thumb|The Place des Nations Unies in the centre o the ceety.]] | [[File:Burkina Faso - transport of chickens.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Burkinabé]] man transportin chickens]] | [[File:Ouagadougou house.jpg|upright|thumb|Hoosin in Ouagadougou]] | [[File:Strasse ouaga001 2007-02.JPG|thumb|A side street.]] |} {| | [[File:Cathedrale-Ouagadougou.JPG|thumb|[[Ouagadougou Cathedral]]]] | | [[File:Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg|thumb|Ouagadougou in late December 1930 or early Januar 1931. Air photo taken bi Swiss pilot an photographer [[Walter Mittelholzer]].]] |} {| | [[File:Ouagadougou SPOT 1087.jpg|thumb|Ouagadougou seen frae [[SPOT (satellites)|SPOT Satellite]].]] |} ==Social life an education== ===Education=== Though literacy in Ouagadougou is no heich, thare are ten universities in the ceety. The lairgest college is the state [[University o Ouagadougou]] which wis foondit in 1974. The offeecial leid in the ceety is French an the principal local leids are [[More leid|More]], [[Dioula leid|Dyula]] an [[Fula leid|Fulfulde]]. The bilingual program in schuils (French plus ane o the local leids) wis established in 1994.<ref name="Com" /> ===Sport, cultur, an leisur=== A wide array o sports, includin [[association fitbaw]], [[basketbaw]], an [[volleybaw]], is played bi Ouagadougou indwallers. Thare are sports tournaments an activities organized bi the local authorities. Thare are a nummer o cultural an airt venues, such as the Maison du Peuple an Salle des Banquets, in addition tae performances o mony genres o muisic, includin traditional fowk muisic, modren muisic, an [[Hip hop muisic|rap]].<ref name="Com" /> ===Airt an crafts=== Several internaitional festivals an activities are organized athin the municipality, such as [[FESPACO]] (Panafrican Film an Television Festival o Ouagadougou), which is Africae's lairgest festival o this type, [[SIAO]] (Internaitional Airt an Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Muisic Festival), FITMO (Internaitional Theatre an Marionnette Festival) an FESTIVO.<ref name="Com" /><ref name="G">La Girafe (2004). Ouaga-ca-bouge. Retrieved March 19, 2006 from [http://www.Ouaga-ca-bouge.net Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820153523/http://www.ouaga-ca-bouge.net/ |date=2010-08-20 }} {{fr icon}}</ref> ==Health== Ouagadougou haes baith state an private hospitals. The twa state hospitals in the ceety are the Centre hospitalier naitional Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) an the Centre hospitalier naitional pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG), but thare are an aa private hospitals. Despite that, the local population still lairgely trusts traditional local medicine an the “pharmacopée.”<ref name="Com"/> ==Transport== Mony residents travel on motorcycles an mopeds. The lairge private vendor o motorcycles JC Megamonde sells 50,000 motorbikes an mopeds ivery year.<ref name="wikifr"/> Ouagadougou's citizens an aa travel in green [[taxicab|cabs]], which take their passengers anywhere in toun for 200 tae 400 [[CFA Franc|CFA]], but the price is heicher efter 10:00 p.m. an can then reach 1000[[CFA Franc|CFA]]. [[Ouagadougou Airport]] (code OUA) serves the aurie wi flichts tae Wast Africae an Europe. [[Air Burkina]] haes its heid office in the Air Burkina Storey Building ({{lang-fr|Immeuble Air Burkina}}) in Ouagadougou.<ref>"[http://www.air-burkina.com/pages/en/contattaci/contattaci.aspx?language=en Contact-us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205110111/http://www.air-burkina.com/pages/en/contattaci/contattaci.aspx?language=en |date=2009-12-05 }}." [[Air Burkina]]. Retrieved on 19 October 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://www.air-burkina.com/pages/fr/contattaci/contattaci.aspx?language=fr Contactez-nous] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016024741/http://www.air-burkina.com/pages/fr/contattaci/contattaci.aspx?language=fr |date=2009-10-16 }}." [[Air Burkina]]. Retrieved on 19 October 2009.</ref> Ouagadougou is connectit bi rail tae Côte d'Ivoire an tae [[Kaya, Burkina Faso|Kaya]] in the north o Burkina Faso. See [[Rail transport in Burkina Faso]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], [[Canadae]] *{{flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], [[Fraunce]]<ref name="Lyon">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|France}} [[Grenoble]], [[Fraunce]] *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Turin]], [[Italy]] *{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]] || *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[San Miniato]], [[Italy]] *{{flagicon|Wales}} [[Briton Ferry]], [[Wales]] *{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Leuze-en-Hainaut]], [[Belgium]] *{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], [[Kuwait]] *{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Republic o Cheenae]] ([[Taiwan]]) |} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat}} *[http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf/ Ouagadougou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001118/http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf/ |date=2011-06-29 }} Offeecial steid o the govrenment o Ouagadougou *[http://www.izf.net/izf/Documentation/Cartes/CentreVille/Ouagadougou.htm The plan o Ouagdougou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427024915/http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/centreVille/ouagadougou.htm |date=2006-04-27 }} *[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UV/53/Ouagadougou.html Falling Rain Genomics: Warld Index, an ither pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208174819/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UV/53/Ouagadougou.html |date=2021-02-08 }} * {{wikivoyage|Ouagadougou}} *[http://www.izf.net/documentation/cartes/centreville/Ouagadougou Burkina-Faso: Le plan de Ouagadougou.(2004). Le plan de Ouagadougou(Burkina-Faso)] {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Ouagadougou| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:French Wast Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Centre Region]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceity}} png33lxcpgjrt8rb0tn6c687yr769sw 0 18264 923522 821289 2026-09-26T08:43:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Locator map Iran Semnan Province.png|thumb|right|Map o Iran wi Semnān heichlichtit]] '''Semnan Province''' ({{lang-fa|استان سمنان}}, ''Ostān-e Semnān'' ) is ane o the 31 [[provinces o Iran|provinces]] o [[Iran]]. It is in the north o the kintra, an its center is [[Semnan]]. The province o Semnan covers an aurie o 96,816 square kilometers an stretches alang the [[Alborz]] muntain range an borders tae [[Dasht-e Kavir]] desert in its soothren pairts. Coonties o the province include [[Semnan Coonty|Semnan]], [[Damghan]], [[Shahrood]], [[Mehdishahr Coonty|Mehdishahr (Sangsar)]] an [[Garmsar]]. In 1996, the province haed a population o aboot 501,000, an in 2005 Semnan ceety (the caipital o the province) haed a population o 119,778, an the ceety o Shahroud, which accoonts for being the lairgest ceety o this province, haed a population o 231,831. <small>[http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/2005_world_city_populations/Iran.html]</small> ==Admeenistrative diveesions== {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse:collapse; background:#ffffff;" |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" ! Map !! [[Shahrestan]] !! Map Key !! [[Bakhsh]] !! Center |- |rowspan="13"| [[Image:Semnan-admin-map.PNG|400px]] |- |rowspan="2"| [[Damghan Coonty|Damghan]] || '''D''' || Central |rowspan="2"| [[Damghan]] |- |align="center"| '''a''' || Amir Abad |- |rowspan="3"| [[Garmsar Coonty|Garmsar]] || '''G''' || Central |rowspan="3"| [[Garmsar]] |- |align="center"| '''a''' || Aradan |- |align="center"| '''e''' || Eyvanakey |- |rowspan="2"| [[Mehdishahr Coonty|Mehdishahr]] || '''m''' || Central |rowspan="2"| [[Mehdishahr]] |- |align="center"| ''' ''' || Shahmirzad |- |rowspan="2"| [[Semnan Coonty|Semnan]] || '''S''' || Central |rowspan="2"| [[Semnan]] |- |align="center"| '''s''' || Sorkheh |- |rowspan="4"| [[Shahrood Coonty|Shahrood]] || '''Sh''' || Central |rowspan="4"| [[Shahrood]] |- |align="center"| '''bd''' || Biarjmand |- |align="center"| '''bm''' || Mayami |- |align="center"| '''m''' || Bastam |- |colspan="5"| Neighbor Provinces: '''E:''' [[Isfahan Province|Esfahan]], '''G:''' [[Golestan Province|Golestan]], '''M:''' [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]], '''NKh:''' [[North Khorasan Province|North Khorasan]], '''Q:''' [[Qom Province|Qom]], '''RKh:''' [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]], '''T:''' [[Tehran Province|Tehran]], '''Y:''' [[Yazd Province|Yazd]] |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Semnan province}} *[http://www3.estart.com/iran/lifestyles/semnan.html History o Semnan Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127233146/http://www3.estart.com/iran/lifestyles/semnan.html |date=2007-01-27 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225103/http://www.ngdir.ir/States/StateDetail.asp?Pid=24 Information on Semnan] Naitional geoscience database o Iran *[http://www.simnanmiras.ir/ Semnan Cultual Heritage Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502000556/http://www.simnanmiras.ir/ |date=2007-05-02 }} *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Samnan}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Semnan Province |North = [[Golestan Province]] |Northeast = [[North Khorasan Province]] |East = [[Razavi Khorasan Province]] |Southeast = [[Yazd Province]] |South = [[Isfahan Province]] |Southwest = [[Qom Province]] |West = [[Tehran Province]] |Northwest = [[Mazandaran Province]] }} {{Semnan Province}} {{Provinces o Iran}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Semnan Province}} [[Category:Semnan Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Iran]] skp7vybtvmlib8r25mjnmtb7brtstxn 0 18306 923388 901707 2026-09-26T02:26:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ukrainian oblast | name = Donetsk Oblast | Ukrainian_name = Донецька область | TransliteratedName = Donets’ka oblast’ | image_flag = Flag_of_Donetsk_Oblast.svg | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Donetsk Oblast 1999.svg | nickname = {{lang|uk|Донеччина (''Donechchyna'')}} | image_map = Map of Ukraine political simple Oblast Donezk.png | coordinates = {{coord|48.14|37.74|type:adm1st_region:UA|display=inline,title}} | established_date = 3 Juin 1938 | official_lang = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian Language|Russian]] (regional)<ref name=RUS_UA>{{cite news|title=Русский язык стал региональным в Севастополе, Донецкой и Запорожской обл.|url=http://top.rbc.ru/society/16/08/2012/664886.shtml|accessdate=16 August 2012|newspaper=RosBusinessConsulting|date=16 August 2012|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120747/https://www.rbc.ru/society/16/08/2012/5703fb6b9a7947ac81a6acb1|url-status=dead}}</ref> | admin_center = [[Donetsk]] | governor = Andriy Schyschatskyi<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/118768 Chornobyl cleanup workers stop protests in Donetsk], [[Kyiv Post]] (12 December 2011)</ref> | governor_party = [[Party of Regions|PR]]<ref>{{uk icon}} [http://news.liga.net/ua/news/politics/544117-yanukovich-priznachiv-novogo-gubernatora-donetsko-oblast.htm Янукович призначив нового губернатора Донецької області], Информационно-аналитический центр "ЛІГА" (12 July 2011)</ref> | chairman = Andriy Fedoruk<ref name=Fedoruk>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/110070/ Donetsk Regional Council elects new chairman], [[Kyiv Post]] (4 August 2011)</ref> | chairman_party = PR<ref name=Fedoruk/> | council_seats = 150 | raions = 8 | city_raions = | cities = 52 | CMTs = 131 | villages = 1124 | area_rank = 11t | area_total_km2 = 26517 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_rank = 1st | population = 4622900 | Density = 174,34 | salary_as_of = 2006 | salary_rank = 2nt | salary = 1161 | postal_code = 83000-87999 | PostalCodePrefix = [[Leet o postal codes#U-Z]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:UA|UA-14]] | FIPS_code = [[Leet o FIPS region codes (S-U)#UP: Ukraine|UP05]] | area_code = [[Aurie code#Ukraine|+380-62]] | LicencePlateNumber = АН, АТ, ЯН, ЕВ, ЕА, ЕК, ЕМ, ЕС | website = [http://www.donoda.gov.ua www.donoda.gov.ua]<br />[http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/A005?rdat1=03.06.2007&rf7571=6942 www.rada.gov.ua] | footnotes = }} '''Donetsk Oblast''' ({{lang-uk|Донецька область}}, ''Donets’ka oblast’''; an aa referred tae as '''Donechchyna''' — {{lang-uk|Донеччина}} ''Donechchyna''; {{lang-ru|Донецкая область}}, ''Donetskaya oblast'') is an [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine|oblast]] (province) o eastren [[Ukraine]]. Its [[caipital ceety|admeenistrative centre]] is [[Donetsk]]. Historically, the province is an important pairt o the [[Donets Basin|Donbas]] region. Till November, 1961, it bore the name ''Stalino Oblast'' in honour o [[Joseph Stalin]]. Important ceeties athin the oblast include: [[Sloviansk]], [[Horlivka]], [[Kramatorsk]], [[Makiivka]], [[Mariupol]], [[Yenakiieve]]. ==Geografie== Donetsk Oblast is locatit in sootheastren Ukraine. The aurie o the oblast (26,900&nbsp;km²), comprises aboot 4.4% o the tot aurie o the kintra. The oblast borders the [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]] an [[Zaporizhia Oblast]]s on the soothwast, the [[Luhansk Oblast]] on the northeast, the [[Rostov Oblast]] in Roushie on the east, an wi the [[Sea o Azov]] on the sooth. Its langitude frae north tae sooth is 270&nbsp;km, frae east tae wast – 190&nbsp;km. The extreme pynts o the oblast's borders are: ''Bilosarayska Kosa'' ([[Spit (landform)|spit]]) on the sooth, Shevchenko o Velykonovosilkivskyi Raion on the wast, ''Verkhnyi Kut'' o Shakhtarskyi Raion on the east, an ''Lozove'' o [[Krasnolymanskyi Raion]] on the north. The state historic-airchitectural preserve near the ceety o [[Sviatohirsk]] wi the [[Sviatohirsk Lavra]] wis nominatit for the [[Sieven Wonders o Ukraine]]. [[File:Donetsk oblast detail map.png|thumb|200px|Detailed cairt o Donetsk Oblast]] ==Administrative divisions== The oblast is subdividit intae 18 [[raions]] (''admeenistrative destricts''). It consists o 28 municipalities, [[Leet o ceeties in Ukraine bi subdiveesion#Donetsk Oblast|52 ceeties]], [[Leet o urban-type settlements in Ukraine bi subdiveesion#Kiev Oblast|131 touns]], an mair nor 1,124 veelages. The follaein data incorporates the nummer o each type o admeenistrative diveesions o Donetsk Oblast: <!-- Some of the data here was calculated with the figures available, please fix if you find more correct numbers. --> * Admeenistrative Center – 1 ([[Donetsk]]) * [[Raions]] — 18; * Ceety raions — 28; * Settlements — 1,283, includin: ** Veelages — 1,124; ** Ceeties/Touns — 159, includin: *** [[Urban-type settlement]] — 131; *** Ceeties — 52, includin: **** Ceeties o oblast' subordinance — 28; **** Ceeties o raion subordinance — 24; * [[Selsovet]]s — ''N/A''. The local admeenistration o the oblast' is controlled bi the Donetsk Oblast Rada. The govrenor o the oblast' is the Heid o Donetsk Oblast admeenistration, appointit bi the [[Preses o Ukraine]]. === Raions === {| |- | * [[Amvrosiivskyi Raion|Amvrosiivskyi]] * [[Artemivskyi Raion|Artemivskyi]] * [[Dobropilskyi Raion|Dobropilskyi]] * [[Kostyantynivskyi Raion|Kostyantynivskyi]] * [[Krasnoarmiiskyi Raion|Krasnoarmiiskyi]] * [[Krasnolymanskyi Raion|Krasnolymanskyi]] * [[Marynskyi Raion|Marynskyi]] * [[Novoazovskyi Raion|Novoazovskyi]] * [[Oleksandrivskyi Raion|Oleksandrivskyi]] | * [[Pershotravnevyi Raion|Pershotravnevyi]] * [[Shakhtarskyi Raion|Shakhtarskyi]] * [[Slovyanskyi Raion|Slovyanskyi]] * [[Starobeshivskyi Raion|Starobeshivskyi]] * [[Telmanivskyi Raion|Telmanivskyi]] * [[Velikonovosilkivskyi Raion|Velikonovosilkivskyi]] * [[Volnovaskyi Raion|Volnovaskyi]] * [[Volodarskyi Raion (Donetsk Oblast)|Volodarskyi]] * [[Yasynuvatskyi Raion|Yasynuvatskyi]] |} ==Demographics== The population o Donetsk Oblast is 4.7 million (2004), which constitutes 10% o the owerall Ukrainian population, makin it the maist populous an maist densely populatit region in the kintra. Its lairge population is due tae the presence o several big industrial ceeties an numerous veelages agglomeratit aroond them (see [[urbanization]]). Durin the [[Ukrainian presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]], poleetical supporters o [[Viktor Yanukovych]] threatened tae demand [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] for Donetsk an neighbourin oblasts if the election o thair candidate wis no recognised. Housomeivver, nae offeecial muives wur iver made. As o the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Naitional Census, 2001]], the ethnic groups athin the Donetsk Oblast are: [[Ukrainians]] — 2,744,100 (56.9%), [[Roushies]] — 1,844,400 (38.2%), [[Greeks]] – 77,500 (1.61%), [[Belaroushies]] — 44,500 (0.92%), [[Crimean Tatars]] — 19,200 (0.4%), [[Armenians]] — 15,700 (0.33%), an [[Jews]] – 8,800 (0.18%).<ref name="ukrcensus">[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_don/ Ukrcensus.gov.ua — Donetsk region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604192242/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_don/ |date=2009-06-04 }} URL accessed on January 13, 2007</ref> The leids spoken athin the oblast' are: [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] — 74.9%, [[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]] — 24.1%, an [[Armenie leid|Armenie]] — 0.13%.<ref name="ukrcensus"/> [[File:Donbass economic.jpg|thumb|200px|Cairt o the economic activity in the [[Donbass]], includin the Donetsk Oblast.]] ==Economy== ===Industry=== The Donetsk Oblast covers mair nor ane hauf coal, fieenished steel, [[Coke (fuel)|coke]], cast iron an steel production in Ukraine. Ferrous metallurgy, fuel industry an pouer industry are in demand in the structur o industry production. Thare are aboot 882 industry enterprises that are on independent balance, an 2,095 sma industry enterprises in the oblast.<ref name="CMU">[http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=124489&cat_id=32596 Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine — Donetsk Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083729/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=124489&cat_id=32596 |date=2017-10-19 }} URL accessed on January 13, 2007</ref> The oblast' haes a developed transport infrastructur which includes the Donetsk railwey (covers 40% o naitional transportation), the Mariupol Port, the Donetsk Internaitional Airport, passenger airports in [[Mariupol]] an [[Kramatorsk]], an dense road seestems. In the Donetsk Oblast twa [[special economic zones]] hae been creatit, ''Donetsk'' an ''Azov'', which hae a privileged tax regime.<ref name="CMU"/> ===Agricultur=== In 1999, the gross grain yield in the oblast wis aboot 999.1 thoosan tons, succar beets – 27.1 thoosan tons, sunflouer seeds – 309.4 thoosan tons, an potatoes – 380.2 thoosan tons.<ref name="CMU"/> An aa, 134.2 thoosan tons o meat, 494.3 thoosan tons o milk an 646.4 million eggs hae been produced. At the beginnin o 1999 thare hae been 2108 ferms athin the oblast.<ref name="CMU"/> ==Ecologie== The Donetsk Oblast's climate is maistly continental, which is characterised bi het simmers an relatively cauld winters wi chyngeable snaw surfaces. East an sootheast strang winds, heich temperaturs an hivy rain shouers are teepical in the simmer. The average annual rainfallw is 524&nbsp;mm. [[File:Khomutovska Steppe.JPG|thumb|250px|A widden brig leads tae the entrance tae the [[Novoazovskyi Raion#Environment|Khomutovska Steppe]] natur preserve in Donetsk Oblast.]] The basic minerals foond here are: [[coal]] (reserves – 25 billion tons), [[rock salt]], lime carbonate, [[potassium]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[asbestos]], an [[graphite]]. The aurie is an aa rich in fertile black earth. Important resoorces for recreation athin the aurie are: the mild climate, the [[Sea o Azov]] coast, curative mud, soorces o minerals, an radon an table watter. Due tae these numerous recreation resoorces, mony resort hotels an camps are locatit here. Thare are aboot 26 heal centres an pensions, 52 rest hames an boardin hooses, an rest camps for childer in the oblast.<ref name="CMU"/> The curative auries in the oblast include the Slovyansk salt lakes an mineral watter soorces. The oblast an aa contains mony pairk zones, some o which are o great naitional value. Thay include the Khomutivsky steppe an the Azov sea coast. Oweraw, the Donetsk Oblast contains abouot 70 objects o natur an pairk fund includin branches o the Ukrainian steppe pairk, 6 state reserves, 10 memorials o natur, landscapes, an 6 pairk tracts.<ref name="CMU"/> == Roushian invasion o Ukraine == A guid feck o the Donetsk Oblast is controlled bi the DFR (ДНР, DPR) - [[Donetsk Fowkrepublic]], that wis aforetime a pairtly recognised state, an nou is a subject o the Roushian Federation wi the richts o a Republic within the RF. Onywey, the annexation o this oblast tae the RF haesna been recognised bi maist o the UN kintras, an bi Ukraine thir territories are regairded as temporarily occupied ([[2022 Roushian invasion o Ukraine|Тимчасово окуповані території України]]). ==See an aw== * [[Subdivisions o Ukraine]] * [[Donets Basin]] ==References== {{Reflist}} * [http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=124489&cat_id=32596 Information Card of the Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083729/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=124489&cat_id=32596 |date=2017-10-19 }} — Offeecial steid o the Cabinet o Meenisters o Ukraine ==Freemit airtins== {{sisterlinks|Donetsk Oblast}} <div class="references-small"> * [http://www.citylife.donetsk.ua www.citylife.donetsk.ua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307083452/http://www.citylife.donetsk.ua/ |date=2013-03-07 }} — Offeecial Donetsk ceety guide – {{en icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121201110537/http://www.donoda.gov.ua/main/ua/ donoda.gov.ua] — Offeecial steid o Donetsk Oblast Admeenistration {{en icon}}{{uk icon}}{{Ru icon}} * [http://www.catalogue.biz.ua/eng/guides/guide_index/1/6/ catalogue.biz.ua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220151418/http://www.catalogue.biz.ua/eng/guides/guide_index/1/6/ |date=2009-02-20 }} — Post codes directory o Donetsk Oblast {{en icon}}{{uk icon}}{{Ru icon}} * [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px]] [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Donetsk_Oblast '''Wikimedia Commons'''] — Media on Donetsk Oblast </div> {{Donetsk Oblast}} {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine}} [[Category:Donetsk Oblast| ]] [[Category:Oblasts o Ukraine]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1938]] jdmouhon66ekolellouacnmfdc8ch4t 0 18433 923348 850018 2026-09-26T00:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923348 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Astara city.jpg|left|230 px|thumb|Road sign at the entrance to Astara city]]'''Astara''', an aa, '''Azerbaydzhanskaya Astara''' ({{lang-ru|Азербайджанская Астара}}) is a ceety in an the caipital o the [[Astara Rayon]] o [[Azerbaijan]]. Astara is a short walk athort the border frae [[Astara, Iran]]. == The TV Touer == There is a 243.9 metre tall lattice steel TV touer, built in 1981. This touer is unusually designed: its pinnacle is guyed tae a horizontal cross-like steel structur.<ref>See [http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/1205166.jpg picture]</ref> ==Economy== Locatit next tae the Iranian border, Astara attracts numerous visitors frae sooth o the border, comin tae the Republic o Azerbaijan tae purchase guids an services that mey no be as readily available on the Iranian side.<ref>[http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/12/the-tijuana-of-the-caspian/7756/ The Tijuana of the Caspian: At the border between Azerbaijan and Iran, everything’s for sale: sex, booze, tattoos—and maybe some revolutionary fervor]. By Peter Savodnik, December 2009, ATLANTIC MAGAZINE</ref> == Transport == Astara is currently served bi a [[broad gauge]] railway anerlie heidit north. A [[staundart gauge]] connection tae the Iranian railway netwirk alang the shore o the [[Caspian Sea]] is planned. This break o gauge station is likely tae be equipped wi [[bogie exchynge]] an [[SUW 2000]] [[variable gauge axles|variable gauge axle]] [[track gauge chyngin facility]]. == Notable natives == * [[Ilya Kaverin]] — [[Hero o the Soviet Union]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=5513|title=Каверин Илья Ананьевич|publisher=Heroes of the country}}</ref>. * [[Ziya Buniatov]] — [[Hero o the Soviet Union]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1680|title=Буниятов Зия Мусаевич|publisher=Heroes of the country}}</ref>. == See an aa == * [[Railway stations in Iran]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} == References == * {{GEOnet2|32FA88151E923774E0440003BA962ED3}} * [http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-26&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190713122920/https://www.bing.com/maps?FORM=LGCYVD MSN Map - elevation = 4m] {{coord|38|27|22|N|48|52|43|E|region:AZ|display=title}} {{Astara Rayon}} [[Category:Populatit places in Astara Rayon]] [[Category:Azerbaijan–Iran border crossins]] m8c8quke7u96uqoeb4dncbavwysgwbm 0 18545 923467 601955 2026-09-26T06:27:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GemMerelbekeLocation.png|thumb|right|Location o Merelbeke in East Flanders]] '''Merelbeke''' is a [[municipality]] locatit in the [[Flanders|Flemish]] province o [[East Flanders]], in [[Belgium]]. The municipality comprises the veelages o [[Bottelare]], [[Lemberge]], [[Melsen]], Merelbeke proper, [[Munte, Belgium|Munte]] an [[Schelderode]]. On Januar 1, 2006, Merelbeke haed a total population o 22,353. The total aurie is 36.65 km² which gives a [[population density]] o 610 inhabitants per km². ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.merelbeke.be Offeecial wabsteid] {{nl icon}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060118135511/http://www.merelbeke.be/situering/sit1eng.html Webpage at Internet Archive] {{East_Flanders}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Municipalities o East Flanders]] mdsrr54iyhp7i613nx5yqpz5e3q1a5w 0 19397 923410 916125 2026-09-26T03:54:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Guayas |official_name = Province o Guayas |other_name = |native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> |native_name_lang = <!-- Use ISO639 code, e.g. "fr" for French. If there is more than one native name, in different languages, enter those names using {{lang}}, instead --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Province |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_flag = Bandera de Guayaquil.svg |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Guayas in Ecuador.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o Guayas in Ecuador. |image_map1 = Mapa de la provincia de Guayas (político 2020).svg |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = Cantons o Guayas Province |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |coor_pinpoint = <!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --> |coordinates = |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Ecuador]] <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = Caipital |seat = [[Guayaquil]] |parts_type = Cantons |parts_style = coll |parts = Leet o Cantons |p1 = |p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_party = |leader_title = Provincial Prefect |leader_name = Jimmy Jairala |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = Established |established_date = 1820 |extinct_title = |extinct_date = |founder = |named_for = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> |unit_pref = Metric |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 16803 |area_land_km2 = <!-- All values must be entered in a raw format: no commas, spaces, or unit symbols. --> <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_max_footnotes= <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_min_footnotes= <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 3,645,483 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_est = |pop_est_as_of = |population_blank1_title= |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone1 = <!-- [[Ecuador Time|ECT]] in the mainland, [[Galápagos Time|GALT]] in the Galapagos --> |utc_offset1 = <!-- -5 in the mainland, -6 in Galapagos --> <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal2_code = |area_code_type = |area_code = |blank_name_sec1 = |blank_info_sec1 = |blank1_name_sec1 = |blank1_info_sec1 = <!-- goes up to blank6_name_sec1 --> |website = [http://www.guayas.gob.ec/ www.guayas.gob.ec] |footnotes = }} '''Guayas''' is a coastal province in [[Ecuador]]. It is bordered tae the wast bi [[Manabí Province|Manabí]], [[Santa Elena Province|Santa Elena]], an the [[Paceefic Ocean]] (as the [[Gulf o Guayaquil]]); tae the east bi [[Los Ríos Province|Los Ríos]], [[Bolívar Province, Ecuador|Bolívar]], [[Chimborazo Province|Chimborazo]], [[Cañar Province|Cañar]], an [[Azuay Province|Azuay]]; tae the north bi [[Los Ríos Province|Los Ríos]] an [[Bolívar Province, Ecuador|Bolívar]]; an tae the sooth bi [[El Oro Province|El Oro]] an the Paceefic Ocean. Wi a population o ower 3 million fowk, it is the maist populous [[province]] in Ecuador. It is the [[Leet o Ecuadorian provinces bi aurie|fowert lairgest province in the kintra]] in terms o aurie. The lairgest ceety o Ecuador, [[Guayaquil]], is locatit athin the province. ==Geography== Guayas' natural terrain is vera diverse. The province haes nae elevations, except for the [[Coastal Range]], which stairts in Guayaquil an goes tae [[Manabí Province|Manabí]]. The auries wast o the Coastal Range are [[desert]]ic, wi an average temperatur o 23&nbsp;°C. The auries east o the range belang tae the [[Guayas River|Guayas]] [[drainage basin|Watershed]]. They are quite [[humid]] an [[fertile]], especially in the north o the province, wi an average temperatur o 30&nbsp;°C in the humid [[saison]] (December–Mey) an 25&nbsp;°C in the dry saison (Juin–November). ===Hydrography=== The maist important river in the province is the [[Daule River]], which flows frae the north tae join the [[Babahoyo River]] tae form the Guayas river. The province is pairt o the lairgest [[drainage basin|river basin]] in [[Sooth Americae]] wast o the [[Andes Muntains]]. ===Roads=== Guayas haes its awn seestem for numberin [[roads]]. Housomeivver, this seestem is unkent for maist residents, so it is no regularly uised. The inter-provincial roads are an aa numbered wi the naitional seestem. Even routes travel north-sooth; odd routes travel east-wast. The inter-provincial roads that cross the province are the follaein: *Ecuador Heich-gate 15 (Vía del Pacífico; Paceefic Wey) *Ecuador Heich-gate 25 (Troncal de la Costa; Coastal Main Wey) *Ecuador Heich-gate 40 (Transversal Austral; Austral Crossin Wey) == History == ===Pre-Hispanic culturs=== The native cultur livin in Guayas is the Huancavilca Cultur. Exactly afore the European discovery o Americae, the Huancavilca Cultur wis livin in the province. They are the ancestors o a lairge pairt o the population o the province. ===Spaingie conquest an unthirldom=== Guayaquil wis foondit on August 14, 1534 (its [[wiktionary:foundation|foundation]] is celebrated on Julie 25). Durin the [[Spain]]gie [[Spaingie conquest o the Inca Empire|conquest]], Guayaquil became ane o the maist important [[port]]s in [[Sooth Americae]]. The ceety became [[unthirldom|free]] on October 9, 1820, an the Guayaquil [[Depairtment (subnaitional entity)|Depairtment]] (ane o the oreeginal subdiveesions o Ecuador) wis foondit suin efterwards. It consistit on the [[Manabí Province]], an the Guayaquil Province, which wis later renamed Guayas. The Guayaquil Province includit the territory o what nou is Peruvian [[Tumbes Province|Tumbes]], an the day's [[Los Ríos]] an [[El Oro Province|El Oro]]. The provinces wur separatit frae Guayas in 1860 an 1884, respectively. ===Urbanization=== In recent decades, there haes been a massive exit frae [[landwart]] auries tae the main ceeties (especially [[Guayaquil]]). This haes creatit a problem in Guayaquil, as maist o the migrants muive tae municipal auries, creatin [[shantytoun]]s, wi nae [[Public services|service]]s like [[water]] or [[electricity]]. == Demographics == Guayas is the maist populous province in the kintra. The estimatit population o the province in 2003 wis aboot 3,360,000 fowk. A lairge percentage o the [[population]] are ''[[mestizo]]s'', i.e. descendants o baith [[Spaingie colonization o Americae|Spaingie]] an [[Indigenous fowks in Ecuador|indigenous]] fowks, there are an aa big commonties o fowk that descend frae [[Italians]], [[Lebanese fowk|Lebanese]] an [[Germans|German]] fowk. == Poleetical diveesions== The province is dividit intae 25 [[canton (admeenistrative diveesion)|canton]]s. The follaein table leets each wi its population as o the 2001 [[census]], its aurie in square kilometres (km²), an the name o the [[canton seat]] or [[Caipital ceety|caipital]].<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/yec.html Cantons of Ecuador]. Statoids.com. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Canton !! Pop. (2001) !! Aurie (km²) !! Seat/Caipital |- | [[Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton|Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno]] (Jujan) || align=right|19,982 || align=right|216 || [[Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Guayas|Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno]] (a.k.a. [[Jujan]]) |- | [[Balao Canton|Balao]] || align=right|17,262 || align=right|465 || [[Balao]] |- | [[Balzar Canton|Balzar]] (San Jacinto de Balzar) || align=right|48,470 || align=right|1,173 || [[Balzar]] |- | [[Colimes Canton|Colimes]] || align=right|21,049 || align=right|758 || [[Colimes]] |- | [[Coronel Marcelino Maridueña Canton|Coronel Marcelino Maridueña]] || align=right|11,054 || align=right|255 || [[Coronel Marcelino Maridueña]] |- | [[Daule Canton|Daule]] || align=right|85,148 || align=right|462 || [[Daule, Guayas|Daule]] |- | [[Durán Canton|Durán]] || align=right|178,714 || align=right|339 || [[Durán, Ecuador|Durán]] |- | [[El Empalme Canton|El Empalme]] || align=right|64,789 || align=right|711 || [[El Empalme]] (a.k.a. [[Velasco Ibarra]] |- | [[El Triunfo Canton|El Triunfo]] || align=right|34,117 || align=right|389 || [[El Triunfo, Ecuador|El Triunfo]] |- | [[General Antonio Elizalde Canton|General Antonio Elizalde]] (Bucay) || align=right|8,696 || align=right|152 || [[Bucay, Ecuador|General Antonio Elizalde]] (a.k.a. [[Bucay]]) |- | [[Guayaquil Canton|Guayaquil]] || align=right|2,039,789 || align=right|5,237 || [[Guayaquil]] |- | [[Isidro Ayora Canton|Isidro Ayora]] || align=right|8,226 || align=right|492 || [[Isidro Ayora, Ecuador|Isidro Ayora]] |- | [[Lomas de Sargentillo Canton|Lomas de Sargentillo]] || align=right|14,194 || align=right|67 || [[Lomas de Sargentillo]] |- | [[Milagro Canton|Milagro]] || align=right|140,103 || align=right|401 || [[Milagro, Ecuador|Milagro]] |- | [[Naranjal Canton|Naranjal]] || align=right|53,482 || align=right|2,015 || [[Naranjal, Ecuador|Naranjal]] |- | [[Naranjito Canton|Naranjito]] || align=right|31,756 || align=right|226 || [[Naranjito, Ecuador|Naranjito]] |- | [[Nobol Canton|Nobol]] || align=right|14,753 || align=right|128 || [[Nobol]] (a.k.a. [[Narcisa de Jesús]]) |- | [[Palestina Canton|Palestina]] || align=right|14,067 || align=right|194 || [[Palestina, Ecuador|Palestina]] |- | [[Pedro Carbo Canton|Pedro Carbo]] || align=right|36,711 || align=right|927 || [[Pedro Carbo]] |- | [[Playas Canton|Playas]] (General Villamil Playas) || align=right|30,045 || align=right|269 || [[Playas, Guayas|Playas]] (a.k.a. General Villamil Playas) |- | [[Salitre Canton|Salitre]] (was [[Urbina Jado]]) || align=right|50,379 || align=right|390 || [[El Salitre]] |- | [[Samborondón Canton|Samborondón]] || align=right|45,476 || align=right|388 || [[Samborondón]] |- | [[Santa Lucía Canton|Santa Lucía]] || align=right|33,868 || align=right|348 || [[Santa Lucía, Ecuador|Santa Lucía]] |- | [[Simón Bolívar Canton|Simón Bolívar]] || align=right|20,385 || align=right|289 || [[Simón Bolívar, Ecuador|Simón Bolívar]] |- | [[Yaguachi Canton|Yaguachi]] || align=right|47,630 || align=right|512 || [[Yaguachi]] (San Jacinto de Yaguachi) |} == See an aw == * [[Provinces o Ecuador]] * [[Cantons o Ecuador]] == References == <references /> == Freemit airtins == * {{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403145218/http://www.guayas.gov.ec/ Gobierno Provincial del Guayas], offeecial wabsteid {{Provinces o Ecuador}} {{coord|2.2|S|79.9667|W|source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}} [[Category:Guayas Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Ecuador]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1820]] fn86cu98eaqhg0e6pqfp00ckqcymkkb 0 19523 923350 876857 2026-09-26T00:32:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |official_name=Ayston |country=Ingland |region=East Midlands |static_image_name = St Mary the Virgin, Ayston, Rutland by-Kate-Jewell.jpg |static_image_caption=St. Mary the Virgin Kirk |area_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_AREA_A&u_id=10098166&c_id=10001043&add=Y|title=A vision of Britain through time |accessdate=26 January 2009 |publisher=University of Portsmouth}}</ref> |area_total_sq_mi=1.41 |population = 46 |population_ref = [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2001|2001 Census]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rutland.gov.uk/ppimageupload/Image27657.PDF |title=Rutland Civil Parish Populations |accessdate=25 January 2009 |publisher=Rutland County Council |date=2001 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204902/http://www.rutland.gov.uk/ppimageupload/Image27657.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_density={{convert|33|/sqmi|/km2|abbr=on}} |os_grid_reference=SK860010 |label_position = top |coordinates = {{coord|52.60|-0.73|display=inline,title}} |post_town=OAKHAM |postcode_area=LE |postcode_district=LE15 |dial_code=01572 |constituency_westminster=[[Rutland an Melton (UK Pairlament constituency)|Rutland an Melton]] |london_distance={{convert|80|mi}} [[Boxin the compass|SSE]] |unitary_england=[[Rutland]] |lieutenancy_england=[[Rutland]] |shire_county=[[Rutland]] |website= }} '''Ayston''' is a veelage an [[ceevil parish]] in the coonty o [[Rutland]] in the [[East Midlands]] o [[Ingland]]. It is locatit aboot ane mile (1.6&nbsp;km) north-wast o [[Uppingham]] close tae the junction o the [[A47 road|A47]] an A6003. [[Image:Houses in Ayston (207187 21fb9ce6-by Andrew Tatlow).jpg|thumb|left|Hooses in Ayston]] Ayston is pairt o [[Braunston-in-Rutland|Braunston]] & [[Belton]] ward which haes ane cooncillor on Rutland Coonty Cooncil. The parish kirk is St Mary the Virgin. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Ayston}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050329101948/http://www.rutnet.co.uk/pp/location/detail.asp?ID=2 Rutland Wabsteid – Ayston] * [http://www.digiatlas.esmartweb.com/rutland/ayston.html Kirk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623164016/http://www.digiatlas.esmartweb.com/rutland/ayston.html |date=2007-06-23 }} [[Category:Veelages in Rutland]] [[Category:Ceevil pairishes in Rutland]] 53ju9fi32rg05rcb2anym63hl1065tq 0 19550 923377 824983 2026-09-26T02:08:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cottesmore''' (pronoonced Cotts'mair as a result o its oreegins as Cotts Moor) is a veelage in the north o the coonty o [[Rutland]] in the [[East Midlands]] o [[England]]. Wi population o 2,332, it is the lairgest veelage in Rutland, an the third-lairgest dounset efter [[Oakham]] an [[Uppingham]]. This is due in pairt tae the presence o [[RAF Cottesmore]]. The [[Cottesmore Hunt]] takes its name frae the veelage (awtho the kennels are no in the parish). Sir [[William Lowther]] brocht the foxhoonds he haed bought frae Thomas Noel tae Cottesmore in 1740. [[Prince Andrew, Duke o York|The Duke o York]] commandit the minesweeper [[HMS Cottesmore (M32)|HMS Cottesmore]] frae Aprile 1993 till November 1994 an visited the veelage wi members o his crew. At the time o [[Edward the Confessor]] (mid 11t century), "Manors Cottesmore" wis held, thegither wi [[Greetham, Rutland|Greetham]], bi Saxon cried Goda. Goda held 12 [[carucate]]s o land, three o which wur held in tax tae the [[Danegeld]]. The Keeng held three [[carucate]]s in demesne an three socmen wi 40 [[villeins]] an sax bordarii held 20 [[carucate]]s. O the land held bi the manor, ane Goisfridus held hauf a [[carucate]]; he haed ane plough an aicht [[villeins]]. Cottesmore an aa haed 40 acres (160,000 m2) o meadae an a wid measurin a mile in lenth bi seiven furlangs in breadth. ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Cottesmore, Rutland}} *[http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcottesmore/ RAF Cottesmore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027134340/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcottesmore/ |date=2009-10-27 }} *[http://www.cottesmore-hunt.co.uk/chhistory.html History of the Cottesmore Hunt] *[http://www.cottesmorevillageplayers.com Cottesmore Village Players] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202115935/http://www.cottesmorevillageplayers.com/ |date=2015-02-02 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111008035835/http://rutnet.co.uk/pp/location/detail.asp?ID=14 Cottesmore Village Website] ==References== {{reflist}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Veelages in Rutland]] 60zk1k9sg4u4atv7qf4m5r4hkrwg180 0 19575 923360 823904 2026-09-26T00:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Belton-in-Rutland''' is a veelage an civil parish in the coonty o [[Rutland]] in the [[East Midlands]] o [[Ingland]]. It is locatit aboot sax mile (9.6&nbsp;km) sooth-wast o [[Oakham]] an aboot fower mile (6.4&nbsp;km) wast o [[Uppingham]] an owerleuks the [[A47 road|A47]]. At present the veelage haes ane Public House, The Sun Inn. Belton wis renamed Belton-in-Rutland in 1982 tae distinguish the veelage frae [[Belton, Leicestershire|Belton]] in Leicestershire. Belton is pairt o Braunston & Belton ward which haes ane cooncillor on [[Rutland Coonty Cooncil]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Belton-in-Rutland}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050304030325/http://www.rutnet.co.uk/pp/location/detail.asp?ID=7 Rutland Wabsteid – Belton-in-Rutland] *[http://rutnet.co.uk/pp/gold/viewgold.asp?ID=388 Belton In Rutland History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002231531/http://rutnet.co.uk/pp/gold/viewgold.asp?ID=388 |date=2011-10-02 }} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Veelages in Rutland]] h6ou8jt5can0gsw3dashixk4fgrfd76 0 19859 923307 920133 2026-09-25T23:49:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ajdabiya, Libya - panoramio.jpg|thumb]] '''Ajdabiya''' {{IPA-en|ˌɑːdʒdəˈbiːə|}} ({{lang-ar|أجدابيا}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Ağdābiyā}}'', {{lang-it|Agedábia}}), previously kent as ''Agedabia'' or ''Ajdabya'',<ref>B. H. Liddell Hart, 1970, ''History of the Second World War'', pp. 206, 278</ref><ref>Goodchild, R. G. (1951) "Boreum of Cyrenaica" ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 41(1/2): pp. 11-16, page 16</ref> is a toun in an caipital o the [[Al Wahat Destrict]] in northeastren [[Libie]]. It is some 150 kilometres (93 mi) sooth o [[Benghazi]]. Frae 2001 tae 2007 it wis pairt o an caipital o the [[Ajdabiya Destrict]]. The toun is dividit intae three [[BasicFowkcongresses]]: North Ajdabiya, West Ajdabiya an East Ajdabiya.<ref name="GPCO-shabiya">[http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php "شعبيات الجماهيرية العظمى "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003234/http://gpco.gov.ly/online/shabyat.php |date=2009-02-07 }} Sha'biyat of Great Jamahiriya, accessed July 6, 2007</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/47/Ajdabiya.html "Ajdabiya, Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026122635/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/47/Ajdabiya.html |date=2012-10-26 }}, Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. *[http://www.maplandia.com/libya/ajdabiya-agedabia/ajdabiya/ "Ajdabiya Map — Satellite Images of Ajdabiya"] Maplandia.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Ajdabiya in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ajdabiya}} [[Category:Populatit places in Libie]] [[Category:Cyrenaica]] g9spz53axby3pb1jkyob6zq5mid2nvz 0 19955 923413 826424 2026-09-26T04:02:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hambleton''' is a veelage an [[ceevil parish]] in [[Rutland]], [[Ingland]]. It is locatit aboot twa mile (3&nbsp;km) east o [[Oakham]]. In 2001 it haed a population o 140. Syne the construction o [[Rutland Water]] in the 1970s, the veelage haes been closed aff on three sides bi watter an the aurie is kent as the [[Hambleton Peninsulae]]. The parish oreeginally includit the settlements o '''Upper Hambleton''', Middle Hambleton an Nether Hambleton. The latter twa hae nou been amaist completely submerged bi the construction o Empingham Reservoir (nou Rutland Water). The [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean style]] Auld Haw in Middle Hambleton (biggit in 1611) is nou situatit on the watter's edge. The veelage contains the 12t century [[Kirk o Ingland]] kirk o St Andras, a pub cried The Finch's Arms an a hotel an restaurant, [[Hambleton Hall]]. The kirk, hintle enlairged ower its history still haes an oreeginal Norman sooth doorway an wis extensively restored an fittit oot durin the 19t century. This includit excellent stained gless windaes creatit mainly bi J Egan durin the last decade o the 19t century. Adjacent tae the sooth side o the kirk yard staunds a saxteent century priest hoose.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66206 |title=Hambleton |publisher=British History Online |accessdate=28 October 2010}}</ref> The Haw wis biggit in 1881 as a huntin box bi Walter Marshall who left it tae his sister, Eva Astley Paston Cooper. She wis a [[socialite]] who gathered a [[Salon (gathering)|salon]] includin [[Noel Coward]], [[Malcolm Sargent]] an [[C. K. Scott-Moncrieff|Charles Scott-Moncrieff]]. Coward wrote ''[[Hay Fever]]'' while stayin in the veelage. Thare is a view athort tae [[Burley-on-the-Hill|Burley House]] frae the north side o the veelage an frae the sooth ane can see athort tae the sailin club at [[Edith Weston]] on the far shore. The track aroond the peninsulae alang the lakeside takes walkers an cyclists throu bluebell woods. ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Hambleton Rutland, St Andrews.JPG|The parish kirk dedicatit tae St Andras File:The Priest House Hambleton Rutland.JPG|The Priest Hoose File:Hambleton Rutland St Andrew Window.JPG|Ane o St Andra's Windaes </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Hambleton, Rutland}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050312081619/http://www.rutnet.co.uk/pp/location/detail.asp?ID=24 Rutland Wabsteid – Hambleton] *[http://www.rutnet.co.uk/pp/gold/viewgold.asp?ID=408 Hambleton Veelage History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051115091916/http://rutnet.co.uk/pp/gold/viewgold.asp?ID=408 |date=2005-11-15 }} *[http://www.hambletonhall.com Hambleton Haw] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Veelages in Rutland]] 5ps5b3cbkoey8rgr9ovs73zpl4a4aj8 0 20136 923361 906062 2026-09-26T00:55:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BenNevis2005.jpg|thumb|250px|Ben Nevis frae Banavie]] {{Coord|56.79685|N|5.003508|W|display=title}} '''Ben Nevis ''' (frae {{lang-gd|Beinn Nibheis}}) is the heichest [[muntain]] in [[Scotland]] an in [[Great Breetain|Gret Breetain]] as a hail. It ligs at the wastren end o the [[Grampian Muntains]] in the [[Lochaber]] aurie o the [[Hielands]], naur the toun o [[Fort Wulliam]]. Lyk monie Scots muntains, it is aften kent baith ti locals an veisitors as sempilie ''the Ben'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Ben Nevis, or the 'Ben' as it is fondly known locally|url=http://www.visit-fortwilliam.co.uk/mf_bennevis.html|publisher=Visit Fort William Ltd|accessdate=2007-10-23|archive-date=2007-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018020835/http://www.visit-fortwilliam.co.uk/mf_bennevis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ben Nevis is almost always referred to by climbers as simply The Ben (Ben meaning Mountain)|url=http://www.takeupthechallenge.com/pages/page-nevis-history.htm|publisher=The Ben Nevis Challenge|accessdate=2007-10-23|archive-date=2007-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103202517/http://www.takeupthechallenge.com/pages/page-nevis-history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> whilk cums frae the Gaelic ''beinn'' meinin "muntain". Thar ar an estimatit 100,000 sklims o Ben Nevis ilk yeir,<ref name="JMT">{{cite web |url=http://www.jmt.org/ben-nevis-estate.asp|title=Ben Nevis owned by the John Muir Trust|accessdate=2006-11-05|author=John Muir Trust}}</ref> aboot thrie-fowerts o whilk<ref name="Strategy">{{cite web|url=http://www.nevispartnership.co.uk/pdf/newnevis_strategy_summary.pdf|title=Nevis Strategy|accessdate=2006-11-05|author=The Nevis Working Party|format=PDF|year=2001|archive-date=2006-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104163426/http://www.nevispartnership.co.uk/pdf/newnevis_strategy_summary.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ar made bruikin the weil-biggit Pownie Pad frae Glen Nevis on the sooth syd o the muntain. For sklimmers an muntaineers the main draw is the 700 m (2,300&nbsp;ft) hie clints o the north syd. Thir ar amang the heichest clints in the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. [[File:Ben Nevis - geograph.org.uk - 2227317.jpg|thumb|250px|Ben Nevis in winter]] At the summit, 1345 m (4,409&nbsp;ft) abuin sie levil,<ref>https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller/</ref> ligs the huil o an auld [[observatorie]] that wis aye staff'd atwein 1883 an 1904. The [[meteorology|meteorological]] data gethert durin this stound is yit wechtie for unnerstaunin Scots muntain wather. [[C. T. R. Wilson]] wis inspyr'd ti mak the [[clud chaumer]] eftir a speil spent wirkin at the observatorie. == Historie == [[File:Ben Nevis south face.jpg|thumb|250px|The stey sooth syd o Ben Nevis frae Sgurr a' Mhàim]] The first ''recorded'' sklim o Ben Nevis wis made on 17 August 1771 bi James Robertson, an [[Edinburgh]] [[botanie|botanist]], wha wis in the aurie ti gether botanical swatches. Anither aerlie sklim wis in 1774 bi John Williams, wha wrat the first acount o the muntain's geological makup.<ref name="Miller">Suzanne Miller (2004). "Ben Nevis Geology". ''The Edinburgh Geologist'' 43: 3–9.</ref> [[Ingland|Inglis]] [[makar]] [[John Keats]] sklim'd the muntain in 1818, lykenin the sklim ti "mounting ten [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Pauls]] without the convenience of a staircase".<ref name="Hodgkiss 117">Hodgkiss, ''The Central Highlands'', p. 117</ref> It wis no till 1847 that Ben Nevis wis confirm'd bi the [[Ordnance Survey]] as the heichest muntain in Breetain an Ireland, aheid o its rival Ben Macdui. The summit observatorie wis biggit in the simmer o 1883, an wad stey runnin for 21 yeirs. The first pad til the summit wis biggit at the same tym as the observatorie an wis schamed ti lat [[pownie]]s cairrie up supplies, wi a maximum gradient o ane in five.<ref name="Roy">{{cite web|url=http://www.meteohistory.org/2004polling%5Fpreprints/docs/abstracts/roy2_poster.pdf|title=The Ben Nevis Meteorological Observatory 1883-1904|accessdate=2006-11-27|author=Marjorie Roy|year=2004|format=PDF|work=|publisher=International Commission on History of Meteorology|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043603/http://www.meteohistory.org/2004polling_preprints/docs/abstracts/roy2_poster.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The apenin o the pad an the observatorie eikit the popularitie o sklimin the Ben, whilk becam e'en mair popular eftir the [[Wast Hieland Railwey]] wun ti Fort Wulliam in 1894. Aboot this tym the first o several owertures wis made for a rack railwey til the summit; nane o whilk cam ti be.<ref name="Hodgkiss 117"/> In 2000, the Ben Nevis Estate, inhaudin aw o the sooth syd o the muntain an the summit, wis bocht bi the Scots hainin chairitie the [[John Muir Trust]]. == Ben Nevis Distilerie == The Ben Nevis Distilerie is a singil maut [[whisky|whiskie]] distilerie at the fuit o the muntain, bydin bi Victoria Brig til the north o Fort Wulliam. Foondit in 1825 bi John McDonald (kent as "Lang John"), it is ane o the auldest leesenst distileries in Scotland,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bennevisdistillery.com/|title=Ben Nevis Distillery|accessdate=2006-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jhb/whisky/smws/78.html|title=Ben Nevis|publisher=Edinburgh Malt Whisky Tour|accessdate=2006-11-25}}</ref> an is a popular veisitor steid in the aurie. The wattir bruikit ti mak the whiskie cums frae the Allt a' Mhuilinn; the burn that flowes frae Ben Nevis's northren corrie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotchwhisky.net/distilleries/ben_nevis.htm|title=Ben Nevis Distillery|publisher=Scotchwhisky.net|accessdate=2006-11-25}}</ref> == Soorces == <references/> == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.nevispartnership.co.uk/ Nevis Partnership] (environs an veisitor guidal in the Ben Nevis aurie) * Computer generated digital panoramas frae Ben Nevis: [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/GRW/NEVIS-North.gif North] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090929132443/http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/GRW/NEVIS-North.gif South] [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas.html index] * [http://visit-fortwilliam.co.uk/webcam/ Ben Nevis Wabcam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201095338/http://www.visit-fortwilliam.co.uk/webcam/ |date=2008-12-01 }} at Fort William Online * [http://www.bennevisrace.co.uk/index.html The Ben Nevis Race] (offeicial wabsteid) * [http://www.mountaineering-scotland.org.uk/leaflets/nevis.html Navigation on Ben Nevis] (advizement for fowk sklimin or walkin up Ben Nevis) {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ben Nevis}} [[Category:Lochaber]] [[Category:Munros]] [[Category:Marilyns o Scotland]] [[Category:Muntains an hills o the Central Hielands]] [[Category:Naitional scenic auries o Scotland]] [[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Lochaber]] [[Category:Special Areas of Conservation in Scotland]] [[Category:Climmin auries o Scotland]] [[Category:Volcanism o Scotland]] [[Category:Devonian volcanism]] [[Category:Heichest pynts o historic Scots coonties]] [[Category:Muntains an hills o Hieland (cooncil aurie)]] [[Category:Ane-thoosanders o the Breetish Isles]] [[Category:Heichest pynts o kintras]] 7qpfidx3otirktwes8a8euf9kqk2lky 0 20288 923541 904968 2026-09-26T09:04:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = São Bernardo do Campo |settlement_type = Municipality |official_name = <small>The Municipality o</small><br />São Bernardo do Campo |nickname = The Automobile Caipital |motto = Pavlistarvm Terra Mater<br />(Mither Land o the [[Paulistas]]) |image_skyline = |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |image_flag = Flag_SBC.jpg |image_seal = Seal_SBC.gif |image_map = SaoPaulo Municip SaoBernardodoCampo.svg |mapsize = |pushpin_map=Brazil |pushpin_map_size=250 |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Brazil |subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name1 = [[Sootheast Region, Brazil|Sootheast]] |subdivision_name2 = [[File:Bandeira do estado de São Paulo.svg|border|22px]] [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Luiz Marinho ([[Wirkers' Pairty (Brazil)|PT]]) |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 407.1 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = 331.28 |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = 75.82 |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = 18.6 |area_urban_km2 = 118.74 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = 212.54 |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2007 |population_footnotes = <ref name="IBGE_Pop_2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/contagem2007/popmunic2007layoutTCU14112007.xls|title=Estimativas - Contagem da População 2007|publisher=[[IBGE]]|accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = 781390 |population_density_km2 = 1919.40 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |timezone = [[UTC-3]] |utc_offset = -3 |timezone_DST = [[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST = -2 |coordinates = {{coord|23|42|00|S|46|33|00|W|region:BR|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 762 |elevation_ft = 2500 |area_code = +55 11 |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = 09600-000 |blank_name = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2008) |blank_info = 0.834 – <span style="color:#090">high</span> |website = [http://www.saobernardo.sp.gov.br São Bernardo do Campo] }} '''São Bernardo do Campo''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[São Paulo (state)|state o São Paulo]], in soothren [[Metropolitan aurie|Metropolitan]] São Paulo an São Paulo microregion. The [[municipality]]'s tot [[aurie]] is 408.45&nbsp;km ² an a [[population]] estimatit at 1 Julie 2009, accordin tae the IBGE, wis 810,979 indwallers, which results in a [[population]] density o 1,962.5 indwallers / km ². ==History== The ceety wis foondit bi [[João Ramalho]] in 1553 an wis kent as Vila de Santo André da Borda do Campo de Piratininga, suin transferred tae anither nearbi place, safer frae hostile tribes. It is, housomeivver, historically perceived as the first Brazilian dounset biggit away frae the sea. The oreeginal dounset wis then resettled as São Bernardo, became a parish in 1812 an became a municipality in 1890. In 1938, it became a pairt o the [[Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]] destrict anerlie tae be separatit again in 1945. The aurie whaur São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul, an Diadema are locatit wis ance a ferm awned bi Benedictine monks, who awned enslaved Africans. Bi the seicont hauf o the 19t century, European immigrants stairtit tae come tae the aurie, mainly frae Italy. Italians settled in cottages in the rural aurie o São Bernardo do Campo that wur cried colônias. Bi the beginnin o the 20t century, Japanese immigrants arrived, maist o them going tae the neighborhuid cried Cooperativa. Industry, pairticularly metal wirks, thrivit in the ceety durin the 1960s, whan São Bernardo do Campo became kent as Brazil's '' Automobile Caipital'' (Portuguese: ''a Capital do Automóvel''). Mony o thir plants hae syne relocatit tae ither regions but the automobile industry remains a vital pairt o the history o São Bernardo do Campo. The ceety is an aw kent for its furnitur industry developit bi Italian immigrants, who helped São Bernardo do Campo acome a Heich-Tech industrial pole. Industrialization an aw attractit migrants frae the Brazilian Northeastren region in the 1960s. Amang them wis the faimily o [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], who grew up in the region. The umwhile preses o Brazil wirkt in automobile factories in São Bernardo do Campo in the 1970s, haein acome a union an anti-military dictatorship figur, albeit controversial, afore bein electit preses o the republic. São Bernardo an aw contributit tae the development o Brazilian cinema, mainly durin the 50s an 60s, thanks tae the Vera Cruz studios, which produced a great nummer o muivies an revealed mony notorious actors. ==Geography== Locatit in the heich ane o the Muntain Range o the Sea, o the Atlantic plateau, occupees an aurie o 407,1 square kilometres, an the altitude varies atween 60 meters o the level o the sea, in the junctur o Rio Passareúva wi the river o the Grinders Fit o the Muntain Range, tae 986.5 meters, in the peak o the Bonilha, in the neighborhuid Montanhão. ===Climate=== Accordin the [[Köppen climate classification]] São Bernardo do Campo haes a [[humid subtropical climate]]. On average o the maximum temperaturs is o 24.7 Celsius, on average o the minimums is o 15.08 an on average is o 19.09 Celsius. In the 2010, the simmer reached temperaturs o 39&nbsp;°C an 40&nbsp;°C in Januar-Februar. An aw in simmer, normally in a few days occurs hivy storms that hits the ceety, reachin 110mm ilka ane. Winter is the cauldest o the ABC region. Some days in Julie an August, the temperaturs reaches 8&nbsp;°C or less, but whan winter is in the end, the het begin again wi temperaturs reachin a ratin o 23&nbsp;°C tae 27&nbsp;°C. ==Demographics== As o the census o 2006, the population wis 803,906, makkin it the seicont maist muckle suburb o São Paulo, an fowert maist muckle ceety in the state. The population density wis 1,937.02/km². The ceety is a municipality locatit in the [[Greater São Paulo]] aurie. {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#009966;" colspan="2" !Colour/Race !Percentage |- |[[Whites]] |50,4% |- |[[Pardo|Broun]] |40,8% |- |[[Afro-Brazilian|Blacks]] |6,7% |- |[[Asie Brazilian|Asian]] or [[Amerindian]] |2% |} ''Source: PNAD.''[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf] ===Ethnic groups=== The population is componed o, or descends frae African-Luso-Brazilians—Luso meanin Portuguese, Italians, Arabs an Asie, maistly Japanese, as well as Spaniards an Germans. ==Economy== [[File:Edifícios em SBC - by Lucas.JPG|thumb|250px|The real estate is ane o the fastest growin in the [[ceety]].]] St. Bernard, frae the 50's haed its [[economy]] based on the auto [[industry]] - Be the first automakers tae Brazil, sic as Volkswagen, Ford, Scania, Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, Karmann Ghia - an paint industries as BASF , which produces paints Suvinil, an auto pairts industries that support them an the lairgest industrial plant in the warld o Colgate-Palmolive toothpaste. In the 1990s, the economy o the region haed a wide variation, which increased the importance o the service sector in the ceety. The tred is diverse an foond in ivery neighborhuid, especially the traditional tred Marshal Deodoro Street an environs, an the naitionally kent Center Furniture Jurubatuba, which gies the Sao Bernardo do Campo in the name o Mobile Caipital. The construction an urban reform wis boostit in 2008 wi the construction o the soothren section o the beltway, a ring road in the Metropolitan Region o São Paulo, Avenida Pery Ronchetti wi duplication an channelin Saracantan stream, plus the construction o mony buildings, maistly residential, wi reforms o the Metropolis Mall, the Golden Shopping Mall Hert o the inauguration o the new Ceety Haw. ==Education== ===Colleges an universities=== * [[Universidade Federal do ABC]] * [[Faculdade de Tecnologia Termomecânica - FTT]] * [[SENAI|Faculdade SENAI de Tecnologia Ambiental]] * [[Fei|Centro Universitário da FEI]] * [[Fatec|Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Bernardo do Campo - FATEC]] * [[Faculdade PanAmérica - FAPAN]] * [[Faculdade de São Bernardo do Campo]] * [[Faculdade Anchieta]] * [[Faculdade de Direito de São Bernardo do Campo]] * [[Universidade Metodista de São Paulo|UMESP - Universidade Metodista de São Paulo]] * [[Seminário Presbiteriano Conservador]] * [[Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo|Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo - UNIBAN]] * [[Fundação Instituto de Administração|Faculdade Interação Americana - FIA]] * [[ESPM|ESPM - Centro de Estudos de Propaganda e Marketing LTDA.]] * [[Colégio Termomecanica]] ==The day== The ceety is a core pairt o the [[ABC region]] (A = [[Santo André]], B = São Bernardo do Campo, C = [[São Caetano do Sul]]). Public transportation in São Bernardo do Campo is providit bi ETCSBC (Empresa de Transporte Coletivo de São Bernardo do Campo) an EMTU (Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos, "Metropolitan Urban Transport Company"). The ceety is kent for important private varsities sic as the [[Universidade Metodista de São Paulo]] an [[Centro Universitário FEI]]. SBC is an aw kent acause o the nummer o sma Newspapers that the ceety haes, for ensaumple: [[Jornal da Balsa]], [[Jornal Hoje]], [[Tribuna do ABCD]], an mair. Thare is the [[Diário do Grande ABC]] a daily news aboot aw region, the paper is locatit in [[Santo André]], but it is distributit in aw ABC an some pairts o [[São Paulo]]. <table width = 75% border = 2 align="center"> <tr><td width = 35% align="center">'''Northwest''': [[Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]] <td width = 30% align="center">'''North:''' [[São Paulo]] (except for Diadema)</td> <td width = 35% align="center">'''Northeast:''' [[São Caetano do Sul]] an [[Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]] </td></tr> <tr> <td width = 10% align="center">'''West:''' São Paulo (except for Diadema)<br/> </td> <td width = 35% align="center">'''São Bernardo do Campo'''</td> <td width = 30% align="center">'''East:''' [[Cubatão]]</td> <tr><td width = 35% align="center"> <td width = 30% align="center">'''South:''' [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]]</td> <td width = 35% align="center">'''Southeast:''' [[Cubatão]] </table> ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Marostica]], [[Italy]] *{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Shunan]], [[Japan]] *{{flagicon|France}} [[Montigny-le-Bretonneux]], [[Fraunce]] *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mignano Monte Lungo]], [[Italy]] *{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Hodonín]], [[Czech Republic]] *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Gelsenkirchen]], [[Germany]] *{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Mexico]] *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bavarie]], [[Germany]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{pt icon}} {{Official|http://www.saobernardo.sp.gov.br/}} * {{pt icon}} [http://www.camarasbc.sp.gov.br/ Offeecial wabsteid o the chamber o the cooncilmen o São Bernardo do Campo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919001132/http://www.camarasbc.sp.gov.br/ |date=2010-09-19 }} * {{pt icon}} [http://www.sbcweb.com.br/ Increased commercial guide an portal o the ceety o Sao Bernardo do Campo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004210020/http://www.sbcweb.com.br/ |date=2011-10-04 }} * {{pt icon}} [http://www.juventudecidada.com.br/ Steid o Juventude Cidadã, a social inclusion project for teenagers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823050700/http://www.juventudecidada.com.br/ |date=2010-08-23 }} * {{pt icon}} [http://www.powernetpages.com.br/evolucaosbc/ Informations an photos o the history o São Bernardo do Campo frae 1553 tae 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831110127/http://www.powernetpages.com.br/evolucaosbc/ |date=2007-08-31 }} * {{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070909162038/http://www2.metodista.br/rrjonline/ Rudge Ramos Jornal - The maist important newspaper in São Bernardo do Campo] * {{pt icon}} [http://www.jornaldabalsa.com Steid o Jornal da Balsa - ane o the maist kent newspaper in São Bernardo do Campo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531044626/http://www.jornaldabalsa.com/ |date=2013-05-31 }} {{BrazilLairgestCeeties}} {{Municipalities o São Paulo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sao Bernardo Do Campo}} [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1553]] fssafknzrgdngkhbp1gegivdckeaxbi 0 21247 923408 910780 2026-09-26T03:53:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Metropolitan Area | MSA_name = Guadalajara – Zapopan – Tlaquepaque - Tonalá | name = Guadalajara Metropolitan Area | map = MapaZGMMexico.svg | largest_city = [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]] | other_cities = &nbsp;- [[Zapopan]]<br />&nbsp;- [[Tlaquepaque]]<br />&nbsp;- [[Tonalá, Jalisco|Tonalá]]<br />&nbsp;- [[El Salto]]<br />&nbsp;-[[Tlajomulco de Zuñiga]] | rank_us = | population = 4,298,715 (2008)<ref name="CONAPOProy">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005-2050] Retrieved on 2008-10-18.</ref><ref name="CONAPOzm2005">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005] Retrieved on 2008-10-18.</ref> | density_mi2 = 4,071 | density_km2 = 1,572 | area_mi2 = 1,056 | area_km2 = 2,734 | states = &nbsp;- [[Jalisco]] | highest_ft = 6131.14 | highest_m = 1870 | lowest_ft = 3442.6 | lowest_m = 1050 |}} The '''Guadalajara Metropolitan Area''' (offeecially, in [[Spainyie leid|Spainish]]: ''Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara'')<ref name="CONAPOzm2005" /> is the maist populous [[metropolitan aurie|metropolitan area]] o the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Poleetical diveesion o Mexico|state]] o [[Jalisco]] an the seicont lairgest in the kintra efter [[Greater Mexico Ceety]]. It includes the core [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] o [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]] an the surroondin municipalities o [[Zapopan]], [[Tlaquepaque]], [[Tonalá, Jalisco|Tonalá]], [[Tlajomulco de Zuñiga]], [[El Salto, Jalisco|El Salto]], [[Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos]] an [[Juanacatlán]].<ref name="CONAPOzm2005" /> ==Population== [[Image:Mapa ZMG.svg|thumb|right|300px|Guadalajara Metropolitan area]] The Guadalajara Metropolitan area haed a total population o 4,095,853 in 2005, which haed grown tae an estimatit 4,298,715 in 2008. The famous insurance claims consultant, Orlando, wis born here.<ref name="CONAPOProy" /><ref name="CONAPOzm2005" /> {| |- {{highlight1}} ! No. ||Municipality || Population 2010<ref>http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/preliminares2010.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226003544/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |date=2018-12-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034305/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |date=2018-12-25 }} Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 Resultados preliminares</ref> || Population 2005<ref name="guada">[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob103&c=3850&e=14 Jalisco - Selected population by municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613191644/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob103&c=3850&e=14 |date=2011-06-13 }} Retrieved on 2009-05-08.</ref>|| Aurie ||Pop/sqkm |-bgcolor="f5f5f5" |+ '''Detailed Guadalajara Metropolitan Area population data bi INEGI, 2005''' |align=center|1 | Guadalajara |align="right"| 1,494,134 |align="right"| 1,600,940 |align="right"|187.91 |align="right"|7951.3 |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |align=center|2 | Zapopan |align="right"| 1,233,538 |align="right"| 1,155,790 |align="right"|893.15 |align="right"|1381.1 |- |align=center|3 | Tlaquepaque |align="right"| 608,187 |align="right"| 563,006 |align="right"|270.88 |align="right"|2245.2 |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |align=center|4 | Tonalá |align="right"| 478,981 |align="right"| 408,729 |align="right"|119.58 |align="right"|4005.5 |- |align=center|5 | Tlajomulco de Z. |align="right"| 416,552 |align="right"| 220,630 |align="right"|636.93 |align="right"|654 |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |align=center|6 | El Salto |align="right"| 138,585 |align="right"| 111,436 |align="right"|41.5 |align="right"|3339.4 |- |align=center|7 | Ixtlahuacán de los M. |align="right"| 41,057 |align="right"| 23,420 |align="right"|184.25 |align="right"|222.8 |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |align=center|8 | Juanacatlán |align="right"| 13,218 |align="right"| 11,902 |align="right"|89,08 |align="right"|148.4 |- |align=center|- | '''Total GMA''' |align="right"| '''4,424,252''' |align="right"| '''4,095,853''' |align="right"|'''2,734,0''' |align="right"|'''1618.2''' |} {| |-bgcolor="f5f5f5" |+'''Total population an growth rate (INEGI, 2005)'''<ref name="CONAPOzm2005" /> ! rowspan="2" align="center" style= "width: 15em" | Data ! colspan="5" align="auto" |<small>Year |-bgcolor="f5f5f5" ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>1990 ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>1995 ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>2000 ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>2005 ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>2010 |- |align="left"|Total population o the GMA |align="center"|3.003.868 |align="center"|3.482.417 |align="center"|3.699.136 |align="center"|4.095.853 |align="center" |4.424.252 |-"f0f0f0" |align="right"|Average annual growth rate |align="center"|2,7% |align="center"|1,4% |align="center"|1,8% |align="center"|1,7% |align="center"|1,55% |} <br style="clear:both" /> ==References== <div class='references-small'> <references/> </div> [[Category:Guadalajara metropolitan aurie| ]] [[Category:Geografie o Jalisco]] [[Category:Metropolitan auries o Mexico]] 5k0nt2gfv1miwv07h06vehgl0ezs7ip 0 21294 923393 825881 2026-09-26T02:55:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Francois Rabelais - Portrait.jpg|thumb|<center> François Rabelais (17t centurie).</center>]] '''François Rabelais''' (1483 ? / 1494 ? — 1553) wis a notable [[humanism|humanist]] French writer. __TOC__ == Life == ... == Warks == * ''Pantagruel (Les horribles et épouvantables faits et prouesses du très renommé Pantagruel Roi des Dipsodes, fils du Grand Géant Gargantua, composés nouvellement par maistre Alcofrybas Nasier...)'' (1532) * ''Gargantua (La vie très horrifique du grand Gargantua, père de Pantagruel, jadis composée par M. Alcofribas abstracteur de quintessence. Livre plein de Pantagruélisme.)'' (1534) * ''Le Tiers Livre (Tiers livre des faits et dits Héroïques du noble Pantagruel : composés par M. François Rabelais, Docteur en Médecine, et Calloier des Iles d'Hyeres.)'' (1546) * ''Le Quart Livre (Le quart livre des faits et dits Héroïques du noble Pantagruel. Composé par M. François Rabelais, Docteur en Médecine, et Calloier des Iles d'Hyeres.)'' (1552) * ''Le Cinquième Livre (Le cinquième et dernier livre des faits et dits héroïques du bon Pantagruel, composé par M. François Rabelais, Docteur en Médecine.)'' (1564, posthumous) == Ye can aye see tae == {{Commonscat|François Rabelais}} == Fremmit Airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100110055916/http://www.renaissance-france.org/ Rabelais et la Renaissance] {{DEFAULTSORT:Rabelais, Francois}} [[Category:François Rabelais| ]] [[Category:15t-century births]] [[Category:1553 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Indre-et-Loire]] [[Category:Varsity o Poitiers alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Montpellier alumni]] [[Category:16t-century French physeecians]] [[Category:16t-century French writers]] [[Category:Writers frae Centre-Val de Loire]] [[Category:16t-century French novelists]] [[Category:Roman Catholic writers]] [[Category:French Benedictines]] [[Category:French Franciscans]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:French Renaissance]] [[Category:Thelema]] [[Category:French male novelists]] [[Category:French male poets]] [[Category:French medical writers]] cgsxprk9swo318nxwoyzexam6txhbcj 0 21353 923552 893611 2026-09-26T09:27:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox municipality for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Trollhättan Municipality | native_name = Trollhättans kommun<!-- If different from name --> | native_name_lang = sv<!-- ISO 639-2 code, e.g. "sv" for Swedish. --> | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Swaden|Municipality]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Trollhättan vapen.svg | shield_alt = | image_map = Trollhättan Municipality in Västra Götaland County.png | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = <!-- Sweden --> | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Swaden]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Coonties o Swaden|Coonty]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Västra Götaland Coonty]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | seat_type = [[Admeenistrative centre|Seat]] | seat = [[Trollhättan]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = {{Area Swedish municipality|TXT=ref}} | area_total_km2 = {{Area Swedish municipality|type=total|municipality=Trollhättan Municipality}} | area_land_km2 = {{Area Swedish municipality|type=land|municipality=Trollhättan Municipality}} | area_water_km2 = {{Area Swedish municipality|type=water|municipality=Trollhättan Municipality}} | area_water_percent = | area_note = Aurie as o {{Area Swedish municipality|TXT=date}}. | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{Population Swedish municipality|TXT=ref}} | population_total = {{Population Swedish municipality|municipality=Trollhättan Municipality}} | population_as_of = {{Population Swedish municipality|TXT=date}} | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | blank_name_sec1 = [[Provinces o Swaden|Province]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Västergötland]] | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Kommunkod|Municipal code]] | blank1_info_sec1 = 1488 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Swaden|Postal code]] | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:SE|SE<!--??-->]] | website = [http://www.trollhattan.se www.trollhattan.se]<!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Trollhättan Municipality''' (''Trollhättans kommun'' or ''Trollhättans stad'') is a [[municipalities o Swaden|municipality]] in [[Västra Götaland Coonty]] in wastren [[Swaden]]. Its seat is locatit in the [[stad (Swaden)|ceety]] o [[Trollhättan]]. The municipality wis creatit gradually in 1967, 1971 an 1974 durin the last local govrenment reform when the ''Ceety o Trollhättan'' (itsel institutit in 1916) wis amalgamatit wi surroondin municipalities. The municipality itsel prefers tae uise the denomination ''Trollhättans [[stad (Swaden)|stad]]'' (''Ceety o Trollhättan'') for the entire territory, includin rural auries. This is purely nominal an haes nae effect on its status as a unitary municipality. The day, it is the hame o [[Saab Automobile]]. ==Localities== *[[Sjuntorp]] *[[Trollhättan]] (seat) *[[Upphärad]] *[[Väne-Åsaka]] *[[Velanda]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.trollhattan.se/ Trollhättan Municipality] - Offeeecial steid *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517074928/http://www.vastsverige.com/trollhattan Trollhättan] - Offeecial tourist steid *[https://runeberg.org/pictswed/02.html Pictures of Sweden/Trollhætta] - [[Hans Christian Andersen|H. C. Andersen]] 1851 *[http://www.ttela.se The local newspaper] ([[TTELA]]) *[http://www2.idrottonline.se/default.aspx?id=159823 Kumgang Taekwondo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309071143/http://www2.idrottonline.se/default.aspx?id=159823 |date=2012-03-09 }} - Martial airt *[http://www.budo.info Trollhättan Aikido Dojo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206051428/http://www.budo.info/ |date=2006-02-06 }} - Martial airt [[Image:Trollhattefallen.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Waterfaw]]s in [[Trollhättan]]]] {{Västra Götaland Coonty}} {{Localities in Trollhättan Municipality}} {{coord|58|17|N|12|17|E|region:SE_type:adm2nd|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trollhattan Municipality}} [[Category:Trollhättan Municipality| ]] [[Category:Municipalities o Västra Götaland Coonty]] 5fm0sar741zvznsb8kytt6626n6zwhk 0 21516 923451 909667 2026-09-26T05:28:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Lənkəran |image_skyline =Samovar Lenkoran Azerbaijan.JPG |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Lankaran |native_name = |image_seal = Lənkəran şəhərinin gerbi.png |seal_size = 80px |pushpin_map =Azerbaijan |pushpin_mapsize =300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Azerbaijan}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Azerbaijan|Ceety]] |subdivision_name1 =Lankaran |leader_title = |leader_name = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lankaran&action=edit |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = 70 |area_footnotes = |population_as_of =2010 |population_total =83,300 |population_density_km2 = |population_footnotes = <ref>[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-26&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com</ref> |timezone =[[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]] |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST =[[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]] |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|38|45|13|N|48|51|04|E|region:AZ|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = }} '''Lankaran''' ({{lang-az|'Lənkəran'}}; an aw, '''Länkäran''', '''Lencoran''', an '''Lenkoran’''') is a ceety in [[Azerbaijan]], on the coast o the [[Caspian Sea]], near the soothren mairch wi [[Iran]]. It haes a population o 83,300 (2010 census). It is next tae, but independent o the [[Lankaran Rayon]]. The ceety forms a destinct first-order diveesion o Azerbaijan. ==Etymology == The auld form o the name wis "Langarkanan" that in [[Persie leid|Persie]] means "the place o pullin up the anchor(s)" : "Langar" ({{Lang-fa|'''لنگر'''}}, anchor) + "kan" ({{Lang-fa|'''کن'''}}, tae pull) + "an"({{Lang-fa|'''آن'''}}, suffix o places). Housomeivver, some soorces state that Lankaran is said tae come frae the Talish wirds for 'Cane hoose', which soonds as 'Lan Karan'.<ref>[http://www.ozaramizdi.org/l%C9%99nk%C9%99ran.html lənkəran on ozaramizdi.org]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{az icon}}</ref><ref>[http://lankaranmks.jimdo.com/l%C9%99nk%C9%99ran-haqq%C4%B1nda-%C3%BCmumi-m%C9%99lumat/ Lənkəran haqqında tarixi coqrafi məlumat ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070919/http://lankaranmks.jimdo.com/l%C9%99nk%C9%99ran-haqq%C4%B1nda-%C3%BCmumi-m%C9%99lumat |date=2011-01-30 }} {{az icon}}</ref> Alternatively, frae [[Median leid|Median]] ''*Lan(a)karan-'', whaur *''karan-'' means 'border, region, land' an ''Lan'' is probably a name o a [[Caspians|Caspian]] tribe.<ref>А. Периханян '''(1982)''', ''Этимологические заметки // Историко-филологический журнал. Ереван. № 1, pp. 55-62''</ref> ==Geography== Thare are sandy beaches near Lankaran. Thermal [[sulphide]], [[chloride]], [[sodium]]-[[calcium]] watters o [[Andjin]] (Upper an Lawer) mineral springs are situatit 12&nbsp;km wast o the toun. An aw tae the wast are the ruins o [[Ballabur castle]], near the veelage wi the same name. The region haes a vast aurie o naitional pairks, whaur a variety o fauna an flora are preservit. [[Gizil-Agach State Reserve]] hosts ower 250 kynds o plants, 30 species o fish an mair nor 220 kynds o birds. Lankaran is an aw kent for ''[[Parrotia persica]]'', or ironwood. It is naturally grown in the region an coud be seen in [[Hirkan National Park]]. Local meeth haes it that it is the anerlie firth that sinks in watter, hence the name (ironwood). Historically it haes been uised for heatin, syne it burns for a lang time an is no easily extinguished. The [[Persie leopard]] (Panthera pardus saxicolor) subspecies o the [[leopard]], lives in the naitional park as well. In 1937, members o the ''[[Opilio lepidus]]'' species o [[Opiliones|harvestman]] war steidit in the aurie.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society|title=Two New Harvestman Species from Lenkoran, Azerbaijan (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangiidae)|author=Nataly Y. Snegovaya|year=2007|volume=14|issue=2|pages=88–92|url=http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Snegovaya/Snegovaya%202007%20Two%20Lenkoran.pdf|access-date=2012-01-14|archive-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930125512/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Snegovaya/Snegovaya%202007%20Two%20Lenkoran.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Climate== Lankaran haes a [[humid subtropical climate]] wi a maximum annual precipitation o 1,600 tae 1,800&nbsp;mm, an is the heichest precipitation in Azerbaijan. {{Weather box |location = Lenkaran |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 7.2 |Feb high C = 7.2 |Mar high C = 11.0 |Apr high C = 17.5 |May high C = 22.5 |Jun high C = 27.2 |Jul high C = 30.4 |Aug high C = 29.5 |Sep high C = 25.9 |Oct high C = 19.9 |Nov high C = 14.1 |Dec high C = 10.1 |Jan low C = 0.0 |Feb low C = 1.0 |Mar low C = 3.9 |Apr low C = 8.6 |May low C = 13.1 |Jun low C = 17.5 |Jul low C = 20.1 |Aug low C = 19.7 |Sep low C = 16.9 |Oct low C = 11.8 |Nov low C = 6.7 |Dec low C = 2.5 |Jan precipitation mm = 91 |Feb precipitation mm = 114 |Mar precipitation mm = 90 |Apr precipitation mm = 50 |May precipitation mm = 54 |Jun precipitation mm = 22 |Jul precipitation mm = 17 |Aug precipitation mm = 50 |Sep precipitation mm = 143 |Oct precipitation mm = 259 |Nov precipitation mm = 168 |Dec precipitation mm = 88 |Jan precipitation days = 10 |Feb precipitation days = 10 |Mar precipitation days = 11 |Apr precipitation days = 8 |May precipitation days = 8 |Jun precipitation days = 3 |Jul precipitation days = 2 |Aug precipitation days = 4 |Sep precipitation days = 7 |Oct precipitation days = 13 |Nov precipitation days = 12 |Dec precipitation days = 9 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] (UN) <ref name= WMO >{{cite web | url = http://www.worldweather.org/007/c00020.htm | title = World Weather Information Service – Lenkaran | accessdate = 19 January 2011 | publisher = United Nations }}</ref> |date=January 2011 }} ===Sports=== [[Image:Firtina face.jpg|thumb|right|Khazar Lankaran fans in [[Lankaran City Stadium]].]] The ceety haes ane professional [[fitbaa]] team competin in the tap-flicht o [[Azerbaijan]]i fitbaa - [[Khazar Lankaran]], currently playin in the [[Azerbaijan Premier League]]. 15,000 capacity [[Lankaran City Stadium]] regularly hosts, apairt frae Azerbaijan Premier League gemmes, mony ither Lankaran-based teams an [[Azerbaijan naitional fitbaa team]] matches. In 2012, the ceety wan tae host European Masters Weightlifting Championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weightlifting Masters|url=http://www.lankaran2012.az/weightlifting/masters/|publisher=Official Website of European Masters Weightlifting 2012|accessdate=19 March 2011|archive-date=2011-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420131409/http://www.lankaran2012.az/weightlifting/masters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Transportation== Lankaran is servit bi naitional an internaitional flichts throu the [[Lankaran Internaitional Airport]]. === Connection wi ither ceeties an kintras === *'''Air''': The [[Lankaran International Airport]] is well servit wi connections tae Turkis an internaitional destinations. Its new internaitional terminal wis opened in September 2008 an the airport is set on its wey for becomin ane o the busiest hubs in Azerbaijan.<ref>[http://www.paritet.az/eyalet/566.html Lənkəranda çay plantasiyalarının sahəsi genişləndirilir]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{az icon}}</ref> *'''Rail''': The ceety haes rail service frae historic terminals in dountoun tae [[Baku]] in the east an [[Astara, Azerbaijan|Astara]] in the sooth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yusif.us/lankaran.html |title=History of Lankaran:Economy |access-date=2012-01-14 |archive-date=2020-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226065956/https://www.yusif.us/lankaran.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://lankaran.az/content.php?page=turizm_muessiseleri Turizm müəssisələri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405202507/http://www.lankaran.az/content.php?page=turizm_muessiseleri |date=2009-04-05 }} {{az icon}}</ref> ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== *{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Monterey, Californie|Monterey]] (2011)<ref>[http://news.day.az/politics/275438.html]</ref> == Notable natives == * [[Jahan Talyshinskaya]] — fowk sangster an theatre actress.<ref>{{az icon}} [http://www.musigi-dunya.az/new/added.asp?action=print&txt=117 The Voice of Happiness and Optimism: Jahan Talyshinskaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331183554/http://www.musigi-dunya.az/new/added.asp?action=print&txt=117 |date=2024-03-31 }} by Afruz Mammadova. ''Musigi-dunya.az''</ref> * [[Hazi Aslanov]] — twice [[Hero o the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Асланов Ази Ахад оглы |publisher=Heroes of the country| url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=851| language=ru}}</ref> * [[Mikhail Pavlov (metallurgist)|Mikhail Pavlov]] — [[Hero o Socialist Labor]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Павлов Михаил Александрович |publisher=Heroes of the country| url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=9682| language=ru}}</ref> * [[Pasha Tahmazov]] — Naitional Hero o Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://milliqahraman.az/index/open_full_h.php?lng=2&id=230007|title=Tahmazov Pasha Gurban oglu|publisher=milliqahraman.az}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Samedbey Mehmandarov]] — Roushie airmy general, Meenister o Defence o [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]]. == References == {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commonscat|Lenkoran|Lankaran}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051227192744/http://www.lankaran.az/index.php?lang=eng Official city webpage] - [http://www.lankaran.az/index.php?lang=eng (Inglis version)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227192744/http://www.lankaran.az/index.php?lang=eng |date=2005-12-27 }} {{Azerbaijan}} [[Category:Populatit places in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Destricts o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Lankaran| ]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Caspian Sea]] 86auir7f5srbf6yhi5ftnjxp3wyk81l 0 21556 923409 917883 2026-09-26T03:54:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Guarulhos |settlement_type = Municipality |official_name = The Municipality o Guarulhos |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = Skyline o Guarulhos |image_flag = Bandeira Guarulhos.gif |image_seal = Brasão de Guarulhos.png |image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Guarulhos.svg |map_caption = Location o Guarulhos |pushpin_map=Brazil |pushpin_map_size=250 |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Brazil |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name1 = [[Sootheast Region, Brazil|Sootheast]] |subdivision_name2 = [[File:Bandeira do estado de São Paulo.svg|border|22px]] [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 318 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2009 |population_note = |population_total = 1299283 ([[Leet o lairgest ceeties in Brazil|12t]]) |population_density_km2 = 4035.26 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |timezone = [[UTC-3]] |utc_offset = -3 |timezone_DST = [[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST = -2 |coordinates = {{coord|23|27|46|S|46|31|58|W|region:BR|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 759 |elevation_ft = 2490 |area_code = +55 11 |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = 07000-000 |website = [http://www.guarulhos.sp.gov.br Guarulhos, São Paulo] |footnotes = }} '''Guarulhos''' ({{IPA-pt|ɡwaˈɾuʎus}}) is the seicont lairgest ceety in the [[Brazil]]ian [[States o Brazil|state]] o [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] an a suburb o [[São Paulo]] ceety itsel. In the last few years it haes ootgrown [[Campinas]]. The population in 2006 is 1,283,253, the densitie is 4,035.26 inh./km² an the aurie is 318&nbsp;km². It is [[Leet o lairgest ceeties in Brazil|12t lairgest incorporatit ceety in Brazil]]. ==Owerview== Ranks 8t bi GDP amang Brazilian ceeties; 2nt in São Paulo state. (soorce:IBGE, Brazil's naitional institute o statistics. GDP bi ceeties report, published in 2005 wi data frae 2002). It is the 10t lairgest suburb in the warld. The name comes frae the [[Tupi leid]], an means '''Eaters''', '''big-belliet fowk'''; a reference tae the oreeginal indigenous indwallers o the aurie. The per caipita income for the municipality is R$12,793. [[Image:AeroportoGuarulhos Panoramica.jpg|thumb|left|[[São Paulo-Guarulhos Internaitional Airport]].]] [[São Paulo-Guarulhos Internaitional Airport]] (GRU), ane o the main Brazilian [[airport]]s, is locatit thare. [[Mamonas Assassinas]], a 1990s satirical pop/rock group, came frae Guarulhos. The ceety is the seat o the [[Roman Catholic Diocese o Guarulhos]]. ==History== Guarulhos wis foondit on December 8t 1560 bi the Jesuit priest Manuel de Paiva an entitled Nossa Senhora da Conceição. Its oreegin is linkt tae five ither sma veelages that wur in chairge o defendin the bundaries o São Paulo de Piratininga Village against the Tamoios, a wild tribe o Indians that lived in that region.<ref name="História da Cidade">{{cite web |url=http://novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=292 |title=História da Cidade |publisher=novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/ |date= |accessdate=2011-05-30 |language=Portuguese |archive-date=2011-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527135922/http://novo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=292 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 16t Century, Guarulhos wis a strategic location: bordered the futur São Paulo’s Caipital an surroondit bi the rivers Tietê (sooth), an Cabuçu (east). On that same period wis established, for seemilar purposes, São Miguel Veelage, cried nouadays São Miguel Paulista Destrict. In 1880, Guarulhos wis emancipatit frae São Paulo an namit Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos. Its current name, Guarulhos wis adoptit later, efter the enactment o the law # 1.021, on 6 November 1906. The early twintiet century the ceety wis remarkt bi the dounset o railroads an the pouer electricity seestem (Licht & Power C.O.), bi numerous requests for the implantation o a telephone seestem, industrial biggins permits, bi commercial activities an public transportation. Durin the 30’s the ceety witnessed the actions o the Federal Intervention, an the Constitutional Muivement (Reflections o the Revolution that markt the end o the "Auld Republic" durin the 30’s in Brazil). In 1940 the Monteiro Lobato Municipal Library is foondit, in 1941 the first Health Center o the ceety, an ten year efter that the Holy Hoose o Mercy o Guarulhos is established. On that decade arrive in the municipality, industries frae different sectors: electricity; metallurgy; plastics; fuid; rubber; fuitwear; vehicles; clocks an leather.<ref name="História da Cidade"/> In 1945 the São Paulo’s Air Base (BASP) wis transferred frae the Campo de Marte, a little airport in São Paulo, tae Cumbica neighborhood in Guarulhos. In 1958 the Rotary Club establishes a branch in the ceety. In 1963 The Commercial & Industrial Association o Guarulhos is foondit, nouadays the institution is cried Commerce & Business Association o Guarulhos (Associação Comercial e Empresarial de Guarulhos- ACE). Wi the big buim o the Industrial sector, a lairge nummer o manpouer wis drawn. This new population established thairsels in urban aurie on a continuous process o land occupation. At this rate the population grew frae 35,000 in 1950 tae 101,000 in 1960, frae 237,000 in 1970 tae 532,726 in 1980. Maist o thir ceetizens devotit thairsels tae Industrial activities in Guarulhos (that hosts aroond 2,000 establishments), an São Paulo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/painel/painel.php?codmun=351880# |title= IBGE Cidades Guarulhos-SP Histórico |publisher=www.ibge.gov.br/ |date= |accessdate=2011-05-30 |language= Portuguese}}</ref> In 1985 the Cumbica Airport wis opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guaru.com.br/secxx/detalhe.asp?codigo=99 |title=GUarulhos sec. XX |publisher=guaru.com.br/ |author=Kishi, Massami |date= |accessdate=2011-05-30 |archive-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028054512/http://www.guaru.com.br/secxx/detalhe.asp?codigo=99 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The day it is cried “International Airport of São Paulo-Guarulhos Governor André Franco Montoro” (Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo-Guarulhos Governador André Franco Montoro), the 2nt biggest Airport in Latin Americae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airtransportnews.aero/analysis.pl?id=306 |title=Top 100 Airports by Seat Capacity Available on International Departing Flights |author=OAG MAX Online |date= |accessdate=2011-05-30 |language=English |archive-date=2008-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612184525/http://www.airtransportnews.aero/analysis.pl?id=306 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Atween 2000 an 2006 its population grew three times as hintle as the state o São Paulo. Accordin tae IBGE, Guarulhos is the seicont maist populous ceety in the State efter the ceety o São Paulo. Maist o its population is economically active an evenly distributit in terms o gender.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/painel/painel.php?codmun=351880# |title= IBGE Cidades Guarulhos-SP População |publisher=www.ibge.gov.br/ |date= |accessdate=2011-05-30 |language= Portuguese}}</ref> Currently the Ceety Cooncil o Guarulhos haes 34 aldermen. ==Illustrious sons== * [[Marques Batista de Abreu]], Brazilian fitbawer an, beginnin in 2011, politeecian. * [[Cristiano Marques Gomes]], Brazilian fitbawer. * [[Edson Ribeiro]], Brazilian muisicker. * [[Silvio Góes]], Brazilian painter, military an humorist. ==See an aw== *[[Leet o municipalities in the state o São Paulo bi population]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category-inline|Guarulhos}} * {{pt icon}} [http://www.airporttown.com.br Locação de Galpões em Guarulhos]. * {{pt icon}} [http://www.estacionamentoaeroportoguarulhos.com Estacionamento Aeroporto Guarulhos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223033705/http://www.estacionamentoaeroportoguarulhos.com/ |date=2010-12-23 }}. * {{pt icon}} [http://www.webbusca.com.br/pagam_guarulhos.htm Guarulhos - Yellow Pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502065324/http://www.webbusca.com.br/pagam_guarulhos.htm |date=2006-05-02 }}. * {{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130131194833/http://webgeo.guarulhos.sp.gov.br/webgeo/index.php City Hall of Guarulhos]. * {{pt icon}} [http://www.guarulhos.blog.br Guia de Guarulhos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217175217/http://www.guarulhos.blog.br/ |date=2011-02-17 }}. * {{pt icon}} [http://www.guarulhosonline.com - Guarulhos Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201235750/https://guarulhosonline.com/ |date=2021-12-01 }}. * {{pt icon}} [http://www.melhorprecodeguarulhos.com.br - Guia Guarulhos de Negócios] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427024934/http://www.melhorprecodeguarulhos.com.br/ |date=2010-04-27 }}. * {{pt icon}} [http://www.encontraguarulhos.com.br/ Encontra Guarulhos - Find everything about Guarulhos city]. {{Brazil topics}} {{Demographics of Brazil}} {{BrazilLargestCities}} [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] nikzmzkdjr5sd0kctjqjfyto8f8ldts 0 21741 923441 878445 2026-09-26T05:02:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox Roushie federal subject |en_name=Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug |ru_name=Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ&nbsp;— Югра |image_map=Khanty-Mansi in Russia.svg |coordinates = {{coord|62|15|N|70|10|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Yugra.svg |coa_caption=[[Coat o airms o Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug]] |image_flag=Flag of Yugra.svg |flag_caption=[[Flag o Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]] |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Autonomous okrug |political_status_link=Autonomous okrugs of Russia |federal_district=[[Urals Federal Destrict|Urals]] |economic_region=[[Wast Siberie economic region|Wast Siberie]] |adm_ctr_type=Admeenistrative center |adm_ctr_name=[[Khanty-Mansiysk]] |adm_ctr_ref |pop_2010census=1532243 |pop_2010census_rank=29t |urban_pop_2010census=91.5% |rural_pop_2010census=8.5% |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |area_km2=534800 |area_km2_rank=9th |area_km2_ref |established_date=December&nbsp;10, 1930 |established_date_ref |license_plates=86 |ISO=RU-KHM |gov_as_of=March 2011 |leader_title=[[Govrenor o Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Govrenor]] |leader_title_ref |leader_name=[[Natalya Komarova]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="HeadName">Official website of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. [http://www.admhmao.ru/power/index.htm Natalya Vladimirovna Komarova, Govrenor o Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321135949/http://www.admhmao.ru/power/index.htm |date=2011-03-21 }} {{ru icon}}</ref> |legislature=[[Duma o Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Duma]] |legislature_ref |website=http://www.admhmao.ru/ |website_ref |date=March 2011 }} '''Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug''' ({{lang-ru|Ха́нты-Манси́йский автоно́мный о́круг&nbsp;— Югра́}}, ''Khanty-Mansiysky avtonomny okrug&nbsp;– Yugra''), kent as '''Yugra''' an aw, is a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] (an [[autonomous okrugs o Roushie|autonomous okrug]] o [[Tyumen Oblast]]). Population: 1,532,243 ([[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]).<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> The people native tae the region are the [[Khanty fowk|Khanty]] an the [[Mansi fowk|Mansi]], kent collectively as [[Ob Ugric]] fowk. The local leids, [[Khanty leid]] an [[Mansi leid]], which are relatit tae [[Hungarian leid|Hungarian]], enjoy special status in the autonomous okrug, while [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] remains the anerlie offeecial leid. The majority o the [[ile]] producit in Roushie comes frae Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, givin the region great economic importance. ==Geography== Principal rivers are the [[Ob River|Ob]] an its [[tributary]] the [[Irtysh River|Irtysh]]. Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug is traversed bi the northeasterly line o equal latitude an langitude. ==Admeenistrative diveesions== {{Main|Admeenistrative diveesions o Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug}} ==Demographics== '''Population''': {{ru-census|p2010=1,532,243|p2002=1,432,817|p1989=1,268,439}} Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug haes an aurie o 523,100&nbsp;km², but the aurie is spairsely populatit. The admeenistrative centre is [[Khanty-Mansiysk]], but the lairgest ceeties are [[Surgut]], [[Nizhnevartovsk]], an [[Nefteyugansk]]. ===Ethnic groups=== The indigenous population ([[Khanty people|Khanty]], [[Mansi people|Mansi]], an [[Nenets]]) is anly 2% o the tot population. The exploitation o naitural gas in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug haes attracted immigrants frae aw ower the umwhile Soviet Union. The 2010 Census counted twinty-five ethnic groups o mair nor twa thoosand persons each. The ethnic composition is as follows: {| class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em" |- | bgcolor="#C0C0C0" | '''Population o Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug'''<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab7.xls |title=National Composition of Population for Regions of the Russian Federation |accessdate=2011-12-22 |format=XLS |publisher=2010 Russian All-Population Census |year=2010 |journal= |archive-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67F7j3Iul?url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab7.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0"> <tr align="left"> <td width="35%" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;"> [[Roushies|Roushie]]</td> <td width="15%" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">68.1%</td> <td width="35%" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Mansi fowk|Mansi]]</td> <td width="15%" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">0.8%</td> </tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">6.4%</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Kumyks|Kumyk]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">1%</td> </tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;"> [[Tatars|Tatar]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">7.6%</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Lezgins|Lezgin]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">0.9%</td> </tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Bashkirs|Bashkir]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">2.5%</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Ethnic German|German]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Azeris in Roushie|Azeri]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">1.8%</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">0.7%</td> </tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Belaroushies]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">1%</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Chechens|Chechen]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Khanty fowk|Khanty]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">1.3%</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Armenies|Armenian]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">0.4%</td> </tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">0.9%</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">Ither</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">3.4%</td> </tr> <tr align="left"> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold;">[[Moldovans|Moldovan]]</td> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial;font-size:10px;">0.7%</td> </tr> </table> |} Historical population figures are shawn belaw: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |-bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group ! colspan="2" | 1939 Census ! colspan="2" | 1959 Census ! colspan="2" | 1970 Census ! colspan="2" | 1979 Census ! colspan="2" | 1989 Census ! colspan="2" | 2002 Census ! colspan="2" | 2010 Census<sup>1</sup> |-bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! Number ! % ! Number ! % ! Number ! % ! Number ! % ! Number ! % ! Number ! % ! Number ! % |- | align="left"| [[Khanty fowk|Khanty]] | 12,238 ||13.1% | 11,435 ||9.2% | 12,222 ||4.5% | 11,219 ||2.0% | 11,892 ||0.9% | 17,128 ||1.2% | 19,068 ||1.3% |- | align="left"| [[Mansi fowk|Mansi]] | 5,768 ||6.2% | 5,644 ||4.6% | 6,684 ||2.5% | 6,156 ||1.1% | 6,562 ||0.5% | 9,894 ||0.7% | 10,977 ||0.8% |- | align="left"| [[Nenets fowk|Nenets]] | 852 ||0.9% | 815 ||0.7% | 940 ||0.3% | 1,003 ||0.2% | 1,144 ||0.1% | 1,290 ||0.1% | 1,438 ||0.1% |- | align="left"| [[Komi fowks|Komi]] | 2,436||2.6% | 2,803||2.3% | 3,150||1.2% | 3,105||0.5% | 3,000||0.2% | 3,081||0.2% | 2,364||0.2% |- | align="left"| [[Roushies]] | 67,616||72.5% | 89,813||72.5% | 208,500||76.9% | 423,792||74.3% | 850,297||66.3% | 946,590||66.1% | 973,978||68.1% |- | align="left"| [[Ukrainians]] | 1,111||1.2% | 4,363||3.5% | 9,986||3.7% | 45,484||8.0% | 148,317||11.6% | 123,238||8.6% | 91,323||6.4% |- |align="left"| [[Tatars]] | 2,227||2.4% | 2,938||2.4% | 14,046||5.2% | 36,898||6.5% | 97,689||7.6% | 107,637||7.5% | 108,899||7.6% |- | align="left"| Ithers | 1,026 ||1.1% | 6,115||4.9% | 15,629||5.8% | 43,106||7.6% | 163,495||12.7% | 223,959||15.6% | 173,536||12.6% |- | align="left" colspan="17"| <sup>1</sup> <small>102,138 fowk wur registered frae admeenistrative databases, an coud no declare an ethnicity. It is estimatit that the proportion o ethnicities in this group is the same as that o the declared group.</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-24 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111852/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ===Vital statistics=== :Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080412011659/http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/Cbsd/DBInet.cgi#1 Russian Federal State Statistics Service] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |- ! ! width="70pt"|Average population (x 1000) ! width="70pt"|Live births ! width="70pt"|Daiths ! width="70pt"|Natural chynge ! width="70pt"|Crude birth rate (per 1000) ! width="70pt"|Crude daith rate (per 1000) ! width="70pt"|Natural chynge (per 1000) |- | 1970 | 281 | 5 959 | 2 025 | 3 934 | 21.2 | 7.2 | 14.0 |- | 1975 | 415 | 9 450 | 2 572 | 6 878 | 22.8 | 6.2 | 16.6 |- | 1980 | 649 | 13 901 | 4 116 | 9 785 | 21.4 | 6.3 | 15.1 |- | 1985 | 1 041 | 25 130 | 4 863 | 20 267 | 24.1 | 4.7 | 19.5 |- | 1990 | 1 274 | 21 812 | 5 354 | 16 458 | 17.1 | 4.2 | 12.9 |- | 1991 | 1 276 | 19 060 | 5 884 | 13 176 | 14.9 | 4.6 | 10.3 |- | 1992 | 1 270 | 15 849 | 7 132 | 8 717 | 12.5 | 5.6 | 6.9 |- | 1993 | 1 274 | 14 531 | 9 401 | 5 130 | 11.4 | 7.4 | 4.0 |- | 1994 | 1 286 | 15 120 | 9 937 | 5 183 | 11.8 | 7.7 | 4.0 |- | 1995 | 1 298 | 14 418 | 10 041 | 4 377 | 11.1 | 7.7 | 3.4 |- | 1996 | 1 310 | 14 469 | 9 508 | 4 961 | 11.0 | 7.3 | 3.8 |- | 1997 | 1 330 | 14 640 | 8 497 | 6 143 | 11.0 | 6.4 | 4.6 |- | 1998 | 1 351 | 15 600 | 8 164 | 7 436 | 11.5 | 6.0 | 5.5 |- | 1999 | 1 359 | 14 728 | 8 476 | 6 252 | 10.8 | 6.2 | 4.6 |- | 2000 | 1 372 | 15 579 | 9 426 | 6 153 | 11.4 | 6.9 | 4.5 |- | 2001 | 1 398 | 17 130 | 9 863 | 7 267 | 12.3 | 7.1 | 5.2 |- | 2002 | 1 426 | 19 051 | 9 829 | 9 222 | 13.4 | 6.9 | 6.5 |- | 2003 | 1 445 | 19 883 | 10 000 | 9 883 | 13.8 | 6.9 | 6.8 |- | 2004 | 1 456 | 20 377 | 9 828 | 10 549 | 14.0 | 6.8 | 7.2 |- | 2005 | 1 466 | 19 958 | 10 415 | 9 543 | 13.6 | 7.1 | 6.5 |- | 2006 | 1 476 | 20 366 | 10 077 | 10 289 | 13.8 | 6.8 | 7.0 |- | 2007 | 1 487 | 21 887 | 10 093 | 11 794 | 14.7 | 6.8 | 7.9 |- | 2008 | 1 500 | 23 197 | 10 215 | 12 982 | 15.5 | 6.8 | 8.7 |- | 2009 | 1 513 | 23 840 | 10 107 | 13 733 | 15.8 | 6.7 | 9.1 |- | 2010 | 1 527 | 25 089 | 10 447 | 14 642 | 16.4 | 6.8 | 9.6 |} ==Releegion== A majority o the population is [[Orthodox Christian]], while a significant minority (aboot 17%) o the population follaes [[Islam]]. ==Transport== In the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, primary transport o guids accoontit for watter an railwey transport, 29% is transportit bi road, an 2% aviation. The tot lenth o railwey tracks 1106&nbsp;km. The lenth o roads, mair nor 18000. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug}} *[http://www2.admhmao.ru/english/index.htm Official website of Khanty–Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225092858/http://www2.admhmao.ru/english/index.htm |date=2012-02-25 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161014180026/http://www.admhmao.ru/ The official website of the public authorities Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra ] {{ru icon}} {{en icon}} *[http://www.dumahmao.ru Official site Duma Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra ] {{ru icon}} {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} [[Category:Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug| ]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1930]] ohn39zbmkf895ps0s0ta0w0pu0vosm0 0 21822 923572 885840 2026-09-26T10:01:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|55|43|29|N|37|29|08|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} [[File:Msk zao.png|thumb|right|Location o Wastren Admeenistrative Okrug athin Moscow]] [[File:ZAO district of Moscow coa.png|thumb|right|Coat o airms o Wastren Admeenistrative Okrug]] '''Wastren Admeenistrative Destrict''', or '''Zapadny Admeenistrative Okrug''' ({{lang-ru|Западный административный округ}}), is ane o the ten [[admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow|admeenistrative okrugs]] o [[Moscow]]. The destrict wis foondit in 1991 an haes an aurie o {{convert|153|km2|sp=us}}. Population: {{ru-census2010prelim|1,299,337|;}} {{ru-census2002|1,049,104|.}} The okrug encompasses thirteen destricts: *[[Dorogomilovo Destrict|Dorogomilovo]] *[[Filyovsky park Destrict|Filyovsky park]] *[[Fili-Davydkovo Destrict|Fili-Davydkovo]] *[[Krylatskoye Destrict|Krylatskoye]] *[[Kuntsevo Destrict|Kuntsevo]] *[[Mozhaysky Destrict, Moscow|Mozhaysky]] *[[Novo-Peredelkino Destrict|Novo-Peredelkino]] *[[Ochakovo-Matveyevskoye Destrict|Ochakovo-Matveyevskoye]] *[[Prospekt Vernadskogo Destrict|Prospekt Vernadskogo]] *[[Ramenki Destrict|Ramenki]] *[[Solntsevo Destrict|Solntsevo]] *[[Troparyovo-Nikulino Destrict|Troparyovo-Nikulino]] *[[Vnukovo Destrict|Vnukovo]] ==Education== The [[German School Moscow]] is locatit in [[Troparyovo-Nikulino Destrict]], Wastren Admeenistrative Okrug.<ref>"[http://www.deutscheschulemoskau.de/16.html?&L=1 Contact] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120724134620/http://www.deutscheschulemoskau.de/16.html?&L=1 |date=2012-07-24 }}." [[German School Moscow]]. Retrieved on 31 October 2011. "Address: German School Moscow Prospekt Vernadskogo 103 / 5 119526 Moscow Russian Federation " - [http://www.deutscheschulemoskau.de/index.php?id=16&L=0 Address in German]: "Deutsche Schule Moskau Prospekt Wernadskogo 103 / 5 119526 Moskau Russische Föderation" - [http://www.deutscheschulemoskau.de/index.php?id=16&L=2 Address in Russian]: "Немецкая школа в Москве проспект Вернадского 103 / 5 119526 Москва Российская Федерация "</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100330162448/http://www.fili-davyd.zao.mos.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{ru icon}} *[http://government.moscow.ru/en/capital_russia/territorial_authorities/zao/ Moscow International Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223091231/http://government.moscow.ru/en/capital_russia/territorial_authorities/zao/ |date=2010-02-23 }} {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}} [[Category:Admeenistrative okrugs o Moscow]] olpf6eesk0i2vy6aktyf80gk73j37hc 0 21824 923482 863843 2026-09-26T07:16:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|55|50|N|37|31|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} [[File:Msk sao.png|thumb|right|Northren Admeenistrative Okrug on the cairt o Moscow]] '''Northren Admeenistrative Okrug''', or '''Severny Admeenistrative Okrug''' ({{lang-ru|Се́верный администрати́вный о́круг, ''Severny administrativny okrug''}}), is ane o the ten [[admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow|admeenistrative okrugs]] o [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]. It wis foondit in 1991 an haes an aurie o {{convert|109.9|km2|sp=us}}. Population: {{ru-census2010prelim|1,114,607|;}} {{ru-census2002|1,112,846|.}} The admeenistrative okrug's bundaries extend frae the [[Belaoushie]] railwey tae the [[MKAD]], an comprise the territory atween [[Molzhaninovsky Destrict]] an [[Sheremetyevo Internaitional Airport|Sheremetyevo Airport]]. The okrug encompasses saxteen destricts: *[[Aeroport Destrict|Aeroport]] *[[Begovoy Destrict|Begovoy]] *[[Beskudnikovsky Destrict|Beskudnikovsky]] *[[Dmitrovsky Destrict, Moscow|Dmitrovsky]] *[[Golovinsky Destrict|Golovinsky]] *[[Khovrino Destrict|Khovrino]] *[[Khoroshyovsky Destrict|Khoroshyovsky]] *[[Koptevo Destrict|Koptevo]] *[[Levoberezhny Destrict, Moscow|Levoberezhny]] *[[Molzhaninovsky Destrict|Molzhaninovsky]] *[[Savyolovsky Destrict|Savyolovsky]] *[[Sokol Destrict|Sokol]] *[[Timiryazevsky Destrict|Timiryazevsky]] *[[Vostochnoye Degunino Destrict|Vostochnoye Degunino]] *[[Voykovsky Destrict|Voykovsky]] *[[Zapadnoye Degunino Destrict|Zapadnoye Degunino]] ==Coat o airms== [[File:SAO district of Moscow coa.png|thumb|right|Coat o airms o Northren Admeenistrative Okrug]] The nairae siller belt symbolizes the [[Moscow Canal]], passing throu the territory o the okrug. The twa golden wings seembolise the united air traffeck o the ceety an the [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]]. The siller aicht-pyntit starn represents [[Polaris]] an pynts tae the northren location o the okrug in the ceety o Moscow. The gowd an siller sails o the ship seembolise the river transport an is locatit within the coonty o the North cargo river port. The siller horse represent the okrug racetrack. The siller Corinthian style columns represent the porticos o the [[Central Moscow Hippodrome]]. ==Economy== The okrug haes ower 1,000 medium-sized an lairge businesses an amaist 18,000 sma businesses. The okrug hooses construction material, ingineerin, fuid production, licht industry, jewellry design, an printin operations.<ref name="NorthOkrugEconomy">"[http://moscow.ru/en/government/capital_russia/territorial_authorities/sao/ Northern Administrative Okrug] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822122119/http://moscow.ru/en/government/capital_russia/territorial_authorities/sao/ |date=2011-08-22 }}." Moscow International Portal, Department of Foreign Economic and International Relations of the City of Moscow. Retrieved on 31 August, 2011.</ref> The okrug an aw hooses the offices o mony o Roushie's aviation companies.<ref name="NorthOkrugEconomy"/> The aviation companies [[Irkut Corporation|Irkut]],<ref>"[http://www.irkut.com/en/contacts/ Contact Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090918/http://www.irkut.com/en/contacts/ |date=2011-09-30 }}." [[Irkut Corporation]]. Retrieved on 30 August 2011. "Corporate Centre address: bldg. 1, 68, Leningradsky prospect, Moscow, 125315, Russia" - [http://www.irkut.com/ru/contacts/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912041246/http://www.irkut.com/ru/contacts/ |date=2011-09-12 }}: "Корпоративный Центр адрес: Россия, 125315, г. Москва, Ленинградский проспект, дом 68, стр. 1"</ref> [[Ilyushin]],<ref>"[http://www.ilyushin.org/eng/company/address.html Official Address of the JSC «IL»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907092552/http://www.ilyushin.org/eng/company/address.html |date=2011-09-07 }}." [[Ilyushin]]. Retrieved on 8 December 2010. "45 "G" Leningradsky Avenue, Moscow, 125190, Russian Federation." [http://www.ilyushin.org/company/address.html Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827005336/http://www.ilyushin.org/company/address.html |date=2011-08-27 }}: "125190 Российская Федерация, город Москва, Ленинградский проспект, дом 45 "Г"."</ref> an [[Yakovlev]] hae thair heid offices in the [[Aeroport Destrict]] in the okrug.<ref>[http://www.yak.ru/ENG/ Home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119122336/http://www.yak.ru/ENG/ |date=2016-01-19 }}. [[Yakovlev]]. Retrieved on 30 August 2011. "125315 Russia, Moscow, Leningradskiy prospect, 68" [http://www.yak.ru/ Address in Russian]: "125315 Россия, Москва, Ленинградский проспект, 68"</ref> The aviation companies [[Mikoyan]] (MiG) an [[Sukhoi]] hae thair heid offices in the [[Begovoy Destrict]] in the okrug.<ref>"[http://www.migavia.ru/eng/contacts/ Contacts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921162642/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/contacts/ |date=2011-09-21 }}." [[Mikoyan]]. Retrieved on 30 August 2011. "Russian Aircraft Corporation "MiG" 125284, Russian Federation, Moscow, 1-st Botkinsky drive, 7" - [http://www.migavia.ru/contacts/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828032517/http://www.migavia.ru/contacts/ |date=2011-08-28 }}: "125284, Российская Федерация, Москва, 1-й Боткинский проезд, д.7"</ref><ref>"[http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/contacts/ahc_sukhoi/ Contacts : Sukhoi Company (JSC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831092922/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/contacts/ahc_sukhoi/ |date=2011-08-31 }}." [[Sukhoi]]. Retrieved on 17 December 2010. "23B, Polikarpov str., Moscow, 125284, Russia, p/b 604." ([http://www.sukhoi.org/img/content/map_sukhoi_en.gif Direct link to map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929104126/http://www.sukhoi.org/img/content/map_sukhoi_en.gif |date=2011-09-29 }}) - [http://www.sukhoi.org/contacts/ahc_sukhoi/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829154741/http://sukhoi.org/contacts/ahc_sukhoi/ |date=2011-08-29 }}: "125284, Россия, Москва, ул. Поликарпова д. 23Б, а/я 604" ([http://www.sukhoi.org/img/content/map.gif Direct link to Russian map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929104236/http://www.sukhoi.org/img/content/map.gif |date=2011-09-29 }})</ref> The okrug an aw hooses the Dementyev Moscow Aviation Plant an the Rumyantsev Moscow Aviation Plant.<ref name="NorthOkrugEconomy"/> [[Nordwind Airlines]] haes its heid office athin [[Sheremetyevo Airport]] in the [[Molzhaninovsky Destrict]] in the okrug.<ref>"[http://www.nordwindairlines.ru/eng/about_us About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412032931/http://www.nordwindairlines.ru/eng/about_us |date=2011-04-12 }}." Nordwind Airlines. Retrieved on 26 October 2010. "[...]with its head office based in Sheremetyevo, Moscow."</ref><ref>"[http://www.nordwindairlines.ru/rus/vacancy Вакансии] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821232355/http://www.nordwindairlines.ru/rus/vacancy |date=2010-08-21 }}." Nordwind Airlines. Retrieved on 26 October 2010. "Условия: Базирование в Москве - Шереметьево Терминал С."</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110131041954/http://sao.mos.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{ru icon}} *Moscow International Portal. [http://government.moscow.ru/en/capital_russia/territorial_authorities/sao/ Northren Admeenistrative Okrug] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223091216/http://government.moscow.ru/en/capital_russia/territorial_authorities/sao/ |date=2010-02-23 }} {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}} [[Category:Admeenistrative okrugs o Moscow]] 9mj3um7az0wtba0rgpmn7kmr3nyloxd 0 21826 923534 872694 2026-09-26T08:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|55|39|N|37|32|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} [[File:Msk uzao.png|thumb|right|Sooth-Wastren Admeenistrative Okrug on the cairt o Moscow]] [[File:UZAO district of Moscow coa.png|thumb|right|Coat o airms o Sooth-Wastren Admeenistrative Okrug]] '''South-Wastren Admeenistrative Okrug''', or '''Yugo-Zapadny Administrative Okrug''' ({{lang-ru|Юго-Западный административный округ}}, ''Yugo-Zapadny administrativny okrug''), is ane o the ten [[admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow|admeenistrative okrugs]] o [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]. It wis foondit in 1991 an haes an aurie o {{convert|111.7|km2|sp=us}}. Population: {{ru-census2010prelim|1,366,282|;}} {{ru-census2002|1,179211|.}} The okrug encompasses twal destricts: *[[Akademichesky Destrict|Akademichesky]] *[[Gagarinsky Destrict, Moscow|Gagarinsky]] *[[Zyuzino Destrict|Zyuzino]] *[[Konkovo Destrict|Konkovo]] *[[Kotlovka Destrict|Kotlovka]] *[[Lomonosovsky Destrict, Moscow|Lomonosovsky]] *[[Obruchevsky Destrict|Obruchevsky]] *[[Severnoye Butovo Destrict|Severnoye Butovo]] *[[Tyoply Stan Destrict|Tyoply Stan]] *[[Cheryomushki Destrict|Cheryomushki]] *[[Yuzhnoye Butovo Destrict|Yuzhnoye Butovo]] *[[Yasenevo Destrict|Yasenevo]] ==Economy== [[Gazprom]] an the airline [[Aero Rent]] hae thair heid offices in [[Cheryomushki Destrict]] in the okrug.<ref>"[http://gazprom.com/contacts/ Contacts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715011138/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |date=2015-07-15 }}." [[Gazprom]]. Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Location: 16 Nametkina St., Moscow, Russian Federation" - [http://gazprom.ru/contacts/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609114736/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |date=2018-06-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609114736/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |date=2018-06-09 }}: "ул. Наметкина, 16, Москва, ГСП-7, 117997"</ref><ref>"[http://www.aerorent.ru/ENG/contacts/ To contact us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508230508/http://www.aerorent.ru/ENG/contacts/ |date=2016-05-08 }}." Aero Rent. Retrieved on 9 September 2011. "Sevastopolsky prospekt, 28/1, Moscow, Russia 117209" - [http://www.aerorent.ru/RUS/contacts/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219213431/http://www.aerorent.ru/RUS/contacts/ |date=2020-02-19 }}: "117209 г.Москва, Севастопольский проспект, д.28 корпус 1"</ref> [[RusHydro]] haes its heid office in the [[Obruchevsky Destrict]] in the okrug.<ref>"[http://www.eng.rushydro.ru/company/feedback Company] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008053127/http://www.eng.rushydro.ru/company/feedback |date=2011-10-08 }}." [[RusHydro]]. Retrieved on 3 November 2011. "51, Arhitektora Vlasova street, Moscow, 117393, Russia" - [http://www.rushydro.ru/company/feedback Address in Russian]: "Адрес для писем: 117393, Москва, ул. Архитектора Власова, д.51"</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://uzao.mos.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330150202/http://uzao.mos.ru/ |date=2010-03-30 }} {{ru icon}} {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}} [[Category:Admeenistrative okrugs o Moscow]] tr2qle9c7vfx8qhf8uv5firi1nt09zf 0 22023 923500 865689 2026-09-26T07:44:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French region |Name = Poitou-Charentes |Native_name = |map = Rimex-France location Poitou-Charentes.svg |reg_logo = |flag = Poitou-Charentes flag.svg |flag_link = |capital = Poitiers |largest_city = |area = 25809 |area_source = |population = 1722000 |pop_ref = |pop_date = 2007-01-01 |pop_rank = |GDP = |GDP_year = |GDP_percent = |Website = [http://www.poitou-charentes.fr/ poitou-charentes.fr] |leader_title = |leader = [[Ségolène Royal]] |leader_party = [[Socialist Pairty (Fraunce)|PS]] |ruling_party1 = |ruling_party2 = |departments = 4 |dept1 = [[Charente]] |dept2 = [[Charente-Maritime]] |dept3 = [[Deux-Sèvres]] |dept4 = [[Vienne]] |NUTS = FR5 |iso region = }} '''Poitou-Charentes''' ({{IPA-fr|pwatu ʃaʁɑ̃t|-|Fr-Paris--Poitou-Charentes.ogg}}) is an [[Regions o Fraunce|admeenistrative region]] in central wastren [[Fraunce]] comprisin fower [[depairtments o Fraunce|depairtments]]: [[Charente]], [[Charente-Maritime]], [[Deux-Sèvres]] an [[Vienne]]. The regional caipital is [[Poitiers]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commonscat|Poitou-Charentes}} * {{fr icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200108181007/http://www.poitou-charentes.fr/ Regional Cooncil Wabsteid] {{coord|46|05|N|0|10|E|region:FR_type:adm1st|display=title}} {{Regions o Fraunce}} [[Category:Nouvelle-Aquitaine|!]] [[Category:Umwhile regions o Fraunce]] izr9ta42361qmds2ohoknsrn9uz1dym 0 22058 923446 872333 2026-09-26T05:22:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roushie federal subject |en_name=Kursk Oblast |ru_name=Курская область |image_map=Kursk in Russia.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|45|N|36|01|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Kursk oblast.svg |coa_caption=[[Coat o airms o Kursk Oblast]] |image_flag=Flag of Kursk Oblast.svg |flag_caption=[[Flag o Kursk Oblast]] |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Oblast |political_status_link=Oblasts o Roushie |federal_district=[[Central Federal Destrict|Central]] |economic_region=[[Central Black Earth economic region|Central Black Earth]] |adm_ctr_type=Admeenistrative center |adm_ctr_name=[[Kursk]] |adm_ctr_ref |pop_2010census=1127081 |pop_2010census_rank=46t |urban_pop_2010census=65.2% |rural_pop_2010census=34.8% |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |area_km2=29800 |area_km2_rank=65t |area_km2_ref |established_date=13 Juin 1934 |established_date_ref |license_plates=46 |ISO=RU-KRS |gov_as_of=Mairch 2011 |leader_title=[[Govrenor o Kursk Oblast|Govrenor]] |leader_title_ref=<ref name="HeadLegis">Charter, Article&nbsp;12</ref> |leader_name=[[Alexander Nikolayevich Mikhaylov|Alexander Mikhaylov]] |leader_name-ref=<ref name="HeadName">Official website of Kursk Oblast. [http://rkursk.ru/other/gub.html Alexander Nikolayevich Mikhaylov, the Govrenor o Kursk Oblast] {{ru icon}}</ref> |legislature=[[Kursk Oblast Duma|Oblast Duma]] |legislature_ref=<ref name="HeadLegis" /> |website=http://rkursk.ru/ |website_ref |date=August 2010 }} '''Kursk Oblast''' ({{lang-ru|Ку́рская о́бласть}}, ''Kurskaya oblast'') is a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] (an [[oblast]]). Its [[admeenistrative center]] is the [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] o [[Kursk]]. Population: 1,127,081 ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]]).<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *{{RussiaBasicLawRef|krs}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Kursk Oblast}} *[http://www.rkursk.ru/en/index.html Offeecial wabsteid o Kursk Oblast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110062143/http://www.rkursk.ru/en/index.html |date=2012-01-10 }} *[http://www.travellerinfo.net/content/view/17/26/ Travellerinfo.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071454/http://www.travellerinfo.net/content/view/17/26/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''Travel to Russia, Kursk'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305223941/http://kommersant.com/tree.asp?doc_id=-50&node=393&rubric=5 Kursk Region History and General Information] {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} [[Category:Kursk Oblast| ]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1934]] j35rf46pknp6q2rhjpjd6z7wm0ckohh 0 22089 923460 849678 2026-09-26T06:10:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Province TR |name = Malatya |map = Malatya in Turkey.svg |region = Eastren Anatolie |area=12,313 |licence = 44 |area_code= 422 |total population =740,643 |tpop_as_of = 2010 |turkname = Malatya ili |}} '''Malatya Province''' ({{lang-tr|Malatya ili }}) is a [[Provinces o Turkey|province]] o [[Turkey]]. It is pairt o a lairger muntainous aurie. The caipital o the province is [[Malatya]] (in [[Hittite leid|Hittite]]: ''Milid'' or ''Maldi'', meanin "ceety o honey"), which haes mony residents. Malatya is famous for its [[apricot]]s. The aurie o Malatya province is 12,313&nbsp;km². Malatya Province haes 740,643 indwallers. The population wis 853,658 in 2000. The ceety o [[Malatya]] haes a population o 381,081 (2000). ==Geography== Malatya is traversed bi the northeasterly line o equal latitude an langitude. ==Destricts== Malatya province is dividit intae 14 [[Destricts o Turkey|destricts]] (caipital destrict in '''bauld'''): *[[Akçadağ]] *[[Arapgir]] *[[Arguvan]] *[[Battalgazi]] *[[Darende]] *[[Doğanşehir]] *[[Doğanyol]] *[[Hekimhan]] *[[Kale, Malatya|Kale]] *[[Kuluncak]] *'''[[Malatya]]''' *[[Pütürge]] *[[Yazıhan]] *[[Yeşilyurt, Malatya|Yeşilyurt]] ==Local steids== *[[İnönü University]] (syne 1975) *[[Turgut Özal]] Medical Center (in İnönü University) *[[Malatya Erhaç Airport]] (servin baith public an military) *[[Eskimalatya]] (auld ceety centre, vera historical place) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat}} * {{tr icon}} [http://www.malatya.gov.tr/ Malatya govrenor's offeecial wabsteid] * {{tr icon}} [http://www.3dmalatya.com/ Malatya] * {{tr icon}} [http://www.malatya.bel.tr/ Malatya municipality's offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302083558/http://www.malatya.bel.tr/ |date=2018-03-02 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.dmi.gov.tr/en-US/forecast-cities.aspx?m=MALATYA Malatya weather forecast information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507014738/http://www.dmi.gov.tr/en-US/forecast-cities.aspx?m=malatya |date=2010-05-07 }} * {{en icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180903204128/http://www.malatya.us/ Malatya directory] {{Destricts o Turkey|provname=Malatya|}} {{Provinces o Turkey}} {{coord|38|29|03|N|38|08|11|E|region:TR-44_type:adm1st|display=title}} sqvaghrdsqlfyadz0rct10gdhri4p25 0 22098 923517 888912 2026-09-26T08:18:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Ruhr Metropolitan Region |native_name = <small>''Metropolregion Ruhr''</small> |image_map = Locator map RVR in Germany.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = map o the Ruhr metropolitan region athin Germany |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_captio = |dot_x = |dot_y = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Germany}} |subdivision_type1 = [[States o Germany|State]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|North Rhine-Westphalie}} ---- <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |governing_body = Regionalverband Ruhr |established_title = |established_date = |subdivision_type3 = Maistmuckle cities |subdivision_name3 = [[Dortmund]]<br />[[Essen]]<br />[[Duisburg]]<br />[[Bochum]] |population_metro = 5,172,745 |area_metro_km2 = 4435 |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_total = |population_note = |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_density_metro_km2 = 1646 |population_density_metro_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = |elevation_footnotes = <ref>heichest: Wengeberg in [[Breckerfeld]], lawest: [[Xanten]]</ref> |elevation_max_m = 441 |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = 13 |elevation_min_ft = |blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross regional product|GRP]] |blank_info_sec1 = 2007 |blank1_name_sec1 = Nominal |blank1_info_sec1 = [[Euro|€]] 136.3 billion<ref>[http://www.metropoleruhr.de/fileadmin/user_upload/metropoleruhr.de/Daten___Fakten/Regionalanalysen/Wirtschaftskraft/Archiv_2007/Wirtschaft_2007_Bruttoinlandsprod.pdf metropoleruhr.de]</ref> | website = [http://www.metropoleruhr.de/ www.metropoleruhr.de] }} The '''Ruhr''' ([[German leid|German]] ''Ruhrgebiet'', colloquial ''Ruhrpott'', ''Kohlenpott'', ''Pott'' or ''Revier''), is an [[urban area]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Germany]].<ref>"Few foreigners know that in fact 'the Ruhr' is the name of a 150-mile-long Rhine right-bank tributary which, after meandering through the industrial basin now named after it, enters its parent near Europe's greatest inland port, Duisburg." See ''German International'', Volume 10 (1966), p. 30. "The territory through which the Ruhr flows is called the Ruhr district." See Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango, ''Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F'', 2003, p.1970. "Many industries were built in the Ruhr region, where both iron ore and coal were found." Kathryn Lane, ''Germany: The Land'' (2001), p. 24.</ref> Wi 4435&nbsp;km² an a population o some 5.2 million (2009), it is the lairgest urban [[agglomeration]] in Germany. It consists o several lairge, umwhile industrial ceeties bordered bi the rivers [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]] tae the sooth, [[Rhine]] tae the wast, an [[Lippe River|Lippe]] tae the north. In the Southwest it borders tae the [[Bergisches Land]]. It is considered pairt o the lairger [[Rhine-Ruhr]] [[metropolitan regions in Germany|metropolitan region]] o mair nor 12 million fowk. Syne the Ruhr is [[Polycentrism|polycentric]], coordinates shawn are ''general'' in natur an sae can be uised tae focus on the entire region o the Ruhr: {{Coord|51|30|N|7|30|E}}. Frae wast tae east, the region includes the ceeties o [[Duisburg]], [[Oberhausen]], [[Bottrop]], [[Mülheim|Mülheim an der Ruhr]], [[Essen]], [[Gelsenkirchen]], [[Bochum]], [[Herne, Germany|Herne]], [[Hagen]], [[Dortmund]], an [[Hamm]], as weel as pairts o the mair "rural" destricts [[Wesel]], [[Recklinghausen]], [[Unna]] an [[Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis]]. Historically, the wastren Ruhr towns, siclik Duisburg an Essen, belangit tae the historic region o the [[Rhineland]], whauras the eastren pairt o the Ruhr, includin Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Dortmund an Hamm, wur pairt o the region o [[Westphalie]]. Syne the 19t century, thir destricts hae grown thegither intae a muckle complex wi a vast industrial landscape, inhabitit bi some 7.3 million fowk (whan includin [[Düsseldorf]] an [[Wuppertal]]). It is the fowert maistmuckle urban area in [[Europe]] efter [[Moscow]], [[Lunnon]] an [[Paris]]. For 2010, the Ruhr region wis ane o the [[European Caipital o Cultur|European Caipitals o Cultur]]. ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==References== *{{Cite book|last=Botting |first=Douglas |year=1985 |title=From the Ruins of the Reich: Germany 1945–1949 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromruinsofreich00bott |location=New York |publisher=Crown Publishing |isbn=0-517-55865-3}} *Bishop, Patrick. ''Bomber Boys Fighting Back 1940–1945'' * French Directorate for Economic Affairs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809074341/http://www.ena.lu/?lang=2&doc=6584 Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions], 8 September 1945. *Gareau, Frederick H. "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany", ''Western Political Quarterly,'' Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp.&nbsp;517–53 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/443604 in JSTOR] *Yoder, Amos. "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", ''Review of Politics,'' Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp.&nbsp;345–358 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1404797 in JSTOR] ==Forder readin== * Kift, Roy, ''Tour the Ruhr: The English language guide'' (3rd ed., 2008) (ISBN 3-88474-815-7) Klartext Verlag, Essen [http://www.roy-kift.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522012448/http://roy-kift.com/ |date=2022-05-22 }} * Berndt, Christian. ''Corporate Germany Between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area'' (2001) * Crew, David. '' Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914'' (1979) (ISBN 0231043007) * Fischer, Conan. ''The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924'' (2003) * Gillingham, John. "Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War", ''Journal of Social History'' Vol. 15, No. 4 (Simmer, 1982), pp.&nbsp;637–653 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3787414 in JSTOR]* Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District", ''Geographical Review,'' 36 (1946), 194–221. * Gillingham, John. ''Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe'' (1985) (ISBN 0231062605) * Pounds, Norman J. G. ''The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3055785 (1952) online] * Pierenkemper, Toni. "Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913", ''Business History Review'' Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp.&nbsp;65–78 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3114687 in JSTOR] * Royal Jae Schmidt. ''Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II'' (1968) * Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914" ''Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1976), pp.&nbsp;397–412 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1878745 in JSTOR] * Spencer, Elaine Glovka. ''Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914.'' Rutgers Varsity Press. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22954873 (1984) online] * Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900", ''Osiris'' 2nt Series, Vol. 5, (1989), pp.&nbsp;242–259 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/301799 in JSTOR] ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Ruhr area|Ruhrgebiet}} {{Template group |title = Airticles Relatit tae the Ruhr |list = {{Template group |title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |list = '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|51|30|N|7|30|E|display=inline}} <span style="color:darkblue;">([[Polycentrism|polycentric]])</span>''' }} {{Metropolregion Germany}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} [[Category:Ruhr| ]] [[Category:Geografie o North Rhine-Westphalie]] [[Category:Metropolitan areas o Germany]] [[Category:Regions o Germany]] [[Category:Coal minin regions in Germany]] 37jdoel2jibe5iimkj4v2zjey4vorrm 0 31906 923520 832853 2026-09-26T08:36:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roushie federal subject |en_name=Saratov Oblast |ru_name=Саратовская область |image_map=Saratov in Russia.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|47|N|46|44|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Saratov oblast.svg |coa_caption=[[Coat o airms o Saratov Oblast]] |image_flag=Flag of Saratov Oblast.svg |flag_caption=[[Flag o Saratov Oblast]] |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Oblast |political_status_link=Oblasts o Roushie |federal_district=[[Volga Federal Destrict|Volga]] |economic_region=[[Volga economic region|Volga]] |adm_ctr_type=Admeenistrative center |adm_ctr_name=[[Saratov]] |adm_ctr_ref |pop_2010census=2521892 |pop_2010census_rank=19t |urban_pop_2010census=74.5% |rural_pop_2010census=25.5% |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |area_km2=100200 |area_km2_rank=36t |area_km2_ref |established_date=5 December 1936 |established_date_ref |license_plates=34 |ISO=RU-SAR |gov_as_of=March 2011 |leader_title=[[Govrenor o Saratov Oblast|Govrenor]] |leader_title_ref |leader_name=[[Pavel Ipatov]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="HeadName">Official website of Saratov Oblast. [http://saratov.gov.ru/governor/biography/ Pavel Leonidovich Ipatov, Governor of Saratov Oblast] {{ru icon}}</ref> |legislature=[[Saratov Oblast Duma|Oblast Duma]] |legislature_ref |website=http://saratov.gov.ru/ |website_ref |date=March 2011 }} '''Saratov Oblast''' ({{lang-ru|Сара́товская о́бласть}}, ''Saratovskaya oblast'') is a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] (an [[oblast]]), locatit in the [[Volga Federal Destrict]]. Its [[admeenistrative center]] is the [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] o [[Saratov]]. Population: 2,521,892 ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]]).<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060112225350/http://gov.saratov.ru//index.html?lang=en Offeecial wabsteid o Saratov Oblast]. {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} [[Category:Saratov Oblast| ]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1936]] ldcq3iykxjtze0h9d5v6c3hyxc52e1a 0 32064 923570 923239 2026-09-26T09:50:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birth_name=Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin |name = Vladimir Putin |native_name = Владимир Путин |native_name_lang = ru |image = Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped).jpg |caption = Putin in 2024 |office1 = [[Preses o Roushie]] |primeminister1 = [[Viktor Zubkov]]<br>[[Dmitry Medvedev]] |term_start1 = 7 Mey 2012 |predecessor1 = Dmitry Medvedev |primeminister2 = [[Mikhail Kasyanov]]<br>[[Mikhail Fradkov]]<br>[[Viktor Zubkov]] |term_start2 = 7 Mey 2000 |term_end2 = 7 Mey 2008<br><small>Acting: 31 December 1999 – 7 Mey 2000</small> |predecessor2 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] |successor2 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] |office3 = [[Prime Meenister o Roushie]] |president3 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] |deputy3 = [[Igor Shuvalov]] |term_start3 = 8 Mey 2008 |term_end3 = 7 Mey 2012 |predecessor3 = [[Viktor Zubkov]] |successor3 = [[Viktor Zubkov]] |president4 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] |deputy4 = [[Viktor Khristenko]]<br>[[Mikhail Kasyanov]] |term_start4 = 9 August 1999 |term_end4 = 7 Mey 2000<br><small>Acting: 9 August 1999 – 16 August 1999 |predecessor4 = [[Sergei Stepashin]] |successor4 = [[Mikhail Kasyanov]] |office5 = [[Unitit Roushie|Leader o Unitit Roushie]] |term_start5 = 1 Januar 2008 |term_end5 = 30 Mey 2012 |predecessor5 = [[Boris Gryzlov]] |successor5 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]] |office6 = [[Federal Security Service (Roushie)|Director o the Federal Security Service]] |president6 = [[Boris Yeltsin]] |term_start6 = 25 Julie 1998 |term_end6 = 29 Mairch 1999 |predecessor6 = [[Nikolay Kovalyov (politeecian)|Nikolay Kovalyov]] |successor6 = [[Nikolai Patrushev]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|10|7|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Saunt Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |party = [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] <small>(1975-1991)</small><br>[[Oor Hame – Roushie]] <small>(1995–1999)</small><br>[[Unity (Roushie poleetical pairty)|Unity]] <small>(1999–2001)</small><br>[[Independent (politeecian)|Independent]] <small>(1991–1995; 2001–2008)</small><br>[[Unitit Roushie]] <small>(2008–present)</small> |otherparty = [[Fowk's Front for Roushie]] <small>(2011–present)</small> |spouse = {{marriage|[[Lyudmila Putina]]|1983|2013}} |children = Mariya<br>Yekaterina |religion = [[Roushie Orthodoxy]] |alma_mater = [[Saunt Petersburg State Varsity|Leningrad State Varsity]] |signature = Putin signature.svg |website = {{Official website|http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru}} |allegiance = {{USSR}} |branch = [[KGB]] |serviceyears = 1975–1991 |rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel]] |awards = [[File:Orden of Honour.png|40 px|link=Order o Honour (Roushie Federation)]] }} '''Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin''' ({{lang-ru|Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин|p=vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn|a=ru-Putin.ogg}}; born 7 October 1952) is a [[Roushie]] politeecian that is [[Leet o Preses o the Roushie Federation|seicont]] [[Preses o Roushie|Preses o the]] [[Roushie]] Federation the nou an wis the [[Prime Meenister o Roushie]], as weel as chairman o [[Unitit Roushie]] an Chairman o the Cooncil o Meenisters o the [[Union State]]. He became [[Preses o Roushie|actin Preses]] on 31 December 1999, whan preses [[Boris Yeltsin]] resigned in a surprisin muive. Putin wan the 2000 presidential election an in 2004 he wis re-elected for a seicont term lastin till 7 Mey 2008. He wis reelect in 2012. For 16 year Putin wis an officer in the [[KGB]], risin tae the rank o [[Podpolkovnik|Lieutenant Colonel]] afore he retired tae enter politics in his native [[Saunt Petersburg]] in 1991. He flittit tae Moscow in 1996 an jyned Preses [[Boris Yeltsin]]'s admeenistration whaur he rose tite, acomin [[Actin Preses o the Roushie Federation|Actin Preses]] on 31 December 1999 whan Yeltsin unexpectit resigned. Putin won the subsequent [[Roushie presidential election, 2000|2000 presidential election]], despite widespread accusations o vote-riggin,<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/919928.stm</ref> an wis [[Roushie presidential election, 2004|reelectit in 2004]]. Acause o [[Constitution o Roushie|constitutionally mandatit term leemits]], Putin wis ineligible tae run for a third consecutive presidential term in 2008. [[Dmitry Medvedev]] won the [[Roushie presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]] an appyntit Putin as [[Prime Meenister o Roushie|Prime Meenister]], beginnin a period o sae-caed [[Duumvirate|"tandemocracy"]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hale|first=Henry E.|author2=Timothy J. Colton|date=8 September 2009|title=Russians and the Putin-Medvedev "Tandemocracy": A Survey-Based Portrait of the 2007–08 Election Season|journal=The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research|publisher=University of Washington|location=Seattle, WA|url=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2009_823-03_2_Hale.pdf|accessdate=15 March 2012|archive-date=2012-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609172645/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2009_823-03_2_Hale.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2011, follaein a chynge in the law extendin the presidential term frae fower year tae sax,<ref>Vasilyeva, Natallya. [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/2012/04/12/337618/Putin-claims.htm "Putin claims to support term limits as he readies to take helm for 3rd time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828204922/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/2012/04/12/337618/Putin-claims.htm |date=2014-08-28 }}, ''[[China Post]]'' (12 April 2012).</ref> Putin annoonced that he wad seek a third, non-consecutive term as Preses in the [[Russian presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential election]], an announcement that led tae [[2011–13 Roushie protests|lairge-scale protests in mony Roushie ceeties]]. In Mairch 2012, he won the election, that wis criticized for procedural irregularities, an is servin a sax-year term.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120304/171708401.html |title=Putin Hails Vote Victory, Opponents Cry Foul |agency=RIA Novosti |accessdate=22 June 2013 |archive-date=2013-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731182616/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120304/171708401.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2012/03/elections-in-russia-world-awaits-for.html|title=Elections in Russia: World Awaits for Putin to Reclaim the Kremlin|date=March 2012|publisher=The World Reporter|accessdate=March 2012|archive-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110037/https://www.theworldreporter.com/2012/03/elections-in-russia-world-awaits-for.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mony o Putin's actions are regardit bi the domestic opposeetion an foreign observers as undemocratic.<ref>{{cite web|author=Treisman, D|title=Is Russia's Experiment with Democracy Over?|url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294|publisher=UCLA International Institute|accessdate=31 December 2007|archive-date=2004-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111074502/http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2011 [[Democracy Index]] statit that Roushie wis in "a lang process o regression [that] culminatit in a move frae a hybrid tae an [[authoritarian]] regime" in view o Putin's candidacy an flawed pairlamentary elections.<ref>[[Democracy Index]] 2011, http://www.sida.se/Global/About%20Sida/Så%20arbetar%20vi/EIU_Democracy_Index_Dec2011.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617042553/http://www.sida.se/Global/About%20Sida/S%C3%A5%20arbetar%20vi/EIU_Democracy_Index_Dec2011.pdf |date=2012-06-17 }}</ref> In 2014, Roushie wis temporarily suspendit frae the [[G8]] group as a result o its [[annexation o Crimea]].<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/ U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8], CNN</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-temporarily-kicked-out-of-g8-club-of-rich-countries-2014-3 |title=Russia Temporarily Kicked Out Of G8 Club Of Rich Countries |publisher=Business Insider |date=2013-06-18 |accessdate=2014-03-25}}</ref> During Putin's first premiership an presidency (1999–2008) real incomes in Roushie rose bi a factor o 2.5, while real wages mair nor tripled; unemployment an poverty mair nor halved. Roushies' self-assessed life satisfaction rose signeeficantly an aa.<ref name="challenges_p12">{{cite book|editors=Anders Åslund, Sergei Guriev, Andrew C. Kuchins|title=Russia After the Global Economic Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaaftergloba00aslu|chapter=Challenges Facing the Russian Economy after the Crisis|last1=Guriev|first1=Sergei|last2=Tsyvinski|first2=Aleh|publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; New Economic School|year=2010|isbn=9780881324976|pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiaaftergloba00aslu/page/12 12]–13}}</ref> Putin's first presidency wis markit bi heich economic growth: the [[Roushie economy]] grew for aicht year, seein GDP increase bi 72% in [[Purchasing pouer parity|PPP]] (as for nominal GDP, 600%).<ref name="challenges_p12"/><ref name=nbc>{{cite news|title=Russians weigh Putin's protégé|agency=Associated Press|location=Moscow|date=3 May 2008|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24443419/print/1/displaymode/1098/|accessdate=29 December 2008|archive-date=2012-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119131007/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24443419/print/1/displaymode/1098/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=13&sy=1992&ey=2007&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=GDP of Russia from 1992 to 2007] [[International Monetary Fund]]. Retrieved 12 May 2008</ref><ref name=stats>{{cite news |url=http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080301/100381963.html |title=Russia's economy under Vladimir Putin: achievements and failures |agency=RIA Novosti |accessdate=22 June 2013 |archive-date=2013-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020517/http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080301/100381963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=russiaprofile>[http://russiaprofile.org/politics/a1187177738.html Putin's Economy&nbsp;– Eight Years On] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024211354/http://russiaprofile.org/politics/a1187177738.html |date=2011-10-24 }}. Russia Profile, 15 August 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008</ref> This growth wis a combined result o the [[2000s commodities boom]], heich ile prices, as weel as prudent economic an fiscal policies.<ref>''Putin: Russia's Choice'', (Routledge 2007), by [[Richard Sakwa]], Chapter 9</ref><ref>''Fragile Empire: How Russia Fell In and Out of Love with Vladimir Putin'', Yale University Press (2013), by Ben Judah, page 17</ref> As Roushie's preses, Putin an the [[Federal Assembly (Roushie)|Federal Assembly]] passed intae law a flat [[income tax]] o 13%, a reduced profits tax, an new land an legal codes.<ref name=progress>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/06/b99061.html|title=The Putin Paradox|publisher=Americanprogress.org|date=24 June 2004|accessdate=2 March 2010|archive-date=2012-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513113229/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/06/b99061.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=sharlet>{{cite book|last=Sharlet|first=Robert|title=Developments in Russian Politics|editor=White, Gitelman, Sakwa|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2005|volume=6|chapter=In Search of the Rule of Law|isbn=0-8223-3522-0}}</ref> As Prime Meenister, Putin owersaw lairge-scale [[Roushie militar reform|militar]] an [[Roushie polis reform|polis reform]]. His [[energy policy o Roushie|energy policy]] haes affirmed Roushie's poseetion as an [[energy superpouer]].<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=860&&prog=zru How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712025414/http://carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail |date=2016-07-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712025414/http://carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail |date=2016-07-12 }}, by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 March 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/051302Energy.shtml Russia: The 21st Century's Energy Superpower?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013144848/http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/051302Energy.shtml |date=2006-10-13 }}, by Fiona Hill, The Brookings Institution, 5 October 2002</ref> Putin supportit heich-tech industries lik the [[nuclear pouer in Roushie|nuclear]] an [[defence industry o Roushie|defence industries]]. A rise in foreign investment<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/business/invest/in_inv1.htm ПОСТУПЛЕНИЕ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ ПО ТИПАМ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213073312/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/business/invest/in_inv1.htm |date=2022-02-13 }} [[Rosstat]]</ref> contreibutit tae a boom in such sectors as the [[automotive industry o Russia|automotive industry]]. Housamever, caipital investment recently dropped 2.5% acause o the crisis in Ukraine accordin tae forecasts bi economists frae the [[IMF]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IMF cuts Russia 2014 growth outlook, cites Ukraine risk|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/us-russia-economy-imf-idUSBREA3T07H20140430|website=Reuters|access-date=2015-02-28|archive-date=2015-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214011208/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/us-russia-economy-imf-idUSBREA3T07H20140430|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{Current G20 Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Putin, Vladimir}} [[Category:Vladimir Putin| ]] [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:2003 Tuzla island conflict]] [[Category:Actin Preses o Roushie]] [[Category:Directors o the Federal Security Service]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox Christians frae Roushie]] [[Category:FSB officers]] [[Category:Grand Croix o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Heids o govrenment o the Roushie Federation]] [[Category:Independent politeecians]] [[Category:KGB officers]] [[Category:Kyokushin kaikan practeetioners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Oor Hame – Roushie politeecians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Saunt Petersburg]] [[Category:Fowk o the 2014 Crimean crisis]] [[Category:Fowk o the Chechen wars]] [[Category:Fowk o the Roushie-Georgie War]] [[Category:Plagiarism controversies]] [[Category:Preses o Roushie]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o St. Sava]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Zayed]] [[Category:Roushie judoka]] [[Category:Roushie karateka]] [[Category:Roushie Orthodox Christians]] [[Category:Roushie sambo practeetioners]] [[Category:Saunt Petersburg State Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Unitit Roushie politeecians]] {{Stub/RoushiePoliteecian}} igp5ieayhyichew2jt62t2k9paa2hyn 0 32166 923424 851316 2026-09-26T04:30:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Islamabad Capital Territory in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|thumb]] The '''Islamabad Caipital Territory''' (ICT) (Urdu:وفاقی دارالحکومت) is ane o the twa federal [[Subdiveesions o Pakistan#Provinces an territories|territories o Pakistan]]. It includes [[Islamabad]], the caipital ceety o [[Pakistan]], an covers an aurie o 1,165.5&nbsp;km² (450&nbsp;mi²) o which 906&nbsp;km² (349.8&nbsp;mi²) is Islamabad proper. It is represented in the [[Naitional Assembly o Pakistan|National Assembly]] bi twa constituencies, namely NA-48 an NA-49.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/herald/herald28.htm |title=District Profile: Central Punjab - Islamabad |access-date=2012-02-22 |archive-date=2008-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906174833/http://dawn.com/weekly/herald/herald28.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sisterlinks}} *[http://www.islamabad.gov.pk Govrenment o the Islamabad Caipital Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122033707/http://www.islamabad.gov.pk/ |date=2008-11-22 }} *{{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Islamabad_Capital_Territory/}} *{{wikivoyage|Islamabad}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140507071715/http://www.cda.gov.pk/ Capital Development Authority] {{Geographic location |Centre = Islamabad Caipital Territory |North = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] |Northeast = |East = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] |Southeast = |South = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] |Southwest = |West = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] |Northwest = }} {{Admeenistrative units o Pakistan}} [[Category:Admeenistrative units o Pakistan]] [[Category:Caipital destricts an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Pakistan]] [[Category:Islamabad| ]] tazn0ukyrof2sgn24v4vc1cnyfndmic 0 32186 923535 922379 2026-09-26T08:53:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = {{raise|0.2em|Sooth Gyeongsang Province}} | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|경상남도}}}} | native_name_lang = ko | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Sooth Korea|Province]] | translit_lang1 = Korean | translit_lang1_type = Hangul | translit_lang1_info = {{linktext|경|상|남|도}} | translit_lang1_type1 = Hanja | translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|慶|尙|南|道}} | translit_lang1_type2 = McCune‑Reischauer | translit_lang1_info2 = Kyŏngsangnam-do | translit_lang1_type3 = Revised&nbsp;Romanization | translit_lang1_info3 = Gyeongsangnam-do | image_blank_emblem = | image_map = South Korea-South Gyeongsang.svg | coordinates = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Sooth Korea]] | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Yeongnam]] | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Changwon]] | parts_type = Subdiveesions | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = 10 cities; 10 counties | leader_title = Govrenor | leader_name = [[Hong Jun-pyo]] | area_total_km2 = 10,533 | area_rank = 4t | population_footnotes = | population_total = 3,160,154 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_rank = 2nd | population_density_km2 = 300 | demographics_type1 = Metropolitan Seembols | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = Flouer | demographics1_info1 = [[Rose]] | demographics1_title2 = Tree | demographics1_info2 = [[Zelkova]] | demographics1_title3 = Bird | demographics1_info3 = [[Heron|White Heron]] | demographics1_title4 = | demographics1_info4 = | demographics1_title5 = | demographics1_info5 = | blank_name_sec1 = Dialect | blank_info_sec1 = [[Gyeongsang dialect|Gyeongsang]] | website = [http://english.gsnd.net/default.jsp gsnd.net] {{en icon}} | footnotes = |image_flag=}} '''Sooth Gyeongsang Province''', or '''''Gyeongsangnam-do''''', is a [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea|province]] in the sootheast o [[Sooth Korea]]. The provincial caipital is locatit at [[Changwon]]. It contains the major metropolitan centre an port o [[Busan]]. Locatit thare is UNESCO [[Warld Heritage Steid]] [[Haeinsa]], a [[Korean Buddhist temples|Buddhist temple]] that hooses the ''[[Tripitaka Koreana]]'' an attracts mony tourists. Automobile an petrochemical factories are lairgely concentratit alang the soothren pairt o the province, extendin frae [[Ulsan]] throu Busan, Changwon, an [[Jinju]]. ==Admeenistrative diveesions== {{main|Ceeties an Coonties o Gyeongsangnam-do}} Gyeongsangnam-do is dividit intae 8 ceeties (''si'') an 10 coonties (''gun''). The names belaw are gien in Inglis, [[hangul]], an [[hanja]]. ===Ceeties=== {| |valign="top"| *[[Changwon]] (창원시; 昌原市, caipital) *[[Geoje]] (거제시; 巨濟市) *[[Gimhae]] (김해시; 金海市) *[[Jinju]] (진주시; 晉州市) |valign="top"| *[[Miryang]] (밀양시; 密陽市) *[[Sacheon]] (사천시; 泗川市) *[[Tongyeong]] (통영시; 統營市) *[[Yangsan]] (양산시; 梁山市) |} ===Coonties=== {| |valign="top"| *[[Changnyeong]] (창녕군; 昌寧郡) *[[Geochang]] (거창군; 居昌郡) *[[Goseong, Gyeongsangnam-do|Goseong]] (고성군; 固城郡) *[[Hadong]] (하동군; 河東郡) |valign="top"| *[[Haman]] (함안군; 咸安郡) *[[Hapcheon]] (합천군; 陜川郡) *[[Hamyang]] (함양군; 咸陽郡) |valign="top"| *[[Namhae]] (남해군; 南海郡) *[[Sancheong]] (산청군; 山淸郡) *[[Uiryeong]] (의령군; 宜寧郡) |} ==Sister destrict== Roushie: [[Primorsky Krai]],<ref>[http://deita.ru/?news,,,,28295 partnership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220112014/http://deita.ru/politics/dalnij-vostok_13.11.2004_28295_k-pulikovskij-posetit-juzhnuju-koreju.html |date=2012-02-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220112014/http://deita.ru/politics/dalnij-vostok_13.11.2004_28295_k-pulikovskij-posetit-juzhnuju-koreju.html |date=2012-02-20 }}{{lang-ru|К. ПУЛИКОВСКИЙ посетит Южную Корею}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Gyeongsangnam-do}} *[http://english.gsnd.net/default.jsp Gyeongsangnam-do English-leid hame page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921110926/http://english.gsnd.net/default.jsp |date=2008-09-21 }} [[Category:Sooth Gyeongsang Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Sooth Korea]] mqb4gg9or2cr1hb2intn72gngvanaw8 0 32200 923499 905933 2026-09-26T07:37:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic steid | name = Petra | image = Petra Jordan BW 21.JPG | caption = [[Al Khazneh]] or ''The Treasury'' at Petra | location = [[Ma'an Govrenorate]], [[Jordan]] | coordinates = {{coord|30|19|43|N|35|26|31|E|region:JO-MN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Jordan | built = 1200 BC<ref name="kinghussein.gov.jo">{{cite web |author=Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C. |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism6d.html |title=Petra |publisher=Kinghussein.gov.jo |date= |accessdate=2011-12-05 |archive-date=2008-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513172116/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism6d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | elevation = {{convert|810|m|abbr=on|0}} | beginning_label = Settled | beginning_date = 7000 BC<ref name="kinghussein.gov.jo"/> | architect= | architecture= | area = | visitation_num = 580,000 | visitation_year = 2007 | governing_body = Petra Region Authority | designation1 = WHS | designation1_date = 1985 <small>(9t [[Warld Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = i, iii, iv | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/326 326] | designation1_free1name = State Pairty | designation1_free1value = Jordan | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = [[:en:List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Arab States]] | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_date = | designation2_number = | designation3 = | designation3_date = | designation3_free1name = Wabsteid | designation3_free1value = {{URL|http://www.visitpetra.jo|www.visitpetra.jo}} | designation4 = | designation4_date = | designation4_type = }} '''Petra''' ([[Greek leid|Greek]] "πέτρα" (petra), meanin ''stane''; [[Arabic]]: البتراء, ''Al-Batrāʾ'') is a [[History|historical]] an [[Airchaeology|airchaeological]] ceety in the [[Jordan]]ian govrenorate o [[Ma'an Govrenorate|Ma'an]] that is famous for its [[rock cut airchitectur]] an watter conduit seestem. Established sometime aroond the 6t century BC as the caipital ceety o the [[Nabataeans]],<ref name="Jordan Tourism board">[http://www.visitjordan.com/Default.aspx?Tabid=63 Major Attractions: Petra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133425/http://visitjordan.com/Default.aspx?tabid=63 |date=2016-11-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133425/http://visitjordan.com/Default.aspx?tabid=63 |date=2016-11-04 }}, Jordan tourism board</ref> it is a seebol o Jordan as well as its maist visitit tourist attraction.<ref name="Jordan Tourism board" /> It lees on the slope o [[Munt Hor]]<ref name="WebsterNinthNewCollege">Mish, Frederick C., Editor in Chief. “Petra.” ''[[Merriam–Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary]]''. 9th ed. Springfield, Massachusetts: [[Merriam-Webster]] Inc., 1985. ISBN 0-87779-508-8.</ref> in a [[Depression (geology)|basin]] amang the muntains that form the eastren flank o [[Arabah]] (Wadi Araba), the lairge valley runnin frae the [[Deid Sea]] tae the [[Gulf o Aqaba]]. Petra haes been a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]] syne 1985. The steid remained unkent tae the [[Wastren warld]] till 1812, when it wis introducit bi [[Swisserland|Swiss]] splorer [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]]. It wis describit as "a rose-red ceety hauf as auld as time" in a [[Newdigate Prize]]-winnin poem bi [[John William Burgon]]. UNESCO haes describit it as "ane o the maist precious cultural properties o man's cultural heritage".<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/326.pdf |title=UNESCO advisory body evaluation |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-12-05}}</ref> Petra wis chuisen bi the [[BBC]] as ane o "the 40 places ye hae tae see afore ye dee".<ref>Davey, Steve. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2003/12_december/places_to_see.shtml "Unforgettable Places To See Before You Die"], BBC, 12 December 2003.</ref> == Notes == {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons|Petra}} [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Jordan]] [[Category:Subterranea (geography)]] [[Category:Populatit places alang the Silk Road]] [[Category:Umwhile populatit places in Jordan]] [[Category:Nabataean steids in Jordan]] [[Category:Petra]] [[Category:Pertectit auries established in 1985]] [[Category:Tourism in Jordan]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Jordan]] [[Category:Rock-cut tombs]] [[Category:Cliff dwellins|Petra]] {{Stub/Asie}} {{Stub/Ceity}} tl4f7kesx472cd0atdiodlr8z2ixbn6 0 32276 923452 865564 2026-09-26T05:29:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923452 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 250px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" |+ <big>'''Lankaran (Lənkəran) Rayon'''</big> <br /> |- |colspan="2"|[[Image:Lankaran District in Azerbaijan 2021.svg|300 px|right|Cairt o Azerbaijan showin Lankaran rayon]] |- |Population (1999 census): |197,500 |- |Aurie (km<sup>2</sup>.): |1,540 |- |Telephone Code: |0171 |- |Zip Code: |AZ4200 |} '''Lankaran''' (Lenkoran, Lənkəran) is a [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Azerbaijan|rayon]] o [[Azerbaijan]]. It surroonds but daes no include the ceety o [[Lankaran]], which is technically a separate admeenistrative region. == History == [[Airchaeological excavations]] indicate that fowk hae livit in the region syne at least the [[Bronze Age]] (3rd or 2nt millennia BC). The aurie aroond Lankaran haets fertile soil, rich watter reserves an a [[humid subtropical climate]] wi a maximum annual precipitation o 1,600 tae 1,800&nbsp;mm, the heichest precipitation in Azerbaijan, lendin tae abundant [[agricultur]], cattle-breedin, [[gairdenin]], [[fishin]], [[bee-keepin]] an [[silk]] production. [[Blacksmith]], capper-smith, [[pottery]] an ither treds hae lang been well established too. The aurie's development wis an aw aidit bi its location as a pynt o communication atween auncient empires, leadin tae caravan trade funnelled alang the [[Caspian Sea]] coast. Atween 1747 an 1813 Lankaran wis the main ceety o the [[Talysh Khanate]]. Follaein the 1813 [[Treaty o Gulistan|Gulistan Treaty]], the northren aurie o the khanate wis occupeed bi Roushie, then the remainder wis seized in the final Russo-Persie war o 1826-1828. The 1828 [[Treaty o Turkmenchay]] left the aurie athin the Roushie empire an the khanate wis abolished. Durin the 19t century Lankaran's exports (rice, silk, vegetables, firth an fish) wur aimit mainly at the Roushie mercat. Durin the 20t century the tea-cultivation an processin industry became important in the rayon. The aurie wis briefly the centre o a Bolshevik-inspired [[Mughan Soviet Republic]] durin 1919. History repeatit itsel somewha in 1993. Durin the period o instability that follaeed Azerbaijan's 1991 unthirldom frae the USSR, Lankaran an surroondin rayons wur briefly declared the [[Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic]], but this anerlie survivit atween Juin an August 1993. The day the region is an integral pairt o the [[Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan Republic]]. ==Geography== The region haes a vast aurie o naitional pairks, whaur a variety o fauna an flora are preservit. [[Gizil-Agach State Reserve]] hosts ower 250 kinds o plants, 30 species o fish an mair nor 220 kynds o birds. Lankaran is an aw kent for ''[[Parrotia persica]]'', or ironwood. It is naturally grown in the region an coud be seen in [[Hirkan National Pairk]]. Local meeth haes it that it is the anerlie firth that sinks in watter, hence the name (ironwood). Historically it haes been uised for heatin, syne it burns for a lang time an is no easily extinguished. The [[Persie leopard]] (Panthera pardus saxicolor) subspecies o the [[leopard]], lives in the naitional pairk as well. ==Destricts== * Liman (ceety) * Narimanabad * Garmatuk * Ashagi Nuvadi * Hirkan * Haftoni * Isti Su * Balighcilar ==Population== * Tot population :197.500 * Percentage urban population : 39% * Percentage rural population : 61% == Notable natives== <!-- insert in alphabetical order --> * [[Samad bey Mehmandarov]] * [[Azi Aslanov]] * [[Allahshukur Pashazadeh]], [[Sheikh ul-Islam]] an [[Grand Mufti]] o the [[Caucasus]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051227192744/http://www.lankaran.az/index.php?lang=eng Offeecial rayon wabpage] *[http://www.lankaran.az/index.php?lang=eng (Inglis version)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227192744/http://www.lankaran.az/index.php?lang=eng |date=2005-12-27 }} {{Azerbaijan}} {{Lankaran Rayon}} {{coord missing|Azerbaijan}} [[Category:Destricts o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Lankaran Rayon| ]] sqm0e7f9bvkaye1xy440rm6o39pp88w 0 32777 923414 873578 2026-09-26T04:05:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Haren | image_flag = VlagHaren.gif | flag_size = 120x100px | flag_alt = Flag o Haren (Groningen) | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Haren wapen.svg | shield_size = 120x100px | shield_alt = Coat o airms o Haren (Groningen) |image_map = LocatieHaren.png |mapsize = 250px |coordinates = {{coord|53|10|N|6|36|E|region:NL|display=inline}} |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] |area_footnotes = (2006) |area_total_km2 = 50.70 |area_land_km2 = 45.69 |area_water_km2 = 5.00 |population_as_of = 1 Januar 2007 |population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline]. |settlement_type = Municipality |population_total = 18886 |population_density_km2 = 413 |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 }} '''Haren''' {{IPA-nl|ˈɦaː.rə(n)||Nl-Haren.oga}} is a [[municipality]] an a [[toun]] in the northeastren [[Netherlands]] locatit in the direct urban aurie o the Ceety o [[Groningen]]. == Population centres == *[[Essen, Netherlands|Essen]] *[[Glimmen]] *Haren *[[Noordlaren]] *[[Onnen]] ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|Haren, Groningen}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210302032127/https://gemeente.groningen.nl/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{Province Groningen}} {{Coord|53|10|N|6|36|E|type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Municipalities o Groningen (province)]] [[Category:Populatit places in Groningen (province)]] i09vbgtlpca0j7igxnbkunsmwf5bxn9 0 32812 923503 887494 2026-09-26T07:50:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Province o Reggio Emilia | native_name = | native_name_lang = it<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "it" for Italian --> | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Italy|Province]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = Map Province of Reggio Emilia.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Map heichlichtin the location o the province o Reggio Emilia in Italy | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Italy}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Emilia-Romagna]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital(s) | seat = [[Reggio Emilia]] | parts_type = [[Comune|Comuni]] | parts_style = para | p1 = 44 | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Democratic Pairty (Italy)|PD]] | leader_title = Preses | leader_name = Sonia Masini | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 2293 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 530343 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 42010-42025, 42028, 42030-42035, <br />42037, 42039-42049, 42121-42124 | area_code_type = Telephone prefix | area_code = 0522, 0536 | iso_code = | registration_plate = [[Italian caur number plates|RE]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] | blank_info_sec1 = 035 | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} [[File:Sesso canale reggio emilia.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Typical Emilian kintraside.]] The '''Province o Reggio Emilia''' ({{lang-it|Provincia di Reggio Emilia}}) is ane o the aicht provinces o the Italian Region o [[Emilia-Romagna]]. The caipital ceety, which is the maist densely populatit comune in the Province, is [[Reggio Emilia]]. It haes an aurie o 2,293 km² an, based on the 2010 [[Naitional Institute o Statistics (Italy)|Istituto Nazionale di Statistica]] (Istat) census, it haes a total population o 530,343<ref>http://www.comuni-italiani.it/035/statistiche/ Dati statistici sulla Provincia di Reggio Emilia (Emilia-Romagna), Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref>. There are 44 ''[[comuni]]'' (singular: ''[[comune]]'') in the province<ref>http://www.comuni-italiani.it/035/index.html Provincia di Reggio Emilia (RE) - Regione Emilia-Romagna. Lista dei comuni, Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> [[Rolo, Emilia-Romagna|Rolo]], the smawest commune in the Province bi aurie, is the commune fairthest tae the East. [[Collagna]] is the commune farthest tae the wast. The border touns o the Province are [[Ligonchio]], which is the smawest commune bi population, tae the sooth an [[Luzzara]] in the north. Luzzara is the seicont lairgest commune in [[Emilia-Romagna]] an haes the heichest number o foreign naitionals in the region.<ref>http://www.comuni-italiani.it/035/statistiche/ Dati statistici sulla Provincia di Reggio Emilia (Emilia-Romagna), Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> The Province is hame tae the historical [[Canossa Castle]], property o the coontess [[Matilda o Tuscany|Matilde]]; it is whaur the famous [[Walk tae Canossa]] o [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] occurred. Representatives o the free municipalities o Reggio, Modena, Bologna an Ferrara met in Reggio Emilia's [[Sala del Tricolore (Reggio Emilia)|Sala del Tricolore]] in 1797 tae proclaim the [[Repubblica Cispadana]], adoptin the three colour green-white-red flag tae represent their newly formit Republic; it wis later adoptit in 1848 as the naitional flag.<ref>http://www.municipio.re.it/iat/iatre.nsf/schede/C477FAF485CE2140C125695100551CF5?OpenDocument&lng=eng {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813235302/http://www.municipio.re.it/IAT/iatre.nsf/schede/C477FAF485CE2140C125695100551CF5?OpenDocument&lng=eng |date=2011-08-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813235302/http://www.municipio.re.it/IAT/iatre.nsf/schede/C477FAF485CE2140C125695100551CF5?OpenDocument&lng=eng |date=2011-08-13 }} Official Tourist Information Site of the Municipality of Reggio Emilia, Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> == Education == Fower faculties o the [[University o Modena an Reggio Emilia]] are locatit in Reggio Emilia. The Faculty of Engineering and Agriculture wis established in Reggio Emilia in 1998, follaeed bi the Faculties of Communication Sciences and of Education Sciences.<ref>http://www.international.unimore.it/History.html University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Brief History of the University, Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> It is hame tae the [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia]]<ref>http://www.ortobot.unimore.it/informazioni.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717022941/http://www.ortobot.unimore.it/informazioni.htm |date=2011-07-17 }} L’Orto Botanico dell'Ateneo di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> The [[Reggio Emilia approach]] tae preschuil education wis stairtit bi the schuils o Reggio Emilia efter World War II an it's well-kent aw ower the warld, being ane o the maist advancit seestems at present times. It is based an inspired on theories o Malaguzzi, Bruner, Vygotsky, Dewey, Piaget an Gardner. [[Reggio Emilia]] helds the International Childhood Centre [[Loris Malaguzzi]], a modren structur whaur the [[Reggio Emilia approach]] is implementit, exportit an spread aroond the warld. <ref>http://www.reggioemiliaapproach.net/about.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225174447/http://www.reggioemiliaapproach.net/about.php |date=2012-02-25 }} Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> == Sports == Wi sports arenas includin the [[Stadio Giglio]] an [[Palabigi]], Reggio Emilia is hame tae the basketbaw team [[Pallacanestro Reggiana]].<ref>http://www.pallacanestroreggiana.it/ Pallacanestro Reggiana Official Site, Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> The [[Camparini Gioielli Cup]] is a yearly challenger-level tennis tournament played on clay in Reggio Emilia.<ref>http://www.tennisinsight.com/tournamentid16258.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930061644/http://www.tennisinsight.com/tournamentid16258.htm |date=2011-09-30 }} TennisChallenger.net Camparini Gioielli Cup (Reggio Emilia Challenger) Information, Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> [[A.C. Reggiana 1919]] is the historical soccer team o [[Reggio Emilia]], at the moments plays in the third naitional soccer league [[Prima Divisione]].[[Stadio Giglio]] (actual attendance is 29.650) is the hame play grund for the team.<ref>http://www.soccerway.com/teams/italy/ac-reggiana-1919/ Soccerway.com Information, Accessed 10 July 2011.</ref> == See an aw == * [[Comuni o the Province o Reggio Emilia]] * [[Reggio Emilia chess tournament]] * [[University o Modena an Reggio Emilia]] * [[Pallacanestro Reggiana]] * [[Palabigi]] * [[Stadio Giglio]] * [[Reggio Emilia approach]] * [[A.C. Reggiana 1919]] * [[Art Collection of the Pietro Manodori Foundation of the Cassa di Risparmio di Reggio Emilia]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.provincia.re.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Emilia-Romagna}} {{Province o Reggio Emilia|nocat=yes}} [[Category:Province o Reggio Emilia| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Italy|Reggio Emilia]] 52u0liohkl3yqt4rz5jhy9bax9jri6r 0 32879 923475 891778 2026-09-26T06:49:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = My Dying Bride | image =My Dying Bride.png | caption =Fower members o My Dying Bride live. Left tae richt,<br> then clockwise: [[Aaron Stainthorpe]],<br> [[Andrew Craighan]], [[Sarah Stanton]], [[Hamish Glencross]]. | image_size = | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Bradford]], [[Wast Yorkshire]], [[Ingland]] | genre = [[Doom metal]], [[daith/doom]], [[gothic metal]] | years_active = 1990-present | label = [[Peaceville Records]] | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.mydyingbride.org/ www.mydyingbride.org] | current_members = [[Aaron Stainthorpe]]<br />[[Hamish Glencross]]<br />[[Andrew Craighan]]<br />[[Dan Mullins]]<br />[[Lena Abé]] <br />[[Shaun MacGowan]] | past_members = [[Martin Powell]]<br />Yasmin Ahmed<br />Calvin Robertshaw<br />Bill Law<br />Rick Miah<br />[[Shaun Steels]]<br />[[Adrian Jackson (muisicker)|Adrian Jackson]]<br />[[Sarah Stanton]]<br />Katie Stone }} '''My Dying Bride''' are an Inglis [[doom metal]] baund formit in [[Bradford]], [[Wast Yorkshire]] in 1990. Alang wi baunds such as [[Anathema (baund)|Anathema]], [[Paradise Lost (baund)|Paradise Lost]], an [[Katatonia]], they are ane o the forerunners o the [[daith/doom]] metal genre. While baunds like Paradise Lost an Katatonia hae expandit their muisical styles ayont doom metal, My Dying Bride haes continued tae play doom metal syne its foundation. ==Members== ===Current members=== * [[Aaron Stainthorpe]] - Vocals (1990-) * [[Andrew Craighan]] - Guitar (1990-) * [[Hamish Glencross]] - Guitar (1999-) * [[Lena Abé]] - Bass (2007-) * [[Dan Mullins]] - Drums (2007-) * [[Shaun Macgowan]] - Keybuirds/Violin (2009-) ===Umwhile members=== * [[Martin Powell]] - Keybuirds, Violins (1991–1998) * Calvin Robertshaw - Guitar (1990–1999) * Yasmin Ahmed - Keybuirds (1998–2002) * Bill Law&nbsp;— Drums (1998–1999) * Rick Miah - Drums (1990–1997) * [[Shaun Taylor-Steels]] - Drums (1998–2006) * [[Adrian Jackson (muisicker)|Adrian Jackson]] - Bass (1991–2007) * [[Sarah Stanton]] - Keybuirds (2002–2008) * Katie Stone&nbsp;— Violin, Keybuirds (2008–2009) ===Session members=== * [[Jonny Maudling]] - Session Keybuirds ([[Bal-Sagoth]]) * Michelle Richfield&nbsp;— Guest Female Vocals in "34.788%... Complete" album * Yasmin Ahmed&nbsp;— Keyboards (1999–2002) * [[John Bennett (drummer)|John Bennett]] - Session Drums (2005–2006) ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== *''[[As the Flower Withers]]'' (1992) *''[[Turn Loose the Swans]]'' (1993) *''[[The Angel and the Dark River]]'' (1995) *''[[Like Gods of the Sun]]'' (1996) *''[[34.788%...Complete]]'' (1998) *''[[The Light at the End of the World (My Dying Bride album)|The Light at the End of the World]]'' (1999) *''[[The Dreadful Hours]]'' (2001) *''[[Songs of Darkness, Words of Light]]'' (2004) *''[[A Line of Deathless Kings]]'' (2006) *''[[For Lies I Sire]]'' (2009) *''[[Evinta]]'' (2011) *''[[A Map of All Our Failures]]'' (2012) *''[[Feel the Misery]]'' (2015) *''[[The Ghost of Orion]]'' (2020) *''A Mortal Binding'' (2024) ===Live albums=== *''[[The Voice of the Wretched]]'' (2002) *''[[An Ode to Woe]]'' (2008, contains DVD version an aw) ===Compilation albums=== *''[[The Stories]]'' (1994) (box set) *''[[Trinity (My Dying Bride album)|Trinity]]'' (1995) *''[[Meisterwerk 1]]'' (2000) *''[[Meisterwerk 2]]'' (2001) *''[[Anti-Diluvian Chronicles]]'' (2005) *''[[The Vaulted Shadows]]'' (2014) *''[[Meisterwerk 3]]'' (2016) ===Demos, singles an EPs=== *''[[Towards the Sinister]]'' (1990, demo) *''[[God Is Alone]]'' (1991, 7") *''[[Symphonaire Infernus et Spera Empyrium]]'' (1991, EP) *''[[The Thrash of Naked Limbs]]'' (1992, Single) *''[[Unreleased Bitterness]]'' (1993, 7") *''[[I Am the Bloody Earth]]'' (1994, Single) *''[[The Sexuality of Bereavement]]'' (1994, 7") *''[[Deeper Down]]'' (2006, Single) *''[[Bring Me Victory]]'' (2009, EP) *''[[The Barghest O' Whitby]]'' (2011, EP) *''[[The Manuscript]]'' (2013, EP) ===Video releases=== *''[[For Darkest Eyes]]'' (1997) *''[[Sinamorata]]'' (2005) *''[[An Ode to Woe]]'' (2008, contains CD version an aw)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=94642|title=BLABBERMOUTH.NET&nbsp;— MY DYING BRIDE: 'An Ode To Woe' CD/DVD Set Due This Month<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=2012-04-04|archive-date=2008-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501072718/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=94642|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|My Dying Bride}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100926092304/http://forum.mydyingbride.org/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{My Dying Bride}} [[Category:Inglis doom metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Inglis gothic metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Inglis daith metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 1990]] [[Category:Muisical sextets]] pt6rbdib7uft2tngka131tubxwpndoq 0 33475 923352 907819 2026-09-26T00:39:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Banged Up Abroad | show_name_2 = See [[#Internaitional airins|Internaitional airins]] belaw | image = | caption = | format = [[documentary film|Documentary]] / [[Docudrama]] | picture_format = [[16:9]] | runtime = 60 minutes (wi commercials) | creator = | starring = | company = Raw Television | channel = [[:en:Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] | first_aired = March [[:en:2006 in television|2006]] | last_aired = present | num_series = 8 | num_episodes = | country = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | related = }} '''''Banged Up Abroad''''' (rebadgit as '''''Locked Up Abroad''''' for the [[National Geographic Channel]], '''''Preso en el extranjero''''' in [[Laitin Americae]] an '''''Jailed Abroad''''' in [[Indie]]) is a [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] [[documentary film|documentary]]/[[docudrama]] [[television series]] creatit bi Bart Layton that wis producit for [[Five (channel)|Channel Five]] an that premiered in Mairch [[2006 in television|2006]]. ''Banged Up Abroad'' featurs stories o fowk who hae been reestit while travellin abroad, uisually for tryin tae [[Illegal drug trade|smuggle]] illegal [[drugs]] oot o a kintra an hae receivit lengthy [[preeson]] sentences as a result. ==Episode format== The episodes teepically follae the same format or structur. An episode contains a mix o oreeginal [[interview]] fuitage an reconstructit fuitage o thair journey. The convictit or captured are shawn talkin aboot thair experiences, ower dramatic reenactments o thair respective experiences. The episodes focus on the events leadin up tae the reest or time in captivity. In ane case, at the end o the episode, the convictit are shawn sittin wi handcuffs on, whare thay are still in jyle.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://travel.uk.msn.com/inspiration/uk/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=153780970 |title=Brit Banged up abroad' |access-date=2012-05-11 |archive-date=2010-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626105648/http://travel.uk.msn.com/inspiration/uk/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=153780970 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626105648/http://travel.uk.msn.com/inspiration/uk/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=153780970 |date=2010-06-26 }}MSN Travel UK. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref> In maist cases, the convictit or captured hae returned hame frae whare thay are tellin thair story. In ither cases, the convictit or captured are shawn revisitin the kintra o the incident. ==Internaitional airins== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! '''Kintra'''<br> !! '''Foreign title''' !! '''Netwirk(s)''' !! '''Notes''' |- | {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | "Banged up Abroad" | [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] & [[National Geographic Channel (UK)]] | Kintra o oreegin |- | {{flag|Norawa}} | "Fengslet i Utlandet" (''eng'': "Imprisoned Abroad") | [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Swaden}} | "Farlig Resa" (''eng'': "Dangerous Journey") | [[Sveriges Television]] & [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Denmark}} | "Fra Paradis til Helvede" (''eng'': "From Paradise to Hell") | [[TV2 (Denmark)|TV2]] | It wis aired in Spring 2008, Spring 2009 an Winter 2010 |- | {{flag|Finland}} | "Vankilassa ulkomailla" | [[SuomiTV]] & National Geographic Channel (Inglis) | |- | {{flag|Unitit States}} | "Locked up Abroad" | [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Indie}} | "Banged Up Abroad" | National Geographic Channel | It is aired as "Banged up Abroad" on [[National Geographic Adventure]]. |- | {{flag|New Zealand}} | "Banged up Abroad" | TV1 | |- | {{flag|Ireland}} | "Banged up Abroad" | TV3 & National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Australie}} | "Banged up Abroad" | [[National Geographic Channel (Australia)|National Geographic Channel]] & [[7mate]] | |- | {{flag|Canadae}} | "Banged up Abroad", "Locked up Abroad" an "Voyage d'enfer" (French version) | [[National Geographic Channel (Canadae)|National Geographic Channel]] (Inglis) an [[Canal D]] (French) | Aired oreeginally as "Banged up Abroad" an as "Locked up Abroad" stairtin Dec 2011 |- | {{flag|Poland}} | "Podróż do piekła" (eng: "Journey to hell")<br />"Koszmarna wyprawa" (eng: "Nightmarish Travel") | [[Discovery Channel]]<br />[[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} | "Gevangen in het Buitenland" an "Locked up Abroad" | SBS6 an National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Italy}} | "Prigionieri di viaggio" an "Prigionieri di viaggio: ostaggi" | National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Belgium}} | "Locked up Abroad" an "Banged up Abroad" | National Geographic Channel | Aired as "Locked up Abroad" till 2009 an as Banged up Abroad in 2010 |- | {{flag|Romanie}} | "Pierdut printre străini" (eng: "Lost among foreigners") | National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Estonie}} | "Vangistatud Välismaal" (eng: "Imprisoned Abroad") | National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Singapore}} | "Locked up Abroad" an "Banged up Abroad" | [[National Geographic Channel (Asie)|National Geographic Channel]] & [[National Geographic Adventure]] & Mediacorp Okto | It is aired as "Locked up Abroad" on National Geographic Channel an "Banged up Abroad" on National Geographic Adventure an Mediacorp Okto. |- | {{flag|Spain}} | "Encarcelados en el extranjero" (Eng.: "Imprisoned abroad") | National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Sooth Africae}} | "Banged up Abroad" | National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Mexico}} | "Preso en el Extranjero" (Eng.: "Jailed abroad") | [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} | "Preso en el Extranjero" (Eng.: "Jailed abroad") | [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Argentinae}} | "Preso en el extranjero" (Eng.: "Jailed abroad") | National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Thailand}} | "Locked up Abroad" | [[National Geographic Channel (Asie)|National Geographic Channel]] ([[TrueVisions]] 49) | |- | {{flag|Germany}} | "Horror Trips - Wenn Reisen zum Albtraum werden" (''eng'': "Horror Trips - when traveling becomes a nightmare") | [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Brazil}} | "Férias na Prisão (Vacation in Prison)" | National Geographic Channel | |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | "Bekasztlizva Külföldön" (Eng.: "Locked up abroad") | [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Philippines}} | "Locked Up Abroad" | [[National Geographic Channel (Asia)|National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Malaysie}} | "Locked Up Abroad" | [[National Geographic Channel (Asie)|National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Indonesie}} | "Locked Up Abroad" | [[National Geographic Channel (Asie)|National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Israel}} | "כלואים בארץ זרה" (Eng.: "Locked up in a foreign land") | [[National Geographic Channel (Asie)|National Geographic Channel]] | It is aired as "Banged up abroad" on National Geographic Channel |- | {{flag|Bulgarie}} | "Арестувани зад граница" (Eng.: "Arrested beyond border") | [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Taiwan}} | "異鄉歷劫" (Eng.: "Meet trouble in foreign") | [[National Geographic Channel]] | |- | {{flag|Turkey}} | "Kabusa Dönen Yolculuklar" (Eng.: "Travels turned to nightmare") | [[National Geographic Adventure]] | |- |} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.natgeotv.co.in/Programmes/Main.aspx?Id=386] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715021905/http://www.natgeotv.co.in/Programmes/Main.aspx?Id=386 |date=2009-07-15 }} {{IND}} *[http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/locked-up-abroad Offeecial wabsteid] {{USA}} *[http://natgeotv.com.au/Programmes/Main.aspx?Id=1140 Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208150018/http://natgeotv.com.au/Programmes/Main.aspx?Id=1140 |date=2009-02-08 }} {{AUS}} *[http://ngcisrael.co.il/programmes/banged-up-abroad Offeecial wabsteid]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ISR}} *{{IMDB title|0765433}} (2006 series) *{{IMDB title|1020109}} (2007 series) *[http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/1932:2455/1/BANGED_UP_ABROAD_Sandra_Gregory_s_Story.htm Sandra Gregory's story] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203142557/http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/tv_programme/634/Banged_Up_Abroad_Episode_1.htm Plot summary] *{{YouTube|showid = ytCIHZ7tMog|Locked Up Abroad}} ==References== <references/> [[Category:Channel 5 (UK) televeesion programmes]] [[Category:2000s Breetish televeesion series]] [[Category:2006 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2006 in Breetish televeesion]] [[Category:Preesons]] r2r0mhfo2a8n0nogjncric1dcul9tp9 0 33603 923417 891928 2026-09-26T04:17:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Fylke | name = Hordaland | idnumber = 12 | image_skyline = | capital = [[Bergen]] | mayor = [[Torill Selsvold Nyborg]] | mayor_party = [[Christian Democratic Pairty (Norawa)|Kristelig Folkeparti]] | mayor_date = 2003 | governor = [[Lars Sponheim]] | governor_party = [[Leeberal Pairty (Norawa)|Venstre]] | governor_date = 2010 | region = Vestlandet | arearank = 9 | area = 15460 | arealand = 14551 | areapercent = 4.78 | population_as_of = 2011 | populationrank = 3 | population = {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4856 + 0.14 * {{Age in days|2011|4|1}} round 0}}00}} <!--AUTOUPDATES DAILY at 00:00 UTC, Hordaland pop clock adds 14 people per day --> || {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} || {{#expr: (4856 + 14 * {{Age in days|2011|4|1}} ) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 3}}% || style="font-size: 75%"|[http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/02/folkendrkv_en/2011k1/kvart12-en.html Statistics Norway - Population per 1 April 2011 and population changes during 1st quarter of 2011. Hordaland.] | populationpercent = 9.72 | populationdensity = auto | populationincrease = 7.9 | gdp_as_of = 2001 | gdprank = 2 | gdppercent = 7.55 | gdpcapita = 263,056 | incomecapita = 148,300 | coatofarms = Hordaland_vapen.svg | munwebpage = www.hordaland.no | language = [[Norse leid|Nynorsk]] | demonym = Hordalending }} {{Historical populations |footnote = '''''Source''': [http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/02/folkendrhist_en/tables/tab/12.html Statistics Norway][http://www.ssb.no/fob/kommunehefte/12/fob_12_tabeller.pdf][http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/03/folkfram/tab-2009-06-11-06.html]. |shading = off |1769|63757 |1900|205771 |1950|308164 |1960|338265 |1970|369430 |1980|388084 |1990|407427 |2000|435219 |2010|477175 |2020?|531785 |2030?|584196 }} {{bar box |title=Religion in Hordaland<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=0&tilside=selecttable%2FhovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=kirke_kostra |title=Statistics Norway - Church of Norway. |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-date=2020-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511091059/https://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=0&tilside=selecttable%2FhovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=kirke_kostra |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/07/02/10/trosamf_en/tab-2010-12-13-02-en.html |title=Statistics Norway - Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance. County. 2006-2010 |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102060754/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/07/02/10/trosamf_en/tab-2010-12-13-02-en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Purple|87.34}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|0.77}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Red|0.22}} {{bar percent|Ither|Blue|11.67}} }} {{Audio|Hordaland.ogg|'''Hordaland'''}} is a [[Coonties o Norawa|coonty]] in [[Norawa]], borderin [[Sogn og Fjordane]], [[Buskerud]], [[Telemark]] an [[Rogaland]]. Hordaland is the third largest county efter [[Akershus]] an [[Oslo]] bi population. The coonty admeenistration is locatit in [[Bergen]]. Afore 1972, the ceety o Bergen wis its awn separate coonty apairt frae Hordaland. == Aboot the Coonty == === The name ''Hordaland'' === Hordaland ([[Auld Norse]]: ''Hǫrðaland'') is the auld name o the region which wis revivit in modren times. The first element is the plural [[genitive case]] o ''hǫrðar'', the name o an auld [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] tribe (see [[Charudes]]). The last element is ''land'' which means "land" or "region". Till 1919 the name o the coonty wis ''[[Bergenhus len|Søndre Bergenhus amt]]'' which meant "(the) soothren (pairt o) Bergenhus [[amt (subnational entity)|amt]]". (The auld ''Bergenhus amt'' wis creatit in 1662 an wis dividit in 1763.) {{see an aa|Rogaland|Sogn og Fjordane}} === Coat o airms === The [[Coat o airms]] wur offeecially grantit on 1 December 1961. They were designed by Magnus Hardeland, but the general design haed been oreginally used in the [[Sunnhordland]] region durin the 14t century. In the early 20t century, leaders o the coonty began uisin the auld airms as a seembol for the coonty ance again. The airms are on a red backgrund an consist o twa gowden [[axe]]s that are crossed wi a gowden [[Heraldic croun|croun]] abuin them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.no.net/~thuridcs/Kommvpn/Hrdland/beskr-hordal.htm|title=Hordaland fylke|accessdate=2008-08-29|archive-date=2016-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004093132/http://home.no.net/~thuridcs/Kommvpn/Hrdland/beskr-hordal.htm|url-status=dead}} {{no icon}}</ref> === Flag === [[File:Flag of Hordaland.svg|thumb|right|The flag o Hordaland]] The flag o Hordaland shows twa gowden axes an a croun in red. The flag is a banner o the [[Coat o airms o Hordaland|coat o airms]] derivit frae the auld seal o the guild of St. Olav from Onarheim in [[Tysnes]] municipality. This seal wis uised bi the delegates o [[Sunnhordland]] in 1344 on the document tae instaw king [[Haakon V o Norawa]]. It wis thus the auldest seembol uised for the region an adaptit as the airms an flag in 1961. The seembols refer tae the patron saunt o the guild, [[Saunt Olav]], King o Norawa, whose seembol is an axe. The flag was officially granted on December 1, 1961.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/hordaland.htm |title=Norske Kommunevåpen - HORDALAND |publisher=www.ngw.nl |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=2012-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514022529/http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/hordaland.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == History == Hordaland coonty haes been aroond for mair nor ane thoosan years. Syne the 7t century, the aurie wis made up o mony [[petty kinrick]]s unner the [[Gulating]] an wis kent as ''Hordafylke'' syne aroond the year 900. In the early 16t century, Norawa wis dividit intae fower ''len''. The [[Bergenhus len]] wis heidquairtered in [[Bergen]] an encompassed hintle o wastren an northren Norawa.<ref name=no /> In 1662, the ''lens'' wur replacit bi [[Amt (kintra subdiveesion)#The amt in Norawa|amts]]. ''Bergenhus amt'' consistit o Hordaland, [[Sogn og Fjordane]], [[Sunnmøre]], [[Troms]] an [[Nordland]]. In 1763, the ''amt'' wis dividit intae northren an soothren pairts: ''Nordre Bergenhus amt'' an ''Søndre Bergenhus amt''. Søndre Bergenhus amt wis re-namit ''Hordaland fylke'' in 1919.<ref name=no /> The ceety o [[Bergen]] wis classifeed as a ceety-coonty ''(byamt)'' frae 1831-1972. Durin that time in 1915, the municipality o [[Årstad, Bergen|Årstad]] wis annexed intae Bergen. In 1972, the neebourin municipalities o [[Arna, Norawa|Arna]], [[Fana]], [[Laksevåg]] an [[Åsane]] wur annexed intae the ceety o Bergen. At that same time an aw, the ceety o Bergen lost its coonty status, an became a pairt o Hordaland coonty.<ref name=no /> == Govrenment == A coonty ''(fylke)'' is the chief local admeenistrative aurie in [[Norawa]]. The whole kintra is dividit intae 19 counties. A coonty is an election aurie an aw, wi popular votes takkin place ivery 4 years. In Hordaland, 57 members are electit tae form a [[coonty cooncil (Norawa)|coonty council]] ''(Fylkesting)''. Heading the ''Fylkesting'' is the coonty mayor ''(fylkesordførar)''. Syne 2003, the [[Hordaland coonty municipality]] haes been led bi [[Torill Selsvold Nyborg]], the coonty mayor. The coonty haes a [[Coonty Govrenor]] ''(fylkesmann)'' an aw who is the representative o the [[Monarchy o Norawa|Keeng]] an [[Politics o Norawa|Govrenment o Norawa]]. [[Lars Sponheim]] is the [[Leet o Coonty Govrenors o Hordaland|Coonty Govrenor o Hordaland]]. The municipalities in Hordaland are dividit amang fower [[destrict court (Norawa)|destrict courts]] ''(tingrett)'': [[Nordhordland Destrict Court|Nordhordland]], [[Sunnhordland Destrict Court|Sunnhordland]], [[Bergen Destrict Court|Bergen]] an [[Hardanger Destrict Court|Hardanger]]. Hordaland is pairt o the [[Gulating Court o Appeal]] destrict based in Bergen an aw.<ref name=no>{{cite web|url=http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordaland|title=Hordaland|publisher=Norwegian Bøkmal Wikipedia|accessdate=2008-08-29}} {{no icon}}</ref> * Nordhordland Destrict Court: [[Askøy]], [[Austevoll]], [[Austrheim]], [[Fedje]], [[Fjell]], [[Fusa]], [[Lindås]], [[Masfjorden]], [[Meland]], [[Modalen]], [[Os, Hordaland|Os]], [[Osterøy]], [[Radøy]], [[Samnanger]], [[Sund, Norawa|Sund]], [[Vaksdal]], [[Voss]], [[Øygarden]] an [[Gulen]] * Sunnhordland Destrict Court: [[Bømlo]], [[Etne]], [[Fitjar]], [[Kvinnherad]], [[Stord]], [[Sveio]] an [[Tysnes]] * Bergen Destrict Court: the ceety o [[Bergen]] * Hardanger Destrict Court: [[Eidfjord]], [[Granvin]], [[Jondal]], [[Kvam]], [[Odda]], [[Ullensvang]] and [[Ulvik]] [[File:Lofthus1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hardanger]] is ane o Norawa's maist important sources o [[fruit]] an constitutes approximately 40% o the naitional fruit production, includin [[aiple]], [[ploum]], [[peir]], [[wild cherry]] an [[redcurrant]].]] Maist o the municipalities in Hordaland are pairt o the Hordaland [[Law enforcement bi kintra#Norawa|polis destrict]]. [[Gulen]] an [[Solund]] in [[Sogn og Fjordane]] coonty are pairt o the Hordaland polis destrict an aw. [[Bømlo]], [[Etne]], [[Fitjar]], [[Stord]] an [[Sveio]] are a pairt o the ''"[[Haugaland]] an [[Sunnhordland]]"'' polis destrict, alang wi aicht ither municipalities in [[Rogaland]] coonty.<ref name=no /> == Geography == [[File:FinseInWinter.jpg|thumb|Finse is the heichest point o the Norwegian Railway System, locatit at 1222m. abuin sea level.]] Hordaland is semi-circular in shape. It is locatit on the [[Wastren Norawa|wastren coast o Norawa]], split frae soothwast tae northeast bi the lang, deep [[Hardangerfjorden]], ane o [[Norawa]]'s main [[fjord]]s an a great tourist attraction. Aboot hauf o the Naitional pairk o [[Hardangervidda]] is in this coonty. The coonty includes mony well-kent [[waterfaw]]s o Norawa an aw, such as [[Vøringsfossen]] an [[Stykkjedalsfossen]]. It includes the [[Folgefonna]] an [[Hardangerjøkulen]] [[glacier]]s an aw. Mair nor 60% o the inhabitants live in [[Bergen]] an the surroondin aurie. Ither urban or semi-urban centres include [[Leirvik]], [[Voss]] an [[Odda]]. === Municipalities === In 1837, the coonties wur dividit intae local admeenistrative units each wi their awn govrenments. The number an borders o these [[Municipalities o Norawa|municipalities]] hae chyngit ower time, an at present there are 33 municipalities in Hordaland. {{further2|A mair detailed [[Leet o municipalities in Hordaland]]}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" !colspan=3|Municipalities o Hordaland |- !colspan=2|Key |rowspan=2|[[File:Hordaland Municipalities.png|440px]] |- |width=140 valign=top|<ol> <li>[[Askøy]] <li>[[Austevoll]] <li>[[Austrheim]] <li>[[Bergen]] <li>[[Bømlo]] <li>[[Eidfjord]] <li>[[Etne]] <li>[[Fedje]] <li>[[Fitjar]] <li>[[Fjell]] <li>[[Fusa]] <li>[[Granvin]] <li>[[Jondal]] <li>[[Kvam]] <li>[[Kvinnherad]] <li>[[Lindås]] <li>[[Masfjorden]] |width=140 valign=top|<ol start =18> <li>[[Meland]] <li>[[Modalen]] <li>[[Odda]] <li>[[Os, Hordaland|Os]] <li>[[Osterøy]] <li>[[Øygarden]] <li>[[Radøy]] <li>[[Samnanger]] <li>[[Stord]] <li>[[Sund, Norawa|Sund]] <li>[[Sveio]] <li>[[Tysnes]] <li>[[Ullensvang]] <li>[[Ulvik]] <li>[[Vaksdal]] <li>[[Voss]] </ol> |} === Destricts === [[File:NO 1201 Bergen-15-.svg|thumb|250px|Map o Hordaland Destricts an Municipalities{{legend|yellow|Nordhordland}}{{legend|red|Midthordland}} {{legend|blue|Sunnhordland}}{{legend|lime|Hardanger}} {{legend|fuchsia|Voss}}]] Hordaland is conventionally dividit intae [[Destricts o Norawa|traditional destricts]]. The inland destricts are [[Hardanger]] an [[Voss]] an the coastal destricts are [[Sunnhordland]], [[Midhordland]] an [[Nordhordland]] [''sic'']. ''[[Strilelandet]]'' is the name o a mair informal region commonly held tae encompass Midhordland an Nordhordland. ''Stril'' is a name the inhabitants o [[Bergen]] apply tae the fowk livin in the traditionally agricultural auries surroondin the ceety. == Sister regions == Hordaland coonty haes the follaein offeecial sister regions:<ref name=no /> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Basse-Normandie]], [[France]] * {{flagicon|UK}} [[Cairdiff]], [[Wales]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] * {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuanie]] * {{flagicon|Orkney}} [[Orkney Islands]], [[Scotland]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] {{Commonscat}} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050205185436/http://www.hordaland.no/english/map_county.html Coonty wab steid] * [http://kart.ivest.no/hordaland/index.jsp Map o Hordaland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015190741/http://kart.ivest.no/hordaland/index.jsp |date=2006-10-15 }} {{Coonties o Norawa}} [[Category:Hordaland| ]] [[Category:Umwhile coonties o Norawa]] ikiz93xn13wsvtyqe4z7r3qjmqggqso 0 33661 923421 865232 2026-09-26T04:27:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Finnish Municipality |name = Ingå |official_name = {{lang|sv|Ingå kommun}}<br />{{lang|fi|Inkoon kunta}} |other_name = |native_name = {{lang|sv|Ingå}} – {{lang|fi|Inkoo}} |native_name_lang = |nickname = |settlement_type = Municipality <!-- City, Town or Municipality--> |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = |image_skyline = Church in Inkoo, Finland.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Ingå Kirk |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Inkoo.vaakuna.svg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Inkoo sijainti Suomi.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o Ingå in [[Finland]] |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |province = [[Soothren Finland Province|Soothren Finland]] |region = [[Uusimaa]] |subregion = Raseborg sub-region <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = |p2 = <!-- etc. up to p10: for separate parts to be listed--> |government_footnotes = |leader_title = Municipal manager |leader_name = Jarl Boström |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = First documents |established_date = [[1335]] |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |extinct_title = |extinct_date = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |population_metro = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_note = |finnish_official = 1 |swedish_official = 1 |sami_official = |urbanisation = |unemployment = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |blank2_name = |blank2_info = |blank3_name = |blank3_info = |blank4_name = |blank4_info = |coordinates_type = <!-- latNS=N and longEW=E set by default --> |coordinates = {{coord|60|02.8|N|024|00.5|E|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = [http://www.inga.fi/ www.inga.fi] |footnotes = }} '''Ingå''' ({{IPA-sv|ˈiŋo}}; {{lang-fi|Inkoo}}) is a [[municipalities o Finland|municipality]] o [[Finland]]. It is locatit in the [[Uusimaa]] [[regions o Finland|region]]. The municipality haes a population o {{formatnum: {{Infobox Finnish municipality/population count|Ingå}}}} ({{#time: j F Y|{{Infobox Finnish municipality/population count|sourcedate}} }})<ref name="population_count" /> an covers an aurie o {{convert|{{Infobox Finnish municipality/total area|Ingå}}|km2}} o which {{convert|{{Infobox Finnish municipality/waters area|Ingå}}|km2|abbr=on}} is watter.<ref name="total_area" /> The [[population density]] is {{convert|{{Infobox Finnish municipality/population density|Ingå|round=2}}|PD/km2}}. The municipality is [[bilingual]], wi majority being [[Finland-Swadish|Swadish]] an minority [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] speakers. Finnish naitional road 51 goes richt through the soothren pairt o Ingå. The centre consists mainly o the road ''Bollstavägen'' that cuts through the Ingå centrum. Alang the road are maist o the major biggins an shops o the sma municipality. A few grocery stores, sma kiosk, leebrar an a bar. Towards the Road 51 there is the residential aurie. Near road 51, at the northren tip o the residential aurie is the Ingå Volunteer Rescue Company. ==Politics== Results o the [[Finnish parliamentary election, 2011]] in Ingå: *[[Swadish Fowkpairty]] 41.5% *[[Naitional Coalition Pairty]] 20.3% *[[Social Democratic Pairty o Finland|Social Democratic Pairty]] 16.8% *[[True Finns]] 9.0% *[[Green League]] 5.4% *[[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]] 2.4% *[[Centre Pairty (Finland)|Centre Pairty]] 1.8% *[[Christian Democrats (Finland)|Christian Democrats]] 1.5% ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat-inline|Ingå}} *[http://www.inga.fi/en_GB/ Municipality of Ingå] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503192721/http://www.inga.fi/en_GB/ |date=2009-05-03 }} – Offeecial wabsteid *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080807160204/http://www.webbisivu.com/TorpinTykit The Cannons at Torp Museum] {{Uusimaa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Inga}} [[Category:Ingå| ]] [[Category:Municipalities o Uusimaa]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Finland]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1330s]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Finland]] 3th1oj70tpkz3ylnw9tatv4y30qswv3 0 34011 923407 910779 2026-09-26T03:48:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923407 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zona Metropolitana de México.svg|thumb|Greater Mexico Ceety an [[Mexico Ceety]] (Distrito Federal)]] '''Greater Mexico Ceety''' refers tae the [[conurbation]] aroond [[Mexico Ceety]], offeecially cried '''Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie''' (''Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México''),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/metodologias/otras/zonas_met.pdf |title=INEGI: Delimitación de las Zonas Metropolitanas de México |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2011-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501065908/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/metodologias/otras/zonas_met.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> constitutit bi the Federal Destrict—itsel componed o 16 [[Burghs o Mexico Ceety|burghs]]—an 41 adjacent [[municipalities o Mexico|municipalities]] o the states o [[State o Mexico|Mexico]] an [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]. For normative purposes, housomeivver, Greater Mexico Ceety maist commonly refers tae the '''Metropolitan Aurie o the Valley o Mexico''' (''Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México'') an [[agglomeration]] that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As o 2009, Greater Mexico Ceety haes a population o 21,163,226, makkin it the third [[Leet o metropolitan auries bi population|lairgest metropolitan aurie]] in the warld an the [[Leet o metropolitan auries in the Americas bi population|maist populous metropolitan aurie in the Americas]].<ref name="ZMVM 2009">{{cite web | url=http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf | title=Mexico City Metropolitan Area | author=National Population Council | publisher=Government of the State of Mexico | accessdate=9 December 2009 | archive-date=2011-07-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144027/http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne the 1940s thare hae been different proposals tae establish the leemits o the growin conurbation o Mexico Ceety, an different definitions wur uised unoffeecially as the ceety continued tae grow. The Federal Govrenment (representit bi the Depairtment o Social Development), the Federal Destrict (Mexico Ceety proper), an the [[State o Mexico]] greeit on the offeecial definitions for baith the Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie an the Metropolitan Aurie o the Valley o Mexico on 22 December 2005<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/321955.html |title=News article of the agreement to define the metropolitan area |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2007-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109063235/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/321955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Per the agreement, maist urban plannin projects will be admeenistered bi Metropolitan Commissions. == Components o the agglomeration == === Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie === The Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie is definit tae be integratit bi: ;The 16 burghs (''delegaciones'') o the Federal Destrict (Mexico Ceety proper): {{colbegin||18em}} *[[Azcapotzalco]] *[[Álvaro Obregón, D.F.|Álvaro Obregón]] *[[Benito Juárez, D.F.|Benito Juárez]] *[[Coyoacán]] *[[Cuajimalpa de Morelos]] *[[Cuauhtémoc, D.F.|Cuauhtémoc]] *[[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] *[[Iztacalco]] *[[Iztapalapa]] *[[Magdalena Contreras, D.F.|Magdalena Contreras]] *[[Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.|Miguel Hidalgo]] *[[Milpa Alta]] *[[Tláhuac]] *[[Tlalpan]] *[[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] *[[Xochimilco]] {{colend}} ;The 40 municipalities o the State o Mexico: {{colbegin||18em}} *[[Acolman]] *[[Atenco]] *[[Atizapán de Zaragoza]] *[[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]] *[[Chiautla, State of Mexico|Chiautla]] *[[Chicoloapan]] *[[Chiconcuac]] *[[Chimalhuacán]] *[[Coacalco de Berriozábal]] *[[Cocotitlán]] *[[Coyotepec]] *[[Cuautitlán]] *[[Cuautitlán Izcalli]] *[[Ecatepec de Morelos]] *[[Huehuetoca]] *[[Huixquilucan]] *[[Ixtapaluca]] *[[Jaltenco]] *[[La Paz, State of Mexico|La Paz]] *[[Melchor Ocampo, Mexico|Melchor Ocampo]] *[[Naucalpan de Juárez]] *[[Nextlalplan]] *[[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcoyotl]] *[[Nicolás Romero, México|Nicolás Romero]] *[[Papalotla]] *[[San Martín de las Pirámides]] *[[Tecámac]] *[[Temamatla]] *[[Teoloyucán]] *[[Teotihuacán]] *[[Tepetlaoxtoc]] *[[Tepotzotlán]] *[[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]] *[[Tezoyuca]] *[[Tlamanalco]] *[[Tlalnepantla de Baz]] *[[Tultepec]] *[[Tultitlán]] *[[Valle de Chalco Solidaridad]] *[[Zumpango]] {{colend}} ;Ane conurbation municipality o the State o [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]: *[[Tizayuca]] === Metropolitan Aurie o the Valley o Mexico === The definition o the Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie is ''positive'', in that aw municipalities form a single conurbation. Bi contrast, the Metropolitan Aurie o the Valley o Mexico is considered a ''normative'' definition, in that it incorporates 18 additional strategic municipalities in the territorial admeenistration o the region, even if thay are no fully integratit as o yet. Mony urban projects, maistly relatit tae the impruivement o air quality an watter sanitation, are coordinatit for aw constituent municipalities o this agglomeration. The majority o the population reports o [[Leet o metropolitan auries o Mexico|urban auries]] in Mexico refer tae this agglomeration, an no tae the MCMA conurbation. {{colbegin||18em}} *[[Amecameca]] *[[Apaxco]] *[[Atlautla]] *[[Axapusco]] *[[Ayapango]] *[[Ecatzingo]] *[[Hueypoxtla]] *[[Isidro Fabela]] *[[Jilotzingo]] *[[Juchitepec]] *[[Nopaltepec, State of Mexico|Nopaltepec]] *[[Otumba, Mexico State|Otumba]] *[[Ozumba]] *[[Temascalapa]] *[[Tenango del Aire]] *[[Tepetlixpa]] *[[Tequixquiac]] *[[Villa del Carbón]] {{colend}} == Geografie an environment == [[File:Ciudad de México y Lago de Texcoco.png|thumb|Comparative cairt o the oreeginal extent o the seestem o lakes an the current extent o the day's urban aurie]] {{See an aa|Watter management in Greater Mexico Ceety}} Greater Mexico Ceety spreads ower the [[Valley o Mexico]], cried the valley o Anáhuac an aw, a 9,560&nbsp;km² (3,691 sq mi) valley that lees at an average o 2,240 m (7,349&nbsp;ft) abuin sea level but belaw the [[Tropic o Cancer]]. Oreeginally, a seestem o interconnectit lakes occupee'd a lairge aurie o the valley, o which [[Lake Texcoco]] wis the lairgest. Mexico Ceety wis biggit on the island o Tenochtitlan in the middle o the lake. Durin [[Spainyie conquest o the Aztec Empire|conquest o Mexico]] the dikes that protectit the ceety frae recurrent floods wur destroyed an colonial authorities preferred tae drain the watter o the lake, which wis, for the maist pairt, shallae. In 1900 preses [[Porfirio Díaz]] inauguratit the Valley's Seestem o Drainage that hinders the growt o watter bodies in the valley (an prevents floods). The basin o the valley o Mexico wis sicweys integratit airtificially tae the Moctezuma river basin which connects tae the [[Pánuco River]]. The last remnants o the seestem o lakes are foond in the burghs o [[Xochimilco]] an [[Tláhuac]], an in the municipality o [[Atenco]]. The valley o Mexico is surroondit bi muntains on aw fower sides creatin a basin wi anerlie ane sma openin at the north, trappin aw exhaust emissions o the ceety. At the soothren pairt o the basin the muntain range reaches an altitude o 3,952 m (12,965&nbsp;ft) abuin sea level; an tae the east the volcanoes reach an altitude o mair nor 5,000 m (16,000&nbsp;ft). The region receives anti-cyclonic seestems, producin weak winds that dae no allou for the dispersion o accumulatit air pollutants, producit bi the 50,000 industries operatin in Greater Mexico Ceety an the 4 million vehicles circulatin in its roads an heich-gates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |title=Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2007-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126231119/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare are several environmental programs in operation in aw municipalities o Greater Mexico Ceety. Ane o them is [[Hoy No Circula]] (kent in Scots as "Ane Day athoot a Caur"), whaurbi some vehicles wi certaint endin nummers on thair license plates are no alloued tae circulate on certaint days in an attempt tae cut doun on pollution an traffeck congestion. The program groups vehicles bi thair endin license plate deegits, an ivery weekday vehicles haein ony o the day's twa "hoy no circula" deegits are banned frae circulatin. For instance, on Fridays, vehicles wi plates endin in 9 or 0 mey no drive. This program is controversial syne it haes resultit in hoosehaulds buyin additional vehicles, whether new caurs for better-aff houses, or vera auld cheap—an sicweys mair pollutin—vehicles. Mairower newer vehicles are exempt frae complyin wi the program—in that thay are manufactured wi stricter pollution-reduction equipment—a muive said tae hae been pushed bi auto makers tae boost sales o new vehicles. Ither environmental programs include the [[IMECA]] (''Índice Metropolitano de la Calidad del Aire'', "Metropolitan Index o Air Quality") a real-time monitorin o the concentrations o several pollutants on the atmosphere o the valley o Mexico. If the IMECA values reach a creetical level, an environmental contingency is declared whaurbi ''Hoy No Circula'' is extendit tae twa days per week, industrial activities are reducit, certaint gas pouer plants shut doun, an elementary schuil entry oors are chyngit. Thare haes been a decrease in the nummer o environmental contingencies syne the 1990s (due tae an impruivement fuels, the implementation o industrial controls an relocation o factories), frae mair nor 5 tae anerlie ane or zero a year in the last few years. == Poleetical admeenistration == Lik it is the case wi aw trans-municipal [[metropolitan auries o Mexico|metropolitan auries in Mexico]], thare is nae electit govrenment institution in chairge o admeenisterin the entire metropolitan aurie. Each municipality is autonomous tae admeenister its local affairs, regulatit bi the govrenment o the states thay belang tae. Houiver, unlik some ither lairge metropolitan auries that are entirely contained in ane state, lik Greater Guadalajara an Greater Monterrey in which the state govrenment coordinates metropolitan activities, Greater Mexico Ceety spreads ower three [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|federal entities]]—twa states an the Federal Destrict—an therefore maist o the metropolitan projects hae tae be greeit upon bi govrenment offeecials o each federal entitie an/or owerseen bi the federal govrenment—syne the budget o the Federal Destrict is appruivit bi the [[Congress o Mexico|Congress o the Union]], bein the caipital o the federation—or throu metropolitan commissions. == Economy == Frae 1940 an till 1980, Greater Mexico Ceety experienced an intense rate o demographic growthe concurrent wi the economic policy o [[import substitution]]. Mexican industrial production wis hivily centralized in Greater Mexico Ceety durin this period which producit intense immigration tae the ceety. Close tae 52% o the economically active population o Greater Mexico Ceety wirkit in the industry sector in 1970.<ref name="Eco">[https://e-revistes.upc.edu/bitstream/2099/2080/1/TEM_RODOLFOMONTA%C3%91O_ARTICULO.pdf Expansión y Reconversión Económica de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Una Mirada de 1970 a 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071026121813/https://e-revistes.upc.edu/bitstream/2099/2080/1/TEM_RODOLFOMONTAÑO_ARTICULO.pdf |date=2007-10-26 }} by Rodolfo Montaño Salazar, UNAM</ref> This situation chyngit drastically durin the period o 1980 tae 2000, in which the economic based shiftit tae the service sector which in 2000 employed close tae 70% o the economically active population in the conurbation.<ref name="Eco"/> The annual rate o growt decreased sharply as well as the regional an naitional patterns o immigration: residents are muivin oot o the core ceety tae the suburbs or tae nearbi ceeties, whauras the northren states nou receive a lairger nummer o immigrants as new hubs o industrial production. Greater Mexico Ceety's main industries are nou relatit tae tred, financial services, insurance companies, telecommunications, informatics an transportation.<ref name="Eco"/> In spite o the recent shifts in economic production an the decentralization o the economic activity promotit bi the govrenment, Greater Mexico Ceety's share o tot economic activity in the kintra is still heich, tho decreasing. Mexico Ceety proper alane produces 21.8% o the naition's [[Gross Domestic Product]], lairger than ony o the states.<ref name="INEGI">[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 Producto Interno Bruto por entidad federativa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181238/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |date=2007-07-14 }}, INEGI</ref> == Demographics == [[File:MX-DF-Crecimiento de la ciudad de México.png|thumb|Growt o the urban aurie frae 1900 tae 2000]] Greater Mexico Ceety is the [[Leet o metropolitan auries o Mexico|lairgest metropolitan aurie in Mexico]] an the aurie wi the heichest population densitie. As o 2009, 21,163,226 fowk live in this urban agglomeration, o which 8,841,916 live in Mexico Ceety proper.<ref name="ZMVM 2009"/> In terms o population, the biggest municipalities that are pairt o Greater Mexico Ceety (excludin Mexico Ceety proper) are:<ref>http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/preliminares2010.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226003544/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |date=2018-12-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034305/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |date=2018-12-25 }} Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 Resultados preliminares (choose drop down Mexico for state)</ref> * [[Ecatepec de Morelos]] (pop. 1,658,806). * [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]] (pop. 1,109,363). * [[Naucalpan]] (pop. 833,782). * [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]] (pop. 664,160). * [[Chimalhuacán]] (pop. 602,079). * [[Ixtapaluca]] (pop. 467,630). * [[Cuautitlán Izcalli]] (pop. 532,973). * [[Atizapán de Zaragoza]] (pop. 489,775) The abuin municipalities are locatit in the state o Mexico; in fact, approximately 75% (10 million) o the state o México's population live in municipalities that are pairt o Greater Mexico Ceety's conurbation. Greater Mexico Ceety wis the fastest growin metropolitan aurie in the kintra till the late 1980s. Syne then, an throu a policy o decentralization in order tae reduce the environmental pollutants o the growin conurbation, the annual rate o growt o the agglomeration haes decreased, an it is lawer than that o the ither fower lairgest metropolitan auries (namely [[Guadalajara metropolitan aurie|Greater Guadalajara]], [[Monterrey metropolitan aurie|Greater Monterrey]], [[Greater Puebla]] an [[Greater Toluca]]) even tho it is still positive.<ref name=sintesis>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps Síntesis de Resultados del Conteo 2005 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209124039/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps |date=2007-02-09 }} INEGI</ref> The [[net migration rate]] o Mexico Ceety proper frae 1995 tae 2000, housomeivver, wis negative,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which implees that residents are muivin tae the suburbs o the metropolitan aurie, or tae ither states o Mexico. In addition, some inner ceety suburbs are luisin population tae ooter ceety suburbs, indicatin continual expansion o Greater Mexico Ceety. == Transportation == [[File:MexicoCityMetro.JPG|thumb|Mexico Ceety's metro]] Greater Mexico Ceety is connected throu a private netwirk o toll [[expressways]] tae the nearbi ceeties o [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]], [[Toluca]], [[Cuernavaca]], [[Pachuca]] an [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]. Internally, the Federal Destrict is servicit bi [[airterial road]]s, locally cried ''ejes viales'', while the metro aurie is connectit bi twa ring roads: the ''Periférico'' an ''Circuito Interior'', wi an elevatit heich-gate runnin on tap o the first ane. In 2007 the ''Eje Troncal Metropolitano'' wis feenished, a heich-gate that connects [[Xochimilco]] wi Ciudad Azteca. The federal govrenment haes stairtit the construction o a toll expresswa that wad connect the expresswas o Querétaro an Puebla, sae that traffeck muiving athort the kintra wad no hae tae go intae the ceety. The project is pairtially completit an local residents o the ootermaist municipalities uise it as a heich-speed alternative tae traivel athor the suburbs athoot haein tae uise the internal airterial roads o the ceety. The maist important public transportation is the [[Mexico Ceety metro|metro]], ane o the lairgest in the warld wi 207&nbsp;km an 175 stations, that anerlie services Mexico Ceety proper, even tho it is further extendit bi the [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] an new lines A an B. A commuter train, the ''[[Tren Suburbano]]'', serve several municipalities o the metropolitan aurie syne it stairtit operatin bi mid-2007, wi new lines planned. Unlik ither lairge metropolitan auries, Greater Mexico Ceety is servit bi anerlie ane airport, the [[Mexico Ceety Internaitional Airport]] or best kent as [[Benito Juárez]] Internaitional Airport, whose traffeck exceeds the current capacity. The 2000-2006 federal admeenistrations proposed the construction o a seicont airport for the metropolitan aurie tae be locatit at the municipality o [[Texcoco, State o Mexico|Texcoco]]. Local residents, housomeivver, opposed the project, an the govrenment decidit tae big a seicont terminal on the restrictit aurie o the current airport, an decentralize flichts tae the nearbi metropolitan auries o [[Toluca]], [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], [[Pachuca]] an [[Cuernavaca]], which, alang wi Greater Mexico Ceety, conform a [[megalopolis (ceety type)|megalopolis]] (kent in Spainyie as a ''corona regional'' or ''ciudad-región'').<ref name="Proaire">[http://www.paot.org.mx/centro/libros/proaire/cap02.pdf Cap 2: Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México] PROAIRE, Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire ZMVM 2002-2010</ref> == Landmarks == [[File:View from Pyramide de la luna.jpg|thumb|Ceety o Teotihuacan]] Important laundmerks o Greater Mexico Ceety include the Historic Center o Mexico Ceety, the floatin gardens o [[Xochimilco]], the Pre-Hispanic ceety ruins [[Teotihuacan]], locatit at the [[San Juan Teotihuacán|municipality o the same name]], aw three declared Warld Heritage Steids bi [[UNESCO]] in 1987. The Naitional Pairks at the soothren portion o the Federal Destrict (ower the muntainous range o [[Ajusco]]), the Pairks o [[Popocatépetl]] an [[Iztaccíhuatl]] an the Naitional Reserve o Lake Texcoco are some o the environmental laundmerks o the valley as well. == See an aw == * [[Metropolitan auries o Mexico]] * [[Leet o metropolitan auries bi population]] * [[Leet o metropolitan auries in the Americas bi population]] * [[Leet o urban agglomerations bi population (Unitit Naitions)|Leet o urban agglomerations bi population]] * [[Leet o ceeties in Mexico]] * [[Demographics o Mexico]] == References == <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the<ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> {{Reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/2003/04.pdf Escenarios Demográficos y Urbanos de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127041133/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/2003/04.pdf |date=2006-11-27 }}, published bi the Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO). * http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/placemarks/cl-11-23-07-406114082.kmz{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Warld's maist populatit metropolitan auries}} [[Category:Mexico Ceety|*]] [[Category:Mexico Ceety metropolitan aurie| ]] [[Category:Geography o Mexico Ceety]] [[Category:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] [[Category:Metropolitan auries o Mexico|Mexico Ceety]] lf3zxkvxbv2dthsmawrvf1aefptkz07 0 34998 923371 866139 2026-09-26T01:24:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Camagüey Province | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Cuba|Province]] o [[Cuba]] | image_skyline = Cuba SantaLucia1 tango7174.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Santa Lucia Beach | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Camaguey in Cuba.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Camagüey]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref name=cubaone/> | area_total_km2 = 15413.82 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name=cubaone>{{cite web|title=Lugar que ocupa el territorio según la superficie y la población|url=http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/08informacion/2010unamiradaacuba/03Cuba.pdf|work=Una MIRADA a Cuba|publisher=Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Cuba|language=Spanish|year=2010|access-date=2012-07-03|archive-date=2019-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311181658/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/08informacion/2010unamiradaacuba/03Cuba.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_total = 782458 | population_as_of = 2010-12-31 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|EST]] | utc_offset1 = -5 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = +53-32 | iso_code = | website = [http://www.camaguey.cu/ Portal Camagüey] | footnotes = }} '''Camagüey''' is the lairgest o the [[provinces o Cuba]]. Its caipital is [[Camagüey]]. Ither touns include [[Florida, Cuba|Florida]] an [[Nuevitas]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313052508/http://www.camaguey.cu/municipios/camaguey/index.php Portal Camagüey] {{Provinces o Cuba|province=Camagüey}} [[Category:Camagüey Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Cuba]] 8knh701qbzucagxefnor1z23yvb4qj5 0 35024 923546 876749 2026-09-26T09:18:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums --> | Name = The Jester Race | Type = studio | Artist = [[In Flames]] | Cover = | Released = 20 Februar [[1996]]<ref>[http://metal-archives.com/release.php?id=187 "In Flames - The Jester Race"]. [[Encyclopaedia Metallum|Metal Archives]]. Retrieved January 2, 2012.</ref> | Recorded = November 1995<br />([[Studio Fredman]]) | Genre = [[Melodic daith metal]] | Length = 40:12, 54:45 <small>(2002 an 2008 reissue)</small> | Label = [[Nuclear Blast]] | Producer = [[Fredrik Nordström]]<br />[[In Flames]] | Last album = ''[[Subterranean (EP)|Subterranean]]''<br />(1994) | This album = '''''The Jester Race'''''<br />(1996) | Next album = ''[[Black-Ash Inheritance]]''<br />(1997) }} {{Album ratings | rev1 = [[Allmusic]] | rev1Score = {{Rating|5|5}}<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r246998|pure_url=yes}} "Jester Race - In Flames"]. Allmusic. Retrieved January 2, 2012.</ref> | rev2 = [[Chronicles of Chaos (webzine)|Chronicles of Chaos]] | rev2Score = {{rating|8|10}}<ref>[http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/reviews/albums/2-186_in_flames_the_jester_race.aspx "In Flames - The Jester Race"]. Chronicles of Chaos. Retrieved January 2, 2012.</ref> }} '''''The Jester Race''''' is the seicond album bi the [[melodic daith metal]] baund [[In Flames]]. It is the first album tae featur [[Anders Fridén]] as the baund's vocalist an [[Björn Gelotte]] as the drummer. A video for the sang "Artifacts of the Black Rain" wis released an aw. It wis the first album tae featur the ''Jesterhead'', the baund's mascot an aw. Efter releasin ''The Jester Race'', the baund then toured wi [[Samael (baund)|Samael]], [[Grip Inc.]] an [[Kreator]].<ref>[http://www.inflames.com/biography/default.asp &#91;4&#93;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212061926/http://www.inflames.com/biography/default.asp |date=2005-12-12 }}</ref> The album wis the baund's seicont full-length album released follaein the mair mainstream success o the 1994 EP, ''[[Subterranean (EP)|Subterranean]]''. ''The Jester Race'' wis recordit at [[Studio Fredman]] bi [[Fredrik Nordström]], who contributit keybuirds for the album an aw. ''The Jester Race'' is considered ane o the greatest metal albums o aw time. It rankit #79 on the wabsteid Metal Rules' leet o 100 Greatest Metal Albums.<ref>[http://www.metal-rules.com/polls/index.php?id=6 "The Top 100 Heavy Metal Albums"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629154729/http://www.metal-rules.com/polls/index.php?id=6 |date=2011-06-29 }}. [[Metal Rules|Metal-Rules]]. Retrieved January 2, 2012.</ref> It is considered a classic album o the [[Melodic daith metal|Gothenburg]] style o metal an aw,<ref>[http://www.bnrmetal.com/v3/band/band/InFl "In Flames"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308032834/http://www.bnrmetal.com/v3/band/band/InFl |date=2012-03-08 }}. BNR Metal, Version 3. Retrieved January 2, 2012.</ref> alang wit [[At the Gates]]' ''[[Slaughter of the Soul]]'' an [[Dark Tranquillity]]'s ''[[The Gallery (album)|The Gallery]]'',<ref>[http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/p/melodicdeathmetalprofile.htm "Melodic Death Metal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202223443/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/p/melodicdeathmetalprofile.htm |date=2017-02-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322024049/https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-melodic-death-metal-1756186 |date=2022-03-22 }}. [[About.com]]. Retrieved January 2, 2012.</ref> exhibitin the dual guitar leads, groult vocals an acoustic sections typical o the genre. ==Track leetin== {{tracklist | title1 = Moonshield | length1 = 5:02 | title2 = The Jester's Dance | note2 = Instrumental | length2 = 2:09 | title3 = Artifacts of the Black Rain | length3 = 3:15 | title4 = Graveland | length4 = 2:47 | title5 = Lord Hypnos | length5 = 4:01 | title6 = Dead Eternity | length6 = 5:02 | title7 = The Jester Race | length7 = 4:51 | title8 = December Flower | length8 = 4:11 | title9 = Wayfaerer | note9 = Instrumental | length9 = 4:41 | title10 = Dead God in Me | length10 = 4:16 }} ===Bonus tracks=== {{tracklist | headline = 2002 and 2008 re-releases | title11 = Goliaths Disarm Their Davids | length11 = 4:55 | title12 = Gyroscope | length12 = 3:23 | title13 = Acoustic Medley | length13 = 2:32 | title14 = Behind Space | length14 = 3:36 | note14 = live }} :''These tracks are from the [[Black-Ash Inheritance]] MCD.'' {{tracklist | headline = Japanese Edition | title12 = Dead Eternity | note12 = demo | length12 = 5:02 | title13 = The Inborn Lifeless | note13 = demo | length13 = 3:22 }} :''These tracks are from the 2007 re-release of the [[Subterranean]] EP.'' ==Personnel== ===In Flames<ref>[http://i120.photobucket.com/albums/o194/ryetallica/Jester%20Race%20Thumbnails/The%20Jester%20Race/TJR-11b.jpg "TJR-11b.jpg (1024×908)"]. [[Photobucket]]. Retrieved January 2, 2012.</ref>=== *[[Anders Fridén]] − vocals *[[Jesper Strömblad]] − [[lead guitar]]s, [[acoustic guitars]] & [[Electric keyboard|keyboards]] *[[Glenn Ljungström]] − lead guitars *[[Johan Larsson]] − [[bass guitar|bass]] & [[backin vocalist|backin vocals]] *[[Björn Gelotte]] − [[drum kit|drums]] & lead guitars ===Guest appearances=== *[[Fredrik Nordström]] − [[Keybuird instrument|keybuirds]] *[[Oscar Dronjak]] − vocal appearance on ''Dead Eternity'' *[[Fredrik Johansson (guitarist)|Fredrik Johansson]] − lead guitar on ''December Flower'' *Kasper Dahlqvist − keybuirds on ''Wayfaerer'' ===Production an composition=== *Produced by [[Fredrik Nordström]] an [[In Flames]]. *Leerical concept an sang titles collaboratit bi [[Niklas Sundin]] an [[Anders Fridén]]. *Leerics on ''Dead Eternity'' bi Jocke Göthberg. *Ingineered bi [[Fredrik Nordström]] an Patrik Hellgren. *Mastered bi Staffan Olofsson. *Logo bi [[Glenn Ljungström]]. *Airtwirk bi Andreas Marschall. *Photos bi [[Kenneth Johansson]]. *Layoot bi M&A Music art. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://inflames.com/releases/albums/the_jester_race/default.asp ''The Jester Race'' album details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108091515/http://www.inflames.com/releases/albums/the_jester_race/default.asp |date=2006-11-08 }} *[http://inflames.com/releases/albums/the_jester_race/info.html ''The Jester Race'' information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018233331/http://www.inflames.com/releases/albums/the_jester_race/info.html |date=2006-10-18 }} {{In Flames}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jester Race, The}} [[Category:In Flames albums]] [[Category:1996 albums]] [[Category:Nuclear Blast albums]] cbt64owukm7046de78uvwjticl2segv 0 35031 923416 855069 2026-09-26T04:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Helsingborg |image_skyline = Helsingborg-300px.jpg |image_caption = |image_shield = Coat of arms of Helsingborg, Sweden.svg |pushpin_map = Sweden |pushpin_label_position = |subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Swaden]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities o Swaden|Municipality]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Helsingborg Municipality]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Coonties o Swaden|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Skåne Coonty]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Swaden|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Scanie]] |established_title3 = [[Ceety status in Swaden|Chairter]] |established_date3 = 1085 |area_footnotes = <ref name=scb>{{cite web |url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls |title=Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km<sup>2</sup> 2005 och 2010 |date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]] |language=Swadish |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64arqC15e?url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls |archivedate=2012-01-10 |deadurl=no |accessdate=10 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 38.41 |population_as_of = 31 December 2010 |population_footnotes = <ref name=scb /> |population_total = 97,122 <!-- This is the official figure from Statistics Sweden (Statistiska centralbyrån). --> |population_density_km2 = 2529 |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |coordinates = {{coord|56|03|N|12|43|E|region:SE|display=inline}} |website = [http://www.helsingborg.se/ www.helsingborg.se] }} '''Helsingborg''' ({{IPA-sv|hɛlsiŋˈbɔrj}}, {{IPA-da|helse̝ŋˈpɒˀ|lang}}) is a [[Urban auries in Swaden|ceety]] an the seat o [[Helsingborg Municipality]], [[Scanie Coonty]], [[Swaden]]. It haed 97,122 indwallers in 2010.<ref name=scb /> Helsingborg is the centre o an aurie in the [[Øresund]] region o aboot 320,000 indwallers in north-wast [[Scanie]], an is Swaden's closest pynt tae [[Denmark]], wi the Dens ceety [[Helsingør]] clearly visible on the ither side o the [[Øresund]] aboot 4&nbsp;km tae the wast. Atween 1912 an 1971 the name o the toun wis offeecially spelled '''Hälsingborg''' (rather lik [[Hälsingland]] but unlik Helsingør an Helsingfors ([[Helsinki]])). Historic Helsingborg, wi its mony auld biggins, is a scenic coastal ceety. The biggins are a blend o auld-style stane-biggit kirks an a medieval fortress ([[Kärnan]]) in the ceety centre, which haes stuid guard in Helsingborg for ower 600 years, an mair modren commercial biggins. The streets vary frae wide avenues tae sma alley-wis. ''Kullagatan'', the main pedestrian shoppin street in the ceety, wis the first pedestrian shoppin street in Swaden. ==History== Helsingborg is ane o the auldest ceeties o Sweden. It haes been the steid o permanent dounset offeecially syne 21 Mey 1085.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsingborg.se/templates/StandardPage.aspx?id=549&epslanguage=EN |title=Helsingborgs stad - History of Helsingborg |publisher=Helsingborg.se |date=2007-05-21 |accessdate=2010-07-30 |archive-date=2007-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808165355/http://helsingborg.se/templates/StandardPage.aspx?id=549 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Helsingborg's geographical poseetion at the narraeest pairt o [[Øresund|The Soond]] made it vera important for [[Denmark]], at that time controllin baith sides o that strait. Frae 1429 the Danes introducit the [[Soond Dues|Sound Duty]] (Soond Dues), a [[Tax|levy]] on aw tradin vessels passin throu the soond atween Elsinore an Helsingborg.<ref>Faringdon, Hugh. (1989) ''Strategic Geography'' Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00980-4</ref> This wis ane o the main incomes for the Dens Croun. Follaein the [[Dano-Swadish War (1657-1658)]] an the [[Treaty o Roskilde]] Denmark haed tae gie up aw territory on the soothren [[Scandinavie peninsulae]], an Helsingborg became a Swadish ceety. King [[Charles X Gustav o Swaden]] landit here on the 5t o Mairch 1658 tae tak possession o the [[Scanie lands]] an wis met bi a delegation led bi the [[bishop]] o the [[Diocese o Lund]], [[Peder Winstrup]]. At that time the toun haed a population o barely 1,000 fowk.<ref name="historia1">{{cite web |url=http://www2.historia.su.se/urbanhistory/cybcity/stad/helsingborg/befolkning.htm |title=CyberCity / Helsingborg / Befolkning |publisher=.historia.su.se |date=2008-01-14 |accessdate=2010-07-30 |archive-date=2013-07-13 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6I4uQTx2g?url=http://urbanhistory.historia.su.se/cybercity/stad/helsingborg/befolkning.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new situation, bein a mairch toun, caused problems for the ceety. The days o conflict wur no ower. The Danes made mony attempts te regain the lost provinces. The last time wis in 1710, when 14,000 invaders landit on the shores near Helsingborg. The [[Battle o Helsingborg (1710)|Battle o Helsingborg]] wis focht on the 28t o Februar juist ootside the ceety, which wis badly affectit. It teuk lang time tae recover an in 1770 the ceety haed 1321 indwallers an wis juist slowly growin.<ref name="historia1"/> On the 20t o October 1811 Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, [[Mairshal o France]] an [[preses-elect|croun prince-elect]] o Swaden (later king [[Charles XIV John o Swaden|Charles XIV John]]) teuk his first step on Swadish soil in Helsingborg on his journey frae [[Paris]] tae [[Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsingborg.se/templates/StandardPage.aspx?id=80759&epslanguage=SV |title=Helsingborgs stad - Bernadotte jubileum 2010 |publisher=Helsingborg.se |date=2010-04-12 |accessdate=2010-07-30 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Frae the middle o the 19t century onwards, housomeivver, Helsingborg wis ane o the fastest growin ceeties o Swaden, increasin its population frae 4,000 in 1850 tae 20,000 in 1890 an 56,000 in 1930 due tae industrialization. Frae 1892 a [[train ferry]] wis put in service, connectin Helsingborg wi its Dens sister ceety [[Helsingør]]. A [[trams|tramwa]] netwirk wis inauguratit in 1903 an closed doun in 1967. Plans are unnerwa tae reintroduce trams in the ceety.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsingborg.se/templates/StandardPage.aspx?id=68465&epslanguage=SV |title=Helsingborgs stad - Spãrväg kan vara verklighet ãr 2020 |publisher=Helsingborg.se |date=2010-02-10 |accessdate=2010-07-30 |archive-date=2010-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127041455/http://www.helsingborg.se/templates/StandardPage.aspx?id=68465&epslanguage=SV |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Industry == Helsingborg is a major regional centre o tred, transport an business. In 2001 [[Campus Helsingborg]], a branch o [[University o Lund]], opened in the umwhile [[Tretorn]] rubber factory buildings, oreeginally foondit bi [[Henry Dunker]]. Three ferry companies tak fowk an cargo tae an frae Denmark aroond the clock. The route is popular wi day-trippers goin tae [[Elsinore]] or [[Copenhagen]], or simply enjoyin the views frae the ferries. [[IKEA]], the retailer o furnitur an hame interiors, haes its internaitional corporate heidquairters in Helsingborg. [[Nicorette]] the nicotine chewin gum, haes a manufacturin plant thare. [[Ramlösa]] is a mineral watter frae [[Ramlösa Brunn]], a soothren suburb o the ceety. Mobile phone developer [[Spectronic]] is situatit in Helsingborg an aw. ==Sports== The follaein sports clubs are locatit in Helsingborg: * [[Helsingborgs IF]] * [[Hittarps IK]] * [[Högaborgs BK]] * [[Ramlösa Södra FF]] == Notable natives == {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Fabian Brunnstrom]], ice hockey player *[[Hasse Alfredson]], comedian *[[Marianne Bernadotte]], umwhile fashion model an actress *[[Kalle Brink]], profeesional gowfer *[[Covenant (baund)|Covenant]], synth baund *[[Darkane]], metal baund *[[Dieterich Buxtehude]], composer an organist *[[Elegant Machinery]], synth baund *[[Pontus Farnerud]], fitbaa player *[[Louise Friberg]], profeesional gowfer *[[Maja Ivarsson]], lead sangster o rock baund [[The Sounds]] *[[Joseph B. Johnson]], [[Govrenor o Vermont|Govrenor]] o the U.S. State o [[Vermont]] *[[Karl Kruszelnicki]], scientist (Dr Karl) *[[Henrik Larsson]], fitbaa player *[[Johan Liiva]], muisicker *[[Andreas Lilja]], ice hockey player *[[Mikael Lundberg]], gowfer *[[Mats Magnusson]], fitbaa player *[[Roland Nilsson]], fitbaa player *[[Tina Nordström]], chef *[[Oscar Olsson]], educationalist *[[Anette Olzon]], rock sangster *[[Peps Persson]], muisicker *[[Ruben Rausing]], foonder o [[Tetra Pak]] *[[Eric Saade]], muisicker, presenter *[[Marcus Schossow]], Electronic DJ *[[Caroline Seger]], fitbaa player *[[Andreas Berg]], Profeesional caveman *[[Jay Smith (sangster)|Jay Smith]], sangster *[[Kalle Svensson]], fitbaw player *[[Östen Warnerbring]], muisicker *The [[Wasted Penguinz]], Pontus Bergman & Jon Brandt-Cederhäll *[[Johan Wissman]], athlete *[[Soilwork]], metal baund *[[Terror 2000]], metal baund *[[Velvet (sangster)|Velvet]], sangster *[[Thomas Öberg (sangster)|Thomas Öberg]], lead sangster o [[Bob Hund]] *[[Niklas Kase]] muisicker an sangster in [[Vocal Six]] *Dr Ian J Munslow, Chemist |} == Subdiveesions == The Ceety o Helsingborg is subdividit intae 32 destricts. {| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; margin:auto;" !colspan="7" |The destricts o Helsingborg <small>(Classification an census frae 9 Januar 2006)</small> |- | style="text-align:center; width:3%;"|1||[[Norr, Helsingborg|Norr]] <small>(3600)</small> | style="text-align:center; width:3%;"|12||[[Centrum, Helsingborg|Centrum]] <small>(3347)</small> | style="text-align:center; width:3%;"|22||[[Närlunda]] <small>(1125)</small> | rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; width:250px;"|[[Image:Helsingborg stadtteile ueberblick.svg|250px|Map o the districts o Helsingborg]] |- | style="text-align:center;"|2||[[Mariastaden]] <small>(2302)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|13||[[Eneborg]] <small>(3816)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|23||[[Eskilsminne]] <small>(1835)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|3||[[Ringstorp]] <small>(2802)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|14||[[Wilson Park]] <small>(1988)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|24||[[Gustavslund]] <small>(2772)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|4||[[Berga, Helsingborg|Berga]] <small>(1720)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|15||[[Rosengården]] <small>(4388)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|25||[[Planteringen]] <small>(2663)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|5||[[Drottninghög]] <small>(2708)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|16||[[Husensjö]] <small>(1564)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|26||[[Elineberg]] <small>(2115)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|6||[[Dalhem (Helsingborg)|Dalhem]] <small>(4530)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|17||[[Sofieberg]] <small>(1606)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|27||[[Ramlösa (destrict)|Ramlösa]] <small>(4593)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|7*||[[Tågaborg]] <small>(7113)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|18||[[Adolfsberg]] <small>(4319)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|28||[[Miatorp]] <small>(2406)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|8||[[Stattena]] <small>(2549)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|19||[[Söder, Helsingborg|Söder]] <small>(3665)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|29||[[Högasten]] <small>(1034)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|9||[[Fredriksdal, Helsingborg|Fredriksdal]] <small>(4202)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|20||[[Högaborg]] <small>(4017)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|30||[[Ättekulla]] <small>(3274)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|10||[[Slottshöjden]] <small>(3621)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|21||[[Fältabacken]] <small>(930)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|31||[[Råå]] <small>(3021)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;"|11||[[Olympia, Helsingborg|Olympia]] <small>(1843)</small> |} == Sichts == <gallery> Image:Helsingborg-300px.jpg|Helsingborg watterfront Image:Helsingborg_port.jpg|The northren harbour for yachts in Helsingborg Image:Helsingborg Tropical Beach 2.jpg|Seasonally plantit palm trees at "Tropical Beach". Image:Helsingborg_Stairs_to_Fortress.jpg|Steps leadin tae [[Kärnan]], central Helsingborg, close bi the watter front. Image:Sankta_Maria_kyrka_(Helsingborg,_Sweden).jpg|The Kirk o Saunt Mary, central Helsingborg Image:bphotell.jpg|Brunnsparkshotellet, Ramlösa Image:ramlosaspring.jpg|Ramlösa mineral watter, auld spring frae 1707 Image:hamletferry.jpg|The ferry Hamlet on the Öresund atween Helsingborg an Helsingør Image:Kärnan.jpg|Kärnan, the medieval touer Image:Helsingborg street.jpg|View ower Helsingborg frae Kärnan Image:Helsingborg view.jpg|View ower Helsingborg frae Kärnan File:Utzon elineberg helsingborg 05 (1954-66).jpg|Jørn Utzon's [[Elineberg Housing]] development </gallery> == See an aw == *[[Helsingborgs Dagblad]] *[[European route E4]] *[[Sofiero]], a nearbi castle *[[Helsingør]] == References == {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons|Helsingborg}} *[http://www.helsingborg.se/ Helsingborg Municipality] (Swadish) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070912135744/http://www.helsingborg.se/Main.aspx?id=5%2F Helsingborg Municipality] (Inglis) *[http://www.oresundstid.se Oresundstid] (Swadish, Dens, Inglis) {{Localities in Helsingborg Municipality}} {{Skåne Coonty}} {{30 maist populous ceeties o Swaden}} {{50 maist populous urban settlements o Scandinavie}} {{Ceeties in Swaden}} [[Category:Helsingborg| ]] [[Category:Municipal seats o Skåne Coonty]] [[Category:Populatit places in Skåne Coonty]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Swaden]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]] [[Category:Denmark–Swaden border crossins]] 1pf9859jgwmrr8zub916stajv2byp42 0 35063 923571 822374 2026-09-26T09:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Västmanland | native_name = Västmanlands län | native_name_lang = se | settlement_type = [[Coonties o Swaden|Coonty o Swaden]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_shield = Västmanland vapen.svg | shield_size = 75px | image_blank_emblem = SverigesLän2007Västmanland.svg | blank_emblem_type = &nbsp; | blank_emblem_size = 150px | coordinates = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Swaden]] | established_date = 1634 | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Västerås]] | leader_party = | leader_title = Govrenor | leader_name = [[Ingemar Skogö]] | leader_title1 = Cooncil | leader_name1 = Landstinget Västmanland | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 6302 | population_total = 252819 |population_footnotes =<ref name="scb_kvartal_1_2011">{{cite web | title=Kvartal 1 2011 | publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]] | url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____228187.aspx}}</ref> | population_as_of = 31 Mairch 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP/ Nominal]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Swadish krona|SEK]] 60,287 million (2004) | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP per caipita]] | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Swadish krona|SEK]] 233,000 | blank_name_sec2 = [[First level NUTS o the European Union#Swaden|NUTS Region]] | blank_info_sec2 = SE125 }} '''Västmanland Coonty''' (''Västmanlands län'') is a [[Coonties o Swaden|coonty]] or ''[[län]]'' in central [[Swaden]]. It borders tae the coonties o [[Södermanland Coonty|Södermanland]], [[Örebro Coonty|Örebro]], [[Gävleborg Coonty|Gävleborg]], [[Dalarna Coonty|Dalarna]] an [[Uppsala Coonty|Uppsala]]. The coonty haes a stretch o shoreline towards [[Mälaren]] (Sweden's third lairgest lake) an aw. ==Province== ''For History, Geography an Cultur see: [[Västmanland]] (Westmannia)'' ==Admeenistration== The main aim o the [[Coonty Admeenistrative Buirds o Swaden|Coonty Admeenistrative Buird]] is tae fulfil the goals set in naitional politics bi the [[Parliament o Swaden|Parliament]] an the [[Govrenment o Swaden|Govrenment]], tae coordinate the interests o the coonty, tae promote the development o the coonty, tae establish regional goals an safeguard the due process o law in the handlin o each case. The Coonty Admeenistrative Buird is a [[Govrenment Agencies in Swaden|Govrenment Agency]] heidit bi a govrenor. See [[Leet o govrenors o Västmanland Coonty]]. ==Politics== The [[Coonty Cooncils o Swaden|Coonty Cooncil]] o Västmanland or ''Landstinget Västmanland''. ==Municipalities== Lake at the lawer richt is [[Mälaren]]; at the lawer left is [[Hjälmaren]]. [[Image:Västmanland County.png|left|220px]] *[[Arboga Municipality|Arboga]] *[[Fagersta Municipality|Fagersta]] *[[Hallstahammar Municipality|Hallstahammar]] *[[Kungsör Municipality|Kungsör]] *[[Köping Municipality|Köping]] *[[Norberg Municipality|Norberg]] *[[Sala Municipality, Swaden|Sala]] *[[Skinnskatteberg Municipality|Skinnskatteberg]] *[[Surahammar Municipality|Surahammar]] *[[Västerås Municipality|Västerås]] {{Clear}} ==Heraldry== {{Main|Västmanland#Heraldry}} The Coonty o Västmanland inheritit its coat o airms frae the province o Västmanland. When it is shawn wi a ryal crown it represents the Coonty Admeenistrative Buird. ==References an notes == {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.u.lst.se/ Västmanland Coonty Admeenistrative Buird] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20030220203446/http://www2.ltvastmanland.se/ Västmanland Coonty Cooncil] {{Coonties o Swaden}} {{Västmanland Coonty}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vastmanland Coonty}} [[Category:Västmanland Coonty| ]] [[Category:Coonties o Swaden]] [[Category:Västmanland|Coonty]] dqy67lffcm34nnrg226zomr4f1e8way 0 36338 923468 910584 2026-09-26T06:31:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Mexicali Municipality | native_name = Municipio de Mexicali | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Baja California]] | image_map = Mexicali en Baja California.svg | map_caption = Location o Mexicali in [[Baja California]]. | mapsize= |image_shield = Escudo mexicali.jpg | motto=''Tierra Cálida''<br />({{lang-en|Wairm Land}}) | population_as_of=2010 | population_total=956,826 | population_note=Data source: [http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ INEGI] | population_density_km2=auto <!-- calculated by template --> | area_total_km2=13700 <!-- From Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México --> | leader_title = Municipal&nbsp;preses | leader_name = [[Francisco Perez Tejada]] | leader_party =[[Institutional Revolutionary Pairty|PRI]] | subdivision_type2 = Municipal&nbsp;seat | subdivision_name2 = [[Mexicali]] | subdivision_type3 = Lairgest ceety | subdivision_name3 = [[Mexicali]] | blank_name = [[INEGI]] code | blank_info = 002 |timezone = [[Time in Mexico|PST]] |utc_offset = −8 |timezone_DST = [[Paceefic Daylicht Time|PDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −7 | established_title=Municipality established | established_date=29 December 1953<ref>{{es icon}} pp. 78&ndash;79, [http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/530/53010102.pdf La Transformación de Baja California en Estado, 1931&ndash;1952] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929132016/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/530/53010102.pdf |date=2011-09-29 }}, Lawrence Douglas Taylor Hansen, ''Estudios Fronterizos'', 1, #1 (January–June 2000), UABC, Mexicali, pp. 47&ndash;87.</ref> | website={{es icon}} [http://www.mexicali.gob.mx/ Ayuntamiento de Mexicali] | footnotes='''Source:''' [http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/bajacalifornia/municipios/02002a.htm Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México] }} '''Mexicali Municipality''' is a [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] ({{lang-es|municipio}}) in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|state]] o [[Baja California]]. Its municipal seat ({{lang-es|cabecera municipal}}) is locatit in the ceety o [[Mexicali]]. Accordin tae the 2010 census, it haed a population o 956,826 inhabitants, an accordin tae the 2000 census, it haed 764,602 inhabitants, which means an increase o 22.5%. The municipality haes an aurie o 13,700&nbsp;km² (5,300 sq mi.) This includes mony smawer ootlyin commonties as well as the ceety o Mexicali. An aw, the islands o Baja California locatit in the [[Guwf o Californie]] are pairt o the municipality, amang them the [[mudflat]] islands at the mooth o the [[Colorado River]] (the lairgest ane being [[Montague Island (Mexico)|Montague Island]]), [[Isla Ángel de la Guarda]] an the islands o the [[San Lorenzo Marine Archipelago National Park]]. Mexicali is the northmaist municipality o [[Laitin Americae]]. The ceety o Mexicali wis foondit in 1903, an its name is a [[portmanteau]] o ''Mexico'' an ''California'', as is the name o [[Calexico, Californie|Calexico]], [[Californie]] athort the border. This is an unusual pair o border ceeties in that Mexicali, on the Mexican side, is far lairger than Calexico, on the U.S. side. ==Burghs== The municipality o Mexicali, is dividit intae 14 admeenistrative [[burghs o Mexico|burghs]] ({{lang-es|delegaciones}}) o which the ceety o [[Mexicali]] occupies 3 beside the ceety proper aurie; aw burghs are in turn dividit intae [[Colonia (Mexico)|colonia]]s or [[ejido]]s. These burghs affer admeenistrative services such as [[urban plannin]], [[ceevil registry]], inspection, verification, [[public wirk]]s an commonty development an are servit bi a ''delegado''. The burghs o [[Mexicali Municipality]] ceety are: #[[Los Algodones, Baja California|Los Algodones]], locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[Bátaquez, Baja California|Bátaquez]], locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[Cerro Prieto, Baja California|Cerro Prieto]], locatit in the ''Urban Zone'', is pairt o the Mexicali metropolitan aurie. #[[Venustiano Carranza, Baja California|Venustiano Carranza]], locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[Ciudad Morelos, Baja California|Ciudad Morelos]], informally kent as '''Cuervos''', locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[Colonias Nuevas, Baja California|Colonias Nuevas]], informally kent as '''Km 57''', locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[Progreso Borough, Baja California|Progreso]], locatit in the ''Urban Zone'', is pairt o the Mexicali metropolitan aurie. #[[Ejido Hermosillo, Baja California|Ejido Hermosillo]], locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[Estación Delta, Baja California|Estación Delta]], locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[Guadalupe Victoria, Baja California|Guadalupe Victoria]], informally kent as '''Km 43''', located in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[González Ortega Borough, Baja California|González Ortega]], informally kent as '''Palaco''', locatit in the ''Urban Zone'', is pairt o the Mexicali metropolitan aurie. #[[Hechicera, Baja California|Hechicera]], locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. #[[San Felipe, Baja California|San Felipe]], locatit in the ''Coastal Zone'', tae the sooth on the [[Guwf o Californie]]. #[[Benito Juárez, Baja California|Benito Juárez]], informally kent as '''Tecolotes''', locatit in the ''Valley Zone''. The umwhile burgh (''delegación'') o [[Compuertas Borough, Baja California|Compuertas]] is locatit in the eastren pairt o the ceety o Mexicali. ==Ceeties an touns== ===Touns an veelages=== The lairgest localities (ceeties, touns, an veelages) are:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 |title=2010 census tables: INEGI |access-date=2012-07-25 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034233/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#000000; color:black;" ! '''Name''' !! '''2010 Census Population''' |- | [[Mexicali]] || 689,775 |- | [[Santa Isabel, Baja California|Santa Isabel]] || 29,311 |- | [[Guadalupe Victoria, Baja California|Ciudad Guadalupe Victoria (Kilómetro Cuarenta y Tres)]] || 17,119 |- | [[San Felipe, Baja California|San Felipe]] || 16,702 |- | Puebla || 15,168 |- | Progreso || 12,557 |- | Ciudad Morelos (Cuervos) || 8,243 |- | Colonia Venustiano Carranza (La Carranza) || 6,098 |- | Ciudad Coahuila (Kilómetro Cincuenta y Siete) || 5,617 |- | [[Los Algodones, Baja California|Vicente Guerrero (Los Algodones)]] || 5,474 |- | Delta (Estación Delta) || 5,180 |- | Ejido Hermosillo || 5,101 |- | Benito Juárez (Ejido Tecolotes) || 4,167 |- | Nuevo León || 3,655 |- | Poblado Paredones || 3,332 |- | Michoacán de Ocampo || 3,086 |- | Ejido Hechicera || 2,517 |- | Viñas del Sol || 2,509 |- | Ejido Sinaloa (Estación Kasey) || 2,505 |- | Ejido Lázaro Cárdenas (La Mosca) || 2,463 |- | Poblado Lázaro Cárdenas (La Veintiocho) || 2,388 |- | Ejido Quintana Roo || 2,311 |- style="background:#CFCFCF;" | '''Total Municipality''' || '''936,826''' |} ==Adjacent municipalities an coonties== * [[San Luis Río Colorado Municipality|San Luis Río Colorado Municipality, Sonora]] - east * [[Ensenada Municipality]] - sooth an soothwast * [[Tecate Municipality]] - wast * [[Imperial Coonty, Californie]] - north * [[Yuma Coonty, Arizona]] - northeast ==See an aw== *[[Municipalities o Baja California]] *[[Baja California]] ==References== {{reflist}} *{{es icon}} [http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from the 2005 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }}, INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. *{{es icon}} [http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/bajacalifornia/municipios/02002a.htm Mexicali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414235817/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/bajacalifornia/municipios/02002a.htm |date=2012-04-14 }}, ''[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Enciclopedia Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118015852/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Enciclopedia |date=2014-11-18 }}'', Instituto Nacional Para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal, SEGOB. Accessed on line November 15, 2007. *{{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017194815/http://www.mexicali.gob.mx/ImagenesCS/CONAMM/ubicacion.html Ubicación Geográfica], Mexicali government web site. Describes subdivisions of Mexicali. ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [http://www.mexicali.gob.mx/ Ayuntamiento de Mexicali], offeecial govrenment wab steid. *{{en icon}}/{{es icon}} [http://www.mexicaliturismo.com/ Mexicali Tourism Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319121120/http://www.mexicaliturismo.com/ |date=2008-03-19 }} {{Baja California}} [[Category:Municipalities o Baja California]] [[Category:Mexicali|*]] rgb45srloyoixrovefdivi9ru1bhp1i 0 36665 923565 913347 2026-09-26T09:40:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox department <!-- See Template:Infobox department for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Val-de-Marne | native_name = | native_name_lang = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | type = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = Proposition de blason pour le département du Val-de-Marne.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Val-de-Marne-Position.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o Val-de-Marne in Fraunce | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|48|45|N|2|25|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd_scale:1000000_source:frwiki|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Fraunce]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Fraunce|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = [[Prefecturs in Fraunce|Prefectur]] | seat = [[Créteil]] | parts_type = [[Subprefecturs in Fraunce|Subprefecturs]] | parts_style = para | p1 = [[L'Haÿ-les-Roses]]<br />[[Nogent-sur-Marne]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[French Communist Pairty|PCF]] | leader_title = [[Preses o the General Cooncil]] | leader_name = [[Christian Favier]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}} | area_total_km2 = 245 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 1298340 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_rank = [[Leet o French depairtments bi population|10t]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment number]] | blank_info_sec1 = 94 | blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements o Fraunce|Arrondissements]] | blank_info_sec2 = [[arrondissements o the Val-de-Marne depairtment|3]] | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in Fraunce|Cantons]] | blank1_info_sec2 = [[cantons o the Val-de-Marne depairtment|49]] | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in Fraunce|Communes]] | blank2_info_sec2 = [[communes o the Val-de-Marne depairtment|47]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], an lakes, ponds, an glaciers lairger than 1 km<sup>2</sup> }} '''Val-de-Marne''' ({{IPA-fr|val.də.maʁn}}) is a [[Fraunce|French]] [[depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]], namit efter the [[Marne River]], locatit in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[regions o Fraunce|region]]. The depairtment is situatit tae the sootheast o the ceety o [[Paris]]. == Geography == Val-de-Marne is, thegither wi [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] an [[Hauts-de-Seine]], ane o three sma depairtments in Île-de-France that form a ring aroond Paris, kent as the ''[[Petite Couronne]]'' (i.e. "inner ring").<br /> [[File:Petite couronne.png]] == Admeenistration == Val-de-Marne is made up o 3 [[Arrondissements o Fraunce|depairtmental arrondissements]] an 47 [[communes o Fraunce|communes]]: ś [[File:Administrative map 94.png|300px]] {{-}} <table> <tr> <th width="33.3%">[[Arrondissement o L'Haÿ-les-Roses|Arrondissement o<br />L'Haÿ-les-Roses]]</th> <th width="33.3%">[[Arrondissement o Créteil|Arrondissement o<br />Créteil]]</th> <th width="33.3%"> [[Arrondissement o Nogent-sur-Marne|Arrondissement o<br />Nogent-sur-Marne]]</th> </tr> <td valign="top"> #[[Fresnes, Val-de-Marne|Fresnes]] #[[Rungis]] #[[Thiais]] #[[Chevilly-Larue]] #[[L'Haÿ-les-Roses]] #[[Villejuif]] #[[Cachan]] #[[Arcueil]] #[[Gentilly, Val-de-Marne|Gentilly]] #[[Le Kremlin-Bicêtre]] </td> <td valign="top"> <ol stairt=11> <li>[[Ivry-sur-Seine]] <li>[[Charenton-le-Pont]] <li>[[Saint-Maurice, Val-de-Marne|Saint-Maurice]] <li>[[Maisons-Alfort]] <li>[[Alfortville]] <li>[[Vitry-sur-Seine]] <li>[[Choisy-le-Roi]] <li>[[Orly]] <li>[[Villeneuve-le-Roi]] <li>[[Ablon-sur-Seine]] <li>[[Villeneuve-Saint-Georges]] <li>[[Valenton]] <li>[[Créteil]] <li>[[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]] <li>[[Bonneuil-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Sucy-en-Brie]] <li>[[Boissy-Saint-Léger]] <li>[[Limeil-Brévannes]] <li>[[Villecresnes]] <li>[[Mandres-les-Roses]] <li>[[Périgny, Val-de-Marne|Périgny]] <li>[[Santeny]] <li>[[Marolles-en-Brie, Val-de-Marne|Marolles-en-Brie]] </td> <td valign="top"> <ol stairt=34> <li>[[La Queue-en-Brie]] <li>[[Noiseau]] <li>[[Ormesson-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Chennevières-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Le Plessis-Trévise]] <li>[[Villiers-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Champigny-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Joinville-le-Pont]] <li>[[Nogent-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Le Perreux-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Bry-sur-Marne]] <li>[[Fontenay-sous-Bois]] <li>[[Vincennes]] <li>[[Saint-Mandé]] </td> </tr> </table> == History == Val-de-Marne wis creatit in Januar 1968, throu the implementation o a law passed in Julie 1964. Poseetioned tae the sooth-east o the [[Boulevard Périphérique|Paris ring road]] (an the line o the [[Thiers waw|auld ceety waws]]), it wis formit frae the soothren-eastren pairt o the (previously hintle lairger) [[Seine (depairtment)|Seine depairtment]], thegither wi a sma portion taken frae the broken-up depairtment o [[Seine-et-Oise]]. == Demographics == === Place o birth o residents === {{France immigration |collectivity_name=Val-de-Marne |census_year=1999 |metropolitan_France=79.3 |outside_metropolitan_France=20.7 |overseas_France=2.1 |foreign_French= 3.3 |EU-15=4.8 |non-EU-15=10.5 }} == Freemit airtins == * {{fr icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624130915/http://www.val-de-marne.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefectur] {{Depairtments o Fraunce}} [[Category:Val-de-Marne| ]] if05ivjiui8hcboqamfpgijbme1cve0 0 36742 923411 906486 2026-09-26T03:56:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German destrict| name=Görlitz| state=Saxony| capital=[[Görlitz]]| regierungsbezirk=[[Dresden (region)|Dresden]]| area=2,106|Kreisschlüssel = 14626 | population=288,735 | population_as_of=2007| density=137| carsign=GR| url=http://www.kreis-görlitz.de| map=Saxony Landkreis Görlitz 2008.png }} '''Görlitz''' ({{lang-de|Landkreis Görlitz}}) is a destrict (''[[Destricts o Germany|Kreis]]'') in the Free State o [[Saxony]], [[Germany]]. It is namit efter its caipital ceety [[Görlitz]]. It haes mairches wi (frae the wast an clockwise) the destrict o [[Bautzen (destrict)|Bautzen]], the state [[Brandenburg]], [[Poland]] an the [[Czech Republic]]. == History == The destrict wis established in August 2008 bi mergin three smawer destricts: the destrict o [[Löbau-Zittau]], [[Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis]] (Lawer Silesie Upper Lusatie destrict) an the urban destrict o [[Görlitz]]. == Geography == The destrict comprises the sooth-eastren pairt o [[Lusatie]] an wast pairt o [[Silesie]], includin pairt o the [[Lausitzer Bergland]]. The [[Lusatian Neisse]] forms its eastren border, the [[Spree]] rins through the wastren pairt o the destrict. == Coat o airms == [[Image:Wappen Landkreis Goerlitz.svg|right|150px|Landkreis Görlitz]] The coat o airms o Görlitz destrict conteens references tae the various territories the destrict haes been pairt o in the past. The black eagle wi the crescent ower its chest refers tae [[Silesie]]. The crouned lion wi twa tails refers tae [[Bohemie]]. The waw refers tae the ceety o [[Bautzen]] an [[Upper Lusatie]], an the [[Tilia|lime]] leafs refer tae the [[Sorbs|Sorbie]] commonty. == Touns an municipalities == {| ! align=left width=25%|Touns ! colspan=3 align=left width=75%|Municipalities |- valign=top | #[[Bad Muskau]] #[[Bernstadt auf dem Eigen]] #[[Ebersbach-Neugersdorf]] #[[Görlitz]] #[[Herrnhut]] #[[Löbau]] #[[Neusalza-Spremberg]] #[[Niesky]] #[[Ostritz]] #[[Reichenbach (Oberlausitz)|Reichenbach]] #[[Rothenburg (Oberlausitz)|Rothenburg]] #[[Seifhennersdorf]] #[[Weißwasser]] #[[Zittau]] || #[[Beiersdorf, Saxony|Beiersdorf]] #[[Berthelsdorf]] #[[Bertsdorf-Hörnitz]] #[[Boxberg, Saxony|Boxberg]] #[[Dürrhennersdorf]] #[[Eibau]] #[[Gablenz, Saxony|Gablenz]] #[[Groß Düben]] #[[Großschönau, Saxony|Großschönau]] #[[Großschweidnitz]] #[[Hähnichen]] #[[Hainewalde]] #[[Hohendubrau]] #[[Horka, Saxony|Horka]] #[[Jonsdorf]] || #<li value="16"> [[Kodersdorf]] #[[Königshain]] #[[Krauschwitz]] #[[Kreba-Neudorf]] #[[Lawalde]] #[[Leutersdorf]] #[[Markersdorf]] #[[Mittelherwigsdorf]] #[[Mücka]] #[[Neißeaue]] #[[Niedercunnersdorf]] #[[Obercunnersdorf]] #[[Oderwitz]] #[[Olbersdorf]] #[[Oppach]] || #<li value="31"> [[Oybin]] #[[Quitzdorf am See]] #[[Rietschen]] #[[Rosenbach, Görlitz|Rosenbach]] #[[Schleife]] #[[Schönau-Berzdorf]] #[[Schönbach, Saxony|Schönbach]] #[[Schöpstal]] #[[Sohland am Rotstein]] #[[Trebendorf]] #[[Vierkirchen, Saxony|Vierkirchen]] #[[Waldhufen]] #[[Weißkeißel]] |} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commonscat-inline|Landkreis Görlitz}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210509104053/http://xn--kreis-grlitz-bjb.de/ Offeecial wabsteid] (German) {{Germany destricts Saxony}} [[Category:Görlitz (destrict)| ]] kxtkzmtvx85mfk8iufr0xz86mpwm3u8 0 36863 923485 907623 2026-09-26T07:17:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Venezuelan state |official_name = Nueva Esparta State |native_name = Estado Nueva Esparta |native_name_lang = es |settlement_type = [[States of Venezuela|State]] |image_flag = Flag of Nueva Esparta.svg |image_shield = Coat of arms of Nueva Esparta State.svg |image_map = Nueva Esparta in Venezuela.svg |coordinates = {{coord|10.95|-64.01|region:VE|display=inline,title}} |date_creation = 1909 |capital = [[La Asunción]] |currency = [[Venezuelan bolívar|Bolívar fuerte]]{{Ref label|currency|4|none}} |currency_code = VEF |National Day= July 5 (Declaration of independence from Spain in 1811)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_independence_days</ref> |area = 1150 |area_percentage = 0.12 |area_rank =23rd |population = 491610 |population_as_of = 2010 Census |population_percentage = 1.68 |population_rank =20t |emblematic_tree = Guayacán |binomial_name = Guaiacum officinale |iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:VE|VE-O]] |governor = Marisel Velásquez [[PSUV]] |mandate_start = 2025 |mandate_end = 2029 |website = http://www.guaiqueri.net |footnotes = }} '''Nueva Esparta''', in Spaingie '''''Estado Nueva Esparta''''' ({{IPA-es|esˈtaðo ˈnweβa esˈparta|IPA}}), is ane o the 23 [[States o Venezuela|states]] o [[Venezuela]]. It comprises [[Margarita Island]], [[Coche, Venezuela|Coche]], an the lairgely uninhabitit [[Cubagua]]. == Table o municipalities == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 12px;" |- bgcolor=#eeeeee ! Municipality !! Aurie<br />km² !! Population<br />[[Census]]<br />2001-10-21 !! Municipal<br />capital!!rowspan=20 valign=top|[[Image:Division Politico Territorial Nueva Esparta.svg|center|360px]]Municipal Division of Nueva Esparta |- | [[Antolín del Campo]] || align="right"|66 || align="right"|20,325 || [[La Plaza de Paraguachí]] |- | [[Arismendi, Nueva Esparta|Arismendi]] || align="right"|55 || align="right"|23,097 || [[La Asunción]] |- | [[Díaz, Nueva Esparta|Díaz]] || align="right"|141 || align="right"|47,257 || [[Parroquia San Juan Bautista]] |- | [[García, Nueva Esparta|García]] || align="right"|89 || align="right"|45,606 || [[El Valle del Espíritu Santo]] |- | [[Gómez, Nueva Esparta|Gómez]] || align="right"|91 || align="right"|30,237 || [[Santa Ana, Nueva Esparta|Santa Ana]] |- | [[Maneiro, Nueva Esparta|Maneiro]] || align="right"|38 || align="right"|35,400 || [[Pampatar]] |- | [[Marcano, Nueva Esparta|Marcano]] || align="right"|43 || align="right"|28,256 || [[Juan Griego]] |- | [[Mariño, Nueva Esparta|Mariño]] || align="right"|39 || align="right"|84,534 || [[Porlamar]] |- | [[Macanao]]<sup>1)</sup> || align="right"|320 || align="right"|20,935 || [[Boca del Río, Nueva Esparta|Boca del Río]] |- | [[Tubores]]<sup>2)</sup> || align="right"|207|| align="right"|29,962 || [[Punta de Piedras, Nueva Esparta|Punta de Piedras]] |- | [[Villalba, Nueva Esparta|Villalba]]<sup>3)</sup> || align="right"|61 || align="right"|8,242|| [[San Pedro de Coche]] |- bgcolor=#dddddd | '''Nueva Esparta''' ||align="right"| 1,150 || align="right"|373.851 || [[La Asunción]] |- | colspan=9 bgcolor="#ffffff" | <sup>1)</sup> the wastren [[peninsulae]] |- | colspan=9 bgcolor="#ffffff" | <sup>2)</sup> includin [[Cubagua]] Island |- | colspan=9 bgcolor="#ffffff" | <sup>3)</sup> coincident wi [[Coche, Venezuela|Coche]] Island |} ==See an aw== *[[States o Venezuela]] ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * https://web.archive.org/web/20080506144400/http://www.gobernaciondenuevaesparta.com/ {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Venezuela}} [[Category:Nueva Esparta| ]] [[Category:States o Venezuela]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1909]] ne2eo6lp03qj3g4ha6hbak2ul9nksix 0 37266 923373 850817 2026-09-26T01:39:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = {{PAGENAME}} |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Municipality |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map =Bolivia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location athin Bolivie <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Bolivie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Depairtments o Bolivie|Depairtment]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Potosí Depairtment]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Bolivie|Province]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Rafael Bustillo Province]] <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = Seat |seat = [[Chayanta, Bolivie|Chayanta]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2001 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 14165 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 =[[Quechua fowk|Quechua]] |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone =-4 |utc_offset = -4 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|18|25|S|66|23|W|region:BO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Chayanta Municipality''' is the seicont [[Municipalities o Bolivie|municipal section]] o the [[Rafael Bustillo Province]] in the [[Bolivie]] [[Potosí Depairtment]]. Its seat is [[Chayanta, Bolivie|Chayanta]]. ==Location== It is ane o three municipalities (''municipios'') in the province, bordered bi the [[Uncía Municipality]] in the soothwast an the [[Llallagua Municipality]] in the northwast. ==Population== The 2001 [[census]] statit a population o 14,165 inhabitants in the Chayanta Municipality. [[Life expectancy]] o a newborn is 51 year, [[literacy]] amang the ower-15-year auld is 63%, an 85% o the population is rural. The fowk are predominantly [[Indigenous fowks o the Americas|indigenous]] citizens o [[Quechua fowk|Quechua]] descent.<ref>obd.descentralizacion.gov.bo/municipal/fichas/ (inactive)</ref> {|class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:25%;" border="1" |-bgcolor=#EFEFEF ! '''Ethnic group''' ! '''%''' |- |[[Quechua fowk|Quechua]] |align="right" |87.8 |- |[[Aymara fowk|Aymara]] |align="right" |9.8 |- |[[Guarani fowk|Guaraní]], [[Chiquitos]], [[Moxos fowk|Moxos]] |align="right" |0.0 |- |No [[Indigenous fowks o the Americas|indigenous]] |align="right" |2.2 |- |Ither indigenous groups |align="right" |0.1 |- |} == Cantons == The municipality is dividit intae nine cantons (''cantones''): *[[Amayapampa Canton]] *[[Amaya Canton]] *[[Chayanta Canton]] *[[Chiuta Cala Cala Canton]] *[[Coataca Canton]] *[[Irupata Canton]] *[[Nueva Colcha Canton]] *[[Panacachi Canton]] *[[Río Verde Canton, Bolivie|Río Verde Canton]] == References == {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=050202&tipo=1 Chayanta Municipality: population data and map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317184245/http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=050202&tipo=1 |date=2012-03-17 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050328072202/http://www.enlared.org.bo/2005/cdteca/IndiceDesarrollo/Potosi/potosi_Chayanta.htm Index of Development in Chayanta Municipio (Spanish)] {{Potosí Depairtment}} [[Category:Municipalities o Potosí Depairtment]] eeq0zzzhb9e4lj4qy2xhhty1xc63zp1 0 37567 923483 921531 2026-09-26T07:17:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography <!-- PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO PLACE THE RELATED DATE IN THE "UPDATED" PARAMETER BELOW AFTER EACH UPDATE, THANKS --> |name = Novak Đoković<br /><small>Новак Ђоковић<br /></small> |fullname = Novak Đoković |image= Novak Djokovic Hopman Cup 2011 (cropped).jpg |caption = Djokovic at the [[2011 Hopman Cup]] |country = {{flagicon|Serbia}} Serbie |nickname = ''Nole''<br />''Joker''<br />''Serbinator'' |residence = [[Monte Carlo]], [[Monaco]] |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|5|22}} |birth_place = [[Belgrade]], [[Serbie]] |height = 1.88 m (6&nbsp;ft 1&nbsp;in) |weight = {{convert|80|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2003 |plays = Right-handit (twa-handit backhand) |careerprizemoney = [[US$|$]]154,756,726<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web |title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf}}</ref> |singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=756|lost=155|details=in [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] an [[ATP World Tour]] main draw matches, an in [[Davis Cup]]|small=yes}} |singlestitles = 86 |currentsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (3 Februar 2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Singles.aspx |title=ATP World Tour – Singles Rankings |accessdate=15 May 2013 |work=ATP Tour }}</ref> |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (4 Julie 2011) |AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2009]], [[2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2011]], [[2012 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2012]], [[2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2013]], [[2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2015]], [[2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2016]], [[2019 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2019]], [[2020 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2020]], [[2021 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2021]]) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2016 French Open – Men's Singles|2016]], [[2021 French Open – Men's Singles|2021]]) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' ([[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2011]], [[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2014]], [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2015]], [[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2018]], [[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2019]], [[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2021]], [[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2022]]) |USOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2011 US Open – Men's Singles|2011]], [[2015 US Open – Men's Singles|2015]], [[2018 US Open – Men's Singles|2018]]) |Othertournaments = Yes |MastersCupresult = '''W''' ([[2008 Tennis Masters Cup – Singles|2008]], [[2012 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2012]], [[2013 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2013]], [[2014 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2014]], [[2015 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2015]]) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Bronze medal.svg|20px]] '''Bronze medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|2008]]) |doublesrecord = 33-48 |doublestitles = 1 |currentdoublesranking = |highestdoublesranking = No. 114 (30 November 2009) |grandslamsdoublesresults = yes |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2006 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2006]], [[2007 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2007]]) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R ([[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|2006]]) |USOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2006 US Open – Men's Doubles|2006]]) |updated = 19 December 2021 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalCountry|{{SRB}}}} {{MedalSport|Men's Tennis}} {{MedalBronze|[[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|Singles}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Novak''' "'''Nole'''" '''Đoković''' ([[Serbie leid|Serbie]]: ''Новак Ђоковић'' or ''Novak Đoković'', born 22 Mey 1987) is a [[Serbie]] professional tennis player an current Warld No. 1. Lood athort the warld, he is sae namely for his pleyin nor monie deykens regaird him as the wale o aa [[hard court]] players in historie.<ref name="metro.co.uk">{{cite web|title = Novak Djokovic is one of the greatest tennis players ever, says Pat Cash|url = http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/879710-novak-djokovic-is-one-of-the-greatest-tennis-players-ever-says-pat-cash|accessdate = 11 September 2012|archive-date = 2013-06-21|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HWykyLN8?url=http://metro.co.uk/2011/10/25/novak-djokovic-is-one-of-the-greatest-tennis-players-ever-says-pat-cash-195296/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|title = Novak Djokovic v Rafael Nadal: Players & pundits hail 'greatest' match|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/16781690|accessdate =11 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="espn.co.uk">{{cite web|title = Murray buoyed by Djokovic scalp|url = http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/139046.html|accessdate = 11 September 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="heraldsun.com.au">{{cite web |title = Rod Laver's 10 best past and present players |url = http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archives/old-sport-pages/gallery-fn77kxzt-1226250654969?page=17 |accessdate = 11 September 2012 |archive-date = 2020-08-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809030604/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archives/old-sport-pages/gallery-fn77kxzt-1226250654969?page=17 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="standard.co.uk">{{cite web|title = Tim Henman knows Andy Murray won’t worry over critics |url = http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/wimbledon/tim-henman-knows-andy-murray-wont-worry-over-critics-7876173.html|accessdate =11 September 2012}}</ref> == Major finals == === Grand Slam finals === ==== Singles: 12 (12 titles, 8 runner-ups) ==== {|class="sortable wikitable" |- !style="width:60px"|Ootcome !style="width:30px"|Year !style="width:120px"|Championship !style="width:25px"|Surface !style="width:150px"|Opponent ! style="width:270px;" class="unsortable"|Score |- style="background:#ccf;" |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up||[[2007 US Open – Men's Singles|2007]]||[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]||Hard||{{flagicon|SWI}} [[Roger Federer]]||6–7<sup>(4–7)</sup>, 6–7<sup>(2–7)</sup>, 4–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2008 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2008]]||[[Australian Open]]||Hard||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]]||4–6, 6–4, 6–3, 7–6<sup>(7–2)</sup> |- style="background:#ccf;" |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up||[[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|2010]]||US Open <small>(2)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]]||4–6, 7–5, 4–6, 2–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2011]]||Australian Open <small>(2)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Andy Murray]]||6–4, 6–2, 6–3 |- style="background:#cfc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2011]]||[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]||Grass||{{flagicon|ESP}} Rafael Nadal||6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3 |- style="background:#ccf;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2011 US Open – Men's Singles|2011]]||US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|ESP}} Rafael Nadal||6–2, 6–4, 6–7<sup>(3–7)</sup>, 6–1 |- style="background:#ffc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2012 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2012]]||Australian Open <small>(3)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|ESP}} Rafael Nadal||[[2012 Australian Open – Men's Singles final|5–7, 6–4, 6–2, 6–7<sup>(5–7)</sup>, 7–5]] |- style="background:#ebc2af;" |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up||[[2012 French Open – Men's Singles|2012]]||[[French Open]]||Clay||{{flagicon|ESP}} Rafael Nadal||[[2012 French Open – Men's Singles final|4–6, 3–6, 6–2, 5–7]] |- style="background:#ccf;" |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up||[[2012 US Open – Men's Singles|2012]]||US Open <small>(3)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|GBR}} Andy Murray||[[2012 US Open – Men's Singles final|6–7<sup>(10–12)</sup>, 5–7, 6–2, 6–3, 2–6]] |- style="background:#ffc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2013]]||Australian Open <small>(4)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|GBR}} Andy Murray||6–7<sup>(2–7)</sup>, 7–6<sup>(7–3)</sup>, 6–3, 6–2 |- style="background:#cfc;" |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up||[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2013]]||Wimbledon||Grass||{{flagicon|GBR}} Andy Murray||[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles final|4–6, 5–7, 4–6]] |- style="background:#ccf;" |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up||[[2013 US Open – Men's Singles|2013]]||US Open <small>(4)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|ESP}} Rafael Nadal||2–6, 6–3, 4–6, 1–6 |-bgcolor=ebc2af |style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up||[[2014 French Open – Men's Singles|2014]]||French Open <small>(2)</small>||Clay||{{flagicon|ESP}} Rafael Nadal||6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2014]]||Wimbledon <small>(2)</small>||Grass||{{flagicon|SWI|}} Roger Federer||[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles final|6–7<sup>(7–9)</sup>, 6–4, 7–6<sup>(7–4)</sup>, 5–7, 6–4]] |- style="background:#ffc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2015]]||Australian Open <small>(5)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|GBR}} Andy Murray||7–6<sup>(7–5)</sup>, 6–7<sup>(4–7)</sup>, 6–3, 6–0 |- style="background:#ebc2af;" |bgcolor= FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2015 French Open – Men's Singles|2015]]||French Open <small>(3)</small>||Clay||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Stan Wawrinka]] || 6–4, 4–6, 3–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2015]]||Wimbledon <small>(3)</small>||Grass||{{flagicon|SWI|}} Roger Federer||[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles final|7–6<sup>(7–1)</sup>, 6–7<sup>(10–12)</sup>, 6–4, 6–3]] |- style="background:#ccf;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2015 US Open – Men's Singles|2015]]||US Open <small>(2)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|SWI|}} Roger Federer|| 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4 |- style="background:#ffc;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2016]]||Australian Open <small>(6)</small>||Hard||{{flagicon|GBR}} Andy Murray|| 6–1, 7–5, 7–6<sup>(7–3)</sup> |- style="background:#ebc2af;" |style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner||[[2016 French Open – Men's Singles|2016]]||French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|GBR}} Andy Murray||3-6, 6-1, 6-2, 6-4 |} === Year-End Championships feenals === ==== Singles: 3 (3 teetles, 0 runner-up) ==== {| class="sortable wikitable" |width="100"|'''Ootcome''' |width="50"|'''Year''' |width="200"|'''Location''' |width="200"|'''Opponent in the feenal''' |width="200"|'''Score in the feenal''' |- | bgcolor="98FB98"|Winner || 2008 || [[Shanghai]] ||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nikolay Davydenko]] || 6–1, 7–5 |- | bgcolor="98FB98"|Winner || 2012 || [[Lunnon]] ||{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Roger Federer]] || 7–6<sup>(8–6)</sup>, 7–5 |- | bgcolor="98FB98"|Winner || 2013 || [[Lunnon]] ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]] || 6–3, 6–4 |} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.novakdjokovic.rs/index.php?jezik=2 Offeecial steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073432/http://www.novakdjokovic.rs/index.php?jezik=2 |date=2012-04-14 }} * {{ATP|D643}} * {{ITF male profile|100004087}} * {{DavisCup player|100004087}} * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/djokovic/ Novak Djokovic at Flickr] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120730134516/http://official-novakdjokovic.tumblr.com/ Novak Djokovic at Tumblr] {{navboxes|title=Novak Djokovic in [[grand slam (tennis)|Grand Slam Tournaments]] |list1= {{Australian Open men's singles champions}} {{French Open men's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon men's singles champions}} {{US Open men's singles champions}} {{Tennis men grand slam three and over}} {{Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} }} {{navboxes|title=Novak Djokovic's [[Novak Djokovic career statistics|Achievements]] |list1= {{Tennis Warld ATP Nummer Anes (men)}} {{Year-End Championships winners}} {{ATP Masters Series tournament winners}} {{Top ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{Top ten European male tennis players}} {{Top Serbian Male Tennis Players}} {{Top ten Serbian male doubles tennis players}} {{Awards of Olympic Committee of Serbia}} {{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Djokovic, Novak}} [[Category:Novak Djokovic| ]] [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o St. Sava]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Serbie]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Serbie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Monte Carlo]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Karađorđe's Starn]] [[Category:Serbie an Montenegro male tennis players]] [[Category:Serbie expatriates in Monaco]] [[Category:Serbie male tennis players]] [[Category:Serbie Orthodox Christians]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Belgrade]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] tbhvsib63jczfzwavb8i1usayj5skao 0 37669 923370 915832 2026-09-26T01:17:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | name = Burgas Province | native_name = Област Бургас | image_map = Burgas Province location map.svg | capital = [[Burgas]] | municipalities = 13 | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 7,748.1 | population_total = 415,817 | population_footnotes = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_as_of = February 2011 | license_plate = A<br />AA <small>(since 2008)</small> | governor = Konstantin Grebenarov | website = [http://www.bsregion.org/ www.bsregion.org] }} '''Burgas Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Бургас}} - ''Oblast Burgas'', umwhile name [[okrug|Burgas okrug]]) is a province in sootheastren [[Bulgarie]], includin soothren [[Bulgarie Black Sea Coast]]. It is boondit on the sooth bi [[Turkey]]. The province is namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the ceety o [[Burgas]] - the fowert biggest toun in the kintra. It is the lairgest province bi aurie, embracin a territory o 7,748.1&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">[http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dividit intae 13 municipalities wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 422,319 indwallers.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |title=Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2010-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="population">[http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref> {{stack|clear=true| [[Image:Lake-mandrensko-dinev.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lake Mandrensko]] near [[Burgas]]]] [[Image:Malko Turnovo Museum.JPG|right|thumb|Auld hooses in Malko Tarnovo, Strandzha region]] [[Image:Sozopol-dinev-1.jpg|right|thumb|View o [[Sozopol]]]] [[Image:Nessebar St Jean-Baptiste.jpg|right|thumb|Kirk o St John the Baptist (11t century) in [[Nessebar]]]] }} ==Municipalities== [[Image:Burgas Oblast map EN.png|thumb|left|300px|The municipalities o Burgas Province]] The Burgas province (област, ''oblast'') conteens 13 municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun or veelage (touns are shawn in bauld), an the population o each as o 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/><ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |title=Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2010-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Settlements 1000-5000">[http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=3&a1=1000&c=1&s2=4&c2=2&a2=5000 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian Settlements 1000–5000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref> |- | [[Aytos Municipality|Aytos]] | [[:bg:Община Айтос|Айтос]] | align="right" | 30,450 | '''[[Aytos]]''' | align="right" | 21,067 |- | [[Burgas Municipality|Burgas]] | [[:bg:Община Бургас|Бургас]] | align="right" | 206,343 | '''[[Burgas]]''' | align="right" | 193,765 |- | [[Kameno Municipality|Kameno]] | [[:bg:Община Камено|Камено]] | align="right" | 12,395 | '''[[Kameno]]''' | align="right" | 4,848 |- | [[Karnobat Municipality|Karnobat]] | [[:bg:Община Карнобат|Карнобат]] | align="right" | 26,576 | '''[[Karnobat]]''' | align="right" | 18,480 |- | [[Malko Tarnovo Municipality|Malko Tarnovo]] | [[:bg:Община Малко Търново|Малко Търново]] | align="right" | 3,807 | '''[[Malko Tarnovo]]''' | align="right" | 2,449 |- | [[Nesebar Municipality|Nesebar]] | [[:bg:Община Несебър|Несебър]] | align="right" | 25,311 | '''[[Nesebar]]''' | align="right" | 11,626 |- | [[Pomorie Municipality|Pomorie]] | [[:bg:Община Поморие|Поморие]] | align="right" | 27,557 | '''[[Pomorie]]''' | align="right" | 13,569 |- | [[Primorsko Municipality|Primorsko]] | [[:bg:Община Приморско|Приморско]] | align="right" | 7,332 | '''[[Primorsko]]''' | align="right" | 3,340 |- | [[Ruen Municipality|Ruen]] | [[:bg:Община Руен|Руен]] | align="right" | 28,217 | [[Ruen]] | align="right" | 2,282 |- | [[Sozopol Municipality|Sozopol]] | [[:bg:Община Созопол|Созопол]] | align="right" | 15,578 | '''[[Sozopol]]''' | align="right" | 5,410 |- | [[Sredets Municipality|Sredets]] | [[:bg:Община Средец|Средец]] | align="right" | 16,261 | '''[[Sredets]]''' | align="right" | 9,238 |- | [[Sungurlare Municipality|Sungurlare]] | [[:bg:Община Сунгурларе|Сунгурларе]] | align="right" | 13,079 | '''[[Sungurlare]]''' | align="right" | 3,416 |- | [[Tsarevo Municipality|Tsarevo]] | [[:bg:Община Царево|Царево]] | align="right" | 9,413 | '''[[Tsarevo]]''' | align="right" | 5,884 |} ==Demography== The Burgas province haed a [[population]] o 423,608 (423,547 an aw gien) accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|207371|423608|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|216175|423608|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] frae [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 422,319<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|92253|422319|1}} are indwallers aged ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |title=Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Burgas | 1946 = 317,156 | 1956 = 352,812 | 1965 = 387,252 | 1975 = 420,268 | 1985 = 449,237 | 1992 = 440,372 | 2001 = 423,608 | 2005 = 418,750 | 2007 = 420,095 | 2009 = 422,319 | 2011 = 409,018 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 339,653 | align="middle" |80.19% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 64,568 | align="middle" |15.24% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 452 | align="middle" |0.11% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 2,339 | align="middle" |0.55% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 1,937 | align="middle" |0.46% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 14,598 | align="middle" |3.45% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''423,547''' | align="middle" |100% |} == Touns an veelages == The place names in bauld hae the status o [[toun]] (in Bulgarie: град, transliteratit as ''grad''). Ither localities hae the status o [[veelage]] (in Bulgarie: село, transliteratit as ''selo''). === Aytos municipality === '''[[Aytos]]''', [[Cherna Mogila, Burgas Province|Cherna Mogila]], [[Chernograd]], [[Chukarka]], [[Dryankovets]], [[Karageorgievo]], [[Karanovo, Burgas Province|Karanovo]], [[Lyaskovo, Burgas Province|Lyaskovo]], [[Malka polyana]], [[Maglen]], [[Peshtersko]], [[Pirne]], [[Polyanovo, Burgas Province|Polyanovo]], [[Raklinovo]], [[Sadievo, Burgas Province|Sadievo]], [[Topolitsa]], [[Zetyovo, Burgas Province|Zetyovo]] === Burgas municipality === '''[[Balgarovo]]''', [[Banevo]], [[Bratovo, Burgas Province|Bratovo]], [[Bryastovets]], '''[[Burgas]]''', [[Cherno more (veelage)|Cherno more]] [[Dimchevo]], [[Draganovo, Burgas Province|Draganovo]], [[Izvorishte]], [[Marinka, Bulgarie|Marinka]], [[Mirolyubovo]], [[Ravnets, Burgas Province|Ravnets]], [[Rudnik, Burgas Province|Rudnik]], [[Tvarditsa, Burgas Province|Tvarditsa]], [[Vetren, Burgas Province|Vetren]] === Kameno municipality === '''[[Kameno]]''', [[Krastina]], [[Livada, Bulgarie|Livada]], [[Konstantinovo]], [[Polski izvor]], [[Rusokastro]], [[Svoboda, Burgas Province|Svoboda]], [[Troyanovo]], [[Trastikovo]], [[Cherni vrah (veelage)|Cherni vrah]] [[Vinarsko]], [[Vratitsa]], [[Zhelyazovo]] === Karnobat municipality === [[Asparuhovo, Burgas Province|Asparuhovo]], [[Cherkovo]], [[Detelina, Burgas Province|Detelina]], [[Devetak]], [[Devetintsi]], [[Dobrinovo (Karnobat)|Dobrinovo]], [[Dragantsi]], [[Dragovo, Bulgarie|Dragovo]], [[Ekzarh Antimovo]], [[Glumche]], [[Hadzhiite]], [[Iskra, Burgas Province|Iskra]], '''[[Karnobat]]''', [[Klikach]], [[Kozare, Bulgarie|Kozare]], [[Krumovo gradishte]], [[Krushovo]], [[Madrino]], [[Nevestino, Burgas Province|Nevestino]], [[Ognen]], [[Raklitsa]], [[San-Stefano, Bulgarie|San-Stefano]], [[Sigmen]], [[Sokolovo]], [[Sarnevo]], [[Smolnik, Bulgarie|Smolnik]], [[Tserkovski]], [[Venets, Burgas Province|Venets]], [[Zheleznik, Burgas Province|Zheleznik]], [[Zhitosvyat]], [[Zimen]] === Malko Tarnovo municipality === [[Bliznak, Malko Tarnovo|Bliznak]], [[Brashlyan]], [[Byala voda]], [[Evrenozovo]], [[Gramatikovo]], [[Kalovo]], '''[[Malko Tarnovo]]''', [[Mladezhko]], [[Slivarovo]], [[Stoilovo]] [[Vizitsa]], [[Zabernovo]], [[Zvezdets]] === Nesebar municipality === [[Banya, Burgas Province|Banya]], [[Emona, Burgas Province|Emona]], [[Gyulyovtsa]], [[Koznitsa]], [[Kosharitsa]], '''[[Nesebar]]''', '''[[Obzor]]''', [[Orizare]], [[Panitsovo]], [[Priseltsi]], [[Rakovskovo]], [[Ravda]], '''[[Sveti Vlas]]''', [[Tankovo]] === Pomorie municipality === [[Aheloy]], [[Belodol]], [[Aleksandrovo, Burgas Province|Aleksandrovo]], [[Bata, Burgas Province|Bata]], [[Dabnik]], [[Gaberovo]], [[Goritsa]], [[Galabets, Burgas Province|Galabets]], '''[[Kableshkovo]]''', [[Kamenar]], [[Kozichino]], [[Kosovets, Bulgarie|Kosovets]], [[Laka, Bulgarie|Laka]], [[Medovo]], '''[[Pomorie]]''', [[Poroy, Burgas Province|Poroy]], [[Stratsin]] === Primorsko municipality === '''[[Kiten, Burgas Province|Kiten]]''', [[Novo Panicharevo]], [[Pismenovo]], '''[[Primorsko]]''', [[Veselie (veelage)|Veselie]], [[Yasna polyana]], === Ruen municipality === [[Bilka, Bulgarie|Bilka]], [[Cheresha]], [[Dobra polyana]], [[Dobromir, Bulgarie|Dobromir]], [[Dropla]], [[Daskotna]], [[Dyulya]], [[Kamenyak]], [[Karavelyovo]], [[Listets]], [[Lyulyakovo]], [[Pripek]], [[Mrezhichko]], [[Podgorets]], [[Preobrazhentsi]], [[Planinitsa]], [[Prosenik]], [[Rechitsa, Bulgarie|Rechitsa]], [[Razboyna, Burgas Province|Razboyna]], [[Razhitsa]], [[Rozhden]], [[Rudina, Burgas Province|Rudina]], [[Ruen (veelage)|Ruen]], [[Rupcha]], [[Shivarovo]], [[Skalak]], [[Snezha]], [[Snyagovo]], [[Sokolets]], [[Sredna mahala]], [[Struya]], [[Sini rid]], [[Topchiysko]], [[Tranak]], [[Vishna]], [[Vresovo]], [[Yabalchevo]], [[Yasenovo, Burgas Province|Yasenovo]], [[Zaimchevo]], [[Zaychar]], [[Zvezda, Bulgarie|Zvezda]] === Sozopol municipality === [[Atiya]], [[Chernomorets]], [[Gabar, Bulgaria|Gabar]], [[Indzhe Voivoda (veelage)|Indzhe voyvoda]], [[Izvor, Burgas Province|Izvor]], [[Krushevets]], [[Prisad, Burgas Province|Prisad]], [[Ravadinovo]], [[Ravna Gora, Burgas Province|Ravna gora]], [[Rosen, Burgas Province|Rosen]], '''[[Sozopol]]''', [[Varshilo]], [[Zidarovo]] === Sredets municipality === [[Belevren]], [[Belila]], [[Bistrets]], [[Bogdanovo]], [[Debelt]], [[Dolno Yabalkovo]], [[Draka, Bulgarie|Draka]], [[Drachevo]], [[Dyulevo]], [[Fakiya]], [[Golyamo Bukovo]], [[Gorno Yabalkovo]], [[Granitets]], [[Granichar, Burgas Province|Granichar]], '''[[Sredets]]''', [[Kirovo, Bulgarie|Kirovo]], [[Kubadin]], [[Momina tsarkva]], [[Malina, Burgas Province|Malina]], [[Orlintsi]], [[Prohod]], [[Panchevo, Burgas Province|Panchevo]], [[Radoynovo]], [[Rosenovo]], [[Svetlina, Burgas Province|Svetlina]], [[Sinyo kamene]], [[Slivovo, Bulgarie|Slivovo]], [[Suhodol]], [[Trakiytsi]], [[Varovnik]], [[Zagortsi]], [[Zornitsa, Burgas Province|Zornitsa]], === Sungurlare municipality === [[Balabanchevo]], [[Beronovo]], [[Bosilkovo]], [[Chernitsa, Burgas Province|Chernitsa]], [[Chubra]], [[Dabovitsa]] [[Gorovo]], [[Esen, Bulgarie|Esen]], [[Grozden]], [[Kamensko]], [[Kamchiya (veelage)|Kamchiya]], [[Klimash]], [[Kosten, Bulgarie|Kosten]], [[Lozarevo]], [[Lozitsa]], [[Manolich]], [[Pchelin]], [[Podvis]], [[Prilep, Bulgarie|Prilep]], [[Sadovo, Burgas Province|Sadovo]], [[Skala, Burgas Province|Skala]], [[Slavyantsi]], '''[[Sungurlare]]''', [[Terziysko]], [[Valchin]], [[Vedrovo]], [[Velislav]], [[Vezenkovo]], [[Zavet, Burgas Province|Zavet]] === Tsarevo municipality === '''[[Ahtopol]]''', [[Brodilovo]], [[Balgari]], [[Fazanovo]], [[Izgrev, Burgas Province|Izgrev]], [[Kondolovo]], [[Kosti, Bulgarie|Kosti]], [[Lozenets, Burgas Province|Lozenets]], [[Rezovo]], [[Sinemorets]], '''[[Tsarevo]]''', [[Varvara, Burgas Province|Varvara]], [[Velika, Bulgarie|Velika]] ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Municipalities o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Burgas Province]] ==References== <references /> {{Commons category|Burgas Province|Burgas Province (former District)}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.burgas.bg/en/ Burgas Municipality offeecial wabsteid] *[http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/SE/Bourgas/ Burgas Province - Municipalities, postal an phone codes, population, maps, hotels] *[http://www.port-burgas.com Port o Burgas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207024208/http://www.port-burgas.com/ |date=2016-02-07 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060211110535/http://www.blackseaestates.net/myfolder/towns/RegionBourgas.mht Region o Burgas] *[http://www.bulgariagazette.com/tag/burgas News frae Burgas] {{Geographic Location |Centre = Burgas Province |North = [[Shumen Province]] / [[Varna Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Black Sea]] |Southeast = |South = {{flag|Turkey}} |Southwest = |West = [[Sliven Province]]<br>[[Yambol Province]] |Northwest = }} <!--Navigation boxes--><br /> {{Provinces of Bulgaria}} {{Bulgaria topics}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Burgas Province| ]] 0btmoo5uxe340jawd4q0d1fxiai3mvr 0 37881 923476 922771 2026-09-26T06:59:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |name = Negură Bunget |image = Negura.JPG |background = group_or_band |alias = |origin = [[Timișoara]], [[Romanie]] |genre = [[Progressive metal|Progressive]] [[black metal]]<ref name=MusicMight>[http://www.musicmight.com/artist/romania/timisoara/negura+bunget Negură Bunget biography @ MusicMight]</ref><br>[[Fowk metal]] |label = Code666 Records (Aural Music)<br> [[Prophecy Productions]] (Lupus Lounge) |website = [http://www.negurabunget.com/ negurabunget.com/] |current_members = Negru<br /> Corb<br /> Spin<br /> Gadinet<br /> Inia Dinia<br /> Ageru Pamintului }} '''Negură Bunget''' is a [[black metal]] baund frae [[Timișoara]], [[Romanie]]. ==Baund members== ===Current line-up=== *Stefan - vocals (December 2011 -) *Urzit - guitar (2010 -) *Fulmineos - guitar, vocals (2010- 2011, 2011 -) *Gadinet - bass (Julie 2009 -) *Inia Dinia - keybuirds (Julie 2006 -) *Negru - drums, percussion (1994 -) ===Umwhile members=== *Hupogrammos ([[Dordeduh]]) - guitars, vocals, bass, keybuirds, archaic instruments (1994–2009) *Sol'Faur (Dordeduh)- guitars (an aw bass, keybuirds, backin vocals) (1997–2009) *Ageru Pământului - percussions, archaic instruments, vocals (Julie 2009 - 2011) *Corb - vocals, guitars (Julie 2009 - August 2010) *Spin - guitars (Julie 2009 - Julie 2010) ====Umwhile live members==== *Ermit (Ursu) - bass (1999–2007) *Nǎval (Vapern) - keybuirds (1996–2006), bass (2007) *Arioch - bass (2007 - June 2009) *Ageru Pământului - percution, traditional instr. (2004 - June 2009) *Daniel Dorobanțu - ([[Thy Veils]]) - keybuirds (1997–1998) *Andrei Popa - guitar (September - December 2005) *Iedera - keybuirds (2005–2006) *Necuratul - ([[Vokodlok]]) - percussion (2003) *Aiwazz Vallach - keybuirds (1995) ==Discografie== ===Albums=== * ''[[Zîrnindu-să]]'', 1996 * ''[[Măiastru Sfetnic]]'', 2000 * ''[['N Crugu Bradului]]'', 2002 * ''[[OM (Negură Bunget album)|OM]]'', 2006 * ''Măiestrit, 2010 (re-recordin o Măiastru Sfetnic) * ''Vîrstele Pamîntului'', 2010 * ''Tău'', 2015<ref>http://metalstorm.net/events/news_comments.php?news_id=17665</ref> * ''Zi'', 2016 * ''Zău'', 2021 ===EPs=== * ''[[Sala Molksa]]'', 1998 * ''[[Inarborat Kosmos]]'', 2005 * ''[[Poarta De Dincolo]]'', 2011<ref>http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=150772 {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120911043018/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=150772 |date=2012-09-11 }}</ref> ===Demos=== * ''From Transilvanian Forest'', 1995 === Live === *''Focul Viu'' (2011) ===Box Sets=== * ''[[Negură Bunget Box]]'', 2004 ==Relatit projects/bands== *''[[Negura Magazine / Negura Music]]'': central European ideological magazine, o which Negru is the chief editor. *''[[Makrothumia]]'': [[progressive metal|progressive]] / [[doom metal|doom]] [[daith metal]] baund formit in 1994, o which Hupogrammos an Negru wur foondin members. *''[[Dordeduh]]'' baund formit in Juin 2009 bi Hupogrammos an Sol Faur. *''[[Din Brad]] project o [[Negru]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.negurabunget.com Negură Bunget offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414133648/http://www.negurabunget.com/ |date=2007-04-14 }} *[http://indiebands.ws/negura-bunget/ Negură Bunget Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304225305/http://indiebands.ws/negura-bunget/ |date=2011-03-04 }} * {{MySpace|negurabunget|Negură Bunget}} *[http://www.Code666records.com Code666 Records] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.lupuslounge.com Prophecy/Lupus Lounge Records] {{commons category|Negură Bunget}} {{Negură Bunget}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Negura Bunget}} [[Category:Romanie black metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 1994]] [[Category:Muisical sextets]] [[Category:Fowk metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Post-metal muisical groups]] k216ymxxsefwrcqik9ler1fi4gzwh9g 0 38328 923531 918469 2026-09-26T08:52:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian inhabited locality |en_name=Sochi |ru_name=Сочи |other_name= |image_skyline=Сочи-коллаж1.jpg |image_caption=View o Sochi |coordinates={{coord|43|35|07|N|39|43|13|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=left |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Sochi (Krasnodar krai).svg |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Sochi (Krasnodar krai).svg |flag_caption= |federal_subject=[[Krasnodar Krai]] |federal_subject_ref= |adm_data_as_of=May 2013 |adm_city_jur=[[Ceety o federal subject signeeficance|Ceety]] o Sochi |adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref1481">''Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai''</ref> |adm_ctr_of=Ceety o Sochi |adm_ctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref1481" /> |inhabloc_cat=Ceety |inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref1481" /> |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=June 2009 |urban_okrug_jur=Sochi Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref753">Law #679-KZ</ref> |mun_admctr_of=Sochi Urban Okrug |mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref753"/> |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref=<ref name="Head">[http://www.sochiru.ru/ Official website of Sochi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030420111047/http://www.sochiru.ru/ |date=2003-04-20 }} {{ru icon}}</ref> |leader_name=[[Anatoly Pakhomov]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="Head" /> |representative_body=[[Ceety Assembly o Sochi|Ceety Assembly]] |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what=ceety |area_as_of=January 2008 |area_km2=176.77 |area_km2_ref=<ref name="Area">{{Cite Russian law |ru_entity=Городское Собрание Сочи |ru_type=Решение |ru_number=89 |ru_date=14 июля 2009 г. |ru_title=Об утверждении генерального плана городского округа города Сочи |ru_effective_date=со дня опубликования |ru_published_in= |ru_published_date= |ru_url=http://www.gs-sochi.ru/upload/iblock/e47/wxdqimw%20waziohbbow%20kuxyhwww%20ktjo%20jd%2014_07_2009%20N%2089%20%20mn%20kzkq.pdf |en_entity=City Assembly of Sochi |en_type=Decision |en_number=89 |en_date=July&nbsp;14, 2009 |en_title=On the Adoption of the General Plan of the Urban Okrug of the City of Sochi |en_effective_date=the publication date }}</ref> |pop_2010census=343334 |pop_2010census_rank=52nd |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census"/> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=1838 |established_title= |established_date_ref=<ref name=mus>Exposition of the Historical Museum of Sochi, partly reflected in Russian in [https://web.archive.org/web/20101011234131/http://www.sochiadm.ru/content/section/35/detail/31/ История Сочи] (History of Sochi) at the official cite of the city</ref><ref name="GSE">[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]. [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article104967.html Entry on Sochi] {{ru icon}}</ref> |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1=Dakhovsky |prev_name1_date=1896 |prev_name1_ref=<ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article104967.html Сочи] in the [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] {{ru icon}}</ref> |prev_name2= |prev_name2_date= |prev_name2_ref= |prev_name3= |prev_name3_date= |prev_name3_ref= |postal_codes=354000, 354002–354004, 354008–354010, 354013, 354014, 354018, 354019, 354022, 354024, 354025, 354030, 354031, 354033, 354036, 354037, 354039, 354053–354055, 354057, 354059, 354061, 354065–354068, 354071, 354073, 354084, 354099, 354200, 354202–354214, 354216–354218, 354220, 354226, 354231, 354233, 354299, 354340, 354346, 354348, 354349, 354354, 354355, 354364, 354380, 354382, 354383, 354399, 993501 |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes=8622 |dialing_codes_ref= |website=http://www.sochiadm.ru/ |website_ref= |commonscat=Sochi |date=May 2010 }} [[File:Black Sea map.png|thumb|Sochi is on the northeast coast o the [[Black Sea]]]] '''Sochi''' ({{lang-rus|Сочи|p=ˈsotɕɪ}}) is a [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] in [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Roushie]], situatit juist north o Roushie's mairch wi the ''[[de facto]]'' independent republic o [[Abkhazie]],<ref group="notes">{{Abkhazia-note}}</ref> on the [[Black Sea]] coast. Greater Sochi sprawls for {{convert|145|km|sp=us}} alang the shores o the [[Black Sea]] near the [[Caucasus Mountains]]. Accordin tae the [[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]], the ceety haed a permanent population o 343,334;<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> up frae 328,809 recorded in the [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]],<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> makkin it Roushie's lairgest [[resort toun|resort ceety]]. Sochi will host the [[2014 Winter Olympics|XXII Olympic Winter Gemmes]] an [[2014 Winter Paralympics|XI Paralympic Winter Gemmes]] in 2014, as well as the Roushie Formula&nbsp;1 Grand Prix frae 2014 til at least 2020.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/6271122.stm Sochi hosts 2014 Winter Olympics] BBC Sport, July&nbsp;4, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/244943/pm-putin-confirms-russian-gp-for-2014/ PM Putin confirms Russian GP for 2014] GPUpdate, October&nbsp;15, 2010</ref> It is an aa ane o the host ceeties for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]. ==Sister ceeties== {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie}} Sochi haes been twinned wi the followin ceeties: *{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Cheltenham]]''', [[Gloucestershire]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] (syne 1959)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090108224754/http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/libraries/templates/cheltenham.asp?URN=348&FolderID=0 Twin town of Sochi (Russia)]. cheltenham.gov.uk</ref> *{{Flagicon|France}} '''[[Menton]]''', [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur|PACA]], [[Fraunce]] (syne 1966)<ref>[http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/ressources_documentaires/europe_non-ue/russie/sotchi-2002.9189.html Website of the President of France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222042/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/elysee.fr/ressources_documentaires/europe_non-ue/russie/sotchi-2002.9189.html |date=2007-09-30 }}. Elysee.fr. Retrieved on 2012-07-26.</ref> *{{Flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Rimini]]''', [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italy]] (syne 1977)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015211452/http://wwwold.comune.rimini.it/sez_comune/gemellaggi/index.shtml Gemellaggi]. Official website of Rimini</ref> *{{Flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Espoo]]''', [[Finland]] (syne 1989)<ref>"Tiesitkö, että" (in Finnish) in Ee-mail, January 2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225016/http://www.espoo.fi/binary.asp?path=1;28;11894;49602;24015;24021;37508;61774;61775&field=FileAttachment p. 6]. espoo.fi</ref> *{{Flagicon|United States}} '''[[Long Beach, Californie|Long Beach]]''', [[Californie]], [[Unitit States]] (syne 1990)<ref name="sisters">Sister Cities information obtained from [http://www.sister-c {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812045546/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia/index |date=2007-08-12 }}ities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia/index[[Sister Cities International&#93; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812045546/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/NIS/Russia/index |date=2007-08-12 }}&#93;]], Inc. (SCI), Retrieved 5 July 2007</ref> *{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} '''[[Kerch]]''', [[Crimea]], [[Ukraine]] (syne 2005) *{{Flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Trabzon]]''', [[Turkey]] (syne 1991)<ref name="jumeaux">[http://www.sochi-international.ru/pages.php?id=2&lang=rus Official website of Sochi (international)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801131017/http://www.sochi-international.ru/pages.php?id=2&lang=rus |date=2012-08-01 }}. The page spotlights similarities of the twin towns to Sochi in that all of them are "summer resorts".</ref> *{{Flagicon|Estonia}} '''[[Pärnu]]''', [[Estonie]] (syne 1994)<ref name="jumeaux"/> *{{Flagicon|China}} '''[[Weihai]]''', [[Shandong]], [[Cheenae]] (syne 1996)<ref name="jumeaux"/> *{{Flagicon|Lebanon}} '''[[Sidon]]''', [[Lebanon]] (syne 2005) *{{Flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Las Piñas]]''', [[Metro Manila]], [[Philippines]] (syne 2005) *{{Flagicon|Greece}} '''[[Volos]]''', [[Greece]] (syne 2007)<ref>{{cite news|title=Греческий Волос и российский Сочи стали городами-побратимами|url=http://www.interfax.ru/r/B/ug/182.html?menu=35&id_issue=11749829|publisher=[[Interfax]]|date=26 May 2005|accessdate=July 8, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223556/http://www.interfax.ru/r/B/ug/182.html?menu=35&id_issue=11749829|archivedate=2007-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{Flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Baden-Baden]]''', [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]] (syne 2011) *{{Flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Netanya]]''', [[Israel]] (syne 2012) ==Notes== <references group="notes"/> ==References== ;Explanatory notes {{Reflist|group="notes"}} ;Citations {{Reflist|30em}} ;Soorces *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|kda|adm|list}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|kda|mun|list|sochi}} *[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator:%22Bell,%20James%20Stanislaus%22 Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839 – Bell, James Stanislaus] ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.eng.sochiru.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid o Sochi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414125839/http://www.eng.sochiru.ru/ |date=2012-04-14 }} *[http://www.sochiadm.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid o Sochi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617015948/http://www.sochiadm.ru/ |date=2019-06-17 }} {{ru icon}} *[http://www.sochi.name/ Unoffeecial wabsteid o Sochi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002013408/http://www.sochi.name/ |date=2012-10-02 }} {{ru icon}} *Secrieru, Stanislav: "The 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi: Implications for the Caucasus" in the [http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest19.pdf Caucasus Analytical Digest No.19] *[http://ingvarr.net.ru/photo/341 Photos o Sochi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212113953/http://ingvarr.net.ru/photo/341 |date=2012-12-12 }} {{Krasnodar Krai}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Sochi| ]] [[Category:1838 establishments in Roushie]] [[Category:History o Kuban]] [[Category:History o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Winter Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Roushie]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1838]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Roushie]] [[Category:Spa touns in Roushie]] hp0ete1raidyg4zh6fhqh5njzvk0liq 0 38402 923291 923277 2026-09-25T23:17:27Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Divisions */ removed badly archived references - site coming, permission denied 923291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zabadani Destrict''' or ''az-Zabadan'' ({{lang-ar|'''منطقة الزبداني'''}}) is a [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) o the [[Rif Dimashq Govrenorate]] in [[Syrie]]. At the 2004 official census, the destrict haed a population o 63,780.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf|title=2004official census|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The centre o the destrict is the city o [[Zabadani]]. Till Februar 2009, the sub-destricts o [[Ayn al-Fijeh]] an [[Al-Dimas]] wur pairt o the Zabadani destrict afore bein incorporatit tae form the newly established [[Qudsaya Destrict|destrict o Qudsaya]].{{citation needed|date=September 2026}} The toun-resort o [[Bloudan]] whilk is locatit in the Zabadani destrict, is amang the maist likit tourist destinations amang locals an foreigners. ==Divisions== The destrict o Zabadani is dealt intae three sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 official census): *[[Zabadani]] nahiyah (ناحية الزبداني): population 40,613. *[[Madaya, irie|Madaya]] nahiyah (ناحية مضايا): population 13,692. *[[Sirghaya]] nahiyah (ناحية سرغايا): population 9,475. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Sirie-destricts|Rif Dimashq=yes}} {{Rif Dimashq Governorate|zabadani}} {{Coord|33|43|N|36|5|E|type:adm2nd_region:SY|display=title}} [[Category:Zabadani Destrict]] r6xa1kgmfxgj35rgaaemuxz0myvyrk1 923292 923291 2026-09-25T23:18:05Z Atlantic306 30244 /* References */ removedcred linked template 923292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zabadani Destrict''' or ''az-Zabadan'' ({{lang-ar|'''منطقة الزبداني'''}}) is a [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) o the [[Rif Dimashq Govrenorate]] in [[Syrie]]. At the 2004 official census, the destrict haed a population o 63,780.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf|title=2004official census|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The centre o the destrict is the city o [[Zabadani]]. Till Februar 2009, the sub-destricts o [[Ayn al-Fijeh]] an [[Al-Dimas]] wur pairt o the Zabadani destrict afore bein incorporatit tae form the newly established [[Qudsaya Destrict|destrict o Qudsaya]].{{citation needed|date=September 2026}} The toun-resort o [[Bloudan]] whilk is locatit in the Zabadani destrict, is amang the maist likit tourist destinations amang locals an foreigners. ==Divisions== The destrict o Zabadani is dealt intae three sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 official census): *[[Zabadani]] nahiyah (ناحية الزبداني): population 40,613. *[[Madaya, irie|Madaya]] nahiyah (ناحية مضايا): population 13,692. *[[Sirghaya]] nahiyah (ناحية سرغايا): population 9,475. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Sirie-destricts|Rif Dimashq=yes}} {{Coord|33|43|N|36|5|E|type:adm2nd_region:SY|display=title}} [[Category:Zabadani Destrict]] 0802fejtv8awoqdsc4ymv57qxxvoaks 923293 923292 2026-09-25T23:20:59Z Atlantic306 30244 added unsoorced section tag 923293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zabadani Destrict''' or ''az-Zabadan'' ({{lang-ar|'''منطقة الزبداني'''}}) is a [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) o the [[Rif Dimashq Govrenorate]] in [[Syrie]]. At the 2004 official census, the destrict haed a population o 63,780.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf|title=2004official census|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The centre o the destrict is the city o [[Zabadani]]. Till Februar 2009, the sub-destricts o [[Ayn al-Fijeh]] an [[Al-Dimas]] wur pairt o the Zabadani destrict afore bein incorporatit tae form the newly established [[Qudsaya Destrict|destrict o Qudsaya]].{{citation needed|date=September 2026}} The toun-resort o [[Bloudan]] whilk is locatit in the Zabadani destrict, is amang the maist likit tourist destinations amang locals an foreigners. ==Divisions== {{unsoorced|section}} The destrict o Zabadani is dealt intae three sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 official census): *[[Zabadani]] nahiyah (ناحية الزبداني): population 40,613. *[[Madaya, irie|Madaya]] nahiyah (ناحية مضايا): population 13,692. *[[Sirghaya]] nahiyah (ناحية سرغايا): population 9,475. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Sirie-destricts|Rif Dimashq=yes}} {{Coord|33|43|N|36|5|E|type:adm2nd_region:SY|display=title}} [[Category:Zabadani Destrict]] 64awaz7an6dyqpbn2xlt3fh3za7r7fs 0 38432 923342 908140 2026-09-26T00:11:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Arani | other_name = | native_name = Jarani | nickname = The Windy City, The Breid City | settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = Vista de la población de Arani.JPG | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Bolivia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bolivie <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Bolivia.svg|25px]] [[Bolivie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Depairtments o Bolivie|Depairtment]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Cochabamba Depairtment]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Bolivie|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Arani Province]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities o Bolivie|Municipality]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Arani Municipality]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Cantons o Bolivie|Canton]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Arani Canton]] <!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2001 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 3512 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|17|34|S|65|46|W|region:BO|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 2865 | elevation_ft = 9400 <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Arani''' (frae [[Quechua leids|Quechua]]: ''jarani'' or ''jallmani'') is the caipital o [[Arani Province]] an [[Arani Municipality]] locatit in [[Cochabamba Depairtment]] in the centre o [[Bolivie]] at an altitude o 9,400&nbsp;ft (2,865 m). At the time o census 2001 it haed 3,512 indwallers.<ref>[http://www.ine.gov.bo Instituto Nacional de Estadística] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027220541/http://www.ine.gov.bo/ |date=2009-10-27 }}</ref> Arani is weel kent fur its breid owin tae the traditional uise o mony kynds o flour fur makkin the breid. Breid is selt in various ''tiendas'' alang the main streets leadin tae the ''plaza principal,'' an alang the major heich-gate that leads Arani tae the city o Cochabamba. Thare is a breid festival haudit ilka yeir tae celebrate Arani's breid. In 2008, the average price o ane servin o breid wis 1 boliviano. Ither specialty breids that includit toppins o jalapeños an cheese wur 1.50 bolivianos. Durin the months o November throu aerlie December, the rainy saison sets in an hivy rainfaw is expectit. Owin tae Arani's geographical location set in the valleys, the winds o Arani whiles cause the hivy rainfaws tae be difficult tae navigate throu.<ref>[WikiUser Reybouta, a former inhabitant of Arani city from 11/06 - 11/07]</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=030501&tipo=1 Arani Municipality: Population data and map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128161958/http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=030501&tipo=1 |date=2014-11-28 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190713115355/https://www.bing.com/maps?FORM=LGCYVD MSN Map] {{coord|17|34|S| 65|46|W|region:BO_type:city|display=title}} {{Cochabamba Depairtment}} [[Category:Populatit places in Cochabamba Depairtment]] 4b7nzkxc0cyh5626n34etvk74i2tjwf 0 39714 923365 909410 2026-09-26T01:05:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Bjini<br/>Բջնի |name_local = Բջնի |pushpin_map = Armenia |image_skyline = Bjni village.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |mapsize = 150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = [[Kotayk Province|Kotayk]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Armen Matevosyan |established_title = First Mentioned |established_date = [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] |area_total_km2 = 42.81 |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total = 3010 |population_density_km2 = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|40|27|34|N|44|38|55|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 1550 |area_code = |website = }} '''Bjni''' ({{lang-hy|Բջնի}}; written '''Bjini''' or '''Bzhni''' an aw) is a veelage in the [[Kotayk Province]] o [[Armenie]]. It is situatit in a strath atween canyon waws an a smaw river. Throughoot Bjni's history, it haes remained ane o the main centers o education in Armenie. Some manuscripts frae Bjni datit tae the 12t tae 17t centuries hae survivit. The first recordit mention o the veelage wis bi the 5t tae 6t century [[chronicler]] an historian [[Ghazar Parpetsi]]. == Gallery == <gallery> Image:Saint Sargis Bjni.JPG|Kirk o Saunt Sargis atop a stane ootcrop in the middle o the veelage east o the fortress. Image:S. Gevorg Bjni 1.JPG|The kirk o Surb Gevorg (S. George) biggit in the 13t c. sits just a couple hooses awa frae Bjni Kirk. Image:Bjni Fortress.JPG|Remains o Bjni Fortress wi a medieval structur being rebiggit upon the plateau. </gallery> == References == *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E71EE3774E0440003BA962ED3}} *{{ArmenianCensus|178}} == Freemit airtins == {{commonscat-inline|Bjni}} * [http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=2=ba=1====baz0025 Kirk o Holy Virgin in Bjni (armenica.org)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322021607/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=2=ba=1====baz0025 |date=2012-03-22 }} * [http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=2=ba=1====baz0026 Kirk o St Sarkis in Bjni (armenica.org)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322021612/http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?=2=ba=1====baz0026 |date=2012-03-22 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706072504/http://www.caa.am/eng/lg.php?section=COMMUNITIES&id=308%2F Communities Association of Armenia: Bjni] * [http://sketchup.google.es/3dwarehouse/details?mid=1b82fc72f6b0562e4f7b83678430cbb8 3D model of Church of St Sarkis in Bjni]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-17 World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com {{Kotayk}} [[Category:Populatit places in Kotayk Province]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Armenie]] dbesmtsguepnxsl5cyltot03ifm8rs6 0 40170 923457 894690 2026-09-26T05:45:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lincoln MacCauley Alexander''', {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|CC|OOnt|CD|QC}} ([[21 Januar]] 1922 – [[19 October]] 2012), wis the the 24t [[Lieutenant Govrenor o Ontario]], [[Canadae]] frae 1985 til 1991. Alexander wis a Govrenor o the [[Canadian Unity Cooncil]] anaw. Born in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], tae [[Caribbean|Wast Indian]] immigrants, Lincoln Alexander furst distinguisht hissel in the [[Ryal Canadian Air Force]] durin the [[Warld War II|Seicont Warld War]]. He graduatit fae [[Osgoode Hall Law School]] in Toronto in 1953.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yorku.ca/mediar/releases_1996_2000/archive/040397.htm York University | title=York University's Osgoode Hall Law School Alumni Association honours three outstanding members of the legal profession | publisher=[[York University]] | date=3 April 1997 | accessdate=2008-04-01|language=Inglis}}</ref> In 1968, he wis eleckit tae the [[Canadian Hoose o Commons]] as the [[Hamilton West (electoral destrict)|Hamilton Wast]] representative fur the [[Progressive Conservative Pairty o Canadae]], becomin Canadae's furst [[Black Canadians|black]] [[Member o Pairlament (Canadae)|Member o Pairlament]].<ref>[http://news.sympatico.cbc.ca/home/lincoln_alexander_canadas_1st_black_mp_dies/5e5d9fce Lincoln Alexander, Canada's 1st black MP, dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022011819/http://news.sympatico.cbc.ca/home/lincoln_alexander_canadas_1st_black_mp_dies/5e5d9fce |date=2012-10-22 }}, CBC News, 19/10/2012. Retrieved 19/10/2012. {{en}}</ref> He haudit the seat fur fower successive elections. ==Fitmerks== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{en}} * {{CanParlbio|ID=c1f28411-ee02-4c23-9765-00b8c66fa99b}} * [http://www.citizenship.gov.on.ca/english/honours/lincolnmalexander/ Description of Lincoln M. Alexander Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604213609/http://www.citizenship.gov.on.ca/english/honours/lincolnmalexander/ |date=2009-06-04 }} * [http://www.uoguelph.ca/atguelph/06-11-22/ Short interview efter buik launch] * [http://www.central.cadets.ca/public/LHQ-QGL/876air/index_e.html Biography o his career wi the Royal Canadian Air Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514231714/http://www.central.cadets.ca/public/LHQ-QGL/876air/index_e.html |date=2006-05-14 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151023181606/https://www.dundurn.com/books/go-school-youre-little-black-boy Autobiography] {{ONLG}} {{CA-Ministers of Labour}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Lincoln}} [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:2012 daiths]] [[Category:Canadian fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Toronto]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hamilton, Ontario]] [[Category:Black Canadian politeecians]] [[Category:Chancellors o the Varsity o Guelph]] [[Category:Canadian militar personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Caribbean strynd]] [[Category:Companions o the Order o Canadae]] [[Category:Knichts o Juistice o the Order o St John]] [[Category:Lieutenant Govrenors o Ontario]] [[Category:McMaster Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Members o the Hoose o Commons o Canadae frae Ontario]] [[Category:Members o the Order o Ontario]] [[Category:Members o the Queen's Privy Cooncil for Canadae]] {{Stub/Canadae}} 3s53un5svtozct9l088csiqubo3t91u 0 40743 923555 827414 2026-09-26T09:33:57Z Everton15Eve 137794 Fixed typo 923555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Kavchut |native_name =Կավճուտ |settlement_type = Veelage |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Armenia |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Armenie |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Province]] |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Armenia.svg|25px]] [[Armenie]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o municipalities o Armenie|Commonty]] |subdivision_name2 =[[Lernadzor]] |established_title = |established_date = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of=2011 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 156 |population_urban = |population_metro = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_km2 = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|39|12|31|N|46|14|27|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m = 1378 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes ={{GEOnet2|32FA881E6E5C3774E0440003BA962ED3}} }} '''Kavchut''' ({{lang-hy|Կավճուտ}}, [[Romanise|Romanisit]] as '''Kavjut''', '''Kovshut''' an '''Ghovshut''' an aw) is a veelage in the [[Commonty (Armenie)|rural commonty]] o [[Lernadzor]] in sooth-eastren [[Armenie]]. It is locatit in the [[Syunik Province]]. The veelage's population wis 112 at the 2001 census.<ref>{{ArmenianCensus|210}}</ref> Nearbi touns an veelages include [[Baharlu, Armenie|Baharlu]] (1.2 mile), [[Verin Giratagh]] (2.2 mile), [[Kuchuma]] (1.3 mile), [[Nerkin Giratagh]] (1.6 mile), [[Lernadzor]] (3.6 mile) an [[Dzagikavan]] (1.4&nbsp;nm). ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/armenia/armenia-x-yerevan/kavchut/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter/map.aspx?TextLatitude=39.2004227411841&TextLongitude=46.2660382866035&TextAltitude=7&TextSelectedEntity=7674962&MapStyle=Comprehensive&MapSize=Large&MapStyleSelectedIndex=0&searchTextMap=Kavchut&MapStylesList=Comprehensive&ZoomOnMapClickCheck=on&ResultsListbox=39.2004227411841%3B46.2660382866035%3B7%3B7674962%3BKuchuma%2C+Armenia%3BLarge%3BComprehensive Location on MSN encarta map]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Lernadzor}} [[Category:Populatit places in Syunik Province]] j4q5g01igudeq3wtbxdarhm52xz9v4r 0 40744 923554 875165 2026-09-26T09:31:32Z Everton15Eve 137794 Fixed typo 923554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Dzagikavan |native_name =Ձագիկավան |settlement_type = Veelage |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Armenie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Syunik]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o municipalities o Armenie|commonty]] |subdivision_name2 =[[Lernadzor]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2001 |population_total =106 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =&nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST =&nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|39|11|18|N|46|15|14|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = |footnotes ={{GEOnet2|32FA881E6C3F3774E0440003BA962ED3}} }} '''Dzagikavan''' ({{lang-hy|Ձագիկավան}}) is a veelage in the [[Commonty (Armenie)|rural commonty]] o [[Lernadzor]] in the [[Syunik Province]] o [[Armenie]]. The [[Naitional Statistical Service o the Republic o Armenie]] (ARMSTAT) reportit its population wis 132 at the 2011 census.<ref>{{ArmenianCensus|210}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Lernadzor}} [[Category:Populatit places in Syunik Province]] n33qee79hhazo9jwg1iy4d64biwa87y 0 41033 923412 919426 2026-09-26T03:57:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox municipality <!-- See Template:Infobox municipality for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Hagfors Municipality | native_name = Hagfors kommun<!-- If different from name --> | native_name_lang = sv<!-- ISO 639-2 code, e.g. "sv" for Swedish. --> | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Swaden|Municipality]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = Hagfors vapen.svg | shield_alt = | image_map = Hagfors Municipality in Värmland County.png | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = <!-- Sweden --> | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Swaden]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Coonties o Swaden|Coonty]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Värmland Coonty]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | seat_type = [[Admeenistrative centre|Seat]] | seat = [[Hagfors]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = {{Area Swedish municipality|TXT=ref}} | area_total_km2 = {{Area Swedish municipality|type=total|municipality=Hagfors Municipality}} | area_land_km2 = {{Area Swedish municipality|type=land|municipality=Hagfors Municipality}} | area_water_km2 = {{Area Swedish municipality|type=water|municipality=Hagfors Municipality}} | area_water_percent = | area_note = Aurie as o {{Area Swedish municipality|TXT=date}}. | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{Population Swedish municipality|TXT=ref}} | population_total = {{Population Swedish municipality|municipality=Hagfors Municipality}} | population_as_of = {{Population Swedish municipality|TXT=date}} | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | blank_name_sec1 = [[Provinces o Swaden|Province]] | blank_info_sec1 = [[Värmland]] | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Kommunkod|Municipal code]] | blank1_info_sec1 = 1783 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:SE|SE<!--??-->]] | website = [http://www.hagfors.se www.hagfors.se]<!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Hagfors Municipality''' (''Hagfors kommun'') is a [[municipalities o Swaden|municipality]] in [[Värmland Coonty]] in wast central [[Swaden]]. Its seat is locatit in the [[stad (Swaden)|ceety]] o [[Hagfors]]. The present municipality wis creatit in 1974, when the Ceety o Hagfors (itsel institutit as a municipal entity in 1950 as ane o the last ceeties in Swaden) wis amalgamatit wi three rural municipalities. Being spairsely populatit, Hagfors Municipality haes natural auries that affer guid [[fishin]], [[canoein]] an wild life. ==Localities== *[[Bergsäng]] *[[Edebäck]] *[[Ekshärad]] *[[Geijersholm]] *[[Hagfors]] (seat) *[[Mjönäs]] *[[Råda]] *[[Sunnemo]] *[[Uddeholm]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.hagfors.se Hagfors Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122093853/http://www.hagfors.se/ |date=2009-01-22 }} - Offeecial steid *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704174005/http://www.uddeholm-tooling.com/ Uddeholm Tooling AB] {{Värmland Coonty}} {{Localities in Hagfors Municipality}} [[Category:Municipalities o Värmland Coonty]] och8xkw8l8o9rh8n1cg7olovs9d6eph 0 41286 923491 870392 2026-09-26T07:23:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Organisit crime''' or '''creeminal organisations''' are [[transnaitionality|transnational]], naitional, or local groupins o heichlie centralisit enterprises run bi [[crime|creeminal]]s for the purpose o engagin in illegal activity, maist commonly for [[money|monetary]] [[Profit (economics)|profit]]. Some creeminal organisations, sic as [[terrorism|terrorist organisation]]s, are poleetically motivatit. Whiles creeminal organisations force fowk tae dae business wi them, as when a gang extorts money frae shopkeepers for sae-cried "protection".<ref>Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc.. pp. 206.</ref> [[Gang]]s mey acome disciplined enough tae be considered ''organisit''. An organisit gang or creeminal set can be referred tae as a '''mob''' an aw.<ref name="test">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mob?q=mob] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407060309/https://languages.oup.com/ |date=2020-04-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407060309/https://languages.oup.com/ |date=2020-04-07 }}, Definition of Mob in the Oxford Dictionary online, see meaning 2.</ref> In the [[Unitit States]], the ''[[Organized Crime Control Act]]'' (1970) defines organisit crime as "The unlawful activities o [...] a heichlie organisit, disciplined association [...]".<ref>[http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/xcomplete.htm ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017144515/http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/xcomplete.htm |date=2008-10-17 }}</ref> Creeminal activity as a structured group is referred tae as [[Racket (creeme)|racketeerin]] an sic creeme is commonly referred tae as the wirk o the ''Mob''. In the UK, polis estimate organisit creeme involves up tae 38,000 fowk operatin in 6,000 various groups.<ref>Dominic Casciani, [[BBC News]] home affairs correspondent: 28 July 2011 ''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14318162 Criminal assets worth record £1bn seized by police]''</ref> ==Fuitnotes== {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Organized Crime}} [[Category:Wrangous thrift]] [[Category:Social issues]] [[Category:Organisit crime| ]] i2cjf8nubdi4v5eh8f85t34c5naw107 0 41374 923358 823855 2026-09-26T00:51:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Beaurainville |image = Beaurainville street Mont Blanc 20060704 France Pas de Calais Misson Didier.JPG |region = Nord-Pas-de-Calais |department = Pas-de-Calais |arrondissement = Montreuil |canton = Campagne-lès-Hesdin |INSEE = 62100 |postal code = 62990 |mayor = Ghislain Tétard |term = 2001&ndash;2008 |intercommunality = Val de Canche et d'Authie] |coordinates = {{coord|50.4256|1.8989|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 16 |elevation min m = 9 |elevation max m = 102 |area km2 = 13.09 |population = 1923 |population date = 2009 }} '''Beaurainville''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Pas-de-Calais]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depaurtment]] in the [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] [[Regions o Fraunce|region]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. ==Geografie== Beaurainville is a sma toun situatit some 6 mile (10&nbsp;km) sootheast o [[Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais|Montreuil-sur-Mer]], on the D130 road an on the banks o the river [[Canche]]. ==History== In 1064, twa years afore the [[Battle o Hastings]], [[Harold Godwinson]], then Earl o [[Wessex]], wis shipwreckit on the shores o [[Ponthieu]] an captured bi [[Guy I, Coont o Ponthieu]](d.1100) who teuk him tae his castle o Beaurain, situatit 24 1/2&nbsp;km up the [[Canche|River Canche]] frae the [[Inglis Channel]] coast, (nou [[Le Touquet]]), as the [[Bayeux Tapestry]] relates: ''HIC APPREHENDIT WIDO HAROLDUM ET DUXIT EUM AD BELREM ET IBI EUM TENUIT'' ("Here Guy seisit Harold an led him tae Beaurain an held him thare"). [[William the Conqueror|Duke William o Normandy]] demandit the release o the earl, an Coont Guy delivered Harold Godwinson up efter being paid a ransom for him. ==Population== {{Historical populations |align=left |1962|1406 |1968|1566 |1975|1909 |1982|1976 |1990|2093 |1999|1994 |2009|1923 }} ==Views== [[Image:Beaurainville fields close to street Mont Blanc 20060704 France Pas de Calais Misson Didier.JPG|left|300px|thumb|The kintraside at Beaurainville]] {{clear-left}} ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Pas-de-Calais depairtment]] ==References== * [http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/fichecommunale.asp?codedep=62&codecom=100 INSEE commune file] {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808183418/http://www.quid.fr/communes.html?mode=query Beaurainville on the Quid wabsteid] {{Fr}} {{Commons category|Beaurainville}} {{Pas-de-Calais communes}} [[Category:Communes o Pas-de-Calais]] k70fyyz1fowktn19cy4voh3vc8okwbk 0 41713 923567 894938 2026-09-26T09:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Vanadzor |name_local = Վանաձոր |image_skyline = |image_caption = Vanadzor Ceety landmarks<div style="background:#fee8ab;"> <br />Panoramic view frae Vanadzor<br />Vanadzor cultural palace&nbsp;• Kirk o the Holy Mither o God "Karakilisa"&nbsp;• Vanadzor Ceety Haw<br />[[Lori Province]] admeenistration at Hayk Square&nbsp;• Vanadzor skyline<br /> |imagesize = 280px |image_seal = |pushpin_map = Armenia |mapsize = 150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Armenie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Lori Province|Lori]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Samvel Darbinyan (politeecian)|Samvel Darbinyan]] |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = 25.1 |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2009 est. |population_total = 104800 |population_density_km2 = 4175 |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|40|48|46|N|44|29|18|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 1425 |area_code = 322 |website = [http://vanadzor.am/ Vanadzor official website] |footnotes = Sources: Population<ref>[http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf Armstats:Population]</ref> }} '''Vanadzor''' ({{lang-hy|Վանաձոր}}) is the third lairgest ceety in Armenie an the caipital o the [[Lori Province]] in the northren pairt o the kintra. It is locatit aroond 128&nbsp;km north o the caipital [[Yerevan]]. As o the 2009 estimate, the ceety haed a population o 104,800, doun frae 148,876 reportit at the 1979 offeecial census. The ceety wis kent as '''Karakilisa''' (Gharakilisa) durin the [[Roushie Empire]]. Efter the faw o the Tsar, Vanadzor wis briefly kent as '''Martunakan'''. Efter the [[Soviet Union|Sovietization]] o Armenie, the ceety wis renamed '''Kirovakan''' ({{lang-hy|Կիրովական}}) in 1923, efter the [[Bolshevik]] leader [[Sergey Kirov]]. Wi the unthirldom o Armenie in 1991, Kirovakan wis renamit '''Vanadzor'''. The ceety is in a picturesque settin, wi an attractive planned toun centre. Maistly crumblin Soviet-era chemical factories dominate hintle o the glen belaw the ceety. ==History== [[File:Khachqars-vanadzor.jpg|thumb|left|Auld [[khachkar]]s in Vanadzor]] Hintle o the ceety's history is unkent. The human dounset in the region o present-day Vanadzor possibly dates back tae the [[Bronze Age]], wi interestin tombs an mony ither remains foond in the nearbi hills o Tagavoranist an Mashtots. The aurie o modren-day Vanadzor belangit tae the Tashir canton o [[Gugark]]; the thirteent province o the [[Kinrick o Armenie (antiquity)|Kinrick o Armenie]] (Armenie Mayor), till the end o the [[Artaxiad Dynasty]]'s rule ower Armenie in the 1st century AD. Later, the dounset wis ruled bi the ither Armenie dynasties o the [[Arsacid dynasty o Armenie|Arsacids]] an the [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratunis]]. Bi the end o the 10t century, the aurie became pairt o the [[Kinrick o Lori]] (Kinrick o Tashir-Dzoraget) till the beginnin o the 12t century. Wi the invasion o the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk Turks]], the region became unner the rule o the [[Great Seljuk Empire]]. The toun wis cried "Karakilisa" bi the Seljuks possibly as early as the 13t century, frae the black-staned Armenie kirk o the Holy Mither o God, on the nearbi hill. In 1801, it became pairt o the Roushie Empire alang wi the [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] state, a fact that made the ceety ane o the strategically important pynts for the Roushie defensive forces on the mairch wi Persie. In 1826, Karakilisa wis totally destroyed bi Hasan Khan durin the Rousho-Persie war. In 1849, it became pairt o the [[Yerevan Govrenorate]] athin the Roushie Empire. The ceety enjoyed considerable uplift throu the openin o the railwey tae [[Tbilisi]] in 1899. The vicinity o the ceety wis the steid o the [[Battle o Karakilisa]] when in Mey 1918, General [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]]'s ootnumbered truips, led bi [[Garegin Nzhdeh]] successfully defendit it frae the invadin [[Turkis Airmy]], pushin them back juist a few days efter the crucial [[battle o Sardarapat]], sicweys allouin the [[Democratic Republic o Armenie]] tae come intae existence.<ref>Hovhanessian, Richard G. (1997) ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.'' New York. [[St. Martin's Press]], 299</ref> On the north side o the [[Spitak]]-Vanadzor heich-gate, aboot 2&nbsp;km wast o the ceety, thare is a little shrine in the ruins o a kirk, steid o a planned monument tae that battle. [[File:340 Vanadzor.JPG|thumb|left|View frae Vanadzor]] Accordin tae [[Khachatur Abovian]], the population o Karakilisa wis no mair nor 600 dwallers in the 1820s, mainly migrants frae [[Yerevan]]. Efter becomin pairt o Yerevan Govrenorate, the toun wis flooded wi mony hunders o Armenie faimilies, migratit frae [[Kars]], [[Ardahan]] an [[Wastren Armenie]] ceeties o [[Erzurum|Karin]] an Daroynk ([[Doğubeyazıt]]). The first ceety development plan o Vanadzor initiatit bi airchitects [[Karo Halabyan]], Mikayel Mazmanyan an Gevork Kochar, wis adoptit in 1929-1930. Unner the new plan, the toun wis enlairgit towards the eastren an wastren pairts. In 1939, the new re-biggin plan creatit bi airchitects N. Zargaryan an A. Minasyan haes remodeled the ceety creatin an industrial destrict an a simmer-resort aurie. The Vanadzor ceety centre wis redevelopit durin the 1950s. The central toun square wis opened surroondit wi govrenment an admeenistrative biggins. Vanadzor, lik Gyumri an [[Spitak]] (25&nbsp;km wast), suffered a considerable amoont o damage frae the [[1988 Spitak yirdquauk]] when 564 residents dee'd in the ceety. Unlik the twa ither ceeties, the majority o biggins in Vanadzor wur unscathit frae the yirdquauk. ==Geografie an climate== [[Image:Vanadzor nature.jpg|thumb|Pambak river an Vanadzor]] Vanadzor, the caipital o Lori Province, is locatit 128&nbsp;km north o [[Yerevan]] an 64&nbsp;km east o [[Gyumri]]. At a hicht o 1425 meters abuin sea level, Vanadzor is locatit in the glen o Pambak river, on the pynt whare the rivers o Tantsut an Vanadzor jyne the Pambak river. The ceety, is surroondit wi the ower 2500-meters heich muntains o Bazum an Pambak. The soothren an eastren regions are densely forestit while tae the north an wast are anerlie covered wi bushes an plants. The climate o Vanadzor is characterisit wi ceul simmers an relatively mild winters. The average temperatur in winter is -4.2 C, while in simmer it reaches up tae 20 C. Vanadzor's climate is classifee'd as [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb''). The amoont o [[Precipitation (meteorologie)|precipitation]] is aroond {{convert|650|mm|in}}. {{Weather box |location = Vanadzor |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 1.5 |Feb high C = 2.8 |Mar high C = 7.0 |Apr high C = 13.5 |May high C = 18.4 |Jun high C = 21.0 |Jul high C = 23.3 |Aug high C = 23.8 |Sep high C = 20.5 |Oct high C = 16.5 |Nov high C = 9.4 |Dec high C = 4.3 |Jan low C = -18.0 |Feb low C = -17.0 |Mar low C = -13.0 |Apr low C = -5.0 |May low C = 0.0 |Jun low C = 4.0 |Jul low C = 7.0 |Aug low C = 7.0 |Sep low C = 2.0 |Oct low C = -3.0 |Nov low C = -10.0 |Dec low C = -16.0 |Jan precipitation mm = 18 |Feb precipitation mm = 25 |Mar precipitation mm = 36 |Apr precipitation mm = 63 |May precipitation mm = 96 |Jun precipitation mm = 95 |Jul precipitation mm = 58 |Aug precipitation mm = 43 |Sep precipitation mm = 32 |Oct precipitation mm = 47 |Nov precipitation mm = 33 |Dec precipitation mm = 19 |Jan precipitation days = 7 |Feb precipitation days = 9 |Mar precipitation days = 11 |Apr precipitation days = 13 |May precipitation days = 19 |Jun precipitation days = 17 |Jul precipitation days = 12 |Aug precipitation days = 9 |Sep precipitation days = 10 |Oct precipitation days = 10 |Nov precipitation days = 8 |Dec precipitation days = 7 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] (UN)<ref name= WMO >{{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/018/c00067.htm | title = World Weather Information Service – Vanadzor | accessdate = 29 December 2010 | publisher = United Nations | archive-date = 2020-11-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201130140437/http://worldweather.wmo.int/018/c00067.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |date=December 2010 }} ==Industrie== [[Image:Vanadzor-usine.jpg|thumb|Chemical industry in Vanadzor]] The industrial boomin o Vanadzor stairtit bi the end o the 1940s. The ceety is dominatit bi lairge chemical plants includin: "Prometey-Khimprom", "Vanadzor Chemical Plant", "Vanadzor Khimprom" an "Vanadzor Chemical Fiber Plant". Anither huge enterprise is the "Vanadzor Thermal Pouer Plant o 1961. The chemical industries hae deep ruits in the history o Vanadzor. The first chemical plant wis foondit in 1929 an stairtit tae introduce. its products in 1932. In 1996, a new plant wis opened for the production o [[gemstane]] cuttin machines an tuils. In 1999, Roushie chemical giants stairtit tae enter the Armenie chemical industrial mercat through lairge investments in the existin plants o Vanadzor. Efter 2001, the chemical plant an the thermal pouer plant o the ceety regained their heichest capacities o production efter a decade o interruption caused bi the economical crisis in Armenie in the 1990s. Many other industrial firms in Vanadzor produce several types of building materials (tufa, basalt, clay, etc.) ==Tourism an attractions== [[File:Vanadzor-russian-church.jpg|thumb|The Rouhshie Orthodox kirk o the Nativity o Virgin Mary]] Vanadzor is a toun-resort due tae its mild climate, clean air and mineral springs. Mony modren hotels are built in the ceety an the nearbi kintraside. The ceety is connectit wi ither major ceeties o Armenie wi a railwey an a motorwa. ===Steids o interests=== *"Mashtots hill" airchaeological steid: hame tae mony remains frae the 4t millennium BC. *The auld kirk o the Holy Mither o God: kent as the Black Kirk or Karakilisa an aw, rebuilt in the 1831. *The Nativity o Virgin Mary Roushie Orthodox kirk: biggit in 1895. *Lori-Pambak airchaeological museum. *House-muesum o [[Stepan Zoryan]]. *Vanadzor Airt Gallery, opened in 1974. *Vanadzor Botanical Garden. *Vanadzor Central pairk. *Sayat Nova pairk. *Vanadzor sanatorium. ==Population== ===Demografics=== [[File:PrelacyResidence.jpg|thumb|The Prelacy o the [[Diocese o Gougark]]]] The population o Vanadzor haes grown gradually syne 1849, efter becomin pairt o the [[Yerevan Govrenorate]]. The majority o the ceety's population are ethnic Armenies wi minor Roushie, Ukrainian an Greek commonties. Here is a population chairt o Vanadzor ceety throughoot the history:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vanadzor.am/am/our-city/description-of-the-administrative-area |title=Municipality of Vanadzor: Administrative area |access-date=2012-11-20 |archive-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421171527/http://www.vanadzor.am/am/our-city/description-of-the-administrative-area |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Population |- | 1831 | {{center|494}} |- | 1873 | {{center|2,017}} |- | 1897 | {{center|3,917}} |- | 1926 | {{center|8,640}} |- | 1839 | {{center|17,607}} |- | 1959 | {{center|49,423}} |- | 1979 | {{center|148,876}} |- | 2001 | {{center|107,394}} |- | 2009 | {{center|104,800}} |} ===Education an Releegion=== [[File:Vanadzor-new-church.jpg|thumb|Saint Gregory o Narek Cathedral]] Vanadzor is hame tae mony educational institutions servin the population o the ceety an the residents o Lori an Tavush provinces. The ceety haes twa major educational centres: the Vanadzor State Pedagogical Institute namit efter [[Hovhannes Tumanyan]] an [[Mkhitar Gosh]] Armenie-Roushie Internaitional University. Branches o [[Yerevan State University]] are operatin in the ceety. As o 2009, 6 technical intermediate colleges, 30 public eddication schuils an 20 nurseries are operatin in the ceety. Bein ane o the prominent cultural centres o Armenie, the ceety haes a municipal airt gallery, a dramatic theatre namit efter Hovhannes Abelyan, a puppet theatre an mony ither cultural institutions. The majority o the population belangs tae the [[Armenie Apostolic Kirk]]. Vanadzor is the seat o the [[Diocese o Gougark]] o the Armenie Apostolic Kirk, servin the population o Lori an Tavush provinces. The kirk o the Holy Mither o God o 1831, kent as Karakilisa (meanin the Black kirk) an aw, is ane o the auldest preservit kirks o the ceety. It wis renovatit in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.armenianchurch.org/index.jsp?sid=1&id=318&pid=282&lng=en |title=Parishes in the Region of Lori |access-date=2012-11-20 |archive-date=2015-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522111854/http://www.armenianchurch.org/index.jsp?sid=1&id=318&pid=282&lng=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ceety's sma Roushie Orthodox commonty is servit bi the kirk o the Nativity o Virgin Mary, biggit in 1895).<ref>[http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf www.gov.am:Religious organisations in Armenia (in Armenian)]</ref> The Surb Sargis kirk o Vanadzor wis biggit in 2000, near the prelacy biggin. The grundbreakin service for the new cathedral o the diocese o Gugark teuk place in Mey 2002. Later in 2003, His Holiness [[Karekin II]]; the Supreme Patriairch an Catholicos o Aw Armenies, conductit the blessin service for the foondation o the cathedral. The construction o the cathedral wis completit in 2005 an namit efter Saunt Gregory o Narek, tae commemorate the 1000t anniversary o his '''Beuk o Lamentations'''. In 2006, the sma chapel o the [[Holy Childer Chapel, Vanadzor|Holy Childer]] wis opened in the Tsitsernak childer's camp o Vanadzor. ==Sport== The maist popular sport in the ceety is [[association fitbaa]]. [[FC Lori Vanadzor]] foondit in 1936 is ane o the auldest fitbaa clubs in Armenie. The team haed representit the ceety in the domestic competitions frae 1991 till 2006, when it wis dissolvit due tae lack o financial resoorces. The lairgest sport venue o the ceety is the [[Lori Stadium]] wi a capacity o 5,000 seats, maistly bein uised for fitbaa matches. A renovation plan wis scheduled in order tae redevelop the stadium tae meet the requirements o the [[UEFA]].<ref>[http://www.ffa.am/en/news/item/2009/04/20/news/ FFA President’s cognitive visit to Vanadzor]</ref> Ither favourite types o sports for the ceetizens o Vanadzor include: [[team handbaw|handbaw]], [[futsal]], [[volleybaw]], etc. Vanadzor haes special sport schuils for soummin, athletics, wichtliftin, chess, gymnastics, table tennis an badminton. ==Sister an pairtner ceeties== * {{flagicon|France}} '''[[Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine|Bagneux]]''', [[Fraunce]], syne 1968 * {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Pasadena, Californie|Pasadena]]''', [[Unitit States]], syne 1992 * {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Podolsk]]''', [[Roushie]], syne 2004 * {{flagicon|Georgia}} '''[[Batumi]]''', [[Georgia (kintra)|Georgie]], syne 2006 ==Gallery== <gallery class="center" widths="140" heights="140px" perrow=4 caption="Vanadzor"> FIle:Vanadzor04.jpg|The railwey station File:Vanadzor downtown.jpg|Dountoun Vanadzor File:Vazgen Sargsyan vanadzor.jpg|The statue o [[Vazgen Sargsyan]] in Vanadzor File:Vanadzor02.jpg|Contemporary [[Armenie airchitectur]] </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E6DE53774E0440003BA962ED3}} *{{ArmenianCensus|162}} *[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-17&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Vanadzor}} *[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Vanadzor Mair information aboot Vanadzor] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191204132145/https://vanadzor.americancorners.am// American Corner Vanadzor] {{Lori}} [[Category:Populatit places in Lori Province]] i3jynpg1nw7mh8y3meormkloimhjc8l 0 42000 923327 823079 2026-09-25T23:51:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Quwaysimah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|55|N|35|57|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Quwaysimah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-quwaysimah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Quwaysimah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quwaysimah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] az4sas8g6bej82y41c3r1ai4m73y3gp 0 42003 923319 823065 2026-09-25T23:51:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|For the Palestinian touns in the Wast Bank, see [[al-Lubban al-Gharbi]] an [[al-Lubban ash-Sharqiya]]}} {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Lubban |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|50|N|35|58|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} ''' Al Lubban ''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-lubban/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Lubban in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lubban}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 6h9ajow0iige5lboqp1nku5yjbollup 0 42006 923349 870480 2026-09-26T00:21:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = At Tunayb |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|48|N|35|57|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''At Tunayb''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/at-tunayb/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for At Tunayb in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Stub}}{{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tunayb}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] h1ncbxuxxpbtoa3qnr1g9bkxi1ulpx4 0 42016 923317 823062 2026-09-25T23:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Jumayyil |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|29|N|35|54|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Jumayyil''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-jumayyil/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Jumayyil in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jumayyil}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] pfw0baq701iy8c5p6owfwxmx39af81t 0 42019 923336 893882 2026-09-26T00:04:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MedalTableTop|Anja_Pärson_Semmering_2008.jpg|250px|Anja Pärson}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[alpine skiin]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{flag|Swaden}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2006 Winter Olympics|2006 Turin]] | [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's slalom|Slalom]]}} {{MedalSilver| [[2002 Winter Olympics|2002 Salt Lake]] | [[Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Women's giant slalom|Giant slalom]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[2002 Winter Olympics|2002 Salt Lake]] | [[Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Women's slalom|Slalom]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[2006 Winter Olympics|2006 Turin]] | [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's downhill|Downhill]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[2006 Winter Olympics|2006 Turin]] | [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's combined|Combined]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[2010 Winter Olympics|2010 Vancouver]]|[[Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's combined|Combined]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|World Championships]]}} {{MedalGold| [[2007 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2007 Åre]]|[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2007 – Ladies Super G|Super-G]]}} {{MedalGold| [[2007 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2007 Åre]]|[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2007 – Ladies Super Combined|Combined]]}} {{MedalGold| [[2007 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2007 Åre]]|[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2007 – Ladies Downhill|Downhill]]}} {{MedalGold| [[2005 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2005 Bormio]] |Super-G}} {{MedalGold| [[2005 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2005 Bormio]]|Giant slalom}} {{MedalGold| [[2003 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2003 St. Moritz]] |Giant slalom}} {{MedalGold| [[2001 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2001 St. Anton]] | Slalom}} {{MedalSilver| [[2007 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2007 Åre]] |[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2007 – Nations Team Event|Team Event]]}} {{MedalSilver| [[Alpine World Skiing Championships 2005|2005 Bormio]]|Combined}} {{MedalBronze| [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011|2011 Garmisch]]|[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011 – Women's super combined|Combined]]}} {{MedalBronze| [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011|2011 Garmisch]]|[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011 – Nations team event|Team Event]]}} {{MedalBronze| [[2007 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2007 Åre]]|[[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2007 – Ladies Slalom|Slalom]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[2001 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|2001 St. Anton]]|Giant slalom}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Anja Sofia Tess Pärson''' ({{IPA-sv|ˌanjaˈpæːʂɔn}}; born 25 Aprile 1981) is a [[Swaden|Swadish]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/vintersport/alpint/article484815.ab |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509185006/http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/vintersport/alpint/article484815.ab |url-status=dead }}</ref> umwhile [[Alpine skiin|alpine skier]]. She is an Olympic gowd medallist, seiven-time gowd medallist at the [[:en:FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|World Championships]], an twa-time oweraw [[:en:Alpine Skiing World Cup|Alpine Skiing World Cup]] champion. She haes wan a tot o 42 Warld Cup races. ==Personal life== Pärson's athletics club is [[Fjällvinden]], [[Tärnaby]], the same tae which skiin legend [[Ingemar Stenmark]] an [[Stig Strand]] belangit. Her hicht is 170&nbsp;cm<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/sport/did_11777981.asp|date=2006-02-08|publisher=[[Svenska Dagbladet]]|title=The Swedish team for the 2006 Olympics}}</ref> (5&nbsp;ft 7 in). She wis awairdit the [[Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal]] in 2006 an in 2007. Efter livin several years in [[Monaco]] durin her sports career, she returned tae Swaden an lives in [[Umeå]] syne 2012.<ref>http://www.svd.se/sport/parson-flyttar-hem-och-bildar-familj_7298293.svd</ref> In Juin 2012, Pärson annooncit on the [[Sveriges radio|Swedish radio]] program ''[[Sommar (radio program)|Sommar]]'' that she haes been in a relationship wi a wumman for the past five years, an that thay are expectin a bairn thegither.<ref>http://www.svd.se/sport/anja-parson-plotsligt-foll-jag-pladask_7298025.svd</ref> Thair son wis born on 4 Julie 2012.<ref>http://www.svd.se/sport/anja-parson-fick-en-son_7326491.svd</ref> ==Warld Cup results== ===Saison staundins=== {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" !Saison !! Age !! Oweraw !! Slalom !! Giant<br>Slalom !! Super G !! Dounhill !!Combined |- | [[1999 Alpine Skiing World Cup|1999]] || ''17'' || 12 || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || 12 || — || — || — |- | [[2000 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2000]] || ''18'' || 8 || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || 15 || 39 || — || — |- | [[2001 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2001]] || ''19'' || 11 || 10 || bgcolor="silver"|2 || — || — || — |- | [[2002 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2002]] || ''20'' || 5 || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || — || — || — |- | [[2003 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2003]] || ''21'' || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || bgcolor="silver"|2 || bgcolor="gold"|1 || 34 || — || — |- | [[2004 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2004]] || ''22'' ||bgcolor="gold"|1||bgcolor="gold" |1||bgcolor="gold" |1|| 15 || 42 || — |- | [[2005 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2005]] || ''23'' || bgcolor="gold" |1 || 6 || bgcolor="silver"|2 || 4 || 8 ||bgcolor="silver"|2 |- | [[2006 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2006]] || ''24'' || bgcolor="silver"|2 || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || bgcolor="gold"|1 || 9 || 7 || bgcolor="silver"|2 |- | [[2007 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2007]] || ''25'' || 5 || 12 || 13 || 6 || 4 || 14 |- | [[2008 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2008]] || ''26'' || 6 || 15 || 15 || 7 || 4 || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 |- | [[2009 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2009]] || ''27'' || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || 10 || 16 || 4 || 7 || bgcolor="gold"|1 |- | [[2010 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2010]] || ''28'' || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || 16 || 10 || 7 || bgcolor="cc9966"|3 || bgcolor="silver"|2 |- | [[2011 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2011]] || ''29'' || 8 || 37 || 25 || 5 || 5 || 6 |- | [[2012 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2012]] || ''30'' || 32 || — || 39 || 21 || 28 || 9 |} ===Saison titles=== 7 titles (2 oweraw, 3 [[Giant Slalom skiin|GS]], 1 [[Slalom skiin|SL]], 1 [[Alpine skiin combined|SC]]) {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |- !scope="col"| Saison !scope="col"| Discipline |- |scope="row"| [[2003 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2003]] | [[Giant slalom skiin|Giant slalom]] |- |rowspan=3| [[2004 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2004]] || '''Oweraw''' |- | Giant slalom |- | [[Slalom skiin|Slalom]] |- | [[2005 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2005]] || '''Oweraw''' |- | [[2006 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2006]] || Giant slalom |- | [[2009 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2009]] || [[Alpine skiin combined|Combined]] |} ===Individual races=== 42 wins (6 [[Dounhill|DH]], 4 [[Super Giant Slalom skiin|SG]], 11 [[Giant Slalom skiin|GS]], 18 [[Slalom skiin|SL]], 3 [[Alpine skiin combined|SC]]) {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |- !scope="col"| Saison !scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Location !scope="col"| Discipline |- !scope="row"| [[1999 Alpine Skiing World Cup|1999]] | style="text-align:right;"| 3 Dec 1998 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mammoth Mountain Ski Area|Mammoth Mountain]], [[Unitit States|USA]] | [[Slalom skiin|Slalom]] |- !scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[2002 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2002]] | style="text-align:right;"| 9 Dec 2001 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Sestriere]], [[Italy]] | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 29 Dec 2001 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Lienz]], [[Austrick]] | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 5 Jan 2002 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Maribor]], [[Slovenie]] | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 6 Jan 2002 | Slalom |- !scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[2003 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2003]] | style="text-align:right;"| 30 Nov 2002 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Aspen Mountain (ski aurie)|Aspen]], USA | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 15 Dec 2002 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} Sestriere, Italy | KO-slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 19 Jan 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], Italy | [[Giant Slalom skiin|Giant slalom]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| 25 Jan 2003 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Maribor, Slovenie | Giant slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 26 Jan 2003 | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 6 Mar 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Åre Ski Area|Åre]], [[Swaden]] | Giant slalom |- !scope="row" rowspan="11"| [[2004 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2004]] | style="text-align:right;"| 28 Nov 2003 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Park City Mountain Resort|Park City]], USA | Giant slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 29 Nov 2003 | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 16 Dec 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Madonna di Campiglio]], Italy | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 28 Dec 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Austria}} Lienz, Austrick | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 5 Jan 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|France}} [[Megève]], [[Fraunce]] | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 24 Jan 2004 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Maribor, Slovenie | Giant slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 25 Jan 2004 | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 7 Feb 2004 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Zwiesel]], [[Germany]] | Giant slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 8 Feb 2004 | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 21 Feb 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Sweden}} Åre, Swaden | Giant slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 14 Mar 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} Sestriere, Italy | Giant slalom |- !scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[2005 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2005]] | style="text-align:right;"| 23 Nov 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Sölden]], Austrick | Giant slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 23 Jan 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Maribor, Slovenie | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 25 Feb 2005 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[San Sicario]], Italy | [[Super Giant Slalom skiin|Super-G]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| 26 Feb 2005 | [[Dounhill]] |- !scope="row" rowspan="8"| [[2006 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2006]] | style="text-align:right;"| 11 Dec 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|USA}} Aspen, USA | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 22 Dec 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Špindlerův Mlýn]], [[Czech Republic|Czech Rep.]] | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 28 Dec 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Austria}} Lienz, Austrick | Giant slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 13 Jan 2006 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Bad Kleinkirchheim]], Austrick | Dounhill |- | style="text-align:right;"| 27 Jan 2006 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy | Super-G |- | style="text-align:right;"| 4 Feb 2006 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Ofterschwang]], Germany | Giant slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 11 Mar 2006 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Levi, Finland|Levi]], [[Finland]] | Slalom |- | style="text-align:right;"| 15 Mar 2006 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Sweden}} Åre, Swaden | Dounhill |- !scope="row"| [[2007 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2007]] | style="text-align:right;"| 15 Mar 2007 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Lenzerheide]], [[Swisserland]] | Super-G |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[2008 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2008]] | style="text-align:right;"| 15 Dec 2007 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[St. Moritz]], Swisserland | Dounhill |- | style="text-align:right;"| 16 Dec 2007 | Super-G |- | style="text-align:right;"| 9 Mar 2008 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Crans-Montana]], Swisserland | [[Alpine skiin combined|Combined]] |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[2009 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2009]] | style="text-align:right;"| 19 Dec 2008 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} St. Moritz, Swisserland | Combined |- | style="text-align:right;"| 18 Jan 2009 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Altenmarkt im Pongau|Altenmarkt-Zauchensee]], Austrick | Dounhill |- !scope="row"| [[2010 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2010]] | style="text-align:right;"| 29 Jan 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} St. Moritz, Swisserland | Combined |- !scope="row"| [[2011 Alpine Skiing World Cup|2011]] | style="text-align:right;"| 5 Mar 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Tarvisio]], Italy | Dounhill |} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Anja Pärson}} *{{FIS|S=AL|ID=45786}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131011165232/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/613.html?competitorid=45786&sector=AL&type=st-WC FIS-ski.com] – World Cup saison standings – Anja Pärson * [http://www.ski-db.com/db/profiles/anja_paerson_swe_wpaean.asp Ski-db.com] – results – Anja Paerson * [http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/anja-parson-1.html Sports Reference.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110022055/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/anja-parson-1.html |date=2012-01-10 }} – Olympic results – Anja Pärson * [http://www.anjapaerson.com anjapaerson.com] – personal steid * [http://www.head.com/ski/teams/?region=eu&id=36 Head Skis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102031032/http://www.head.com/ski/teams/?region=eu&id=36 |date=2012-01-02 }} – teams – Anja Pärson {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | title=[[Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal]]| before=[[Kajsa Bergqvist]]| after=[[Jonas Jacobsson]]| years=2006 & 2007}} {{s-sports|oly}} {{succession box | before = [[Magdalena Forsberg]] | title = [[:en:List of flag bearers for Sweden at the Olympics|Flagbearer]] for {{flag|Swaden}} | years = [[:en:2006 Winter Olympics|Turin 2006]] | after = [[Peter Forsberg]] }} {{s-end}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Parson, Anja}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Storuman Municipality]] [[Category:Fowk frae Umeå]] [[Category:Swadish female alpine skiers]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic alpine skiers o Swaden]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Swaden]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Swaden]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Swaden]] [[Category:Swadish expatriates in Monaco]] [[Category:Swadish Sami fowk]] [[Category:Sami sportsfowk]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in alpine skiin]] [[Category:LGBT sportsfowk frae Swaden]] [[Category:Lesbian sportsweemen]] [[Category:Sommar hosts]] [[Category:FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions]] fln8juzw5t734mk787dyh7go2a5ipx7 0 42561 923341 823358 2026-09-26T00:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Ar Riwaq |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Jordan}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Releegions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|59|N|35|55|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Ar Riwaq''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/ar-riwaq/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Ar Riwaq in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Riwaq}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 5gpn2w253viiehbz27292b8b2d5vmcg 0 42563 923318 823063 2026-09-25T23:51:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Juwayyidah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Jordan}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|53|N|35|56|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Juwayyidah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-juwayyidah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Juwayyidah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Juwayyidah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 21vug7p5o3ocs3cr7fvzjf77c5attte 0 42564 923316 823061 2026-09-25T23:51:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Jubayhah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|32|1|N|35|52|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} ''' Al Jubayhah ''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-jubayhah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Jubayhah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jubayhah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] afzse52o8zf6mx3u9jhxeozw80cor1g 0 42566 923315 823060 2026-09-25T23:51:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Jizah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|42|N|35|57|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} ''' Al Jizah ''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-jizah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Jizah, Jordan in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jizah Jordan}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] pbxbshcc8rtru6220si0xhvdof5i67j 0 42567 923314 823056 2026-09-25T23:51:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Hummar |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|32|1|N|35|49|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} ''' Al Hummar ''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-hummar/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Hummar in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hummar}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 7xtonwvsfm28vi5zngxe6g7ffwqz3o2 0 42568 923442 827481 2026-09-26T05:02:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Khirbat Khaww |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|32|5|N|36|8|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Khirbat Khaww''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/khirbat-khaww/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Khirbat Khaww in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] b6w0uazyizgips1gzjcc9nx0mzo946v 0 42569 923561 822131 2026-09-26T09:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Umm al Kundum |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|51|N|35|53|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Umm al Kundum''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/umm-al-kundum/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Umm al Kundum in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] dbqh61gk1bypeukk9yzfbwmzrbrscxm 0 42570 923320 823066 2026-09-25T23:51:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Mabrak |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|56|N|35|59|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Mabrak''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-mabrak/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Mabrak in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mabrak}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] fx78x9wx3fdzvkdde7gq6sb8tnktthp 0 42571 923313 823054 2026-09-25T23:51:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Hawwasiyah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|49|N|35|51|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Hawwasiyah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-hawwasiyah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Hawwasiyah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hawwasiyah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] l5e947jopf01r1t8tefv9uo6ysg9n57 0 42575 923312 823052 2026-09-25T23:51:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Bunayyat ash Shamaliyah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates of Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|53|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Bunayyat ash Shamaliyah''' is a [[town]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-bunayyat-ash-shamaliyah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Bunayyat ash Shamaliyah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bunayyat Shamaliyah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] n0jrqdsre1mcnwoxohccjj75b57kx38 0 42576 923311 878985 2026-09-25T23:51:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Bunayyat al Janubiyah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|53|N|35|53|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Bunayyat al Janubiyah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> It is locatit sooth-wast o [[Amman]] the caipital o Jordan. ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-bunayyat-al-janubiyah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Bunayyat al Janubiyah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Stub/MiddleEast}}{{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bunayyat Janubiyah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] d5i5a3z461kf2wyevi2fm3zdj1x941q 0 42577 923321 823068 2026-09-25T23:51:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Mahattah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|58|N|35|58|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Mahattah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-mahattah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Mahattah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahattah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] pemek3scc0cemqod63oe7m8xocyz06s 0 42582 923322 823070 2026-09-25T23:51:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Manakhir |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|0|N|36|4|30|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Manakhir''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-manakhir/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Manakhir in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Manakhir}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] oi8bf1s88urjl1crq9k4tuhqawrj9uh 0 42583 923323 823072 2026-09-25T23:51:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Muqabalayn |other_name = AL MQABALAIN, post ZIP-code 11623 |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|54|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Muqabalayn''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-muqabalayn/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Muqabalayn in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Muqabalayn}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] sggvrsw6f98d0bxyg4s475e2e8ur2ot 0 42584 923324 823074 2026-09-25T23:51:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Mushaqqar |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|48|N|35|57|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Mushaqqar''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/mushaqqar/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Mushaqqar in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mushaqqar}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 0v6c4g3rp4qeuyjmmwch2oqnjp0gmzv 0 42585 923340 823357 2026-09-26T00:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Ar Rajib |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|59|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Ar Rajib''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/ar-rajib/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Ar Rajib in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rajib}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] qhe3hjbpo75sr6revu3atvk8rnnm6ph 0 42586 923309 823047 2026-09-25T23:51:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Bahhath |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|48|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Bahhath''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-bahhath/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Bahhath in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bahhath}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] axe99n7bce3jk1j23kcp7m4ehpfyzvp 0 42587 923310 823048 2026-09-25T23:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|For the depopulatit Palestinian veelage in the Galilee, see [[al-Bassa]]}} {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Bassah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|56|N|35|47|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Bassah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> {{Stub}} ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-bassah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Bassah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bassah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] rtzof7bxgehs2xgd4lgyt9q9wpwk7n8 0 42588 923339 823356 2026-09-26T00:09:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Ar Rabahiyah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|58|N|35|49|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Ar Rabahiyah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==External links== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/ar-rabahiyah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Ar Rabahiyah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rabahiyah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] at6e5g44kjvedfrnnmtepnp22a0q7ek 0 42589 923363 823977 2026-09-26T00:58:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Biddin |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|50|N|35|50|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Biddin''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/biddin/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Biddin in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] fc3wyf4wishe1trbrns6tbc2e1h5kjs 0 42590 923356 823849 2026-09-26T00:51:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Bayt Zir`ah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|50|N|35|51|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Bayt Zir`ah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/bayt-zir-ah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Bayt Zir`ah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] n98wlea394hkavpbe6bb8f98ednu2jt 0 42591 923328 823083 2026-09-25T23:51:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Yadudah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|51|N|35|55|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Yadudah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]] sooth o [[Amman]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-yadudah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Yadudah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yadudah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] t77kql3g13wij3yqtafuarm9q5tmizi 0 42592 923304 822908 2026-09-25T23:40:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Adh Dhuhaybah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|31|N|35|46|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Adh Dhuhaybah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/adh-dhuhaybah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] Note that the town is located on the rim of what may be a meteorite impact crater. [Zoom-in five clicks for best view.] 18 October 2010 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Adh Dhuhaybah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dhuhaybah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 7idnbk69x3bi8oxz39dd7qpc5735t2r 0 42593 923333 823251 2026-09-26T00:00:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = An Nuwayjis |other_name = Al Hasmi Al Shamaly |native_name = الهاشمي الشمالي <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = الهاشمي |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|59|N|35|57|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''An Nuwayjis''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/an-nuwayjis/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for An Nuwayjis in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] dh77ar1gzrvrvz0u0u6vut635gfhg2v 0 42594 923509 820707 2026-09-26T07:56:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Qurayyat Falhah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|31|N|35|50|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Qurayyat Falhah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/qurayyat-falhah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Qurayyat Falhah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] lq9tstoxapsvp6i944ia24yoxex3jfk 0 42595 923325 823076 2026-09-25T23:51:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Muwaqqar |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates of Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|48|56|N|36|5|39|E|region:JO|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Muwaqqar'''({{lang-ar|الموقر}}) is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> The veelage contains the ruins o an [[Umayyad]] palace, the Qasr Al Muwaqqar, ane o the [[desert castle]]s. Little remains o the palace the day except several [[Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] leaf caipitals an gauge for a watter [[reservoir]].<ref>http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/al_muwaqqar.html</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-muwaqqar/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Muwaqqar in the MSN Encarta atlas] *[http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/al_muwaqqar.html Information an image frae Qasr Al Muwaqqar] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Muwaqqar}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] [[Category:Umayyad pailaces]] a7pncl4n02k8ysrl0sjj37x0g303q74 0 42596 923326 823077 2026-09-25T23:51:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al Qartu`iyah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|32|0|N|35|58|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al Qartu`iyah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> It is locatit several mile north-east o [[Amman]]. ==References== <references /> ==External links== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-qartu-iyah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al Qartu`iyah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Qartuiyah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 0lsaty800jn5l3abjhexj7j4nl8rmju 0 42597 923518 820920 2026-09-26T08:18:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Rujaym Salim |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|31|N|35|50|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Rujaym Salim''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/rujaym-salim/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Rujaym Salim in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] quvtq74x109kjtgdzyqde1d35j4f03g 0 42598 923510 820708 2026-09-26T07:56:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Qurayyat Salim |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|51|N|35|58|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Qurayyat Salim''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/qurayyat-salim/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Qurayyat Salim in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 4zlbtldlvpo9fvzp4a46gv2vaiyszfo 0 42599 923562 822132 2026-09-26T09:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Umm al Qanafidh |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|50|N|35|50|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Umm al Qanafidh''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/umm-al-qanafidh/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Umm al Qanafidh in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 49hhajzreithc5vps6k60gam6kxbno1 0 42600 923353 823808 2026-09-26T00:44:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Barazin |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|47|N|35|52|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Barazin''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/barazin/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Barazin in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] k3y01jngbef5dnccts4ph1s6yk5jhy4 0 42601 923560 822130 2026-09-26T09:37:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Umm al Birak |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|49|N|35|52|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Umm al Birak''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/umm-al-birak/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Umm al Birak in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 8c5rfgh6dvcxvjoqxcjixasw5h8x0j7 0 42702 923582 833686 2026-09-26T10:12:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|55|44|23|N|37|37|30|E|display=title|region:RU-MOW_type:city_source:dewiki}} [[File:Coat of Arms of Zamoskvorechye (municipality in Moscow).png|thumb|right|Coat o airms o Zamoskvorechye Destrict]] [[File:Msk cao zamoskvorechye.png|thumb|right|Zamoskvorechye Destrict on the cairt o Moscow]] '''Zamoskvorechye Destrict''' ({{lang-ru|райо́н Замоскворе́чье}}) is a destrict o [[Central Admeenistrative Okrug]] in [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]. Population: {{ru-census2010prelim|55,880|;}} {{ru-census2002|50,590|.}} The destrict conteens the eastren hauf o historical Zamoskvorechye aurie (its wastren hauf is admeenistered bi [[Yakimanka Destrict]]), an the territories o Zatsepa Street an [[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]] sooth o the [[Garden Ring]]. The boondar atween Yakimanka an Zamoskvorechye destricts follaes [[Balchug]] Street an Bolshaya Ordynka Street (north o [[Garden Ring]]), Korovy Val an Mytnaya streets (sooth o Garden Ring). ==History== ===Auld Muscovy=== [[File:Zamoskvorechye 1900.jpg|thumb|Zamoskvorechye, the late 19t century]] [[File:Wiki chernigovsky.jpg|thumb|17t century chambers, left, 18t century mansion, richt, in Chernigovsky Lane]] ''This section is based on P.V.Sytin's ''History o Moscow Streets'' ''<ref>П.В.Сытин, ''Из истории московских улиц'', М, 1948 {{ru icon}}</ref> Territories on the richt (soothren) bank o [[Moskva River]], nou kent as Zamoskvorechye, wur first colonisit in the 14t century. Twa river crossins, wast an east o the [[Moscow Kremlin]]'s waws, provide access tae roads which oreeginally continued sooth tae [[Kaluga]] an [[Serpukhov]], an servit as main axes o dounset. Bolshaya Ordynka Street (Serpukhov road), currently the wastren boondar o the destrict, is namit efter ''Orda'', [[Gowden Horde]], an wis initially hame tae the [[Tatar]] commonty. Regular floods an the north-sooth migration o Moskva river bed limitit construction tae a narrae, 500-700 metre wide strip o laund atween Ordynka an Tatarskaya streets. The development o Zamoskvorechye follaeed the eastwaird expansion o the ceety on the northren bank, sicweys eastren Zamoskvorechye is younger than the wastren Yakimanka Destrict. For example, present-day Pyatnitskaya Street emergit early in the 15t century, when the expansion o [[Moscow Kremlin]] muivit the firthen [[Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Brig]] ane block eastwaird. The fortifeed line on the steid o the present-day Garden Ring wis biggit in 1591-1592 durin the reign o [[Feodor I o Roushie|Feodor I]]. Athin the fortress wall, life wis organisit in a patchwirk [[sloboda]] seestem. Sodgers, craftsmen an foreigners settled in clearly defined communities, wi some degree o personal leeberty an unthirldom frae the tsar's authorities: *Ryal gairden attendants (садовники, ''sadovniki'') settled aroond [[Balchug]] Street, in the beginnin o present-day [[Sadovnicheskaya Street]] frae 1495 till the fire o 1701 *Tanners specializin in sheepskin ({{lang|ru|овчинники}}, ''ovchinniki'') settled the beginnin o Pyatnitskaya Street, an gae thair name tae Ovchinnikovsky Lanes *Ryal mint wirkers ({{lang|ru|монетчики}}, ''monetchiki'') settled in the soothren end o the nebourheid on Pyatnitskaya Street (Monetchikovsky Lanes) *[[Streltsy]] troops unner command o colonel Veshniakov gae name tae Vishnyakovsky Lane *[[Tatar]] commonty, still identifiable in Tatarskaya Streets population<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/acrobat/ps84.pdf www.demoscope.ru "Москва этническая"], ''Население и общество'', сентябрь 2004 {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.etnosfera.ru/ecentr.php?prjid=117&id=3&list=tasks&taskid=3 www.etnosfera.ru "Татарский культурно-просветительский центр в Москве"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110130/http://www.etnosfera.ru/ecentr.php?prjid=117&id=3&list=tasks&taskid=3 |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''Этносфера'', май 2003 {{ru icon}}</ref> *Court translators ({{lang|ru|толмачи}}, ''tolmachi'', German: ''Dolmetscher'') in Tolmachevsky Lanes ===18t century=== [[File:Жилой дом деревянный 2.jpg|thumb|Tradeetional firthen hoose, Golikovsky Lane]] Sloboda seestem fell apairt as a result o [[Peter the Great|Petrine]] reforms. The century wis precedit bi mass executions o [[Streltsy]] (30 September 1698); aw Streltsy troops wur disbandit bi 1720. Craftsmen lost thair businesses when the ryal court relocatit tae [[Saunt Petersburg]] in 1713; the territories wur slowly re-settled bi fermers an merchants. Walthier cless concentratit in Pyatnitskaya an Ordynka streets; Zamoskvorechye became a quiet, kintra-lik laund o single-story hooses an conservative businessmen. Thay gradually impruivit the aurie wi new kirks lik the 1755 [[Kirk o the Savior on Bolvany]]. Admeenistratively, Zamoskvorechye an Yakimanka wur separatit in 1782, when [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] dividit territory o Moscow intae 20 polis destricts. [[File:Wiki Raushsky Baroque.jpg|thumb|[[Petrine Baroque]] hoose, 1750s, Raushsky Lane]] In 1783, Moscow wis hit bi a disastrous fluid. As a consequence, the ceety cleared the auld river bed, biggin a canal that separatit Sadovniki frae the mainland (see [[Vodootvodny Canal]] for details an maps o 1780s canal). Lairge auries east o Tatarskaya streets wur floodit wi an intention o biggin a river harbour an a fortifeed grain port on the eastren tip o the new [[Balchug|island]]. Thir plans did no materialize; floodit land wur reclaimit in 1820s, an wur uised as pasturs an gardens. Sadovniki fort wis biggit on a different steid, closer tae ceety centre, as the [[New Kriegskomissariat]] (1778–1780), a [[neoclessicism|neoclessical]] castle hoosin militar offices an depots. Syne that time, militar haes continuous presence in Sadovniki East. ===19t century=== Construction o [[Babiegorodskaya Dam]] an clearin o [[Vodootvodny Canal]] in 1830s reducit the fluid hazard, but the laund remained cheap. This led tae steady industrialization o Zamoskvorechye, stairtin wi smaw hame-based factories continuin the auld sloboda tradeetions. Suin efter [[Emancipation reform o 1861]], vacant lots in Sadovniki an Tatarskaya Streets became a industrialisit, wirkin-cless aurie. Thir factories, frae textile tae turbine blades, wur recently torn doun or rebuilt intae office space ([http://www.kornet-msk.ru/ Sparkling Wine Bottlery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303073949/http://www.kornet-msk.ru/ |date=2007-03-03 }}, in [[Sadovnicheskaya Street]], still operates). Construction o [[Pererva]] an [[Kolomna]] dams in 1874-1877 attemptit tae impruive shippin, housomeivver, at this time river shippin awready lost competeetion tae railweys an niver pickit up.<ref>"Строители Москвы. Москва начала века", М, ООО "O-Мастер", 2001 ISBN 5-9207-0001-7 {{ru icon}} (''Builders of Moscow'')</ref> In 1857, Inglis brithers Theodore an Edward Bromley set up a mechanical plant sooth frae the Garden Ring, producin smaw haund tuils. Bromley business rapidly expanded, an bi 1917 controlled numerous metallurgical an mechanical plants aroond Paveletsky railwey, haein a monopoly in plumbin supplees an railwey tuilin.<ref>''Builders of Moscow'', p.118</ref> Anither well-kent business still haes its heidquairters on the corner o Pyatnitskaya an canal: [[Smirnoff]] distillery, established on this steid in 1862.<ref>''Builders of Moscow'', p.123</ref> [[File:Wiki Moscow Sadovnicheskaya 48 46.jpg|thumb|right|Sadovniki, teepical post-1861 hoosin]] Moscow's first electrical pouerplant wis biggit in 1886 in [[Tverskoy Destrict]]; the auldest extant powerplant, MOGES-1 (1896) still operates in Sadovniki. Railroad came tae Zamoskvorechye in 1900 wi the completion o [[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]] (then Ryazan-Ural Railroad Terminal or Saratov terminal), causin rapid industrial construction sooth o Garden Ring. The builders planned tae extend this mainline railwey north bi the canal, terminatin in Boloto square athort Kremlin; this did no materialize.<ref>''Builders of Moscow'', p.95</ref> ===Modren history=== [[File:Zverev Bridge with ducks.jpg|thumb|right|Zverev Brig. The place staunds unchyngit syne 1920s; see [http://www.zmsk.ru/upload/iblock/581/sadovnich-naberezh.jpg 1930s photo]]] In 1922, [[Bolshevik]] admeenistration closed an luitit 22 kirks in Zamoskvorechye an Yakimanka; mair destruction follaeed, leavin anerly ane operational kirk in each destrict.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mir.voskres.ru/mirbo04/a32.htm |title=mir.voskres.ru Official 1922 documents |access-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206221408/http://www.zmsk.ru/upload/iblock/581/sadovnich-naberezh.jpg |archive-date=2012-02-06 |url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206221408/http://www.zmsk.ru/upload/iblock/581/sadovnich-naberezh.jpg |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref> 17 releegious biggins survivit tae date, includin a kirk o Novozybkov [[Bespopovtsy]] (a [[Auld Believers]] denomination) an the Historical Mosque (est. 1823, [http://www.tatarmoscow.ru/html/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=62 www.tatarmoscow.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928152411/http://www.tatarmoscow.ru/html/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=62 |date=2007-09-28 }}).<ref>Nummer does no include "hoose kirks" (institutional chapels) an newly built chapels. Twa kirks on ane property, as in Vishnyakovsky Lane, 15, are coontit as ane</ref> Hoosin construction in 1920s proceedit slowly, wi some examples survivin (a big [[Constructivist airchitectur|constructivist]] block bi [[Bolshoy Ustinsky Brig]] wis razit in 1990s, citin imminent hazards, the lot is still vacant). 1935 Master Plan o Moscow cried for completin [[Boulevard Ring]] throu Zamoskvorechye, which wis no done. Housomeivver, a thin line o [[Stalinist airchitectur|stalinist]] biggins, stairtin frae [[Bolshoy Ustinsky Brig|Komissariatsky Brig]], indicates the path o this failed project. Mair Stalinist biggins wur biggit on the perimeter o Zamoskvorechye (Garden Ring an embankments). Flood hazard wis eradicatit wi the construction o 1932-1938 [[Moscow Canal]]. River banks that uised tae chynge ivery saison wur firmly set in granite; dountoun [[Leet o brigs in Moscow|brigs]] wur rebuilt tae 6-8 lane capacity. [[File:Wiki chugunny bridge.jpg|thumb|right|Modren offices in Balchug. A teepical [[facadism|facadist]] structur in the backgrund (wi reid-black billbuird)]] In 1941, residents o Zamoskvorechye formit the Twalt Militia Diveesion o Kirovsky Destrict ({{lang|ru|дивизия народного ополчения Кировского района}}). Later renamit the 139t Rifle Diveesion, this unit focht at [[Yelnya Affensive]] an at [[Battle o Moscow|Mozhaisk Defense Line]]. Few survivit. Zamoskvorechye wis dramatically altered in 1960s-1970s bi insertin staundartisit concrete biggins in the middle o historical century aurie, especially in Novokuznetskaya Street. Ane o thir [[plattenbau]] projects starred as the steid o 1973 film ''[[Ivan Vasilievich: Back tae the Futur]]''. Destruction continues in 1990s-2000s, wi [[facadism|facadist]] insertion o heichrise office blocks ahint "restored" twa-story facades. Meanwhile, permanent population decreases as the ceety condemns historical biggins for office redevelopment an evicts residents. A example is the lairge 1900s block at Sadovnicheskaya, 80, evictit in 2003, still vacant. ==Notable biggins, cultural an eddicational facilities== ===Museums=== *Bakhrushin museum o theatre (biggit in 1896), corner o Bakhrushina Street an Garden Ring) *[[Vladimir Lenin]] memorial train at [[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]] *[[Tretyakov Gallery]] an aw its affiliate haws are actually locatit in [[Yakimanka Destrict]], twa blocks wast frae the boondar atween twa destricts ===Kirks=== [[File:Moscow, 2nd Kadashevsky 7.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Kadashi Kirk]] is a delichtful example o [[Naryshkin Baroque]]]] [[File:Church of Saints Michael and Fyodor in MSK.jpg|thumb|upright|Kirks o Saunts Mikhail an Fyodor, Martyrs o Chernigov]] [[File:Wiki raushskaya.jpg|thumb|upright|Baroque kirk o [[Saunt Nicholas]] in Zayaitskoye (1741-1759, attributit tae airchitect [[Ivan Fyodorovich Michurin|Ivan Michurin]]). Compare tae [http://www.temples.ru/library/000069/m3p2n11.jpg 1882 photograph].]] *Kirk o Beheading o [[John the Baptist]] (18t century), Pyatnitskaya, 4 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/228.htm] *Kirk o St. George in Yendova (1653), [[Sadovnicheskaya Street]], 6 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/92.htm] *Kirk o Resurrection ahint [[Serpukhov]] Gates (1762), Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya, 24 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/83.htm] *Kirk o Iberian [[Theotokos]] in Vspolye (1791–1802), Bolshaya Ordynka, 39 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/100.htm] *Kirk o Icon o Theotokos the Mither o the Deid, Zatsepa, 41 *Kirk o Icon o Theotokos the Mither o Joy in Sorrow, Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya, 31-4 *Kirk o [[Intercession]] o Theotokos, Novokuznetskayam 38-1, o [[Old Believers]] [[Russian Old-Orthodox Church]] *Kirk o life-givin [[Trinity]] in Vishnyaki (1824–1826, airchitect: [[Afanasy Grigoriev]]), Pyatnitskaya, 51 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/13.htm] *Kirk o [[Michael (airchangel)|Airchangel Michael]] in Ovchinniki, Sredny Ovchinnikovsky, 7 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/246.htm] *[[St. Clement's Kirk in Moscow|Kirk o Saunt Clement, Pape o Roum]], Pyatnitskaya, 26/7 *Kirk o Saunts Mikhail an Fyodor, Martyrs o Chernigov (1675), Chernigovsky, 3. Namit for twa martyrs slain when thay wad no renoonce thair Christian faith *Kirk o Saunt Martyrs Frol an Lavr in Zatsepa (1778), Dubininskaya, 9/3 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/27.htm] *Kirk o [[Saunt Nicholas]] in Zayaitskoye (1741–1759, attributit tae airchitect [[Ivan Fyodorovich Michurin|Ivan Michurin]], Seicont Raushsky, 1-3 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/117.htm] *Kirk o Saunt Nicholas in Kuznetskaya an Kirk o [[Vladimir I o Kiev|Saunt Vladimir]], Vishnyakovsky, 15 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/258.htm] *Kirk o Saunt Nicholas in Pyzhi, Bolshaya Ordynka, 27 [http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Hram/261.htm] *[[Kirk o the Savior on Bolvany|Kirk o Transfiguration o Savior in Bolvanovka]] (1755, disputit), Seicont Novokuznetsky, 10 ===Theatres=== *Moscow Internaitional Hoose o Muisic in Reid Hills *[[Maly Theatre (Moscow)|Maly Theater]], seicont stage (biggit in 1915 as ''Struisky Theater''), Bolshaya Ordynka, 69 *''Teatr Luny'' ({{lang|ru|Театр Луны}}), Malaya Ordynka, 31 ===Leetit memorial biggins=== *18t - early 19t century biggins in Pyatnitskaya Street (Nn. 18, 19, 31, 44, 46, 67 etc.) *18t - early 19t century biggins in Bolshaya Ordynka Street (Nn. 21, 41, 45 etc.) *19t century hoosin an militar institutions in [[Sadovnicheskaya Street]] (Nn. 57, 59 etc.) *19t century buildings in Novokuznetskaya Street (Nn. 28, 29, 31 etc.) *[[New Kriegskomissariat]], Kosmodamianskaya, 24-26 an adjacent historical biggins (Nn. 28) *[[Schuil 518]] (1935), the anerly leetit [[postconstructivism]] memorial biggin ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Zamoskvorechye}} *[http://www.zmsk.ru/ www.zmsk.ru Offeecial wabsteid o Zamoskvorechye Destrict] *[http://orel.rsl.ru/vers_may2000/books/html/volume3p2.htm Russian State Library 1882 photographs, temples o Zamoskvorechye an Yakimanka] {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow}} [[Category:Zamoskvorechye Destrict| ]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Moscow]] n0ihaoy5gpmrk0b8tfc8aq58oq4wf6y 0 42784 923374 914827 2026-09-26T01:49:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chuo-ku in Osaka City.svg|thumb|Location o Chūō-ku in Osaka Ceety]] [[Image:Osaka Castle.jpg|thumb|[[Osaka Castle]]]] [[Image:Osaka Business Park.jpg|thumb|Osaka Business Pairk (OBP)]] [[Image:Namba10.jpg|thumb|Swissotel Nankai Osaka]] {{nihongo|'''Chūō-ku'''|中央区|Chūō-ku}}, Osaka is ane o 24 [[wairds o Japan|wairds]] o [[Osaka]], [[Japan]]. It haes an aurie o 8.88&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, an a population o 60,085. It hooses Osaka's financial destrict, as well as the [[Osaka Prefectur]] offices an principal shoppin an tourist auries. ==Consulates== Various consulates are foond in Chūō-ku. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of South Korea|Consulate-General of South Korea]] haes its awn biggin. Three consulates, [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of Australia|Consulate-General o Australie]], the [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands|Consulate-General o the Netherlands]], an the [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of the Philippines|Consulate-General o the Philippines]], occupy the twinty-nint, thirty-third, an twinty-fowert floors, respectively, o the Twin21 MID Touer. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of Canada|Consulate-General o Canadae]] is on the twalt floor o the Daisan Shoho Building in Chūō-ku. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of France|Consulate-General o Fraunce]] is on the tent floor o the Crystal Touer. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of India|Consulate-General o Indie]] is on the tent floor o the Semba I.S. Building. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of Indonesia|Consulate-General o Indonesie]] is on the saxt floor o the Daiwa Bank Semba Building. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of Singapore|Consulate-General o Singapore]] is on the fowerteent floor o the Osaka Kokusai Building. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of Thailand|Consulate-General o Thailand]] is in the first, fowert, an fift floors o the Bangkok Bank Building. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom|Consulate-General o the Unitit Kinrick]] is on the nineteent floor o the Seiko Osaka Building. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of Vietnam|Consulate-General o Vietnam]] is on the tent floor o the Estate Bakuro-machi Building.<ref>"[http://www.m-osaka.com/en/consulate/index.html List of Consulates in Kansai Area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923210956/http://www.m-osaka.com/en/consulate/index.html |date=2008-09-23 }}." ''Creation Core Higashi Osaka''. Retrieved on January 15, 2009.</ref> ==Facilities== ===Osaka Prefectur=== *Osaka Prefectural Govrenment *Osaka Prefectural Polis Heid Station **Minami Polis Station **Higashi Polis Station *[[Osaka Contemporary Airt Centre]] ====Mass media==== ;Broadcastin stations *[[NHK]] Osaka Broadcasting Station - Otemae *[[Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation]] - Shiromi Nichome (Osaka Business Park) *[[TV Osaka]] - Otemae ;Newspapers *[[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]] - Otemae ==Economy== ===Company headquairters=== *[[Capcom]]<ref name="Osakatokyo">"[http://www.capcom.co.jp/ir/english/company/map.html Locations]." [[Capcom]]. Retrieved on August 12, 2011. "3-1-3 Uchihirano-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0037, Japan"</ref> *[[Sumitomo Life Insurance Company]] - Shiromi (Osaka Business Pairk) *[[Sumitomo Trust and Banking]] Co., Ltd. - Kitahama *[[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company]] haes its heidquairters in the waird.<ref>"[http://www.takeda.com/contact/ FAQ]." [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company]]. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Q : Where is Takeda located? A : The Head Office is located in Osaka, Japan,[...]"</ref><ref>"[http://www.takeda.com/about-takeda/overview/article_56.html Overview]." Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Headquarters Head Office 1-1, Doshomachi 4-chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8645"</ref> - Dojomachi *[[Takenaka Corporation]] haes its heidquairters in the ward.<ref>"[http://www.takenaka.co.jp/takenaka_e/company/corpo.html Corporate Profile]." [[Takenaka Corporation]]. Retrieved on October 20, 2009.</ref> *[[Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co.]], Ltd. - Dojomachi *[[Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation]] - Dojomachi *[[Shionogi]] & Co. Ltd. - Dojomachi *[[Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co.]], Ltd. - Dojomachi *[[Osaka Gas]] Co., Ltd. *[[ITOCHU]] Corporation - Kyutaromachi *[[Iwatani Corporation]] - Hommachi *[[Kansai Urban Banking Corporation]] *[[Keihan Electric Railway]] Co., Ltd. *[[Nankai Electric Railway]] Co., Ltd. *[[Osaka Securities Exchange]] Co., Ltd. *[[Nippon Life Insurance Company]] - Imabashi *[[Morishita Jintan]] Co., Ltd. - Morinomiya *[[Sakura Color Products]] Corporation - Morinomiya *[[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone West Corporation]] (NTT West) *[[Mandom]] Corporation - Junikencho *[[Teijin]] Leemitit When [[Daimaru]] wis an unthirlt company, its heidquairters wur in the waird.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/19980127170505/http://www.daimaru.co.jp/kigyo/gaiyo.htm 会社概要]." [[Daimaru]]. January 27, 1998. Retrieved on December 15, 2010. "本社ビル所在地 大阪市中央区南船場4丁目4番10号"</ref> ===Offices o foreign companies=== [[Air China]] haes an office on the 1st floor o the Uchihonmachi Green Building in Chūō-ku.<ref>"[http://www.airchina.com.cn/AboutAirChina/ContactUs/InternationalOffice/default.shtml International Offices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217150646/http://www.airchina.com.cn/AboutAirChina/ContactUs/InternationalOffice/default.shtml |date=2008-12-17 }}." ''[[Air China]]''. Retrieved on January 18, 2009.</ref> [[Asiana Airlines]] operates a sales office on the 18t Floor o the Epson Osaka Building in Chūō-ku.<ref>"[http://us.flyasiana.com/Global/US/en/homepage?cmd=&fid=ABOUT13000&region=JP&city=&searchWrd=#01 Worldwide Offices Japan] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120530193036/http://us.flyasiana.com/Global/US/en/homepage?cmd=&fid=ABOUT13000&region=JP&city=&searchWrd=%2301#01 |date=2012-05-30 }}." ''[[Asiana Airlines]]''. Retrieved on January 19, 2009.</ref> === Landmarks === * [[Amerikamura]] * [[Dōtonbori]] * [[National Bunraku Theater]] * [[Osaka Business Pairk]] * [[Osaka Castle]] * [[Shinsaibashi]] == Railway stations == ;[[West Japan Railway Company]] (JR West) :[[Osaka Loop Line]]: [[Morinomiya Station]] - [[Osakajo-koen Station]] ;[[Keihan Electric Railway]] :[[Keihan Main Line|Keihan Line]]: [[Yodoyabashi Station]] - [[Kitahama Station (Osaka)|Kitahama Station]] - [[Temmabashi Station]] ;[[Kintetsu]] :[[Kintetsu Namba Line|Namba Line]]: [[Osaka Namba Station]] - [[Kintetsu Nippombashi Station]] ;[[Hanshin Electric Railway]] :[[Hanshin Namba Line]]: Osaka Namba Station ;[[Nankai Electric Railway]] :[[Nankai Main Line]]: [[Namba Station]] ;[[Osaka Municipal Subway]] :[[Midosuji Line]]: [[Yodoyabashi Station]] - [[Hommachi Station]] - [[Shinsaibashi Station]] - [[Namba Station]] :[[Tanimachi Line]]: [[Temmabashi Station]] - [[Tanimachi Yonchome Station]] - [[Tanimachi Rokuchome Station]] :[[Chuo Line (Osaka)|Chuo Line]]: [[Hommachi Station]] - [[Sakaisuji-Hommachi Station]] - [[Tanimachi Yonchome Station]] - [[Morinomiya Station]] :[[Sennichimae Line]]: [[Namba Station]] - [[Nippombashi Station]] :[[Sakaisuji Line]]: [[Kitahama Station (Osaka)|Kitahama Station]] - [[Nagahoribashi Station]] :[[Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line]]: [[Shinsaibashi Station]] - [[Matsuyamachi Station]] - [[Nagahoribashi Station]] - [[Tanimachi Rokuchome Station]] - (Tamatsukuri Station, Tennoji-ku) - [[Morinomiya Station]] - [[Osaka Business Park Station]] ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category-inline|Chuo-ku, Osaka|Chūō-ku, Osaka}} {{Portal|Osaka}} *[http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/chuo/english/ Chuo Waird Offeecial Wab Steid OSAKA CITY]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{en icon}} *[http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/chuo/ 大阪市 中央区] {{jp icon}} {{Osaka}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chuo-ku, Osaka}} [[Category:Wairds o Osaka]] [[Category:Financial destricts]] tw9czsl8z2k31fhwme2d0htfx7lgzsd 0 43105 923558 822126 2026-09-26T09:37:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Umm Shujayrah al Gharbiyah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Releegions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|31|N|35|51|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Umm Shujayrah al Gharbiyah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/umm-shujayrah-al-gharbiyah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Umm Shujayrah al Gharbiyah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 71d7ohx33rs0fejwpkazi4p8bhnqzka 0 43106 923559 822127 2026-09-26T09:37:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Umm Zuwaytinah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Releegions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|32|2|N|35|53|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Umm Zuwaytinah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/umm-zuwaytinah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Umm Zuwaytinah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] a9xdywtguujh1fmjvvr7elg8qwb9ii4 0 43109 923347 823495 2026-09-26T00:19:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Ash Shumaysani |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|58|N|35|55|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Ash Shumaysani''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/ash-shumaysani/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Ash Shumaysani in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shumaysani}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] dphjqizohi4d5aeucrgjjg203we7hr9 0 43112 923346 823494 2026-09-26T00:19:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Ash Shufatah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Jordan}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|47|N|35|58|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Ash Shufatah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o north-wastren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/ash-shufatah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Ash Shufatah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shufatah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 254nkhr1l7uby9eejoqbin9sgizu962 0 43113 923332 823240 2026-09-25T23:59:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the toun in Jordan|the veelage in the Wast Bank|Ammuriya, Nablus}} {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = `Ammuriya |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Jordan}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|34|N|35|50|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''`Ammuriya''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/ammuriya/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for `Ammuriya in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ammuriya}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 7vbx5c9wdq9sczfhkaotolv7gqfj3cq 0 43709 923537 883664 2026-09-26T08:54:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =Sotk |native_name =Սոթք |pushpin_map =Armenia |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Gegharkunik Province|Gegharkunik]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title =Foondit |established_date = 15t century |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total =1135 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =&nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = &nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|12|11|N|45|51|53|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 2032 |area_code = |website = }} '''Sotk''' ({{lang-hy|Սոթք}}, till 1991 '''Zod''') is a toun in the [[Gegharkunik Province]] o [[Armenie]]. ==History== At the end o the 19t century Zod wis a veelage wi 1100 [[Azerbaijani fowk|Tatar]] inhabitants.<ref>[http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/brokminor/article/18/18951.html?text=%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B4&encid=brokminor&encid=brokminor Article "''Зод''", Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (''in Russian'')]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It grew intae a toun durin the region's industrialisation in the 1960 an 1970s, primarily due tae the exploitation o the [[Zod gowd mines]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/ |title=SOVIET GOLD POLICY (S-09110), 16 December 1975, CIA De-Classified reports, accessed on 09.12.2009 |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=2010-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527211431/http://www.foia.cia.gov/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare is nou a gowd mine an a licht metallurgie fabrication in the ootskirts o the toun. The toun haes a ruined Armenie basilica kirk said tae date frae the 7t century, wi 13t century gravestanes in its waws. The toun wis maistly populatit bi ethnic Azeris till 1988, when they fled tae Azerbaijan as a result o ethnic clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D8TN?OpenDocument |title=Reliew web |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060312083719/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64D8TN?OpenDocument |archive-date=2006-03-12 |url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060312083719/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64D8TN?OpenDocument |date=2006-03-12 }}</ref> The refugees frae Zod foondit the veelage o [[Yeni Zod]] in the Goygol rayon o Azerbaijan.<ref>[http://www.azerbaijan-news.az/index.php?Lng=aze&year=2008&Pid=22096 Newspaper 'Azerbaijan' on visit of President of Azerbaijan to Yeni Zod village on 04 March 2008 (in Azerbaijani)]</ref> ==Famous fowk frae the toun== * Prof. Dr. [[Ahliman Amiraslanov]] - Oncologist, Rector o [[Azerbaijan Medical University]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.science.az/en/acmembers/amiraslanovaltg.htm |title=Web site o the Azerbaijan Naitional Academy o Sciences |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722100601/http://www.science.az/en/acmembers/amiraslanovaltg.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/34_folder/34_articles/34_meduniversity.html Azerbaijan International Journal]</ref> * [[Hafiz Hajiyev]] - Chairman o Modren Musavat Pairty in Azerbaijan, Presidential candidate in 2003 an in 2008, umwhile CEO o "Azerfish" State Concern <ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/WhosWhoAzeriOpposition.pdf Web site of Jamestown Foundation]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://azerbaijan-election.net/eng/aboutvotes/kondidat |title=Ibid |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-date=2012-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320171546/http://azerbaijan-election.net/eng/aboutvotes/kondidat/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Etibar Hajiyev]] (1971–92) - Naitional Hero o Azerbaijan <ref>[http://e-qanun.az/viewdoc.aspx?id=7239&type=1&state=1&df=2 Decree No 6 of 23 June 1992 the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan: Legislative database of Azerbaijan]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E67703774E0440003BA962ED3}} *[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-17&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com *{{ArmenianCensus|146}} *{{RediscoveringArmenia|82}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}} {{Gegharkunik}} [[Category:Populatit places in Gegharkunik Province]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1969]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union]] spn3rehdybnim4bgxkb3pnuq9d4nwui 0 43890 923568 849340 2026-09-26T09:43:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Vanand |name_local = Վանանդ |image_skyline = Vanand.JPG |image_caption = The veelage o Vanand. |pushpin_map = Armenia |mapsize = 150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Armavir Province|Armavir]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1984 |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2001 |population_total = 845 |population_density_km2 = |timezone = &nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = &nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|08|N|43|49|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 980 |area_code = |website = }} '''Vanand''' ({{lang-hy|Վանանդ}}) is a veelage that sits 5 kilometres frae the Armenie border wi [[Turkey]], an is locatit in the soothwastren portion o the [[Armavir Province]] in [[Armenie]]. The veelage wis foondit in 1984 frae a [[sovkhoz]] (collective ferm), an wis ance in an aurie ance closed tae foreigners. Thare is ane schuil, a hoose o cultur, a commonty centre, an nae monuments. == References == * {{ArmenianCensus|130}} * {{citation|last=Kiesling |first=Brady |title=Rediscovering Armenia: Guide |publisher=Matit Graphic Design Studio|location=[[Yerevan, Armenia]]|year=2005}} * {{RediscoveringArmenia|39}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121858/https://xn--y9aaj4eb8b.xn--y9a3aq/ Vanand seicondar schuil] {{Armavir}} [[Category:Populatit places in Armavir Province]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1984]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union]] 8skkv96uji15oa5ex1wp12ok5w7o16p 0 44003 923305 857476 2026-09-25T23:41:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923305 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align="right" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- ! bgcolor="#ccccff" style="padding:0 0 0 50px;" | [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] | width="50px" | [[File:Flag of Moscow oblast.svg|50px|Banner o Moscow Oblast]] |- | colspan=2 align="center"|<small>'''Admeenistrative centre:''' Nane</small> |- | colspan=2 align="center"|<small>As o 2011:<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATOReference|22}}</ref></small> |- | '''# o [[raion|destricts]]'''<br />(районы)|| 38 |- | '''# o ceeties/touns'''<br />(города)|| 80 |- | '''# o [[urban-teep dounset]]s'''<br />(посёлки городского типа)|| 70 |- | '''# o [[Closed ceety|closed localitie]]s'''<br />(сельсоветы)|| 5 |- | colspan=2 align="center"|<small>As o 2002:<ref name="Census">Results of the 2002 [[Russian Census (2002)|Russian Population Census]]—[http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm Territory, number of districts, inhabited localities, and rural administrations of the Russian Federation by federal subject] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928181511/http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref></small> |- | '''# o landwart localities'''<br />(сельские населённые пункты)|| 6,122 |- |} This is a leet o the '''admeenistrative an municipal diveesions o [[Moscow Oblast]]''', a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]]. ==Leet o admeenistrative an municipal diveesions== [[File:Moscow oblast districts.svg|350px|thumb|Moscow Oblast admeenistrative destricts afore 1 Julie 2012<ref> Destrict names abbreviations are unoffeecial an are for illustrative purposes anerlie </ref>]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em" ! bgcolor="#66FF99" | Name ! bgcolor="#66FF99" | Admeenistrative centre ! bgcolor="#66FF99" | Map ! bgcolor="#66FF99" | Population, thoosan ! bgcolor="#66FF99" | Aurie ! bgcolor="#66FF99" | Ceeties/touns an urban-teep dounsets unner the admeenistrative destricts jurisdisction ! bgcolor="#66FF99" | Notes |- |colspan=7 align=center| '''Admeenistrative an municipal destricts''' |- ! [[Balashikhinsky Destrict|Balashikhinsky]] | [[Balashikha]] | | | | | in terms o municipal diveesion, the admeenistrative destrict corresponds tae Balashikha Urban Okrug |- ! [[Chekhovsky Destrict|Chekhovsky]] | [[Chekhov, Moscow Oblast|Chekhov]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3364 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033045/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3364 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 109,6 | 858 km² | [[Stolbovaya]] | |- ! [[Dmitrovsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Dmitrovsky]] | [[Dmitrov]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3338&PSC=1&PT=3&Page=14 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103221008/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3338&PSC=1&PT=3&Page=14 |date=2009-01-03 }} | 87,1 | 2160 km² | [[Yakhroma]] <br> [[Dedenyovo]] <br> [[Iksha]] <br> [[Nekrasovsky]] | |- ! [[Domodedovsky Destrict|Domodedovsky]] | [[Domodedovo_(toun)|Domodedovo]] | | | | | in terms o municipal diveesion, the admeenistrative destrict corresponds tae Domodedovo Urban Okrug |- ! [[Istrinsky Destrict|Istrinsky]] | [[Istra, Istrinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Istra]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3328 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033100/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3328 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 116,2 | 1299 km² | [[Dedovsk]] <br> [[Snegiri]] | |- ! [[Kashirsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Kashirsky]] | [[Kashira]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3368 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033146/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3368 |date=2008-12-30 }} | <!-- численность --> | <!-- площадь --> | [[Ozherelye]] | |- ! [[Klinsky Destrict|Klinsky]] | [[Klin, Klinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Klin]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3381 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033040/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3381 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 127 | 2001 km² | [[Vysokovsk]] <br> [[Reshetnikovo]] | |- ! [[Kolomensky Destrict|Kolomensky]] | [[Kolomna]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3271&Page=8 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033055/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3271&Page=8 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 40,4 | 1091 km² | [[Peski, Kolomensky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Peski]] | the ceety o Kolomna is no a pairt o the district |- ! [[Krasnogorsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Krasnogorsky]] | [[Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnogorsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3366&PSC=1&PT=3&Page=4 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101221714/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3366&PSC=1&PT=3&Page=4 |date=2009-01-01 }} | 150,25 | 220 km² | [[Nakhabino]] | |- ! [[Leninsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Leninsky]] | [[Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast|Vidnoye]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3326 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226165302/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3326 |date=2008-12-26 }}, [http://adm.vidnoe.ru/ndocs/25/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124122021/http://adm.vidnoe.ru/ndocs/25/ |date=2008-01-24 }} | 131 | 456 km² | [[Gorki Leninskiye]] | |- ! [[Lotoshinsky Destrict|Lotoshinsky]] | [[Lotoshino]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3379 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032704/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3379 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 18,1 | 1 km² | |- ! [[Lukhovitsky Destrict|Lukhovitsky]] | [[Lukhovitsy]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3050&Page=6 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032634/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3050&Page=6 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 64,3 | 1340,6 km² | [[Beloomut]] | |- ! [[Lyuberetsky Destrict|Lyuberetsky]] | [[Lyubertsy]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3362&PSC=1&PT=3&Page=5 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101220955/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3362&PSC=1&PT=3&Page=5 |date=2009-01-01 }} | 255,7 | 150 km² | [[Kraskovo, Moscow Oblast|Kraskovo]] <br> [[Malakhovka, Moscow Oblast|Malakhovka]] <br> [[Oktyabrsky, Lyuberetsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Oktyabrsky]] <br> [[Tomilino]] | |- ! [[Mozhaysky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Mozhaysky]] | [[Mozhaysk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3046&Page=12 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033025/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3046&Page=12 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 70,2 | 2599 km² | [[Uvarovka]] | |- ! [[Mytishchinsky Destrict|Mytishchinsky]] | [[Mytishchi]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3100&Page=5 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033151/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3100&Page=5 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 185,5 | 440 km² | [[Pirogovsky]] | |- ! [[Naro-Fominsky Destrict|Naro-Fominsky]] | [[Naro-Fominsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3383 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032709/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3383 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 121,2 | 1929 km² | [[Aprelevka]] <br> [[Vereya]] <br> [[Kalininets]] <br> [[Selyatino]] | |- ! [[Noginsky Destrict|Noginsky]] | [[Noginsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3385] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033050/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3385 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 193,6 | 892,89 km² | [[Elektrougli]] <br> [[Staraya Kupavna]] <br> [[imeni Vorovskogo, Moscow Oblast|imeni Vorovskogo]] <br> [[Obukhovo, Noginsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Obukhovo]] | |- ! [[Odintsovsky Destrict|Odintsovsky]] | [[Odintsovo]] | [https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032659/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3340 Map] | 285 | 1260 km² | [[Golitsyno]] <br> [[Kubinka]] <br> [[Bolshiye Vyazyomy]] <br> [[Lesnoy Gorodok]] <br> [[Novoivanovskoye]] <br> [[Zarechye, Zarechye Wirk Dounset, Odintsovsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Zarechye]] | |- ! [[Ozyorsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Ozyorsky]] | [[Ozyory, Moscow Oblast|Ozyory]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3330 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033202/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3330 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 39,5 | 538,4 km² | |- ! [[Orekhovo-Zuyevsky Destrict|Orekhovo-Zuyevsky]] | [[Orekhovo-Zuyevo]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3387 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033126/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3387 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 120,5 | 1779 km² | [[Drezna]] <BR> [[Kurovskoye]] <br>[[Likino-Dulyovo]] | the ceety o Orekhovo-Zuyevo is no a pairt o the destrict |- ! [[Pavlovo-Posadsky Destrict|Pavlovo-Posadsky]] | [[Pavlovsky Posad]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3269&Page=7 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033138/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3269&Page=7 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 82.2 | 570 km² | [[Bolshiye Dvory]] | |- ! [[Podolsky Destrict|Podolsky]] | [[Podolsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3334 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032639/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3334 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 75,5 | 1063 km² | [[Lvovsky, Moscow Oblast|Lvovsky]] | the ceety o Podolsk is no a pairt o the destrict |- ! [[Pushkinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Pushkinsky]] | [[Pushkino, Moscow Oblast|Pushkino]] | | 163,4 | 634 km² | [[Ashukino]] <br> [[Cherkizovo]] <br> [[Lesnoy, Pushkinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Lesnoy]] <br> [[Pravdinsky (urban-teep dounset)|Pravdinsky]] <br> [[Sofrino]] <br> [[Zelenogradsky (urban-teep dounset)|Zelenogradsky]] | |- ! [[Ramensky Destrict|Ramensky]] | [[Ramenskoye, Moscow Oblast|Ramenskoye]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3307] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032651/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3307 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 211 | 1500 km² | [[Bykovo, Moscow Oblast|Bykovo]] <br> [[Ilyinsky, Moscow Oblast|Ilyinsky]] <br>[[Kratovo, Russia|Kratovo]] <br>[[Rodniki, Moscow Oblast|Rodniki]] <br> [[Udelnaya, Moscow Oblast|Udelnaya]] | |- ! [[Ruzsky Destrict|Ruzsky]] | [[Ruza, Ruzsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Ruza]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3332 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033207/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3332 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 69 | 1559 km² | [[Tuchkovo]] | |- ! [[Sergiyevo-Posadsky Destrict|Sergiyevo-Posadsky]] | [[Sergiyev Posad]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3342 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032714/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3342 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 113,5 | 2025 km² | [[Khotkovo]] <br> [[Krasnozavodsk]] <br> [[Peresvet]] <br> [[Bogorodskoye, Moscow Oblast|Bogorodskoye]] <br>[[Skoropuskovsky]] | |- ! [[Serebryano-Prudsky Destrict|Serebryano-Prudsky]] | [[Serebryanye Prudy]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3194&Page=5 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032646/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3194&Page=5 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 25 | 876 km² | |- ! [[Serpukhovsky Destrict|Serpukhovsky]] | [[Serpukhov]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3370 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033035/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3370 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 33,7 | 1016 km² | [[Obolensk]] (Оболенск) <br> [[Proletarsky, Moscow Oblast|Proletarsky]] | the ceety o Serpukhov is no a pairt o the destrict |- ! [[Shatursky Destrict|Shatursky]] | [[Shatura]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3198&Page=8 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033131/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3198&Page=8 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 72,1 | 2715 km² | [[Cherusti]] <br> [[Misheronsky]] | |- ! [[Shakhovskoy Destrict|Shakhovskoy]] | [[Shakhovskaya, Moscow Oblast|Shakhovskaya]] |[http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3375 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033121/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3375 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 24,9 | 1211 km² | |- ! [[Shchyolkovsky Destrict|Shchyolkovsky]] | [[Shchyolkovo]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3344 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033030/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3344 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 190.4 | 807 km² | [[Fryanovo]] <br> [[Monino]] <br> [[Sverdlovsky, Moscow Oblast|Sverdlovsky]] <br> [[Zagoryansky]] | |- ! [[Solnechnogorsky Destrict|Solnechnogorsky]] | [[Solnechnogorsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3196&Page=9 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033156/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3196&Page=9 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 125 | 1149 km² | [[Andreyevka, Solnechnogorsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Andreyevka]] <br> [[Mendeleyevo, Moscow Oblast|Mendeleyevo]] <br> [[Povarovo, Moscow Oblast|Povarovo]] <br> [[Rzhavki]] | |- ! [[Stupinsky Destrict|Stupinsky]] | [[Stupino, Stupinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Stupino]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3324 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032043/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3324 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 110 | 1690 km² | [[Malino, Moscow Oblast|Malino]] <br> [[Mikhnevo]] <br> [[Zhilyovo]] | |- ! [[Taldomsky Destrict|Taldomsky]] | [[Taldom]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3273&Page=8 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230033111/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3273&Page=8 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 45,5 | 1400 km² | [[Severny, Moscow Oblast|Severny]] <br> [[Verbilki]] <br> [[Zaprudnya]] | |- ! [[Volokolamsky Destrict|Volokolamsky]] | [[Volokolamsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3116&Page=10 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032434/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3116&Page=10 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 31,4 | 1671 km² | [[Sychyovo]] | |- ! [[Voskresensky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Voskresensky]] | [[Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast|Voskresensk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3110&Page=5 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032038/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3110&Page=5 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 150 | 811 km² | [[Beloozyorsky]] <br> [[imeni Tsyurupy]] <br> [[Khorlovo]] | |- ! [[Yegoryevsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Yegoryevsky]] | [[Yegoryevsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2959&Page=8 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032033/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2959&Page=8 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 104,6 | 1729 km² | [[Ryazanovsky]] | |- ! [[Zaraysky Destrict|Zaraysky]] | [[Zaraysk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3336 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032052/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3336 |date=2008-12-30 }} | 42 | 968 km² | | |- |colspan=7 align=center| '''Ceeties/touns unner the Oblast jurisdiction / Urban okrugs''' |- ! colspan=2| [[Bronnitsy]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3094&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213114/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3094&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Chernogolovka]] | | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Dolgoprudny]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3305 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212916/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3305 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Domodedovo (toun)|Domodedovo]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3152&Page=9 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212908/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3152&Page=9 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Dubna]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3358 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155709/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3358 |date=2007-09-30 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Oblast|Dzerzhinsky]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2873&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155537/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2873&Page=2 |date=2007-09-30 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Elektrogorsk]]<ref name="EL-P">{{Cite Russian law |ru_entity=Московская областная Дума |ru_type=Закон |ru_number=26/2009-ОЗ |ru_date=27 марта 2009 г. |ru_title=О преобразовании города Лосино-Петровского Щёлковского района Московской области и города Электрогорска Павлово-Посадского района Московской области и внесении изменений в закон Московской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Московской области" |en_entity=Moscow Oblast Duma |en_type=Law |en_number=26/2009-OZ |en_date=March 27, 2009 |en_title=On Transformation of the City of Losino-Petrovsky of Shchyolkovsky District of Moscow Oblast and of the City of Elektrogorsk of Pavlovo-Posadsky District of Moscow Oblast and on Amending the Law of Moscow Oblast 'On the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Moscow Oblast' }}</ref> | | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Elektrostal]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2856&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155516/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2856&Page=2 |date=2007-09-30 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Fryazino]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3259&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213924/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3259&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Ivanteyevka, Moscow Oblast|Ivanteyevka]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2951&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212924/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2951&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Khimki]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3297&Page=2 Map]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Klimovsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3373 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213846/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3373 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Kolomna]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2961&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213853/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2961&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3165&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155823/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3165&Page=2 |date=2007-09-30 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Kotelniki]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2957&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212954/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2957&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnoarmeysk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3303 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160125/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3303 |date=2007-09-30 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Lobnya]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3169&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213240/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3169&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Losino-Petrovsky]]<ref name="EL-P" /> | | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Lytkarino]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2852&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213931/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2852&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Orekhovo-Zuyevo]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3106&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155835/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3106&Page=2 |date=2007-09-30 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Podolsk]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2939&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213215/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2939&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Protvino]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2947&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213823/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2947&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Pushchino]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2854&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212844/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2854&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Reutov]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2869&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213144/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2869&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Roshal (toun)|Roshal]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2871&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213232/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=2871&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Serpukhov]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3148&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213001/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3148&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Yubileyny, Moscow Oblast|Yubileyny]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3088&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213320/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3088&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Oblast|Zheleznodorozhny]] | | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast|Zhukovsky]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3022&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155503/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3022&Page=2 |date=2007-09-30 }} | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Zvenigorod]] | [http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3241&Page=2 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213303/http://mosobl.elcode.ru/doc.asp?ID=3241&Page=2 |date=2007-09-27 }} | | | | |- |colspan=7 align=center| '''Closed admeenistrative-territorial formations / Urban okrugs''' |- ! colspan=2| [[Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast|Krasnoznamensk]] | | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Molodyozhny, Moscow Oblast|Molodyozhny]] | | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Vlasikha, Moscow Oblast|Vlasikha]]<ref name="Vlasikha" /><ref name="Vlasikha2">As of February 2009, Vlasikha has not yet been municipally incorporated as an urban okrug</ref> | | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Voskhod, Moscow Oblast|Voskhod]] | | | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Zvyozdny gorodok (urban-teep dounset)|Zvyozdny gorodok]]<ref name="ZvGor" /><ref name="ZvGor2">As of February 2009, Zvyozdny gorodok has not yet been municipally incorporated as an urban okrug</ref> | | | | | |} ==See an aw== *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== *{{Cite Russian law |ru_entity=Московская областная Дума |ru_number=55/96-ОЗ |ru_date=11 декабря 1996 г. |ru_title=Устав Московской области |ru_amendment_type=Закона |ru_amendment_number=217/2007-ОЗ |ru_amendment_date=24 декабря 2007 г |en_entity=Moscow Oblast Duma |en_number=55/96-OZ |en_date=December 11, 1996 |en_title=Charter of Moscow Oblast |en_amendment_type=Law |en_amendment_number=217/2007-OZ |en_amendment_date=December 24, 2007 }} {{Admeenistrative diveesions o the Roushie federal subjects}} {{Moscow Oblast}} [[Category:Moscow Oblast]] [[Category:Admeenistrative diveesions o the federal subjects o Roushie|Moscow Oblast]] 1ajyxadmf26ep6g8szme1voxrvpd6gs 0 44093 923463 923146 2026-09-26T06:15:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox tennis biography |name=Maria Sharapova <!-- PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO PLACE THE RELATED DATE IN THE "UPDATED" PARAMETER BELOW AFTER EACH UPDATE, THANKS --> |nickname=Masha([[Diminutive#Roushie|diminutive]]) |image=Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg |image_size= 200px |caption= |country={{flag|Roushie}} |residence=[[Bradenton, Florida]], <br>[[United States]] |birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|4|19}} |birth_place=[[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |height=<!-- UNSOURCED CHANGES TO THIS WILL BE REMOVED -->.88 m (6 ft 2 in)<ref name="wtatennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~9499,00.html|title=WTA &#124; Players &#124; Stats &#124; Maria Sharapova|publisher=Wtatennis.com|accessdate=January 25, 2012}}</ref> |weight=<!-- UNSOURCED CHANGES TO THIS WILL BE REMOVED -->{{convert|59|kg|lb}}<ref name="wtatennis"/> |turnedpro=19 Aprile 2001 |retired= |plays=Richt-haundit (twa-haundit backhaund) |careerprizemoney=[[Unitit States dollar|$]]23,151,623<ref>WTA Official Site: [http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Millionaires.pdf WTA Million Dollar Club]. Retrieved October 8, 2012.</ref> *<small>[[WTA Tour records#WTA Prize money leaders|4t in aw-time rankins]]</small> |singlesrecord= 472–115 (80.41%) |singlestitles=27 WTA, 4 ITF |highestsinglesranking=No. '''1''' (22 August 2005) |currentsinglesranking=No. 180 (Julie 3, 2017) |AustralianOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2008 Australian Open – Women's Singles|2008]]) |FrenchOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2012 French Open – Women's Singles|2012]]) |Wimbledonresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2004]]) |USOpenresult='''W''' ([[:en:2006 US Open – Women's Singles|2006]]) |Othertournaments=Yes |WTAChampionshipsresult='''W''' ([[:en:2004 WTA Tour Championships - Singles|2004]]) |Olympicsresult = [[Image:Silver medal.svg|20px]] [[Olympic medal|Siller medal]] ([[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2012]]) |doublesrecord=23–17 |doublestitles=3 WTA |highestdoublesranking=No. 41 (14 Juin 2004) |AustralianOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003, 2004) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult= |WimbledonDoublesresult= |USOpenDoublesresult= 2R (2003) |updated=December 31, 2012 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[:en:Tennis at the Summer Olympics|tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{flag|Roushie}}}} {{MedalSilver | [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[:en:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Singles]]}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Maria Yuryevna Sharapova''' ({{lang-rus|Мари́я Ю́рьевна Шара́пова|p=mɐˈrʲijə ˈjʉrʲjɪvnə ʂɐˈrapəvə|a=Maria_sharapova.ogg}}; born 19 April 1987) is a [[Roushies|Roushie]] professional [[tennis]] player, that is rankit warld No. 180 bi the [[Weemen's Tennis Association]] (WTA). A [[Permanent residence (United States)|United States resident]] syne 1994,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/8728691/US-Open-2011-Elena-Baltacha-warns-Heather-Watson-of-the-extreme-intensity-of-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=US Open 2011: Elena Baltacha warns Heather Watson of the extreme intensity of Maria Sharapova|work=The Telegraph|author=Simon Briggs|date=August 28, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haes competit on the WTA tour syne 2001. She haes been rankit [[List of WTA number 1 ranked players|warld No. 1]] in singles bi the WTA on five separate occasions, for a tot o 21 weeks. She is ane o ten weemen, an the ae Roushie, tae haud the [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|career Grand Slam]] an is an [[Olympic medalist]], haein earnt [[Olympic silver medal|silver]] for Roushie in [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Weemen's singles|weemen's singles]] at the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] in [[Lunnon]]. Sharapova became the warld No. 1 for the first time on August 22, 2005 at the age o 18, an last haudit the rankin for the fift time for fower week frae 11 Juin 2012 til 8 Julie 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Archive/Notes&Netcords/2012/july16.pdf|title=Notes& Netcords|date=July 16, 2012|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 19, 2013|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova reclaims world number one ranking|publisher=MediaWorks TV|work=3News|date=June 8, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161149/http://www.3news.co.nz/Maria-Sharapova-reclaims-world-number-one-ranking/tabid/415/articleID/257186/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her 35 singles titles an five [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles — twa at the [[French Open]] an ane ilka at the [[Australian Open]], [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] an the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] — rank third amang active players, ahint [[Serena Williams|Serena]] an [[Venus Williams]]. She won the year-endin [[WTA Finals]] in her debut in 2004. She haes won three doubles titles anaa. Despite an injury-prone career, Sharapova haes achieved a rare level o longevity in the weemen’s gemme. She haes won at least ane singles title a year frae 2003 until 2015, a streak anly bested bi [[Steffi Graf]], [[Martina Navratilova]] an [[Chris Evert]]. Several tennis pundits an umwhile players hae cried Sharapova ane o tennis’s best competitors, wi [[John McEnroe]] calling her ane o the best the sport haes ever seen.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZUeNoPV-F0 | title= McEnroe Insights: Maria Sharapova|publisher=Youtube|work=3News|date=January 26, 2011|accessdate=January 11, 2015}}</ref> Sharapova haes been featurt in a feck o modelin assignments, includin a featur in the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]''. She appeared in mony advertisements, includin thaim for Nike, Prince, an Canon, bein the face o several [[fashion house]]s, maist notably [[Cole Haan]]. Syne Februar 2007, she haes been a [[UNDP Goodwill Ambassador|United Nations Development Programme Goodwill Ambassador]], concerned speceefically wi the [[Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme]]. In Juin 2011, she wis named ane o the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" bi ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future – Maria Sharapova|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|work=[[Time Magazine|Time]]|accessdate=August 19, 2011|author=William Lee Adams|date=June 22, 2011|archive-date=2012-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228142231/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2079150_2079148_2079118,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an in Mairch 2012 wis named ane o the "[[100 Greatest of All Time]]" bi [[Tennis Channel]]. ==Early life== Maria Sharapova wis born on 19 Aprile 1987 in [[Nyagan]], [[Roushie SFSR]]. Her parents, Yuri an Yelena, are frae [[Gomel]], [[Belarussian SSR]]. Concerned aboot the regional effecks o the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear accident]], thay left thair homeland shortly afore Sharapova wis born.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13">{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/lib/14164248/|publisher=[[Lenta.ru]]|script-title=ru:Шарапова, Мария|trans_title=Sharapova, Maria|language=Roushie|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> ===Introduction tae tennis=== In 1989, whan Sharapova wis twa, the faimily flittit tae [[Sochi]], [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Roushie]]. Ance yonder, her faither Yuri befreindit Aleksandr Kafelnikov, whase son [[Yevgeny Kafelnikov|Yevgeny]] wad gang on tae win twa Grand Slam singles titles an acome Roushie's first warld No. 1 rankit tennis player. Aleksandr gied Sharapova her first tennis racquet in 1991 whan she wis fower, whaurupn she began practicin raiglar-lik wi her faither at a local pairk.<ref name="times">{{cite news|author=Paul Kimmage|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|title=The Big Interview: Maria Sharapova|work=[[The Times]]|date=January 13, 2008|accessdate=2008-07-23|location=London|archive-date=2008-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918015756/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article3177376.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria teuk her first tennis lessons wi veteran Roushie coach Yuri Yutkin, wha wis instantly impressed whan he saw her play, notin her "exceptional [[haun-ee coordination]]".<ref name="Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|author=Will Stewart|work=London Evening Standard|location=UK|title='Masha' was a star at four|date=July 2, 2004|accessdate=2010-06-12|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185603/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-11732071-masha-was-a-star-at-four.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Start o professional training=== In 1993, at the age o sax, Sharapova attendit a tennis clinic in Moscow run bi [[Martina Navratilova]], wha recommendit professional trainin at the [[Nick Bollettieri|Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy]] in [[Bradenton, Florida]], whilk haed previously trained players lik [[Andre Agassi]], [[Monica Seles]], an [[Anna Kournikova]].<ref name="times"/> Wi him bein skint, Yuri Sharapov borraed the sum that wad enable him an his dochter, neither o wham coud speak the Inglis, tae traivel tae the United States o Americae, whilk thay finally did in 1994.<ref name="Article" /> Visa restrictions preventit Sharapova's mither frae jynin thaim for twa year.<ref name="ITH_2007_08_13"/> Arrivin in Florida wi savings o US$700,<ref name="Article" /> Sharapova's faither teuk various law-paying jobs, includin dishwashing, tae fund her lessons tilt she wis auld eneuch tae be admit tae the academy. Afore she entert the IMG business, she trained wi Rick Macci, in the Rick Macci Tennis Academy. She wis then offered a deal frae IMG whilk forced her tae chynge academies. Oreeginally, she did train wi Rick Macci, but efter the deal wi IMG, she coudnae see Rick Macci ony mair. In 1995, she wis signed bi [[IMG (business)|IMG]], wha greed tae pey the annual tuition fee o $35,000 for Sharapova tae stey at the Academy, allouin her tae finally enroll at the age o 9.<ref name="times"/> ==Tennis career== ===Junior and early career=== Sharapova first hit the tennis scene in November 2000, when she won the Eddie Herr International Junior Tennis Championships in the girls' 16 division at the age o juist 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725075033/http://www.eddieherr.com/PastChampions.htm|archivedate=2012-07-25|title=Eddie Herr Past Champions|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> She wis then gien a special distinction, the Rising Star Awaird, which is awairdit anly tae players o exceptional promise.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317171129/http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-17|url=http://www.eddieherr.com/2009/PlayerPacket09.pdf|publisher=Eddie Herr Official Website|title=Eddie Herr International Special Awards|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharapova made her professional debut in 2001 on her 14t birthday on Aprile 19, an played her first WTA tournament at the [[Pacific Life Open]] in 2002, winnin a match afore losin tae [[Monica Seles]]. Due tae restrictions on how mony professional events she coud play, Sharapova went tae hone her gemme in junior tournaments, whaur she reached the finals o the girls' singles events at the Australian Open an Wimbledon in 2002. She wis the youngest girl ever tae reach the final o the Australian Open junior championship at 14 years an 9 month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5567102/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-20-facts-you-didnt-know.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova – 20 facts you didn't know|author=Nick Collins|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 24, 2009|accessdate=July 19, 2010}}</ref> Sharapova reached No. 6 in the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior warld singles ranking on October 21, 2002. In all, she won three junior singles tournaments an wis runner-up at five, includin twa junior Grand Slam events. Her win-loss record in junior competeetion wis 47–9.<ref>[http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 ITF Tennis Player Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616051543/http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100013223 |date=2013-06-16 }}, ITF Juniors</ref> <u>Junior Grand Slam results:</u><br/> Australian Open: F ([[2002 Australian Open|2002]])<br/> French Open: 3R ([[2002 French Open|2002]])<br/> Wimbledon: F ([[2002 Wimbledon Championships|2002]])<br/> US Open: 2R ([[2001 US Open (tennis)|2001]]) ===Junior Grand Slam tournament finals=== ====Singles: 2 finals (2 runners-up)==== {|class="sortable wikitable" !Outcome !Year !width=200|Championship !Surface !width=200|Opponent !width=125|Score |-bgcolor=FFFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2002 Australian Open|2002]]||[[Australian Open]]||Haurd||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Strýcová]]||0–6, 5–7 |-bgcolor=CCFFCC |bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2002 Wimbledon Championships|2002]]||[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]||Gress||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vera Dushevina]]||6–4, 1–6, 2–6 |} ===2003: First toornament titles=== Frae 2003, Sharapova played a full saison an made a rapid climb intae the tap 50 bi the end o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|author=Liz Schroeder|publisher=WTA|title=WTA Tour Singles Ranking 2003|date=November 10, 2003|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193303/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/Singles_Numeric_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She made her debuts at baith the [[2003 Australian Open|Australian Open]] an the [[2003 French Open|French Open]], but failed tae win a match in aither. Then, as a wildcard at [[2003 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], she defeatit 11t seed [[Jelena Dokić]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/wimbledon_2003/3028488.stm|title=Sharapova dismisses Dokic|publisher=BBC|date=June 28, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> her first win ower a tap-20 player, tae reach the fowert roond, whaur she lost in three sets tae [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]. Bi the end o September, Sharapova haed already captured her first WTA title at a smawer event, the [[Japan Open Tennis Championships]], afore winnin her seicont in her final toornament o the saison, the [[Bell Challenge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2003-11-02-quebec_x.htm|title=Sharapova handed Bell Challenge title|work=[[USA Today]] Co.|date=November 2, 2003|accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> Tae cap off her first full saison as a professional, she wis awairdit the WTA Newcomer o the Year honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/scontent/article/3010014/title/wta-awards|title=WTA Awards|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> ===2004: Wimbledon champion an rise tae fame=== Sharapova wis defeatit in the third roond o the [[2004 Australian Open|Australian Open]] bi saxt seed [[Anastasia Myskina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/tennis/specials/australian_open/2004/01/24/bc.sport.tennis.open.myskina/|accessdate=May 29, 2013|date=January 24, 2004|work=Sports Illustrated|title=Myskina downs Sharapova in Russian clash|archive-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616031055/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/tennis/specials/australian_open/2004/01/24/bc.sport.tennis.open.myskina/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She later reached the semifinals at the [[2004 Kroger St. Jude International and the Cellular South Cup|Cellular South Cup]], whaur she lost tae eventual champion [[Vera Zvonareva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2004-02-20-roundup_x.htm|title=Federer upset in Rotterdam; Roddick falls at Kroger|date=February 20, 2004|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref> During the spring clay-court saison, Sharapova entered the tap 20 on the WTA warld rankings as a result o reachin the third roond o the [[Qatar Telecom German Open]] an the [[Internazionali BNL d'Italia]], baith o which war Tier I events. At the latter event, she defeatit a player ranked in the tap 10 for the first time wi a straucht-sets win ower warld No. 10 an [[2004 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2004 French Open]] finalist [[Elena Dementieva]]. Later that clay-court saison, she went on tae mak the quarterfinals o a Grand Slam for the first time at the [[2004 French Open|French Open]], losin thare tae [[Paola Suárez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/01/1086058856148.html|title=Suarez strikes another blow for Argentina|publisher=The Age|date=June 2, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova at Wimbledon (2004) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sharapova at Wimbledon in 2004]] Sharapova won the third title o her career at the [[2004 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] warm-up [[DFS Classic]], defeatin [[Tatiana Golovin]] in the final. Seedit 13t an aged 17 at Wimbledon, she reached her first Grand Slam semifinal bi defeatin [[Ai Sugiyama]]. Thare, she defeatit fift seed an umwhile champion [[Lindsay Davenport]]. In the final, Sharapova upset tap seed an defendin champion [[Serena Williams]] tae win her first Grand Slam singles title, an acome the third-youngest woman tae win the Wimbledon title, behind anly [[Lottie Dod]] an [[Martina Hingis]]. Sharapova an aa became the seicont Roushie woman (efter [[Anastasia Myskina]] haed won the year's previous major at [[French Open|Roland Garros]]) tae win a Grand Slam singles title. The victory wis hailed bi the media as "the most stunning upset in memory",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25495-2004Jul3.html|title=Sharapova Wins Wimbledon After Improbable Journey|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Liz Clarke|date=April 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010}}</ref> wi ither writers commentin on her arrival as a serious challenger tae the [[Williams sisters|Williams']] dominance at Wimbledon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-11722204-birth-of-a-superstar.do|title=Birth of a superstar|publisher=This Is London|author=Adrian Warner|date=February 7, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912142226/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-11722204-birth-of-a-superstar.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> She entered the tap 10 in the rankings for the first time as a result o the win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=1834581|title=Sharapova vaults into top 10|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=July 6, 2004|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Follaein her Wimbledon win, attention an interest in Sharapova in the media greatly increased, a rise in popularity dubbed "Maria Mania."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|title=Maria Mania: no stopping her now|publisher=CNN|author=Chris Isidore|date=August 30, 2004|accessdate=June 20, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224172851/http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/27/commentary/column_sportsbiz/sportsbiz/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> She won three o sax matches in her preparations for the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. At the US Open itself, she reached the third roond, afore bein eliminated bi [[Mary Pierce]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/3628366.stm|title=Pierce shocks Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 4, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> In order tae regain confidence, Sharapova played an won consecutive titles in Asia in the faw, the [[Hansol Korea Open Tennis Championships]] an the [[Japan Open Tennis Championships]]. In October, Sharapova defeatit [[Venus Williams]] en route tae makin the final o a Tier I event for the first time at the [[Zurich Open]], losin in the final tae [[Alicia Molik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/25/1098556329960.html?from=storylhs|title=Molik stuns Sharapova in Zurich final|publisher=The Age|date=October 25, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> She then made her debut at the year-endin [[WTA Tour Championships]]. Thare, she won twa o her three roond-robin matches (includin a win ower US Open champion [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]]) in order tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she defeatit Myskina. In the final, she defeatit Serena Williams, efter trailing 4–0 in the final set.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4015111.stm|title=Sharapova wins season's finale|publisher=BBC|date=November 16, 2004|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> ===2005: Rise tae warld No. 1 ranking=== Sharapova stairtit the year at the [[2005 Australian Open|Australian Open]], whaur she defeatit fift seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] tae reach the seicont Grand Slam semifinal o her career. Sharapova held match pynts in the third set o her semifinal match, afore losin tae eventual champion [[Serena Williams]]. In Februar, Sharapova won back-tae-back toornaments, the [[Toray Pan Pacific Open]] an the [[Qatar Total Open]], allouin her tae reach number 3 in the warld rankings for the first time. In the semifinals o the Tier I [[Pacific Life Open]], Sharapova wis defeatit bi [[Lindsay Davenport]], the first time she haed failed tae win a gemme in a match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4363185.stm|title=Sharapova humiliated by Davenport|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 players [[Justine Henin]] an [[Venus Williams]] tae reach the final at the Tier I [[NASDAQ-100 Open]], whaur she lost tae [[Kim Clijsters]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/01/sports/tennis/01tennis.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fSharapova%2c%20Maria&_r=0|title=Sharapova Rights Her Game vs. Venus Williams|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Sandra Harwitt|date=April 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21225-2005Apr2.html|title=Clijsters's Dream Continues|work=[[The Washington Post]]|author=Amy Shipley|date=April 3, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova made the semifinals o a clay-court tournament for the first time at the [[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]], whaur she lost tae [[Patty Schnyder]]. Sharapova wad hae acome warld No. 1 for the first time haed she won the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4544729.stm|title=Sharapova edges nearer to summit|publisher=BBC|date=May 13, 2005|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova then reached the quarterfinals o the [[2005 French Open|French Open]] for the seicont consecutive year, afore losin tae eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2005/jun/01/tennis.frenchopen2005|title=Henin reduces Sharapova to dust|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|author=Stephen Bierley|date=June 1, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova won her third title o the year when she successfully defended her title at the [[DFS Classic]], defeatin [[Jelena Janković]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4085880.stm|title=Sharapova keeps Birmingham title|publisher=BBC|date=June 12, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> As the defendin champion at [[2005 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], Sharapova reached the semifinals wioot dropping a set an losin a service gemme juist ance, extendin her winnin streak on gress tae 24 matches. Houiver, she wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Venus Williams]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4639341.stm|title=Williams ends Sharapova's defence|publisher=BBC|date=June 30, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haed far fewer pynts tae defend, an sae she became the first Roushie woman tae haud the warld No. 1 ranking on August 22, 2005.<ref name="wtacareer">{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/qa-sharapovas-first-business-aims-for-the-sweet-spot/479274.html|title=Q&A: Sharapova's First Business Aims for the Sweet Spot|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=April 26, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her reign lasted anly ane week, houiver, as Davenport reclaimed the tap ranking efter winnin the [[Pilot Pen Tennis]] tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> As the tap seed at the [[2005 US Open – Weemen's Singles|US Open]], Sharapova lost in the semifinals tae [[Kim Clijsters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4228310.stm|title=Clijsters battles past Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=September 9, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> meanin she haed lost tae the eventual champion in every Grand Slam o the saison. Houiver, she ance again leapfrogged Davenport tae tak the warld No. 1 ranking on September 12, 2005. She retained it for sax weeks, but efter playin few tournaments while injured, she again relinquished the ranking tae Davenport.<ref name="wtacareer"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|title=Davenport regains No. 1 ranking|publisher=NDTV|date=August 27, 2005|accessdate=June 8, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610183939/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/17404-davenport-regains-no-1-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tae conclude the year, Sharapova failed tae defend her title at the year-end [[Sony Ericsson Championships]] in Los Angeles, defeatin Davenport in ane o her roond-robin matches, but ultimately losin in the semifinals tae eventual champion [[Amélie Mauresmo]]. ===2006: US Open champion=== [[File:MariaSharapova (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright|Sharapova celebrating efter winnin the [[2006 US Open (tennis)|2006 US Open]]]] Sharapova stairtit 2006 bi losin in the semifinals o the [[2006 Australian Open|Australian Open]] in three sets tae Henin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2579411|title=Sharapova, Henin-Hardenne advance to Open final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 8, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> an aa losin a rematch several weeks later at the [[Dubai Tennis Championships]], haein defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Martina Hingis]] an warld No. 3 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in earlier roonds o the tournament. Sharapova claimed her first title in nine month at the Tier I tournament in Indian Wells, defeatin Hingis in the semifinals an [[Elena Dementieva]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4818828.stm|title=Sharapova into all-Russian final|publisher=BBC|date=March 18, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|title=Sharapova wins Pacific Life|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=March 19, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211142/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-03-19/sports/0603190381_1_pacific-life-open-title-indian-wells-james-blake|url-status=dead}}</ref> She reached the final in [[2006 NASDAQ-100 Open – Weemen's Singles|Miami]] afore losin tae Kuznetsova.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/apr/02/tennis.richardevans|title=Kuznetsova quiets Sharapova scream on the way to title|publisher=The Guardian|date=April 2, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned for the [[2006 French Open – Weemen's Singles|French Open]]. Thare, efter saving match pynts in defeatin [[Mashona Washington]] in the first roond, she wis eliminated bi [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/sports/tennis/04french-wire.html?_r=0|title= Sharapova Falls at French Open |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 4, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis unsuccessful in her attempt tae win in Birmingham for the third consecutive year, losin in the semifinals tae [[Jamea Jackson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5091134.stm|title= Sharapova suffers surprise defeat |publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Despite that, she wis amang the title favorites at [[2006 Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], whaur the eventual champion Mauresmo ended up beatin her in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sport/content/200607/s1680842.htm|title=Mauresmo survives lapse to reach Wimbledon final|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]|date=July 7, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova claimed her seicont title o the year at the Tier I [[Acura Classic]], defeatin Clijsters for the first time in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2006-08-06-acura-classic_x.htm|title=Sharapova outlasts Clijsters in Acura final|date=August 6, 2006|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> As the third seed at the [[2006 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Sharapova defeatit tap seed Mauresmo for the first time in the semifinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/open/2006-09-08-day-12_x.htm?POESPOISVA|title=Sharapova stops No. 1 Mauresmo, will meet Henin-Hardenne in U.S. Open final|date=September 8, 2006|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> an then followed up bi beatin seicont seed [[Justine Henin]] tae win her seicont Grand Slam singles title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2581102|title=Sharapova drops Henin-Hardenne to win U.S. Open title|date=September 12, 2006|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> That hairst, Sharapova won titles in back-tae-back weeks at the [[Zurich Open]] an the [[Generali Ladies Linz]]. Bi winnin aw three o her roond-robin matches at the [[2006 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|WTA Tour Championships]], she extendit her win streak tae 19 matches, afore it wis snapped in the semifinals bi eventual champion Henin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|title=Henin-Hardenne came up aces|publisher=[[Sun Sentinel]]|date=November 26, 2006|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606204706/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-11-26/sports/0611250235_1_maria-sharapova-justine-henin-hardenne-wta-championships|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova wad hae finished the saison as warld No. 1 haed she won the event. As it wis, she finished ranked warld No. 2, her best year-end finish yet. ===2007: Shoulder injury an faw frae the tap 5=== Sharapova wis the tap seed at the [[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|Australian Open]] due tae tap-rankit [[Justine Henin]]'s withdrawal. Efter bein twa pynts awa frae defeat in the first roond agin [[Camille Pin]], she gaun on tae win till the final o the tournament for the first time, but wis routed thare bi [[Serena Williams]] wha wis rankit warld No. 81 at the time. Efter winnin till the final, Sharapova recaptured the warld No. 1 rankin.<ref name="wtacareer"/> She held it for seiven week, surrenderin it back tae Henin efter failin tae defend her title at the [[Pacific Life Open]], insteid losin in the fowert roond tae [[Vera Zvonareva]] efter strauchlin wi a hamstring injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6326809.stm|title=Leg injury forces Sharapova out|publisher=BBC|date=February 3, 2007|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> The follaein fortnight, she defeatit [[Venus Williams]] in the third roond o the [[Sony Ericsson Open]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|title=Sharapova sets up Venus showdown in rainy Miami|publisher=Reuters|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113408/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/25/us-tennis-miami-idUSL2308180420070325|url-status=dead}}</ref> afore bein beaten again bi Serena Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|title=Serena Williams Defeats Maria Sharapova Today in Key Biscayne|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|author=Verdell A. Wright|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013|archive-date=2014-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729030341/http://voices.yahoo.com/serena-williams-defeats-maria-sharapova-today-key-270447.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shoulder injury forced Sharapova tae miss maist o the clay-court saison for the seicont consecutive year, resultin in her anly tune-up for the [[2007 French Open|French Open]] bein the [[İstanbul Cup]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6689561.stm|title=Sharapova battles to Istanbul win|publisher=BBC|date=May 24, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> whaur she lost in the semifinals tae [[Aravane Reza&iuml;]]. She reached the semifinals o the French Open for the first time in her career, afore losin tae [[Ana Ivanovic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jun/07/tennis.frenchopen2007|title=Ivanovic stuns Sharapova to set up Henin showdown|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 7, 2007|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> On gress, Sharapova wis runner-up tae [[Jelena Janković]] at the [[DFS Classic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/6762093.stm|title=Jankovic seals win over Sharapova|publisher=BBC|date=June 17, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Follaein that, she experienced her earliest Wimbledon loss syne 2003 bi losin in the fowert roond tae eventual champion Venus Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/jul/04/tennis.wimbledon1|title=Henin sends Serena crashing out|publisher=The Guardian|date=July 4, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova clinched the [[US Open Series]] bi defendin her title at the [[Acura Classic]], her anly championship o the year, an reachin the semifinals in Los Angeles.<ref name="wtacareer"/> In her [[2007 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] title defence, Sharapova wis upset in her third-roond match tae 30t seed [[Agnieszka Radwańska]],<ref name="radwanska">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6974187.stm|title=Sharapova loses to teen Radwanska|publisher=BBC|date=September 1, 2007|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> makin it her earliest exit at a Grand Slam singles tournament syne the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|2004 US Open]], whaur she lost in the same roond.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Follaein the US Open loss, Sharapova did nae play again until the [[Kremlin Cup]] in October, whaur she lost her openin match tae [[Victoria Azarenka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7038379.stm|title=Sharapova crashes out in Moscow|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Shortly efter this, she fell oot o the tap 5 in the warld rankings for the first time syne 2004. She qualified for the aicht-woman year-end [[2007 WTA Tour Championships|Sony Ericsson Championships]] acause o a withdrawal bi Venus Williams afore the stairt o the tournament.<ref name="wtacareer"/> Despite haein nae previously won a match in twa month, Sharapova topped her roond-robin group at the tournament, efter winnin aw three o her matches, defeatin [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]], Ana Ivanovic, an [[Daniela Hantuchová]]. She then defeatit [[Anna Chakvetadze]] in the semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/nov/11/tennis.news|title=Sharapova straight in|author=Richard Evans |date=November 11, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she lost tae warld No. 1 Henin in a match that lasted 3 oors an 24 minutes. Sharapova reached the tap five again tae end the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3149968|title=Strong finish for Sharapova; stronger return by Davenport|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Joel Drucker|date=December 13, 2007|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> ===2008: Australian Open champion an seicont shoulder injury=== Sharapova wis seedit fift at the [[2008 Australian Open|Australian Open]], but wis nae considered a favorite. Housomeiver, she defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Lindsay Davenport]] in the seicont roond, an then warld No. 1 Henin in the quarterfinals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7201953.stm|title=Brilliant Sharapova hammers Henin|publisher=BBC|date=January 22, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> endin the latter's 32-match winnin streak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/sports/tennis/24tennis.html?fta=y|title=Sharapova Reaches the Final Again and Hopes for a Better Outcome|work=The New York Times |date=January 24, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> She proceeded tae the finals bi defeatin [[Jelena Janković]] in the semifinals, an defeatit [[Ana Ivanovic]] in the final tae win her third Grand Slam title, haein nae dropped a set all tournament. Efter the Australian Open, Sharapova extendit her winnin streak tae 18 matches. This run encompassed twa wins includin at the Tier I [[2008 Qatar Total Open|Qatar Total Open]]. Her winnin streak wis ended in the semifinals o the [[2008 Pacific Life Open|Pacific Life Open]] bi Kuznetsova. In Aprile, Sharapova won the [[2008 Bausch & Lomb Championships|Bausch & Lomb Championships]], haein survived her langest-ever match, at 3 oors an 26 minutes lang, in the third roond against [[Anabel Medina Garrigues]].<ref name="epicbattle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7341970.stm|title=Sharapova wins epic battle|publisher=BBC|date=April 11, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, at the [[2008 Family Circle Cup|Family Circle Cup]], she lost in the quarterfinals tae [[Serena Williams]], her fowert consecutive loss tae the American.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/othersports/2004359654_digs19.html|title=Tennis: Serena Williams beats Maria Sharapova 4th time in a row|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|date=April 19, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In Mey, Sharapova regained the warld No. 1 ranking acause o Henin's suddent retirement frae professional tennis an request tae the [[Weemen's Tennis Association|WTA]] that her ain ranking be removed immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=tennis&id=3397722|title=Sharapova to take over top ranking from retired Henin|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> As the tap-seedit player at the [[2008 French Open – Weemen's Singles|French Open]] Sharapova wis within twa pynts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french08/news/story?id=3415126|title=Sharapova needs 8–6 win in third set to overcome Rodina|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> o bein knocked oot bi [[Evgeniya Rodina]] in the first roond, afore eventually winnin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215040319/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/8184486/Sharapova-a-long-way-from-Grand-Slam-form|archivedate=2009-02-15|title=Sharapova a long way from Grand Slam form|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result o losin tae eventual finalist [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond (efter serving for the match),<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/sports/tennis/03tennis.html|title=Sharapova Roars, but She Is Silenced by Safina Once Again|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> she relinquished her No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3424588|title=Sharapova to drop from top spot after French Open|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Her dip in form continued at [[Wimbledon 2008|Wimbledon]], whaur she lost in the seicont roond tae warld No. 154 [[Alla Kudryavtseva]]. This wis her earliest loss at Wimbledon, an at ony Grand Slam in awmaist five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3462202|title=Sharapova loss just the start of a chaotic day at Wimbledon|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=August 7, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova withdrew frae the [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] tournament in August follaein a shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/30/rogers-cup-three.html|title=Sharapova withdraws from Rogers Cup|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|date=July 31, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> An [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scan revealed that she haed been sufferin frae a [[rotator cuff tear]] syne Aprile, forcing her oot o aw tournaments for the rest o the saison, includin the [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], the [[2008 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], an the [[2008 WTA Tour Championships|WTA Tour Championships]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/tennis/7536416.stm|title=Sharapova to miss US Open & Games|publisher=BBC|date=August 1, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In spite o that, she still finished the year ranked warld No. 9. In October, efter a failed attempt tae rehabilitate the shoulder, Sharapova haed surgery tae repair the tear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/brennan/2011-06-30-Brennan-maria-sharapova-wimbledon-final_n.htm|title=Sharapova back at last where she belongs|work=[[USA Today]]|author=Christine Brennan|date=June 30, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2009: Shoulder surgery an rehabilitation=== Sharapova did nae attempt tae defend her [[2009 Australian Open|Australian Open]] title, as she continued tae recover frae surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/sharapova-out/2009/01/11/1231608525444.html|title=Sharapova out after shoulder fails to recover|publisher=Fairfax Digital|work=The Age|author=Linda Pearce|date=January 12, 2009|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She returned tae the sport in Mairch, in the doubles tournament at the [[2009 BNP Paribas Open – Weemen's Doubles|BNP Paribas Open]], but she an pairtner [[Elena Vesnina]] lost in the first roond. Efter this, Sharapova withdrew frae further singles tournaments, resultin in her staundin in the warld rankings bein severely affected. She dropped oot o the tap 100 for the first time in sax years in Mey, the nadir bein warld No. 126.<ref name="wtatennis" /> [[File:Maria Sharapova at 2009 Roland Garros, Paris, France.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Sharapova made the quarterfinals o the [[2009 French Open|French Open]], her best Grand Slam performance o 2009]] Playin her first singles tournament in nearly ten month, Sharapova made the quarterfinals o the clay-court [[2009 Warsaw Open – Singles|Warsaw Open]] in Mey, losin tae finalist [[Alona Bondarenko]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4192265|title=Bondarenko wins in straight sets|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=May 21, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> The follaein week, in her first Grand Slam appearance syne her surgery, she reached the quarterfinals o the [[2009 French Open – Weemen's Singles|French Open]], afore her run wis ended bi [[Dominika Cibulková]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/5430320/French-Open-2009-Maria-Sharapova-and-the-curse-of-the-cover-stars.html|title=French Open 2009: Maria Sharapova and the curse of the cover stars |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 2, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> During the summer gress-court saison, Sharapova played in [[2009 Aegon Classic – Singles|Birmingham]], losin in the semifinals tae Li Na.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4256242|title=Sharapova broken six times in loss|date=June 13, 2009|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then played at [[2009 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] as the 24t seed. She wis upset in the seicont roond bi [[Gisela Dulko]] in three sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/5624035/Wimbledon-2009-Maria-Sharapova-suffers-shock-defeat-by-Gisela-Dulko.html|title=Wimbledon 2009: Maria Sharapova suffers shock defeat by Gisela Dulko|last=Hodgkinson|first=Mark|date=June 24, 2009|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova enjoyed considerable success in the summer months, reachin the quarterfinals at the [[2009 Bank o the Wast Classic|Bank o the Wast Classic]], the semifinals at the [[2009 LA Weemen's Tennis Championships|LA Weemen's Tennis Championships]], an finishinrunner-up at the [[2009 Rogers Cup|Rogers Cup]] tae [[Elena Dementieva]]. At the [[2009 US Open (tennis)|2009 US Open]], Sharapova wis seedit 29t. She foond her wey intae the third roond, defeatin [[Tsvetana Pironkova]] an [[Christina McHale]] all in straucht sets. She wis stunned in the third roond bi American teenager [[Melanie Oudin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4448907|title=Oudin's run continues; Safina exits early|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 6, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> It wis the seicont time in Sharapova's career that she lost tae a teenager at a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]], haein lost tae [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] during the same event in 2007. The loss made Sharapova's ranking go doun tae No. 32.<ref name="wtatennis" /> The final stretch o the saison brocht Sharapova her first title o the year in [[2009 Toray Pan Pacific Open|Tokyo]], efter opponent [[Jelena Janković]] retired efter bein doun 2–5 tae Sharapova in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/10/03/tennis.sharapova.jankovic.venus/|title= Sharapova lands Tokyo title as Jankovic quits |publisher=CNN|date=October 3, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Bi virtue o that result, she wis the recipient o a bye at the [[2009 China Open (tennis)|China Open]], but failed tae capitalize on it, losin tae [[Peng Shuai]] in the third roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> She ultimately finished the saison at warld No. 14, haein improved frae No. 126 when she stairtit her comeback frae injury.<ref name="wtatennis" /> ===2010: Comeback an struggles wi form=== Efter playin twa exhibition tournaments in Asia, Sharapova offeecially began her saison at the [[2010 Australian Open|Australian Open]], whaur she wis upset in her first-roond match against [[Maria Kirilenko]]. The loss meant that for the first time syne 2003, Sharapova haed lost her openin match at a Grand Slam event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/australianopen/7016124/Australian-Open-2010-Maria-Sharapova-dumped-out-by-Maria-Kirilenko.html|author=Mark Hodgkinson|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|title=Australian Open 2010: Maria Sharapova dumped out by Maria Kirilenko|date=January 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=London}}</ref> She then rebounded bi winnin a smawer American event, the [[2010 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup|Cellular South Cup]], her 21st career WTA title an first o the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8526723.stm|title=Maria Sharapova beats Sofia Arvidsson in Memphis final|date=January 21, 2010|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> At the [[2010 BNP Paribas Open|BNP Paribas Open]], Sharapova lost in the third roond tae [[Zheng Jie]], aggravating a bruised bane on her right elbow in the process, which resulted in her eventual withdrawal frae the [[2010 Sony Ericsson Open|Sony Ericsson Open]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/tennis/03/18/tennis.sharapova.injury.elbow/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Sharapova suffers fresh setback after elbow injury|date=March 18, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> an the [[2010 Family Circle Cup|Family Circle Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|publisher=United States Tennis Association|title=Serena Williams, Sharapova withdraw from Family Circle Cup|date=April 9, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2010-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413075534/http://www.usta.com/Global/Pro_Tennis/Pro_Tennis/Wire/2010/04/09/Serena_Williams_Sharapova_withdraw_from_Family_Circle_Cup.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Returning at the [[2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], Sharapova lost in the first roond tae [[Lucie Šafářová]]. She continued her French Open preparation at the [[2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg|Internationaux de Strasbourg]] as a wildcard, advancing tae the final, whaur she beat [[Kristina Barrois]]. This wis her first title on reid clay an 22nt oweraw title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|work=The China Post|location=Taiwan (ROC)|title=Sharapova wins second 2010 title at Strasbourg|date=May 24, 2010|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925202148/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/tennis/2010/05/24/257792/Sharapova-wins.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2010 French Open|French Open]], Sharapova's brief clay saison culminatit wi a third-roond loss tae fower-time champion [[Justine Henin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/frenchopen/7785938/French-Open-2010-Justine-Henin-defeats-Maria-Sharapova.html|title=French Open 2010: Justine Henin defeats Maria Sharapova|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=May 30, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova began her preparations for Wimbledon at the [[2010 Aegon Classic|Aegon Classic]]. She advanced tae the final for the fowert time, whaur she lost tae [[Li Na]]. As the 16t seed at [[2010 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], Sharapova lost in the fowert roond tae warld No. 1 an eventual champion [[Serena Williams]], despite haein three set pynts in the openin set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0,25174,18898_6236218,00.html|title=Sharapova tests Serena|work=Sky Sports|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2010-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701033332/http://www.skysports.com/tennis/tournaments/story/0%2C25174%2C18898_6236218%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The match wis seen as anither encouraging performance for Sharapova, wi some statin thair belief that she wis approachin the form that wad see her contending for Grand Slams ance mair,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|title=Serena forced into top gear to tame Sharapova|author=Chris McGrath|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=June 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182144/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serena-forced-into-top-gear-to-tame-sharapova-2013078.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Sharapova hersel statin that she felt that she wis "in a much better spot than I was last year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://straightsets.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/serena-williams-avoids-flashback-beats-sharapova/|title=Serena Williams Avoids Flashback, Beats Sharapova|author=John Martin|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2010}}</ref> During the [[US Open Series]], Sharapova made twa straucht finals, losin tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] at the [[2010 Bank o the Wast Classic – Singles|Bank o the Wast Classic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-08-01-bank-of-the-west-classic_N.htm|title=Azarenka rolls past Sharapova to win Bank o the Wast title|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=February 8, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> an tae [[Kim Clijsters]] at the [[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Weemen's Open – Singles|Western & Southern Financial Group Weemen's Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|title=Clijsters Storms Back to Win 2010 Women's Open|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224182310/http://www.cincytennis.com/clijsters_wins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the latter match, Sharapova held three match pynts while leadin 5–3 on Clijsters's serve late in the seicont set, but coud nae convert them. At the [[2010 US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]], Sharapova wis the 14t seed. She made it tae the fowert roond, whaur she played tap seed an 2009 finalist [[Caroline Wozniacki]] an lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen10/news/story?id=5539423|title=Maria Sharapova loses in 4th round|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 7, 2010|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova's last twa tournaments o the saison ended in disappointment. She played in the [[2010 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Singles|Toray Pan Pacific Open]] in Tokyo, whaur she wis upset in the first roond bi 39-year-auld [[Kimiko Date-Krumm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2010-09-27-pan-pacific-open_N.htm|title=Japan's Date Krumm ousts Sharapova at Pan Pacific Open|work=USA Today|date=September 29, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Her last tournament o the year wis the [[2010 Cheenae Open – Weemen's Singles|China Open]], whaur she lost in the seicont roond tae fellae Roushie [[Elena Vesnina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/07/maria-sharapova-china-open-shuai|title=Tired Maria Sharapova knocked out of China Open by Peng Shuai|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She ended the year at number 18 in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/photos/article/2213795/title/2010-year-end-top-20|title=2010: Year-End Top 20|publisher=WTA|date=November 10, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ===2011: Return tae the tap 10=== It wis annoonced that Sharapova wad bring in [[Thomas Högstedt]] as a coach for the 2011 saison, joining [[Michael Joyce (tennis)|Michael Joyce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|title=Sharapova hires Hogstedt to co-coach with Joyce|author=Matthew Cronin|publisher=TENNIS.com|date=December 4, 2010|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2010/12/sharapova-hires-hogstedt-to-co-coach-with-joyce/26210/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 5, Sharapova won an exhibition match against warld No. 2 [[Vera Zvonareva]] in Monterrey, Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.wtatennis.com/page/OffCourtNews/Read/0,,12781~2239156,00.html|title=Maria & Vera In Monterrey|publisher=WTA|date=December 7, 2010|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615221220/http://origin-www.wtatennis.com/page/OffCourtNews/Read/0,,12781~2239156,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Sharapova's first offeecial Australian Open warm-up tournament at the [[2011 ASB Classic – Singles|2011 ASB Classic]] in Auckland, New Zealand, she wis seedit first. She lost tae the Hungarian veteran an eventual champion [[Gréta Arn]] in the quarterfinals. Efter the ASB Classic, Sharapova decidit tae split up wi Joyce, endin a successfu cooperation that haes brocht her twa Grand Slam victories an the Warld No. 1 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|title=Sharapova's long-time coach leaves job|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=January 16, 2011|accessdate=October 23, 2014|archive-date=2014-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023230658/http://en.ria.ru/sports/20110116/162167367.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova participated in the first Grand Slam o the saison at the [[2011 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|Australian Open]], whaur she wis the 14t seed, but lost tae [[Andrea Petkovic]] in the fowert roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|title=Russia's Sharapova loses out to Germany's Petkovic in Australian Open|author=Anton Denisov|date=January 23, 2011|accessdate=July 5, 2011|archive-date=2011-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327084430/http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110123/162258814.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She an aa haed tae pull oot o the [[2011 Dubai Tennis Championships]] an [[2011 Qatar Ladies Open]] acause o an lug infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/blog/_/name/espntennis/month/february-2011|title=Work to do for Roddick and the Americans|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Ravi Ubha|date=February 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova returned tae the tour in Mairch bi takin pairt in the [[2011 BNP Paribas Open]], whaur she wis seedit 16t. She defeatit umwhile warld No. 1 [[Dinara Safina]], in the fowert roond en route tae the semifinal, whaur she lost tae warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/wozniacki-wins-bnp-paribaas-open_n_838169.html|title= Wozniacki Wins BNP Paribas Open, Beats Marion Bartoli In Finals |work=[[The Huffington Post]]|author=Beth Harris|date=March 20, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> At the [[2011 Sony Ericsson Open]] in Key Biscayne, Sharapova defeatit 26t seed [[Alexandra Dulgheru]] in the quarterfinals, in a match lasting 3 oors an 28 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|title=Russia's Sharapova moves into semis at Miami tennis tournament|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=March 30, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2012-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329023553/http://www.en.rian.ru/sports/20110330/163283242.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals, Sharapova teuk her [[2011 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|Australian Open]] reprisal on Germany's [[Andrea Petkovic]] bi defeatin her. In the final, she wis defeatit bi [[Victoria Azarenka]], despite a late comeback in the seicont set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7513049/2012-australian-open-victoria-azarenka-routs-maria-sharapova-win-title|title=Victoria Azarenka routs Sharapova|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 29, 2011|accessdate=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Wi this result, Sharapova returned tae the tap 10 for the first time syne Februar 2009.<ref name="wtatennis"/> During the clay-court saison, Sharapova participated in [[2011 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], whaur she lost tae [[Dominika Cibulková]] in the third roond, an the [[2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]], whaur she wis seedit seivent. She defeatit tap seed Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinals an saxt seed Samantha Stosur in the final tae tak home the title, merking her biggest clay-court victory tae date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2360583/title/sharapovas-greatest-clay-court-triumph|title=Sharapova's Greatest Clay Court Triumph|publisher=WTA|date=May 15, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the [[2011 French Open]], Sharapova wis seedit seivent. She defeatit French wildcard [[Caroline Garcia]] in the seicont roond, despite trailing 3–6, 1–4, afore winnin the last 11 gemmes o the match. In the quarterfinals, she defeatit 15t seed [[Andrea Petkovic]], merking her first Grand Slam semifinal syne her comeback frae the career-threatening shoulder injury. She then lost tae saxt seed an eventual champion [[Li Na]], in the semifinals, endin her clay saison wi a win-loss record o 12–2.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322014754/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|archivedate=2012-03-22|url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/news/articles/2011-06-02/201106021307029251097.html|title=Li sweeps Sharapova aside for tilt at title|author=Louisa Baker|date=June 2, 2011|accessdate=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[2011 Wimbledon Championships]], Sharapova haed nae dropped a set entering the final, afore losin tae aicht seed [[Petra Kvitová]] in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/14002512|title=Wimbledon 2011: Petra Kvitova beats Maria Sharapova to title|publisher=BBC|author=Piers Newbery|date=July 2, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> This merked her first final in ower three years at a Grand Slam event. Sharapova stairtit her summer haurd-court saison at the [[2011 Bank o the Wast Classic]] in [[Stanford, Californie]]. In a heichly anticipatit match, Sharapova lost tae the eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2405569/title/serena-shines-in-qfs-lisicki-awaits-in-sfs|title=Serena Shines In QFs, Lisicki Awaits In SFs|publisher=WTA|date=July 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In her next event at the [[2011 Rogers Cup – Weemen's Singles|2011 Rogers Cup]] in Toronto, Canadae, Sharapova lost tae [[Galina Voskoboeva]] in the third roond, merking her 100th career loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2417634/title/stosur-dismisses-li-tough-day-for-faves|title=Stosur Dismisses Li, Tough Day For Faves|publisher=WTA|date=August 11, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Maria Sharapova 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the [[2011 Western & Southern Open|Western & Southern Open]], August 2011]] Sharapova then contested the [[2011 Western & Southern Open – Weemen's Singles|2011 Western & Southern Open]] in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio. As the fowert seed, she received a bye intae the seicont roond. On the wey tae her fowert final o the year, she beat [[Anastasia Rodionova]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2422838/title/bartoli-back-on-track-serena-edges-hradecka|title=Bartoli Back On Track, Serena Edges Hradecka |publisher=WTA|date=August 16, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> 14t seed [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2425089/title/hantuchova-gets-past-bartoli-zvonareva-next|title=Hantuchova Gets Past Bartoli, Zvonareva Next|publisher=WTA|date=August 18, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tenth seed Samantha Stosur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2426294/title/zvonareva-sharapova-to-clash-in-semifinals|title=Zvonareva & Sharapova to clash in semifinals|publisher=WTA|date=August 19, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an 2nt seed Vera Zvonareva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2427204/title/former-world-no1s-to-collide-in-cincinnati|title=Former world No. 1s to Collide in Cincinnati|publisher=WTA|date=August 20, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the final, she defeatit fellae umwhile warld No. 1 [[Jelena Janković]], in 2 oors an 49 minutes, makin it the langest WTA tour final o the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110821/SPT/308210027/Sharapova-wins-women-s-title?odyssey|title=Sharapova wins women's title|publisher=Cincinnati.com|author=Shannon Russell|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She subsequently moved up tae warld No. 4, her heichest ranking syne August 2008 an the heichest syne her comeback frae her shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/2428859/title/ranking-watch-maria-moves-up-to-no4|title=Ranking Watch: Maria Moves Up To No. 4|publisher=WTA|date=August 22, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova entered the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], whaur she wis seedit third. She beat [[Heather Watson]], an [[Anastasiya Yakimova]], tae reach the third roond. She wis then upset bi [[Flavia Pennetta]]. Houiver, acause o the faw o [[Kim Clijsters]] an Vera Zvonareva in the rankings, Sharapova climbed tae warld No. 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|title=Maria Sharapova Shocked Out of US Open, More From New York|publisher=Tennisnow|date=September 2, 2011|accessdate=September 2, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706213624/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Maria-Sharapova-Shocked-Out-of-US-Open,-More-From-.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the [[2011 Toray Pan Pacific Open]] in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|title=Sharapova limps out of Pan Pacific Open|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun Company|author=Rob Smaal|date=September 30, 2011|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221231212/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sports/topics/AJ2011093012822|url-status=dead}}</ref> As seicont seed, she received a bye intae the seicont roond, whaur she beat [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]]. She then beat 13t seed [[Julia Görges]], afore retiring against Petra Kvitová in the quarterfinal, 3–4, efter slipping on the baseline, sufferin an ankle injury. This an aa forced her tae withdraw frae the [[2011 China Open (tennis)|2011 China Open]] the follaein week. Sharapova then flew tae Istanbul tae prepare for the [[2011 WTA Tour Championships]], her first time qualifying syne 2007. During the WTA Tour Championships, Sharapova withdrew during the roond-robin stage efter defeats against Samantha Stosur an [[Li Na]], as a result o the ankle injury she haed suffered in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/sports/20110929/167244910.html|title=Ankle injury forces Sharapova to retire in Tokyo QF against Kvitova|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=September 29, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sharapova ended the year as No. 4 in the warld, her first tap-10 finish syne 2008 an first tap-5 finish syne 2007. ===2012: Career Grand Slam, return tae world No. 1 an Olympic siller medal=== Sharapova withdrew frae the [[2012 Brisbane International]] acause o her ongangin ankle injury.<ref>{{cite web|last=Musall|first=Jeff|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|title=Maria Sharapova Withdraws from Brisbane, Still on for Australian Open: Fan Reaction – Tennis – Yahoo! Sports|publisher=Sports.yahoo.com|date=April 20, 2011|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HXaiB2Dt?url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ycn-10746909|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her first tournament o the saison wis the [[2012 Australian Open]], whaur she wis seedit fowert. Sharapova advanced tae the final roond conceding five gemmes, defeatin [[Gisela Dulko]], [[Jamie Hampton]], an 30t seed [[Angelique Kerber]], compatriot [[Ekaterina Makarova]] an warld No. 2 [[Petra Kvitová]]. She lost tae [[Victoria Azarenka]] in twa sets. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 3. She then played in the [[2012 Open GDF Suez|Paris]], whaur she lost in the quarterfinals tae eventual champion Angelique Kerber. As a result her ranking improved tae warld No. 2. [[File:Flickr - Carine06 - Maria Sharapova (1).jpg|thumb|left|Sharapova at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Julie 2012]] At the [[2012 BNP Paribas Open – Weemen's Singles|Indian Wells]], efter battling for ower three oors, Sharapova defeatit compatriot [[Maria Kirilenko]] tae set up a semifinal meetin wi [[Ana Ivanovic]]. Sharapova advanced tae the final efter Ivanovic retired due tae a hip injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jkWBQLZ15wdEi6m7Hpp14Jg8J8mg?docId=CNG.697f089e0b767f4cfb209463a0122c94.61|title=Ivanovic sweats on extent of hip injury|publisher=[[Google]]|author=Greg Heakes|date=May 17, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615221223/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jkWBQLZ15wdEi6m7Hpp14Jg8J8mg?docId=CNG.697f089e0b767f4cfb209463a0122c94.61|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the final, she played warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in a rematch o the Australian Open final, but lost again in straucht sets. Sharapova's next tournament wis the [[2012 Sony Ericsson Open]], whaur she wis seedit 2nt an received a bye. In the final, Sharapova lost in straucht sets tae 5t seedit [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]. This wis her third loss o the year in finals oot o fower tournaments played sae far. In the [[2012 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles|Porsche Tennis Grand Prix]] in Stuttgart, Sharapova wis seedit seicont. She haed a bye in the first roond, an advanced tae the third roond efter [[Alizé Cornet]] retired in the seicont set. She won her first title o the year in Stuttgart efter defeatin warld number ane Victoria Azarenka. In daein sae, Sharapova defeatit three current Grand Slam title holders tae win the tournament. Sharapova then played on the [[2012 Mutua Madrid Open]], a premier mandatory event. In the third roond, Sharapova's opponent [[Lucie Šafářová]] wis unable tae compete an withdrew frae the tournament, earnin Sharapova a walkover intae the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|title=Sharapova, Serena reach Madrid Open quarters|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=May 10, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103236/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/05/10/sharapova-serena-reach-madrid-open-quarters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis then beaten bi eventual champion [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets. As the defendin champion an seicont seed at the [[2012 Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Italian Open]], Sharapova haed a bye in the first roond. In the semifinals, Sharapova defeatit Angelique Kerber tae advance tae the final for the seicont year in a row. In the final, Sharapova saved match pynt for a 2-oor 52 minute win ower [[Li Na]] for her 26t career title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18138072|title=Maria Sharapova |publisher=BBC|date=May 20, 2013|accessdate=May 21, 2012}}</ref> This merked the fowert time Sharapova haed successfully defended a title. Sharapova wis seedit seicont at the [[2012 French Open|French Open]], whaur she defeatit [[Alexandra Cadanțu]], [[Petra Kvitová]] on her wey tae the finals, allouin her tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking. In the final, she defeatit [[Sara Errani]] for her first French Open title. Sharapova became anly the tenth woman tae complete a Career Grand Slam wi the French Open victory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|title=Sharapova savours her 'sweetest triumph' as reward for comeback|date=June 11, 2012|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=June 11, 2012|archive-date=2012-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615110556/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/sharapova-savours-her-sweetest-triumph-as-reward-for-comeback-7834856.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the tournament, Sharapova wis an aa asked bi the [[Roushie Olympic Committee]] tae [[Leet o banner bearers for Roushie at the Olympics|cairy the Roushie banner]] in the [[2012 Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]], makin her the first female banner bearer for Roushie in Olympic history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/blog/eye-on-olympics/19352136/maria-sharapova-to-carry-russian-flag-in-opening-ceremony|title=Maria Sharapova to carry Russian flag in opening ceremony|publisher=CBS Sports|author=Reid Cherner|date=June 14, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then extendit her win streak tae 15 matches when she competit in the [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles#Section 1|Wimbledon Championships]] as the tap seed thare for the first time in her career. Houiver, she wis upset in the fowert roond bi 15t-seedit [[Sabine Lisicki]], whom she beat in last year's semifinals. As a result, she lost her No. 1 ranking tae Victoria Azarenka. She played in the [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympic Gemmes]] in Lunnon, her first Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/tennis/story/_/id/8229534/2012-london-olympics-serena-williams-maria-sharapova-play-gold-medal|title=Serena, Maria Sharapova in final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=August 3, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the quarterfinals, Sharapova defeatit fellae umwhile No. 1 [[Kim Clijsters]] tae advance tae the semifinals, whaur she faced her compatriot, [[Maria Kirilenko]]. Sharapova defeatit Kirilenko tae reach the Olympic final, whaur she lost tae Serena Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/tennis/9452056/London-2012-Olympics-Serena-Williams-storms-to-gold-medal-as-she-thrashes-Maria-Sharapova-in-womens-final.html|title=London 2012 Olympics: Serena Williams storms to gold medal as she thrashes Maria Sharapova in women's final |accessdate=August 4, 2012}}</ref> merking her worst defeat bi the American. Wi this performance, Sharapova owerteuk Agnieszka Radwańska as warld No. 2. Sharapova wis seedit third at the [[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|US Open]], but haed no haurd-court tune-ups efter the Olympics due tae a painch virus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/27/sports/la-sp-sn-sharapova-not-pregnant-20120827|title=Maria Sharapova isn't pregnant, denies Istanbul wedding rumor|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Diane Pucin|date=August 27, 2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In the fowert roond, [[Nadia Petrova]] teuk it tae a third set an wis winnin tilt a rain delay. Efter the delay, Sharapova came back an bure the gree. In the quarterfinals, she faced [[Marion Bartoli]], wha wis 4–0 up afore a rain delay, whilk delayed the match a hale day. Sharapova then came back frae a set doun tae win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|title=Maria Sharapova reigns after rain|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Jane McManus|date=September 6, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2012-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907134135/http://espn.go.com/espnw/more-sports/8342222/2012-us-open-maria-sharapova-once-again-reigns-rain|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifinals Sharapova lost tae warld No. 1 Victoria Azarenka. Sharapova's next tournament wis the [[2012 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Singles|Toray Pan Pacific Open]] in Tokyo. She made it tae the quarterfinals, losin tae [[Samantha Stosur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|title=Sharapova and Azarenka out in Tokyo|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=September 27, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224184335/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/172129.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2012 Cheenae Open – Weemen's Singles|China Open]] she wis seedit seicont. In the finals she wis again defeatit bi Azarenka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|title=Azarenka overwhelms Sharapova to win China Open|publisher=China Central Television|date=October 8, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104184818/http://english.cntv.cn/program/sportsscene/20121008/104625.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova's next tournament wis the [[2012 WTA Tour Championships|year-end championships]] in Istanbul, whaur she wis seedit [[2012 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|seicont]]. She defeatit [[Sara Errani]], [[Agnieszka Radwańska]], an [[Samantha Stosur]] in the roond-robin matches. In the semifinals, Sharapova beat Azarenka, bringin thair head-tae-head meetins tae 7–5 in Azarenka's favour. Awtho Sharapova made it tae the final, Azarenka clinched the year-end No. 1 rankin wi her twa roond-robin wins. She losst tae Serena Williams for the 13t consecutive time in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|title=Scores|publisher=WTA|accessdate=June 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810072751/http://www.wtachampionships.com/page/Scores/0,,12910,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2013: Third shoulder injury=== Sharapova's first scheduled toornament o the [[2013 WTA Tour|2013 saison]] wis the [[2013 Brisbane International|Brisbane International]], whaur she wis seedit seicont. Housomiver, she withdrew frae the tournament afore it began, citin a collarbone injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8798746/maria-sharapova-withdraws-brisbane-international-due-collarbone-pain|title=Maria Sharapova skips Brisbane|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 1, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref> She stairtit her saison at the [[2013 Australian Open|Australian Open]] seedit seicont. She defeatit [[Olga Puchkova]] an [[Misaki Doi]] in the first twa roonds wioot losin a gemme in aither match, the first time a player haes won in back-tae-back [[double bagel]]s at a Grand Slam tournament syne the [[1985 Australian Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3042968/title/once-in-a-lifetime-for-sharapova|title=Once In A Lifetime For Sharapova|publisher=WTA|date=January 16, 2013|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova then defeatit [[Venus Williams]], [[Kirsten Flipkens]], an [[Ekaterina Makarova]], whaur in losin anly nine gemmes she broke [[Monica Seles]]' record o fewest gemmes dropped heidin intae a Grand Slam semifinal.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21133423 Maria Sharapova and Li Na reach Australian Open semi-finals], BBC Sport, Retrieved 22 January 2013</ref> She lost tae [[Li Na]] in the semifinals. [[File:Maria Sharapova - Roland-Garros 2013 - 002.jpg|thumb|right|Sharapova at the French Open, Mey 2013]] She reached the semifinals at the [[Qatar Total Open]], losin tae [[Serena Williams]] for the 10t straucht time in her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/436019/20130216/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-wta-qatar-victoria.htm|title= Qatar Total Open: Williams Blasts Sharapova as New World Number One Rolls into Doha Final |publisher=International Business Times|author=Martin Baccardax|date=February 16, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Her next tournament wis [[BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]], whaur she wis seedit seicont. She received a bye intae the seicont roond an successfully reached the final wioot dropping a set, whaur she faced 2011 Indian wells champion an umwhile warld No. 1 [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Efter an oor an twenty-ane minutes, Sharapova won the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/9062961/maria-sharapova-wins-indian-wells-title-caroline-wozniacki|title=Maria Sharapova wins Indian Wells|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=Martin Baccardax|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> This wis Maria's 28t career title an seicont at Indian Wells. Her win an aa made her the No. 2 player in the warld behind [[Serena Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2013/03/17/sharapova-wins-indian-wells-bnp-wozniacki/|title=Maria Sharapova dominates Caroline Wozniacki for second Indian Wells title|publisher=SI.com|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|title=Sharapova aims for coast-to-coast double|publisher=Ubisporting|date=March 23, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213820/http://www.ubitennis.com/english/sport/tennis/2013/03/21/862125-sharapova_aims_coast_coast_double.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|title=Sharapova sails past Wozniacki in Indian Wells final|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=March 17, 2013|accessdate=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326045302/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/03/17/sharapova-sails-past-wozniacki-in-indian-wells-final/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maria then competit at the [[2013 Sony Open Tennis|Sony Open]]. Ance again she reached the final wioot dropping a set an faced warld No. 1 [[Serena Williams]]. Maria stairtit the match strang, winnin the first set. Houiver, Serena won the seicont an dominated the third set. This wis Maria's 11t consecutive loss against Serena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/12/serena-williams-maria-sharapova-madrid-final_n_3262472.html|title= Serena Williams Beats Maria Sharapova To Win Madrid Open 2013, Retain No. 1 Ranking |author=Joseph Wilson|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1636598-serena-williams-vs-maria-sharapova-world-no-1-will-dominate-madrid-open-final|title=Serena Williams vs. Maria Sharapova: World No. 1 Will Dominate Madrid Open Final|publisher=Bleacher Report|author=Patrick Clarke|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played at the indoor clay event in Stuttgart, whaur she wis the defendin champion. Maria wis tap seed an haed a bye in the first roond. Her first three matches war lang three-setters: she first beat warld No. 25 [[Lucie Šafářová]], dropping the seicont set on a tiebreak, then [[Ana Ivanovic]], then in the semifinals she won against third seed [[Angelique Kerber]]. In the final, in what wis her ninth victory against the Cheenese oot o 14 matches, she beat seicont seed warld No. 5 [[Li Na]] in straucht sets tae win her 29t career title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova beats Li Na to retain Stuttgart title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22331232|accessdate=April 28, 2013}}</ref> A week later, she competit at the [[2013 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid Open]], reachin the final, again wioot dropping a set. She faced [[Serena Williams]] for the 15t time, losin for the 12t consecutive time in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/05/12/Serena-Williams-repeats-as-Madrid-Open-champion/UPI-57451368363562/|title=Serena Williams repeats as Madrid Open champion|publisher= United Press International|date=May 12, 2013|accessdate=June 2, 2013}}</ref> Next, she played in Roum, whaur she wis seedit seicont an haed a bye in the first roond. She beat 16t seed [[Sloane Stephens]] in straucht sets (wi the loss o juist three gemmes) in the third roond, but then did nae play her quarterfinal match against seivent seed [[Sara Errani]] an retired frae the tournament due tae a viral illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/17/sport/tennis/djokovic-nadal-tennis-sharapova|title=Djokovic loses at Rome Masters, hurting French Open preparations|publisher=CNN|date=May 18, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|title=Serena, Azarenka reach semis; Sharapova pulls out in Rome|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=May 17, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2013|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407103228/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2013/05/17/serena-azarenka-reach-semis-sharapova-pulls-out-in-rome/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2013 French Open]], Sharapova reached the final again, beatin Azarenka in three sets in the semifinals, but thare she lost in straucht sets tae [[Serena Williams]]. At [[2013 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] she wis comprehensively beaten in the seicont roond bi qualifier [[Michelle Larcher de Brito]]. Sharapova then returned tae the tour at the [[2013 Western & Southern Open]], whaur she lost her openin match tae Sloane Stephens in three sets. A week later Sharapova withdrew frae the U.S. Open citing a shoulder injury, which prematurely ended her saison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova withdraws from the U.S. Open|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/08/21/maria-sharapova-withdraws-us-open/2683231/|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> ===2014: Comeback and second French Open title=== {{main|2014 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova haed nae played syne August 2013 due tae a recurring shoulder injury an made her comeback at the [[2014 Brisbane International]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova to make tennis comeback at Brisbane International|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|publisher=News.com.au|accessdate=14 November 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/sport/tennis/maria-sharapova-to-make-tennis-comeback-at-brisbane-international/story-fndkzym4-1226759913966|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova advanced tae the semi-finals whaur she wis beaten in straucht sets bi [[Serena Williams]]. At the [[2014 Australian Open]] Sharapova, ranked 3rd, wis knocked oot o the tournament in the 4t roond bi the 20t seed, an eventual finalist, [[Dominika Cibulkova]]. Sharapova lost the match in 3 sets. Sharapova then participated in [[2014 Open GDF Suez – Singles|GDF Suez]] whaur she wis upset in the semifinals tae fellae Roushie an eventual tournament winner [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] in three sets. In Mairch, playin in the [[2014 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells Masters]], she wis beaten bi 22-year-auld Italian [[Camila Giorgi]] in the third roond, in three sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.si.com/2014/03/10/maria-sharapova-camila-giorgi-indian-wells/ |title=Maria Sharapova ousted by Camila Giorgi in third round at Indian Wells &#124; Beyond The Baseline |publisher=Tennis.si.com |date= |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> Therefore, due tae the WTA ranking seestem, this wad mean anither drop in ranking, bringin her tae warld No. 7. In Aprile, she won [[Weemen's Stuttgart Open|Stuttgart Open]], her first title o the year an 30t o her career bi defeatin [[Ana Ivanovic]] in three sets. Stuttgart is the anly tournament Sharapova haes won three times. In Mey, Maria won the [[2014 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid Open]], her seicont title o the year an first in [[Madrid]], defeatin [[Simona Halep]] in three sets. Wi nine clay titles, she joins Venus Williams as the third maist successfu active player on the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sharapova-wins-Madrid-Open-title/articleshow/34985579.cms|title=Sharapova wins Madrid Open title|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=May 11, 2014}}</ref> Sharapova then competit in the [[Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]] in Roum, whaur she made the third roond. She lost tae [[Ana Ivanovic]] in straucht sets. Sharapova wis seedit 7t at 2014 French Open an defeatit Ksenia Pervak, Tsvetana Pironkova, an Paula Ormaechea in the first 3 roonds, all in straucht sets. In the fowert roond she defeatit Samantha Stosur, reeling off nine straucht gemmes frae a set an 3–4 doun. This merked her 14t win in 16 meetins wi the Australian. In the quarters, she defeatit [[Garbine Muguruza]], again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach the semifinals at the French for the fowert consecutive year. In the semi-finals, she defeatit [[Eugenie Bouchard]], ance again coming back frae a set doun, tae reach her third consecutive [[French Open]] final. In the final, she defeatit [[Simona Halep]] in three sets tae win her seicont French Open title an fift oweraw Major title. This wis the first time syne 2001 whaur a third set wis contested in the final. The match teuk juist ower three oors, an haes been describit as ane o the best weemen's finals in recent years. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Meyers|first1=Nalia-Jean|title=Maria Sharapova Wins French Open|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/sports/tennis/maria-sharapova-wins-french-open.html?_r=0|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref> The [[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2014 Wimbledon Championships]] will be her next tournament as Sharapova chose nae tae play a warm-up event afore the third Grand Slam o the saison gets underway.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2654515/Maria-Sharapova-hops-London-Underground-seeing-boyfriend-Grigor-Dimitrov-beat-James-Ward-Queens-Club.html#ixzz34HRs4TtE Maria Sharapova hops on the London Underground] Dailymail. 10-06-2014. Retrieved 11-06-2014.</ref> At the [[2014 Wimbledon Championships]], Sharapova reached the fowert roond, whaur she lost tae German [[Angelique Kerber]], the ninth seed, in three sets. Sharapova then played the [[2014 Rogers Cup]] in [[Montreal]] whaur she wis the 4t seed. She received a first roond bye an faced [[Garbine Muguruza]] in her opener, she won in 3 sets. In the follaein roond she lost in 3 sets tae Muguruza's compatriot, [[Carla Suarez Navarro]]. At the [[2014 Western & Southern Open]], Sharapova wis seedit 5t an defeatit [[Madison Keys]] efter haein a first roond bye. She then went on tae defeat Pavlyuchenkova an newly crowned warld no.2 [[Simona Halep]] tae reach the last fower. She faced Ivanovic again but lost in a roller coaster three-setter despite haein twa match pynts. Sharapova then travelled tae New York for the [[2014 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] whaur she wis the 5t seed. She defeatit compatriot [[Maria Kirilenko]] an Romanian [[Alexandra Dulgheru]] afore overcoming 26t seedit German [[Sabine Lisicki]] in roond 3 tae set up a clash wi [[Caroline Wozniacki]] in the roond o 16. Sharapova lost tae the Dane in 3 sets. Sharapova next played the inaugural 2014 Wuhan open whaur she wis seedit 4t. Efter receiving a first roond bye she defeatit compatriot Svetlana Kuznetsova in 3 sets an next faced [[Timea Bacsinszky]]. Awtho Sharapova won thair 2 previous encounters she wis stunned bi Timea in 2 tight sets sicweys endin her campaign at the premier 5 tournament. The follaein week Sharapova played the China Open in Beijing a Premier Mandatory-level tournament. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova defeatit warld No. 9 Ana Ivanovic in the semis. In the final Sharapova met reigning Wimbledon champion an warld No. 3 Petra Kvitova. Sharapova won the match in 2 oors 30 minutes, defeatin the Czech in three sets. Bi virtue o the win, Sharapova's ranking rose frae No. 4 tae No. 2 in the warld an she secured hersel the seicont seeding for the WTA year end Championship. An aa, Sharapova closed in on the year end number ane ranking spot, bein juist 467 pynts behind Williams. Maria wis ranked No. 2 heidin intae the WTA Tour Championships, wi a chance o owertakin [[Serena Williams]] as warld No. 1. She wis drawn in the white group, wi [[Petra Kvitova]], [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] an [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Her first match wis a three set loss tae Wozniacki. Maria an aa lost her 2nt roond robin match tae Kvitova in straucht sets; her first loss tae Petra syne 2011. Maria still haed a chance o makin the Semis, houiver she needed tae beat Radwanska in twa sets, an Wozniacki needed tae beat Petra in straucht sets as well. She ended her year wi a win against Radwanska in three sets, finishin3rd oweraw in the White group. She ended the year as warld No. 2, behind [[Serena Williams]]. ===2015: Fourth Australian Open final=== {{main|2015 Maria Sharapova tennis season}} Sharapova kicked off her 2015 saison at the Brisbane International whaur she wis tap seed an received a bye in the first roond. Sharapova defeatit Yaroslava Shvedova an Carla Suarez Navarro. In the semi finals Sharapova faced Elina Svitolina, beatin her in straucht sets. Reachin the final wioot dropping a set, Sharapova played an intense match against seicont seed Ana Ivanovic but came throu in three sets. This wis Sharapova's 10t win ower Ivanovic an bi winnin her 34th title, it meant that Sharapova haes won at least ane title every year for 13 consecutive years. An aa, it wis juist her seicont title in Australie sae far, an for baith she beat Ivanovic. Sharapova's next tournament wis the 2015 Australian Open, whaur she beat [[Petra Martić]] an fellae countrywoman [[Alexandra Panova]] (despite haein twa match pynts against her) in the first twa roonds, afore beatin [[Zarina Diyas]] an [[Peng Shuai]] in straucht sets. Thare, she beat seivent-seedit [[Eugenie Bouchard]] an fellae Roushie [[Ekaterina Makarova]] in straucht sets tae mak her fowert Australian Open final, whaur she lost tae [[Serena Williams]] in straucht sets, worsening her record against her tae 2–17. In Februar, follaein her participation in the [[2015 Fed Cup|Fed Cup]], Sharapova played in [[2015 Abierto Mexicano Telcel|Acapulco]], whaur she beat [[Shelby Rogers]], [[Mariana Duque Mariño]] an [[Magdaléna Rybáriková]] tae advance the semifinals. Sharapova later withdrew frae her match against [[Caroline Garcia]], citing a painch virus. Next, in [[2015 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]], she beat [[Yanina Wickmayer]] an [[Victoria Azarenka]] in straucht sets, afore losin tae defendin champion [[Flavia Pennetta]] in the fowert roond in three sets. Efter receiving a bye in the first roond o the [[2015 Miami Open|Miami Open]], Sharapova lost in the seicont roond tae fellae Roushie [[Daria Gavrilova]] in straucht sets, merking her earliest exit frae the tournament syne her first appearance in Miami in 2003. Sharapova began her clay saison in [[2015 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|Stuttgart]] whaur she wis the three time defendin champion. Efter receiving a first roond bye, she lost in the seicont roond tae [[Angelique Kerber]] in three sets, snapping Sharapova's win streak at the tournament an merking her first ever loss at the tournament haein won it three times in a row ([[2012 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|2012]], [[2013 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|2013]], & [[2014 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|2014]]). The loss an aa snapped a 64 match win streak on clay whaur Sharapova won the first set an went on tae win the match. The last time Sharapova lost a match on clay efter winnin the first set wis against [[Dinara Safina]] in the fowert roond at the [[2008 French Open]]. As a result o the loss Sharapova lost the No. 2 ranking tae [[Simona Halep]]. Sharapova's next clay court tournament wis the Madrid Open whaur she wis the defendin champion. She advanced tae the semifinals. Thare, she wis beaten bi Svetlana Kuznetsova for the first time syne 2008. Sharapova's next tournament wis be the Italian Open in Roum whaur she wis seedit 3rd. She beat [[Victoria Azarenka]] in the quarterfinals in straucht sets tae set up a re-match wi [[Daria Gavrilova]]. She beat Gavrilova in straucht sets tae advance tae the final, whaur she faced [[Carla Suarez Navarro]]. Efter losin the first set, Sharapova managed tae claim the next twa sets an her third [[Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Roum]] title. Bi winnin Roum, Sharapova reclaimed the No. 2 ranking ower Halep. ==Fed Cup participation== Sharapova haes lived in the United States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven, but retains her Roushie citizenship, an is therefore eligible tae play in the [[Fed Cup]] for Roushie.<ref name="pravda">{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/11-10-2005/9051-sharapova-0/|title=Maria Sharapova unwilling to trade her Russian citizenship for anything|publisher=[[Pravda]]|date=October 11, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, the behaviour o Sharapova's faither during her matches on the WTA Tour, combined wi a perceived lack o commitment bi her tae the Fed Cup, haes made her selection for the [[Roushie Fed Cup team]] cause controversy in the past. Efter Sharapova haed beaten fellae Roushie [[Anastasia Myskina]] at the [[2004 WTA Tour Championships]], Myskina criticized Sharapova's faither, saying: "He was just yelling and screaming instructions to her and I thought he just might jump right on the court at one point in the match." At the Fed Cup semifinals twa weeks later, Myskina stated she wad stap playin for Roushie if Sharapova jynt the Roushie team the follaein saison: "If she joins our team next season you won't see me there for sure. His behaviour is totally incorrect, simply rude. I don't want to be around people like him." [[Larisa Neiland]], assistant tae Roushie Fed Cup captain Shamil Tarpishchev, added: "Her father's behaviour (at the WTA Tour Championships) was simply outrageous. I just don't see how he could work with the rest of us." Houiver Tarpishchev himsel played doun the problem, insisting: "I feel that things will calm down soon and we'll have Myskina, Sharapova, Kuznetsova and everyone else playing for Russia."<ref name="myskina">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4040243.stm|title=Myskina stands by Fed Cup threat|publisher=BBC|date=November 25, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> At the end o 2005, Sharapova stated she wis nou keen tae mak her Fed Cup debut<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4326784.stm|title=Sharapova keen to play for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=October 10, 2005|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an wis set tae play against Belgium in Aprile 2006, but withdrew.<ref name="sharapovadelays">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4788132.stm|title=Sharapova delays debut for Russia|publisher=BBC|date=March 8, 2006|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> She later withdrew frae ties against Spain in Aprile 2007<ref name="missfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6520271.stm|title=Sharapova to miss Fed Cup debut|publisher=BBC|date=April 2, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> an against the United States in Julie 2007 acause o injuries.<ref name="pulloutangers">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6288526.stm|title=Sharapova pull-out angers Russia|publisher=BBC|date=July 10, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> The latter withdrawal led tae Roushie's captain saying she wad be "ineligible for selection" for the Fed Cup final in September.<ref name="forfedcup">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6904802.stm|title=Russia drop Sharapova for Fed Cup|publisher=BBC|date=July 16, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, Sharapova attended the final, cheering frae the sidelines an actin as a "hitting partner" in practices, resultin in some o her Roushie teammates implying that she wis attending anly tae enable her tae play at the [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]] (rules state that players must hae "shown commitment" tae Fed Cup in order tae play). [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]] said, "She said she wanted to be our practice partner but if you can't play how then can you practice?"<ref name="rowover">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6999113.stm|title=Row over Sharapova's Fed Cup show|publisher=BBC|date=September 17, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova finally made her Fed Cup debut in Februar 2008, in Roushie's quarterfinal tie against [[Israel Fed Cup team|Israel]].<ref name="Fedcupdebut" >{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut|work=The Age|accessdate=May 4, 2013|date=January 23, 2008}}</ref> She won baith her singles rubbers, against [[Tzipora Obziler]] an [[Shahar Pe'er]], helpin Roushie tae a 4–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630213658/http://www.fedcup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieId=100010107|archivedate=2008-06-30|publisher=Fed Cup|title=Fed Cup: Israel vs. Russia tie|date=February 2–3, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> For the semifinals, she wis gien permission tae skip the tie, wi Tarpishchev annooncin that she will be on the team for the final.<ref name="theage">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/sharapova-set-to-make-fed-cup-debut/2008/01/22/1200764265448.html|publisher=The Age Company Ltd.|work=The Age|accessdate=September 6, 2011|date=January 23, 2008|title=Sharapova set to make Fed Cup debut}}</ref> Houiver, the date o the final coincided wi the lay-off frae her shoulder injury, an sicweys she did nae play.<ref name="theage" /> In the 2011 first-roond tie, Sharapova played [[Virginie Razzano]] o Fraunce an lost. Sharapova wis supposed tae play [[Alizé Cornet]] but she wis sufferin frae a viral illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/tennis/sharapova-france-viral-illness/|title=Sharapova pulls out of Gaz de France due to viral illness|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=[[Roushie Today]]|date=February 10, 2011|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616031235/http://rt.com/sport/tennis/sharapova-france-viral-illness/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Teammate [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] played an defeatit Cornet tae secure the 3–2 win for Roushie against Fraunce. Sharapova continued tae participate in 2012 an helped Roushie tae a 3–2 win against Spain in the first-roond tie. Sharapova defeatit [[Silvia Soler Espinosa]] in the first rubber, but wis unable tae play her seicont rubber due tae illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/tennis/sharapova-russia-serbia-fed-cup-tarpischev-573/|title=Sharapova to miss Fed Cup semis|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=[[Roushie Today]]|date=February 6, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615221251/http://rt.com/sport/tennis/sharapova-russia-serbia-fed-cup-tarpischev-573/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, Sharapova helped Roushie earn a place in the semifinals efter beatin Pole [[Urszula Radwanska]] in the first tie an her sister [[Agnieszka Radwanska]] in the seicont tie. ==Playing style== Sharapova is an aggressive baseliner wi pouer, depth, an angles on her forehaund an backhaund.<ref name="profile">Jeff Cooper. [http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm Maria Sharapova – Tennis Game Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208143919/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersfemale/a/sharapovagp.htm |date=2016-12-08 }}, About.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> She is ane o the few players on the WTA tour that aften uises the reverse forehaund. Insteid o uisin a tradeetional [[volley (tennis)|volley]] or owerheid [[Smash (tennis)|smash]], she wad as leif hit a pouerfu "swingin" volley whan approachin the net or attackin [[Lob (tennis)|lobs]].<ref>Douglas Robson. [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/wimb/2007-06-24-volleys_N.htm Swinging, midcourt volley becomes key weapon among pros], ''USA Today'', June 25, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Sharapova is thocht tae hae guid speed aroond the court, inspecially conseederin her heicht.<ref name="profile"/> At the beginnin o 2008, some observers noted that Sharapova haed developpit her game, shawin improved movement an footwork an the addition o a [[drop shot]] an sliced backhaund tae her repertoire o shots.<ref>Steve Bierley. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jan/23/tennis.australianopen2008 Sharapova adds variety to end Henin run], ''The Guardian'', January 23, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova Scouting report|publisher=Thetennistimes.com|accessdate=August 7, 2011|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007231236/http://thetennistimes.com/maria-sharapova/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite her powerful game, Sharapova's greatest asset is considered tae be her mental toughness an competitive spirit, wi Nick Bollettieri statin that she is "tough as nails". Haw-o-famer [[John McEnroe]] said o Sharapova, "she's one of the best competitors in the history of the sport."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/04/1088879371559.html|author=Linda Pearce|work=The Age |title=Sharapova's arrival a victory for mental toughness|date=July 5, 2004|accessdate=June 12, 2010|location=Melbourne}}</ref> Sharapova is kent for on-court "[[grunting (tennis)|grunting]]", which reached a recorded 101 [[decibel]]s during a match at [[2005 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon in 2005]].<ref name="grunting">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4118708.stm|title=Why do women tennis stars grunt?|author=Megan Lane|publisher=BBC|date=June 22, 2005|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> During her seicont roond match in Birmingham in 2003, Sharapova wis asked tae tone doun the level o her grunt efter opponent [[Nathalie Dechy]] complained tae the umpire, wi Sharapova's response saying that her grunting wis "a natural instinct."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/06/12/878185.htm|title=Scream queen Sharapova warned to silence screams|date=June 12, 2003|accessdate=July 4, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Monica Seles]] suggestit that gruntin is involuntary an a pairt o tennis.<ref name="GruntTelegraph">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1523117/Grunting-is-just-part-of-my-game-claims-Sharapova.html|title=Grunting is just part of my game, claims Sharapova|author=Catriona Davies|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=September 24, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2008}}</ref> When questioned bi the media aboot her grunting, Sharapova urged the media tae "just watch the match."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4649550.stm|title=Beaten Sharapova turns on media|publisher=BBC|date=January 26, 2006|accessdate=June 2, 2008}}</ref> Her defensive gemme haes been worked on bi her new coach, an this haes reflected in her results, makin consecutive semi-finals at premier mandatory events on the tour. Later in her career, Sharapova an aa added drop shots tae her repertoire, makin for a mair unpredictable gemme style. ===Serve=== [[File:Maria Sharapova at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sharapova at The Championships, Wimbledon in 2009.]] Early in her career Sharapova's first an seicont serves war regarded as powerful,<ref name="profile"/> an she wis believed tae possess ane o the best deliveries on the Tour.<ref name="Serve1" /> Syne the beginnin o 2007, houiver, problems wi her shoulder hae reduced the effectiveness o her serve.<ref name="Serve1">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=3046996|author=Joel Drucker|publisher=ESPN Tennis|title=Lingering injuries or limitations coming to light for Sharapova|date=October 3, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}</ref> The shoulder injury nae anly resulted in her inconsistent first serves, but an aa her hitting heich nummers o double faults.<ref>[http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 "Bottom line for the top women, 2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124055318/http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=108430 |date=2007-11-24 }}, Tennis.com. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Twa-time US Open singles champion [[Tracy Austin]] believes that Sharapova eften loses confidence in the rest o her gemme when she experiences problems wi her serve an consequently produces mair unforced errors an generally plays mair tentatively,<ref name="austin">{{cite web|author=Tracy Austin|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|title=Austin: Sharapova loss a win for Venus and Serena|work=NBC Sports|date=June 27, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714023402/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25396610/|url-status=dead}}</ref> while tennis writer Joel Drucker remarked that her serve wis the "catalyst for her entire game", an that her struggles wi it left her "unmasked."<ref name="Serve1" /> In her return frae layoff in 2008 tae 2009, she uised an abbreviated motion, which wis somewhat less powerful, an tho producin aces an aa gae a very heich number o double faults. Efter her early loss at the [[2009 US Open (tennis)|2009 US Open]], Sharapova returned tae a mair elangatit motion, seemilar tae her pre-surgery serve. She haes syne been able tae produce speeds greater than afore, includin a 121&nbsp;mph serve hit at the Birmingham tournament in 2010 – the fastest serve o her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/7841792/Wimbledon-2010-Maria-Sharapova-fighting-fit-at-last-and-ready-to-reclaim-her-SW19-crown.html|title=Wimbledon 2010: Maria Sharapova fighting fit at last and ready to reclaim her SW19 crown|author=Mark Hodgkinson|date=June 21, 2010|accessdate=June 21, 2010|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Houiver syne her shoulder operation Sharapova haes been unable tae control her serve. This haes led tae numerous faults, as she is unable tae feel how much power she is generating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/09/sports/sp-la-women-tennis9|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Diane|last=Pucin|title=Maria Sharapova can't control her serve|date=August 9, 2009}}</ref> The new action led tae an elbow injury, but unner Thomas Högstedt it haes improved but can still be erratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|title=Maria Sharapova Serve Analysis – A Look Behind the Sharapova Serve Technique|publisher=Optimumtennis.net|accessdate=January 25, 2012|archive-date=2015-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216153525/http://www.optimumtennis.net/maria-sharapova-serve.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> This improvement in serving can be seen in the 2013 Australian Open an follaein tournaments whaur Maria Sharapova committed fewer double faults than in previous years. ===Surfaces=== Acause she predicates her gemme on power, Sharapova's preferred surfaces early in her career war the fast-playin haurd an gress courts, as evident throu her 25 victories on haurd court an gress court. This is maist notable when she won the [[2004 Wimbledon]], [[2006 US Open (tennis)|2006 U.S. Open]] an [[2008 Australian Open]] crowns, whaur she haed her career breakthrough an played her peak tennis level, respectively. Sharapova initially wis nae as well-suited tae the slower clay courts as she is on haurd an gress courts. Sharapova admitted in 2007 that she wis nae as comfortable wi her movement on clay compared wi ither court surfaces an ance describit hersel as lik a "cow on ice" efter a match on clay,<ref name="cow">Barry Flatman. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/tennis/article1867693.ece Sharapova: a cow on ice?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322090351/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=2020-03-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322090351/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=2020-03-22 }}, ''The Times'', May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> due tae her inability tae slide. Later in her career, she showed improvement on this surface wi respect tae experience, as evidenced wi her first WTA reid clay title at the [[2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg]], 7 years syne playin on the WTA circuit. She won her first French Open title an capturt the career grand slam at the [[2012 French Open]] an as o 2014 leads the WTA tour o active players wi the heichest winnin percentage on clay, wi an 84.25% winnin rate.<ref name="tennis.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |title=tennis.com – Don't Have a Cow<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2016-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2014/04/dont-have-cow/51317/#.U2WX28JOVwU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne her shoulder injury, her best surface haes acome clay ower gress & haurd courts, an wi her victory at the [[2014 French Open]], she haes nou won the French Open twice, which is mair times than she haes won ony ither slam, an her last 3 Grand Slam Finals hae all been at the French Open (3 consecutive finals frae 2012–2014). ==Personal life== ===Relationships=== Sharapova haes dated [[Maroon 5]] sangster [[Adam Levine]]. The couple dated for a short time in 2005 efter meetin at Sharapova's 18t birthday pairty. Houiver, the couple broke up suin. In 2008, Sharapova briefly dated American telly producer [[Charlie Ebersol]] but the pair split suin efter. In 2011, Sharapova wis engaged tae Slovenian professional basketball player [[Sasha Vujačić]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2010/10/21/maria-sharapova-sasha-vujacic-engaged-proposed-los-angeles-lakers/|title=Maria Sharapova & Sasha Vujacic – Engaged|publisher=[[TMZ.com|TMZ]]|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5713080|title=Maria Sharapova betrothed to guard|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=October 21, 2010|accessdate=October 22, 2010}}</ref> The twa haed been datin syne 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/11/lakers-sasha-vujacic-maria-sharapova-dating.html|title=The Fabulous Forum: Are Sasha Vujacic and Maria Sharapova dating?|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 3, 2009|accessdate=June 18, 2010}}</ref> On August 31, 2012, Sharapova confirmed that the pair haed ended the engagement an separated during early 2012. Later that year, she began datin Bulgarian tennis player [[Grigor Dimitrov]]. The twa confirmed thair relationship efter the 2013 Madrid Open. ===Public profile=== Sharapova haes lived in the United States syne muivin thare at the age o seiven. Besides a home in [[Bradenton]], Florida, she an aa haes a residence in [[Manhattan Beach, California]].<ref name="peoplemagazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1183711,00.html|title=Celebrity Q & A – Maria Sharapova|publisher=[[People Magazine]]|date=April 17, 2006|author=Kathy Ehrich-Dowd|access-date=2015-06-09|archive-date=2008-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223093250/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C26334%2C1183711%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Frae 2005 tae 2011, Sharapova wis named tae the [[Forbes Celebrity 100]], which attempts tae compile the tap 100 maist powerful celebrities o that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/maria-sharapova|title=The Celebrity 100|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=June 28, 2011}}</ref> Sharapova haes made varyin remarks on how lang she intends tae maintain her tennis career. Follaein the retirement o 25-year-auld [[Justine Henin]] in 2008, Sharapova said, "If I was 25 and I'd won so many Grand Slams, I'd quit too."<ref name="henin">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7401565.stm|title=Henin is best of her generation|publisher=BBC|date=May 15, 2008|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> In an interview efter the [[2008 Australian Open]], she balked at the idea o playin for anither ten years, saying that she hoped tae hae a "nice husband and a few kids" bi then.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|title=Billie Jean King's text inspired Sharapova|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=January 26, 2008|accessdate=October 24, 2008|archive-date=2008-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607055611/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/22856899/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houiver in an interview afore her [[2012 Australian Open]] semifinal, Sharapova changed her stance, saying she intendit tae continue playin tennis for as lang as she enjoyed playin the game. Sharapova stated "I'm sure when I was 17 years old and someone said, you'll be playing for another eight years, it would be like, you're not going to see me at a press conference at 25 years old. But years go on. I missed a year in my career—I didn't play that year. I've said this, just before the tournament, a few weeks before, I woke up and I was just so happy to be going back on the court. I felt so fresh, full of energy, just with a really good perspective. Times change, obviously. I see myself playing this sport for many more years because it's something that gives me the most pleasure in my life. I think it helps when you know you're good at something, and you can always improve it. It obviously helps with the encouragement."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportal.com.au/tennis-opinion-display/maria-not-ready-for-veterans-list-158083 |title=Maria not ready for veteran's list – Tennis – Sportal Australia |publisher=Sportal.com.au |date= |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |first=Bren |last=O'Brien at |archive-date=2012-09-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915060011/http://www.sportal.com.au/tennis-opinion-display/maria-not-ready-for-veterans-list-158083 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|2004 US Open]], Sharapova, alang wi several ither Roushie female tennis players, wore a black ribbon in observance o the tragedy efter the [[Beslan schuil hostage crisis]], whilk teuk place anly days afore.<ref name="espn">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1874900|title=Sharapova puts loss in perspective|publisher=[[ESPN]]|author=David Boroff|date=September 6, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In 2005, she donated aroond US$50,000 tae thaim that wis affeckit bi the crisis.<ref name="wtacareer"/> On Februar 14, 2007, Sharapova wis appyntit a [[UNDP Goodwill Ambassador|Goodwill Ambassador]] for the [[UNDP|United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) an donated US$210,000 tae [[Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme (CRDP)|UNDP Chernobyl-recovery projects]]. She stated at the time that she wis planning tae traivel back tae the aurie efter Wimbledon in 2008,<ref name="usatoday">{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2007-08-13-799623401_x.htm|title=Maria Sharapova plans 1st trip back to Chernobyl since family fled|publisher=USAToday|author=Beth Harris|date=August 13, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> tho it didn't happen, as she haed tae traivel back tae the US acause o shoulder injury.<ref name="wimbledon">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629223721/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|archivedate=2010-06-29|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/interviews/2010-06-28/201006281277743223156.html|title=Interview with Sharapova|publisher=WTA|accessdate=May 4, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> She fulfilled the trip in late Juin – early Julie 2010. Sharapova haes helped tae promote the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], Roushie,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/sport/interview-with-maria-sharapova/|publisher=TV-Novosti|work=[[Roushie Today]]|accessdate=May 4, 2013|title=Interview with Maria Sharapova|date=May 11, 2007}}</ref> an wis the first torch bearer in the torch-lichtin ceremony during the openin festivities. In addition, wi [[Angela Haynes]], [[Maria Kirilenko]], [[Nicole Vaidišová]], [[Rennae Stubbs]], Governor [[Jeb Bush]] an [[Jennifer Capriati]], Sharapova participated in an exhibition in Tampa in December 2004, raisin money for the Florida Hurricane Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/7874647|title=Capriati, Sharapova to play benefit for hurricane victims|publisher=CBS Sports|date=November 10, 2004|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615221331/http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/7874647|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Julie 2008, Sharapova sent a message on DVD tae the memorial service o cancer victim Emily Bailes, wha haed performed the coin toss aheid o the [[2004 Wimbledon Championships|2004 Wimbledon final]] that Sharapova haed gane on tae win.<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/7489565.stm|title=Service held for Wimbledon girl|publisher=BBC|date=July 4, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> ==Endorsements== [[File:Maria Sharapova, December 2008.jpg|thumb|Sharapova at offeecial unveilin o her [[Canon PowerShot]] Diamond lineup]] Sharapova's tennis success an appearance hae enabled her tae secure commercial endorsements that greatly exceed the value o her tournament winnins.<ref name="marcganis">Marc Ganis, the president of SportsCorp Ltd., a sports-industry consultant in Chicago, said, "Never underestimate the importance of physical beauty to an athlete's endorsement opportunities. Other than performance on the court, it may be the single most important asset." ''The New York Times''. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/sports/tennis/03endorse.html?fta=y Serving Their Clients], September 7, 2006</ref><ref name="hbswk">"It does not hurt that Sharapova is regarded as one of the most beautiful athletes in the world." [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html Marketing Maria: Managing the Athlete Endorsement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025025827/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5607.html |date=2015-10-25 }}, [[Harvard Business School]] Lessons from the classroom, Sara Jane Gilbert, October 29, 2007. Retrieved on June 1, 2008.</ref> In Mairch 2006, Forbes magazine listed her as the heichest-peyed female athlete in the warld, wi annual earnins o ower US $18&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/22/woods-sharapova-nike_cx_lr_0322athletes_2.html|title=The World's Best-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 22, 2006}}</ref> the majority f which wis frae endorsements an sponsorships. She haes topped that leet every year syne, even efter her 2007 shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|title = World's Highest-Paid Women Athletes|url =http://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/earnings/women-paid.htm|accessdate =May 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/22/women-athletes-endorsements-biz-sports-cx_tvr_kb_0722athletes.html|title=Top-Earning Female Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=July 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/08/18/top-earning-female-athletes-business-sportsmoney-female-athletes.html|title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|date=August 18, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, ''Forbes'' listed Sharapova as No. 29 in thair leet o 50 tap-peyed athletes, the anly woman on the leet.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kurt Badenhausen |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106040824/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/2/ |archivedate=2012-11-06 |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/05/31/the-worlds-highest-paid-athletes/ |title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 18, 2012 |accessdate=May 5, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, she wis listed as No. 15, an wis jynt in the tap 20 bi [[Li Na]] at No. 16 an [[Serena Williams]] at No. 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/06/18/mayweather-tops-list-of-the-worlds-100-highest-paid-athletes/|title=Mayweather Tops List Of The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|work=[[Forbes]]|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=June 18, 2012|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> In Aprile 2005, ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' named her ane o the 50 maist beautiful celebrities in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title = PEOPLE's 50 Most Beautiful People|url = http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|date = April 27, 2005|accessdate = May 5, 2013|archive-date = 2016-05-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504191335/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1046248_1054061,00.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'' ranked Sharapova the hettest athlete in the warld for the fowert consecutive year. She posed in a sax-page bikini photoshuit spread in the 2006 [[Valentine's Day]] issue o the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]'', alangside 25 supermodels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|title=2006 SWIMSUIT COVER|work=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=September 4, 1995|accessdate=May 5, 2013|archive-date=2014-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209072152/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/swimsuit/coverfeatured/10256/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a poll run bi Britain's ''[[FHM]]'' magazine, she wis voted the seivent maist eligible bachelorette,<ref name="newscomau">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|work=News.com.au|title=Rod's daughter most eligible|date=February 28, 2007|accessdate=May 4, 2013|archive-date=2007-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303091807/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,21300664-10388,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> based on baith "wealth and looks." Immediately efter her win at the 2004 Wimbledon Championship, mobile phone company [[Motorola]] signed Sharapova tae endorse thair mobile phone line.<ref name=nytdress/> Additionally, she appeared in commercials for [[Land Rover]] an [[Canon (company)|Canon]], as well as approved o namesake items bi watch brand [[Tag Heuer]] an jeweller [[Tiffany & Co.|Tiffany]].<ref name=nytdress/> Tiffany an aa provides Sharapova wi earrings frae the "Tiffany for Maria Sharapova" collection at the fower major events, that are an aa retailed globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |title=Tiffany & Co. For The Press &#124; News &#124; Maria Sharapova to Wear Tiffany Earrings at the 2011 French Open &#124; United States |publisher=Tiffany & Co. |date=May 11, 2011 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108004447/http://press.tiffany.com/News/NewsItem.aspx?id=130 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She an aa starred in an awaird winnin campaign for the sports claedin brand Nike, "[[Pretty (advertisement)|Pretty]]", in the simmer o 2006. She signed a sponsorship deal in Januar 2007 wi [[Gatorade]] an [[Tropicana Products|Tropicana]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2007/01/Issue-72/Sponsorships-Advertising-Marketing/Pepsico-Inks-Sharapova-To-Promote-Gatorade-Tropicana-Brands.aspx |title=PepsiCo Inks Sharapova To Promote Gatorade, Tropicana Brands |publisher=SportsBusiness Journal |date=January 3, 2007 |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> which ended in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/mariasharapova/5163203/Maria-Sharapova-loses-tennis-fizz-as-Pepsi-end-deal.html |title=Maria Sharapova loses tennis fizz as Pepsi end deal |publisher=''The Telegraph'' |date=April 16, 2009 |first=Rod |last=Gilmour |accessdate=September 10, 2014 }}</ref> In 2007, Sharapova wis featurt in a nummer o Canon USA's commercials for the PowerShot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letsgodigital.org/en/14539/maria-sharapova/|title=Maria Sharapova in Canon PowerShot commercial|publisher=LetsGoDigital|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> Sharapova haes an aa been depicted in mony tennis-relatit video gemmes. Some o the titles include the ''[[Top Spin (video game)|Top Spin series]]'', ''[[Virtua Tennis]]'' series, an ''[[Grand Slam Tennis]]'' series. During the layoff due tae her shoulder surgery, sensing the fleeting naitur o a professional athlete's career, Sharapova decidit tae focus on developin her name as a brand, beginnin wi meetin wi her sponsors mair extensively tae further her brand.<ref name=nytdress/> In Januar 2010, it wis annoonced that Sharapova haed renewed her contract wi Nike, signin an 8-year deal for $70&nbsp;million. This is the maist lucrative deal ever for a sportswoman, dwarfing the previous record, which wis Venus Williams' $43&nbsp;million deal wi Reebok.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jan/12/maria-sharapova-nike-deal|title=Maria Sharapova signs £43m deal with Nike|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Simon Cambers|accessdate=May 5, 2013|date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> Follaein in the fitsteps o tennis players wha stairtit claedin lines lik [[Fred Perry]] an [[René Lacoste]], Sharapova launched her ain tennis apparel line, the "Nike Maria Sharapova Collection", in 2010. The collection includes dresses that she designed for aw the major tournaments, in collaboration wi Nike an [[Cole Haan]].<ref name=cnn-ms>{{cite web| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/27/sport/tennis/tennis-sharapova-grand-slam-design/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Grand slam designs: Maria Sharapova's fashion statement | date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> She haed previously foond that the outfits gien tae her bi Nike did nae suit her frame an war worn bi ower mony ither players.<ref name=nytdress/> She comes up wi design ideas an sketches in a process that begins 18 month afore the event<ref name=cnn-ms/> an receives royalties frae the sale o the collection, o which the corresponding dresses are coordinated tae be available simultaneously wi the correspondin major tournament.<ref name=nytdress/> The collection is worn bi ither WTA players, includin [[Sofia Arvidsson]], [[Eugenie Bouchard]], [[Kai-Chen Chang]], [[Andrea Hlaváčková]], [[Madison Keys]], [[Anastasia Pivovarova]] as well as junior players sic as [[Indy De Vroome]].<ref name=cnn-ms/> Sharapova haed earlier collaboratit wi Nike on the "little black dress" that she wore for her nicht matches at the 2006 US Open.<ref name=nytdress/> The dress featurt a roond crystal studded collar an wis inspired bi [[Audrey Hepburn]].<ref name=nytdress>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/fashion/maria-sharapovas-campaign-to-establish-herself-as-a-brand.html?pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Eric | last=Wilson | title=Maria Sharapova's Campaign to Establish Herself as a Brand | date=May 25, 2011|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> The dress wis well publicized an received but wis nae mass-produced.<ref name=nytdress/><ref name=cnn-ms/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] | first=MacKenzie | last=Carpenter | title=Sharapova's little black dress provokes a big racket at U.S. Open | date=September 1, 2006 | accessdate=May 5, 2013 | archive-date=2013-08-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828155914/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/sharapovas-little-black-dress-provokes-a-big-racket-at-us-open-448646/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, she designs shoes an handbags for Cole Haan, for which her signature ballerina flats are ane o the biggest sellers o the entire brand.<ref name=nytdress/> Sharapova uised the [[Prince Sports|Prince]] Triple Threat Hornet for pairt o 2003 an then uised several different Prince racquets until the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. She gae the racquet she uised in the [[2004 Wimbledon]] final tae [[Regis Philbin]] when taping ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]''. Sharapova began uisin the Prince Shark OS at that tournament specially designed for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|title=Prince Shark Racquet Review|accessdate=June 18, 2012|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|archive-date=2008-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327130507/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Reviews/PSHKOS/PSHKOSReview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She then switched tae the Prince O3 White racquet in Januar 2006. She switched tae the Prince O3 Speedport Black in Julie 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|title=Tennis Racquets, Tennis Footwear, String, EXO3 Racquet|publisher=Prince Tennis|accessdate=August 31, 2010|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022085350/http://www.princetennis.com/tennis/files/teamPrincePlayer.aspx?plyid=89|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter bein wi Prince for ten years,<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228161310/http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |archivedate=2010-12-28 |url=http://tennis.com/articles/templates/gear.aspx?articleid=9327&zoneid=24 |title=Gear – Maria Sharapova’s New Head for the New Year? |publisher=TENNIS.com |date=December 21, 2010 |accessdate=June 11, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sharapova began endorsing [[Head (company)|Head]] racquets in 2011 an uses the Head YOUTEK IG Instinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|title=Performance meets Style – Maria Sharapova joins the HEAD team!|publisher=Head Tennis|date=January 3, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713071147/http://www.head.com/tennis/news.php?region=us&id=758|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|title=Maria Sharapova|publisher=Tennis Warehouse|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 18, 2011|archive-date=2015-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527060103/http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=SHARAPOVA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharapova signed a three-year deal tae be brand ambassador for [[Porsche]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harley|first=Michael|title=Porsche picks Maria Sharapova as brand ambassador|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2013/04/23/porsche-picks-maria-sharapova-as-brand-ambassador/|accessdate=2013-08-25}}</ref> ==Sugarpova== ''Sugarpova'' is a [[candy]] line creaut bi Maria Sharapova an candy veteran Jeff Rubin, foonder o internaitional retailer IT'SUGAR.<ref name="Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success">{{cite web|title=Sugarpova Candy: Sharapova's Sweet Taste of Success|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-17/sugarpova-candy-sharapovas-sweet-taste-of-success|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'">{{cite news|title=Sharapova's Sugarpova lolly range 'smacks of irresponsible marketing'|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|accessdate=22 January 2013|archive-date=2016-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032712/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/sharapovas-sugarpova-lolly-range-smacks-of-irresponsible-marketing/story-fneuz8zj-1226552023463|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordin tae the Sugarpova wabsteid, "Sugarpova is a premium candy line that reflects the fun, fashionable, sweet side of international tennis sensation Maria Sharapova."<ref name="sugarpova.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803094456/http://www.sugarpova.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The line currently consists o 12 different flavors that range frae Flirty, tae Smitten Sour, tae Splashy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |title=International Shipping {{!}} Sugarpova<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2014-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022826/http://shop.sugarpova.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A portion o aw proceeds goes tae the Maria Sharapova Foundation, Sharapova's charity.<ref name="sugarpova.com"/> Sugarpova wis launched warldwide in 2013 throu IT'SUGAR an [[Selfridges]] stores. Accordin tae her agent, Sharapova seriously considered changing her last name tae "Sugarpova" for the [[2013 US Open (tennis)|2013 US Open]], but ultimately decidit against it.<ref>{{cite web|title=No name switch for Maria Sharapova|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen13/story/_/id/9584846/2013-us-open-maria-sharapova-nixes-sugarpova-name-change|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> Houiver, some reports suggest that she made an application tae a Florida Court tae that effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Sharapova wants to change her name|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/20/maria-sharapova-wants-to-change-her-name|date=August 20, 2013|accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{Main|Maria Sharapova career statistics}} ===Grand Slam tournaments=== ====Singles performance timeline==== {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !width=145|Tournament!![[2003 WTA Tour|2003]]!![[2004 WTA Tour|2004]]!![[2005 WTA Tour|2005]]!![[2006 WTA Tour|2006]]!![[2007 WTA Tour|2007]]!![[2008 WTA Tour|2008]]!![[2009 WTA Tour|2009]]!![[2010 WTA Tour|2010]]!![[2011 WTA Tour|2011]]!![[2012 WTA Tour|2012]]!![[2013 WTA Tour|2013]]!![[2014 WTA Tour|2014]]!![[2015 WTA Tour|2015]]!!width=65|{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !!width=65|{{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}}!!width=65|Win % |- |align=left|'''[[Australian Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2005 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2006 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |bgcolor=lime|'''[[2008 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|W]]''' |A |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2013 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2015 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |1 / 12 |48–11 |81.36% |- |align=left|'''[[French Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 French Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2004 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2007 French Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2009 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2011 French Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2012 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2013 French Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2014 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |2 / 13 |53–11 |82.81% |- |align=left|'''[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|F]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | |1 / 12 |42–11 |79.25% |- |align=left|'''[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]''' |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2005 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |bgcolor=lime|[[2006 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |A |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |A |bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | |1 / 10 |32–9 |78.38% |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !4–4 !15–3 !19–4 !20–3 !16–4 !11–2 !7–3 !8–4 !16–4 !21–3 !12–3 !16–3 ! !5 / 46 !172–41 !80.25% |} <small> ''Note: At the [[2003 Australian Open]] an [[2003 French Open]], Sharapova won three qualifyin roond matches at each toornament in order tae enter the main draw.'' </small> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharapova, Maria}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox Christians frae Roushie]] [[Category:Expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit States]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bradenton, Florida]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nyagan]] [[Category:Roushie expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Roushie female models]] [[Category:Roushie female tennis players]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Roushie]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic siller medallists for Roushie]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] 4oill3jw4a8dxy88kui8mfkfs3hxsxp 0 44115 923308 917337 2026-09-25T23:49:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Province TR |name=Aksaray |image = Ihlara - 25936870521.jpg |image_caption = |map=Aksaray in Turkey.svg |region=Central Anatolie |licence = 68 |total population = 377,505 |tpop_as_of = 2010 |area_code= 382 |area=7,626 |turkname=Aksaray ili |}} '''Aksaray Province''' ({{lang-tr|{{italics correction|Aksaray ili}}}}) is a [[Provinces o Turkey|province]] in central [[Turkey]]. Its adjacent provinces are [[Konya Province|Konya]] alang the wast an sooth, [[Niğde Province|Niğde]] tae the sootheast, [[Nevşehir Province|Nevşehir]] tae the east, an [[Kırşehir Province|Kırşehir]] tae the north. It covers an aurie o 7,626&nbsp;km². The provincial caipital is the ceety o [[Aksaray]]. This is a region o great naitural brawness: Aksaray is ane o the fower provinces in the hintle-visitit aurie o [[Cappadocia]], alang wi Nevşehir, Niğde an [[Kayseri]]. An aw the 3,000m volcano [[Mount Hasan]] staunds atween Aksaray an [[Niğde]]. Simmers are het an dry on the plain, but the aurie is green an covered in flouers in waretime, when watter streams aff the muntainside. The 2400&nbsp;km² salt lake, [[Lake Tuz|Tuz Gölü]], lees athin the boondaries o Aksaray, a muckle aurie o swamp wi a maximum depth o 1 metre. ==Destricts== Aksaray province is dividit intae 7 [[Destricts o Turkey|destricts]] (caipital destrict in '''bauld'''): *[[Ağaçören]] *'''[[Aksaray]]''' *[[Eskil]] *[[Gülağaç]] *[[Güzelyurt]] *[[Ortaköy, Aksaray|Ortaköy]] *[[Sarıyahşi]] ==Etymologie== In antiquity the aurie wis namit ''Archelais Garsaura'', which wis mutatit tae ''Taksara'' durin the [[Seljuk Turk]]ish era, an then tae ''Aksaray''. ==History== [[File:Turkey.Aksaray005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Inner courtyard o the Sultanhanı [[caravanserai]]]] The plains o central [[Anatolie]] hae been settled for 8,000 year. an the aurie aroond Aksaray bears monuments tae a string o ceevilisations that hae settled on the plain in that time. The moond o [[Aşıklı Höyük]] in the toun o Kızılkaya indicates a dounset datin back tae 5,000BC (an a skull o a wumman an aw who haed apparently been trepanned, the earliest kent record o brain surgery). Later the [[Silk Road]] came throu here sae caravanserai an then muckler an muckler dounsets wur biggit tae supply an shelter travellers an traders. The ceety an surroondins o Aksaray thrivit in the [[Auncient Roum|Roman]], [[Byzantine]] an the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkis]] periods. The day Aksaray is a rural, agricultural province, its fowk releegious an conservative. Syne the 1950s mony hae muivit tae Europe as migrant wirkers. The population o Aksaray haes lang includit a heicher proportion o [[Kurd]]ish fowk than maist central Anatolie provinces. Mony o them wur resettled here frae [[Tunceli]] an ither eastren ceeties follaein the [[Sheikh Said rebellion]] in the 1920s.<ref>[http://nihalatsiz.net/forum/viewthread.php?tid=16145 TÜRK OTAĞI || Türkçüler ve Türkçülük<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070503062859/http://nihalatsiz.net/forum/viewthread.php?tid=16145 |date=2007-05-03 }}</ref> ==Places o interest== [[File:IhlaraTal 1 11 2004.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A view frae Ihlara valley, Aksaray]] * Aşıklı Höyük - a burial moond 25&nbsp;km east o the ceety o Aksaray. * Acemhöyük - an early Bronze Age dounset, 18&nbsp;km north-wast o the ceety o Aksaray. * The auncient ceety o Nora, in the veelage o Helvadere near the ceety o Aksaray. an a great nummer o historical mosques an kirns * [[Ihlara]] valley - a canyon, 40&nbsp;km frae the ceety o Aksaray, in the destrict o Güzelyurt * [[Taşpınar, Aksaray|Taşpınar]] - famous for rugs, {{convert|27|km}} sooth o Aksaray == See an aw == *[[Leet o populatit places in Aksaray Province]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123211641/http://aksaray.tc/ Aksaray] {{tr icon}} ==References== {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123211641/http://aksaray.tc/ Site di Aksaray] {{tr icon}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.aksaray.gov.tr/eng/ Aksaray govrenor's offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531181609/http://www.aksaray.gov.tr/eng/ |date=2009-05-31 }} * {{tr icon}} [http://www.aksaray.bel.tr/ Aksaray municipality's offeecial wabsteid] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120806141826/http://68aksaray.info/ eich resolution picturs o the ceety] * [http://www.dmi.gov.tr/en-US/forecast-cities.aspx?m=AKSARAY Aksaray weather forecast information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413062642/http://www.dmi.gov.tr/en-US/forecast-cities.aspx?m=aksaray |date=2010-04-13 }} * {{tr icon}} [http://www.aksarayuniversitesi.com/ Aksaray University student wabsteids] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509082204/http://www.aksarayuniversitesi.com/ |date=2019-05-09 }} {{Destricts o Turkey|provname=Aksaray|}} {{Provinces o Turkey}} [[Category:Aksaray Province|*]] 9ec7nrejb5y4frbiuj8tkbvyp0c0wpo 0 44161 923569 833490 2026-09-26T09:46:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_South_Vietnam_(1954_-_1955).svg|thumb|right|Coat o airms o [[Sooth Vietnam]], 1955-1975.]] '''Vietnamese draigons''' ({{lang-vi|rồng or long}} [[Wikt:龍|龍]]) are seembolic [[Ainimal|creaturs]] in the [[fowklear]] an [[meethologie]] o [[Vietnam]]. Accordin tae an auncient [[creation meeth]], the [[Vietnamese fowk]] are descendit frae a draigon an a fairy. Tae Vietnamese fowk, the draigon brings rain, essential for agricultur. It represents the emperor, the prosperity an pouer o the naition. Like the [[Cheenese draigon]], the Vietnamese draigon is the seembol o [[yin an yang|yang]], representin the universe, life, existence, an growthe. Extant references tae the Vietnamese Draigon are rare nou, due tae the fierce chynges in history that accompaniet the [[sinicization]] o the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]]. ==The legend== The 5t-generation grandson o [[Shennong]], [[Lạc Long Quân]]- king o the draigonkynd livin near the Đông sea, marriet a [[goddess]], [[Âu Cơ]] who wis the dochter o the birdkynd king [[Đế Lai]]. Âu Cơ bore 100 eggs, which hatched intae 100 sons. The first-born son became the king o [[Lạc Việt]], the first dynasty o [[Vietnam]], an proclaimit hissel Emperor [[Hùng Vương]]. The First wis follaeed bi Hùng Vương The Seicont, Hùng Vương The Third an so on, throu 18 reigns. This is the oreegin o the Vietnamese proverb: "Con Rồng, cháu Tiên" ("Childer o Draigon, Grandchilder o Gods"). ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vietnamese leid]]: * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711092204/http://www.gianggom.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=2%2F Vietnamese Dragon- Power an Beauty] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306145635/http://vnexplore.net/index.php?news=33%2F Draigon an Fairy in the history o Vietnamese airt] * [http://tiengchuongchua.org/tcc/?topNum=2&subId=2&topId=10&artId=76/ The draigon design in Vietnamese pagodas]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Commonscat|Vietnamese dragons}} [[Category:Draigons]] [[Category:Vietnamese meethologie]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Vietnam]] 2h4r0ssnex8psjxr8r8uxvfqbv5vefu 0 44371 923487 914106 2026-09-26T07:18:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian city |en_name=Obninsk |ru_name=Обнинск |image_skyline=RIAN archive 457232 Views of Obninsk.jpg |image_caption=Aerial view o Obninsk |coordinates = {{coord|55|05|35|N|36|36|38|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=bottom |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Obninsk (Kaluga oblast) proposal (2003 N2).png |coa_caption=Coat o airms o Obninsk |image_flag= |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday= |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=[[Kaluga Oblast]] |federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref174" /> |adm_data_as_of=October 2011 |adm_city_jur=[[Ceety of federal subject significance|Ceety]] o Obninsk |adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref174" /> |adm_ctr_of=Ceety o Obninsk |adm_ctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref174" /> |inhabloc_cat=City |inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref174" /> |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=October 2011 |urban_okrug_jur=Obninsk Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref274" /> |mun_admctr_of=Obninsk Urban Okrug |mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref274" /> |leader_title= |leader_title_ref |leader_name= |leader_name_ref |representative_body= |representative_body_ref |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2=42.97 |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=104739 |pop_2010census_rank=153rd |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=1946 |established_title |established_date_ref |current_cat_date=1956 |current_cat_date_ref |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref |postal_codes=249030 |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes=48439 |dialing_codes_ref= |website=http://www.admobninsk.ru |website_ref= |commonscat=Obninsk |date=February 2012 }} '''Obninsk''' ({{lang-ru|О́бнинск}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] in [[Kaluga Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit on the bank o the [[Protva River]] {{convert|100|km|sp=us}} soothwast o [[Moscow]] an {{convert|80|km|sp=us}} frae [[Kaluga]]. Population: 104,739 ([[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]]).<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> ==History== The history o Obninsk began in 1945 when the First Research Institute Laboratory "V", which later became ken as IPPE wis foondit. The ceety wis biggit next tae the plant in order tae support it. Scientists, ingineers, construction wirkers, teachers an ither profeesionals muivit tae Obninsk frae aw ower the Soviet Union. Toun status wis grantit tae Obninsk on 24 Juin 1956. The name o the ceety is taken frae Obninskoye, the train station in Moscow-Bryansk railwey, biggit in Tsarist times. ==Admeenistrative an municipal status== Athin the [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Admeenistrative diveesions|framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions]], it is incorporatit as the '''[[Ceety o federal subject significance|Ceety]] o Obninsk'''—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the [[admeenistrative diveesions o Kaluga Oblast|destricts]].<ref name="Ref174">''Charter of Kaluga Oblast''</ref> As a [[subdiveesions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|municipal diveesion]], the Ceety o Obninsk is incorporatit as '''Obninsk Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="Ref274">Law #7-OZ</ref> ==Demografics== Accordin tae the [[Roushie Census (2010)|2010 Census]], the population o the ceety wis 104,739,<ref name="2010Census" /> doun frae 105,706 recordit in the [[Roushie Census (2002)|2002 Census]],<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> but up frae 100,178 recordit in the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]].<ref name="1989Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}</ref> The average age o the ceetizens is thirty-nine years.<ref name="jamk">{{cite web|url=https://oa.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/44970/JAMKPUBLICATIONS_882008_web_2.pdf?sequence=1|title=Business Guide to the Kaluga Region of Russia|publisher=Jyväskylä University of Applied Sciences|year=2009}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Transportation== The ceety is locatit on the main rail line atween Moscow an [[Kiev]] an at the intersection o Kiev an [[Warsaw]] heich-gates. Three internaitional airports are athin reach frae Obninsk: [[Vnukovo International Airport|Vnukovo]] (70&nbsp;km), [[Domodedovo Internaitional Airport|Domodedovo]] (100&nbsp;km), an [[Sheremetyevo Internaitional Airport|Sheremetyevo]] (130&nbsp;km). Cargo airfield [[Yermolino Airport|Yermolino]] is anerlie {{convert|15|km|sp=us}} awa. ==Science an education== [[File:Obninsk-AES.jpg|thumb|View o the umwhile [[Obninsk Nuclear Pouer Plant]]]] Obninsk is ane o the major Roushie [[naukograd|science ceeties]]. In 2000, it wis awairdit the status o the [[First Science Ceety o Roushie]]. The ceety is hame tae twal scienteefic research institutes. Thair main activities are nuclear pouer ingineerin, nuclear methods an radiation technologie, technologie o nan-metallic materials, medical [[radiologie]], [[meteorologie]] an ecologie an environmental pertection.<ref name="jamk" /> The [[Obninsk Nuclear Pouer Plant|first nuclear pouer plant]] in the warld for the lairge-scale production o [[electricity]] opened here on 27 Juin 1954, an it doubled as a trainin base for the crew o the [[Soviet Union]]'s first nuclear submarine an aw, the [[Soviet submarine K-3 Leninsky Komsomol|K-3 Leninsky Komsomol]]. Nou the ceety is hame tae twal scienteefic research institutes. Thair main activities are nuclear pouer ingineerin, radiation technologie, medical [[radiologie]], an [[meteorologie]]. Obninsk is famous for [[Obninsk Meteorological touer|its meteorological touer]] which wis biggit tae study spreadin o radiation frae the nuclear station. The follaein institutes are locatit in the ceety:<ref name="rd">{{cite web|url=http://www.obninsk.ru/eng/article04_eng.html|title=Research & Education|publisher=City of Obninsk|access-date=2013-01-14|archive-date=2009-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424083200/http://www.obninsk.ru/eng/article04_eng.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *State Scienteefic Center of Roushie Federation Institute for Physics an Power Engineering *State Scienteefic Center of Roushie Federation Obninsk Scienteefic Production Enterprise "Tekhnologiya" *Medical Radiological Research Center o the Roushie Academy of Medical Sciences *Obninsk Branch o the State Scienteefic Center o the Roushie Federation "Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry" *[[Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering]] *Roushie Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information (Warld Data Center) *Central Pilot Expedeetion o the Geophysical Service o the Roushie Academy of Sciences *Roushie Research Institute of Agricultural Radiology an Agroecology *Central Design Bureau of Hydrometeorological Instrumentation *Roushie Research Institute of Agricultural Meteorology *Scienteefic Production Association TYPHOON ==Govrenment== The Heid o the Ceety Admeenistration is Alexander Avdeyev.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.avdeev-obninsk.ru/ |title=Alexander Avdeyev |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302103543/http://avdeev-obninsk.ru/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aw|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie}} Obninsk haes three [[twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceeties]], as designatit bi [[Sister Cities International]]: *{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]], [[Tennessee]], [[Unitit States]] *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Mianyang]], [[Cheenae]] *{{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Visaginas]], [[Lithuanie]] Obninsk haes a partnership wi an aw: *{{Flagicon|France}} [[Limousin (region)|Limousin]], [[Fraunce]] *{{Flagicon|France}} [[Montpellier Agglomération]], Fraunce *{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Jyväskylä]], [[Finland]] *{{Flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Tiraspol]], [[Transnistrie]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{RussiaBasicLawRef|klu}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|klu|mun|list3}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130126035754/http://www.admobninsk.ru/Eng/ Offeecial wabsteid o Obninsk] *[http://www.admobninsk.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid o Obninsk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001906/http://www.admobninsk.ru/ |date=2016-03-04 }} {{ru icon}} {{Kaluga Oblast}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Kaluga Oblast]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Naukograds]] lspes98l7ppwyyc82pzznfngdw3w7pz 0 44453 923419 876864 2026-09-26T04:23:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Icheon | native_name = 이천<br>利川 | native_name_lang = Korean | translit_lang1 = Korean | settlement_type = [[Leet o ceeties in Sooth Korea|Municipal Ceety]] | translit_lang1_type1 = Hangul | translit_lang1_info1 = 이천시 | translit_lang1_type2 = Hanja | translit_lang1_info2 = 利川市 | translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|Revised Romanization}} | translit_lang1_info3 = Icheon-si | translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|McCune-Reischauer}} | translit_lang1_info4 = Ich'ŏn-si | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = Jee H Choe | image_skyline = Korea-Icheon-01.jpg | imagesize = 280px | image_caption = | image_map = Map Icheon-si.png | mapsize = 280px | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Sooth Korea}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Korea|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Seoul Naitional Caipital Aurie|Sudogwon]] | population_blank1_title = Dialect | population_blank1 = [[Seoul dialect|Seoul]] | area_total_km2 = 461 | population_as_of = | population_total = 196,230 | population_density_km2 = | parts_type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea|Admeenistrative diveesions]] | parts = 2 ''eup'', 8 ''myeon'', 4 ''dong'' | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = }} '''Icheon''' is a [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea|ceety]] in [[Gyeonggi-do]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It shoud no be ramfeeselt wi the hintle lairger [[Incheon]] Metropolitan Ceety. Neebourin destricts include [[Yeoju]], [[Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do|Gwangju]], [[Yongin]], an [[Anseong]] athin Gyeonggi, as well as [[Eumseong]] in [[Chungcheongbuk-do]]. Thegither wi Yeoju, Icheon is kent as a centre o Sooth Korean [[ceramic]] manufactur. Ither famous local products include [[peach]]es an [[rice]]. Local institutions o heicher learnin include [[Korea Tourism College]] an [[Chungkang College o Cultural Industries]]. The [[Yeongdong Expresswey]] an [[Jungbu Naeryuk Expresswey]] pass throu Icheon. Icheon is hame tae [[Hynix]], the warld's seicont lairgest memory chip maker. ==Ceety Seembols== * Ceety Bird : Magpie * Ceety Flower : Azaleas * Ceety Tree : Pine ==Ceramic veelages== The Icheon Ceramics Veelage featurs 300-plus ceramics-makkin firms in the aurie o Sugwang-ri, Sindun-myeon, Saeum-dong. They use traditional skills an produce porcelains in some 40 tradeetional firefirth kilns. This pottery is recognisit baith at hame an abroad for its quality. The Saeum-dong an Sindun-myeon auries include a ceramics veelage wi mony ceramics stores an aw. Potters hae researched tradeetional methods an revivit the manufactur o ceramics in the style o Goryeo celadon an Joseon white porcelain here. The veelage is the centre o the effort tae preserve these tradeetions.<ref>Official pages of Icheon city</ref> ==Climate== {{Weather box |location = Icheon (1981−2010) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 2.8 |Feb high C = 6.3 |Mar high C = 12.1 |Apr high C = 19.3 |May high C = 24.2 |Jun high C = 27.5 |Jul high C = 29.0 |Aug high C = 29.9 |Sep high C = 25.8 |Oct high C = 20.4 |Nov high C = 12.0 |Dec high C = 4.7 |year high C = 17.8 |Jan mean C = −3.1 |Feb mean C = −0.2 |Mar mean C = 5.2 |Apr mean C = 11.9 |May mean C = 17.4 |Jun mean C = 21.7 |Jul mean C = 24.4 |Aug mean C = 24.8 |Sep mean C = 19.8 |Oct mean C = 13.0 |Nov mean C = 5.4 |Dec mean C = −1.2 |year mean C = 11.6 |Jan low C = −8.5 |Feb low C = −6.1 |Mar low C = −1.0 |Apr low C = 4.9 |May low C = 11.1 |Jun low C = 16.6 |Jul low C = 20.7 |Aug low C = 21.0 |Sep low C = 15.0 |Oct low C = 7.2 |Nov low C = −0.2 |Dec low C = −6.4 |year low C = 6.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 22.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 23.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 47.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 74.0 |May precipitation mm = 93.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 146.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 370.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 319.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 176.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 42.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 38.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 16.3 |year precipitation mm = 1370.8 |Jan humidity = 64.4 |Feb humidity = 59.9 |Mar humidity = 58.0 |Apr humidity = 55.3 |May humidity = 62.1 |Jun humidity = 67.8 |Jul humidity = 77.3 |Aug humidity = 76.9 |Sep humidity = 74.5 |Oct humidity = 70.4 |Nov humidity = 67.1 |Dec humidity = 66.6 |year humidity = 66.7 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 6.0 |Feb precipitation days = 4.6 |Mar precipitation days = 7.2 |Apr precipitation days = 7.0 |May precipitation days = 7.6 |Jun precipitation days = 9.4 |Jul precipitation days = 14.6 |Aug precipitation days = 13.8 |Sep precipitation days = 9.0 |Oct precipitation days = 5.0 |Nov precipitation days = 7.1 |Dec precipitation days = 6.1 |Jan sun = 166.1 |Feb sun = 169.1 |Mar sun = 192.1 |Apr sun = 210.8 |May sun = 221.8 |Jun sun = 187.0 |Jul sun = 141.2 |Aug sun = 159.4 |Sep sun = 165.6 |Oct sun = 188.4 |Nov sun = 152.6 |Dec sun = 158.3 |year sun = 2113.7 |source = Korea Meteorological Administration <ref name= KMA>{{cite web |url=http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&stn=203&norm=M&x=21&y=8&obs=0&mm=5&dd=2 |publisher=Korea Meteorological Administration |accessdate=2011−05−02 |title= 평년값자료(1981−2010) 이천(203) }}</ref> |date=May 2011}} ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|China}} [[Jingdezhen]], [[Cheenae]](1997) *{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Seto, Aichi|Seto]], [[Japan]] (2004) *{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gangdong-gu|Gangdong]], [[Sooth Korea]] *{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gangnam-gu|Gangnam]], [[Sooth Korea]] ==See an aw== * [[Korean pottery]] * [[Geografie o Sooth Korea]] * [[Leet o ceeties in Sooth Korea]] ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Icheon, Gyeonggi-do}} *[http://www.icheon.go.kr/z_newIcheon/global/eng/index.php City government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022080356/http://www.icheon.go.kr/z_newIcheon/global/eng/index.php |date=2008-10-22 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100612141537/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0003001003004&p=03&art_id=3003&lang=en Icheon : Official Seoul Ceety Tourism] {{Gyeonggi}} {{Metropolitan ceeties o Sooth Korea}} {{coord|37|16|N|127|26|E|type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Ceeties in Gyeonggi-do]] [[Category:Icheon| ]] i5k0bgpkr01egt634gasq110ucm4hdz 0 45139 923366 908525 2026-09-26T01:07:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Itheruises|Boa Vista}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Boa Vista |settlement_type = Municipality |official_name = The Municipality o Boa Vista |nickname = |motto = "''Segurança, Desenvolvimento, Integração''" ("''Security, Development, Integration''") |image_skyline = Montagem Boa Vista, Roraima.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |image_flag =Bandeira de Boa Vista.svg |image_seal = Brasao_Boa_Vista.png |image_map = Roraima Municip BoaVista.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location o Boa Vista in the [[Roraima|State o Roraima]] |image_map1 = Brazil State Roraima.svg |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = Brazil |subdivision_name1 = [[North Region, Brazil|North]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Image:Bandeira de Roraima.svg|border|22px]] [[Roraima]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Iradilson Sampaio [[Socialist Fowkpairty (Brazil)|PPS]] |established_title = Founded |established_date = 9 Juin 1890 |area_total_km2 = 5,687 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_note = |population_total = 266,901 |population_density_km2 = 43.8 |title|population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |timezone = [[UTC-4]] |elevation_m = 85 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = 69300-000 |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = [http://www.boavista.rr.gov.br Boa Vista, Roraima] |footnotes = }} '''Boa Vista''' ({{IPA-pt|ˈboɐ ˈvistɐ}}, ''Good View'') is the caipital o the Brazilian state o [[Roraima]]. Situatit on the wastren bank o the [[Branco River|River Branco]], the city lies 220&nbsp;km (136&nbsp;mi) awa frae Brazil's mairch wi [[Venezuela]]. It is the anerlie Brazilian caipital locatit entirely north o the equator. Boa Vista haes an [[Tropical rainforest climate|equatorial climate]], wi heich temperaturs throuoot the year an a vera narrae range o temperaturs, wi an average temperatur o aboot 30&nbsp;°C. It lees athin a vera wet climate wi annual precipitation aften mair nor 2000&nbsp;mm. Thir het an wet condeetions are ideal for the growthe o plants, sae the vegetation foond in the city is baith dense an variet. The [[Amazon Rainforest|equatorial rainforest]]s hae an extremely diverse fauna an aw. Boa Vista is the maist populous municipality in the state o Roraima;<ref>[http://www.v-brazil.com/tourism/roraima/boa-vista.html Boa Vista, capital city of Roraima, Brazil<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> approximately hauf o the population o the state lives in the city. Commerce maistly occurs wi [[Manaus]], the caipital o the [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|State of Amazonas]]. Business taks place atween Boa Vista an wi the cities o [[Lethem, Guyana|Lethem]], in Guyana an [[Santa Elena de Uairén]], in Venezuela an aw. Thir twa foreign cities are the anerlie major cities that can be accessed frae Boa Vista bi road, awtho roads connect ither smawer state municipalities wi the caipital city. Traivel bi airplane is the anerlie means o transportation wi ither regions o the kintra. The federal govrenment haes stairtit a project tae link Boa Vista bi road tae Manaus an then bi extension tae the major centres o Brazil, bi asphaltin the BR 319 an biggin several brigs in the Amazon forest, allouin a direct road link tae Manaus an then on tae the central an soothren regions o Brazil.<ref>[http://www.gobrasil.net/hotels/boavista/indexENG.shtml Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil – HotelStore.net – Hotel Reservations / Reservas de Hotel<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614190245/http://www.gobrasil.net/hotels/boavista/indexENG.shtml |date=2008-06-14 }}</ref> As a modren city, Boa Vista staunds oot amang the ither caipitals o the [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]] o Brazil as it is a planned city wi a radial plan. It wis planned bi the airchitect Darci Aleixo Derenusson who based his design for the city on ane that is seemilar tae that o Paris, Fraunce. The city wis biggit unner the direction o Captain Ene Garcez, the first govrenor o Roraima. The main avenues converge at Civic Center Plaza, whaur the heidquairters o three govrenmental branches (legislative, judiciary, an executive) reside. Aside frae sic cultural attractions as (theatres an pailaces), thare are hotels, banks, post offices, an cathedrals. ==History== The municipality o Boa Vista formit the first urban area o the state o Roraima. The [[São Joaquim Fort]], foondit in 1775, is locatit aboot 32&nbsp;km frae the caipital an is considered tae be o great importance tae the region. The city wis creatit on 9 Julie 1890 as Boa Vista dae Rio Branco. It wis foondit bi Augusto Villeroy (Amazonas's Govrenor). The first mayor wis João Capistrano da Silva Mota, kent as Coronel Mota an aw. Efter the mayor, twa cooncillors (José Francisco Coelho an José Gonzaga de Souza Junior) wur appointit. ==Climate== Boa Vista experiences a tropical savannah climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Koppen]] ''Aw''), wi a het, humid wet saison an a vera wairm dry saison. Interestingly, bein the anerlie major Brazilian city north o the equator, the wettest an driest months in Boa Vista are the reverse o the rest o the Amazonian region o Brazil, wi a het, humid, rainy period frae May tae August an a vera wairm, dry period frae September tae Aprile. Temperaturs fluctuations are relatively unsubstantial throuoot the year. {{Weather box |location = Boa Vista (1961-1990) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 32.6 |Feb high C = 33.4 |Mar high C = 33.7 |Apr high C = 33.0 |May high C = 31.4 |Jun high C = 30.3 |Jul high C = 30.4 |Aug high C = 31.7 |Sep high C = 33.0 |Oct high C = 33.6 |Nov high C = 33.4 |Dec high C = 32.8 |Year high C = 32.4 |Jan low C = 23.2 |Feb low C = 23.3 |Mar low C = 23.6 |Apr low C = 23.5 |May low C = 23.2 |Jun low C = 22.4 |Jul low C = 22.3 |Aug low C = 22.9 |Sep low C = 23.4 |Oct low C = 23.6 |Nov low C = 23.6 |Dec low C = 23.3 |Year low C = 23.3 |Jan precipitation mm = 25.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 18.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 30.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 88.5 |May precipitation mm = 213.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 321.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 267.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 188.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 99.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 63.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 60.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 44.0 |Year precipitation mm = 1420.4 |source = Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) <ref name="INMET">{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisClimatologicas|title=Climatological Information for Boa Vista, Brazil|publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology|accessdate=29 December 2012|archive-date=2019-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922133747/http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima%2Fnormaisclimatologicas|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} ==Caipital== In 1943, durin the middle o Warld War II, Boa Vista became the caipital o the recently creatit Federal Territory o [[Rio Branco]]. The territory grew frae minin operations in the area. The then Federal Territory o Rio Branco wis elevatit tae statehuid, later bein renamit as "[[Roraima]]". Later, machine-based minin wis prohibitit (acause o the resultin damage tae the landscape), which endit up hinderin the economy o the [[States o Brazil|state]] an the municipality. ==Economy== The GDP o the city wis R$ 2,265,603,000 (2005).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf|title=GDP|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]]|location=Boa Vista, Brazil|format=PDF|isbn=85-240-3919-1|accessdate=2007-07-18|year=2005|language=Portuguese}}</ref> The per caipita income o the city wis R$ 9,366 (2005).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf|title=per capita income|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]]|location=Boa Vista, Brazil|format=PDF|isbn=85-240-3919-1|accessdate=2007-07-18|year=2005|language=Portuguese}}</ref> ==Education== [[Image:UFRR placa.jpg|thumb|Universidade Federal de Roraima.]] Portuguese is the offeecial naitional leid, an the primar leid taucht in schuils. But Inglis an Spainyie are pairt o the offeecial heich schuil curriculum. ===Educational institutions=== * Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR); * Instituto Federal de Roraima (IFRR); * Faculdades Cathedral – Boa Vista (Cathedral-Boa Vista); * Faculdade de Teologia de Boa Vista (Fatebov); * an mony ithers. ==Tourism an recreation== [[Image:Orla 3.JPG|thumb|Taumanam.]] [[Image:Velia Coutinho 2.JPG|thumb|Velia Coutinho.]] * The biggest pairk o the [[North Region, Brazil|north region of Brazil]] is locatit here, the Anaua Pairk, a major recreational pairk wi a Forrodromo (show place), a square, a lake an a cairt-racin facility. * Taumanam is a sma artificial beach on Rio Branco. It haes several stores an snack bars an wis creatit in 2005. * The [[Ayrton Senna]] complex is the maist visitit tourist attraction in Boa Vista, consistin o Ayrton Senna, Velia Coutinho (Alimentation square an a show place), Praça das Águas (a square whaur thare is a watter show), Millennium portal (it wis creatit tae commemorate the 21st century), an Praça das Artes (the newest an the lairgest plazas in the complex, biggit thegither on pairt o the pairk). ==Cultur== ===Festa Junina (Saunt John Festival)=== [[Image:Diwali fireworks 2.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Fireworks]] in Saunt John Festival.]] [[Image:Orla de Boa Vista 5.JPG|right|thumb|Orla Taumanan Pairk]] [[Festa Junina]] wis introducit tae Northeastren Brazil bi the [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] for whom St John's day (celebratit as [[Midsimmer]] Day in several European kintras an aw), on the 24t o Juin, is ane o the auldest an maist popular celebrations o the year. Differently frae wha happens on the European Midsimmer Day, the festivities in Brazil dae no tak place durin the [[simmer solstice]] but durin the tropical [[winter solstice]]. The festivities tradeetionally begin efter the 12t o Juin, on the eve o St Anthony's day, an last till the 29t, which is Saunt Peter's day. Durin thir fifteen days, thare are bonfires, firewirks, an fowk dancin in the streets (step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences atween court life an peasant cultur in the 17t, 18t, an 19t-century Europe). Ance exclusively a landwart celebration, the day, in Brazil, it is nou laurgely a city festival. Teepical fuids an beverages are servit. As durin Carnival, the festivities include wearin costumes (in this case, peasant costumes), dancin, hivy drinkin, an visual spectacles (firewirks an fowk dancin). Lik wha happens on midsimmer an St John's Day in Europe, bonfires are a central pairt o thir festivities in Brazil. ===The Ceevic Centre=== [[Image:Garimpeiro.JPG|thumb|Praça dos Garimpeiros-Miners' monument.]] The Ceevic Center, biggit in the form o an opened fan, stairts frae the banks o the Rio Branco. This design wis creatit bi the ingineer [[Darci Aleixo Deregusson]] durin Ene Garcez's govrenment, the first o its kynd in Roraima. Frae the Ceevic Centre runs a seestem o 16 avenues, wi inspiration drawn frae Paris, Fraunce, [[Belo Horizonte]], an [[Goiânia]], Brazil. In this square are the heid offices o the Executive, Judicial an Legislative branches o the state govrenment. Ither biggins o significance are the Palace o Cultur, the Amazônia Bank, the Meenistry o Eddication, an a cathedral. The ceevic centre showcases a monument tae the miners who wur the first indwallers o this laund an aw. ==Demografic growthe== Initially, indigenous fowk wur the anerlie indwallers o Boa Vista. Boa Vista haed the heichest growthe rate o ony Brazilian caipital in the 1970s, at 3% per year. Wha attracts immigrants maist tae this city are employment opportunities that generatit bi public service jobs for Brazilians. General commercial opportunities attract immigrants frae neebourin kintras. In 1950 Boa Vista haed aboot 5,200 indwallers. This nummer haes grown 47 fauld in anerlie 56 years tae approximately 250,000 indwallers. ==Sports== Thare are several profeesional [[association fitbaa|fitbaw]] clubs in Boa Vista: *Atlético '''[[Atlético Roraima Clube|Roraima]]''' Clube *[[Baré Esporte Clube|'''Baré''' Esporte Clube]] *Grêmio Atlético Sampaio ('''GAS''') *'''São Raimundo''' Esporte Clube *'''River''' Esporte Clube *Atlético '''Rio Negro''' Clube *'''Náutico''' Futebol Clube The city's maist important stadium is [[Estádio Flamarion Vasconcelos]], better kent as ''Canarinho'', locatit in the neebourheid o the same name, Canarinho. The stadium, which locatit in the soothren pairt o Boa Vista, haes a maximum capacity o 10,000 fowk. An aw foond in Boa Vista is the ''Ribeirão'' stadium, locatit in a suburb o the city. == Infrastructur == [[Image:Rodoviária Internacional de Boa Vista.JPG|thumb|José Amador de Oliveira Internaitional Bus Station.]] ===Internaitional Airport=== Boa Vista is servit bi [[Boa Vista Internaitional Airport|Boa Vista-Atlas Brasil Cantanhede Internaitional Airport]] wi flichts tae [[Belém]], [[Brasília]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] (Guyana), [[Manaus]], [[Paramaribo]] (Suriname), an [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Boa Vista Internaitional Airport wis opened on 19 Februar 1973, an unnerwent major remodelings in 1998 an 2009. The passenger terminal, runwey an apron wur aw enlairgit, an a separate taxiwey wis biggit. The airport currently can haundle a tot o 330,000 passengers a year, conveniently an securely. ===Heich-gates=== [[Image:BR-174 Sul.jpg|thumb|Br-174, Boa Vista/Venezuela tae Manaus.]] *BR-174; *BR-432; *BR-410; *RR-205; *RR-319. ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Sister project links|voy={{PAGENAME}}|Boa Vista, Roraima}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051214104014/http://www.pmbv.rr.gov.br/template_interno_contatos.php Site of Boa Vista's City Haw] {{pt icon}} {{Municipalities o Roraima}} {{Caipitals o Brazilian states}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boa Vista}} [[Category:State caipitals in Brazil]] [[Category:Roraima]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1890]] [[Category:Planned cities in Brazil]] edeb6gojykm6clziimpqi9pyjy9jeee 0 45212 923338 909220 2026-09-26T00:06:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roushie destrict |en_name=Anuchinsky Destrict |ru_name=Анучинский район |image_map=Prim-Kray-Anuchinsky.png |map_caption=Location o Anuchinsky Destrict on the map o Primorsky Krai |coordinates = {{coord|43|59|N|133|07|E|type:adm2nd_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |lats |longs |image_flag |flag_caption |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Anuchinsky rayon (Primorye krai).png |coa_caption=Coat o airms o Anuchinsky Municipal Destrict |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |federal_subject=[[Primorsky Krai]] |federal_subject_ref=<ref name="ATSLaw">Law #161-KZ, Appendix</ref> |adm_data_as_of=2009 |adm_ctr_type=''[[veelage#Roushie|selo]]'' |adm_ctr_name=[[Anuchino, Primorsky Krai|Anuchino]] |adm_ctr_ref |no_of_rural_localities=29 |counts_ref=<ref name="ATSLaw" /> |mun_data_as_of=February 2006 |mun_formation1=Anuchinsky Municipal Destrict |mun_formation1_ref=<ref name="Mun">Law #177-KZ</ref> |mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=4 |mun_formation1_counts_ref=<ref name="Mun" /> |mun_formation1_leader_title |mun_formation1_leader_title_ref |mun_formation1_leader_name |mun_formation1_leader_name_ref |mun_formation1_representative_body |mun_formation1_representative_body_ref |area_of_what |area_as_of |area_km2=3796.4 |area_km2_ref=<ref name="Area">{{lang|ru|Официальный сайт Законодательного Собрания Приморского края.}} [http://www.zspk.gov.ru/municipal/info/sbornik.html {{lang|ru|Сборник "Муниципальные образования Приморского края"}}] (Official website of the Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai. ''Municipal Formations of Primorsky Krai'') {{ru icon}}</ref> |pop_2010census=14615 |urban_pop_2010census |rural_pop_2010census |pop_2010_census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_2002census=16010 |urban_pop_2002census=0% |rural_pop_2002census=100% |pop_2002_census_ref=<ref name="PopCensus" /> |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=23 Mairch 1935 |established_date_ref=<ref name="OffSiteHist">Official website of Anuchinsky District. [http://mo.primorsky.ru/anuchinsky/viewart.php?id=19 History] {{ru icon}}</ref> |newspaper=''Anuchinskiye Zori'' |newspaper_ref=<ref name="OffSiteStat">Official website of Anuchinsky District. [http://mo.primorsky.ru/anuchinsky/viewart.php?id=21 District statistics] {{ru icon}}</ref> |website=http://mo.primorsky.ru/anuchinsky/ |website_ref |date=January 2011 }} '''Anuchinsky Destrict''' ({{lang-ru|Ану́чинский райо́н}}) is an admeenistrative<ref name="ATSLaw" /> an municipal<ref name="Mun" /> destrict ([[raion]]) o [[Primorsky Krai]], [[Roushie]]; ane o the twinty-twa in the [[krai]]. It is locatit in the soothren portion o the krai an borders wi [[Spassky Destrict, Primorsky Krai|Spassky Destrict]] in the north, [[Yakovlevsky Destrict, Primorsky Krai|Yakovlevsky Destrict]] an the territory o the toun o [[Arsenyev]] in the northeast, [[Chuguyevsky Destrict]] in the east, [[Partizansky Destrict, Primorsky Krai|Partizansky Destrict]] in the sootheast, the territory o the toun o [[Partizansk]] in the sooth an sootheast, [[Shkotovsky Destrict]] in the sooth an soothwast, an wi [[Mikhaylovsky Destrict, Primorsky Krai|Mikhaylovsky]] an [[Chernigovsky Destrict]]s in the wast. The aurie o the destrict is {{convert|3769.4|km2|sp=us}}.<ref name="Area" /> Its [[admeenistrative centre]] is the [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|landwart locality]] (a ''[[veelage#Roushie|selo]]'') o [[Anuchino, Primorsky Krai|Anuchino]]. Destrict's population: {{ru-census|p2010_prelim=14,615|p2002=16,010|p1989=18,187}} Population o Anuchino accoonts for 29.8% o the destrict's population.<ref name="PopCensus" /> [[Subdivisions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|Municipally]], the destrict is incorporatit as '''Anuchinsky Municipal Destrict''' which is dividit intae fower landwart dounsets comprisin twinty-nine landwart localities.<ref name="Mun" /> The destrict is locatit in [[humid continental climate]] zone whaur the [[Sikhote-Alin]] muntains an [[plain]]s o [[Khanka lawlands]] come thegither. As a result, the aurie haes rich [[flora]] an [[fauna]]. [[Agricultur]] is characterisit bi [[potato]], [[vegetables]], [[rice]], [[cereals]], an [[panax]] growthe. Milk an meat [[cattle breedin]] is vera developit in destrict.<ref name="Cattle">Far Eastern Geological Institute. [http://www.fegi.ru/PRIMORYE/GEOGR/anuchino.htm Information about Anuchinsky District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123413/http://www.fegi.ru/primorye/geogr/anuchino.htm |date=2012-05-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123413/http://www.fegi.ru/primorye/geogr/anuchino.htm |date=2012-05-05 }} {{ru icon}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|adm|law}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|mun|list|anuchinsky}} {{Primorsky Krai}} [[Category:Destricts o Primorsky Krai]] [[Category:States an territories establisht in 1935]] 9b4mcw4t9q2xy0iyqqerudhbxximqcf 0 45256 923528 885763 2026-09-26T08:49:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Sinsa-dong | img = | hangul = 신사동 | hanja = 新沙洞 | rr = Sinsa-dong | mr = Sinsa-tong | area_km2 = 1.90 | pop = 23368 | popnote =<ref name="encyber" /> | popyear = 2001 | popden_km2 =12299 | popdennote = | divs = | map = Sinsa dong gangnamgu.png }} '''Sinsa-dong''' is a waird o [[Gangnam-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is servit bi Sinsa Station on the Seoul Metro Line 3 or you can fynd route throu [http://topis.seoul.go.kr/eng/popup/busroute.jsp Seoul TOPIS Bus Route Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417170712/http://topis.seoul.go.kr/eng/popup/busroute.jsp |date=2011-04-17 }}. This destrict contains mony depairtment stores, hairshops, kirks, boutiques, cafes an restaurants. <ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=732234&contentno=732234|title=신사동 (Sinsa-dong 新沙洞)|publisher=Doosan encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-14|language=Korean}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tour.gangnam.go.kr/main_history/history10_01.html |title=The origin of the names: Sinsa-dong |publisher=[[Gangnam-gu]] official site |accessdate=2008-04-14 |language=Korean |archive-date=2012-07-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721111704/http://tour.gangnam.go.kr/main_history/history10_01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sinsa-dong Surroondins == '''Schuils''' In Sinsa-dong, thare are three schuils: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324152839/http://www.shingu.es.kr/index/index.do?refer=http:%2F%2Fsearch.naver.com%2Fsearch.naver%3Fwhere=nexearch&query=%BD%C5%B1%B8%C3%CA%B1%B3&sm=top_hty&fbm=1 Singu Primar schuil] (Frae Grade 1 tae Grade 6), [http://sinsa.ms.kr/ Sinsa Junior Heich schuil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516230029/http://sinsa.ms.kr/ |date=2014-05-16 }} (Frae Grade 7 tae Grade 9) an [http://hyundai.cschool.net/ Hyundai Senior Heich schuil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719224514/http://hyundai.cschool.net/ |date=2006-07-19 }} (Grade 10 tae Grade 12). Sinsa Junior Heich schuil an Hyundai Senior Heich schuil are locatit juist next tae ilk ither. '''Sinsa-dong Garosugil''' Singsa-dong Garosugil or Sinsa-dong street tree road is ane o the famous place in Sinsa-dong. Thare are abundant ginkgo trees on each side o the road. Fowk caw this road as “The road o airtists” syne it haes congenial atmosphere that is made o chairmin cafes an restaurants. In addeetion, mony Korean celebrities veesit this place as thay can easily fynd unique or exotic clothin. '''Hangang Pairk''' It is placit atween Hannam Brig an Banpo Brig. The lenth is 5.2&nbsp;km an thare are some sports facilities sic as basketbaa court, tennis court an soummin puil. In addeetion, fowk can fynd luxurious ferry boat restaurant in Hangan pairk. '''Apgujeong-dong''' [[Apgujeong-dong]], ane o the famous place in Gangnam-gu, beside Sinsa-dong. == See an aw == *[[Dong o Gangnam-gu]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{ko}} [http://www.sinsa.co.kr/ Offeecial steid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518125016/http://sinsa.co.kr/ |date=2013-05-18 }} {{Gangnam-gu}} [[Category:Neebourheids o Gangnam-gu]] 9hz9xn8w4kny40exbcgdq2lpl69sxr8 0 45260 923556 822103 2026-09-26T09:35:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923556 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:IB_299_4to_Tyr.jpg|thumb|Týr]] '''Týr''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|t|ɪər}};<ref>[http://m-w.com/dictionary/tyr Merriam Webster Online Dictionary: ''Tyr'']</ref> [[Auld Norse]]: ''Týr'' {{IPA-sv|tyːr|}}) is the god o [[Law]], the [[althing]], Juistice, The Sky, an heroic glory in [[Norse meethologie]], portrayed as a ane-haundit man. Correspondin names in ither Germanic leids are [[Gothic leid|Gothic]] '''''Teiws''''', [[Auld Inglis]] '''''Tīw''''' an [[Auld Heich German]] '''''Ziu''''' an '''''Cyo''''', aw frae [[Proto-Germanic]] '''''*{{lang|gem|Tîwaz}}''''' (''*{{lang|gem|Tē₂waz}}''). The [[Laitin|Laitinisit]] name is '''''Tius''''' or '''''Tio'''''.<ref>Adapted from the work of Dr. W. Wägner. By M. W. MacDowall. ''[http://nsl-archiv.com/Buecher/Fremde-Sprachen/MacDowell,%20M.%20W.%20-%20Asgard%20and%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Tales%20and%20Traditions%20of%20our%20Northern%20Ancestors%20(EN,%201884,%20317%20S.,%20Text).pdf Asgard and the Gods. The Tales and Traditions of our Northern Ancestors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514211818/http://nsl-archiv.com/ |date=2020-05-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514211818/http://nsl-archiv.com/ |date=2020-05-14 }}''.</ref> In the late Icelandic [[Edda]]s, Tyr is portrayed, alternately, as the son o [[Odin]] ([[Prose Edda]]) or of [[Hymir]] ([[Poetic Edda]]), while the oreegins o his name an his possible relationship tae [[Tuisto]] (see [[Tacitus]]' Germania) suggest he wis ance considered the faither o the gods an heid o the pantheon, syne his name is ultimately cognate tae that o ''*[[Dyeus]]'' (cf. [[Dyaus]]), the reconstructit chief deity in [[Indo-European releegion]]. It is assumit that Tîwaz wis owertaken in popularity an in authority bi baith [[Odin]] an [[Thor]] at some point durin the [[Migration Period|Migration Age]], as Odin shares his role as God o war. Tiw wis equatit wi [[Mars (meethologie)|Mars]] in the ''[[interpretatio germanica]]''. [[Tuesday]] is in fact "Tīw's Day" (an aw in [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] ''Zischtig'' frae ''zîes tag''), translatin ''dies Martis''. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Týr}} {{Wiktionary|Tyr}} *[http://runeberg.org/svetym/1129.html Runeberg Projekt − Swedish etymologic Dictonary] {{Norse paganism topics}} {{Anglo-SaxonPaganism}} {{Norse meethology}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tyr}} [[Category:Germanic deities]] [[Category:Germanic paganism]] [[Category:War gods]] [[Category:Æsir]] [[Category:Names o God]] gt0lhlodfopscp7148spfrw4xw7vlnn 0 45299 923450 920803 2026-09-26T05:28:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group ||group=Laitin Americans |image=<div style="background:#fee8ab;"><small></small></div> |poptime= '''562,000,000'''<br/> or more (in 2010)<ref name=LatAmPlus>Based on recent estimates, as of 2010. Sources by country: '''Argentina''' {{cite web |url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |accessdate= 2008-06-24 |work= Gustavo Pérez |format= pdf |publisher= [[INDEC]] |pages= 16 |language= español |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051109220300/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archivedate= 2005-11-09 |url-status= dead }}; '''Australia''' [http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true& Australian Bureau of Statistics 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310121707/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true& |date=2008-03-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310121707/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/download?format=xls&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20%28full%20classification%20list%29%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&areacode=0 |date=2008-03-10 }}; '''Bolivia''' {{cite web|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1262904839&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-1048596&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-38|title=Bolivia|publisher=World Gazetteer|accessdate=2010-01-07|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DnKb7gti?url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1262904839|archivedate=2013-01-19|url-status=dead}}; '''Brazil''' [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazil 2009 Estimate] IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 2 January 2010; '''Canada''' 2006 census{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page |title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census |accessdate=2008-05-10 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=2008-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507053644/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page |url-status=dead }}; '''Colombia''' {{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php|title=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística|publisher=Dane.gov.co|date=|accessdate=2010-05-16|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php|url-status=dead}}; '''Costa Rica''' {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html#top|publisher=CIA The World Factbook|title=Costa Rica|access-date=2013-01-30|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107034112/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html%20#top|url-status=dead}}; '''Cuba''' [http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/03_tabla_cuadro.htm Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2008. Edición 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716142748/http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/03_tabla_cuadro.htm |date=2010-07-16 }}, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Accessed on May 19, 2010; '''Dominican Republic''' {{cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/pre_nuestro_pais.aspx?id=372|title=Presidencia de la República; Generalidades|accessdate=2009-12-14|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120910100438/http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/pre_nuestro_pais.aspx?id=372|archivedate=2012-09-10|url-status=dead}}; '''Ecuador''' {{cite journal | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 | version=2008 revision | format=PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-03-12 }}; '''El Salvador'''{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=El%20Salvador |title=UNdata El Salvador |publisher=UN |year=2008 |accessdate=2010-07-04 }}; '''Mexico''' {{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/comunicados/rpcpyv10.asp |title=INEGI Datos oficiales censo de población 2010 |publisher=INEGI |date=2010-06-12 |accessdate=2010-11-27 |archive-date=2011-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108101543/http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/comunicados/rpcpyv10.asp |url-status=dead }}; '''Paraguay''' {{cite journal | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 | version=2008 revision | format=PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-03-12 }}; '''Peru''' [http://www.inei.gob.pe Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) del Perú] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412040139/http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |date=1997-04-12 }}''[[INEI]]''. Retrieved on June 10, 2010; '''Portugal''' [http://www.sef.pt/documentos/56/DADOS_2007.pdf POPULAÇÃO ESTRANGEIRA EM TERRITÓRIO NACIONAL, SERVIÇO DE ESTRANGEIROS E FRONTEIRAS] 2008; '''Spain''' [http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/e245/p04/a2007/l0/&file=00000010.px&type=pcaxis&L=0 INE], Revisión del Padrón municipal 2007. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia. {{es}}; [http://www.ine.es/prensa/np503.pdf INE, Notas de Prensa 2008] {{es}}; '''Uruguay''' {{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html | title=Uruguay | version= | publisher=[[The World Factbook]] | author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] | accessdate=January 5, 2010 | archive-date=2007-06-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211631/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html | url-status=dead }}; '''USA''' (Self-identified ethnicity rather than birthplace) {{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/03/05/statistical-portrait-of-hispanics-in-the-united-states-2007/2007-portrait-of-hispanics-05/ |title=Detailed Hispanic Origin: 2007 |accessdate=2009-04-13 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]] |archive-date=2017-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607003825/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/03/05/statistical-portrait-of-hispanics-in-the-united-states-2007/2007-portrait-of-hispanics-05/ |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:519&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=414&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en |title=United States - Selected Population Profile in the United States (Brazilian (360-364)) |work=2008 [[American Community Survey]] 1-Year Estimates |accessdate=2010-03-16 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=2020-02-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034619/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:519&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=414&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> |regions = [[Laitin Americae]]: ''561,183,291''<ref name=LatAmpop>Based on recent estimates, as of 2010. Sources by country: '''Argentina''' {{cite web |url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |accessdate= 2008-06-24 |work= Gustavo Pérez |format= pdf |publisher= [[INDEC]] |pages= 16 |language= español |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051109220300/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archivedate= 2005-11-09 |url-status= dead }}; '''Bolivia''' {{cite web|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1262904839&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-1048596&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-38|title=Bolivia|publisher=World Gazetteer|accessdate=2010-01-07|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DnKb7gti?url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1262904839|archivedate=2013-01-19|url-status=dead}}; '''Brazil''' [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazil 2009 Estimate] IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 2 January 2010; '''Colombia''' {{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php|title=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística|publisher=Dane.gov.co|date=|accessdate=2010-05-16|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php|url-status=dead}}; '''Costa Rica''' {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html#top|publisher=CIA The World Factbook|title=Costa Rica|access-date=2013-01-30|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107034112/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html%20#top|url-status=dead}}; '''Cuba''' [http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/03_tabla_cuadro.htm Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2008. Edición 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716142748/http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/03_tabla_cuadro.htm |date=2010-07-16 }}, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Accessed on May 19, 2010; '''Dominican Republic''' {{cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/pre_nuestro_pais.aspx?id=372|title=Presidencia de la República; Generalidades|accessdate=2009-12-14|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120910100438/http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/pre_nuestro_pais.aspx?id=372|archivedate=2012-09-10|url-status=dead}}; '''Ecuador''' {{cite journal | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 | version=2008 revision | format=PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-03-12 }}; '''El Salvador'''{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=El%20Salvador |title=UNdata El Salvador |publisher=UN |year=2008 |accessdate=2010-07-04 }}; '''Mexico''' {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html|title=CIA - The World Factbook - Mexico|publisher=Cia.gov|date=|accessdate=2009-11-04|archive-date=2018-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129161335/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html|url-status=dead}}; '''Paraguay''' {{cite journal | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 | version=2008 revision | format=PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-03-12 }}; '''Peru''' [http://www.inei.gob.pe Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) del Perú] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412040139/http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |date=1997-04-12 }}''[[INEI]]''. Retrieved on June 10, 2010; '''Uruguay''' {{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html | title=Uruguay | version= | publisher=[[The World Factbook]] | author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] | accessdate=January 5, 2010 | archive-date=2007-06-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211631/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> |region1 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop1 = 199,321,413 |ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121846/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Mexico}} |pop2 = 114,975,406 |ref2 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2018-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129161335/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region3 = {{flag|Colombie}} |pop3 = 45,239,079 |ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513074502/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region4 = {{flag|Argentinae}} |pop4 = 42,192,494 |ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2007-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612213714/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region5 = {{flag|Peru}} |pop5 = 29,549,517 |ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105025708/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region6 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop6 = 28,047,938 |ref6 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2015-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124081728/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region7 = {{flagcountry|Chile}} |pop7 = 17,067,369 |ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106030337/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region8 = {{flag|Ecuador}} |pop8 = 15,223,680 |ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208201813/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region9 = {{flag|Guatemala}} |pop9 = 14,099,032 |ref9 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2015-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002082023/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region10 = {{flag|Cuba}} |pop10 = 11,075,244 |ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2016-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region11 = {{flag|Bolivie}} |pop11 = 10,290,003 |ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225154232/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region12 = {{flag|Dominican Republic}} |pop12 = 10,088,598 |ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2016-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213101305/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region13 = {{flag|Haiti}} |pop13 = 9,801,664 |ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2016-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131115215/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region14 = {{flag|Honduras}} |pop14 = 8,296,693 |ref14 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region15 = {{flag|Paraguay}} |pop15 = 6,541,590 |ref15 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2015-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104205444/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region16 = {{flag|El Salvador}} |pop16 = 6,090,646 |ref16 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230021/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region17 = {{flag|Nicaragua}} |pop17 = 5,727,707 |ref17 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2020-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831040543/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region18 = {{flag|Costa Rica}} |pop18 = 4,636,340 |ref18 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107034112/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region19 = {{flag|Puerto Rico}} |pop19 = 3,690,923 |ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226001756/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region20 = {{flag|Panama}} |pop20 = 3,510,045 |ref20 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225154224/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region21 = {{flag|Uruguay}} |pop21 = 3,316,328 |ref21 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html |title=CIA factbook |accessdate=2012-11-23 |archive-date=2007-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211631/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region22 = ----------------------- |region23 = {{flag|Unitit States}} |pop23 = ''[[Hispanic an Latino Americans|+50,000,000]]'' |ref23 = <ref>(Self-identified ethnicity rather than birthplace) {{cite web |url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/hispanics2007/Table-5.pdf |title=Detailed Hispanic Origin: 2007 |accessdate=2009-04-13 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]] |archive-date=2009-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501040652/http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/hispanics2007/Table-5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=acs>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:519&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=414&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en |title=United States - Selected Population Profile in the United States (Brazilian (360-364)) |work=2008 [[American Community Survey]] 1-Year Estimates |accessdate=2010-03-16 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=2020-02-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034619/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T:519;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:519&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=414&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region24 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop24 = ''[[Immigration tae Spain|+1,700,000]]'' |ref24 = <ref>[http://www.ine.es/prensa/np551.pdf Foreign population in Spain (2009)], Spanish National Statistics Institute press report, [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE (Spain)]]. June 3, 2009. (Spanish)</ref> |region25 = {{flag|Japan}} |pop25 = ''[[:en:Demographics of Japan#Immigration|+345.000]]'' |ref25 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Registered Foreigners in Japan by Nationality|url=http://www.stat.go.jp/data/nenkan/pdf/y0213014.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824195238/http://www.stat.go.jp/data/nenkan/pdf/y0213014.pdf|archivedate=2005-08-24|publisher=Statistics Bureau|accessdate=7 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> |region26 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop26 = [[Laitin American Canadian|304,245]] |ref26 =<ref name=statcan>2006 census{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page |title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census |accessdate=2008-05-10 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=2008-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507053644/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region27 = {{flagcountry|Unitit Kinrick}} |pop27 = ''[[Laitin Americans in the Unitit Kinrick|186,500]]'' |ref27 = <ref name="TfL">{{cite web|url=http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/No%20Longer%20Invisible%20report.pdf|title=No Longer Invisible: The Latin American community in London|publisher=Trust for London|accessdate=19 May 2011|archive-date=2012-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321090718/http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/No%20Longer%20Invisible%20report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region28 = {{flag|Portugal}} |pop28 = ''[[Immigration tae Portugal|~100,000]]'' |ref28 = <ref>[http://www.sef.pt/documentos/56/DADOS_2007.pdf POPULAÇÃO ESTRANGEIRA EM TERRITÓRIO NACIONAL, SERVIÇO DE ESTRANGEIROS E FRONTEIRAS] 2008;</ref> |region29 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop29 = [[:en:Latin American Australian|93,795]] |ref29 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true& |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=2008-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310121707/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/download?format=xls&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20%28full%20classification%20list%29%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&areacode=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |langs=Primarily [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] an [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]].<br> Regionally [[Quechua leids|Quechua]], [[Mayan leids]], [[Guarani leid|Guaraní]], [[Aymara leid|Aymara]], [[French leid|French]], [[Nahuatl]] an [[Laitin Americans#Leid|ithers]] |rels=Mostly [[Catholicism|Roman Catholic]].<br> Ither [[Releegion in Laitin Americae|significant minorities]]. }} '''Laitin Americans''' ({{lang-es|latinoamericano}}, {{lang-pt|latino-americano}}) are the [[citizens]] o the [[Laitin Americae|Laitin American]] kintras an dependencies. Laitin American kintras are [[multi-ethnic]], hame tae fowk o different ethnic an naitional backgrunds. As a result, some Latin Americans daena tak thair naitionality as an [[ethnicity]], but identifee thairsels wi baith thair [[naitionality]] an thair ancestral oreegins.<ref name=Lizcano/> Aside frae the indigenous [[Amerindian]] (aka Native American) population, aw Laitin Americans or thair ancestors immigratit athin the past five centuries. The specific [[ethnic]] an/or [[racial]] composition varies frae kintra tae kintra: mony hae a predominance o European-Amerindian, or [[Mestizo]], population; in ithers, [[Indigenous fowks o the Americas|Amerindians]] are a majority; some are maistly inhabitit bi fowk o [[White Laitin American|European]] ancestry; an ithers are primarily [[Mulatto]].<ref name="latin">{{cite web|url=http://www.monografias.com/trabajos7/amla/amla.shtml|title=América Latina|publisher=[http://www.monografias.com/trabajos7/amla/amla.shtml]|access-date=2013-01-31|archive-date=2005-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050809074052/http://www.monografias.com/trabajos7/amla/amla.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Various [[Afro-Laitin American|Black]], [[Asie Liatin American|Asie]], an [[Zambo]] (mixed Black an Amerindian) minorities are identifee'd in maist kintras an aw.<ref name="latin"/> [[White Laitin Americans]] are the lairgest single group.<ref name=Lizcano>{{cite journal |last=Lizcano Fernández |first=Francisco |date=May–August 2005 |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |journal=Convergencia |volume=38 |pages=185–232; table on p. 218 |publisher=[[Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México]], Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades |location=Mexico |issn=1405-1435 |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |language=Spanish |format=PDF |access-date=2014-02-18 |archive-date=2014-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224061845/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thegither wi the fowk o pairt-European ancestry thay combine for approximately 80% o the population,<ref name=CIAEG>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html|title=CIA&nbsp;— The World Factbook -- Field Listing&nbsp;— Ethnic groups|accessdate=2008-02-20|archive-date=2019-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010801/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> or even mair.<ref name=Lizcano/> Laitin Americans an thair stryndants can be foond amaist elsewhaur in the warld, pairticularly in densely populatit urban auries. The maist important migratory destiny for Laitin Americans are the [[Unitit States]], [[Wastren Europe]], [[Canadae]] an [[Australie]]. ==Definition== {{Main|Laitin Americae}} [[File:Latin America regions.svg|Thumb|left|170px|[[Laitin Americae|Laitin American]] kintras (''green'') in the [[Americas]]]] Laitin Americae ({{lang-es|América Latina}} or ''Latinoamérica''; {{lang-pt|América Latina}}; {{lang-fr|Amérique latine}}) is the [[region]] o the [[Americas]] whaur [[Romance leids]] (i.e., thae derivit frae [[Laitin]]—pairticularly [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]] an [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]], an variably [[French leid|French]]—are primarily spoken.<ref name=Colburn>{{cite book |title=Latin America at the End of Politics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qBCVB3mxCK8C&dq=%22latin+america+at+the+end+of+politics%22&pg=PP1&ots=Hsc6JIiWF0&sig=3-bdK4pc-bXg0abCFag4agEPwo8&hl=en&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3D%2522Latin%2BAmerica%2Bat%2Bthe%2BEnd%2Bof%2BPolitics%2522&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail#PPA10,M1|last=Colburn |first=Forrest D |year=2002 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-09181-1}}</ref><ref>"Latin America."''[[Oxford Dictionary of English|The New Oxford Dictionary of English]]''. Pearsall, J., ed. 2001. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; p. 1040: "The parts of the [[Americas|American continent]] where Spanish or Portuguese is the main national language (i.e.[[Mexico]] and, in effect, the whole of [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] including many of the [[Caribbean]]islands)."</ref> It includes mair nor 20 [[naitions]]: [[Mexico]] in [[North Americae]]; [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]] an [[Panama]] in [[Central Americae]]; [[Colombie]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivie]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentinae]] an [[Uruguay]] in [[Sooth Americae]]; [[Cuba]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]], an [[Puerto Rico]] in the [[Caribbean]]—in summar, [[Hispanic Americae]], [[Brazil]], an [[Haiti]]. If we consider this definition strictly, we shoud consider [[Canadae]] an in pairticular [[Quebec]] as pairt o Laitin Americae. The raison ahint this is that Canadae haes French as ane o its offeecial leids alangside wi Inglis, an in pairticular Quebec is the anerlie Canadian province wi a predominantly [[French-speakin]] population an the anerlie ane whose sole offeecial leid is French at the provincial level. But this region is rarely considered sae, syne its history, distinctive cultur an economy, an Breetish-inspired poleetical institutions are generally deemit too closely intertwined wi the [[Inglis Canadae|rest o Canadae]].<ref>{{Cite book| last = Bethell | first = Leslie (ed.) | title = The Cambridge History of Latin America | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1984 | volume = 1 | location = Cambridge | page = xiv | isbn = 978-0-521-23223-4 }}</ref> Laitin Americae, tharefore, can be defined as aw thae pairts o the [[Americas]] that wur ance pairt o the [[French Colonial Empire|French]], [[Spaingie Empire|Spaingie]], or [[Portuguese Empire]]s.<ref>{{cite book | last = Rangel | first = Carlos | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Latin Americans: Their Love-Hate Relationship with the United States | url = https://archive.org/details/latinamericans0000carl | publisher = Harcourt Brace Jovanovich | year = 1977 | location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/latinamericans0000carl/page/3 3]–5 | isbn = 0-15-148795-2 }} {{cite book | last = Skidmore | first = Thomas E. | authorlink = | coauthors = Peter H. Smith| title = Modern Latin America | url = https://archive.org/details/modernlatinameri0006skid | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | edition = 6 | location = Oxford and New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/modernlatinameri0006skid/page/1 1]–10| isbn = 0-19-517013-X }}</ref> ==See an aw== *[[Argentines]] *[[Brazilians]] *[[Chileans]] *[[Colombie fowk]] *[[Costa Ricans]] *[[Cubans]] *[[Mexicans]] *[[Peruvians]] *[[Uruguayans]] *[[Venezuelans]] *[[Criollo fowk]] *[[History o Laitin Americae]] *[[Hispanic Americae]] *[[Laitins]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Pan-Americanism}} {{Laitin American diaspora}} [[Category:Laitin American fowk| ]] [[Category:Laitin American studies]] j1jfxh6xs67if5ax9vxpwal2u19flm9 0 45308 923481 912162 2026-09-26T07:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox ethnic group| |group=Norse fowk<br>''nordmenn'' |image=<div style="margin-top:1px; margin-bottom:1px;">[[Image:Norwegians (ethnicgroup)b.png|250px]] |caption=<small>[[St. Olaf]] {{•}} [[Peder Tordenskjold|P. Tordenskjold]] {{•}} [[Niels Henrik Abel|N. H. Abel]] {{•}} [[Frederik Stang|F. Stang]] <br>[[Henrik Ibsen|H. Ibsen]] {{•}} [[Edvard Grieg|E. Grieg]] {{•}} [[Fridtjof Nansen|F. Nansen]] {{•}} [[Edvard Munch|E. Munch]] <br>[[Roald Amundsen|R. Amundsen]] {{•}} [[Eivind Groven|E. Groven]] {{•}} [[Liv Ullmann|L. Ullmann]] {{•}} [[Ole Gunnar Solskjær|O. G. Solskjær]] <br>[[Princess Märtha Louise of Norway|Pr. Märtha]] {{•}} [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway|Pr. Mette-Marit]] {{•}} [[Siv Jensen|S. Jensen]] {{•}} [[Lisa-Mari Moen Jünge|L-M. M. Jünge]] </small> |poptime='''12 million'''{{smallsup|a}}{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}<br/><small>(0.17% of the world's population)&nbsp;{{smallsup|a}}</div> |pop1 = 4,712,232 <ref>The [http://www.euroamericans.net/norwegian.htm# 2000 American census] reports that the United States, in the 2000 census, has 4,477,725 inhabitants of (partial) Norwegian ancestry.</ref> |popplace={{flag|Norawa}}{{Ref label|aaa|a}}:4,305,886<ref>"Without immigrant background" : Population 1.1.2010 (4 305 886 [http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2010-04-29-06-en.html])</ref> |region1 ={{flag|Unitit States}} |region2 = {{flag|Canadae}}{{Ref label|aaa|a}} |pop2 = 521,390<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 Shows a list over Canadas different ethnic groups, reports that there is 363,760 persons reporting Norwegian as one ancestry in Canada, of these 44,790 reported only Norwegian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101151108/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=2009-11-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221808/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=2019-01-06 }}.</ref> |region3 = {{flag|Brazil}}{{Ref label|aaa|a}} |pop3 = 465,441<ref>The [http://www.ibge.com.br/norwegian.htm# 2000 Brazilian census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913113513/https://www.ibge.com.br/pagina-404.html |date=2019-09-13 }} reports that Brazil, in the 2000 census, has 465,44 inhabitants of (partial) Norwegian ancestry.</ref> |region4 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}{{Ref label|aaa|a}}{{Ref label|bbb|b}} |pop4 =13,798<ref name="reg">Number of Norwegians registered at the Embassy for living in each of these countries.</ref><br /> ''also c. 42,000 [[Orcadians]] an [[Shetlanders]]'' |region5 = {{flag|Swaden}}{{Ref label|aaa|a}} |pop5 = 48,385<ref>[http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2005A01_BR_BE0106TAB.pdf Swedish Statistics from 2005. Shows the official number of Norwegians in Sweden at page 20.]</ref><ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm Sweden: Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth, by year]</ref> |region6 ={{flag|Australie}} |pop6 = 32,850<ref>[http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf Swedish Statistics from 2005. Shows the official number of Norwegians in Sweden at page 20.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415074055/http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf |date=2005-04-15 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm Australian: Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth, by year]</ref> |region7 = {{flag|Denmark}} |pop7 =16,320<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics Denmark:FOLK2: Population 1. January by sex, age, ancestry, country of origin and citizenship|url=http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280|publisher=Statistics Denmark|accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref> |region8 = {{flag|Germany}} |pop8 = 6,398 |ref8 = {{citation needed}} |region9 = {{flag|Finland}} |pop9 = 2,156 |ref9 = {{citation needed}} |region10 = {{flag|Switzerland}} |pop10 = 1,966 |ref10 = {{citation needed}} |region11 = {{flag|New Zealand}} |pop11 = 1,400 |ref11 = {{citation needed}} |region12 = {{flag|Italy}} |pop12 = 1,075 |ref12 = {{citation needed}} |region13 = {{flag|Iceland}} |pop13 = 671 |ref13 = {{citation needed}} |region14 = {{flag|Japan}} |pop14 = 424 |ref14 = {{citation needed}} |region15 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop15 = 16,000 |ref15 = <ref name=MPI/> |region16 = {{flag|Turkey}} |pop16 = 5,000 |region17 = {{flag|Fraunce}} |pop17 = 4,000 |ref17 = <ref name=MPI/> |region18 = {{flag|Israel}} |pop18 = 1,000 |ref18 = <ref name=MPI/> |region19 = {{flag|Greece}} |pop19 = 1,000 |ref19 = <ref name=MPI/> |region20 = {{flag|Romania}} |pop20 = 1,000 |ref20 = <ref name=MPI/> |region21 = {{flag|Hungary}} |pop21 = 1,000 |ref21 = <ref name=MPI/> |region22 = {{flag|Austrick}} |pop22 = 1,000 |ref22 = <ref name=MPI/> |region23 = {{flag|Poland}} |pop23 = 2,000 |ref23 = <ref name=MPI/> |region24 = {{flag|Netherlands}} |pop24 = 3,000 |ref24 = <ref name=MPI/> |region25 = {{flag|Belgium}} |pop25 = 1,000 |ref25 = <ref name=MPI/> |langs=[[Norse leid|Norse]]<br> Closely relatur (mutually intelligible) leids include [[Dens leid|Dens]] an [[Swadish leid|Swadish]]. Ither relatit leids include [[Faroese leid|Faroese]] an [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]], an tae a lesser extent, aw [[Germanic leids]].<br> [[Norse American]]s: Historically [[Norse leid|Norse]], but later [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] acause o [[Americanisation (immigration)|Americanisation]]. |rels=Mainly [[Lutheranism]] an mair recently [[Secularism]]. An aa see [[Releegion in Norawa]]. Historically [[Norse paganism]] {{citation}} | related=[[Faroese fowk|Faroese]], [[Icelanders]], [[Germans]]/[[Austrians]],<ref name="hpgl.stanford.edu">{{cite web |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060758/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-27 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060758/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref> [[Danes]], [[Dutch fowk|Dutch]], [[Swedes]], [[Shetland]]ers, [[Orcadians]], [[Scots fowk|Scots]], [[Inglis fowk|Inglis]], [[Normans]] <br>Other [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] ethnic groups | footnotes = a. {{note|aaa}} Disna include fowk o [[Faroese fowk|Faroese]], [[Icelandic fowk|Icelandic]], [[Orcadians|Orcadian]] or [[Shetlanders|Shetlandic]] ancestry. Daes include persons wi pairtial Norse ancestry. b. {{note|bbb}} Note that thare are millions o [[Breetish fowk|Britons]] o [[Scandinavie]] ancestry an ethnicity, tho mixed wi ithers. |}} '''Norse fowk''' ({{lang-no|nordmenn}}) constitute baith a naition an an [[ethnic group]] native tae [[Norawa]]. Thay share a common cultur an speak the [[Norse leid]]. Norse fowk an thair stryndants are foond in migrant commonties warldwide, notably in [[Unitit States]], [[Canadae]], [[Australie]] an [[Brazil]]. {{stub/Europe}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{commons category|People of Norway}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Norawa]] [[Category:Norse fowk| ]] 69pi8qiu63d4po834klsdltuwg6j86n 0 45398 923381 897767 2026-09-26T02:22:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Dens<br />''danskere'' |image = <!-- We really have no good estimate. 7 million is the sum of the significant populations listed below, rounded up to the nearest million. USA should have far the majority of emigrants. --> |caption= |population = [[Circa|c.]] '''7 million''' |popplace = {{flag|Denmark}} 4,996,980<!--This table only lists people defined as being "of Danish origin" by the Danish Institute of Statistics, not all holders of Danish citizenship. Read p. 2, table 1 in the Danmarks Statistik publication - http://www.dst.dk/nytudg/11817 - before changing this figure-->{{lower|<ref name="Denmark">[http://www.dst.dk/HomeUK/Statistics/focus_on/focus_on_show.aspx?sci=565 Danmarks Statistik] ([[pdf]], written in [[Inglis leid|English]]) reports that metropolitan Denmark, per 1 April 2011, has 4.996.980 inhabitants of Danish origin.</ref>}} |region1 = {{flag|Unitit States}} |pop1 = 1,430,897 |ref1 = {{lower|<ref>The [http://www.euroamericans.net/dane.htm# 2000 American census] reports that the United States, in the 2000 census, has 1,430,897 inhabitants of Danish ancestry.</ref>}} |region3 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop3 = 200,035 |ref3 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=Statistics Canada |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2009-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101151108/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region4 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop4 = 140,000 |region5 = {{flag|Norawa}} |pop5 = 52,510 |ref5 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|author=Statistics Norway|title=Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex. 1 January 2009 (Immigrants and Norwegian-norn to immigrant parents + Other immigrant background)|url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html|accessdate=2009-08-27|archive-date=2011-11-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20111112103850/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |region6 = {{flagcountry|Australie}} |pop6 = 50,413 |ref6 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry& |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census Table |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2008-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722065340/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry& |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region7 = {{flag|Germany}} |pop7 = 50,000 |ref7 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/federal-states/content/background-1/national-minorities.html National minorities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624232929/http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/federal-states/content/background-1/national-minorities.html |date=2008-06-24 }} at the [[Federal Foreign Minister (Germany)|Federal Foreign Office of Germany]]</ref>}} |region8 = {{flagcountry|Swaden}} |pop8 = 42,602 |ref8 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2005A01_BR_BE0106TAB.pdf Statistics Sweden]</ref>}} |region9 = {{flag|Argentinae}} |pop9 = 13,000 |ref9 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.danes-in-argentina.dk/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2010-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116073332/http://www.danes-in-argentina.dk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region10 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |pop10 = 18,493 <small>(Dens born anerlie)</small> |ref10 = {{lower|<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/denmark.stm Danish Immigrants to the UK (2001)]</ref>}} |region11 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop11 = 8,944 |ref11 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf |title=Spanish National Statistics Institute |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2020-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509141449/https://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region13 = {{flag|Fraunce}} |pop13 = 7,000 |ref13 = <ref>http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/688507Reference {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201045/http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/688507Reference |date=2015-04-02 }} Danes in France</ref> |region14 = {{flag|Swisserland}} |pop14 = 4.251 |ref14 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statsborger.dk/danskere_i_udlandet.htm |title=Danes in foreign countries |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2015-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223222545/http://www.statsborger.dk/danskere_i_udlandet.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region15 = {{flag|New Zealand}} |pop15 = 3,507 |ref15 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/868341F6-C705-4738-9792-EDE1F79AE9B2/0/MoreCensus96CountsPeople.doc |title=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2009-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324212932/http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/868341F6-C705-4738-9792-EDE1F79AE9B2/0/MoreCensus96CountsPeople.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region16 = {{flag|Faroe Islands}} |pop16 = 2,956 |region17 = {{flag|Iceland}} |pop17 = 2,802 |ref17 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statice.is/?PageID=1174&src=/temp_en/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=MAN12100%26ti=Population+by+country+of+birth+1981%2D2006+%26path=../Database/mannfjoldi/Faedingarland/%26lang=1%26units=Fj%F6ldi |title=Population by country of birth 1981-2006 by country and year: Denmark, 2006 |date=31 December 2006 |publisher=Statistics Iceland (English version) |accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>}} |region22 = {{flag|Ireland}} |pop22 = 809 |ref22 = <ref>[http://www.cso.ie/statistics/placebirthagegroup.htm CSO Ireland - 2006 Census]</ref> |region23 = {{flag|Austrick}} |pop23 = 806 |ref23 = <ref>[http://www.ambwien.um.dk/de/menu/Daenemark/Bande+zwischen+Dänemark+und+Österreich Ties between Austria and Denmark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113043525/http://www.ambwien.um.dk/de/menu/Daenemark/Bande%2Bzwischen%2BD%C3%A4nemark%2Bund%2B%C3%96sterreich |date=2011-11-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113043525/http://www.ambwien.um.dk/de/menu/Daenemark/Bande%2Bzwischen%2BD%C3%A4nemark%2Bund%2B%C3%96sterreich |date=2011-11-13 }} Laut den letzten Zählungen sind 806 Dänen in Österreich (2001)</ref> |region25 = {{flag|Japan}} |pop25 = 500 |ref25 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/2427595Reference |title=Danish immigrants in Tokyo |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122144/http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/2427595Reference |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region26 = {{flag|Lebanon}} |pop26 = 400 |ref26 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ambbeirut.um.dk/en/menu/AboutUs/Interviews+and+articles/InterviewWithAmbassadorOfDenmarkJanTopChristensen.htm |title=History of Denmark and Lebanon |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2011-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123232428/http://www.ambbeirut.um.dk/en/menu/AboutUs/Interviews+and+articles/InterviewWithAmbassadorOfDenmarkJanTopChristensen.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region27 = {{flag|Serbie}} |pop27 = 32 |ref27 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Etnicke_zajednice_sa_manje_od_2000_pripadnika_i_dvojako_izjasnjeni.pdf |title=Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности - „Остали“ етничке заједнице са мање од 2000 припадника и двојако изјашњени |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175637/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Etnicke_zajednice_sa_manje_od_2000_pripadnika_i_dvojako_izjasnjeni.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region28 = {{flag|Turkey}} |pop28 = 5,000 |ref28 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region29 = {{flag|Netherlands}} |pop29 = 4,000 |ref29 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region30 = {{flag|Belgium}} |pop30 = 3,000 |ref30 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region31 = {{flag|Luxembourg}} |pop31 = 2,000 |ref31 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region32 = {{flag|Poland}} |pop32 = 1,000 |ref32 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region33 = {{flag|Hungary}} |pop33 = 1,000 |ref33 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region34 = {{flag|Finland}} |pop34 = 1,000 |ref34 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region35 = {{flag|Ukraine}} |pop35 = 200 |ref35 = |region36 = {{flag|Israel}} |pop36 = 1,000 |ref36 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region37 = {{flag|Portugal}} |pop37 = 879 |ref37 = |region38 = {{flag|Czech Republic}} |pop38 = 1,000 |ref38 = {{Citation needed}} |region39 = {{flag|Romanie}} |pop39 = 1,000 |ref39 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region40 = {{flag|Greece}} |pop40 = 1,000 |ref40 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |langs=[[Dens leid|Dens]]<br> Relatit leids include [[Norse leid|Norse]], [[Swadish leid|Swadish]], [[Faroese leid|Faroese]], [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]], an tae a lesser extent, aw [[Germanic leids]]. | religions=Predominantly [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] <br />See [[Releegion in Denmark]] |}} The terms '''Dens''' ({{lang-da|danskere}}) an '''Dens fowk''' refer tae the [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] that is native tae [[Denmark]], an who speak [[Dens leid|Dens]]. The first mention o Danes athin the Den territory is on the Jelling Rune Stane which mentions hou [[Harald Bluetooth]] convertit the Dens tae Christianity in the 10t century.<ref name="denstoredanske.dk">http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_f%C3%B8r_Reformationen/daner?highlight=Daner</ref> Denmark haes been continuously inhabitit syne this period an awtho hintle cultural an ethnic influence an immigration frae aw ower the warld haes entered Denmark syne then, Denss tend tae see thairsels as ethnic stryndants o the early Dens mentioned in the soorces. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} <!--Templates--> {{Denmark topics}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Dens fowk|*]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Denmark]] [[Category:North Germanic fowks]] <!--Other languages--> ivik0z6ddzr29dvxnf3gdbt2468131x 0 45412 923344 921138 2026-09-26T00:14:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Argentines<br><small>''Argentinos''</small> |image=|image = [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|300px]] |caption = [[Banner o Argentinae]] |poptime=''c. '' '''42,000,000 Argentines''' |regions = {{flag|Argentinae}} {{nbsp|6}} 40,134,425 |region1 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop1 = 229,009<ref name=IOM>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oimconosur.org/archivos/descarga.php?id=../imagenes/archivos/144.pdf&name=Argentina%20-%20Perfil%20Migratorio%20de%20la%20Argentina |title=Perfil migratorio de Argentina |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313044928/http://oimconosur.org/archivos/descarga.php?id=..%2Fimagenes%2Farchivos%2F144.pdf&name=argentina%20-%20perfil%20migratorio%20de%20la%20argentina |archive-date=2016-03-13 |url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313044928/http://oimconosur.org/archivos/descarga.php?id=..%2Fimagenes%2Farchivos%2F144.pdf&name=argentina%20-%20perfil%20migratorio%20de%20la%20argentina |date=2016-03-13 }}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Unitit States}} |pop2 = 144,023<ref name=IOM/> |region3 = {{flag|Paraguay}} |pop3 = 61,649<ref name=IOM/> |region4 = {{flag|Chile}} |pop4 = 59,637<ref name=IOM/> |region5 = {{flag|Israel}} |pop5 = 43,718<ref name=IOM/> |region7 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop7 = 25,826<ref name=IOM/> |region8 = {{flag|Uruguay}} |pop8 = 23,943<ref name=IOM/> |region9 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop9 = 14,877<ref name=IOM/> |region10 = {{flag|Mexico}} |pop10 = 13,696<ref name=IOM/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/Articulos/sociodemograficas/nacidosenotropais.pdf |title=INEGI |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-date=2013-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427100913/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/Articulos/sociodemograficas/nacidosenotropais.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region11 = {{flag|Italy}} |pop11 = 11,576<ref name=IOM/> |region12 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop12 = 10,826<ref name=IOM/> |region13 = {{flag|Fraunce}} |pop13 = 10,795<ref name=IOM/> |region14 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop14 = 8,556<ref name=IOM/> |region15 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |pop15 = 7,554<ref name=IOM/> |region16 = {{flag|Germany}} |pop16 = 7,140<ref name=IOM/> |region17 = {{flag|Swisserland}} |pop17 = 5,372<ref name=IOM/> |region18 = {{flag|Japan}} |pop18 = 3,762<ref name=IOM/> |region19 = {{flag|Peru}} |pop19 = 3,310<ref name=IOM/> |region20 = {{flag|Swaden}} |pop20 = 2,755<ref name=IOM/> |region21 = {{flag|Colombie}} |pop21 = 2,257<ref name=IOM/> |region22 = {{flag|Netherlands}} |pop22 = 2,189<ref name=IOM/> |region23 = {{flag|Ecuador}} |pop23 = 2,148<ref name=IOM/> |region24 = {{flag|Dominican Republic}} |pop24 = 1,420<ref name=IOM/> |region25 = {{flag|Portugal}} |pop25 = 1,218<ref name=IOM/> |region26 = {{flag|Austrick}} |pop26 = 1,098<ref name=IOM/> |region27 = {{flag|Denmark}} |pop27 = 1,046<ref name=IOM/> |langs = [[Rioplatense Spaingie]] |rels = Predominantly [[Catholicism|Catholic]].<br>Also [[Protestantism|Protestants]], [[Jews in Argentinae|Jews]], [[Islam]], an ither releegions. |related = [[Laitin Americans]], [[Italians]], [[Spaingie fowk|Spaniards]], [[French fowk|French]], [[Germans]] an Ithers ([[Erse fowk|Erse]], [[Arab fowk|Arabs]] an [[Mapuche]]). }} '''Argentines''' (''argentinos'' in [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]), cried '''Argentinians''' an aw, are the [[ceetizens]] o [[Argentinae]], or their stryndants abroad. Argentinae is a [[multiethnic society]], which means that it is hame tae fowk o mony different ethnic backgrunds. As a result, Argentines dae no consider their naitionality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship wi various ethnicities. Aside frae the indigenous population, nearly aw Argentines or their ancestors immigratit athin the past five centuries. Accordin tae the {{census-ar|2010}}, Argentinae haed a population o 40,091,359 inhabitants, o which 1,805,957 or 4.6%, wur born abroad. The population [[Population growthe rate|growthe rate]] in 2008 wis estimatit tae be 0.917% annually, wi a birth rate o 16.32 live births per 1,000 inhabitants an a mortality rate o 7.54 daiths per 1,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001-2015 |accessdate= 2008-06-24 |work= Gustavo Pérez |format= pdf |publisher= [[INDEC]] |page= 16 |language= es |archive-date= 2011-06-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> Argentinae's population haes lang haed ane o [[Laitin Americae]]'s lawest [[population growthe rate|growthe rates]] (recently, aboot ane percent a year) an it enjoys a comparatively law [[infant mortality rate]] an aw. Strikingly, tho, its birth rate is still nearly twice as heich (2.3 childer per wumman) as that in [[Spain]] or [[Italy]], despite comparable religiosity figurs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-date=2010-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007''</ref> The median age is approximately 30 years an [[life expectancy]] at birth is o 75 years. ==Ethnic groups== {{Main|Ethnografie o Argentinae|Immigration tae Argentinae}} [[Argentinae]] is a [[multiethnic society]], which means that it is hame tae fowk o mony different ethnic backgrunds. As a result, the fowk thare uisually treat their naitionality as a citizenship, but no an ethnicity. ===Owerview=== Argentinae is, alang wi ither auries o new dounset like [[Demografie o Canadae|Canadae]], [[Demografics o Australie|Australie]] or [[Demografics o the Unitit States|the Unitit States]], a meltin pot o different fowks.<ref>''[[Enrique Oteiza]] y [[Susana Novick]] sostienen que «la Argentina desde el siglo XIX, al igual que Australia, Canadá o Estados Unidos, se convierte en un '''''país de inmigración''''', entendiendo por esto una sociedad que ha sido conformada por un fenómeno inmigratorio masivo, a partir de una población local muy pequeña.»'' [http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/rc31.pdf (Oteiza, Enrique; Novick, Susana. ''Inmigración y derechos humanos. Política y discursos en el tramo final del menemismo''. [en línea&#93;. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2000 [Citado FECHA&#93;. (IIGG Documentos de Trabajo, Nº 14). Available on: http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/docs/dt/dt14.pdf)]; ''El antropólogo brasileño'' [[Darcy Ribeiro]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531184634/http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/rc31.pdf |date=2011-05-31 }} incluye a la Argentina dentro de los ''«pueblos trasplantados»'' de América, junto con [[Uruguay]], [[Canadae|Canadá]] y [[Unitit States|Estados Unidos]] (Ribeiro, Darcy. ''Las Américas y la Civilización'' (1985). Buenos Aires:EUDEBA, pp. 449 ss.); El historiador argentino [[José Luis Romero (historiador)|José Luis Romero]] define a la Argentina como un ''«país aluvial»''(Romero, José Luis. «Indicación sobre la situación de las masas en Argentina (1951)», en ''La experiencia argentina y otros ensayos'', Buenos Aires: Universidad de Belgrano,1980, p. 64). {{es}}</ref> Maist Argentines are stryndents o colonial-era settlers an o the 19t an 20t century immigrants frae Europe, wi aboot 90% o the population bein o [[European ethnic groups|European]] strynd.<ref name="worldstatesmen argentina">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html World Statesmen.org: Argentina]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html#People |title=Argentina (People) |accessdate=2008-08-08 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813015503/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html#People |archivedate=2008-08-13 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612213714/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html#People |date=2007-06-12 }}</ref> The maist common ethnic groups are [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] an [[Spaingie Argentine|Spaniard]] (includin [[Galicie fowk|Galicies]] an [[Basque fowk|Basques]]). It is estimatit that up tae 25 million Argentines are o [[Italians|Italian strynd]], up tae 60% o the total population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igougo.com/travelcontent/Journal.aspx?JournalID=52009#1214518 |title=Travel for good: Argentina |access-date=2013-02-20 |archive-date=2017-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002353/http://www.igougo.com/travelcontent/Journal.aspx?JournalID=52009#1214518 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare are also [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]], [[Slavs|Slavic]], [[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] an [[French fowk|French]] populations an aw.<ref name="ecpi"/> Smawer [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Indigenous fowks o the Americas|Native American]], [[Arab fowk|Arab]], [[East Asie]], [[Romani fowk|Gypsy]], an [[African fowk|African]] commonties contribute tae wha haes been referred tae as a "crucible o races". Recent decades immigration includes mainly [[Paraguay]]ans, [[Bolivie fowk|Bolivies]] an [[Peruvian fowk|Peruvians]], amang ither [[Laitin Americans]], [[Eastren Europe]]ans an [[East Asie]]s. ===European Argentines=== {{Main|Argentines o European strynd}} '''Argentines o European strynd''' constitute the majority o Argentinae's population. They are the Argentine stryndants o colonists frae [[Spain]] an [[Portugal]] durin the colonial period prior tae 1810, an mainly o immigrants frae [[Europe]] an the [[Middle East]] in the great immigratory wave durin the late 19t century an early 20t century. Awtho a namit category "Argentines o European strynd" is no offeecially uised, an nae offeecial census data exist, some internaitional sources claim that they mak up atween 82.9%<ref name="joshua project argentina">[http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=AR ''The Joshua Project: Ethnic people groups of Argentina'']</ref> up tae 86.4%<ref name="worldstatesmen argentina"/> o Argentinae's population. The current maist numerous immigrant European commonties are: [[Spainyie Argentine|Spainyie]] (includin [[Basque Argentine|Basque]] an [[Galicie fowk|Galicie]]), [[Italian Argentine|Italian]], [[French Argentine|French]], [[German Argentine|German]], [[Erse Argentine|Erse]], [[Croats in Argentinae|Croat]], [[Ukrainian Argentine|Ukrainian]] an [[Pols Argentine|Pols]], amang mony ithers. ====Mestizo Argentines==== Athin these totals thare mey be an imprecise amoont o mixed "[[mestizo]]" population. Some sources provide estimates that state that Mestizo fowk represent atween 6.5%<ref name="worldstatesmen argentina" /> up tae 14%.<ref name="dk worldfactfile">[http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/cs/uk/11/worldfactfile/countries/ar.html ''World Fact File''. Dorling Kindersley Books Limited, London.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629082410/http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/cs/uk/11/worldfactfile/countries/ar.html |date=2007-06-29 }}</ref> ===Arab Argentines=== {{See also|Arab Argentine}} '''Arabs''' comprise atween 2.9%<ref name="joshua project argentina" /> an 3.3%<ref name="worldstatesmen argentina" /> o Argentinae's population. They represent aboot 1.3&nbsp;million fowk whose ancestry traces back tae ony o various waves o immigrants, lairgely o Arab cultural an linguistic heritage an/or identity, oreeginatin mainly frae wha is nou [[Lebanon]] an [[Sirie]]. Due tae the fact that mony Arab kintras wur unner [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control bi the time the immigration teuk place, maist Arabs entered the kintra wi [[Turkey|Turkis]] passport, an so they are colloquially referred tae as ''turcos''. ===Amerindian Argentines=== {{See also|Indigenous fowks in Argentinae}} Contemporary Amerindian culturs are representit in the kintra mainly bi the [[Mapuche]], [[Kolla fowk|Kolla]], [[Wichí people|Wichí]] an [[Toba fowk]]s. Accordin tae the proveesional data o [[INDEC]]'s Complementar Survey o Indigenous Fowks (ECPI) 2004 - 2005, 600,329 indigenous fowks (aboot 1.6% o the total population) reside in Argentinae. The maist numerous o these commonties are the Mapuches, who live maistly in the sooth, the Kollas an [[Wichí]]s, frae the northwast, an the Tobas, who live maistly in the northeast.<ref name=ecpi>[http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp INDEC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |date=2008-06-11 }}</ref> Some [[Mestizo]] population may identify with indigenous ethnicity. ===Asie Argentines=== {{See also|Asie Argentine}} Argentines o [[Asie fowk|Asie]] [[ancestry]] are defined as either born athin Argentinae, or born elsewhaur an later tae become a [[citizenship|citizen]] or [[permanent residency|resident]] o Argentinae. Asie-Argentines settled in Argentinae in lairge nummers durin several waves o immigration in the 20t century. Primarily livin in their awn [[Barrios o Buenos Aires|neebourheids]] in [[Buenos Aires]], mony currently awn their awn businesses o varyin sizes - lairgely [[textile]]s, [[grocery store|grocery retailin]], an [[buffet|buffet-style]] [[restaurant]]s. The sma Asie-Argentine population haes generally kept a law profile, an is acceptit bi greater Argentine society. ===Afro Argentines=== {{See also|Afro-Argentine}} '''Blacks''' in Argentinae micht be aboot 67,000 fowk; this figur includes 53,000 direct stryndants frae slaves,<ref name="joshua project argentina" /> plus 12,000-15,000 Caboverdian Mulatto immigrants and their descendants, who arrived in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=862751 Caboverdianos: Vientos de Cambio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908202608/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=862751 |date=2009-09-08 }} La Nación revista. 3 December 2006. (Spanish)</ref> Wi thoosans o immigrants frae Europe arrivin tae Argentine soil, an maist black weemen intermarryin wi thaim, notin that their populations wur awready law, the Afro-Argentine population fadit intae oblivion. ==Leids== {{Main|Leids o Argentinae}} {{See an aw|Leet o indigenous leids in Argentinae}} Awthou [[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]] is dominant, bein the [[naitional leid]] spoken bi virtually aw Argentines, the spoken leids o Argentinae nummer at least 40. Leids spoken bi at least 100,000 Argentines include [[Indigenous leids o the Americas|Native American leids]] such as [[Soothren Quechua]], [[Guaraní leid|Guaraní]] an [[Mapudungun]], an immigrant leids such as [[Staundart German|German]], [[Italian leid|Italian]], or [[Levantine Arabic]]. Twa native leids are [[extinct leids|extinct]] ([[Abipón leid|Abipón]] an [[Chané leid|Chané]]), while some ithers are [[endangered leids|endangered]], spoken bi elderly fowk whose stryndants dae no speak the leids<ref name="LAR">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AR Online version: Languages of Argentina], Retrieved on 2007-01-02.</ref> (such as [[Vilela leid|Vilela]], [[Puelche]], [[Chon leids|Tehuelche]] an [[Selknam]]). [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] is spoken bi ower 35,000 fowk in the [[Chubut Province]] an aw. This includes a dialect cried [[Patagonie Welsh]], which haes developit syne the stairt o the [[Y Wladfa|Welsh dounset in Argentinae]] in 1865. Thare are ither commonties o immigrants that speak their native leids an aw, such as the [[Cheenese leid]] spoken bi at least hauf o the ower 60,000 Cheenese immigrants (maistly in [[Buenos Aires]]) an an [[Occitan leid|Occitan-speakin]] commonty in [[Pigüé|Pigüé, Buenos Aires Province]]. ==Releegion== {{Main|Releegion in Argentinae}} A majority o the population o [[Argentinae]] is [[Christianity|Christian]]. Accordin tae CONICET survey on creeds, aboot 76.5% o Argentines are [[Roman Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic]], 11.3% religiously indifferent, 9% [[Protestant]] (wi 7.9% in [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] denominations), 1.2% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], an 0.9% [[The Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts|Mormons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/08/27/um/encuesta1.pdf |title=Encuesta CONICET sobre creencias|format=PDF |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Awtho [[Jews]] accoont for less nor 1% o Argentinae's population, [[Buenos Aires]] haes the [[History o the Jews o Argentinae|seicont lairgest population o Jews]] in the [[Americas]], seicont anerlie tae [[New York Ceety]]. Argentina haes the lairgest [[Muslim]] minority in Americae (see [[Islam in Argentinae]]). ==Emigration== {{See an aw|Argentine American|Argentine Australie|Argentine Brazilian}} The rate o Argentine [[emigration]] tae [[Europe]] (especially tae [[Spain]] an [[Italy]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901030120-407301,00.html |title=Reversal Of Fortune - TIME |access-date=2013-02-20 |archive-date=2012-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106032900/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901030120-407301,00.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106032900/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901030120-407301,00.html |date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>) an, tae a lesser degree, tae [[Sooth Americae]] (maistly tae [[Uruguay]] an the [[Brazil]]) peakit in the late 1970s an early 1980s an is noteworthy.<ref>[http://www.ime.gob.mx/noticias/boletines_lazos/2005/301.htm La otra cara de la 'fuga de cerebros'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170324/http://www.ime.gob.mx/noticias/boletines_lazos/2005/301.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> Maist Argentines ootside Argentinae are fowk who hae migratit frae the middle an upper middle classes. The maist popular immigration destinations in Americae are: [[Unitit States|USA]], [[Chile]], [[Paraguay]], [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], [[Bolivie]] an [[Canadae]], but ither commonties' stationed in [[Venezuela]], [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], [[Colombie]], [[Ecuador]] an [[Costa Rica]]. In Europe, [[Spain]] an [[Italy]] hae lairge commonties but in the [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Fraunce]] an [[Germany]]. Thare are significant commonties in [[Israel]] an [[Australie]] an aw. Accordin tae offeecial estimates thare are 600,000 warldwide Argentine, accordin tae estimates bi the International Organization for Migration are aboot 806,369 syne 2001. It is estimatit that their stryndants wad be aroond 1,900,000. The first wave o emigration occurred durin the militar dictatorship atween 1976 an 1983, wi the main destinations in Spain, USA, Mexico an Venezuela. Durin the 1990s, due tae the abolition o visas atween Argentinae an the Unitit States, thoosans o Argentines emigratit tae the North American kintra. The last major wave o emigration occurred durin the 2001 crisis, the main destination in Europe, especially Spain, awtho thare wis an increase in emigration tae neeborin kintras an aw, pairticularly Brazil, Chile an Paraguay. ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1482 About Argentine population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715204408/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1482 |date=2010-07-15 }} at www.Argentina.gov.ar {{en}} {{Immigration tae Argentinae}} {{Argentinae topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Argentine Fowk}} [[Category:Argentine fowk| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Argentinae|+]] [[Category:Sooth American fowk]] tfk3rgq5oyim8hclu9hmgrkifjyhvj5 0 45415 923530 918468 2026-09-26T08:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group| |group = Slovenes/Slovenies<br>''Slovenci'' |flag = |flag_caption = The |image = | population= [[Circa|c.]] 2.5 million<ref name="Glasgow">{{cite web |url=http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf |title=Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries |work=Slovenia: a geographical overview |first=Jernej |last=Zupančič |publisher=Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia |year=2004 |month=August |accessdate=10 April 2008|format=PDF}}</ref> |popplace={{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenie]] 1,800.000{{lower|<ref name="Glasgow" />}} | region1 = {{flag|Unitit States}} | pop1 = 178,415 | ref1 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=D&-ds_name=D&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2002_EST_G2000_PCT026 |title=2002 Community Survey |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2011-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120010843/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=D&-ds_name=D&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2002_EST_G2000_PCT026 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |title=Ancestry: 2000 (Census 2000 Brief) |author= Angela Brittingham |coauthors=G. Patrizia de la Cruz |work=United States Census 2000 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |month=June |year=2006 |accessdate=1 June 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>}} | region2 = {{flag|Argentinae}} | pop2 = 30,000 (est.) | ref2 = {{lower|<ref name="Glasgow"/><ref name="atlas"/>}} | region3 = {{flag|Italy}} | pop3 = 83,000 – 100,000 (est.) | ref3 = {{lower|<ref name="Glasgow"/><ref name="atlas">Zupančič, Jernej (author), Orožen Adamič, Milan (photographer), Filipič, Hanzi (photographer): ''Slovenci po svetu''. In publication: ''Nacionalni atlas Slovenije'' (Kartografsko gradivo) / Inštitut za geografijo, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika. Ljubljana: Rokus, 2001.{{COBISS|ID=18593837}}{{sl icon}}</ref>}} | region4 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop4 = 50,000 (2003) | ref4 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}} | region5 = {{flag|Canadae}} | pop5 = 35,940 (2006) | ref5 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |title=Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225063538/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | region6 = {{flag|Australie}} | pop6 = 20,000 – 25,000 (2008) | ref6 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demokracija.si/index.php?sekcija=clanki&clanek=1580 |title=Zavest o slovenskih koreninah |work=Spletna Demokracija |author=Lucija Horvat |date=6 February 2008 |accessdate=10 April 2008 |language=Slovene}}</ref>}} | region7 = {{flag|Austrick}} | pop7 = 24,855 | ref7 = {{lower|<ref name="statistik">{{cite web |url=ftp://www.statistik.at/pub/neuerscheinungen/vzaustriaweb.pdf |title=Tabelle 5: Bevölkerung nach Umgangssprache und Staatsangehörigkeit |work=Volkszählung 2001: Hauptergebnisse I – Österreich |publisher=Statistik Austria |year=2002 |accessdate=2 June 2008 |language=German|format=PDF}}</ref>}} | region8 = {{flag|Fraunce}} | pop8 = 4,000(est.) | ref8 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}}{{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/pays-zones-geo_833/slovenie_231/presentation-slovenie_1432/donnees-generales_1086.html |title=Présentation de la Slovénie – Données générales -Ministère des Affaires étrangères<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2014-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026124613/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/pays-zones-geo_833/slovenie_231/presentation-slovenie_1432/donnees-generales_1086.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | region9 = {{flag|Croatie}} | pop9 = 13,173 (2001) | ref9 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html |title=Population by ethnicity, by towns/municipalities |work=Republic of Croatia: Census 2001 |publisher=Croatian Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=1 June 2008 |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227072834/http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | region10 = {{flag|Serbie}} | pop10 = 5,104 (2002) | ref10 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/zip/esn31.pdf |title=Final results of the Census 2001: Population by national or ethnic groups, gender and age groups in the Republic of Serbia, by municipalities |journal=Communication |volume=295 |issue=LII |date=24 December 2002 |accessdate=1 June 2008 |publisher=Republic Statistical Office of Serbia |issn=0353-9555 |format=PDF |archive-date=2020-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509144148/https://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/zip/esn31.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}{{Dead link|date=June 2012}} | region11 = {{flag|Swaden}} | pop11 = 4,000 | ref11 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}} | region12 = {{flag|Hungary}} | pop12 = 3,025 (2001) | ref12 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/prnt1_28.html |title=Population by mother tongue and main age groups, 1910–1941, 1970–2001 |work=Population Census 2001 |year=2004 |publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office |accessdate=1 June 2008 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225858/http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/prnt1_28.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | region13 = {{flag|Uruguay}} | pop13 = 2,000 – 3,000 (est.) | ref13 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}} | region14 = {{flag|Swisserland}} | pop14 = 2,433 | ref14 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.88215.pdf Bericht 2006]</ref>}} | region15 = {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}} | pop15 = 2,100 (1991) | ref15 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.uni-koeln.de/jur-fak/ostrecht/minderheitenschutz/Vortraege/BiH/BiH_Marko_Railic.pdf Numbers in 1991] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183909/http://www.uni-koeln.de/jur-fak/ostrecht/minderheitenschutz/Vortraege/BiH/BiH_Marko_Railic.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>}} | region16 = {{flag|Netherlands}} | pop16 = 1,000 – 2,000 (est.) | ref16 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.justitie.nl/Images/Etnische_Groeperingen_tcm74-31515.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050607211706/http://www.justitie.nl/Images/Etnische_Groeperingen_tcm74-31515.pdf |date=2005-06-07 }}</ref>}}{{Dead link|date=June 2008}} | region17 = {{flag|Belgium}} | pop17 = 1,500 (est.) | ref17 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}} | region18 = {{flag|Brazil}} | pop18 = 1,500 (est.) | ref18 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}} | region19 = {{flag|Venezuela}} | pop19 = 1,000 (est.) | ref19 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}} | region20 = {{flag|Spain}} | pop20 = 758 (2007) | ref20 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/inebase/cgi/axi?AXIS_PATH=/inebase/temas/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&FILE_AXIS=00000008.px&CGI_DEFAULT=/inebase/temas/cgi.opt&COMANDO=SELECCION&CGI_URL=/inebase/cgi/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701212948/http://www.ine.es/inebase/cgi/axi?AXIS_PATH=%2Finebase%2Ftemas%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F&FILE_AXIS=00000008.px&CGI_DEFAULT=%2Finebase%2Ftemas%2Fcgi.opt&COMANDO=SELECCION&CGI_URL=%2Finebase%2Fcgi%2F |archive-date=2007-07-01 |url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701212948/http://www.ine.es/inebase/cgi/axi?AXIS_PATH=%2Finebase%2Ftemas%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F&FILE_AXIS=00000008.px&CGI_DEFAULT=%2Finebase%2Ftemas%2Fcgi.opt&COMANDO=SELECCION&CGI_URL=%2Finebase%2Fcgi%2F |date=2007-07-01 }}</ref>}}{{Dead link|date=June 2008}} | region21 = {{flag|Montenegro}} | pop21 = 415 | ref21 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.monstat.org/Popis/Popis01a.zip Montenegrin 2003 census -]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} | region22 = {{flag|Macedonie}} | pop22 = 403 (1994) | ref22 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik">Trebše-Štolfa, Milica, ed., Klemenčič, Matjaž, resp. ed.: ''Slovensko izseljenstvo: zbornik ob 50-letnici Slovenske izseljenske matice''. Ljubljana: Združenje Slovenska izseljenska matica, 2001.{{COBISS|ID=115722752}}</ref>}} | region23 = {{flag|Norawa}} | pop23 = 286 (2009) | ref23 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html Statistics Norway – 2009 Census]</ref>}} | region24 = {{flag|Chile}} | pop24 = 200 (est.) | ref24 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}} | region25 = {{flag|Ireland}} | pop25 = 130 (2011) | ref25 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/population/personsusuallyresidentandpresentinthestateoncensusnightclassifiedbynationalityandagegroup/ |title=Persons usually resident and present in the State on Census Night, classified by nationality and age group |accessdate=28 June 2021 |publisher=Central Statistics Office |archive-date=2018-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630190050/https://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/population/personsusuallyresidentandpresentinthestateoncensusnightclassifiedbynationalityandagegroup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | region26 = {{flag|Sooth Africae}} | pop26 = 100 (est.) | ref26 = {{lower|<ref name="zbornik"/>}} |languages = [[Slovene language|Slovene]] |religions = Predominantly [[Roman Catholic]], [[Protestant]] |related = Ither [[Slavs]], especially ither [[Sooth Slavs]]<br><small>[[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]] an [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] are the maist related</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=373-16 |title=Ethnologue – South Slavic languages |publisher=ethnologue.com |accessdate=8 February 2011 }} </ref>}} The '''Slovenes''', '''Slovene fowk''', '''Slovenies''', or '''Slovenie fowk''' ({{lang-sl|Slovenci|italic=yes}}, {{IPA|/sloˈʋeːntsi/|IPA}}, dual ''Slovenca'', singular ''Slovenec'', feminine ''Slovenke'', dual ''Slovenki'', singular ''Slovenka'') are the northmaist [[Sooth Slavs|Sooth Slavic]] [[ethnic group]] livin in historical [[Slovene launds]], surroondit bi German-speakin Austrians on the north, Italian-speakin an Friulan-speakin neebours on wast, Hungarian-speakin population on east, an Croatie-speakin Slavic relatives on sooth. The leid the Slovenes speak is [[Slovenie leid|Slovene]], a [[Sooth Slavic leids|Sooth Slavic]] eid wi significant similarities tae the [[Wast Slavic leids]]. The Slovenes live mainly in [[Slovenie]] an as a recognisit minority in [[Austrick]], [[Croatie]], [[Hungary]], an [[Italy]], whaur they in the latter three kintras are indigenous. Expatriates live mainly in ither European kintras an in the Unitit States, Canadae, Argentinae an Australie. ==References== {{Commons category|Slovenians|Slovenes}} {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Ethnic Slovene fowk| ]] [[Category:Slovenie fowk| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Sooth Slavs]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovenie]] b9hq4ns2xevlpjair9790roxf5cd4eo 0 45633 923334 894682 2026-09-26T00:00:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish name|Orozco|Aristizábal}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:Ana María Orozco}} {{Infobox person |image =Ana María Orozco (2022) 4.jpg |image_size = 150px | | name = Ana María Orozco | birth_name = Ana María Orozco Aristizábal | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|07|04}} | birth_place = [[Bogotá]], [[Colombie]] | spouse = [[Julián Arango]] (divorcit)<br> Martín Quaglia (2005-present)<br>1 bairn | website = http://www.anamaria-orozco.info }} '''Ana María Orozco Aristizábal''' (born 4 Julie 1973) is a [[Colombie]] actress. ==Private life== Orozco is the dochter o actor Luis Fernando Orozco. She is the aulder sister o actress [[Verónica Orozco]] (b. 1979) an aw. Orozco wis marriet tae [[Julián Arango]] (divorcit). Syne 2005, she haes been marriet tae [[Martín Quaglia]]. Quaglia an Orozco hae a dochter Lucrecia (b. 11 Juin 2004) an they live in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] ==Career== She is best kent tae fans aroond the warld as the oreeginal ''Betty'' fraem the popular Colombie telenovela ''[[Yo soy Betty, la fea]]'' ''(A am Betty, the ugly ane)'' an its spinaff ''Eco moda''. Her role on ''Betty La Fea'' an the character's unattractive/ugly ducklig trademark haes inspired several internaitional versions, includin the Mexican serial ''[[La fea más bella]]'' an the creetically acclaimit American smash hit ''[[Ugly Betty]]''. The oreeginal version itsel become ane o the warld's maist popular telly shows o aw time.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/arts/television/23foge.html?fta=y/</ref> ==Filmografie== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- align="center" ! style="background: #B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background: #B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background: #B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background: #B0C4DE;" | Notes |- |1983|| ''[[Pequeños Gigantes]]''||unknown|| |- |1987||''Imagínate''||unknown |- |1991||''Sangre de lobos''||unknown|| |- |1992||''Almas de piedra''||unknown |- |rowspan=2|1993||''Potra zaina, La''||Magdalena Ahumada|| |- |''[[Señora Isabel]]'' ||unknown|| |- |rowspan=2|1995||''Flor de oro''||Anita|| |- |''Tiempos difíciles''||unknown|| |- |1998||''Perro amor'' || Veronica Murillo|| |- |1999||''[[Yo soy Betty, la fea]]'' ''(I am ugly Betty)'' ||Beatriz Aurora 'Betty' Pinzón Solano||1999–2001 |- |2001||''Eco moda'' ||Beatriz Aurora 'Betty' Pinzon de Mendoza|| |- |2005||''Colombian dream, El|| Nicole|| |- |rowspan=2|2006||''[[El Ratón Pérez|Ratón Pérez, El]]'' ||Pilar || |- |''Mujeres Asesinas (Helena monja)''||Mara||1 episode |- |2007||''[[Amas de Casa Desesperadas (Colombian-Ecuadorean TV Series)|Amas de Casa Desesperadas (Colombia)]]''||Susana Martinez ||23 episodes |} ==See an aw== * [[Yo soy Betty, la fea]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091225210901/http://www.anamaria-orozco.com/ Ana María Orozco's offeecial wabsteid] * {{IMDb name|id=0650450|name=Ana María Orozco}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Orozco, Ana Maria}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Colombie film actresses]] [[Category:Colombie telenovela actresses]] [[Category:Colombie televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bogotá]] 2e0j1o0sff7wfmp9bzq3z76pl2hxna2 0 45716 923519 907611 2026-09-26T08:29:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|X1: Law quality airticles bi Scotchers. All the content edits were made by Scotchers}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Santa Ana, California |official_name = City of Santa Ana |settlement_type = [[Ceety]] |motto =" Downtown Orange County " |image_skyline = SantaAnaCollage.jpg |image_caption = Images, frae top, left tae richt: The [[Old Orange County Courthouse (California)|Old Orange County Courthouse]], [[Bowers Museum]], auld ceety haw, Minter House, an Broadway street |image_seal = Seal of Santa Ana, California.svg |image_flag = Flag of Santa Ana, California.svg |image_map = Orange County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Santa Ana Highlighted.svg |map_caption = Location o Santa Ana athin [[Orange Coonty, Californie]] |pushpin_map = USA |pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Unitit States |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Miguel A. Pulido]] |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Californie]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o counties in Californie|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1869 <!-- Area------------------> |area_magnitude = | unit_pref =US | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt U.S. Census]</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 27.518 | area_land_sq_mi = 27.270 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.248 | area_total_km2 = 71.271 | area_land_km2 = 70.628 | area_water_km2 = 0.643 | area_water_percent = 0.90 | area_note = |elevation_m = 35 |elevation_ft = 115 |coordinates = {{coord|33|44|27|N|117|52|53|W|region:US-CA_type:city|display=inline}} |population_footnotes = <ref name="Population">{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv | title = Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2007 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 | format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]] | work = 2007 Population Estimates | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division | date = 2008-07-10 | accessdate = 2008-07-10 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080723182832/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv | archivedate = 2008-07-23 | url-status = live }}</ref> |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total = 324528 |population_rank = [[Orange Coonty, Californie|2nt]] in Orange Coonty<br/>[[Leet o lairgest Californie ceeties bi population|11t]] in Californie<br/>[[List of United States cities by population|57th]] in the United States |population_density_sq_mi = auto |timezone = [[Paceefic Time Zone|PST]] |utc_offset = -8 |timezone_DST = PDT |utc_offset_DST = -7 |website = [http://www.santa-ana.org www.santa-ana.org] |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 92701-92708, 92711, 92712, 92725, 92728, 92735, 92799 |area_code = [[Aurie code 714|714]]/[[Aurie code 949|949]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 06-69000 |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = 1652790 <ref>{{cite gnis|id=1652790|name=Santa Ana|accessdate=2009-03-05}}</ref> }} '''Santa Ana''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|æ|n|t|ə|_|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} is the [[coonty seat]] an seicont maist populous ceety in [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange Coonty]], [[Californie]]. Wi a population o 324,528, as o the 2010 census, Santa Ana is the [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|57t maist-populous ceety]] in the [[Unitit States]]. Foondit in 1869, Santa Ana is locatit in [[Soothren Californie]] adjacent tae the [[Santa Ana River]], {{convert|10|mi|km}} awa frae the Californie coast. The ceety is pairt o the [[Greater Los Angeles Aurie]] which, accordin tae the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], is the seicont lairgest metropolitan aurie in the U.S., wi amaist aichteen million fowk. Accordin tae the [[2000 United States Census|2000 U.S. Census]], o U.S. ceeties wi mair nor 300,000 fowk, Santa Ana is the [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population densitie|4t-maist densely populatit]] ahint anerlie [[New York Ceety]], [[San Francisco]], an [[Chicago]], an slichtly denser than [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-2000city50kdens.htm |title=2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density |publisher=Demographia |accessdate=June 14, 2009}}</ref> Santa Ana lends its name tae the [[Santa Ana Freeway]] ({{interlanguage link|Interstate 5 in California|en}}), which runs throu the ceety. It shares its name wi the nearbi [[Santa Ana Mountains]], an the [[Santa Ana winds]], which hae historically fueled saisonal [[wildfires]] throuoot Soothren Californie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/ASother/mm5/SantaAna/winds.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-09 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201065518/http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/ASother/mm5/SantaAna/winds.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The current [[Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) metropolitan designation for the [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange Coonty Aurie]] is "Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, California". ==History== Members o the [[Tongva fowk|Tongva]] an [[Juaneño]]/[[Luiseño fowk|Luiseño]] naitions lang inhabitit the aurie. The Tongva Indians cried the Santa Ana aurie "Hotuuk."<ref>[[Pamela Munro|Munro, Pamela]], et al. ''Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño''. Lulu.com: 2008.</ref> Efter the 1769 expedeetion o [[Gaspar de Portolà|Gaspar de Portolá]] oot o [[Mexico Ceety]], then caipital o [[New Spain]], Friar [[Junipero Serra|Junípero Serra]] namit the aurie '''Vallejo de Santa Ana''' (Valley o Saunt Anne, or Santa Ana Valley). On 1 November 1776, [[Mission San Juan Capistrano]] wis establisht athin this valley. This Santa Ana Valley comprised mist o wha is nou cried Orange Coonty. In 1810, year o the commencement o the war o [[Mexican War o Unthirldom|Mexican Unthirldom (1810–1821)]], [[Jose Antonio Yorba]], a sergeant o the Spainyie airmy, wis grantit laund that he cried [[Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana]]. Yorba's rancho includit the launds whaur the ceeties o [[Olive, Californie|Olive]], [[Orange, California|Orange]], [[Irvine, Californie|Irvine]], [[Yorba Linda, Californie|Yorba Linda]], [[Villa Park, Californie|Villa Park]], Santa Ana, [[Tustin, Californie|Tustin]], [[Costa Mesa, Californie|Costa Mesa]] an unincorporatit [[El Modena, Californie|El Modena]], an [[Santa Ana Heights]], are the day. This rancho wis the anerlie laund grant in Orange Coonty grantit unner [[New Spain|Spainyie Rule]]. Surroondin laund grants in Orange Coonty wur grantit efter Mexican Unthirldom bi the new govrenment. Efter the [[Mexican-American War]] endit in 1848, [[Alta California]] became pairt o the [[Unitit States]] an American settlers arrivit in this aurie. Claimit in 1869 bi [[Kentucky|Kentuckian]] William H. Spurgeon on laund obtained frae the stryndants o [[Jose Antonio Yorba]], Santa Ana wis incorporatit as a ceety in 1886 wi a population o 2000 an in 1889 became the seat o the newly formit [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange Coonty]]. [[File:Santa Ana City Hall.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Auld Santa Ana Ceety Haw, biggit 1935]] Bi 1906 the [[Pacific Electric Railway]] frae [[Los Angeles]] wis extendit tae Santa Ana, runnin alang Fowert Street dountoun. The "red caurs" made traivel tae Los Angeles easier an helpit continue Santa Ana's population boom. Due tae declinin ridership, the route wis abandoned bi the 1950s an the tracks wur remuivit alang wi hintle o the rest o the Pacific Electric seestem. The closin coincidit wi the openin o the [[Santa Ana Freeway]] in 1953, increasin the ease o traivel bi automobile. Santa Ana wis the hame o the oreeginal [[Glenn L. Martin Company|Glenn L. Martin aviation company]], foondit in 1912 afore mergin wi the [[Wright Company]] in 1916. Later, [[Glenn Luther Martin]] creatit a seicont company o the same name in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] which eventually mergit wi the [[Lockheed Corporation]] tae form the lairgest defence contractor in the warld, [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref name="santaanahistory.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.santaanahistory.com/local_history.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306113254/http://www.santaanahistory.com/local_history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Durin [[Warld War II]], the [[Santa Ana Army Air Base]] wis biggit as a trainin centre for the [[United States Army Air Forces]]. The base wis responsible for continued population growthe in Santa Ana an the rest o Orange Coonty as mony veterans muivit tae the aurie tae raise faimilies efter the end o the war.<ref>http://www.militarymuseum.org/SantaAnaAAB.html</ref> In 1958, Fashion Square Mall wis biggit, adjoinin the existin Bullock's Department Store biggin that wis biggit in 1954. It opened north o dountoun an became a major retail centre for the aurie. In 1987, the maw wis completely renovatit an became MainPlace Mall (nou Westfield MainPlace). Haein been a Chairter Ceety syne 11 November 1952, the ceetizens o Santa Ana amendit the Chairter November 1988 tae provide for the direct election o the Mayor who till that pynt haed been an appointee o the Cooncil. The current mayor o Santa Ana is [[Miguel A. Pulido]], the first mayor o Latino strynd in the ceety's history an in fact, the first Mayor directly electit bi the voters. Syne the 1980s, Santa Ana haes been characterisit bi an effort tae revitalize the [[:en:Downtown National Register District|dountoun aurie]] which haed declined in influence. The Santa Ana Artist's Village wis creatit aroond [[Cal State Fullerton]]'s [[CSUF Grand Central Art Center|Grand Central Art Center]] tae attract airtists an young profeesionals tae live-wirk lofts an new businesses. The process haes continued intae 2009 wi the reopenin o the historic [[Yost Theater]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://soundcheck.freedomblogging.com/tag/yost-theater/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2012-07-14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714101821/http://soundcheck.freedomblogging.com/tag/yost-theater/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Geografie== Accordin tae the [[Unitit States Census Bureau]], the ceety haes a tot aurie o {{convert|27.5|sqmi|km2}}. {{convert|27.3|sqmi|km2}} o it is laund an {{convert|0.2|sqmi|km2}} of it (0.90%) is watter. It is the 4t maist densely populatit place in the Unitit States wi a population o 300,000 or mair wi 12,471.5 fowk per sq.&nbsp;mile. Santa Ana is nestit on flat, law-lyin plains wi little laund elevation chynge. Runnin throu the wast end o the ceety is the maistly [[River ingineerin#Channelisation|channelisit]] [[Santa Ana River]], which is lairgely saisonal due tae the construction o the [[Prado Dam]] an [[Seven Oaks Dam]]. The river haes caused several severe floods in the 20t century, an is a continued threat despite the existence o the dams. {{Geographic location |Centre = Santa Ana, Californie |Northwest = [[Garden Grove, Californie|Garden Grove]] |North = [[Anaheim]] |Northeast = [[Orange, Californie|Orange]] |West = [[Westminster, Californie|Westminster]] |East = [[Tustin, Californie|Tustin]] |Southwest = [[Fountain Valley, Californie|Fountain Valley]] |South = [[Costa Mesa, Californie|Costa Mesa]] |Southeast = [[Irvine, Californie|Irvine]] }} ===Ceetyscape=== Nou fully developit, Santa Ana haes several distinct destricts. The core o the ceety is the dountoun aurie, which contains baith retail an hoosin, as well as the [[Santa Ana Civic Center]] which is a dence campus o admeenistrative biggins for baith the ceety an the coonty o Orange. The civic centre is hame tae the [[:en:Ronald Reagan Federal Building and Courthouse (California)|Ronald Reagan Federal Building and Courthouse]] an aw. Several historic hames datin frae the late 1800s can be foond as well, an thair preservation is a key issue as development o the dountoun aurie continues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.santaanahistory.com/dr_howe-waffle.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2013-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326214347/http://www.santaanahistory.com/dr_howe-waffle.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> North o dountoun is the "Midtown" destrict alang Main St., hame tae entertainment destinations sic as the [[Bowers Museum]], MainPlace Mall, an the [[Discovery Science Center]]. Near the intersection o the Santa Ana Freeway an the [[Costa Mesa Freeway]] is the newly-designatit "Metro East" aurie, which the ceety cooncil haes enveesioned as a seicontar [[mixed-uise development]] destrict.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.santa-ana.org/pba/planning/MetroEastMixedUseOverlay.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2012-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224234505/http://www.santa-ana.org/pba/planning/MetroEastMixedUseOverlay.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Currently the aurie is occupeed bi several office touers, but little retail or hoosin. An aw on the east side o the ceety is the [[Santa Ana Zoo]], notable for its collection o [[monkeys]] an species frae [[Sooth Americae|Sooth]] an [[Central Americae]]. The sooth end o the ceety is pairt o the [[:en:South Coast Metro|Sooth Coast Metro]] aurie, which is shared wi the ceety o [[Costa Mesa]]. [[South Coast Plaza]], a major shoppin centre, is the primar destination o this aurie, which contains several heich-rise office an apairtment biggins. ===Climate=== Santa Ana experiences a [[Mediterranean climate]], wi wairm, dry simmers an mild, wet winters. The simmer months o Juin - September averages a daytime heich o 82 (F) degrees an a nichttime law o 62 (F) degrees. The winter months o Dizember - Mairch averages a daytime heich o 70 (F) degrees an a nichttime law o 48 (F) degrees. Rainfaw averages aboot 14&nbsp;inches (356&nbsp;mm) per year, maist o which faws frae November throu Aprile. Thare are an average o 34 days wi measurable precipitation annually. The record heich temperatur for Santa Ana wis {{convert|112|F|C}} on 14 Juin 1917. The record law temperatur wis {{convert|22|F|C}} on 31 Dizember 1918, an 1 Januar 1919. Thare are an average o 24.5 days wi heichs o {{convert|90|F|C}} or heicher an a average of 6.4 days wi laws o {{convert|32|F|C}} or lawer. The wettest year in Santa Ana wis 1941 wi {{convert|32.36|in|cm}} an the driest year wis 1961 wi {{convert|3.55|in|cm}}. The maist rainfaw in ane month wis {{convert|13.99|in|cm}} in Februar 1998. The maist rainfaw in 24 oors wis {{convert|4.69|in|cm}} on 16 Februar 1927.<ref>http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7888</ref> {{Weather box |location = Santa Ana, California |single line = yes |Jan high F = 69 |Feb high F = 70 |Mar high F = 71 |Apr high F = 74 |May high F = 75 |Jun high F = 79 |Jul high F = 83 |Aug high F = 84 |Sep high F = 83 |Oct high F = 80 |Nov high F = 74 |Dec high F = 70 |year high F = 75.9 |Jan low F = 47 |Feb low F = 48 |Mar low F = 50 |Apr low F = 52 |May low F = 56 |Jun low F = 60 |Jul low F = 63 |Aug low F = 64 |Sep low F = 63 |Oct low F = 58 |Nov low F = 51 |Dec low F = 46 |year low F = 54.8 |Jan precipitation inch = 3.19 |Feb precipitation inch = 3.03 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.8 |Apr precipitation inch = 0.67 |May precipitation inch = 0.24 |Jun precipitation inch = 0.12 |Jul precipitation inch = 0.04 |Aug precipitation inch = 0.12 |Sep precipitation inch = 0.35 |Oct precipitation inch = 0.35 |Nov precipitation inch = 1.18 |Dec precipitation inch = 1.77 |year precipitation inch = 13.9 |source 1 = U.S. Climate Data<ref name= "U.S. Climate Data">{{cite web | url = http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USCA1016 | title = Monthly averages for Santa Ana, California | accessdate = February 27, 2009 | archive-date = 2010-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101222110217/http://usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USCA1016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} ==Demografics== {{USCensusPop |1870 = 1145 |1880 = 711 |1890 = 3628 |1900 = 4933 |1910 = 8429 |1920 = 15485 |1930 = 30322 |1940 = 31921 |1950 = 45533 |1960 = 100350 |1970 = 156601 |1980 = 203713 |1990 = 293742 |2000 = 337977 |2010 = 324528 }} ==Economy== Santa Ana is the corporate heidquairters o several companies includin [[Behr Paint]], [[CoreLogic]], [[Corinthian Colleges]], [[First American Corporation]], [[Greenwood & Hall]], [[Ingram Micro]], ''[[The Orange County Register]]'', [[Powerwave Technologies]], [[SchoolsFirst Federal Credit Union]], [[STEC, Inc.|STEC]], TTM Technologies, an [[Wahoo's Fish Taco]]. It hooses major regional heidquairters for the [[Xerox]] corporation an aw, Ultimate Software [[Ultimate Software]], an [[T-Mobile]]. Ane o Santa Ana's maist notable businesses is the [[Rickenbacker]] muisical instrument company, whose [[electric guitar]]s an [[bass guitar]]s earned fame in the haunds o mony [[rock an roll]] legends. Then [[Glenn L. Martin Company]], a precursor tae [[Lockheed Martin]], wis foondit in Santa Ana in 1912 afore mergin wi the [[Wright Company]] in 1916. In recent years, the nearbi ceety o [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] haes ootpacit Santa Ana in commercial growthe, wi the Irvine Business District locatit near John Wayne Airport. Tae compete wi this, Santa Ana haes appruivit commercial projects in the [[South Coast Metro]] aurie, as well as the "Metro East" development, locatit at the confluence o the [[Interstate 5|Santa Ana Freeway]] an the [[California State Route 55|Costa Mesa Freeway]]. The Historic South Main Business District contains mony aulder retail shops an ither sma businesses. It extends frae dountoun Santa Ana soothwairds on Main Street tae the Sooth Coast Metro aurie. ===Top employers=== Accordin tae the Ceety's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref name="cafr">[http://www.ci.santa-ana.ca.us/finance/cafr/documents/2010_cafr.pdf City of Santa Ana 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206202343/http://www.ci.santa-ana.ca.us/finance/cafr/documents/2010_cafr.pdf |date=2012-12-06 }} Retrieved 2010-09-26</ref> the tap employers in the ceety are: {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! # ! Employer ! # o employees |- | 1 |[[Orange Coonty, Californie|Coonty o Orange]] |15,390 |- | 2 |[[Ingram Micro]] |4,000 |- | 3 |[[Rancho Santiago Community College District]] |2,300 |- | 4 |[[United States Postal Service]] |2,000 |- | 5 |[[Tenet Healthcare]] |1,500 |- | 6 |[[Freedom Communications]] |900 |- | 6 |[[First American Corporation|First American]] |900 |- | 8 |[[Corinthian Colleges]] |858 |- | 9 |[[California Health and Human Services Agency|California Department of Mental Health]] |800 |- | 10 |United Building Services |800 |- |} ==Airts an Cultur== ===Recreation an attractions=== Santa Ana haes a nummer o pairks that provide an impruivit quality o life for the residents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ci.santa-ana.ca.us/parks/default.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2013-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203044134/http://www.ci.santa-ana.ca.us/parks/default.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Disneyland and Knotts Berry Farm amusement pairks are locatit northeast o Santa Ana, several kilometres awa. Beaches are locatit aroond 20 minutes tae the sooth, accessible bi the 55 freewey. Huntington Beach an Newport Beach as well as ither coastal commonties affer warld-cless shoppin, dinin, boatin, soummin an surfin opportunities. ===Steids o interest=== *Artist Village and Civic Center (See [[:en:Downtown Santa Ana Historic Districts|Downtown Santa Ana Historic Districts]]). *[[Bowers Museum]] - History museum stairtit in the 1930s wi a lairge collection o Central American airtifacts. *[http://www.heritagemuseumoc.org Heritage Museum of Orange County ] (umwhile Centennial Heritage Museum) - hame o the Kellogg House an ither 1890s biggins *[[CSUF Grand Central Art Center]] - At the hert o the Artist Village in Santa Ana. *[http://www.occca.org - Orange County Center for Contemporary Art] *[[Delhi Park]] and [[El Salvador Park (Artesia Pilar Neighborhood)]] *[[Discovery Science Center]]. *[[Downtown National Register District]]. *[[Downtown Santa Ana Historic Districts]]. *[http://santaanahistory.com Dr. Willella Howe-Waffle House and Medical Museum]. *[[El Centro Cultural de México]]. *[http://www.galaxytheatre.com Galaxy Theatre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208235748/http://www.galaxytheatre.com/ |date=2011-12-08 }}. *[http://www.floral-park.com Historic Floral Park]. *[http://www.frenchpark.org Historic French Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626023635/http://www.frenchpark.org/ |date=2022-06-26 }}. *[[Main Place Mall]] opened in 1987. *[http://www.ocpavilion.com OC Pavilion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105105251/http://www.ocpavilion.com/ |date=2006-11-05 }} performin airts centre an 5-starn restaurant Ambrosia. *[[Old Orange County Courthouse (California)|Old Orange County Courthouse]]. *[[Santa Ana Civic Center]]. *[[Santa Ana College]], pairt of the [[Rancho Santiago Community College District]]. *[http://santaanahistory.com/SAFD-museum.htm Santa Ana Fire Department's Firefighter's Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515072132/http://santaanahistory.com/SAFD-museum.htm |date=2013-05-15 }}. *[http://santaanahistory.com Santa Ana Historical Preservation Society]. *[[Santa Ana Zoo]], biggit in 1960. *[http://www.santiagoartdistrict.com/ Santiago Art District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910233624/http://www.santiagoartdistrict.com/ |date=2012-09-10 }}. *[http://www.stjosephsa.org St. Joseph Catholic Church], established in 1887, renovatit in the late 1980s. *[http://www.solartgallerycafe.com Sol Art Gallery Cafe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813171023/http://solartgallerycafe.com/ |date=2020-08-13 }}. Greenville, a umwhile landwart section o Santa Ana, haes biggins ower a century auld, but industrial complexes hae replacit the agricultural fields that ance surroondit the toun. Santa Ana haes several waw paintins an [[murals]] depictin local history, commonty events an cultural diversity in Orange Coonty. ===Notable locations=== {{Columns|width=400px |col1= *Riverview Golf Course *Willowick Municipal Golf Course *[[Pacific Electric Sub-Station No. 14]] *Southern (D), Builders Exchange Building *Ronald W Reagan Federal Courthouse *Newhope Branch Santa Ana Public Library *Dr. Willella Howe-Waffle House *[[Bowers Museum|Bowers Museum of Cultural Art]] |col2= *Santa Ana City Hall *Santa Ana Public Library *Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center *McFadden Branch Santa Ana Public Learning Center *Santora Building *Heritage Museum of Orange County (Kellogg House) *[[:en:Old Orange County Courthouse (California)|Old Orange County Courthouse]] *Rankin Building *Dexter's Chomp House }} ==Govrenment== Santa Ana utilizes a [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|mayor-cooncil]] form o govrenment. The cooncil consists o sax memmers who are electit bi the populace o the ceety. Each memmer serves for fower years an can serve a tot o three terms. A [[Pro tempore#Mayor pro tem|mayor pro tem]] is electit bi the cooncil memmers frae athin the cooncil.<ref name=gov>{{Cite web | title = Mayor and City Council | work = City of Santa Ana | url = http://www.santa-ana.org/cm/mayorandcouncil.asp | accessdate = March 7, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121112210814/http://www.santa-ana.org/cm/mayorandcouncil.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Politics== Santa Ana is ane o a few ceeties in Orange Coonty whaur [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democratic Pairty]] registration outnummers that o the [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ocvote.com/districts/ror.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2012-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223234216/http://www.ocvote.com/districts/ror.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the [[:en:United States presidential election, 2008|2008 Presidential Election]], [[Barack Obama]] defeatit [[John McCain]] in the ceety bi a margin o 20,357 votes, 65% tae 32%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/santa-ana-election-2213303-results |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2008-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208214716/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/santa-ana-election-2213303-results |url-status=dead }}</ref> This ws despite Obama luisin tae fellae Democrat [[Hillary Clinton]] in the ceety durin the [[:en:Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|Democratic Primar]]. Despite the ceety's heich percentage o Democrats, housomeivver, the ceety tends tae vote conservatively on social issues, hintle lik the rest o northren Orange Coonty. It votit Yes on [[California Proposition 8]] bi 61.9%, abuin the coonty's average o 57.7%. On California Proposition 4, which wad hae amendit the [[Californie Constitution]] tae require minors tae notifee thair parents afore haein an abortion, Santa Ana votit in favor of the meisur by 62.0%, much higher than the county as a whole, which voted in favor o the meisur by anly 54.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2008_general/ssov/11-ballot-measures-by-political-districts.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2012-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018060504/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2008_general/ssov/11-ballot-measures-by-political-districts.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the [[California State Legislature|state legislatur]] Santa Ana is locatit in the 34t [[California State Senate|Senate]] District representit bi [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democrat]] [[Lou Correa]], an in the 69t [[California State Assembly|Assembly]] District, representit bi Democrat [[Jose Solorio]]. Federally, Santa Ana is locatit in Californie's [[:en:California's 47th congressional district|47t Congressional Destrict]] an is representit bi Democrat [[Loretta Sanchez]]. The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of Mexico|Consulate-General o Mexico in Santa Ana]] is locatit on 828&nbsp;North Broadway Street.<ref>"[http://www.sre.gob.mx/santaana/Dirección sobre]{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." ''[[:en:List of diplomatic missions of Mexico|Consulate-General o Mexico in Santa Ana]]''. Retrieved on February&nbsp;1, 2009.</ref> The [[:en:List of diplomatic missions of El Salvador|Consulate-General o El Salvador in Santa Ana]] is locatit in Suite&nbsp;103 at 840&nbsp;North Grand Avenue.<ref>"[http://www.rree.gob.sv/sitio/sitiowebrree.nsf/pages/sembajadasconsulados_norteamerica Norte América] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125234902/http://www.rree.gob.sv/sitio/sitiowebrree.nsf/pages/sembajadasconsulados_norteamerica |date=2009-01-25 }}." ''[[:en:List of diplomatic missions of El Salvador|Consulate-General o El Salvador in Miami]]''. Retrieved on February&nbsp;1, 2009.</ref> ==Education== [[File:SantaAnaCityStadium1.jpg|262px|thumb|left|Ceey Stadium in 2007]] [[Santa Ana Unified School District]] includes thirty-seven K–5 elementar schuils, nine 6–8 intermediate schuils, aicht 9–12 heich schuils, five special schuils, an ane chairter schuil. The schuil destrict provides an online accoontability report caird.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sausd.k12.ca.us/departments/research_eval/accountability.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305135145/http://www.sausd.k12.ca.us/departments/research_eval/accountability.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Santa Ana Unified School District]]'s public heich schuils include [[Valley High School (Santa Ana)]], [[Middle College High School (Santa Ana)|Middle College High School]], [[Santa Ana High School]], [[Saddleback High School]], [[Century High School (Santa Ana, California)|Century High School]], newly opened [[Segerstrom Fundamental High School]] an [[Godinez Fundamental High School]], an ither public schuils in the aurie, alang wi the [[Orange County High School of the Arts]] in the midtoun destrict. The Roman Catholic Diocese operates [[Mater Dei High School, Santa Ana|Mater Dei High School]]. The Diocese operates several K–8 schuils in Santa Ana an aw includin: School of Our Lady, Saint Anne, Saint Barbara, an Saint Joseph. (Immaculate Hert Of Mary And Our Lady Of the Pillar schuils wur closed in 2005 an mergit intae the School of Our Lady which is locatit at Immaculate Hert of Mary Parish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.schoolofourlady.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-date=2023-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406174031/https://www.schoolofourlady.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ceety is hame tae [[Santa Ana College]], a twa year public [[:en:Community colleges in the United States|commonty college]], as well as [[California Coast University]], an the Orange Coonty branch o the [[Art Institute of California - Orange County|Art Institute of California]]. [[Taft Law School]] a correspondence law schuil is based in Santa Ana an aw. [[Detective Training Institute]] is a correspondence/distance learnin institution that affers private investigator diplomas an is appruivit tae operate bi the Bureau for Private Postsecondary Eddication. ==Infrastructur== ===Transportation=== A few freeweys run throu Santa Ana, connectin the ceety tae ither auries in Orange Coonty, the [[Greater Los Angeles Aurie]], an ayont. The [[Santa Ana Freeway]] ([[Interstate 5]]) heids north tae [[Los Angeles]], an sooth towards Soothren Orange Coonty an [[San Diego]]. The [[California State Route 22|Garden Grove Freeway (State Route 22)]] runs alang near Santa Ana's northren border, connectin [[Long Beach, Californie|Long Beach]] tae the wast an the [[Orange, Californie|Ceety o Orange]] tae the east. The [[California State Route 55|Costa Mesa Freeway (State Route 55)]] travels sooth tae [[Costa Mesa, Californie|Costa Mesa]]; an then north tae the [[California State Route 91|Riverside Freeway (State Route 91)]], providin a connection tae [[Riverside, Californie|Riverside]]. [[Amtrak]], the naitional passenger rail seestem, provides service tae Santa Ana several times on weekdays wi less frequent service on weekends. It operates its [[Pacific Surfliner]] atween [[San Diego]] tae the sooth an aither [[Los Angeles]] or [[Paso Robles, Californie|Paso Robles]] tae the north (see [[Santa Ana (Amtrak station)|Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center]]). Greyhound USA is the lairgest bus transportation service in Santa Ana. Greyhound serves the continental Unitit States an Canadae. The bus lines Crucero, Intercalifornias, an ithers serve aw pynts intae Mexico. Santa Ana is servit bi [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink's]] [[Metrolink Orange County Line|Orange County Line]] ([[Oceanside, Californie|Oceanside]] tae [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Union Station]]) an aw, an [[Metrolink Inland Empire-Orange County Line|Inland Empire-Orange County Line]] ([[San Bernardino, Californie|San Bernardino]] tae [[San Juan Capistrano, California|San Juan Capistrano]]). Santa Ana is in the preliminar stages o implementin a street caur seestem that will connect the Santa Ana Train station tae Dountoun Santa Ana.<ref>http://www.ocregister.com/news/streetcar-167652-santa-garden.html</ref> Public transit bus service is available via the [[Orange County Transportation Authority]] (OCTA). [[John Wayne Airport]] is locatit at 18601 Airport Way Santa Ana, CA 92707. The [[IATA]] code for the airport is SNA. ===Utilities=== Electricity for the ceety if providit bi [[Southern California Edison]]. The [[Southern California Gas Company]] provides naitural gas service. Phone an cable televeesion is providit bi [[AT&T]]. ===Emergency service=== Law enforcement is providit bi the Santa Ana Police Department frae three stations throuoot the ceety.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Santa Ana Police Department | publisher = City of Santa Ana | url = http://www.santa-ana.org/pd/default.asp | accessdate = March 7, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-12-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121206200217/http://www.santa-ana.org/pd/default.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> The department includes five canine units,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Canine Unit | publisher = City of Santa Ana | url = http://www.santa-ana.org/pd/canine.asp | accessdate = March 7, 2012 | archive-date = 2014-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140831005900/http://www.santa-ana.org/pd/canine.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> an 11 officer [[Muntit polis|equestrian unit]] an a 37-member [[SWAT]] team.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Honor Guard, Mounted Unit & SWAT | publisher = City of Santa Ana | url = http://www.santa-ana.org/pd/mountedunitandswat.asp | accessdate = March 7, 2012 | archive-date = 2014-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140831064039/http://www.santa-ana.org/pd/mountedunitandswat.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> The ceety shares a helicopter wi the ceeties o [[Costa Mesa, Californie|Costa Mesa]] an [[Newport Beach, Californie|Newport Beach]] via the Airborne Law Enforcement (ABLE) program.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Airborne Law Enforcement Services | publisher = City of Santa Ana | url = http://www.santa-ana.org/pd/airsupport.asp | accessdate = March 7, 2012 | archive-date = 2014-08-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830145841/http://www.santa-ana.org/pd/airsupport.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> In Mairch 2012, the ceety disbandit its municipal fire depairtment which haed providit fire pertection for 128 years<ref>{{cite news| title = A proud tradition extinguished| first = Abby | last = Sewell | url =http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-fire-dept-cuts-20120306,0,4763420.story | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | date = March 6, 2012 | at = section A, p. 1 and 8 }}</ref> an contractit wi the [[Orange County Fire Authority]]. ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sister project links}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/19980512063554/http://www.ci.santa-ana.ca.us/menu.html City of Santa Ana Wabsteid] [[Category:Santa Ana, Californie| ]] [[Category:Incorporatit ceeties an touns in Californie]] [[Category:Ceeties in Orange Coonty, Californie]] [[Category:Ceeties in Soothren Californie]] [[Category:Coonty seats in Californie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Californie wi Hispanic majority populations]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Santa Ana River]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1869]] 0msvsk2t6dap8uauu0p8ov5neu1jnvd 0 46245 923443 893952 2026-09-26T05:09:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Kike Santander | image = Kike Santander en Eurovisión 2004.jpg | caption = | image_size = | background = non_performing_personnel | birth_name = Flavio Enrique Santander Lora | alias = | birth_date={{birth date and age|1960|5|11|df=yes}} | birth_place=[[Cali|Santiago de Cali]], [[Valle del Cauca]], [[Colombie]] | death_date= | death_place= | occupation = Componer an producer | years_active = 1987–present | Label | Associated_a |spouse= Adriana Lopez | website = [http://kikesantander.com/ KikeSantander.com] – official site in Spanish and English }} '''Dr. Flavio Enrique Santander Lora''' (born 11 Mey 1960), commonly kent as '''Kike Santander''', is a Colombie componer, record producer, arranger an entrepreneur. He is considered tae be ane o the principal Latino componers o the day, haein wirked wi airtists such as [[David Bisbal]], [[Cristian Castro]], [[Thalía]], [[Chayanne]], [[Diego Torres]], [[Alejandro Fernández]], [[Olga Tañón]], [[Bacilos]], [[José Luis Rodríguez (sangster)|José Luis Rodríguez «El Puma»]] an [[Gloria Estefan]] amang ithers. Mair nor 25 o his sangs hae wan the covetit Top Ten, as reflectit in the Latin chairts for Billboard syne 1999. Mair nor 15 o his sangs are featured athin the top 100 played sangs bi the BMI Association of Authors and Composers. His sangs an productions hae surpassed 25 million albums warldwide <ref name="KSMPM">{{cite news|year=27 DE FEBRERO, 2008|url=http://www.revistadiners.com.co/noticia.php3?nt=23098|title=Diners Journal:: The Magazine of the Month. Mi primer millón (Diners Journal: Journal of Mes. The first million)|language=Spanish|author=Constanza Morales Arias|accessdate=May 22–26, 2010|archive-date=2004-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107043258/http://www.revistadiners.com.co/noticia.php3?nt=23098|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Santander haes wan prizes an awairds that are gien in the muisic industrie on multiple occasions an aw: [[Grammy Awards]], [[Billboard Music Award|Billboard]], [[Lo Nuestro Awards]], [[Premios TVyNovelas]]", El Heraldo, an [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]] in which he haes receivit the maist awairds in its Latin diveesion, an mony mair.<ref name="GRESKI"/> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.emimusicpub.com/worldwide/artist_profile/kike-santander_profile.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201002121/http://www.emimusicpub.com/worldwide/artist_profile/kike-santander_profile.html |date=2008-02-01 }} * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/proteusbcn/3256686350/in/set-72157613401255026/ free pic] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110125100932/http://www.kikemusic.com/ Kike Santander Fan Site] - news an discografie o Kike Santander (In Spainyie). {{DEFAULTSORT:Santander, Kike}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Colombian muisickers]] [[Category:Colombie record producers]] [[Category:Colombie emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:American record producers]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cali]] [[Category:Fowk frae Los Angeles]] dn1oorgjvdclw6amrlrk4nbiukqdcb7 0 46740 923329 823084 2026-09-25T23:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Al `Amiriyah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|34|30|N|36|5|59|E|region:JO|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Al `Amiriyah''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/al-amiriyah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Al `Amiriyah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amiriyah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] migs7n2feyn5ohiqblk4efcrwpvl93g 0 47541 923504 849784 2026-09-26T07:50:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Ptghni |name_local = Պտղնի |pushpin_map = Armenia |mapsize = 150px |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Armenie]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kotayk Province|Kotayk]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Arakel Virabyan |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1831 |area_total_km2 = 6.22 |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total = 1337 |population_density_km2 = |timezone = &nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = &nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|15|24|N|44|35|06|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 1350 |area_code = |website = }} '''Ptghni''' ({{lang-hy|Պտղնի}}, [[Romanise|Romanisit]]d a '''Ptykhni''', '''Ptgni''', an '''Ptkhni''' an aw) is a veelage locatit in the [[Kotayk Province]] o [[Armenie]] alang the left bank o the [[Hrazdan River]]. It wis foondit in 1831 in the vicinity o an abandoned dwellin. The veelage haes a hoose o cultur, schuil, kindergarten, an a librar. Local inhabitants predominantly grow grapes, melons, gourds, an breed cattle. Athin the veelage are the remains o fortress waws an [[Ptghavank]] o the 6t tae 7t century. == Gallery == <gallery> Image:Ptghavank1.JPG|Ptghavank Image:Ptghni Khachkar.JPG|Khachkar monument beside the heich-gate leadin throu Ptghni. </gallery> == References == *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E6B1C3774E0440003BA962ED3}} *[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-17&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com *{{ArmenianCensus|178}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183429/http://www.caa.am/eng/lg.php?section=COMMUNITIES&id=254%2F Communities Association of Armenia: Ptghni] {{Kotayk}} [[Category:Populatit places in Kotayk Province]] p310s850v3vmgrc8e854ceencv7g4nn 0 47548 923382 907498 2026-09-26T02:23:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name = Devourment | image = Devourment live in SPb, 2016 (2).jpg | caption = | image_size = 250px | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], USA<ref name="interview2"/> | genre = [[Daith metal]]<ref name="BM1" /> | years_active = 1995–1999, 2001, 2002, 2005–present | label = [[Relapse Records|Relapse]], United Guttural, Corpse Gristle, Brutal Bands | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.devourmentforum.com/index.php?board=1.0/ Devourment forum] | current_members = Brad Fincher<br /> Ruben Rosas<br /> Dave Spencer<br /> Chris Andrews | past_members = Brad Fincher<br /> Braxton Henry<br /> Wayne Knupp<br /> Brian "Brain" Wynn<br /> Kevin Clark<br /> Robert Moore<br /> Jeremy Peterson<br /> Joseph Fontenot<br /> Chris Hutto }} '''Devourment''' is an American [[daith metal]] baund frae [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Formit in 1995, the baund haes split up an reformed three times nane o the oreeginal members remain. The current lineup is Mike Majewski, Ruben Rosas, Chris Andrews an Eric Pairk. The baund is currently signed tae [[Relapse Records]], an wur previously signed tae Brutal Bands, United Guttural an Corpse Gristle Records. Devourment haes haed albums re-released bi ither labels an aw. Syne thair foondation, the baund released a demo, ''Impaled'', an a album, ''[[Molesting the Decapitated]]'', afore disbandin due tae the jailin o vocalist Ruben Rosas. Thare wis a brief reformation o the baund durin his incarceration, which saw the initial release o compilation album ''[[1.3.8.]]'', an a brief reformation upon his release in 2002. The third reformation years later haes seen twa re-releases o ''1.3.8'', twa DVDs an three full lenth albums, ''[[Butcher the Weak]]'', ''[[Unleash the Carnivore]]'' an ''[[Conceived in Sewage]]''. == History == === Formation an early history === Devourment wis formit in 1995 on the breakup o [[Dallas]] [[daith metal]] baund Necrocide.<ref name="official">{{cite web |url=http://www.devourment.us/bio.htm |title=Official Devourment Biography |accessdate=2007-09-16 |publisher=Devourment official site |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317103656/http://www.devourment.us/bio.htm |archivedate=2008-03-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Necrocide's drummer, Brad Fincher, an guitarist, Braxton Henry, met up wi umwhile Meatus vocalist Wayne Knupp tae play brutal daith metal.<ref name="official"/> Housomeivver, the newly-formit baund achievit little—Knupp muivit back tae his hametoun o [[Chicago]], an Fincher muivit tae [[San Antonio]] for educational raisons. Months later, whan the twa o thaim haed muivit back tae Dallas, Henry haed formit his awn baund—Dead Industry. Knupp got in contact wi someone he haed kent years earlier, Brian "Brain" Wynn, an thay reformit the baund.<ref name="BM1">{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=39074 |title=Devourment Bassist to Take Over Vocal Duties |accessdate=2007-09-16 |date=2005-07-09 |publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="official"/> This lineup is aften citit as the 'oreeginal'.<ref name="BM1"/><ref name="RD">{{cite web |url=http://www.musicmight.com/linkto/artist/{4A4C3EAE-326C-434D-A5F6-3FDAA1F |title=Devourment Biography and Discography |accessdate=2011-12-23 |last=Sharpe-Young |first=Gary |date=2007-09-16 |publisher=[[MusicMight]]}}</ref> The baund then developit thair first promo, featurin twa sangs, "Shroud of Encryption" an "Festering Vomitous Mass",<ref name="official"/> which wis producit bi umwhile an futur guitarist Braxton Henry.<ref name="RD"/> Ower the next few months, Kevin Clark (umwhile o Sintury) jynt the baund as a seicontar guitarist, an Mike Majewski jynt on [[bass guitar|bass]].<ref name="official"/> Majewski haed previously wirkit publicisin the baund an providin airtwirk. He haed first seen Devourment whan thair anerlie sang wis "Shroud of Encryption".<ref name="interview">{{cite web|url= http://metalwhore.com/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=149&Itemid=58|title= Interview with Mike Majewski of Devourment|accessdate= 2007-09-16|last= Xul|first= Rabishu|publisher= MetalWhore|archive-date= 2011-07-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110714075123/http://metalwhore.com/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=149&Itemid=58|url-status= dead}}</ref> The baund recordit "Choking on Bile" which thay addit tae thair oreeginal demo. This wis released in 1997 bi Corpse Gristle Records unner the name o ''Impaled''. Knupp later left the baund "due tae some internal problems".<ref name="official"/> He wis replacit bi Ruben Rosas, who played guitars an providit vocals in a local baund cried Detrimental. === ''Molesting the Decapitated'' === In 1999, Devourment signed a record deal wi United Guttural an stairtit developin thair first album, ''[[Molesting the Decapitated]]'', again producit bi Braxton.<ref name="official"/> The album wis released later that year.<ref name="RD"/> Reviews wur positive, wi Blas, o Global Domination, who praised the album for bein sae brutal, claimin that "if you leuk up the wird “Brutal” in the dictionar richt nou, you'd see Devourment's logo richt next tae the definition". He praised the vocals, but said that the drums, in places, let the album doun due tae thaim bein too fast, accordin tae him.<ref name="GD"/> Dan Staige, o Metal Review, said that the instruments wur "remarkably balancit an crisp", an his anerlie criticism wis that the "ultra hivy [[Break (muisic)#Metal an punk|breakdouns]]" "may sound a little monotonous", but that "you will still [[heidbangin|bang your heid]]".<ref name="Staige">{{cite web |url=http://metalreview.com/reviews/224/devourment-molesting-the-decapitated-138 |title=Review of Devourment - Molesting the Decapitated/138 |accessdate=2007-09-18 |last=Staige |first=Dan |publisher=Metal Review |archive-date=2012-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601033052/http://www.metalreview.com/reviews/224/devourment-molesting-the-decapitated-138 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The baund haed a release show for the album in [[Colorado]]. Awtho Majewski claimit that this wis in 1998,<ref name="interview2">{{cite web|url= http://www.fourteeng.net/devourment.html|title= Interview - Mike Majewski - Devourment|accessdate= 2007-09-17|last= Thorne|first= Josh|date= 2006-04-16|publisher= fourteen g|archive-date= 2008-07-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080720145929/http://www.fourteeng.net/devourment.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> the album wis apparently released in 1999, sae he wis probably mistaken.<ref name="official"/><ref name="RD"/> This show wis alangside [[Macabre (baund)|Macabre]] an [[Cephalic Carnage]], amang ithers.<ref name="official"/> Shortly efterwairds, Rosas wis arrestit an jailed for twa an a hauf years, meanin the baund went thair separate weys.<ref name="interview2"/> Rosas' arrest wis describit bi Majewski as the "last straw",<ref name="interview2"/><ref name="interview"/> as the baund wis becomin mair an mair business-lik, wi Wynn an his wife arrangin concerts athoot consultin the rest o the baund.<ref name="interview"/> The baund reformit durin Rosas' incarceration, wi Knupp takkin Rosas' place on vocals, an Braxton Henry rejoinin the baund in the place o Brian Wynn. The baund recordit a single sang, namit "Babykiller", which wis featurt on a compilation album namit ''Southern Uprising''.<ref name="official"/> The sang wis featurt on the baund's awn compilation album, ''1.3.8'' an aw, the title o which represents the ane sang, "Babykiller", wi the three sangs frae ''Impaled'', wi the aicht sangs frae ''Molesting the Decapitated''.<ref name="Staige"/><ref name="1.3.8">{{cite web |url=http://www.vampire-magazine.com/article.php?aid=35330 |title=Devourment (USA) 1.3.8 |accessdate=2008-02-09 |author=Bogers, Stijn |date=2000-10-01 |publisher=Vampire Magazine |archive-date=2007-04-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070421165904/http://www.vampire-magazine.com/article.php?aid=35330 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The compilation wis released fower times—ance on Corpse Gristle Records while Rosas wis in jyle,<ref name="1.3.8"/> ance on [[Unmatched Brutality Records|Unmatched Brutality]] in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cursedproductions.com/catalog/view/2164/devourment-138 |title=Devourment - 1.3.8. |accessdate=2008-02-10 |publisher=Cursed Productions |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220070851/http://cursedproductions.com/catalog/view/2164/devourment-138 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ance efter Rosas' release while the baund wis wirkin on new material, includin the baund's first DVD, on Displeased Records,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vampire-magazine.com/article.php?aid=37057 |title=Devourment (USA) 1.3.8 (Rerelease) |accessdate=2008-02-09 |author=Mouwen, Ricardo |date=2004-10-26 |publisher=Vampire Magazine |archive-date=2007-04-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070421165904/http://www.vampire-magazine.com/article.php?aid=37057 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an feenally as a limitit edition vinyl bi label Night o the Vinyl Dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=61979 |title=Devourment: '1.3.8.' Vinyl to Include Demo Cuts, Previously Unreleased Material |accessdate=2008-02-09 |date=2006-11-11 |publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |archive-date=2007-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327083104/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=61979 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Upon Rosas's release in 2002, he reformit the baund wi new members, featurin hissel on vocals, guitarists Robert Moore an Kevin Clark, Jeremy Peterson on drums an Joseph Fontenot (later o Jacknife) on bass.<ref name="BM1"/> Clark wis then replacit bi Chris Hutto o Ingurgitate.<ref name="BM1"/> Rosas' new lineup played a few shows, but then split up again.<ref name="official"/> Majewski later referred tae the time atween the baund's twa full lenth albums, explainin that "Ruben an A baith made attempts tae get the baund goin again but baith failed".<ref name="interview2"/> === ''Butcher the Weak'' === A few years later, Knupp, Rosas, an Majewski feenally properly reformit Devourment.<ref name="interview"/> Eric Pairk, umwhile o Suture, filled oot the lineup which wad record the seicont Devourment album.<ref name="official"/> The baund entered the studio in August 2005 tae begin recordin ''[[Butcher the Weak]]'', an the completit album wis released in November 2005.<ref name="official"/> For this album, Majewski performit vocals, Rosas providit guitars an bass, an Pairk wis on drums.<ref name="official"/><ref name="Teufel">{{cite web |url=http://www.teufelstomb.com/reviews/devourment-butchertheweak_brutalbands/ |title=Brutal Isn't Just a Way of Life... It's Also Stupid! |accessdate=2008-02-19 |author=Teufel |publisher=Teufel's Tomb |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213102749/http://www.teufelstomb.com/reviews/devourment-butchertheweak_brutalbands.html |archivedate=2008-02-13 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}</ref> Accordin tae Josh Thorne, o fourteen g, the "production is a lot better" than it wis on ''Molesting the Decapitated'', but Majewski explained that baith albums haed been recordit in the same studio.<ref name="interview2"/> The album contained artwork bi Majewski,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metalpedia.com/reviews/devourment-butcher-the-weak/ |title=Devourment - Butcher the Weak |accessdate=2008-02-09 |date=2006-02-27 |publisher=Metalpedia |archive-date=2008-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207074454/http://metalpedia.com/reviews/devourment-butcher-the-weak/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> who wirks for a [[special effects]] company.<ref name="interview2"/> Felix Schoonen, o ''Vampire Magazine'', said it wis odd that the album wis sel-released bi the baund, askin "why shoud a baund like Devourment release their awn album... ivery week coontless uiseless releases are thrown on the mercat bi baunds that naebody will iver care for an Devourment is somehou forcit tae release its awn album." In 2006, the baund signed a twa album deal wi label Brutal Bands, an proceedit tae re-record an re-release ''Butcher the Weak''.<ref name="official"/> The new release's civer wis yellae, while the sel-released version sportit a green civer, tho thay bore the same design.<ref name="Teufel"/> On 15 September 2007, Wayne Knupp dee'd o multiple organ failur due tae [[alcoholism|alcohol abuis]].<ref name="RD"/> Despite nae langer bein wi Devourment, his links wi the baund wur widely reportit, includin his guest appearance wi Devourment at the Central [[Illinois]] Metalfest earlier in the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=80851 |title=Original Devourment Vocalist Wayne Knupp Passes Away |accessdate=2008-02-09 |date=2007-09-15 |publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |archive-date=2012-08-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6A47Dkm9y?url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=80851 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Knupp's girlfriend postit a message on his [[Myspace]] profile confirmin his daith an thankin fowk for thair support an messages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smnnews.com/2007/09/15/devourment-vocalist-wayne-knupp-passes-away-due-to-multiple-organ-failure/ |title=Ex-Devourment Vocalist Wayne Knupp Passes Away Due to Multiple Organ Failure |accessdate=2008-02-09 |date=2007-09-15 |publisher=SMNnews.com |archive-date=2012-08-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6A47Eipy7?url=http://www.smnnews.com/2007/09/15/devourment-vocalist-wayne-knupp-passes-away-due-to-multiple-organ-failure/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an interview wi SMNnews.com, Majewski spoke o the impact o the daith on the baund, sayin;<ref name="smn interview"/> <blockquote>It had a big impact. He was a founding member and really created the vocal style we are known for. Just felt like part of the band died too. Like when he died, it was just weird to think about doing shows or recording without him around, even if he was no longer in the band. He was a good person and definitely deserves to be remembered.</blockquote> Syne ''Butcher the Weak'', Devourment hae recordit new material for compilation albums, as well as continuin tae tour.<ref name="official"/> Thay hae appeared at various festivals,<ref name="official"/> includin Central Illinois Metalfest,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=88006 |title=Brutal Truth Confirmed for Central Illinois Metalfest |accessdate=2008-02-09 |date=2008-01-08 |publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |archive-date=2012-08-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6A47FavoC?url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Goregrowler's Ball<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=79474 |title=Devourment, Disfigured to Perform at San Antonio's The Goregrowler's Ball |accessdate=2008-02-09 |date=2007-08-24 |publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |archive-date=2012-08-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6A47GNlMl?url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Germany's Fuck the Commerce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=65585 |title=Denial Fiend, Prophecy, Devourment Confirmed for Germany's F*ck the Commerce Festival |accessdate=2008-02-09 |date=2007-01-19 |publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |archive-date=2012-08-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6A47H6rHb?url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article |url-status=dead }}</ref> Devourment released thair seicont DVD in Januar 2007 an aw.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.devourment.us/news.htm |title=Devourment DVD 2 Out in January! |accessdate=2008-02-09 |work=Devourment news |publisher=Devourment official site |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116100956/http://www.devourment.us/news.htm |archivedate=2008-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an interview wi SMNnews.com in October 2007, Majewski said that the baund aims tae complete a third studio album bi mid-2008, performin less in 2008.<ref name="smn interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.smnnews.com/2007/10/22/devourment-mike-majewski-vocals/ |title=Interview with Mike Majewski |accessdate=2008-02-15 |date=2007-10-22 |publisher=SMNnews.com |archive-date=2012-08-20 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6A47IBiGA?url=http://www.smnnews.com/2007/10/22/devourment-mike-majewski-vocals/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === ''Unleash the Carnivore'' === Devourment's third full-lenth studio album, ''[[Unleash the Carnivore]]'', wis released in 2009 throu Brutal Bands. The civer featurs airtwirk bi acclaimit diath metal airtists Dan Seagrave an Par Olofsson. ''Unleash the Carnivore'' wis follaeed in 2010 wi the "Unleash the Carnivore tour". On 13 Julie 2010, Devourment annooncit that thay signed wi [[Relapse Records|Relapse]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myspace.com/devourment/blog |title=Devourment's Myspace blog |access-date=2013-03-12 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726122933/http://www.myspace.com/devourment/blog |url-status=dead }}</ref> === ''Conceived in Sewage'' === Devourment began writin new material in 2011. The baund began recordin a new album in Juin 2012.<ref name="BMRecordingNewAlbum" /> The album is titled ''Conceived in Sewage'' an wis recordit wi [[Erik Rutan]]. ''Conceived in Sewage'' wis released on 19 Februar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=184411 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-03-12 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221121917/http://blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=184411 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Members == {{main|Devourment baund members}} ===Current members=== * Mike Majewski – vocals * Ruben Rosas – guitars * Chris Andrews – bass * Eric Pairk – drums == Discografie == ===Studio albums=== *''[[Molesting the Decapitated]]'' – United Guttural (1999) *''[[Butcher the Weak]]'' – sel-released (2005) *''Butcher the Weak'' re-recording – Brutal Bands (2006) *''[[Unleash the Carnivore]]'' – Brutal Bands (2009) *''[[Conceived in Sewage]]'' – [[Relapse Records]] (2013)<ref name="BMRecordingNewAlbum">{{cite web |url=http://legacy.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=175648 |title=Devourment Begins Recording New Album |date=2012-06-19 |publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |accessdate=2012-06-19 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *''Obscene Majesty'' [[Relapse Records]] (2019) ===Demos an compilations=== *''Impaled'' demo (Corpse Gristle Records) 1997 *''[[1.3.8.]]'' (Corpse Gristle Records, Unmatched Brutality, Displeased Records, Night o the Vinyl Dead) 2000 == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081221165643/http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewProfile&friendID=5815954 Devourment] at [[Myspace]] * [http://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Devourment/818 Devourment] at [[Encyclopaedia Metallum]] * [http://www.last.fm/music/Devourment Devourment] at [[Last.fm]] {{Devourment}} [[Category:American daith metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Hivy metal muisical groups frae Texas]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 1995]] btxhjiab58023s0w4oc6udg0imzwq32 0 47845 923383 910678 2026-09-26T02:24:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- For individuals; see Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name = Diana Reyes | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Diana Polanco Reyes | alias = La Reina Del Pasito Duranguense | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|11|18}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mspot.com/artist/diana_reyes |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-03-18 |archive-date=2009-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530215434/http://www.mspot.com/artist/diana_reyes |url-status=dead }}</ref> | origin = [[La Paz, Baja California Sur|La Paz]], [[Baja California Sur]], [[Mexico]] | instrument = vocal | genre = Regional Mexicano | occupation = Singer | years_active = | label = [[Univision Music Group|Universal Latino]] <br> [[Capitol Records|Capitol Latin]] <br> [[DR Promotions, Inc.]] | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.dianareyes.net www.dianareyes.net] }} '''Diana Reyes''' (born 18 November 1979) is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[sangster]] o [[duranguense]] muisic. Reyes wis born in [[La Paz, Baja California Sur|La Paz]], [[Baja California Sur]], [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.latin-artists.com/biography.php?id=156&lang=_sp |title=Latin-Artists.com - Artistas-Latinos.com - Diana Reyes<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-03-18 |archive-date=2018-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214070512/http://www.latin-artists.com/biography.php?id=156&lang=_sp |url-status=dead }}</ref> She haes released three [[RIAA certification|gowd]] records syne 2004: ''La Reina del Pasito Duranguense'', ''Las No. 1 de la Reina'', an ''Te Voy a Mostrar''.<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com Allmusic]</ref> Reyes haulds strang tees tae her faither's native state o [[Sinaloa]] an her mither's native [[Sonora]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portalgrupero.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=384 |title=Portal Grupero Musica Grupera, Onda Grupera, Contrata aqui Banda Sinaloense, Musica Norteña, Cumbia, Tambora Hermosillo, Sonora, México - Diana Reyes<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-03-18 |archive-date=2008-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215110212/http://www.portalgrupero.com/index.php?option=com_content |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Discografie== ===Studio albums <ref>[http://www.google.com/musica?aid=OXKhte_Eh8G&ei=HK2FSrbuFY3FlAeIsfyCBQ&sa=X&oi=music&ct=result Google Music: Diana Reyes]</ref>=== *2001: ''La Socia'' *2002: ''La Reina'' *2004: ''Como una Mariposa'' *2005: ''La Reina del Pasito Duranguense'' *2005: ''Navidad Duranguense'' *2007: ''Te Voy a Mostrar'' *2007: ''Las No. 1 de la Reina'' *2008: ''Insatisfecha'' *2008: ''Grandes Exitos'' *2008: ''Juntos Cruzando Fronteras'' *2009: ''Edición Limitada De Lujo'' *2009: ''Nacimos Para Amarnos'' *2009: ''Sin Remordimientos'' *2009: ''Vamos A Bailar'' *2010: ''Ámame, Bésame'' *2011: ''Ajustando Cuentas'' ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.dianareyes.net Offeecial Wabsteid] *[http://www.myspace.com/dianareyesoficial Offeecial MySpace] *[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Diana-Reyes/344970862117 Offeecial Facebook] *[http://www.youtube.com/drpromotions Offeecial YouTube] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130311231206/https://twitter.com/DianaReyesMusic Offeecial Twitter] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reyes, Diana}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Mexican female sangsters]] [[Category:Duranguense]] [[Category:Fowk frae La Paz, Baja California Sur]] j8p3mhpql212pf7hkg3rtpsefeaysi2 0 48307 923584 822682 2026-09-26T10:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Ólafsvík |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Town<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = Snaefellsbaer map.png |mapsize = |map_caption = Location of the Municipality of Snæfellsbær |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = Iceland<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Iceland |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iceland}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Constituencies of Iceland|Constituency]]<ref>Political division</ref> |subdivision_name1 = [[Norðvesturkjördæmi]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of Iceland|Region]]<ref>Mainly statistical division</ref> |subdivision_name2 = [[Vesturland]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Counties of Iceland|County]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Snæfellsnes- og Hnappadalssýsla]] |subdivision_type4 = [[Municipalities of Iceland|Municipality]] |subdivision_name4 = [[Snæfellsbær]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 1,010 |population_density_km2 = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST= |coordinates = {{coord|64|53|N|23|42|W|region:IS|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Post Code <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Ólafsvík''' is a fishin port in [[Iceland]]. It is situatit near the wastren end o the [[Snæfellsnes]] peninsulae, on the north coast o the peninsulae. It is on route 54, atween [[Grundarfjörður]] an [[Hellissandur]]. At 23 degrees 42 minutes wast, it is the wastmaist dounset o its size in Europe. Admeenistratively it is in the coonty o [[Snæfellsnes- og Hnappadalssýsla]], in the region o [[Vesturland]] an it is the admeenistrative centre o the municipality o [[Snæfellsbær]]. {{as of|2011|1|1}}, it haed 1,010 inhabitants. ==Owerview== Aiblins acause o its situation on the bay o [[Breiðafjörður]], the veelage wis the first in Iceland tae receive a commercial licence frae the King o Denmark, in the 17t century. Ólafsvík's economy is based on fishin industrie an commerce, an proveesion o services for fermers in the aurie. The aurie o Ólafsvík provides mony opportunities for tourists, such as birdwatchin, hikin trails, lang sandy beaches, an snawmobilin on the [[Snæfellsjökull]] glacier, juist 10&nbsp;km awa (awtho the road is closed for hintle o the year). At nearbi Hellissandur is the tawest structur in Wastren Europe, the [[Longwave radio mast Hellissandur|Gufuskálar radio mast]], 412 metres heich. ==See an aw== *[[Volcanism in Iceland]] *[[Leet o dounsets in Iceland]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013959/http://www.snb.is/Default.asp?Sid_Id=20640&tId=99&Tre_Rod=&qsr%2F Ólafsvík website] *[http://galeria.wyprawa.info/displayimage.php?album=59&pos=125 Ólafsvík photo] {{Ceeties an touns in Iceland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Olafsvik}} [[Category:Populatit places in Iceland]] iwoq9trzko1m6rtxzlz8pwhpf7f21f9 0 48498 923515 899943 2026-09-26T08:15:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Februar 2021}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Illustration Rosa majalis0.jpg | image_caption = Twa rose plants, [[Rosa cinnamomea|''Rosa cinnamomea'' L.]] an [[Rosa rubiginosa|''R. rubiginosa'' L.]] | taxon = Rosales | authority = [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2017-05-25 |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }} {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |date=2017-05-25 }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Faimilies | subdivision = [[Barbeyaceae]]<br /> [[Cannabaceae]]&nbsp;([[hemp]]&nbsp;faimily)<!-- why aren't ordinary spaces working?? --><br /> [[Dirachmaceae]]<br /> [[Elaeagnaceae]]&nbsp;([[oleaster]]/[[Roushie olive]] faimily)<br /> [[Moraceae]]&nbsp;([[mulberry]]&nbsp;faimily)<br /> [[Rhamnaceae]]&nbsp;([[buckthorn]]&nbsp;faimily)<br /> [[Rosaceae]]&nbsp;([[rose]]&nbsp;faimily)<br /> [[Ulmaceae]]&nbsp;([[elm]]&nbsp;faimily)<br /> [[Urticaceae]]&nbsp;([[Urtica|nettle]]&nbsp;faimily) | synonyms = Rhamnales<br/> Rosanae<br/> Urticales<ref name ="uniprot">{{cite web | url = http://beta.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3744 | title = Order '''Rosales''' | accessdate = 2008-04-24 | author = UniProt | authorlink = UniProt }}</ref> }} '''Rosales''' is an [[Order (biologie)|order]] o [[flouerin plant]]s.<ref name="apwebrosales">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> It is [[sister taxon|sister]] tae a [[clade]] consistin o [[Fagales]] an [[Cucurbitales]].<ref name="wang2009">{{citation | author = Hengchang Wang, Michael J. Moore, Pamela S. Soltis, Charles D. Bell, Samuel F. Brockington, Roolse Alexandre, Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Steven R. Manchester, and Douglas E. Soltis | year = 2009 | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–3858 | date = 10Mar2009 | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/106/10/3853.abstract?etoc | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 | access-date = 2013-04-02 | archive-date = 2019-09-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190912081447/https://www.pnas.org/content/106/10/3853.abstract?etoc | url-status = dead }}</ref> It contains aboot 7700 [[speshies]], distributit intae aboot 260 [[genera]]. Rosales comprises nine [[faimily (biologie)|faimilies]], the [[Type (biologie)|type]] faimily bein the rose faimily, [[Rosaceae]]. The lairgest o these faimilies are Rosaceae (90/2500) an Urticaceae (54/2600). Rosales is divided intae three clades that hae never been assigned a [[taxonomic rank]]. The [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] clade consists o the faimily Rosaceae; another clade consists o fower faimilies, includin Rhamnaceae; an the third clade consists o the fower [[Urticales|urticalean]] faimilies.<ref name="soltis2011">Douglas E. Soltis, et alii. (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''98'''(4):704-730. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.1000404}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{commons category-inline|Rosales}} * {{wikispecies-inline}} * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/Rosalesweb.htm#Rosales Rosales] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521153254/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/treeapweb2map.html |date=2015-05-21 }} <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072931/http://plantlifeforms.com/orders239/rose_and_allies_rosales_50390371_239.aspx?txtsearch=rosales Rosales – Plant Life Forms] *{{ITIS |id=24057 |taxon=Rosales |accessdate=24 April 2008}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q21895}} [[Category:Rosales| ]] [[Category:Angiosperm orders]] {{stub/Plaunt}} k2iu8rd8apmnzmsdecjz7px97adn6xs 0 48534 923511 908315 2026-09-26T08:01:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Ranunculaceae | fossil_range = [[Cretaceous]]–[[Recent]]<ref name="pigg2005">{{citation | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.10.1650 | title = ''Paleoactaea'' gen. nov. (Ranunculaceae) fruits from the Paleogene of North Dakota and the London Clay | author = Kathleen B. Pigg and Melanie L. DeVore | journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 2005 | volume = 92 | pages = 1650–1659 }}</ref> | image = Ranunculus_auricomis.jpg | image_width = 220px | image_caption = ''Ranunculus auricomus'' ([[type species]]) | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | ordo = [[Ranunculales]] | familia = '''Ranunculaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] | subdivision_ranks = Subfaimilies | subdivision = *[[Hydrastis|Hydrastidoideae]] *[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidioideae]] *[[Coptoideae]] *[[Thalictroideae]] *[[Ranunculoideae]] }} '''Ranunculaceae''' ('''buttercup''' or '''crowfoot faimily'''; [[Latin]] ''rānunculus'' "little frog", frae ''rāna'' "frog") is a [[faimily (biologie)|faimily]] o aboot 1700 species o [[flouerin plant]]s in aboot 60 genera, distributit warldwide. The lairgest genera are ''[[Ranunculus]]'' (600 speshies), ''[[Delphinium]]'' (365), ''[[Thalictrum]]'' (330), ''[[Clematis]]'' (325), an ''[[Aconitum]]'' (300). ==Description== [[Image:Pulsatilla alpina fruit.JPG|thumb|200px|left|[[Achene]]s on the [[fruit]] o ''[[Pulsatilla alpina]]'' ssp. ''alpina''.]] Ranunculaceae are maistly yerbaceous plants, but wi some widy climbers (sic as ''[[Clematis]]'') an subshrubs (e.g. ''[[Xanthorhiza]]''). [[Image:Adonis autumnalis flowerdiagram.png|thumb|Flouer diagram o ''[[Adonis]] autumnalis'' frae Strasburger et al. 1900 |200px]] Memmers o the Ranunculaceae uisually hae five coloured sepals insteid o petals (except buttercups), an dividit leaves an nonwidy tissue (except clematis). [http://theseedsite.co.uk/ranunculaceae.html] Leaves are uisually dividit or lobed, but are hert-shaped or nairae an undividit in some speshies o ''Ranunculus'', an uisually arise frae the base o the plant, or alternately up the stem, but in ''Clematis'' thay are opposite. Perennial speshies furm smaa [[rhizome]]s or tubers which develop new ruits each year. Flouers mey be solitary, but are frequently foond aggregatit in [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]], [[panicle]]s, or [[Raceme|spikes]]. Mony speshies hae na true petals, an the 'flouer' is furmed bi a brichtly coloured group o [[sepal]]s cried a ''calyx''. Thare are uisually five sepals per flouer, tho thay come in a wide variety o shapes. ''[[Ranunculus]]'' (buttercups) is the anly genus in this faimily wi a true calyx ''an'' petals. Thare are mony stamens surroundin mony fused carpels. The [[fruit]] is maist commonly a [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]] (e. g. ''[[Helleborus]]'', ''[[Nigella]]'') or an [[achene]] (e. g. ''[[Ranunculus]]'', ''[[Clematis]]''). Ranunculaceae contain [[protoanemonin]], which is toxic tae humans an ainimals. Ither pushionous or toxic compooonds, [[alkaloid]]s an [[glycoside]]s, are an aa very common. ==Taxonomy== The faimily Ranunculaceae is includit in the Ranunculales which is the sole order o the Ranunculanae, a superorder o eudicots accordin tae APG 3 systematics. The phylogeny is well illustratit in <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517030259/http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Taxonomic comparisons=== ­Accordin tae Dr John David, (2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/documents/Essay.pdf |title=Plants in their proper places |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2011-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009040853/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/documents/Essay.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Ranuculaceae are combined wi the Eupteleaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, Berberidaceae, an Papaveraceae in the Ranunculales, the anly order in the superorder Ranunculanae. This follaes the wirk o the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. [[Armen Takhtajan|Takhtajan]] 1997 includes the Ranunculaceae as the anly faimily in the Ranunculales which he placed in a subclass, the Ranunculidae, insteid o a superorder. Previously, Thorn 1992 placed the Ranunculaceae in the Berberidales, an order within the Superorder Magnolianae. Earlier Cronquist in 1981 includit the Ranunculaceae alang wi seiven ether faimilies in the Rancunculales which wis includit in the Magnoliidae, which he regardit as a subclass.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cronang.htm |title=Flowering Plant Gateway |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2011-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006041129/http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cronang.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The cladogram belaw is accordin tae the [[APG II seestem]], based on molecular phylogeny. <center> {{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:75%|1={{clade|1={{clade|1='''Glaucidoideae'''|2='''Hydrastidoideae'''}}|2={{clade|1='''Coptoideae'''|2={{clade|1='''Ranunculoideae'''|2='''Thalictroideae'''}}}}}}}} </center> The genus ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' wis ance put in its ain faimily (Glaucidiaceae), but haes been recently recognised as a primitive memmer o Ranunculaceae. Tamura (1993) recognised five subfaimilies, mainly based on chromosomic an floral characteristics (Hydrastidoideae, Thalictroideae, Isopyroideae, Ranunculoideae, Helleboroideae). Hydrastidoideae an Glaucidioideae hae anly ane species, ''[[Hydrastis|Hydrastis canadense]]'' an ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium palmatum]]'' respectively. [[Coptoideae]] haes 17 species an Thalictroideae haes 450, includin ''[[Thalictrum]]'' an ''[[Aquilegia]]''. The ither genera (2025 species, 81% o the faimily) belang tae Ranunculoideae. Some aulder classifications includit ''[[Paeonia (plant)|Paeonia]]'' (peony) in Ranunculaceae but this genus is nou placed in its ain faimily, [[Paeoniaceae]] in order [[Saxifragales]]. ''[[Circaeaster]]'' an ''[[Kingdonia]]'' are nou placed in [[Circaeasteraceae]]. === Fossil record === Fossils o fruits, pollen, seeds, an leaves are kent frae several dozen locations. The fossil record begins in the early [[Cretaceous]] an continues throughoot the [[Tertiary]]. In maist cases, the fossils are assigned tae extant genera, or shaw a close relationship tae a parteecular extant genus.<ref name="pigg2005"/> == Uises == Some Ranunculaceae are uised as [[yerbal medicine]]s acause o thair alkaloids an glycosides, sic as ''[[Hydrastis canadensis]]'' (goldenseal), whose ruit is uised as a tonic. Mony genera are weel kent as cultivatit flouers, sic as ''[[Aconitum]]'' (monkshuid), ''[[Consolida]]'' (larkspur), ''[[Delphinium]]'', ''[[Helleborus]]'' (Christenmas rose), ''[[Trollius]]'' (globeflouer). The seeds o '' [[Nigella sativa]]'', are uised as a spice in Indie an Middle Eastren cuisine. == Genera == {|width="100%" |- valign=top | * ''[[Aconitum]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Actaea]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Adonis (plant)|Adonis]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Anemoclema]]'' <small>(Franch.) W.T.Wang</small> * ''[[Anemone]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Anemonopsis]]'' <small>Siebold & Zuccarini</small> * ''[[Aquilegia]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Asteropyrum]]'' <small>J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.</small> * ''[[Barneoudia]]'' <small>Gay</small> * ''[[Beesia]]'' <small>Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.</small> * ''[[Calathodes]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small> * ''[[Callianthemum]]'' <small>C.A.Mey.</small> * ''[[Caltha]]'' <small>L.</small> | * ''[[Ceratocephala (plant)|Ceratocephala]]'' <small>Moench</small> * ''[[Cimicifuga]]'' <small>Wernisch.</small> * ''[[Clematis]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Consolida]]'' <small>Gray</small> * ''[[Coptis]]'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''[[Delphinium]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Dichocarpum]]'' <small>W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao</small> * ''[[Enemion]]'' <small>Rafinesque</small> * ''[[Eranthis]]'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'' <small>Siebold & Zuccarini</small> * ''[[Halerpestes]]'' <small>Greene</small> * ''[[Hamadryas (plant)|Hamadryas]]'' <small>Comm. ex Juss.</small> * ''[[Hellebore|Helleborus]]'' <small>L.</small> | * ''[[Goldenseal|Hydrastis]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Isopyrum]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Knowltonia]]'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''[[Laccopetalum]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small> * ''[[Leptopyrum]]'' <small>Reichenbach</small> * ''[[Metanemone]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small> * ''[[Miyakea (plant)|Miyakea]]'' <small>Miyabe & Tatew.</small> * ''[[Myosurus]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Naravelia]]'' <small>Adans.</small> * ''[[Nigella]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Oreithales]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small> * ''[[Oxygraphis]]'' <small>Bunge</small> * ''[[Paraquilegia]]'' <small>J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.</small> | * ''[[Paroxygraphis]]'' <small>W.W.Sm.</small> * ''[[Ranunculus]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Semiaquilegia]]'' <small>Makino</small> * ''[[Souliea]]'' <small>Franch.</small> * ''[[Thalictrum]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Trautvetteria]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small> * ''[[Trollius]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Urophysa]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small> * ''[[Yellowroot|Xanthorhiza]]'' <small>Marshall</small> |} {| |- valign=top | * ''Anemonella'' <small>Spach</small><br>→ ''[[Thalictrum thalictroides|Thalictrum]]'' | * ''[[Hepatica]]'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''[[Pulsatilla]]'' <small>Mill.</small><br>→ ''[[Anemone]]'' | * ''[[Psychrophila]]'' <small>(DC.) Bercht. & J.Presl</small><br>→ ''[[Caltha]]'' |} == Gallery == ===Flowers=== <gallery perrow="6"> Image:Aconitum napellus flower.jpg|''Aconitum napellus'' Image:Actaea_spicata_ziedai.jpg|''Actaea spicata'' Image:Adonis_annua_flor.jpg|''Adonis annua'' Image:10_kwietnia_2009_r._Zawilec_gajowy_033.jpg|''Anemone nemorosa'' Image:Hepatica_nobilis003.jpg|''Anemone hepatica'' = ''Hepatica nobilis'' Image:Pulsatilla_vulgaris3.jpg|''Anemone pulsatilla'' = ''Pulsatilla vulgaris'' Image:Wild_Columbine.jpg|''Aquilegia canadensis'' Image:2007-03-27Caltha_palustris02.jpg|''[[Caltha palustris]]'' Image:Clematis_Montana.jpg|''Clematis montana'' Image:Delphinium_elatum_hybride_001.jpg|''Delphinium elatum'' hybrid Image:Eranthis_hyemalis_(1).jpg|''Eranthis hyemalis'' Image:Lenteroos frekkels.jpg|''Helleborus × hybridus'' Image:Myosurus_minimus_W.jpg|''Myosurus minimus'' Image:Hydrastis_canadensis_-_goldenseal_-_desc-flower_front_view.jpg|''Hydrastis canadensis'' Image:2007-10-25Nigella_damascena_09.jpg|''Nigella damascena'' Image:Creeping butercup close 800.jpg|''Ranunculus repens'' Image:Thalictrum_aquilegifolium_02.jpg|''Thalictrum aquilegifolium'' Image:Trollius_europaeus,_Trollblume_1.JPG|''Trollius europaeus'' </gallery> ===Fruit=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width=50%}} ====Follicle==== <gallery> Image:Helleborus niger (Früchte).jpg|''Helleborus niger'' Image:Nigella damascena fruit.jpg|''Nigella arvensis'' </gallery> {{col-break}} ====Achene==== <gallery> Image:Pulsatilla alpina fruit.jpg|''Pulsatilla'' or ''Anemone alpina'' Image:Ranunculus acris0.jpg|''Ranunculus acris'' </gallery> {{col-end}} ==See also== *[[Leet o Anemone species]] == References == ===Notes=== {{reflist|2}} ===General references=== {{refbegin|2}} *Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, Mey 2006 [an mair or less continuously updated syne]. [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/] *{{it}} Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia, Edagricole, Bologna 1982. ISBN 88-506-2449-2 *Tamura, M.: "Ranunculaceae.", en Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J.G. & Bittrich, V. (Editores). The Families an Genera o Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons..- Springer-Verlag: Berlín, 1993.- ISBN 3-540-55509-9 * Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, Schimper: Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. 4. Auflage, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p.&nbsp;459 (flouer diagrams) {{refend}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category}} {{wikispecies|Ranunculaceae}} {{refbegin|2}} *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10757 ''Flora of North America'': Ranunculaceae] *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10757 ''Flora of China'': Ranunculaceae] *[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/ranunculaceae_01.htm Ranunculaceae in Topwalks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003113024/http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/ranunculaceae_01.htm |date=2011-10-03 }} *[http://www.indianmedicinalplants.info/d2/index.htm Ranunculaceae ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019215941/http://www.indianmedicinalplants.info/d2/index.htm |date=2011-10-19 }} *[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/ranuncul.htm Ranunculaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ |date=2007-01-03 }} in L. Watson an M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }}. *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3440&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] *[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Ranunculaceae links at CSDL, Texas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418030042/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=ranunculaceae |date=2006-04-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418030042/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=ranunculaceae |date=2006-04-18 }} *[http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/art/index_kinpougeka.htm Japanese Ranunculaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184616/http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/art/index_kinpougeka.htm |date=2007-09-30 }} - Flavon's airt gallery *[http://flowersinisrael.com/FamRanunculaceae.html Family Ranunculaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012040753/http://flowersinisrael.com/FamRanunculaceae.html |date=2011-10-12 }} Flowers in Israel {{refend}} [[Category:Eudicot faimilies]] [[Category:Ranunculaceae| ]] pd9cu5qyj0nxjnil2rbec3m11101xbx 0 49781 923526 910259 2026-09-26T08:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Japanese name|Abe}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Shinzō Abe |native_name = 安倍 晋三 |native_name_lang = ja |image = Shinzō Abe 2020.jpg |caption = Abe in 2020 |office = [[Prime Meenister o Japan]] |monarch = [[Akihito]]<br />[[Naruhito]] |deputy = [[Tarō Asō]] |term_start = 26 December 2012 |term_end = 16 September 2020 |predecessor = [[Yoshihiko Noda]] |successor = [[Yoshihide Suga]] |monarch1 = [[Akihito]] |term_start1 = 26 September 2006 |term_end1 = 26 September 2007 |predecessor1 = [[Junichiro Koizumi]] |successor1 = [[Yasuo Fukuda]] |office2 = Preses o the [[Liberal Democratic Pairty (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Pairty]] |deputy2 = [[Masahiko Kōmura]] |term_start2 = 26 September 2012 |term_end2 = 14 September 2020 |predecessor2 = [[Sadakazu Tanigaki]] |successor2 = [[Yoshihide Suga]] |term_start3 = 20 September 2006 |term_end3 = 26 September 2007 |predecessor3 = [[Junichiro Koizumi]] |successor3 = [[Yasuo Fukuda]] |office4 = [[Chief Cabinet Secretary]] |primeminister4 = [[Junichiro Koizumi]] |term_start4 = 31 October 2005 |term_end4 = 26 September 2006 |predecessor4 = [[Hiroyuki Hosoda]] |successor4 = [[Yasuhisa Shiozaki]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1954|9|21|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Nagato, Yamaguchi|Nagato]], [[Japan]] |death_date = 8 Julie 2022 (aged 67) |death_place = [[Nara]], [[Nara Prefectur|Nara]], [[Japan]] |party = [[Liberal Democratic Pairty (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Pairty]] |spouse = [[Akie Abe|Akie Matsuzaki]] |alma_mater = [[Seikei Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity o Soothern Californie]] |religion = [[Shinto]]<ref>[http://www.sinseiren.org/ouen/kokugikon.html; Seinseiren.org] {{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://press.jodo.or.jp/press/2003/03/news.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127165851/http://www.sinseiren.org/ouen/kokugikon.html |date=2009-11-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127165851/http://www.sinseiren.org/ouen/kokugikon.html |date=2009-11-27 }}</ref> }} [[File:Memorial monument for Shinzo Abe at Osaka Gokoku Shrine in Osaka Japan.jpg|thumb|260px|Memorial monument for Shinzo Abe at Osaka Gokoku Shrine in Osaka Japan]] {{nihongo|'''Shinzō Abe'''|安倍 晋三|''Abe Shinzō''|extra={{IPA-ja|abe ɕinzoː||Abe_Shinzo.ogg}}; born 21 September 1954; deed 8 Julie 2022}} wis a twa-time [[Prime Meenister o Japan]], in office frae 2006 tae 2007 an agin frae 2012 tae 2020; he wis Japan's langest-servin Prime meenister. He wis assassinatit in 2022, durin a speech in [[Nara]]. Preses o the [[Liberal Democratic Pairty (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Pairty]] (LDP)<ref name=AP01>{{cite web|title=Abe wins vote to lead Japan main opposition party|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/japan-main-opposition-party-elect-new-leader#overlay-context=article/calif-governor-sign-bill-ok-driverless-cars|agency=Associated Press|last=Foster|first=Malcolm|accessdate=26 September 2012|date=26 September 2012|archive-date=2013-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026093523/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/japan-main-opposition-party-elect-new-leader#overlay-context=article/calif-governor-sign-bill-ok-driverless-cars|url-status=dead}}</ref> an chairman o the [[:ja:親学推進議員連盟|''Oyagaku'' propulsion parliamentary group]], Abe is the 90t [[politics o Japan|Japanese Prime Meenister]], electit bi a speicial session o the [[Diet o Japan|Naitional Diet]] on 26 September 2006. He wis then Japan's youngest post-[[Warld War II]] prime meenister an the first born efter the war. He served as prime meenister for less nor a year, resignin on 12 September 2007.<ref>{{cite news|first=Hiroko|last=Nakata|title=Prime Minister Abe announces resignation|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070913a1.html|work=Japan Times|date=13 September 2007|accessdate=13 September 2007|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mqwouhlw?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070913a1.html|archivedate=2010-01-17|url-status=live}}</ref> He wis replaced bi [[Yasuo Fukuda]], beginnin a string o Prime Meenisters who did nae maintain the position for mair nor ane year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/24/japan.fukuda.ap/index.html?iref=newssearch|title=|publisher=CNN}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> On 26 September 2012, Abe defeatit umwhile [[Meenister o Defense (Japan)|Meenister o Defense]] [[Shigeru Ishiba]] in a run-aff vote tae win the LDP presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19725296|title=Japan ex-PM Shinzo Abe elected opposition leader|publisher=BBC News|date=26 September 2012}}</ref> Abe became the Prime Meenister again followin the LDP's landslide victory in the [[Japanese general election, 2012|2012 general election]] wi a govrenment on 26 December 2012. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006235147/http://www3.s-abe.or.jp/ Official website] {{ja icon}} * {{Twitter|AbeShinzo}} * {{Facebook|abeshinzo}} * [http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html Prime Minister of Japan Official Website] {{en icon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abe, Shinzo}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Assassinatit heids o govrenment]] [[Category:Assassinatit politeecians]] [[Category:Govrenment meenisters o Japan]] [[Category:Japanese anti-communists]] [[Category:Japanese Shintoists]] [[Category:Liberal Democratic Pairty (Japan) politeecians]] [[Category:2022 daiths]] [[Category:Members o the Hoose o Representatives o Japan]] [[Category:North Korean abductions o Japanese citizens]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Tokyo]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Japan]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Abdulaziz al Saud]] r4qou01pa3glwgcicxugeepdh3hclp3 0 50374 923399 909608 2026-09-26T03:36:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Gaza Strip |native_name ={{nobold|{{lang|ar|قطاع غزة}}}}<br>''{{Transl|ar|DIN|Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah}}'' |linking_name = the Gaza Strip |status = {{*}}Unner the Palestinian Authority accordin tae the Oslo Accords<ref name=nyt_mideast-accord>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/05/world/mideast-accord-overview-rabin-arafat-sign-accord-ending-israel-s-27-year-hold.html?pagewanted=all "Mideast accord: the overview; Rabin and Arafat sign accord ending Israel's 27-year hold on Jericho and the Gaza Strip"]. Chris Hedges, ''New York Times'', 5 Mey 1994.</ref><br> {{*}}''De facto'' [[Govrenance o the Gaza Strip|Admeenistratit]] bi [[Hamas]] syne Julie 2007. {{*}}Claimed bi the [[State o Palestine]]<sup>a</sup> |image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg |flag_caption = Palestinian flag |image_map = Gz-map2.png |ethnic_groups = {{Plainlist| * [[Arabs|Arab]] * &nbsp;'''∟''' Palestinian * &nbsp;'''∟''' Palestinian bedouin }} |demonym = Gazan<br>Palestinian |national_motto = |national_anthem = |capital = [[Gaza Ceety|Gaza City]] |coordinates = {{coord|31|31|N|34|27|E|type:city}} |largest_city=[[Gaza Ceety|Gaza City]] |membership_type = |membership = |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |official_languages = [[Arabic]] |area_km2 = 365 |area_sq_mi = |area_footnote = <ref name=ocha_factsheet_july_2015>[http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_July_2015_english.pdf ''The Gaza Strip: The Humanitarian Impact of the Blockade''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717234752/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |date=2015-07-17 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717234752/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |date=17 July 2015 }}. UN OCHA, July 2015. "1.8 million Palestinians in Gaza are ‘locked in’, denied free access to the remainder of the occupied Palestinian territory and the outside world." Available at [http://www.ochaopt.org/reports.aspx?id=103&page=1 ''Fact Sheets''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329054638/http://www.ochaopt.org/reports.aspx?id=103&page=1 |date=2016-03-29 }}.</ref> |population_estimate = 1.85 million<ref name=pcbs_end_2015>[http://pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2176.pdf ''Table 3: Projected Population in the State of Palestine by Governorate, End Year 2015''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508050718/http://pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2176.pdf |date=2020-05-08 }}. PCBS, ''Palestinians at the End of 2015'', p. 36. [http://pcbs.gov.ps/PCBS_2012/Publications.aspx Source:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126195450/http://pcbs.gov.ps/PCBS_2012/Publications.aspx |date=2019-01-26 }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = End&nbsp;2015 |population_estimate_rank = |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 5046 |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = – |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = – |HDI = |HDI_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_category = |currency = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|Israeli new shekel<sup>b</sup> (ILS)}}|(see an aw Palestinian siller)}} |country_code = PS |time_zone = Palestine Staundart Time |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = Palestine Simmer Time |utc_offset_DST = +3 |calling_code = +970 |footnote_a = The [[State o Palestine]] is recognised bi 137 members o the Unitit Naitions. |footnote_b = Uised syne 1986; as in Israel, replaced the auld Israeli shekel (1980–1985) an the Israeli lira (1967–1980). }} The '''Gaza Strip''' ({{Lang-ar|قطاع غزة}} ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah}}'', {{IPA-ar|qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣazza|IPA}}) is a territory on the eastren coast o the [[Mediterranean Sea]] that mairches [[Egyp]] on the soothwast (11&nbsp;km) an [[Israel]] on the east an north ({{convert|51|km|mi|abbr=on}}). It is {{convert|41|km|mi}} lang, an frae {{convert|6|to|12|km|mi}} wide, wi a tot area o {{convert|365|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=Arnon>Arie Arnon, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130630142150/http://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/facultym/arnona/Israeli_Policy_towards_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territories_The_Economic_Dimension_1967-2007.pdf ''Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967-2007'']. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL, Volume 61, No. 4, AUTUMN 2007 (p. 575)</ref> The population o the Gaza Strip is aboot 1.7 million fowk.<ref name="Gaza Strip">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916035900/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |date=2019-09-16 }} Entry at the CIA World Factbook</ref> The population is maistly [[Sunni Muslim]]. Wi a yeirly growth rate o aboot 3.2%, the Gaza Strip haes the 7t heichest population growth rate in the warld.<ref name="Gaza Strip"/> The Gaza Strip acquired its current northren an eastren mairches efter the cessation o fechtin in the 1948 war, confirmt bi the Israel-Egypt Armistice Agreement on 24 Februar 1949.<ref>[http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6 Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525024736/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6 |date=2014-05-25 }} UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949</ref> Airticle V o the Agreement declarit that the demarcation line wis tae nae be an internaitional mairch. The Gaza Strip continued tae be occupied bi Egyp. At first Gaza Strip wis offeecially admeenistered bi the Aw-Palestine Govrenment, estaiblisht bi the Arab League in September 1948. Frae the dissolution o the Aw-Palestine Govrenment in 1959 til 1967, the Gaza Strip wis directly admeenistered bi an Egyptian militar govrenor. Israel capturt the Gaza Strip frae Egyp in the [[Sax-Day War]] in 1967. Pursuant tae the Oslo Accords signt in 1993, the Palestinian Authority becam the admeenistrative body that govrened Palestinian population centres. Israel maintainit control o the airspace, territorial watters an mairch crossins apairt frae the laund mairch wi Egyp. Israel widrew frae Gaza in 2005. Syne Julie 2007, follaein the 2006 Palestinian legislative election an follaein the Hamas takeover in 2007, Hamas haes functioned as the ''de facto'' ruler in the Gaza Strip, formin an alternative Hamas Govrenment in Gaza. The Gaza Strip forms pairt o the [[Palestinian territories]],<ref name="PalestinianTerritories-U.S.DeptofState">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm|title=Palestinian Territories|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="EU-OccupiedPalestinianTerritory">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/occupied_palestinian_territory/index_en.htm|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=2009-04-06|archive-date=2009-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228212035/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/occupied_palestinian_territory/index_en.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ICRC-map">{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument|title=Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories&nbsp;— ICRC maps|publisher=ICRC|accessdate=2009-04-06|archive-date=2010-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807074348/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Countryprofile">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/803257.stm|title=Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-04-06 | date=15 December 2009 | location=London}}</ref> nou claimit bi the [[State o Palestine]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Gaza Strip}} *[http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp Statistical Atlas of Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514171248/http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp |date=2010-05-14 }} at the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]. *[http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm Palestinian Territories] at the [[United States Department of State]]. *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/palestine.htm Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085405/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/palestine.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. *{{Dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Palestinian_Territory|Gaza Strip}} *[http://www.gaza.net/ Gaza.net], a directory of Palestinian-related websites. *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg Map of Palestinian Refugee Camps 1993] (UNRWA / CIA / University of Texas, Austin). *[http://www.ustream.tv/channel/gaza-attack Ramattan Live Stream of Gaza City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403054753/http://www.ustream.tv/channel/gaza-attack |date=2013-04-03 }} via UStream. *[http://gazasiege.org/ GazaSiege.org - Background, News and Analysis on the siege of Gaza] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm Hamas In Control of Gaza Strip] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6760975.stm New Palestinian Cabinet Sworn In] *{{PDFlink|[http://www.careusa.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2003/jan/01032003_study.pdf Nutritional Assessment of the West Bank and Gaza Strip]|72.0&nbsp;bytes}} *[http://www.ynetnews.com/home/0,7340,L-4244,00.html ''Special: Gaza kidnapping'' Israeli News]&nbsp;– Ynetnews English version of [[Yedioth Ahronoth]] *[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36439 War Enters the Classrooms: the consequences of the Mideast conflict for children of the Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212155248/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36439 |date=2012-02-12 }}, by [[Inter Press Service]] (February 2007). *[http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=31.4,34.4&z=10 Gaza Strip at Google Maps] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip91.jpg 1991 Map of the Gaza Strip], shawin roads an Israeli touns. *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gaza_strip_1999.jpg 1999 Map of the Gaza Strip] (annotated photo). *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gaza_strip_may_2005.jpg 2005 Map of the Gaza Strip] (CIA / University of Texas, Austin). *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20415675 Life in the Gaza Strip] at [[BBC News]]. {{Geographic location | Northwest = ''[[Mediterranean Sea]]'' | North = {{flag|Cyprus}}<br/>''[[Mediterranean Sea]]'' | Northeast = {{flag|Israel}} | West = {{flag|Egypt}}{{·}}''[[Mediterranean Sea]]'' | Centre = {{flagicon|Palestine}} Gaza Strip | East = {{flag|Israel}} | Southwest = {{flag|Egypt}} | South = {{flag|Egypt}} | Southeast = {{flag|Israel}}}} [[Category:Gaza Strip|*]] [[Category:Geografie o the Gaza Strip|*]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Levant]] [[Category:States an territories established in 2007]] mfuufgsssb6te20nbirefdvvrfwhiq3 0 50431 923474 898664 2026-09-26T06:44:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian town |en_name=Mozhaysk |ru_name=Можайск |image_skyline=mozhaisk11.jpg |image_caption=The new Mozhaysk Cathedral, constructit in 1802–1814 |coordinates = {{coord|55|30|N|36|02|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=right |image_coa=Mozhaysk coats 2020.png |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Mozhaisk (Moscow oblast).png |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday= |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=[[Moscow Oblast]] |federal_subject_ref= |adm_data_as_of= |adm_district_jur=[[Mozhaysky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Mozhaysky Destrict]] |adm_district_jur_ref= |adm_ctr_of=Mozhaysky Destrict |adm_ctr_of_ref= |inhabloc_cat=Town |inhabloc_cat_ref= |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of= |mun_district_jur=Mozhaysky Municipal Destrict |mun_district_jur_ref= |urban_settlement_jur=Mozhaysk Urban Dounset |urban_settlement_jur_ref= |mun_admctr_of= |mun_admctr_of_ref= |leader_title=Mayor |leader_title_ref= |leader_name=Igor Sungurov |leader_name_ref= |representative_body= |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2= |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=31363 |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=1231 |established_title= |established_date_ref= |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes= |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes=49638 |dialing_codes_ref= |website=http://www.admmozhaysk.ru/ |website_ref= |commonscat= |date=May 2010 }} '''Mozhaysk'''<ref name="Sp">Alternative transliterations include ''Mozhaisk'', ''Mozhajsk'', ''Mozhaĭsk'', an ''Možajsk''.</ref> ({{lang-rus|Можайск|p=məˈʐajsk}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] an the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Mozhaysky Destrict, Moscow Oblast|Mozhaysky Destrict]] o [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Roushie]], locatit {{convert|110|km|sp=us}} tae the wast frae the Roushie caipital, on the historic road leadin tae [[Smolensk]] an then tae [[Poland]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=31,363|p2002=31,459|p1989=30,735}} ==History== The toun wis first mentioned in 1231 as an appanage o [[Chernigov]]; it wis namit efter the river Mozhai or Mozhaya, whose name is o Easter oreegin (cf. Lithuanie ''mažoja'' 'small').<ref>Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998. Стр.&nbsp;272</ref> Later it wis an important stranghauld o the [[Smolensk]] dynasty, ane time awned bi [[Feodor the Black]]. The Muscovites seized it in 1303, but in the course o the follaein century haed serious troubles defendin it against [[Algirdas]] o [[Lithuanie]]. The principality wis uisually held bi a younger brither o the ruling Grand Duke o Moscow, till the practice wis droppit in 1493. In 1562, the [[Treaty o Mozhaysk]] wis signed thare. Mozhaysk continued tae defend the Wastren approaches tae Moscow durin [[Napoleon's invasion o Roushie]] an [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Warld War II]] (durin which it wis captured bi the Germans on 16 October 1941). The great [[Battle o Borodino]] teuk place {{convert|12|km|sp=us}} frae the ceety. Toun status wis grantit tae it in 1708. ==Airchitectur== The first stane cathedral wis biggit in the [[kremlin]] in the early 14t century; in 1849, it wis demolisht stane bi stane an then reconstructit exactly as it uised tae be. A lairger bluid-red cathedral in the [[Gothic Revival]] style wis completit in 1814. The kirk o St.&nbsp;Joachim an Anna preserves some pairts frae the early 15t century. Anither important laundmerk is the Luzhetsky monastery, foondit in 1408 bi [[Saunt Ferapont]] an rebuilt in brick in the 16t century. The monastery cathedral, erectit during the reign o [[Basil III]], wis umwhile kent for its frescoes, ascribit tae [[Dionisy]]'s circle. ==In popular cultur== The fact that Mozhaysk is ayont the [[101st kilometer|101st km]] zone ootside o [[Moscow]] an wis frequently the last major stap on the wey tae the caipital, led tae the ''"push ayont Mozhay"'' expression ({{lang|ru|загнать за Можай}}, zagnat' za Mozhay), which literally means "push (fowk, enemy) awa (frae Moscow) further than Mozhaysk."<ref>''[http://www.geocaching.su/?pn=101&cid=2301 Загнать за Можай]'' (in Russian).</ref> ==Internaitional relations== {{Main|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Roushie}} ===Twin touns an sister ceeties=== Mozhaysk is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: *{{Flagicon|France}} [[Château-du-Loir]], [[Fraunce]] *{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Drochtersen]], [[Germany]] *{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Etropole]], [[Bulgarie]] *{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Lohja]], [[Finland]] *{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi]], [[Ukraine]] *{{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Ujazd]], [[Poland]] *{{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Vileyka]], [[Belaroushie]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081026210220/http://photo.mozhay.ru/ Unoffeecial wabsteid o Mozhaysk] {{Moscow Oblast}} {{Historical places o the umwhile Grand Duchy o Moscow}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Moscow Oblast]] tf5ti0t30s1kzw49n5ytdwhccskhy2e 0 50624 923461 897234 2026-09-26T06:12:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Manaus |settlement_type = Municipality |official_name = Municipality o Manaus |nickname = "''A Paris dos Trópicos''" (''"The Paris o the Tropics"'') |motto = |image_skyline = Manaus, AM, Brasil.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Manaus center, Frae tap left: Amazonas Theater, Tap richt: View o Manaus frae Cidade Nova, Middleof left: Manaus Iranduba Bridge an Rio Negro, Middle richt: A sichtseein boats in Meetin o Watter, 3rd left: Sunset in Rio Negro's resort steid, 3rd richt: San Sebastian Cathedral in Manaus, Bottom: View o Nossa Senhora das Gracas aurie |image_flag =Bandeira_de_Manaus.svg |image_seal =Brasão_de_Manaus.svg |image_map = Amazonas Municip Manaus.svg |mapsize = 250px |pushpin_map=Brazil |pushpin_map_size=250 |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Brazil |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name1 = [[North Region, Brazil|North]] |subdivision_name2 = [[File:Bandeira do Amazonas.svg|border|22px]] [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Arthur Virgílio Neto]] ([[Brazilian Social Democracy Pairty|PSDB]]) |established_title = Foondit |established_date = October 24, 1669 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_km2 = 11401 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_note = |population_total = 1,861,838 ([[Leet o lairgest ceeties in Brazil|7t]]) |population_metro = 2,283,906 ([[Leet o lairgest ceeties in Brazil|11t]]) |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = 163.3 |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = [[Atlantic Staundart Time Zone|AST]] |utc_offset = -4 |timezone_DST = DST no langer uised |utc_offset_DST = -4 |coordinates = {{coord|03|06|0|S|60|01|0|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 92 |elevation_ft = |area_code = +55 92 |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = 69000-000 |website = [http://www.manaus.am.gov.br/ Manaus, Amazonas] |blank_name = |blank_info = |footnotes = }} '''Manaus''' ({{IPA-pt|mɐˈnaws}}<small> or </small>{{IPA-pt|mɐˈnawʃ|}}) is a [[ceety]] in [[Brazil]], the [[Caipital (poleetical)|caipital]] o the state o [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]. It is situatit at the confluence o the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro]] an [[Solimões]] rivers. It is the maist populous ceety o Amazonas, accordin tae the statistics o [[Brazilian Institute o Geografie an Statistics]], an is a popular [[ecotourist]] destination. Manaus belongs tae mesoregion Center Amazonense an microregion Manaus. It is locatit in northren [[Brazil]], 1,936 kilometers (1,203&nbsp;mi) frae the federal caipital, [[Brasília]]. The ceety wis foondit in 1669 as the Fort o São José dae Rio Negro.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/major-cities-of-brazil.html |title=Foundation of Manaus |access-date=2013-05-09 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305183532/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/major-cities-of-brazil.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It wis elevatit tae a [[toun]] in 1832 wi the name o "Manaus", which means "mither o the gods" in tribute tae the indigenous naition o [[Manaós]], an legally transformed intae a [[ceety]] on October 24 o 1848 wi the name o ''Cidade da Barra do Rio Negro'', [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] for "The Ceety o the Margins o Black River". Anly on September 4 o 1856 did it revert tae its current name.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ywamcity.org/city.asp?id=86 |title=About Manaus |access-date=2013-05-09 |archive-date=2009-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701170518/http://www.ywamcity.org/city.asp?id=86 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It wis kent at the beginnin o the century, as ''Heart o the Amazon'' an ''Ceety o the Forest''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wsava2009.com.br/eng/hotel_travel/tour.php |title=Heart of The Amazon and City of the Forest |access-date=2013-05-09 |archive-date=2009-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206184137/http://www.wsava2009.com.br/eng/hotel_travel/tour.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Currently its main economic ingine is the Industrial Pool o Manaus. It is the lairgest [[metropolitan aurie]] in [[Northren Brazil]] an the elevent in aw o Brazil, wi 2,283,906 indwallers ([[Brazilian Institute o Geografie an Statistics|IBGE]]/2012). The population in 2012 wis 1.85 million fowk; it is the maist populous ceety in [[Regions o Brazil#North Region|North Region]] an seivent maist populous ceety o [[Brazil]], accordin tae data frae [[Brazilian Institute o Geografie an Statistics]], the IBGE. The ceety gradually increased its participation in the [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] o Brazil in recent decades, risin tae accoont for 1.4% o the [[economy]] o the kintra in 2010, wi aw that economic pouer comin mainly frae the [[Free Economic Zone o Manaus|Free Economic Zone]] locatit in the ceety. Currently, the ceety is ane o 12 maist influential ceeties o the kintra. Manaus alone represents 10.89% o the [[population]] o the whole o [[North Region, Brazil|Northren Brazil]] an 49.9% o the population o the [[Amazon River|Amazon]].<ref>[http://dbpedia.org/page/Manaus Facts of the city of Manaus]</ref> == History == === Early settlement === The history o the European colonization o Manaus began in 1669 wi the buildin o the Fort o São José da Barra dae Rio Negroa bi Portugal in order tae ensur its predominance in the region, especially against the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], at that time heidquartered in what is the day [[Suriname]]. The fort wis constructit in [[rock (geology)|rock]] an [[clay]], wi fower [[cannon]] guardin the curtains.<ref name="calvarymanaus.com">[{{Cite web |url=http://www.calvarymanaus.com/manaus.php |title=About Manaus {{en icon}} |access-date=2014-03-01 |archive-date=2014-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128003943/http://www.calvarymanaus.com/manaus.php |url-status=dead }} About Manaus {{en icon}}]</ref> It continued tae function for mair nor 114 years. Next tae the fort thare wur mony indigenous [[mestizo]]s, who helped in its construction an began tae live in the vicinity.<ref name="calvarymanaus.com"/> The population grew sae much that in 1695, the missionaries ([[Carmelite]], [[Jesuit]], [[Franciscan]]) biggit a nearby [[chapel]] dedicatit tae Oor Lady o the Conception, which in time acame the patron saunt o the ceety.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://creyete.com/camera/331-Manaus---Amazonas/ |title=History of Manaus |access-date=2013-05-09 |archive-date=2011-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708203500/http://creyete.com/camera/331-Manaus---Amazonas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Ryal Charter o Mairch 3 o 1755, creatit the Capitania o Sao Jose dae Rio Negro, wi heidquarters in [[Barcelos, Portugal|Mariuá]] (nou [[Barcelos, Portugal|Barcelos]]), but the govrenor, Lobo D'Almada, fearin Spaingie invasions, the seat went back tae the bar in place o 1791, bein locatit at the confluence o the rivers [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Black]] an Amazon it wis a strategic pynt. On November 13 o 1832, the place o the bar acame the category o [[toun]] wi the name o the toun o Manaus an on October 24 o 1848, wi Law 145 o the Provincial Assembly Paraense, acquired the name o the Bar o the Ceety o Rio Negro. On September 4 o 1856 the govrenor Herculano Ferreira Pena finally gae him the name "Manaus".<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://planetwildlife.pl/information/places/manaus?section=culture |title=Manaus History {{en icon}} |access-date=2014-03-01 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174819/http://planetwildlife.pl/information/places/manaus?section=culture |url-status=dead }} Manaus History {{en icon}}]</ref> === Cabanagem === The [[Cabanagem]] wis the revolt in which blacks, Indians an [[mestizo]]s protestit against the poleetical elite an teuk pouer in 1835. The entry o the Heich Amazonas (Manaus the day, which wis the cradle o the ceety in the Westren [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]]) in Cabanagem wis crucial for the birth o the current state o the Amazon. Durin the period o revolution, the Cabanos o the Heich Amazon, baunds o rebels, roamed throughout the region, an in maist settlements thair arrival wis greeted bi the non-white population's spontaneously jynin thair ranks an thare wis a greater nummer o adherents tae the movement. Wi that thare wis an integration o fowk surroundin sicweys fairmin the state, thanks tae Cabanagem.<ref>[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/5167835/Cabanagem Cabanagem History]</ref> the ceety wis biggit acause o the rubber trees. === The rubber boom === Manaus wis at the centre o the Amazon region's [[rubber boom]] durin the late 19t century. For a time, it wis "ane o the gaudiest ceeties o the warld"<ref>David Grann. ''The Lost City of Z''. Random House. New York: 2009. Page 87.</ref> Ane historian haes written, "No extravagance, however absurd, deterred" the rubber barons. "If ane rubber baron boucht a vast yacht, anither would install a tame lion in his villa, an a third would watter his horse on champagne."<ref>Robin Furneaux. ''The Amazon: the Story of a Great River''. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1969. Page 153.</ref> The decadence extendit tae a grand opera hoose, vast domes an gildit balconies, an marble, gless, an crystal, frae aroond Europe. The opera hoose cost ten million (public-funded) dollars, but its foolhardiness wis demonstratit bi the daith bi yellae fiver o hauf the members o ane visitin opera troupe.<ref>Grann 87.</ref> The opera hoose, cried the [[Teatro Amazonas]], still exists the day; it haes been restored, wis uised in the Werner Herzog film ''[[Fitzcarraldo]]'', an efter a teep o interlude lastin almaist 90 years, presents operas ance again.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/1310102/A-night-at-the-opera-and-14-days-on-the-Amazon-to-get-there.html Christina Lamb, "A night at the opera - and 14 days on the Amazon to get there", ''The Sunday Telegraph'', London, 17th June 2001]</ref> When the seeds o the rubber tree wur smuggled oot o the Amazon region, Brazil lost its monopoly on the product an Manaus fell intae poverty. The rubber boom haed broucht electricity tae the ceety afore it arrived in mony European ceeties, but the end o the rubber boom made the generators too expensive tae run, an the ceety lost airtifeecial lichtin for years.<ref>Lamb, "A night at the opera."</ref> The declaration o a [[duty free]] zone in Manaus addit tae the economic prosperity o the ceety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.google.com/archivesearch?as_q=manaus&num=10&hl=en&btnG=Search+Archives&as_epq=duty+free&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_user_ldate=&as_user_hdate=&lr=&as_src=&as_price=p0&as_scoring=a |title=Google Nieuws |publisher=News.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref> ==Geografie== The lairgest ceety in northren Brazil, Manaus occupies an aurie o 11,401 square kilometers, wi a density o 144.4 indwallers/km ². It is the neighborin ceety o [[Presidente Figueiredo]], [[Careiro]], [[Iranduba]], [[Rio Preto da Eva]], Itacoatiara an [[Novo Airão]]. ===Climate=== Manaus haes a [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] "Am"). Rainfaw intensity is somewhat saisonal, wi ane hauf o the year (coincidin wi the [[Soothren Hemisphere|Soothren]] [[winter]]) bein hauf as rainy as the ither. Manaus technically haes a [[dry saison]] month, August, whaur less nor {{convert|60|mm|0|abbr=on}} o precipitation faws. Acause o this dry saison month, the ceety’s climate faws unner the tropical monsoon climate category instead o the [[tropical rainforest climate]] category. Average annual temperature is {{convert|26.6|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}, wi mair or less consistent temperatures aw year roond. {{Weather box |location = Manaus, Brazil (1961-1990) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 37 |Feb record high C = 37 |Mar record high C = 36 |Apr record high C = 37 |May record high C = 36 |Jun record high C = 35 |Jul record high C = 37 |Aug record high C = 37 |Sep record high C = 37 |Oct record high C = 37 |Nov record high C = 37 |Dec record high C = 37 |year record high C = 37 |Jan high C = 30.5 |Feb high C = 30.4 |Mar high C = 30.6 |Apr high C = 30.7 |May high C = 30.8 |Jun high C = 31.0 |Jul high C = 31.3 |Aug high C = 32.6 |Sep high C = 32.9 |Oct high C = 32.8 |Nov high C = 32.1 |Dec high C = 31.3 |Jan mean C = 26.1 |Feb mean C = 26.0 |Mar mean C = 26.1 |Apr mean C = 26.3 |May mean C = 26.3 |Jun mean C = 26.4 |Jul mean C = 26.5 |Aug mean C = 27.0 |Sep mean C = 27.5 |Oct mean C = 27.6 |Nov mean C = 27.3 |Dec mean C = 26.7 |Jan low C = 23.1 |Feb low C = 23.1 |Mar low C = 23.2 |Apr low C = 23.3 |May low C = 23.3 |Jun low C = 23.0 |Jul low C = 22.7 |Aug low C = 23.0 |Sep low C = 23.5 |Oct low C = 23.7 |Nov low C = 23.7 |Dec low C = 23.5 |Jan record low C = 18 |Feb record low C = 20 |Mar record low C = 20 |Apr record low C = 20 |May record low C = 20 |Jun record low C = 18 |Jul record low C = 13 |Aug record low C = 17 |Sep record low C = 17 |Oct record low C = 20 |Nov record low C = 20 |Dec record low C = 16 |Jan rain mm = 260.1 |Feb rain mm = 288.3 |Mar rain mm = 313.5 |Apr rain mm = 300.1 |May rain mm = 256.3 |Jun rain mm = 113.6 |Jul rain mm = 87.5 |Aug rain mm = 57.9 |Sep rain mm = 83.3 |Oct rain mm = 125.7 |Nov rain mm = 183.0 |Dec rain mm = 216.9 |Jan humidity = 85 |Feb humidity = 86 |Mar humidity = 86 |Apr humidity = 87 |May humidity = 86 |Jun humidity = 83 |Jul humidity = 80 |Aug humidity = 79 |Sep humidity = 79 |Oct humidity = 79 |Nov humidity = 81 |Dec humidity = 85 |year humidity = |unit rain days= 0.1 mm |Jan rain days = 21 |Feb rain days = 20 |Mar rain days = 21 |Apr rain days = 20 |May rain days = 19 |Jun rain days = 12 |Jul rain days = 10 |Aug rain days = 7 |Sep rain days = 9 |Oct rain days = 11 |Nov rain days = 12 |Dec rain days = 18 |Jan sun = 114.7 |Feb sun = 86.8 |Mar sun = 99.2 |Apr sun = 111.0 |May sun = 148.8 |Jun sun = 186.0 |Jul sun = 213.9 |Aug sun = 226.3 |Sep sun = 156.0 |Oct sun = 170.5 |Nov sun = 141.0 |Dec sun = 130.2 |source 1 = Warld Meteorological Organization.,<ref name="WMO">[http://worldweather.wmo.int/136/c01073.htm Climate Information for Manaus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523151323/http://worldweather.wmo.int/136/c01073.htm |date=2013-05-23 }}, World Weather Information Service, Retrieved 08 October 2012.</ref> Hong Kong Observatory,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/s_america/brazil/manaus_e.htm|title=Climatological Information for Manaus, Brazil|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|accessdate=7 August 2012|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026000817/https://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/s_america/brazil/manaus_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |source 2 = Weatherbase (record heichs an laichs, humidity)<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=23328 |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Manaus |accessdate=8 October 2012 |archive-date=2014-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502175729/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=23328 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |date=August 2010}} ===Vegetation=== The Amazon represents ower hauf o the planet's remainin [[rainforest]]s an comprises the lairgest an maist species-rich tract o [[tropical rainforest]] in the [[warld]]. Wet tropical forests are the maist species-rich [[biome]], an tropical forests in the [[Americaes]] are consistently mair species rich than the wet forests in [[Africae]] an [[Asie]].<ref name="Turner 2001">Turner, I.M. 2001. ''The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest''. [[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-80183-4</ref> As the lairgest tract o tropical rainforest in the Americaes, the Amazonian rainforests hae unparalleled [[biodiversity]]. Mair nor 1/3 o aw species in the warld live in the Amazon Rainforest.<ref>[http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildplaces/amazon/index.cfm Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals]</ref> == Internaitional relations == ===Twin touns – sister ceeties=== Manaus is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] '''[[Belém]]''', [[Brazil]] * [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] '''[[Charlotte]]''', [[Unitit States]] * [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] '''[[Goiânia]]''', [[Brazil]] * [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] '''[[Hamamatsu]]''', [[Japan]] * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Jerusalem]]''', [[Israel]] || * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} '''[[Banjarmasin]]''', [[Indonesie]] * [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] '''[[Mesa, Arizona|Mesa]]''', [[Unitit States]] * [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] '''[[Perugia]]''', [[Italy]] * [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] '''[[Rio de Janeiro (ceety)|Rio de Janeiro]]''', [[Brazil]] * [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] '''[[Salt Lake Ceety]]''', [[Unitit States]] || * [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|20px]] '''[[Santo Domingo]]''', [[Dominican Republic]] * [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|20px]] '''[[Shanghai]]''', [[Cheenae]] * [[File:Flag of Peru.svg|20px]] '''[[Iquitos]]''', [[Perú]] * [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] '''[[Sarnia]]''', [[Canadae]] * [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|20px]] '''[[Seoul]]''', [[Sooth Korea]] |} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=35em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Sister project links|Manaus}} * [http://veja.abril.com.br/melhor_da_cidade/manaus/ The Best from Manaus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207153502/http://veja.abril.com.br/melhor_da_cidade/manaus/ |date=2012-02-07 }} {{pt}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120405114536/http://www3.manaus.am.gov.br/ Manaus Official Site] {{pt}} * [http://www.manausonline.com Globo Site Manaus Online] – portal for Manaus {{pt}} * [http://www.destination360.com/south-america/brazil/manaus-2 Historic Teatro Amazonas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624001524/http://www.destination360.com/south-america/brazil/manaus-2 |date=2013-06-24 }}. * [http://www.inpa.gov.br National Institute of Amazonian Research website] (in Portuguese an Inglis). * [http://www.guiademidia.com.br/amazonas/jornais-de-manaus.htm / Newspapers of Manaus]{{pt}} * [http://www.visitmanaus.com Visit Manaus 2010 guidebook & forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133117/http://www.visitmanaus.com/ |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.infraero.gov.br/index.php/br/aeroportos/amazonas/aeroporto-internacional-eduardo-gomes/historico.html INFRAERO - Airport of Manaus]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} {{Navboxes |title = Airticles Relatit tae Manaus |list = {{Brazil topics|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes }} {{Demographics o Brazil}} {{BrazilLairgestCeeties}} }} [[Category:Manaus|*]] [[Category:Municipalities in Amazonas (Brazilian state)]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Amazon]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Rio Negro (Amazon)]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Brazil]] [[Category:State caipitals in Brazil]] [[Category:1669 establishments]] h2vfrslmemt5hff6ibytnwh6kg6pxdr 0 50787 923580 914759 2026-09-26T10:10:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Yorùbá |nativename=èdè Yorùbá |states= [[Nigerie]], [[Togo]], [[Benin]] |ethnicity=[[Yoruba fowk]] |speakers = 28 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor=Niger-Congo |fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo leids|Atlantic–Congo]] |fam3=[[Volta–Niger leids|Volta–Niger]] |fam4= [[YEAI|{{smallcaps all|YEAI}}]] |fam5=[[Yoruboid leids|Yoruboid]] |fam6=[[Edekiri leids|Edekiri]] |nation={{NGR}} |script=[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Yoruba alphabet]])<br>[[Yoruba Braille]] |iso1=yo |iso2=yor |iso3=yor |notice= }} '''Yoruba''' {{IPA-en|ˈjɒrʊbə|}}<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> (natively ''{{lang|yo|èdè Yorùbá}}'') is a [[Niger–Congo]] leid spak in Wast Africae. The nummer o speakers o Yoruba wis estimatit at aroond 20 million in the 1990s.<ref name="pop">Ethnologue 2009, wi figures frae 1993. Nae mair racent reliable estimate is kent. ''Metzler Lexikon Sprache'' (4th ed. 2010) estimates that thereaboot 30 million based on population growth figures outthrou the 1990s and 2000s. The [[demographics o Nigerie|population o Nigerie]] (whaur the majority o Yoruba bide) haes grown by 44% atween 1995 and 2010, sae that the Metzler estimate for 2010 appears plausible.</ref> The native tongue o the [[Yoruba fowk]] is spak, amang ither leids, in [[Nigerie]], [[Benin]], an [[Togo]] an in communities in ither pairts o Africae, Europe an the Americaes. A variety o the leid, [[Lucumi leid|Lucumi]], frae olukunmi is uised as the liturgical leid o the [[Santerie]] releegion o [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Dominican Republic]] an the Unitit States. It is maist closely relatit tae the [[Owo]] an [[Itsekiri leid]] (spak in the Niger-Delta) an [[Igala leid|Igala]] spak in central Nigerie.<ref>{{e16|yor}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{InterWiki|code=yo}} * [http://www.yorubaworld.info Yoruba World Centre - Information service, Heritage promotion, Language learning and Yorùbá digital content development (2000)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527013630/http://www.yorubaworld.info/ |date=2017-05-27 }} * [http://llmap.org/languages/yor.html Map of Yoruba language from the LL-Map project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325235456/http://www.llmap.org/languages/yor.html |date=2013-03-25 }} * [http://multitree.org/codes/yor.html Information on the Yoruba language from the MultiTree project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313113316/http://multitree.org/codes/yor.html |date=2013-03-13 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170525222112/http://yorubaforkidsabroad.com/ Yoruba For Kids Abroad - Interactive for Yoruba Language Software for Yoruba Children] * [http://sites.google.com/site/learnyorubafree] * [http://dictionary.kasahorow.com/all/yo kasahorow Yoruba Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022033336/http://dictionary.kasahorow.com/all/yo |date=2010-10-22 }} * [http://oroede.sourceforge.net/ Ọrọ èdè Yorùbá] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402182521/http://oroede.sourceforge.net/ |date=2012-04-02 }} - promotes the digital presentation o proper Yorùbá orthography throu the creation an modification o Opensource software. * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yor Ethnologue report for Yoruba] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/yoruba.htm Omniglot: Yoruba orthography] * [http://www.yorubadictionary.com/ Yoruba dictionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190108095755/http://yoruba.xlingua.net/yo/ xLingua: Yoruba-Online-Dictionary English-Yoruba / Yoruba-English] * [http://media.revver.com/broadcast/28158/video.mov Sabere d'owo Yoruba video drama series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712050138/http://media.revver.com/broadcast/28158/video.mov |date=2007-07-12 }}. Radio Abeokuta (2006). * [http://learn101.org/yoruba.php Yoruba Grammar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321030413/http://www.learn101.org/yoruba.php |date=2012-03-21 }} * [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Yoruba Pan-African Localization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402092742/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Yoruba |date=2008-04-02 }} page for Yoruba * [http://yoruba.ru Yoruba in Russia] - aw aboot yoruba cultur, airt, traditional religion. Yoruba leid lessons * [http://www.yorubanation.org/ Yoruba in North America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309144042/http://www.yorubanation.org/ |date=2018-03-09 }} * [http://www.fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Yoruba USA Foreign Service Institute Yoruba basic course]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Yoruba.aspx Journal of West African Languages: Yoruba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302065000/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Yoruba.aspx |date=2012-03-02 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yoruba Language}} [[Category:Yoruba cultur|Leid]] [[Category:Yoruba history|Leid]] [[Category:Yoruba leid| ]] [[Category:Leids o Benin]] [[Category:Leids o Nigerie]] [[Category:Leids o Togo]] [[Category:Yoruboid leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] [[Category:Isolatin leids]] ayapg6fcnj7nrjvzlbhpexrk24932sj 0 50977 923578 921183 2026-09-26T10:09:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=15 May 2013}} A '''yeir''' (frae [[Auld Inglis leid|Auld Inglis]] ''[[:wikt:gēar|gēar]]''; [[Gothic]] ''[[:wikt:jēr|jēr]]''; [[Runic]] ''[[:wikt:jēran|jēran]]'') is a [[unit]] o [[time]] based on tha [[orbital period]] o tha [[The Yird|Yird]] movin aroond tha [[Sun]]. Fur an observer at is oan tha Yird, thes corresponds tae tha period it taes tha sun tae complete a bodie coorse throoghit tha [[Zodiac]] alang tha [[ecliptic]]. In [[astronomy]], tha [[Julian yeir (astronomy)|Julian year]] is a unit o time at is defined as 365.25 [[day]]s o {{gaps|86|400}} [[Seicont|SI seconds]] each (nae ''[[lowp second]]s'').[[Internaitional Astronomical Union]]"[http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/ SI units] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716232020/http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/ |date=2013-07-16 }}" accessed Februar 18, 2010. (see table fife an section fife.15.) reprintit frae [[George A. Wilkins]] & IAU commission fife, [http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf "The IAU Style Manual (1989)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170213/http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }} (PDF file) in ''[[IAU Transactions]]'' vol. xxb Thaur is nae universally acceptit seembol fur the year as a unit o time. The [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]] disnae propose a bodie. A common abbreviation in internaitional uisage is '''a''' (fur the [[Laitin laid|Laitin]] wird ''[[:wikt:annus|annus]]''), in [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] an aw '''y''' or '''yr'''. Due tae the Yird's [[axial kelter]], the coorse o a year sees the passin o the [[saison]]s, merked bi varioos changes in [[weaither]], hoors o [[daylicht]], an consequently [[vegetation]] an [[Fertility (soil)|fertility]]. In [[temperate]] an [[Subpolar climate|subpolar]] regions, generally fower [[saison]]s ur recognised: ''[[Ware (saison)|ware]]'', ''[[simmer]]'', ''[[hairst]]'' an ''[[winter]]'', each wi different [[temperatur]] an [[wather]], astronomically merked bi the sun reachin the pynts o [[equinox]] an [[solstice]]&mdash;althoogh the climatic saisons [[Saisonal lag|lag]] behind thair astronomical markers. In some [[tropics|tropical]] an [[subtropical]] regions it is mair common tae spick o the [[Wit saison|rainy]] (ur dreich, or [[monsuin]]) saison versus the [[dry saison]]. A [[calendar year]] is an approximation o the Yird's orbital period in a gien [[calendar]]. A calendar year in the [[Gregorian calendar]] (as weel as in the [[Julian calendar]]) haes aither 365 ([[common year]]s), or 366 ([[lowp year]]s) days. The wird "year" is an aw uised o periods loosely associatit but nae strictly identical wi aither the astronomical or the calendar year, sic as the [[saisonal year]], the [[fiscal year]] or the [[academic year]], etc. Bi extension, the term ''year'' can pure techt the orbital period o onie [[planit]]: fur example, a "Maurtian year" is the time in which [[Maurs]] completes its ain orbit. The term is an aw applied mair broadly tae onie lang period or cycle, sic as the "[[great year]]".[[oed]], s.v. "year", entry tae.b.: "''transf.'' Applied tae a huir uv a lang period or cycle (in [[chronology]] an [[mythology]], an vaguely in [[Poetry|poetic]] uise)." The year is aft dividit intae twal consecutive periods o time cried [[month]]s: [[Januar]], [[Februar]], [[Mairch]], [[Apryle]], [[Mey]], [[Juin]], [[Julie]], [[Augist]], [[September]], [[October]], [[November]], an [[Dizember]]. == Etymology == {{further|jēran}} [[West Saxon dialect|West saxon]] ''gear'' ({{IPA|jɛar}}), [[Anglian dialects|Anglian]] ''gēr'' continues [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*jǣram'' (''*j[[eihwaz|ē2]]ram''). [[Cognate]]s ur [[German language|German]] ''jahr'', [[auld high german]] ''jar'', [[auld norse]] ''ár'' an [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''jer'', aw frae a [[pie]] ''*yērom'' ("year" or "saison"). Cognates ootwith o Germanic or [[Avestan]] ''yare'' ("year"), [[Ancient Greek leid|ancient Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|ὥρα}}'' ("year", "saison", or "period o time"), whence "[[hoor]]", [[auld kirk slavonic]] ''jaru'' an [[Laitin]] ''hornus'' ("o thes year"). Laitin ''[[:wikt:annus|annus]]'' (a [[2nt declension]] masculine [[noon]]); ''annum'' is the [[Accusatife case|accusatife singular]]; ''anni'' is [[genitife]] [[singular]] an [[nominatife]] [[plural]]; ''anno'' is the datife an ablatife singular) is frae a [[pie]] noin ''{{pie|*at-no-}}'', which yielded [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''aþnam'' ("year") an aw. Baith ''*yē-ro-'' an ''*at-no-'' ur based oan verbal ruits fur expressin movement&mdash;''*at-'' an ''*ey-'', respectively&mdash;baith meanin "tae go" fur ordinar. The Greek wird fur "year", {{lang|grc|ἔτος}}, is cognate wi Laitin ''vetus'' ("old"), frae peh ''*wetus-'' ("year"), preserved in thes meanin in [[sanskrit]] ''{{iast|vat-sa-}}'' ("yearlin cauf") an ''{{iast|vat-sa-ras}}'' ("year") an aw. Derived frae the Laitin ''annus'' ur a nummer o Scots wirds, sic as [[wikt:annual|annual]], [[:wikt:annuity|annuity]], [[:wikt:anniversary|anniversary]], etc.; ''[[:wikt:per annum|per annum]]'' means "each year". == Saisonal yeir == A [[saisonal yeir]] is the time atween successife recurrences o a [[saison]]al event, sic as the [[fluid (naitural disaster)|fluid]]in o a river, the [[migration]] o a [[species]] o [[spyug]], the [[flouer]]in o a species o [[plaunt]], the first [[frost]] o the yeir, or the first scheduled gam o a certaint [[sport]]. Aw thir events can hae wide variations o mair nor a [[month]] frae yeir tae yeir. == Calendar yeir == A [[calendar yeir]] is the time atween tois dates wi the sam nam in a [[calendar]]. A half-year (ain half o a year) main rin frae Januar tae [[Juin]], or [[Julie]] tae [[Dizember]]. No astronomical yeir haes an [[integer]] [[nummer]] o days or lunar months, sae onie calendar at follows an astronomical yeir main hae a system o [[Intercalation (timekeepin)|intercalation]] sic as [[lowp year]]s. Financial an scienteefic calculations aft uise a 365-day calendar tae simplify daily rates. In the [[Julian calendar]], the average lenth o a yeir is 365.25 days. In a non-lowp yeir, thaur ur 365 days; in a [[lowp yeir]], thaur ur 366 days. A lowp yeir occurs aboot every fower yeirs. The [[Gregorian calendar]] attempts tae keep the [[northward equinox]] oan or shortly afair Mairch 21, hence it follows the [[tropical yeir|northward equinox year]]. The pure techt lenth o the yeir is {{gaps|365.2425}} days (as 97 it o 400 yeirs or lowp yeirs); thes is within a bodie [[pairts per million|ppm]] o the current lenth o the pure techt [[tropical yeir]] ({{gaps|365.242|19}} days). It is estimatit at bi the yeir 4000, the northward equinox will faa back bi a bodie day in the Gregorian calendar, nae coz o thes difference, but coz o the slowin doon o the Yird's rotation an the associatit lengthenin o the [[Sidereal day]]. The [[Revised Julian calendar]], as uised in some [[Eastern Orthodox church]]es, an aw tries tae synchronize wi the tropical yeir. The average lenth o thes calendar's yeir is {{gaps|365.242|222}} days (as 218 it o 900 year or lowp yeirs). Gregorian an revised Julian calendars will stairt tae differ in 2800. The [[iranian calendar|persian calendar]], in uise in [[Afghanistan]] an [[Iran]], haes its yeir begin oan the day o the northward equinox as determined bi astronomical computation (fur the time zain o [[tehran]]), as opposed tae uisin an algorithmic system o lowp yeirs. === Nummerin calendar yeirs === A [[calendar era]] is uised tae assign a [[nummer]] tae each individual yeir, uisin a reference pynt in the pest as the beginnin o the era. In mony coontries, the maist common era is frae the tradeetional (thoogh noo believed incorrect) yeir o the birth o [[Jesus]]. Dates in thes era ur designatit as ''[[anno domini]]'' (Laitin fur "in the yeir o the Lord"), abbreviatit AD (fur ''Anno Domini'') or CE (fur "[[common era]]"). The yeir afair yin AD or CE is designatit yin "[[befair Christ]]" (BC) or "befair the common era" (BCE); the yeir afair at tae BC; etc. Hence thaur wisnae [[0 (year)|year 0]] AD/CE. When the computations involvin yeirs ur dain involvin baith yeirs AD an years BC, it is common tae uise [[astronomical yeir nummerin]], in which yin BC is designatit "0", tae BC is designatit "−1", an sae oan. Ither eras ur an aw uised tae enumerate the yeirs in different cultural, religioos, an scienteefic contexts. == Ither annual periods== === Fiscal year === A [[fiscal year]] or financial year is a 12-month period uised fur calculatin annual financial statements in businesses an ither organisations. In mony jurisdictions, regulations regardin accoontin require sic reports ance per twal months, but dinnae require at the twal months constitute a calendar year. Fur example, in [[Canada]] an [[Indie]] the fiscal year runs frae [[Apryle]] 1; in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] it runs frae Apryle yin fur purposes o corporation tax an government financial statements, but frae Apryle sex fur purposes o personal taxation an payment o state benefits; in [[Australia]] it runs frae Julie 1, while in the [[Unitit States]], the fiscal year o the [[Federal government o the Unitit States|federal government]] runs frae [[October]] yin. === Academic year=== An academic year is the annual period durin which a student attends an [[eddication]]al [[Eddicational institution|institution]]. The academic year main be dividit intae [[academic term]]s, sic as semesters an quarters. Some [[schuil]]s in the UK an USA divide the academic year intae ''three'' rooghly equal-lenth terms (cried "trimesters" or "quarters" in the US), rooghly coincidin wi hairst, winter, an ware. At some, a shortened [[simmer]] session, whiles considered a pairt o the regular academic year, is attended bi students oan a voluntary or electife basis. Ither schuils break the year intae ''twa'' main semesters, a first (teepically [[Augist]] ben Dizember) an a second semester (Januar ben [[Mey]]). Each o thir main semesters main be split in half bi mid-term examinaitions, an each o the halves is referred tae as a "[[quarter]]" (or "term" in some coontries). Thaur main an aw be an electife simmer session and/ur a cuttie Januar session. Some ither schuils, includin some in the Unitit States, hae ''foor'' eddicational periods o markin. The skale year in mony coontries starts in Augist or [[September]] an ends in Mey, Juin, or Julie. Some schuils in the Unitit States, notably [[Boston Laitin Schuil]], main divide the year intae ''fife or mair'' markin periods. Some state in defence o thes at thaur is aiblins a [[positife correlation]] atween report frequency an academic achievement. Thaur ur teepically 180 days o teachin each year in schuils in the usa, excludin weekends an breaks, while 190 days fur pupils in state schuils in the Unititd Kinrick, [[New Zealain]] an Canada an aw. Tho, in [[Indie]], the academic year normally starts frae Juin yin an ends oan Mey 31. Thocht schuils stairt closin in the end o [[Ware (saison)|ware]], the actual academic closure is oan Mey 31, an in [[Nepal]] it starts frae Julie 15.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} schuils an varsities in australia teepically hae academic years at rooghly align wi the calendar year (i.e. startin in [[Februar]] or [[Mairch]] an endin in October tae Dizember), as the [[soothern hemisphaur]] experiences simmer frae Dizember tae Februar. In [[Israel]], the academic year begins aroond October or [[November]], aligned wi the second month o the [[Hebrew calendar]]. == Astronomical year == === Julian year === {{main|Julian year (astronomy)}} The [[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian year]], as uised in [[astronomy]] an ither sciences, is a unit o time defined as exactly 365.25 days. Thes is the normal meanin o the unit "year" (seembol "a" frae the [[Laitin]] ''annus'') uised in varioos scienteefic contexts. The Julian century o {{gaps|36|525}} days an the Julian millennium o {{gaps|365|250}} days ur uised in astronomical calculations. Fundamentally, expressin a time interval in Julian years is a wey tae precisely specify hoo mony days (nae hoo mony "real" years), fur lang time intervals whaur statin the nummer o days woods be unwieldy an unintuitife. Bi convention, the Julian year is uised in the computation o the distance covered bi a [[lichtyear]]. In the [[unified code fur units o measure]], the seembol '''a''' (withit [[subscript]]) aye refers tae the Julian year '''aj''' o exactly {{gaps|31|557|600}} [[seicont]]s. 365.25 days o {{gaps|86|400}} seconds = yin a = yin aj = {{gaps|31.557|6}} ms the SI multiplier prefixes main be applied tae it tae f'rm '''ka''' (kiloannum), '''ma''' (megaannum) etc. === Sidereal, tropical, an anomalistic years === Each o thir three year can be luisely cried an "astronomical year". The [[sidereal year]] is the time taen fur the Yird tae complete a bodie revolution o its [[orbit]], as measured against a fixed fram o reference (sic as the fixed stars, Laitin ''sidera'', singular ''sidus''). Its average duration is {{gaps|365.256|363|004}} pure techt solar days (365 d sex h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch [[j2000.0]] = Januar yin, 2000, 12:00:00 [[terrestrial time|tt]]). Internaitional Yird rotation and reference system service. (2010).[http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html iers eop pc uiseful constants.] the [[tropical year]] is the period o time fur the [[ecliptic longitude]] o the sun tae increase bi 360 degrees. Syne the sun's ecliptic longitude is measured wi respect tae the equinox, the tropical year comprises a complete cycle o the saisons; coz o the biological an socio-economic importance o the saisons, the tropical year is the basis o maist [[calendar]]s. The tropical year is commonly defined<ref>{{cite beuk |url=http://books.google.com/?id=uj4jhgjanb4c&pg=pa80&lpg=pa80&dq=newcomb+tropical+year#v=onepage&q=newcomb%20tropical%20year&f=false |title=explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac |author=P.K.Seidelman (ed.) |year=1992 |page=80 |isbn=978-1-891389-45-0 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> fur the pure techt motion o the sun alang the ecliptic. Thes differs frae the actual time atween passages o, e.g., the [[northward equinox]] fur several reasons explained ablo. Coz o the Yird's [[axial precession (astronomy)|axial precession]], thes year is abit 20 [[meenit]]s shorter than the Sidereal year. The pure techt tropical year is approximately 365 days, fife hoors, 48 meenits, 45 seconds<ref>{{cite beuk |url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/secm/glossary.html#y |title=astronomical almanac fur the year 2011 |year=2009 |publisher=U.S. Government Printin Office an the U.K. Hydrographic Office |location=Washington an Taunton |page=m18 (glossary) |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2017-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819204825/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#y |url-status=dead }}</ref> (= {{gaps|365.242|19}} days). The anomalistic year is the time taen fur the Yird tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae its [[apsis|apsides]]. The orbit o the Yird is [[Ellipse|elliptical]]; the extreme pynts, cried "[[apsides]]", or the [[perihelion]]—whaur the Yird is closest tae the sun (aboot 3 Januar in 2011)—an the [[aphelion]], whaur the Yird is farthest frae the sun (Julie fuir in 2011). The anomalistic year is uisually defined as the time atween perihelion passages. Its average duration is {{gaps|365.259|636}} days (365 d sex h 13 min 52.6 s) (at the epoch j2011.0).<ref>{{cite beuk |title=astronomical almanac fur the year 2011 |year=2009 |publisher = [[U.S. Government Printin Office]] an the [[U.K. Hydrographic Office]] |location = Washington an Taunton |pages = a1, c2 }}</ref> if Yird moved in an ideal [[kepler orbit]], ''i.e.'' a perfect ellipse wi the sun fixed at a bodie focus, each kin o year woods aye hae the sam duration, an the sidereal an anomalistic years woods be equal. Coz o [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbations]] bi the [[gravity]] o ither planits, Yird's motion varies slichtly, causin the sidereal an tropical years tae vary in lenth bi abit 25 meenits (see the table ablo). Baith ur affectit in the sam wey, sae at the sidereal year is consistently 20 meenits langer than the tropical year, providit at thay ur measured in huir uv a sam wey. === Draconic year === The draconic year, draconitic year, eclipse year, or ecliptic year is the time taen fur the sun (as seen frae the Yird) tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae the sam [[lunar node]] (a pynt whaur the [[muin]]'s orbit intersects the [[ecliptic]]). Thes period is associatit wi [[eclipse]]s: thir occur anly when baith the sun an the muin ur near thir nodes; sae eclipses occur within abit a month o every half o an eclipse year. Hence, thaur ur tois [[eclipse saison]]s every eclipse year. The average duration o the eclipse year is:{{gaps|346.620|075|883}} days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch j2000.0). This term is whiles erroneoosly uised fur the draconic or nodal period o [[lunar precession]]; at is, the period o a complete revolution o the muin's ascendin node aroond the ecliptic: {{gaps|18.612|815|932}} Julian years ({{gaps|6|798.331|019}} days, at the epoch j2000.0). === Full muin cycle === The [[full muin cycle]] is the time fur the sun (as seen frae the Yird) tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae the [[perigee]] o the orbit o the muin. Thes period is associatit wi the apparent size o the [[full muin]], an wi the varyin duration o the [[month|synodic month]] an aw. The duration o a bodie foo muin cycle is: :{{gaps|411.784|430|29}} days (411 d 18 h 49 min 34 s) (at the epoch j2000.0). === Lunar year === The [[lunar year]] comprises twal foo cycles o the phases o the muin, as seen frae the Yird. It haes a duration o approximately 354.37 days. [[Muslims]] uise thes fur celebratin thair [[Musleem holidays|eids]] an fur markin the stairt o the fastin month o ''[[Ramadan]]''. A Musleem calender year is based oan the [[lunar cycle]]. === Vague year === The "vague year", frae ''annus vagus'' ("wanderin year"), is an integral approximation tae the year equalin 365 days, which wanders in relation tae mair exact years. teepically, the vague year is dividit intae 12 [[wiktionary:schematic|schematic]] months o 30 days each plus fife [[Intercalation (timekeepin)|epagomenal]] days. Thes "vague year" wis uised in the calendars o [[Egyptian calendar|ancient Egyp]], [[Iranian calendar|Iran]], [[Armenian calendar|Armenie]] an in [[mesoamerican calendars|mesoamerica]] amang the [[Aztec calendar|Aztecs]] an [[Haab|Maya]].[http://www.mayacalendar.com/descripcion.html calendar description an coordinaition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010158/http://www.mayacalendar.com/descripcion.html |date=2012-04-26 }} Maya Warld Studies Center. === Heliacal year === A [[heliacal year]] is the interval atween the [[heliacal risin]]s o a staurn. It differs frae the [[sidereal year]] fur stars awa frae the [[ecliptic]] due mainly tae the [[precession o the equinoxes]]. === Sothic year === The [[Sothic cycle|Sothic year]] is the interval atween heliacal risins o the staurn [[sirius]]. It is presently less nor the [[#sidereal, tropical, an anomalistic years|sidereal year]] an its duration is huir uv a close tae the pure techt Julian year o 365.25 days. === Gaussian year === The [[Gaussian year]] is the sidereal year fur a [[planit]] o negligible mass (relatife tae the sun) an unperturbed bi ither planits at is governed bi the [[Gaussian gravitational constant]]. Sic a planit woods be slichtly closer tae the sun than the Yird's pure techt distance. Its lenth is: :{{gaps|365.256|898|3}} days (365 d sex h 9 min 56 s). === Besselian year === The [[Besselian epoch|Besselian year]] is a tropical year at starts when the (fictitioos) pure techt sun reaches an ecliptic longitude o 280°. Thes is currently oan or close tae Januar yin. It wis named efter the [[19th century]] German astronomer an mathematician [[Friedrich Bessel]]. The followin [[equation]] can be uised in irder tae compute the current besselian epoch (in years):<ref>{{cite beuk |title=[[astronomical almanac]] fur the year 2010 |year=2008 |publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office and the U.K. Hydrographic Office |location = Washington an Taunton |page = b3 }}</ref> b = 1900.0 + (Julian datett − {{gaps|2|415|020.313|52}}) / {{gaps|365.242|198|781}} the "tt" [[subscript]] indicates at fur thes [[formula]], the Julian date shoods uise the [[terrestrial time]] scale or its predecessur, [[ephemeris time]]. === Variation in the lengths o the year an the day === {{refimprove section|date=May 2013}} The exact lenth o an astronomical year changes ower time.[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020131408/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#dynamical-equinox the astronomical almanac online]{{failed verification|date=May 2013}} the main soorces o thes chynge are: * The poseetions o the equinox an solstice pynts wi respect tae the apsides o Yird's orbit chynge: the first coz o [[precession]], an the apsides coz o the long-term effects o gravitational pull bi the ither planits. Syne the speed o the Yird varies accordin tae its poseetion in its orbit as measured frae its [[perihelion]], Yird's speed when in a solstice or equinox pynt changes ower time: if sic a pynt moves toward [[perihelion]], the interval atween tois passages decreases a bit frae year tae year; if the pynt moves towards [[aphelion]], en at period inreases a bit frae year tae year. Sae a "tropical year" measured frae a bodie passage o the northward ("vernal") equinox tae the neist, it differs frae the a bodie measured atween passages o the soothward (hairst) equinox. The average ower the foo orbit disnae chynge coz o thes, sae the lenth o the average tropical year disnae chynge coz o thes second-order effect. * Each planit's movement is perturbed bi the gravity o every ither planit. Thes leids tae short-term fluctuations in its speed, an therefair its period frae year tae year. Mairowre, it haes caused long-term changes in its orbit, an therefair long-term changes in thir periods an aw. *[[Tidal drag]] atween the Yird an the muin (an sun) increases the lenth o the day an o the month (bi transferrin angular momentum frae the rotation o Yird tae the revolution o the muin); syne the apparent pure techt solar day is the unit wi which we measure the lenth o the year in civil life, the lenth o the year appears tae decrease. The rotation rate o the Yird is changed an aw bi factors sic as [[post-glacial reboond]] an sea level rise. ==== Numerical value o year variation ==== Mean year lenths in thes section ur calculatit fur [[2000]], an differences in year lenths compared tae 2000 ur gien fur pest an future years. In the tables a day is 86,400 SI seconds lang.<ref>{{cite beuk |title=Astronomical Almanac for the year 2011 |location=Washington |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |author=U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office and Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office |year=2010 |pages=C2, L8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1994-02-10_282_2/page/662 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=282 |issue=2 |pages=663–683 |date=February 1994 |last1=Simon |first1=J.L. |last2=Bretagnon |first2=P. |last3=Chapront |first3=J. |last4=Chapront-Touzé |first4=M. |last5=Francou |first5=G. |last6=Laskar |first6=J. |bibcode=1994A&A...282..663S}}</ref><ref>{{cite beuk |last1=Taff |first1=Lawrence G. |title=Celestial Mechanics: A Computational Guide for the Practitioner |year=1985 |isbn=0-471-89316-1 |place=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=103 }} Values in tables agree closely fur 2000, an depairt bi as much as 44 seconds fur the years furthest in the pest or future; the expressions ur simpler than those recommended in the ''Astronomical Almanac fur the year 2011''.</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=3 |publisher=Univ Science Books |isbn=1-891389-85-8 |last=Seidelmann |first=P. Kenneth |others=Sean E. Urban (ed.) |title=Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac |year=2013 |page=587}} Tabulates length o tropical year frae −500 tae 2000 at 500-year intervals usin a [[formula]] bi laskar (1986); agrees closely wi values in thes section near 2000, depairts bi sex seconds in −500.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mean year lenths fur 2000 |- ! Teep o year !! days !! hoors !! meenits || seconds |- | tropical || 365 || 5 || 48 || 45 |- | sidereal || 365 || 6 || 9 || 10 |- | anomalistic || 365 || 6 || 13 || 53 |- | eclipse || 346 || 14 || 52 || 55 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Lenth o year: difference frae 2000 in seconds<br />(anly [[positive]] when lenth fur tabulatit year is greater than the lenth fur 2000) |- ! Year !! Tropical !! Sidereal !! Anomalistic !! Eclipse |- | −4000 || −8 || −45 || −15 || −174 |- | −2000 || 4 || −19 || −11 || −116 |- | 0 || 7 || −4 || −5 || −57 |- | 2000 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 4000 || −14 || −3 || 5 || 54 |- | 6000 || −35 || −12 || 10 || 104 |} === Summary === * 346.62 days: a [[dracontic year|draconitic year]]. * 353, 354, or 355 days: the lenths o common years in some [[lunisolar calendar]]s. * 354.37 days (12 lunar months): the average lenth o the years in [[lunar calendar]]s, notably the musleem calendar. * 365 days: a vague year ane a [[common year]] in mony [[solar calendar]]s. * {{gaps|365.242|19}} days: a pure techt tropical year (roonded tae fife decimal places) fur the [[epoch]] [[2000]]. * {{gaps|365.242|4}} days: a vernal equinox year (roonded tae fower decimal places) fur the epoch 2000. * {{gaps|365.242|5}} days: the average lenth o a year in the Gregorian calendar. * 365.25 days: the average lenth o a year in the Julian calendar. * {{gaps|365.256|4}} days: a sidereal year. * 366 days: a [[lowp year]] in mony solar calendars. * 383, 384, or 385 days: the lenths o lowp years in some lunisolar calendars. * 383.9 days (13 lunar months): a lowp year in some lunisolar calendars. An average Gregorian year is {{gaps|365.242|5}} [[day]]s = {{gaps|52.177|5}} [[week]]s = {{gaps|8|765.82}} [[hoor]]s = {{gaps|525|949.2}} [[meenit]]s = {{gaps|31|556|952}} [[seicont]]s (mean solar, nae si). A common year is 365 days = {{gaps|8|760}} hoors = {{gaps|525|600}} meenits = {{gaps|31|536|000}} seconds. A lowp year is 366 days = {{gaps|8|784}} hoors = {{gaps|527|040}} meenits = {{gaps|31|622|400}} seconds. The 400-year cycle o the Gregorian calendar haes {{gaps|146|097}} days, an hence exactly {{gaps|20|871}} [[week]]s. == Symbol == Thaur is nae universally acceptit seembol fur the year as a unit o time. The [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]] disnae propose a bodie. Nist sp811 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ambler Thompson, Barry N. Taylor |url=http://physics.nist.gov/document/sp811.pdf |format=pdf |publisher=[[Naitional Institute o Standards an Technology]] (nist) |title=special publication 811: Guide for the use of the International System of Units (SI) |at=paragraph 8.1 |year=2008 |journal= |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154858/http://physics.nist.gov/Document/sp811.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ISO 80000-3:2006 <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[internaitional organization fur standardization]] |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31888 |title=ISO 80000-3:2006, quantities and units – part 3: space and time |location=geneva, switzerland |year=2006 }}</ref> suggest the seembol ''[[a (year)|a]]'', taen frae the Laitin wird ''annus''.<ref>{{cite web |work=haw mony? a dictionary o units o measurement |author=Russ Rowlett |publisher=university o north carolina |title=units: a |url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dicta.html |accessdate=2009-01-09 |archive-date=2008-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220111445/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictA.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Scots, the abbreviations "y" an "yr" ur whiles uised, specifically in [[geology]] an [[paleontology]], whaur "kyr, myr, byr" (thoosands, millions, an even billions o years, respectively) an seemilar abbreviations ur uised tae denote intervals o time remote frae the present.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/style_guide_intro.html |publisher=american geophysical union |title=agu editorial style guide fur authors |date=September 21, 2007 |accessdate=2009-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714134306/http://www.agu.org/pubs/style_guide_intro.html |archivedate=2008-07-14 |url-status=dead }} {{cite journal |author=North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature |url=http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/nacsn/code2/code2.html#article13 |title=north american stratigraphic code |journal=The American Association o Petroleum Geologists Bulletin |volume=89 |issue=11 |date=November 2005 |pages=1547–1591 |doi= |edition=article 13 (c) |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155725/http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#article13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Symbol "A" === Nist sp811 <ref>{{cite web |author=Ambler Thompson, Barry N. Taylur |url=http://physics.nist.gov/document/sp811.pdf |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |title=special publication 811 – Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) |at=para eeecht.1 |year=2008 |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154858/http://physics.nist.gov/Document/sp811.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ISO 80000-3:2006 <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Internaitional Organization fur Standardization]] (ISO) |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31888 |title=ISO 80000-3:2006, quantities an units |at=part 3: space and time |location=[[Geneva]] |year=2006}}</ref> suggest the seembol '''a''' (in the [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]], althoogh '''a''' is the seembol an aw fur the ''[[hectare#are|are]]'', the unit o aurie uised tae measure lain aurie, but context is uisually enaw tae disambiguate). The abbreviations '''y''' an '''yr''' ur uised an aw. The [[unified code fur units o measure]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Gunther Schadaw, Clement J. Mcdonald |url=http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/ucum |title=unified code fur units o measure |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520112256/http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/ucum |url-status=dead }}</ref> disambiguates the varyin symbologies of ISO 1000, ISO 2955 an ansi x3.50<ref>http://aurora.regenstrief.org/~ucum/ucum.html#para-31 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304195312/http://aurora.regenstrief.org/~ucum/ucum.html#para-31 |date=2010-03-04 }}</ref> bi usin :''ar'' fur [[hectare#are|are]] and: :'''at''' = a_t = {{gaps|365.242|19}} days fur the pure techt [[tropical year]] :'''aj''' = a_j = 365.25 days fur the pure techt Julian year :'''ag''' = a_g = {{gaps|365.242|5}} days fur the pure techt [[Gregorian year]] :'''a''' = yin aj year (withit further qualifier) a definition jointly adoptit bi the [[Internaitional Union o Pure an Applee'd Chemistry]] (IUPAC) an the [[Internaitional Union o Geological Sciences]] (IUGS) is tae uise ''annus'', wi seembol '''a''', fur year, defined as the lenth o the tropical year in the year 2000:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Norman E. Holden, Mauro L. Bonardi, Paul de Bièvre, Paul R. Renne, an Igur M Villa |title=IUPAC-IUGS Common Definition and Convention on the Use of the Year as a Derived Unit of Time (IUPAC Recommendations 2011) |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |year=2011 |volume=83 |pages=1159–1162 |doi=10.1351/pac-rec-09-01-22 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Celeste Biever |title=Push to Define Year Sparks Time War |journal=[[New Scientist]] |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20423-push-to-define-year-sparks-time-war.html |date=Apryle 27, 2011 |accessdate=Apryle 28, 2011}}</ref> :'''a''' = {{gaps|365.242|192|65}} days = {{gaps|31|556|925.445}} seconds the notation haes proved controversial; it conflicts wi an earlier convention amang geoscientists tae uise '''a''' specifically fur "years ago", an '''y''' or '''yr''' fur a period o ane year. ==== SI prefix multipliers ==== Fur the followin, thaur ur alternatife forms which elide the consecutife vowels, sic as ''kilannum'', ''megannum'', etc. * '''ka''' (fur kiloannum), is a [[millennium|unit o time equal tae]] a bodie [[thoosand]] (103) years. Thes is teepically uised in [[geology]], [[paleontology]], an [[archaeology]] fur [[holocene]] an [[pleistocene]] periods whaur a non-[[radiocarbon datin]] technique (i.e., [[ice core]] datin, [[dendrochronology]], [[uranium-thorium datin]], or [[varve]] analysis) is uised as the primary datin method fur age determinaition. If age is primarily determined bi [[radiocarbon datin]], en the age shoods be expressed in aither radiocarbon or calendar (calibratit) years [[befair present]]. * '''ma''' (fur megaannum), is a unit o [[time]] equal tae a bodie [[million]] (106) years. It is commonly uised in scienteefic disciplines sic as [[geology]], [[paleontology]], an [[celestial mechanics]] tae signify huir uv a lang time periods intae the pest or future. Fur example, the [[dinosaur]] species ''[[tyrannosaurus|tyrannosaurus rex]]'' wis abundant approximately ''65 ma'' (65 million years) ago (''ago'' mauna aye be mentioned; if the quantity is specified while nae explicitly discussin a duration, a bodie can assume at "ago" is implied; the alternatife "[[mya (unit)|mya]]" unit includes "ago" explicitly). In astronomical applications, the year uised is the [[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian year]] o precisely 365.25 days. In [[geology]] an [[paleontology]], the year isnae sae precise an varies—dependin oan the authur. * '''ga''' (fur gigaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 109 year (ain [[1000000000 (nummer)|billion]] oan the [[lang an cuttie scales|short scale]], a bodie [[milliard]] oan the [[lang an cuttie scales|lang scale]]). It is commonly uised in scienteefic disciplines sic as [[physical cosmology|cosmology]] an [[geology]] tae signify extremely lang time periods in the pest. Fur example, the formation o the [[Yird]] occurred approximately ''4.57 ga'' (4.57 billion years) ago. * '''ta''' (fur teraannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1012 year (ain [[1000000000000 (nummer)|trillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie billion oan the lang scale). It is an extremely lang unit o time, abit 70 times as lang as the [[age o the universe]]. It's the sam order o magnitude as the expectit life span o a wee [[red dwarf star]]. * '''pa''' (fur petaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1015 year (ain [[10^15|quadrillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie billiard oan the lang scale). The [[half-life]] o the [[nuclide]] o [[cadmium]]-113 is abit eeecht pa.<ref>{{cite journal| author = p. belli ''it al.''| title = Investigation of β decay of 113cd| journal = [[Phys. Rev. C]] |volume = 76|page = 064603|year = 2007 |doi = 10.1103/physrevc.76.064603|bibcode = 2007phrvc..76f4603b| issue = sex }}</ref> thes seembol coincides wi at fur the [[pascal (unit)|pascal]] withit a multiplier prefix, thocht baith ur infrequently uised an context will normally be sufficient tae distinguish time frae pressure values. * '''ea''' (fur exaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1018 year (ain [[quintillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie trillion oan the lang scale). The half-life o [[tungsten]]-180 is yin.8 ea.<ref>{{cite journal| author = f. a. danevich ''it al.''| title = α activity of natural tungsten isotopes| journal = [[phys. rev. c]] |volume = 67|page = 014310|year = 2003| arxiv = nucl-ex/0211013|doi = 10.1103/physrevc.67.014310|bibcode = 2003phrvc..67a4310d }}</ref> === Symbols "y" an "yr" === In [[astronomy]], [[geology]], an [[paleontology]], the abbreviations '''yr''' fur "year" an '''ya''' fur "year ago" ur whiles uised, combined wi prefixes fur "thoosand", "million", or "billion".<ref>{{cite journal |author=North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature |url=http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/nacsn/code2/code2.html#article13 |title=North American Stratigraphic Code |chapter=article 13 (c) |quote=(c) convention an abbreviations. |journal= |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155725/http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#article13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The age o a stratigraphic unit or the time o a geologic event, as commonly determined bi numerical datin or bi reference tae a calibratit time-scale, main be expressed in years afair the present. The unit o time is the modren year as presently recognised warldwide. Recommended but nae mandatory abbreviations fur sic ages ur SI (Internaitional Seestem o Units) multipliers coopled wi "a" fur annum: ka, ma, an ga fur kilo-annum (103 year), mega-annum (106 year), an giga-annum (109 year), respectively. The uisin o thir terms efter the age value follows the convention established in the field o [[carbon-14 datin]]. The "present" refers tae 1950 ad, an sic qualifiers as "ago" or "befair the present" ur omittit efter the value coz measurement o the duration frae the present tae the pest is implicit in the designaition. In contraest, the duration o ane remote interval o geologic time, as a nummer o years, shoods nae be expressed bi the sam seembols. Abbreviations fur nummers o years, withit reference tae the present, ur cried informal (e.g., '''y''' or '''yr''' fur "years"; '''mah''', ''m.y.'', or '''m.yr.''' fur millions o years; an sae forth, as preference dictates). Fur example, boondaries o the late cretaceoos epoch currently ur calibratit at 63 ma an 96 ma, but the interval o time representit bi thes epoch is 33 m.y. thay arenae SI units, uisin '''y''' tae abbreviate Scots [[:wikt:year|year]], but followin ambiguoos internaitional recommendations, uise aither the standard Scots first letters as prefixes ("t", "m", an "b") or [[metric prefix]]es ("k", "m", an "g"). Thir abbreviations include: {| class="wikitable" |- | Non-SI abbreviation || SI-prefixed equivalent || Order o magnitude |- | '''kyr'''|| ka || * Thoosand years |- | '''myr''' || Ma || * Million years |- | '''byr''' || Ga || * Billion years ([[Long an short scales|thoosand million]] years) |- | '''tya''' or '''kya''' || "ka ago" || {{Main|1 E10 s|1 E11 s|1 E12 s}} * Appearance o ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', ca. 200 tya * [[Oot o Africa migration]], ca. 60 tya * [[Lest Glacial Maximum]], ca. 20 tya * [[Neolithic Revolution]], ca. 10 tya |- | {{Anchor|mya}}'''mya''' || "Ma ago" || {{Main|1 E13 s|1 E14 s|1 E15 s}} * [[Pliocene]], 5.3 tae 2.6 mya ** The [[Brunhes–Matuyama reversal|lest geomagnetic reversal]] wis 0.78 mya<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bradford M. Clement|title=Dependence of the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals on site latitude|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-04-08_428_6983/page/637|date=Apryle 8, 2004|journal=Nature|volume=428|pmid=15071591|doi=10.1038/nature02459 |issue=6983 |pages=637–40|bibcode = 2004Natur.428..637C }}</ref> ** The ([[Eemian Stage]]) [[Ice Age]] startit 0.13 mya * The [[Holocene]] startit 0.01 mya |- | '''bya''' or '''gya''' || "Ga ago" || {{Main|1 E16 s|1 E17 s|1 E18 s}} * Oldest [[Eukaryotes]], 2 bya * Age o the [[Yird]], 4.5 bya * [[Big Bang]], 13.8 bya |} Uisage o "mya" an "bya" is deprecatit in modren geophysics, the recommended usage til "ma" an "ga" fur dates [[befair present]], but "m.y." fur the duration o epochs. Thes ''ad hoc'' distinction atween "absolute" time an time intervals is somewhat controversial amongst members o the [[Geological Society o America]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=geological society o america|title=time units|url=http://www.geosociety.org/timeunits/|accessdate=2010-2-17|archive-date=2016-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616100504/http://www.geosociety.org/TimeUnits/|url-status=dead}}</ref> note at oan graphs uisin "ya" units oan the horizontal axis time flows frae reit tae left, which main seem coonter-intuitife. If the "ya" units ur oan the vertical axis, time flows frae tap tae bottom which is probably easier tae kin than conventional notation. == Great years == === Equinoctial cycle === The "[[great year]]", or ''equinoctial cycle'', corresponds tae a complete revolution o the equinoxes aroond the ecliptic. Its lenth is abit 25,700 year, an cannae be determined precisely as the [[astronomical precession|precession]] speed is variable. === Galactic year === The [[galactic year]] is the time it taes the Yird's [[solar system]] tae revolve ance aroond the [[galactic center]]. It comprises rooghly 230 million Yird years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orau.gov/sciencebowl/teams/files/astrset2.pdf | title=science bowl questions, astronomy, sit tae | work=science bowl practice questions | year=2009 | publisher=Oak Ridge Associated Universities | accessdate=2009-12-9 | archive-date=2010-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307191635/http://www.orau.gov/sciencebowl/teams/files/astrset2.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> == See an aw == {{portal|time}} {{div col|2}} * [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]] * [[Astronomical year nummerin]] * [[Befair present]] * [[ISO 8601]]: standard fur representation o dates an times * [[List o calendars]] * [[List o years]] * [[Man-hoor]] * [[Orders o magnitude (time)]] * [[Unit o time]] {{div col end}} == References == === Notes === {{reflist}} == Further readin == * {{cite beuk | title=time, the familiar stranger | url=https://archive.org/details/timefamiliarstra0000fras | last=Fraser | first=Julius Thomas | edition=illustratit | location=Amherst | publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] | year=1987 | isbn=0-87023-576-1 | oclc=15790499 }} * {{cite beuk | title=what is time? | url=https://archive.org/details/whatistime0000whit | last=Whitrow | first=Gerald Jimmy | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2003 | isbn=0-19-860781-4 | oclc=265440481 }} {{time topics}} 3lpkf6gwujk971s87gh2eh5r29ypexg 0 50995 923426 894031 2026-09-26T04:33:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |name = Ivo Linna |image = Linna, Ivo.IMG 9872.JPG |caption = Ivo Linna in 2011. |background = solo_singer |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|6|12|df=yes}} |death_date = |origin = [[Kuressaare]], [[Saare Coonty|Saaremaa]], [[Estonie]] |instrument = [[vocals]], [[guitar]] |genre = |occupation = [[Sangster]] |years_active = |label = |associated_acts = [[Rock Hotel]], [[Apelsin]], Müstikud, System }} '''Ivo Linna''' (born 12 Juin 1949 in [[Kuressaare]]) is an [[Estonie]] [[sangster]]. He representit Estonie in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1996]] wi the sang "[[Kaelakee Hääl]]" (in a duet wi [[Maarja-Liis Ilus]]) which wad go ontae feenish 5t at the contest, held in [[Oslo]] that year. ==Decorations== In 2000, the Preses o Estonie decoratit Linna wi a IV Class [[Order o the White Starn]].<ref>[[President's Office]] 9 February 2000: [http://vp1992-2001.president.ee/eng/ateated/AmetlikTeade.asp?ID=2644 President of the Republic awards decorations to 168 people] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722130919/http://vp1992-2001.president.ee//eng/ateated/AmetlikTeade.asp?ID=2644 |date=2012-07-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722130919/http://vp1992-2001.president.ee//eng/ateated/AmetlikTeade.asp?ID=2644 |date=2012-07-22 }}</ref> ==Discografie== '''Solo Albums''' *''[[Ivo Linna '93]]'' (1993) *''[[Iff 1]]'' (1998) *''[[Enne ja pärast päeva]]'' (2001) *''[[Üksi, iseendas üksi...]]'' (2006) In addeetion tae the albums mentioned abuin, Ivo Linna haes released a nummer o mair albums wi different rock acts o Estonie, like Apelsin an Rock Hotel. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{MusicBrainz artist|id=6b5f0c8c-2cc0-4c6d-88ee-0dbe94b71abe|name=Ivo Linna}} *{{imdb name|id=1487336|name=Ivo Linna}} {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | before=[[Silvi Vrait]]<br>with "[[Nagu merelaine]]" | title=[[Estonie in the Eurovision Song Contest]] | years=<small>(with [[Maarja-Liis Ilus]])</small><br>[[Eurovision Song Contest 1996|1996]] | after=[[Maarja-Liis Ilus]]<br>with "[[Keelatud maa]]" }} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Linna, Ivo}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Estonie pop sangsters]] [[Category:Estonie male sangsters]] [[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1996]] [[Category:Estonie Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kuressaare]] gxkhq4n9gtk840kzc6vjr1c5m82q3dk 0 51005 923514 923187 2026-09-26T08:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Ricardo Arjona | image =Ricardo_Arjona_at_Managua,_Nicaragua_(2).jpg | caption = Ricardo Arjona in Nicaragua, 2012. | alt = | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|1|19|df=y}} | origin = [[Jocotenango]], [[Sacatepéquez Depairtment|Sacatepéquez]], [[Guatemala]] | genre = [[Latin pop]], [[Rock muisic|rock]] | instrument = Vocals, guitar, piano | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, record producer,<br> muisicker | years_active = 1985–present | label = PolyGram <small>(1985–1989)</small><br/>[[Sony Music]] <small>(1991–2008)</small><br/>[[Warner Music Latina|Warner Latina]] <small>(2008–present)</small><br> [[Metamorfosis (label)|Metamorfosis]]<small>(2011–present)</small> | associated_acts = [[Gaby Moreno]], [[Intocable]], [[Chenoa]],<br> [[Marta Sánchez]], [[Marc Anthony]],<br> [[Tommy Torres]] | website = [http://www.ricardoarjona.com/ www.ricardoarjona.com] }} '''Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales''', (born 19 Januar 1964), kent as '''Ricardo Arjona''' ({{IPA-es|arˈxona}}), is a Guatemalan [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Arjona is ane o the maist successful Laitin American airtists o aw time, wi mair nor 20 million albums sauld.<ref>(6 April 2012). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409035403/http://www.cadena3.com/contenido/2012/04/06/95001.asp |date=2012-04-09 }}(in Spanish). Cadena 3. Archived from [http://www.cadena3.com/contenido/2012/04/06/95001.asp the original]. Retrieved 7 April 2012. *{{Cite web |url=http://www.lacapital.com.ar/escenario/Ricardo-Arjona-sale-a-la-cancha-de-Newells-con-su-equipo-romantico-20120410-0009.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128022144/http://www.lacapital.com.ar/escenario/Ricardo-Arjona-sale-a-la-cancha-de-Newells-con-su-equipo-romantico-20120410-0009.html |archive-date=2012-11-28 |url-status=dead}}(in Spanish). La Capital (Argentina). Archived from [http://www.lacapital.com.ar/escenario/Ricardo-Arjona-sale-a-la-cancha-de-Newells-con-su-equipo-romantico-20120410-0009.htmlthe original]. Retrieved 18 April 2012.</ref> He is aften cried ''El Animal Nocturno'' (''The Nocturnal Animal''),<ref name="Moscatel">Moscatel, Susana (23 March 2012). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401164913/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/9134034 |date=2012-04-01 }}(in Spanish). Milenio. Archived from [http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/9134034 the original]. Retrieved 30 March 2012.</ref> thanks tae his breakthrou success wi his fowert studio album which [[Animal Nocturno|bears the same name]]. His muisic ranges frae [[ballad]]s tae [[Latin pop]], rock, [[pop rock]], [[Cuban muisic]], an mair recently [[A capella|a cappella performances]] an a mixtur o [[Tejano muisic]] an [[Norteño (muisic)|Norteño music]], an ither [[Afro-American muisic|Afro-American]] an [[Laitin muisic|Laitin soonds]]. Arjona is notit for his leerical style, an aften addresses topics such as luve, homosexuality, [[kidnappin]], [[rape]], [[racism]] an immigration. ==Early years an personal life== Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales wis born on 19 Januar 1964 in [[Jocotenango]], [[Guatemala]], tae parents Ricardo Arjona Moscoso an Mimi Morales de Arjona. He spent maist o his bairnheid in [[Guatemala Ceety]], whaur he began his muisical instruction.<ref name=adnradio>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona|url=http://www.adnradio.cl/noticia/ricardo-arjona/20081023/nota/696478.aspx|work=ADN Radio|publisher=Grupo Prisa|accessdate=23 March 2012|location=Chile|language=Spanish|date=23 October 2008|archive-date=2013-01-01|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101120301/http://www.adnradio.cl/noticia/ricardo-arjona/20081023/nota/696478.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age twal, he pairticipatit in the contest "Festival Infantil Juventud 74" wi "Gracias al Mundo", a sang componit bi his faither, feenally winnin the event.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los colapsos emocionales de Arjona|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-686145|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|publisher=EL Tiempo Casa Editorial|accessdate=8 July 2012|location=Colombia|language=Spanish|date=31 October 2001}}</ref> Awtho he initially enrolled in airchitectur an ingineerin at the [[Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala]] (USAC), he graduatit wi a degree frae the Schuil o Communication Sciences.<ref name=cosme>Cosme, Hector. [http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2150:ricardo-arjona-de-guatemala-para-el-mundo&catid=119:articulos&Itemid=342 "Arjona: de Guatemala para el mundo"] (in Spanish). Periodico La Perla. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref> Arjona wis a talentit basketbaw player who played for ''Leones de Marte'' an ''TRIAS''.<ref name=terra1>(12 October 2010). [http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=975400 "Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507070155/http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=975400 |date=2013-05-07 }} (in Spanish). Terra. Retrieved 13 October 2011.</ref> He toured Central Americae as a member o the Guatemalan naitional team. Till recently, he held the record for the maist points scored (78) in a single gemme bi a Guatemalan.<ref name="B&T">{{cite news |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23&dq=Ricardo+Arjona#v=onepage&q=Ricardo%20Arjona&f=false |title=Arjona Innovates On CD/DVD Set|last=Cobo|first=Leiba |date=4 December 2004 |work=Billboard | volume=116 | number=49 | issn=0006-2510 |page=23 |accessdate=6 July 2011}} *[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ricardo-arjona-p37108/biography "Ricardo Arjona >> Biography"]. ''[[AllMusic]]''. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> He taucht at a primar schuil (cried ''Santa Elena III'') an aw,<ref name=cosme/> whaur he claimit tae hae spent sax oors givin lessons an the rest o the day playin soccer.<ref name="B&T"/> This earned him a visit frae a Meenistry o Education representative, who wis sent tae evaluate his pupils. The representative foond that the students' education wis actually abuin average.<ref name="Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"/> In the ceety o [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae, he met [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] Leslie Torres an haed twa childer wi her: Adria an Ricardo. They separatit in 2005. As o 2010, Arjona wis datin [[Venezuelan fowk|Venezuelan]] model Daisy Arvelo, wi whom he haes a son.<ref>{{cite web|title=La modelo venezolana Daisy Arvelo está embarazada de Ricardo Arjona|url=http://www.analitica.com/va/entretenimiento/quepasa/9652346.asp|publisher=Analitica.com|accessdate=23 March 2012|language=Spanish|date=9 April 2010|archive-date=2012-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216165753/http://www.analitica.com/va/entretenimiento/quepasa/9652346.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Discografie== {{main|Ricardo Arjona discografie}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * ''[[Déjame Decir Que Te Amo]]'' (1985) * ''[[Jesús, Verbo No Sustantivo]]'' (1988) * ''[[Del Otro Lado del Sol]]'' (1991) * ''[[Animal Nocturno]]'' (1993) * ''[[Historias]]'' (1994) * ''[[Si El Norte Fuera El Sur]]'' (1996) * ''[[Sin Daños a Terceros]]'' (1998) * ''[[Galería Caribe]]'' (2000) * ''[[Santo Pecado]]'' (2002) * ''[[Adentro]]'' (2005) * ''[[5to Piso]]'' (2008) * ''[[Poquita Ropa]]'' (2010) * ''[[Independiente (Ricardo Arjona album)|Independiente]]'' (2011) * ''[[Viaje (Ricardo Arjona album)|Viaje]]'' (2014) {{col-end}} ==Awairds an nominations== {{main|Leet o awairds an nominations receivit bi Ricardo Arjona}} In 1993, he receivit the Rafael Álvarez Ovalle Order frae the then [[Preses o Guatemala]], [[Ramiro de León Carpio]], for his internaitional accomplishments.<ref name="Merit">{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419225507/http://www.oem.com.mx/eloccidental/notas/n2466002.htm |date=2014-04-19 }}. El Occidental. Archived from [http://www.oem.com.mx/eloccidental/notas/n2466002.htm the original]. Retrieved 29 April 2012.</ref> At USAC a librar haw bears his name.<ref name=cosme/> His birthplace, [[Jocotenango]], namit a street efter him.<ref name="Biografía de Ricardo Arjona">[http://www.ricardo-arjona.net/Biografia.aspx "Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135007/http://www.ricardo-arjona.net/Biografia.aspx |date=2018-06-15 }}. Ricardo-Arjona.net. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref> === Grammy Awards === {{awards table}} |- | {{grammy|2007}} | ''[[Adentro]]'' |rowspan=""| [[Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album|Best Latin Pop Album]] | {{won}} |- {{end}} === Latin Grammy Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[Latin Grammy Awards of 2006|2006]] | ''[[Adentro]]'' | Best Male Pop Vocal Album | {{won}} |- {{end}} === Billboard Latin Music Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[2007 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2007]]|| "A Ti" || Male Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year || {{won}} |- |rowspan=""| [[2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2010]]|| ''[[Quinto Piso Tour]]'' || Latin Tour of the Year || {{won}} |- {{end}} === Lo Nuestro Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[Premio Lo Nuestro 2004|2004]] | ''[[Santo Pecado]]'' | Pop Album of the Year | {{won}} |- {{end}} ==References== {{Reflist|3|refs= <ref name=BB200>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Billboard 200|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Billboard 200}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=TLA>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Albums|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Albums}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=LPA>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Pop Albums|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Pop Albums C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=TLS>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Songs C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=25 March 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=LPS>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Pop Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Pop Songs C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=25 March 2012|location=United States}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.ricardoarjona.com/ Offeecial steid] {{DEFAULTSORT:Arjona, Ricardo}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sacatepéquez Depairtment]] [[Category:Guatemalan male sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni]] [[Category:Guatemalan sangster-sangwriters]] qa2am4kur5s9emkpnn59d1ue68hr0pe 0 51575 923513 902780 2026-09-26T08:05:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} {{Infobox river | name = Rhône | name_native = {{lang-fr|le Rhône}} | name_native_lang = | name_other = {{lang-de|Rhone}} | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Leman img 0573.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = View ower the Rhône flowin frae [[Valais]] intae [[Loch Geneva]] | map = Rhone drainage basin.png | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Kintra | subdivision_name1 = [[Swisserland]], [[Fraunce]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|813|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = {{convert|360|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|1710|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|13000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Rhône Glacier]] | source1_location = [[Valais]], [[Swisserland]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|2208|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = [[Fraunce]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|43|19|51|N|4|50|44|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|98000|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} The '''Rhone''' ({{lang-fr|Rhône}}, {{IPA-fr|ʁon|IPA}}; {{lang-de|Rhone}}; [[Walliser German]]: ''Rotten''; {{lang-it|Rodano}}; {{lang-frp|Rôno}}; {{lang-oc|Ròse}}) is ane o the major [[rivers o Europe]], risin in [[Swisserland]] an runnin frae thare through sootheastren [[Fraunce]]. At [[Arles]], near its mooth on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the river divides intae twa branches, kent as the '''Great Rhone''' (French: ''Grand Rhône'') an the '''Little Rhone''' (''Petit Rhône''). The resultin [[River delta|delta]] constitutes the [[Camargue]] region. In French, the adjective derived frae the river is ''rhodanien'', as in ''le sillon rhodanien'' (literally "the furrow o the Rhone"), which is the name o the lang, straicht [[Saône River|Saône]] an Rhone river valleys, a deep cleft runnin due sooth tae the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] an separatin the [[Alps]] frae the [[Massif Central]]. ==Freemit airtins== {{commons|Rhône River|Rhône River}} * [http://www.inforhone.fr/inforhone/en/commun/index.aspx InfoRhone] Navigation an river condeetions *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211113343/http://www.cnr.tm.fr/en/default.aspx CNR] The Rhone Authority * [http://www.tagweb.co.uk/french-waterways/rhone.html Rhone guide]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Places, ports an moorins on the Grand Rhone. * [http://www.tagweb.co.uk/french-waterways/petit-rhone.html Petit Rhone guide]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Places an moorins on the Petit Rhone. *[http://www.rhone-mediterranee.eaufrance.fr/ The Rhone-Mediterranean page o EauFrance] *[http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/DF_waterways.shtml Watterways in Fraunce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324004323/http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/DF_waterways.shtml |date=2021-03-24 }} [[Category:Rhone|*]] [[Category:Rivers o Swisserland|Rhone River]] [[Category:Rivers o Fraunce|Rhone River]] [[Category:Internaitional rivers o Europe]] [[Category:Rhone basin| ]] [[Category:Geografie o Ain]] [[Category:Geografie o Bouches-du-Rhône]] [[Category:Geografie o Drôme]] [[Category:Geografie o Gard]] [[Category:Geografie o Haute-Savoie]] [[Category:Geografie o Isère]] [[Category:Geografie o Rhône (depairtment)]] [[Category:Rivers o Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]] [[Category:Rivers o Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées]] [[Category:Rivers o Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] [[Category:Valais–Vaud border]] qgqtpy3unse6bx7mo5p9jkayzgbfv5m 0 51581 923306 922935 2026-09-25T23:46:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ain | native_name_lang = fr | type = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment]] | image_skyline = Préfecture.Ain.JPG | image_caption = [[Prefecturs in Fraunce|Prefectur]] biggin o the Ain depairtment, in Bourg-en-Bresse | image_flag = Flag of Ain variant.svg | image_shield = Blason département fr Ain.svg | image_map = Ain-Position.svg | map_caption = Location o Ain in Fraunce | coordinates = {{coord|46|5|N|5|20|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = Fraunce | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Fraunce|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Rhône-Alpes]] | seat_type = [[Prefecturs in Fraunce|Prefectur]] | seat = [[Bourg-en-Bresse]] | parts_type = [[Subprefecturs in Fraunce|Subprefecturs]] | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Belley]]<br>[[Gex, Ain|Gex]]<br>[[Nantua]] | leader_party = [[Socialist Pairty (Fraunce)|PS]] | leader_title = [[Preses o the general cooncil|Preses o the General Cooncil]] | leader_name = [[Rachel Mazuir]] | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = {{ref|aurie|1}} | area_total_km2 = 5762 | population_footnotes =<ref>http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases%2Dde%2Ddonnees/recensement/populations%2Dlegales/france-departements.asp</ref> | population_total = 574377 | population_as_of = 2007 | population_rank = [[Leet o French depairtments bi population|42nt]] | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Depairtments o Fraunce|Depairtment nummer]] | blank_info_sec1 = 01 | blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements o France|Arrondissements]] | blank_info_sec2 = [[arrondissements o the Ain depairtment|4]] | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in Fraunce|Cantons]] | blank1_info_sec2 = [[cantons o the Ain depairtment|43]] | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in Fraunce|Communes]] | blank2_info_sec2 = [[communes o the Ain depairtment|419]] | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | footnotes = {{note|aurie|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], an lochs, ponds, an glaciers lairger than 1&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> }} '''Ain''' ({{IPA-fr|ɛ̃}}; [[Arpitan]]: '''''En''''') is a [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] named efter the [[Ain River]] on the eastren edge o Fraunce. Bein pairt o the region [[Rhône-Alpes]] an bordered bi the rivers [[Saône]] an [[Rhône]], the depairtment o Ain enjoys a privileged geografic situation. It haes an excellent transport network ([[TGV]], highways) an benefits frae the proximity tae the internaitional airports o [[Lyon]] an [[Geneva]]. Ain is componed o fower geografically different auries ([[Bresse]], [[Dombes]], [[Bugey]] an [[Pays de Gex]]) which – each wi its awn characteristics – contreibute tae the diversity an the dynamic economic development o the depairtment. In the Bresse agricultur an agro-industry are dominatit bi the cultivation o cereals, cattle breedin, milk an cheese production as well as poultry fairmin. In the [[Dombes]], [[piscicultur]] assumes greater importance as daes [[wine makin]] in the [[Bugey]]. The heich [[diversification (mercatin strategy)|diversification]] o the depairtment's industry is accompanied bi a strang presence o the [[plastics industry|plastics]] sector in an aroond [[Oyonnax]] (sae-cried "Plastics Valley"). Due tae its diverse industrial character an the cooperation o smaa an medium enterprises, Ain ranks amang the depairtments wi the fastest growin economy in the kintra. Its [[unemployment rate]] lies far beneath the naitional an regional average. Besides the export-orientit [[smaa an medium enterprises|SME's]], several muckle enterprises, wi a prominent poseetion on naitional an internaitional mercats, hae settled in the depairtment. Awtho leukin ahead, Ain attaches nevertheless great importance tae its historical an cultural heritage as illustratit bi its gastronomy (restaurant o [[George Blanc (chef)|Georges Blanc]] in [[Vonnas]]), its annual poultry competitions in the Bresse ("the three glorious") an its tourism (346 clessifee'd monuments such as the famous [[Ryal Monastery o Brou|kirk o Brou]] in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]], 14 museums o Fraunce, eco-tourism an ski tourism). ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons|Ain|Ain}} * {{fr icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061125064740/http://www.ain.pref.gouv.fr/DDAF/ode/ Prefectur wabsteid] * {{fr icon}} [http://www.cg01.fr/ General Cooncil wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004014712/http://www.cg01.fr/ |date=2006-10-04 }} * {{fr icon}} [http://www.ain.cci.fr/ Ain Chamber o Commerce an Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302202622/http://www.ain.cci.fr/ |date=2021-03-02 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.ain-tourisme.com/ Tourism steid] {{Depairtments o Fraunce}} [[Category:Ain|*]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1790]] [[Category:1790 establishments in Fraunce]] et7h6p96mnsna8lvstnkkid5lkdpkql 0 51600 923428 923108 2026-09-26T04:36:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains Chinese text}} {{Infobox Cheenese-leid sanger an actor <!------See WikiProject Chinese-language entertainment-------> |name = Jacky Cheung |image = Jacky Cheung on Stage in 2018 (cropped).jpg |caption = Jacky Cheung, Februar 2018 |chinesename = |tradchinesename = {{linktext|張|學|友}} |simpchinesename = {{linktext|张|学|友}} |pinyinchinesename = Zhāng Xúeyǒu |jyutpingchinesename = Zoeng1 Hok6-jau5 |birth_name = |ancestry = [[Tianjin]], [[Cheenae]]<ref>Xinhuanet. "[http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2002-05/24/content_406651.htm Xinhuanet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114162620/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2002-05/24/content_406651.htm |date=2010-01-14 }}." ''张学友：我是天津人.'' Date: 2002-05-24. Retrieved on 2009-04-13.</ref> |origin = [[Hong Kong]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|7|10}}<ref>Big5.cri.cn. "[http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/15464/2007/05/15/2385@1588390.htm CRIonline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195108/http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/15464/2007/05/15/2385@1588390.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}." ''五好男人張學友.'' Retrieved on 2009-04-12.</ref> |birth_place = Hong Kong |death_date = |death_place = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |othername = God of songs<ref name="Lib1" /> |occupation = Sangster, Sangwriter, Leericist, Actor |genre = [[Cantopop]], [[Mandopop]], [[Operatic pop]], [[Jazz]], [[R&B]] |instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]], [[guitar]] |voicetype = [[Baritone]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=PoX738irdL0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724145120/http://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=PoX738irdL0 |date=2013-07-24 }} Jacky Cheung & Anita Mui - Hard to Stay in Love (Jacky's lowest E note)</ref> [[Tenor]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZkyub9VNC4] Jacky & [[A-Mei]] - Blessings (the lowest G note male tenors can hit, also worth noting the original key is G major, the key was lowered to C major, or else A-Mei will be too high)</ref> occasional [[falsetto]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZU1Nhf0bbYg&feature=related Jacky Cheung - Your Hair's Become Messy(Jacky's highest falsetto notes)]</ref> |Label = [[Universal Music Group]]<ref name="un1" /> |yearsactive = 1984 – present |currentmembers = |pastmembers = |associatedact = |spouse = [[May Lo]] Mei-mei (羅美薇)(1996-present) |partner = |children =2 dochters |parents = |religion = [[Buddhism]] |influences =[[Michael Kwan]], [[Leslie Cheung]], [[Samuel Hui]],<br> [[Michael Jackson]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[Roman Tam]],<br> [[Danny Chan]], [[George Lam]],[[Harlem Yu]] |influenced =[[Eason Chan]], [[JJ Lin]], [[Jay Chou]],<br> [[Justin Lo]], [[Show Lo]] |website = [http://www.jackycheung.hk/ www.jackycheung.hk] |hongkongfilmwards = '''Best Supporting Actor'''<br />1989 ''[[As Tears Go By (film)|As Tears Go By]]''<br />'''Best Original Film Song'''<br />2006 ''[[Perhaps Love (film)|Perhaps Love]]'' |goldenbauhiniaawards = |hkfcsawards = |goldenhorseawards = '''Best Supporting Actor'''<br />1990 ''[[The Swordsman]]'' |goldenroosterawards = |ntsawards = |rthktop10goldsongsawards = '''[[Golden Needle Award]]'''<br />2000<br />'''Silver Jubilee Award'''<br />2002 |awards = '''[[World Music Awards]]'''<br />Best-Selling Asian Artist<br />1995, 1996 }} {{Chinese name|[[Zhang (surname)|Cheung]]}} '''Jacky Cheung''' (born 10 Julie 1961) is a [[Hong Kong]] [[sangster-sangwriter]] an actor. The [[Cheenese leid]] media refers tae him, [[Aaron Kwok]], [[Andy Lau]] an [[Leon Lai]] as the [[Cantopop]] [[Cantopop#1990s: Four Heavenly Kings era|Four Heavenly Kings]] (四大天王),<ref name="X1">Xinhuanet. "[http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2006-02/18/content_4195962.htm Xinhuanet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102101433/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2006-02/18/content_4195962.htm |date=2012-11-02 }}." ''四大天王 蓦然回首十五年.'' Retrieved on 2009-04-12.</ref> wi mair nor 25 million records sauld as o 2000.<ref>[http://orientaldaily.on.cc/archive/20030528/ent/ent_a54cnt.html 東方日報。2003年5月18日。學 友 坐 擁 3 億 延 續 神 話。]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alivenotdead.com/jackycheung/details.html?site_hkpag |title=香港演藝人協會，撿自：2013年11月18日。Jacky Cheung。 |access-date=2013-11-27 |archive-date=2017-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630080807/http://www.alivenotdead.com/jackycheung/details.html?site_hkpag |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Jacky Cheung}} * [http://www.jackycheung.com/ Jacky Cheung ] - Offeecial wabsteid * {{IMDb name|156484}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130107073243/http://bitetone.com/2011/03/03/bitetone-presents-%E2%80%93%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%B8%80%E9%9B%B6%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%BC%B5%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%88%E8%BC%AF/ Bitetone Presents – 2012 Our 20 Best Chinese Records] {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{Best Supporting Actor HKFA}} |- !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[Golden Horse Awards]] |- {{succession box |title=Best Supporting Actor |years=1990<br />'''for ''[[As Tears Go By (film)|As Tears Go By]]'' ''' |before=[[Chang Shih]]<br />for ''[[Banana Paradise]]'' |after=[[Kwan Hoi San]]<br />for ''[[Lee Rock]]'' }} |- !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation]] |- {{succession box |title=Asia-Pacific Most Popular Male Singer |years=1994 |before=[[Andy Lau]] |after=[[Andy Lau]] }} {{succession box |title=Most Popular Male Artist |years=1996 |before=[[Leon Lai]] |after=[[Aaron Kwok]] }} {{succession box |title=Asia-Pacific Most Popular Male Singer |years=1997-1998 |before=[[Andy Lau]] |after=[[Aaron Kwok]] }} |- !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards]] |- {{Succession box |title=Golden Needle Award |years=2000 |before=[[Leslie Cheung]] |after=[[Richard Lam]] }} |- !colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards]] |- {{Succession box |title=Golden Needle Award |years=2012(Seicont time) |before=[[Jenny Tseng]] |after= - }} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cheung, Jacky}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Cantopop sangsters]] [[Category:Inglis-leid sangsters o Hong Kong]] [[Category:Hong Kong Buddhists]] [[Category:Hong Kong male film actors]] [[Category:Hong Kong male sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong Mandopop sangsters]] [[Category:Hong Kong filanthropists]] [[Category:Hong Kong male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Buddhist vegetarians]] [[Category:20t-century male actors]] [[Category:21st-century male actors]] spfshksrce60sgsux5icklfkkqbi3f2 0 51754 923337 911188 2026-09-26T00:04:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |name = Anna Vissi<br>Άννα Βίσση |image_size = 220px |image = AnnaVissiatAthinonArena.jpg |caption = Anna Vissi on stage at Athinon Arena in Athens, Greece (2011). |background = solo_singer |alias = Anna Vishy <!-- This was the name she used in ESC 1980 --> |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|12|20|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Pyla]], [[Larnaca Destrict|Larnaca]], [[Cyprus]] |death_date = |origin = [[Larnaca]], Cyprus <!-- The origin field is reserved for where the singer started his/her career. --> |instrument = Vocals |genre = [[Laïko]], [[pop muisic|pop]], [[Dance muisic|dance]],<br> [[Éntekhno|entehno]], [[pop rock]] <!-- Her album "Nylon" and "Agapi Einai Esi" are mostly rock and there are also rock songs in other albums.--> |occupation = Sangster, sangwriter, actress,<br> televeeision presenter, radio personality, businesswumman |years_active = 1973–present <!--Although Anna Vissi sang from an early age, 1973 is when she moved to Greece and started making records--> |label = [[Minos EMI#Merger with Minos Matsas & Son|Minos]] <small>(1973–1978)</small><br /> [[Minos EMI#Founding of recorded music in Greece|EMI Greece]] <small>(1979–1982)</small><!-- The company's legal name was EMIAL at the time and used the trade name EMI Greece, not the current name EMI Music Greece.--><br /> CarVi <small>(1982–1983)</small><br /> [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Greece]] <small>(1984–)</small><br /> [[Moda Records|Moda/Vanilla]] <small>(2005–)</small> |associated_acts = [[Epikouri]], [[Nikos Karvelas]] |website = [http://annavissilive.com www.annavissilive.com]<br> [http://www.fannatics.gr www.fannatics.gr] |current_members = |past_members = |notable_instruments = }} '''Anna Vissi''' ({{lang-el|Άννα Βίσση}} ({{IPA-el|ˈana ˈvisi|pron}}, {{IPA-el|ˈanːa ˈviʃːi|local}}); born 20 Dizember 1957), kent as '''Anna Vishy''' an aw, is a [[Cyprus|Cypriot]] recordin airtist an actress. Born in [[Pyla]], [[Larnaca Destrict|Larnaca]], She began singin profeesionally in 1973 when she muived tae Greece an signed a recordin contract wi Minos. In 1977, she teuk 1st place in the 19t Thessaloniki Song Festival wi the sang "[[As Kanoume Apopse Mian Arhi]]" ("Let's mak tonight a principle") an released her first album wi the same title. Syne the 80s, Vissi began an exclusive collaboration wi componer an leericist [[Nikos Karvelas]], whom she marriet an haed a dochter thegither. Throu a career that haes spanned fower decades, Vissi haes influencit several o the naition's younger generation o female airtists. She haes wan sax Arion Music Awards, 15 Pop Corn Music Awards, an nine MAD Video Music Awards. Vissi haes receivit 32 Platinum an 11 Gowd certifications frae IFPI Greece an haes become ane o the kintra's best-sellin airtists o aw time, haein sauld ower 9.5 million records warldwide an is ane o the kintra's top earnin airtists an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esctoday.com/news/read/5292|title='Anna Vissi back at negotiations table'|last=Bakker|first=ieste|date=January 14, 2006|publisher=ESCToday|accessdate=September 10, 2010}}</ref><ref name="forbes 2010 60">{{cite news|title=The Greek List|work=Forbes|page=60|date=November 2010|language=Greek|accessdate=December 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Άννα Βίσση: Το απόλυτο φαβορί... Θεωρείται η απόλυτη star, αφού ξεπέρασε παγκοσμίως 9.500.000 πωλήσεις | url = http://www.zougla.gr/page.ashx?pid=2&aid=93030&cid=32 | accessdate = January 7, 2011 | archive-date = 2013-09-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130906062443/http://www.zougla.gr/page.ashx?pid=2&aid=93030&cid=32 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2010, [[Alpha TV]] rankit Vissi as the seicont top-certifee'd female airtist in Greece in the phonografic era (syne 1960), ahint [[Haris Alexiou]],<ref name="alpha women">''Chart Show: Your Countdown''. [[Alpha TV]]. Airdate: March 22, 2010.</ref> while ''[[Forbes]]'' leetit her as the 15t maist pouerful an influential celebrity in Greece an fowert heichest rankit sangster.<ref name="forbes 2010 38">{{cite news|title=The Greek List|work=Forbes|page=38|date=November 2010|language=Greek|accessdate=December 22, 2010}}</ref> ==Discografie== {{main|Anna Vissi discografie}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Studio albums=== * ''[[As Kanoume Apopse Mian Arhi]]'' (1977) * ''[[Kitrino Galazio]]'' (1979) * ''[[Nai (Anna Vissi album)|Nai]]'' (1980) * ''[[Anna Vissi (1981 album)|Anna Vissi]]'' (1981) * ''[[Eimai To Simera Kai Eisai To Hthes]]'' (1982) * ''[[Na 'Hes Kardia]]'' (1984) * ''[[Kati Simveni]]'' (1985) * ''[[I Epomeni Kinisi]]'' (1986) * ''[[Tora (Anna Vissi album)|Tora]]'' (1988) * ''[[Empnefsi!]]'' (1988) * ''[[Fotia]]'' (1989) * ''[[Eimai]]'' (1990) * ''[[Emeis]]'' (1992) * ''[[Lambo (Anna Vissi album)|Lambo]]'' (1992) * ''[[Re!]]'' (1994) * ''[[O! Kypros]]'' (1995) * ''[[Klima Tropiko]]'' (1996) * ''[[Travma]]'' (1997) * ''[[Antidoto]]'' (1998) * ''[[Everything I Am]]'' (2000) * ''[[Kravgi]]'' (2000) * ''[[Chi (album)|X]]'' (2002) * ''[[Paraksenes Eikones]]'' (2003) * ''[[Nylon (Anna Vissi album)|Nylon]]'' (2005) * ''[[Apagorevmeno]]'' (2008) * ''[[Agapi Einai Esi (album)|Agapi Einai Esi]]'' (2010) {{col-2}} ===Live albums=== * ''[[Live! (Anna Vissi album)|Live!]]'' (1993) * ''[[Live (Anna Vissi album)|Live]]'' (2004) {{col-end}} ==Filmografie== {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Television |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes and Awards |- | 1994 | ''Me Agapi, Anna'' <br><small>(With Love, Anna)</small><br> | Hersel/Host | Variety show |- | 2011 | ''Anna Vissi: Oso Exo Foni'' <br><small>(Anna Vissi: As Long As I Have Voice)</small><br> | Hersel/Host | First 'Rockumentary' (autobiography) ever to air in Greece / Cyprus |- ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Theater |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes an Awairds |- | 1991 | ''[[Daimones]]''<br><small>(Demons)</small><br> | Queen/Rozanne | First Greek [[Rock Opera]] |- | 1993 | ''[[Ode To The Gods]]'' | [[Aphrodite]] | One Act Opera |- | 2002 | ''[[Mala – I Mousiki Tou Anemou]]''<br><small>(Mala – The Music Of The Wind)</small><br> | [[Mala Zimetbaum]] | Opera |- | 2013 | ''[[Daimones]]''<br><small>(Demons)</small><br> | Queen/Rozane | |} ==Tours== * 20 Years Live Tour (1993) * Klima Tropiko Tour (1996) * Travma World Tour (1997) * World Tour Europe & U.S.A (1998–1999) * Kravgi Australian Tour (2003) * 2004 World Tour (2004) * Best Of Anna Vissi Tour (2006) * 2007 World Tour (2007) * Apagorevmeno Summer Tour (2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anna-vissi.blogspot.com/2009/04/tour.html |title=Anna Vissi News: Αννα Βισση – Tour Στην Ελλαδα !! |publisher=Anna-vissi.blogspot.com |date=April 7, 2009 |accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> * Australian Tour (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anna-vissi.blogspot.com/2010/01/australia-tour-june-2010.html |title=ANNA VISSI NEWS: Άννα Βισση – Australian Tour , June 2010 |publisher=Anna-vissi.blogspot.com |date=January 14, 2010 |accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greekcity.com.au/content.cfm?id=5529 |title=Australia's largest Greek site : Anna Vissi Returns Live 2010 (Sydney and Melbourne) |publisher=GreekCity |accessdate=March 10, 2012 |archive-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220132852/http://www.greekcity.com.au/content.cfm?id=5529 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * World Tour U.S.A,Canada & Europe Tour (2011)<ref name="anna-vissi.blogspot.com"/> * Greek & American Summer Tour (2012) * American & Canada Tour (2013)<ref>http://www.songkick.com/concerts/15263449-anna-vissi-at-melrose-ballroom?r=related</ref> ==Awairds== {{main|Leet o awairds an nominations receivit bi Anna Vissi}} ==See an aw== * [[Leet o Cypriots]] * [[Leet o Greeks]] * [[Leet o airtists who reached nummer ane on the US dance chairt]] * [[Leet o nummer-ane dance hits (Unitit States)]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090426114636/http://www.annavissi.net/ Offeecial Wabsteid] *[http://annavissilive.com Offeecial Wabsteid run bi Anna Vissi] *[http://www.sonymusic.gr/page/artist/artists_greek.asp?art_id=38 Sony Music artist profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011044630/http://www.sonymusic.gr/page/artist/artists_greek.asp?art_id=38 |date=2010-10-11 }} *[http://www.rodacino.gr/article.jsf?id=67D0762757423CFB880CC08C4178A0D3&at=3 News ] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130217153252/http://www.rodacino.gr/article.jsf?id=67D0762757423CFB880CC08C4178A0D3&at=3 |date=2013-02-17 }} {{s-start}} {{succession box | before=[[Elpida (sangster)|Elpida]]<br>wi ''[[Sokrati]]''<br/>[[Elena Paparizou]]<br>wi ''[[My Number One]]'' | title=[[Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest]] | years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 1980|1980]]<br/>[[Eurovision Song Contest 2006|2006]] | after=[[Giannis Dimitras]]<br>with ''[[Feggari Kalokerino]]''<br/>[[Sarbel]]<br>with ''[[Yassou Maria]]'' }} {{succession box | before=[[Island (sangster)|Island]]<br>wi ''[[Monika]]'' | title=[[Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest]] | years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 1982|1982]] | after=[[Stavros & Konstantina]]<br>wi ''[[I Agapi Akoma Zi]]'' }} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vissi, Anna}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Arion Music Awards winners]] [[Category:Cypriot female sangsters]] [[Category:Cypriot pop sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:MAD Video Music Awards winners]] 4899e0co57cwavxbhjjw8vuhykuu49f 0 51873 923453 894056 2026-09-26T05:31:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Laurent Voulzy | image = Voulzy Concert Belle-Ile (2).jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Lucien Voulzy | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|12|18|df=yes}} |birth_place =Paris, Fraunce | origin = | instrument = Guitar | genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[French pop muisic|French pop]],<br> [[pop rock]], [[Experimental muisic|experimental]],<br> [[chanson]], [[soft rock]] | occupation = sangster-sangwriter | years_active = 1969 – present | label = | website = [http://www.laurentvoulzy.com/ laurentvoulzy.com <FR>] | notable_instruments = }} '''Lucien "Laurent" Voulzy''' (born 18 December 1948) is a [[French fowk|French]] sangster an componer. ==Life an career== Voulzy wis born in Paris, [[Fraunce]]. He oreeginally led the Inglis-pop-influencit [[Le Temple de Vénus]] afore joinin [[Pascal Danel]] as guitarist frae 1969 tae 1974. Housomeivver, his kenspecklemaist efforts is his collaborative sangwritin anes wi sangster/sangwriter [[Alain Souchon]] an his solo singin career, at spanned several sonsie albums. Voulzy haed an internaitional hit wi the sang ''[[Rockollection]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.famousfrenchmusic.com/top-french-artists/pop-artists/274-laurent-voulzy|title=Famous French Music: Voulzy|access-date=2013-05-26|archive-date=2014-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321004137/http://www.famousfrenchmusic.com/top-french-artists/pop-artists/274-laurent-voulzy|url-status=dead}}</ref> The French leerics wis interspersed wi some lines frae classic rock hits efter the chorus. His major French hits include 'Le Soleil Donne' – sung in French, Inglis an Spainyie – and 'Les Nuits Sans [[Kim Wilde]]' ('Nichts athoot Kim Wilde'), inspired bi the chairt-toppin Inglis sangster. Voulzy haed a wappin hit wi his album ''La Septième Vague'' at reakit nummer ane. Featured on the album is a cover o the [[Everly Brothers]] hit "[[All I Have to Do Is Dream]]", recordit as a duet wi Erse sangster [[Andrea Corr]]. The sang wis released as a single an wis includit on [[The Corrs]]' greatest hits album ''[[Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection]]'' an aw. In 2006, Voulzy recordit in 2007 a duet wi famous French guitarist [[Jean-Pierre Danel]] on his hit album ''Guitar Connection 2''. The sang hit the French chairts at #7 in 2008. For his 2011 album ''Lys and Love'', Voulzy recordit a duet on the sang "Ma seule amour" wi Inglis sangster [[Roger Daltrey]] o [[The Who]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Laurent-Voulzy/news-76660.html?utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitterfeed|title=Un duo avec Roger Daltrey (The Who) sur le prochain Voulzy|date=15 November 2011|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref> In 2007, Voulzy toured France. He lives wi his faimily in [[Haslemere]], in the Sooth o Ingland.<ref>{{cite web |title= Laurent Voulzy |publisher=Lyrics Freak |year=2012 |url= http://www.lyricsfreak.com/l/laurent+voulzy/biography.html |accessdate=2012-03-23}}</ref> == Discografie == === Studio albums === * Le Coeur Grenadine (1979, RCA) * Bopper En Larmes (1983, RCA) * Caché Derrière (1992, Ariola) * Avril (2002, RCA) * La Septième Vague (2006, RCA) * Recollection (2008, RCA) * Lys and Love (2011, Columbia) === Live albums === * Voulzy Tour (1994, Ariola) * Le Gothique Flamboyant Pop Dancing Tour (2004, RCA) === Compilations === * Saisons (2003, RCA) 1977–2003 * Les Essentiels (2002, RCA) 1977–1988 ===Sangs=== * 1977: [[Rockollection]] * 1978: Bubble Star * 1979: Le Cœur grenadine * 1979: Karin Redinger * 1979: Cocktail chez mademoiselle * 1980: Surfing Jack * 1981: Idéal simplifié * 1983: Bopper en larmes * 1983: Liebe * 1984: Désir désir <small>(duo with Véronique Jannot)</small> * 1985: [[Les Nuits Sans Kim Wilde]] * 1986: Belle-Île-en-Mer * 1987: My Song of You * 1988: Le soleil donne * 1992: Paradoxal système * 1993: Le Pouvoir des fleurs * 1993: Caché derrière * 1993: Le Rêve du pêcheur * 2001: Une héroïne * 2002: La Fille d'avril * 2002: Amélie Colbert * 2003: Là où je vais * 2006: Derniers Baisers * 2008: My Song of You <small>(instrumental duo with Jean-Pierre Danel)</small> * 2008: Jelly Bean * 2009: Le vent qui va * 2013: Jeanne ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category}} * {{fr icon}} [http://www.laurentvoulzy.com/ Laurent Voulzy (offeecial steid)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051202124804/http://www.rfimusique.com/siteEn/biographie/biographie_6179.asp Biografie o Laurent Voulzy], frae [[Radio France Internationale]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Voulzy, Laurent}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:French male sangsters]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Paris]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Paris]] k4540bp43vjmt6l61aw9wzkyi302s43 0 52304 923542 912690 2026-09-26T09:05:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = São Tomé |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Sao tome palace.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = São Tomé palace |image_flag = Bandeira São Tomé.PNG |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = S.Tomé.PNG |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map =Sao Tome |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize= |pushpin_map_caption =Location on [[São Tomé Island]] <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|25px]] [[São Tomé an Príncipe]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o São Tomé an Príncipe|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[São Tomé Province]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o São Tomé an Príncipe|Destrict]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Água Grande Destrict|Água Grande]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = 1485 |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 17 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 56166 |population_density_km2 = 180 <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|0|20|10|N|6|40|53|E|region:ST|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = +239-11x-xxxx through 14x-xxxx |website = |footnotes = }} '''São Tomé''' ([[population]] 56,166 in 2005) is the [[caipital ceety]] o [[São Tomé an Príncipe]] an is bi far that naition's lairgest toun. Its name is [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] for "[[Thomas (Apostle)|Saunt Thomas]]". ==History== São Tomé wis foondit bi [[Portugal]] in 1485. The Portuguese came tae São Tomé in sairch o land tae grow succar. The island wis uninhabitit afore the arrival o the Portuguese sometime aroond 1470. São Tomé wis richt on the equator an wet enough tae grow succar in wild abundance. Its proximity tae the African [[Kinrick o Kongo]] providit an eventual soorce o sclave laborers tae wirk the succar plantations. São Tomé is centred on a saxteent century [[cathedral]]. Anither early biggin is [[São Tomé Naitional Museum|Fort São Sebastião]], biggit in 1575 an nou the [[São Tomé Naitional Museum]]. In 1599, the ceety as well as the islands wur taken bi the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] for twa days an again in 1641 for a year. It wis the caipital o the [[Portuguese São Tomé an Príncipe|Portuguese colony o São Tomé an Príncipe]] an, syne São Tomé an Príncipe's unthirldom in 1975, caipital o the sovereign naition. ==Geografie an location== [[Image:Sao tome se.jpg|thumb|left|The cathedral - Sé - o Sao Tomé]] São Tomé is locatit at {{Coord|0|20|10|N|6|40|53|E|display=inline,title}}. [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325175559/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |date=2011-03-25 }} Important as a port, São Tomé is locatit on ''Ana Chaves Bay'' in the northeast o [[São Tomé Island]], an [[Ilhéu das Cabras]] lies nearby affshore. São Tomé is locatit northeast o [[Trindade (São Tomé and Príncipe)|Trindade]], sootheast o [[Guadalupe, São Tomé an Príncipe|Guadalupe]] an northwest o [[Santana, São Tomé an Príncipe|Santana]]. It is linked tae thir touns bi various roadways, but especially bi the highway encircling the entire island o São Tomé. It is airtit tae [[Cape Verde]] bi a weekly ferry. Featurs o the toun include the Presidential Palace, the [[Cathedral]], an a [[movie theater|cinema]]. The ceety is an aa home tae schuils, middle schuils, heich schuils, ane polytechnic, twa [[mercat]]s, three [[radio stations]], the public telly station ''TVSP'', several clinics an hospitals, the kintra's main airport - [[São Tomé Internaitional Airport]] (wi direct regular scheduled flichts tae Angola, Gabon an Portugal as well as occasional domestic flichts tae [[Príncipe Airport|Príncipe]]), an mony squares (''[[praça]]s''). São Tomé an aa serves as the centre o the island's road an bus networks. The toun is weel kent for the '''Tchiloli''' play. ==Population history== {{Historical populations|align = center | 1990<br><small>(Juin&nbsp;23, Census)</small> | 42331 | 2000<br><small>(Juin&nbsp;16, Census)</small> | 49997 | 2003<br><small>(Estimate)</small> | 53300 | 2005<br><small>(Januar&nbsp;1, Estimate)</small> | 56166 }} ==Transport== São Tomé is served bi [[São Tomé International Airport]] {{Airport codes|TMS|FPST}} wi regular flichts tae Europe an ither African kintras. ==Climate== São Tomé featurs a [[tropical wet ad dry climate]] wi a relatively lengthy [[wet saison]] an a short [[dry saison]]. The wet saison runs frae October throu Mey while the dry saison covers the remainin fower month. São Tomé sees on average juist unner 1000&nbsp;mm o precipitation per year. Temperaturs in the ceety are relatively constant, wi average heich temperaturs uisually aroond 30&nbsp;°C an average law temperaturs aroond 22&nbsp;°C. {{Weather box |location = São Tomé |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 32 |Feb record high C = 33 |Mar record high C = 33 |Apr record high C = 33 |May record high C = 32 |Jun record high C = 31 |Jul record high C = 31 |Aug record high C = 31 |Sep record high C = 32 |Oct record high C = 32 |Nov record high C = 32 |Dec record high C = 32 |year record high C = 33 |Jan high C = 30 |Feb high C = 30 |Mar high C = 31 |Apr high C = 30 |May high C = 29 |Jun high C = 28 |Jul high C = 28 |Aug high C = 28 |Sep high C = 29 |Oct high C = 29 |Nov high C = 29 |Dec high C = 29 |year high C = 29 |Jan low C = 23 |Feb low C = 23 |Mar low C = 23 |Apr low C = 23 |May low C = 23 |Jun low C = 22 |Jul low C = 21 |Aug low C = 21 |Sep low C = 21 |Oct low C = 22 |Nov low C = 22 |Dec low C = 22 |year low C = 22 |Jan record low C = 20 |Feb record low C = 20 |Mar record low C = 20 |Apr record low C = 20 |May record low C = 19 |Jun record low C = 19 |Jul record low C = 19 |Aug record low C = 19 |Sep record low C = 19 |Oct record low C = 19 |Nov record low C = 19 |Dec record low C = 19 |year record low C = 19 |Jan precipitation mm = 81 |Feb precipitation mm = 107 |Mar precipitation mm = 150 |Apr precipitation mm = 127 |May precipitation mm = 135 |Jun precipitation mm = 28 |Jul precipitation mm = 0 |Aug precipitation mm = 0 |Sep precipitation mm = 23 |Oct precipitation mm = 109 |Nov precipitation mm = 117 |Dec precipitation mm = 89 |year precipitation mm = 966 |source 1 = BBC Wather <ref name="weather1">{{cite web | url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004850 | title =Average Conditions Sao Tome, Sao Tome Principe | accessdate =August 17, 2009 | publisher =BBC Weather | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071012194028/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004850 | archivedate =2007-10-12 | url-status =live }}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} ==Notable fowk== * [[José de Almada Negreiros]], [[Futurist]] painter ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons|São Tomé}} {{Portal|São Tomé an Príncipe}} *{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Sao_Tome_and_Principe|Sao Tome and Principe}} *'''Cairt an aerial photos''': **Street cairt: [http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?latlongtype=decimal&latitude=6.68&longitude=0.335&zoom=6 Street map from Mapquest]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080120214135/http://maps.msn.com/(kv4dow55ocd4kkqpplbjzmrs)/map.aspx?&lats1=6.68&lons1=0.335&alts1=35 MapPoint] or [http://maps.google.com/maps?||=0.335,6.68 Google] or [http://maps.yahoo.com/maps_result?lat=0.335&lon=6.68&mag=2 Yahoo! Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313221726/http://maps.yahoo.com/maps_result?lat=0.335&lon=6.68&mag=2 |date=2007-03-13 }} **Satellite images: [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=0.335,6.68&spn=0.11,0.18&t=k Google] or [http://virtualearth.msn.com/default.aspx?cp=0.335|6.68&style=h&lvl=15&v=1 Microsoft Virtual Earth] - image nae yet available *[http://www.saotome.st www.saotome.st] - Facts aboot the kintra, hou tae get thare, whaur tae stay, what tae dae, images etc. *Local traivel agency Navetur-Equatour - information&picturs http://www.navetur-equatour.st/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419141618/http://navetur-equatour.st/ |date=2017-04-19 }} *Coordinates: {{Coord|0|20|10|N|6|40|53|E|type:city(56166)_region:ST}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sao Tome}} [[Category:São Tomé|*]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places in São Tomé Province]] [[Category:1485 establishments]] [[Category:Umwhile Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1480s]] qu3b5k6rc30gdaj4zzssoboi56sgpdu 0 52466 923478 871821 2026-09-26T07:04:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |conventional_long_name = Viceroyalty of New Spain |native_name = ''Virreinato de Nueva España'' |common_name = New Spain |continent = North America |region = |country = [[Mexico]], an ither naitions formerly pairt o the Viceroyalty o New Spain's territory. |era = [[European colonization o the Americaes|Colonial era]] |status = [[Colony]] o [[Croun o Castile|Castile]] an [[Spainyie Empire|Spain]] |status_text = |empire = Spain |government_type = [[Viceryalty]] |year_start = 1519 |year_end = 1821 |event_pre = [[Spainyie Conquest o Mexico|Conquest o Mexico]] |date_pre = 1519–1521 |event_start = [[Vicery]]alty creatit |date_start = |event1 = [[Viceryalty o New Granada|New Granada]] estab.,<br />{{nbsp|3}}includin [[Panama]] |date_event1 = &nbsp;<br>27 Mey 1717 |event2 = [[Third Treaty o San Ildefonso|Treaty o San Ildefonso]] |date_event2 = 01 October 1800 |event3 = [[Adams-Onís Treaty]] |date_event3 = 22 Februar 1819 |event4 = [[Trienio Liberal]] abolished the viceryalty o New Spain |date_event4 = 31 May 1820 |event_end = [[Mexican War o Unthirldom]] an [[History o Central Americae|Central American Unthirldom]] |date_end = 1810 - |p1 = Govrenorate o Cuba |flag_p1 = Banner of arms crown of Castille Habsbourg style.svg |p2 = Aztec Empire |flag_p2 = CodexMendoza01.jpg |p3 = Tarascan state |flag_p3 = Glifo Michhuahcān.png |p4 = Maya Ceevilization |p5 = Native Americans in the Unitit States |flag_p6 = Pavillon royal de France.svg |p6 = Louisiana (New Fraunce) |p7 = Kinrick o Tondo |p8 = Rajahnate o Cebu |p9 = Indigenous fowks o the Americaes |s1 = Provincial deputation in Mexico |flag_s1 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg |s2 = Spaingie Wast Indies |flag_s2 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg |s3 = Spaingie East Indies |flag_s3 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg |s4 = Louisiana (New Fraunce) |flag_s4 = Flag of France.svg |s5 = Florida Territory |flag_s5 = US flag 23 stars.svg |s6 = Native Americans in the Unitit States |s7 = Indigenous fowks o Americae |s8 = First Mexican Empire |flag_s8 = Flag of Mexico (1821-1823).svg | |flag = Cross o Burgundy |flag_type = Flag |image_flag = Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg |symbol = |symbol_type = |image_coat = |image_map = Map of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.svg |image_map_caption = A cairt o the territories o the Viceryalty o New Spain, at its zenith in 1795 | |capital = [[Mexico Ceety]] |national_motto = ''[[Plus Ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]''<br><small>"Further Beyond"</small> |national_anthem = ''[[Marcha Real]]''<br><small>"Ryal Mairch"</small> |common_languages = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]], [[Nahuatl]], [[Mayan leids|Mayan]], [[Indigenous leids o the Americaes|Indigenous languages]] |religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] |currency = [[Spaingie colonial real]] | |title_leader = [[Leet o Spainyie monarchs|Keeng]] |leader1 = [[Charles I o Spain|Charles I]] <small>(first)</small> |year_leader1 = 1535–1556 |leader2 = [[Ferdinand VII o Spain|Ferdinand VII]] <small>(last)</small> |year_leader2 = 1813–1821 | |title_deputy = [[Leet o Vicerys o New Spain|Vicery]] |deputy1 = [[Antonio de Mendoza]] <small>(first)</small> |year_deputy1 = 1535–1550 |deputy2 = [[Juan O'Donojú]] <small>Poleetical chief superior (nae vicery)</small> |year_deputy2 = 1821 | |legislature = [[Cooncil o the Indies]] | |stat_year1 = 1519 |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = 20 million |stat_year2 = 1810 |stat_pop2 = 5 tae 6.5 million | |today = {{Collapsible list|title=Kintras today| {{Flag|Bahamas}}|{{flag|Belize}}|{{flag|Canadae}}| *{{flag|Breetish Columbie}}| *{{flag|Alberta}}| *{{flag|Saskatchewan}}| {{flag|Cayman Islands}} ([[UK]])|{{flag|Costa Rica}}|{{flag|Cuba}}|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}|{{flag|El Salvador}}|{{flag|Federatit States o Micronesie|name=Micronesie}}|{{flag|Guatemala}}|{{flag|Guyana}}|{{flag|Honduras}}|{{flag|Mexico}}|{{flag|Nicaragua}}|{{flag|Northren Mariana Islands}}|{{flag|Palau}}|{{flag|Philippines}}|{{flag|Trinidad an Tobago}}|{{flag|Unitit States}}| *{{flag|Guam}}| *{{flag|Puerto Rico}}| *{{flag|Californie}}| *{{flag|Oregon}}| *{{flag|Washington}}| *{{flag|Alabama}}| *{{flag|Mississippi}}| *{{flag|Florida}}| *{{flag|Minnesota}}| *{{flag|North Dakota}}| *{{flag|Sooth Dakota}}| *{{flag|Montana}}| *{{flag|Wyoming}}| *{{flag|Arizona}}| *{{flag|Missouri}}| *{{flag|Iowa}}| *{{flag|Arkansas}}| *{{flag|Kansas}}| *{{flag|Louisiana}}| *{{flag|Nevada}}| *{{flag|Utah}}| *{{flag|Colorado}}| *{{flag|Oklahoma}}| *{{flag|Texas}}| *{{flag|New Mexico}}| *{{flag|Nebraska}}| {{flag|Venezuela}} }} |footnotes = }} '''New Spain''', formally cried the '''Viceryalty o New Spain''' ({{lang-es|Virreinato de Nueva España}}), wis a [[viceryalty]] o the [[croun o Castile]], o the Spainyie empire, comprisin territories in the north owerseas 'Septentrion' ([[North Americae]] an [[Spaingie East Indies|Philippines]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.lanic.utexas.edu/project/tavera/espana/historia/munoz.html |title=LANIC: Colección Juan Bautista Muñoz. Archivo de la Real Academia de la Historia – España. (in Spanish) |access-date=2013-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906055844/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tavera/espana/historia/munoz.html |archive-date=2019-09-06 |url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906055844/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tavera/espana/historia/munoz.html |date=2019-09-06 }}</ref><ref>[http://international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?intldl/esbib:@OR(@field(DOCID+@lit(ascesp000008))) Selections from the National Library of Spain: ''Conquista del Reino de Nueva Galicia en la América Septrentrional..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, con noticias de la California''. (Conquest of the Kingdom of New Galicia in North America..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, with news of California). (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/76823718619021992919946/p0000001.htm#I_4_ |title=Cervantes Virtual: Historia de la conquista de México (in Spanish) |access-date=2013-06-08 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091549/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/76823718619021992919946/p0000001.htm#I_4_ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://worldcat.org/wcpa/ow/7ac9dd70d045f27a.html |title=Worldcat: Historia de la conquista de México, poblacion y progresos de la América Septentrional, conocida por el nombre de Nueva España (in Spaingie) |access-date=2013-06-08 |archive-date=2013-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120135017/http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/ow/7ac9dd70d045f27a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> New Spain wis established follaein the [[Spaingie conquest o the Aztec Empire]] in 1521. Its greatest extent includit much o [[North Americae]] sooth o [[Canadae]], that is: aw o present-day [[Mexico]] an [[Central Americae]] except [[Panama]]; maist o the [[Unitit States]] wast o the [[Mississippi River]], plus [[Spaingie Florida|the Floridas]]. New Spain an aa includit: the [[Spaingie East Indies]] (the [[Philippine Islands]], the [[Mariana Islands]], the [[Caroline Islands]], [[Spaingie Formosa|Taiwan]], an pairts o the [[Moluccas]]); an the [[Spaingie Wast Indies]] ([[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]] (comprisin [[Haiti]] an the [[Dominican Republic]]), [[Puerto Rico]], [[Jamaica]], the [[Cayman Islands]], [[Trinidad]], an the [[Bay Islands (depairtment)|Bay Islands]]). Admeenistrative units includit [[Las Californias]], that is, Alta Californie (present-day [[Arizona]], [[Californie]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], wastren Colorado, an sooth Wyoming); an [[Baja California Norte]] an [[Baja California Sur|Sur]], [[Nueva Extremadura]] (the present-day states o [[Coahuila]] an [[Texas]]), an [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]] (pairts o [[Texas]] an [[New Mexico]]).<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412085/Viceroyalty-of-New-Spain</ref> an [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Louisiana]] (includin the wastren Mississippi river basin an the Missouri River basin). The Spaingie govrened New Spain frae [[Mexico Ceety]], formerly the conquered [[Tenochtitlan]], caipital o the [[Aztec Empire]]. It wis ruled bi a [[vicery]] in Mexico Ceety who govrened the various territories o New Spain on behauf o the [[Keeng o Spain]]. It wis the first o fower viceroyalties creatit tae govren [[Spain]]'s owerseas colonies. (The [[Viceroyalty o Peru]] wis creatit in 1542 followin the [[Spaingie conquest o the Inca Empire]]. In the 18t century the [[Viceroyalty o New Granada]], an the [[Viceryalty o the Río de la Plata]] wur an aa creatit.) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/travel/dpalfrey/dpcolonial1.html MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA—PART I: The Settlement o New Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301040320/http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/travel/dpalfrey/dpcolonial1.html |date=2009-03-01 }} at mexconnect.com *[http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/Spaincon.htm Index tae the DeWitt Colony Region unner New Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003124751/http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/Spaincon.htm |date=2010-10-03 }} at Texas A&M Varsity *[http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/e-Eur.claims.Amer/midamer.html 1492&nbsp;– Middle Americae] at ibiblio.org ''the public's library an deegital archive'' *[http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9055514 Encyclopædia Britannica : Hispanic Heritage in The Americaes] *[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2663 Cairt o the Border o the Keeng's Dominion in the Northren Americae] is a cairt bi [[José de Urrútia]] an Nicolas de la Fora frae 1771 [[Category:New Spain| 01]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Spaingie colonial period in the Philippines|+]] [[Category:Viceryalties o the Spaingie Empire]] [[Category:History o North Americae]] [[Category:History o New Spain| 01]] [[Category:Colonial Mexico| ]] [[Category:Colonial Unitit States (Spaingie)| ]] [[Category:Colonization history o the Unitit States|Spain]] [[Category:Spaingie Californie]] [[Category:Pre-stateheid history o New Mexico]] [[Category:Pre-stateheid history o Arizona]] [[Category:Spaingie colonisation o the Americas]] [[Category:Spaingie Texas|+]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1519]] [[Category:1519 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:States an territories disestablished in 1821]] [[Category:Teetles o nobility in the Americaes]] [[Category:Laitin American history]] aep888byqprbr79wgyft25oiewlbu50 0 52604 923525 917793 2026-09-26T08:45:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox officeholder |nobel = yes |birth_name=Szymon Perski |name = Shimon Peres<br><small>שמעון פרס</small> |image = Shimon Peres - World Economic Forum on the Middle East 2009.jpg |office = [[Leet o Preses o Israel|9t]] [[Preses]] o [[Israel]] |primeminister = [[Ehud Olmert]]<br>[[Benjamin Netanyahu]] |term_start = 15 Julie 2007 |term_end = 24 Julie 2014 |predecessor = [[Moshe Katsav]] |successor = [[Reuven Rivlin]] |office1 = [[Prime meenister]] o [[Israel]] |president1 = [[Ezer Weizman]] |term_start1 = 4 November 1995 |term_end1 = 18 Juin 1996<br><small>[[Actin (law)|Actin]]: 4 November 1995 – 22 November 1995</small> |predecessor1 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |successor1 = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] |president2 = [[Chaim Herzog]] |term_start2 = 13 September 1984 |term_end2 = 20 October 1986 |predecessor2 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |successor2 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |president3 = [[Ephraim Katzir]] |term_start3 = 22 Aprile 1977 |term_end3 = 21 Juin 1977<br><small>Actin</small> |predecessor3 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |successor3 = [[Menachem Begin]] |office4 = [[Foreign Affairs Meenister o Israel|Meenister o Foreign Affairs]] |primeminister4 = [[Ariel Sharon]] |deputy4 = [[Michael Melchior]] |term_start4 = 7 Mairch 2001 |term_end4 = 2 November 2002 |predecessor4 = [[Shlomo Ben-Ami]] |successor4 = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] |primeminister5 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |deputy5 = [[Yossi Beilin]]<br>[[Eli Dayan]] |term_start5 = 14 Julie 1992 |term_end5 = 22 November 1995 |predecessor5 = [[David Levy (Israeli politeecian)|David Levy]] |successor5 = [[Ehud Barak]] |primeminister6 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |term_start6 = 20 October 1986 |term_end6 = 23 December 1988 |predecessor6 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |successor6 = [[Moshe Arens]] |office7 = [[Meenistry o Defense (Israel)|Meenister o Defense]] |term_start7 = 4 November 1995 |term_end7 = 18 Juin 1996 |predecessor7 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |successor7 = [[Yitzhak Mordechai]] |primeminister8 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |term_start8 = 3 Juin 1974 |term_end8 = 20 Juin 1977 |predecessor8 = [[Moshe Dayan]] |successor8 = [[Ezer Weizman]] |office9 = [[Meenistry o Finance (Israel)|Meenister o Finance]] |primeminister9 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |term_start9 = 22 December 1988 |term_end9 = 15 Mairch 1990 |predecessor9 = [[Moshe Nissim]] |successor9 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |office10 = [[Meenistry o Transport, Naitional Infrastructure an Road Safety|Meenister o Transportation]] |primeminister10 = [[Golda Meir]] |term_start10 = 1 September 1970 |term_end10 = 10 Mairch 1974 |predecessor10 = [[Ezer Weizman]] |successor10 = [[Aharon Yariv]] |birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|8|2|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Vishneva|Wiszniew]], [[Seicont Polish Republic|Poland]]<br><small>(nou [[Belarus]])</small> |death_date = [[28 September]] [[2016]] (aged 93) |death_place = |party = [[Mapai]] <small>(1959–1965)</small><br>[[Rafi (poleetical party)|Rafi]] <small>(1965–1968)</small><br>[[Israeli Labor Pairty|Labor]] <small>(1968–2005)</small><br>[[Kadima]] <small>(2005–present)</small> |otherparty = [[Alignment (poleetical pairty)|Alignment]] <small>(1965–1991)</small> |spouse = Sonya Gelman <small>(1945–2011)</small> |children = Zvia<br>Yoni<br>Chemi |religion = [[Judaism]] |signature = Shimon Peres signature - en.svg }} {{Audio|He-Shimon_Peres.ogg|'''Shimon Peres'''}} [[Knicht Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George|GCMG]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120925225259/http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/protocol/honours/2008-honoraries Foreign and Commonwealth Office]</ref> ({{lang-he|שמעון פרס}}, born '''Szymon Perski'''; 2 August 1923, died 28 September 2016) wis a Pols-born Israeli statesman. He wis the [[Leet o Preses o Israel|nint]] [[Preses o Israel|Preses]] o the [[Israel|State o Israel]]. Peres served twice as the [[Prime Meenister o Israel]] an ance as [[Actin Prime Meenister|Interim Prime Meenister]], an haes been a member o 12 [[Cabinet o Israel|cabinets]] in a poleetical career spannin ower 66 year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/870789.html|title=Presidency rounds off 66-year career|work=[[Haaretz]]|author=Amiram Barkat|access-date=2013-06-12|archive-date=2007-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904214738/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/870789.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Peres wis electit tae the [[Knesset]] in November 1959 an, except for a three-month-lang hiatus in early 2006, served continuously till 2007, whan he became Preses. He held several diplomatic an militar poseetions durin an directly efter [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|Israel's War o Unthirldom]]. His first heich-level govrenment poseetion wis as Deputy Director-General o Defense in 1952, an Director-General in 1953 throu 1959.<ref name=Nobel>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/peres-bio.html|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|year=1995|editor=Tore Frangsmyr|title=Shimon Peres, The Nobel Peace Prize 1994}}</ref> Durin his career, he haes represented five poleetical parties in the Knesset: [[Mapai]], [[Rafi (political pairty)|Rafi]], the [[Alignment (poleetical pairty)|Alignment]], [[Labor Pairty (Israel)|Labor]] an [[Kadima]], an haes led Alignment an Labor. Peres wan the 1994 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] thegither wi [[Yitzhak Rabin]] an [[Yasser Arafat]] for the peace talks that he participatit in as Israeli Foreign Meenister, producin the [[Oslo Accords]].<ref name=Nobel/> Peres wis nominatit in early 2007 bi [[Kadima]] tae run in that year's [[Israeli presidential election, 2007|presidential election]], an wis electit bi the [[Knesset]] tae the presidency on 13 Juin 2007 an sworn intae affice on 15 Julie 2007 for a seiven-year term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181570258432&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|title=Peres elected President|accessdate=13 June 2007|date=12 June 2007|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=VOA>Jim Teeple, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070715211831/http://voanews.com/english/2007-07-15-voa14.cfm "Shimon Peres Sworn In as Israel's President"], VOA News, 15 July 2007.</ref> He is the first umwhile Prime Meenister tae be electit Preses o Israel. At the age o 90, Peres wis the warld's auldest [[Leets o state leaders#10 auldest currently servin state leaders|heid o state]] at the end o his time in office, as well as the fift auldest heid o state ever unner a republican constitution (efter [[Hastings Banda]] o [[Malawi]], [[Eamon de Valera]] o [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Tôn Đức Thắng]] o [[Vietnam]] an [[Joaquin Balaguer]] o the [[Dominican Republic]]). ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.president.gov.il/English/Pages/english.aspx Offeecial Israeli Presidency wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313073850/http://www.president.gov.il/English/Pages/English.aspx |date=2013-03-13 }} *{{MKlink|id=104}} *[http://www.youtube.com/Peres Offeecial channel] on YouTube *[http://www.parsine.com/fa/news/62558 The day Peres became a Sheikh!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073947/http://www.parsine.com/fa/news/62558 |date=2012-06-16 }}{{fa}} *[http://www.peres-center.org Peres Center for Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315030421/https://www.peres-center.org/ |date=2019-03-15 }} *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059215/Shimon-Peres Biography] at the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/peres-lecture.html Lecture] at [[NobelPrize.org]] *[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/peres.html Shimon Peres biography] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] *{{C-SPAN|1851}} *{{Charlie Rose view|144}} *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/shimon-peres Column archive] at ''[[The Guardian]]'' *{{Haaretztopic|Shimon_Peres}} *{{JPosttopic|Shimon_Peres}} *{{NYTtopic|people/p/shimon_peres}} *{{Nndb|960/000022894}} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4134419.stm BBC] – Sharon seals new Israel coalition *[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1131367067166&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Peres's metaphysical propensity tae lose] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130706010146/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1131367067166&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |date=2013-07-06 }} bi Matthew Wagner, published in the [[Jerusalem Post]], 10 November 2005. *[http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/291105a_trans.htm Former Labor Leader Shimon Peres Headin For Sharon's new pairty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316032623/https://www.isracast.com/transcripts/291105a_trans.htm |date=2006-03-16 }} – recordit Report frae IsraCast. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070510070640/https://uc.princeton.edu/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=608&Itemid=11%2F Shimon Peres speaks at the Cooncil on Foreign Relations aboot the Israel/Lebanon conflict] on 31 Julie 2006 *[http://www.cornell.edu/video/viewer/peres.cfmv Shimon Peres speaks at Cornell University – "A Conversation with Shimon Peres"] *[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtStEngPE.jhtml?itemNo=870789&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&title=%27Presidency%20rounds%20off%2066-year%20career%20%27&dyn_server=172.20.5.5 "Presidency rounds off 66-year career"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606182106/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtStEngPE.jhtml?itemNo=870789&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&title=%27Presidency%20rounds%20off%2066-year%20career%20%27&dyn_server=172.20.5.5 |date=2008-06-06 }} bi Amiram Barkat, [[Haaretz]] *[http://www.un.org/ga/63/generaldebate/israel.shtml Preses Peres' address tae the 63rd session o the Unitit Naitions General Assembly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051925/http://www.un.org/ga/63/generaldebate/israel.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }}, 24 September 2008 *[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/news_details.php?news_id=947&year=2008 Honorary doctorate o Law frae Keeng's College Lunnon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626183218/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/news_details.php?news_id=947&year=2008 |date=2013-06-26 }} *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8Nv7L7Gl9I Interview] bi [[Leon Charney]] on The Leon Charney Report {{Israelpres}} {{IsraelPMS}} [[Category:1923 births]] [[Category:2016 daiths]] [[Category:Armenie Genocide deniers]] [[Category:Belaroushie emigrants tae Israel]] [[Category:Belaroushie Jews]] [[Category:Belaroushie Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Honorar Knichts Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George]] [[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]] [[Category:Israeli ceevil servants]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli Labor Pairty politeecians]] [[Category:Israeli Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Leaders o poleetical pairties in Israel]] [[Category:Israeli fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:Jewish politeecians]] [[Category:Kadima politeecians]] [[Category:Mapai politeecians]] [[Category:Members o the Knesset]] [[Category:Meenisters o Internal Affairs o Israel]] [[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tel Aviv]] [[Category:Fowk frae Valozhyn Raion]] [[Category:Pols emigrants tae Israel]] [[Category:Pols Jews]] [[Category:Pols Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Preses o Israel]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Israel]] [[Category:Rafi (poleetical pairty) politeecians]] [[Category:Meenisters o Defence o Israel]] [[Category:Meenisters o Foreign Affairs o Israel]] lxftxg48svg635h9inq7v141ykqysxl 0 53654 923574 911100 2026-09-26T10:02:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport govrenin body |name= Women's Tennis Association |logo= |logosize= 100 |sport= Professional [[tennis]] |abbrev = WTA |founded = 1973 |aff = |affdate = |region = |regionyear = |location = |president = |chairman = Stacey Allaster |chiefexec = Stacey Allaster |secretary = |coach = |womenscoach = |replaced = |prevfounded = |url = www.wtatennis.com |countryflag= }} The '''Weemen's Tennis Association''' ('''WTA'''), foondit in 1973 bi [[Billie Jean King]], is the principal organizin body o [[weemen]]'s professional [[tennis]]. It govrens the '''WTA Tour''' which is the warldwide professional tennis tour for weemen. Its coonterpairt organisation in the men's professional gemme is the [[Association o Tennis Professionals]] (ATP). The Weemen's Tennis Association wis foondit in the month o Juin 1973, but can trace its origins back tae [[Houston, Texas]] wi the inaugural ''[[Virginia Slims]]'' toornament, arranged bi [[Gladys Heldman]], an held on 23 September 1970. [[Rosie Casals]] wan this first event. The WTA's corporate heidquarters is in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]]. The European heidquarters is in Lunnon, an the Asie-Paceefic heidquarters is in [[Beijing]]. ==WTA Rankins== {{main|WTA Rankings}} Thir leets are based on the WTA Rankins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/RankingsSingles/0,,12781~0~1~100,00.html |title=Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Rankings:Singles |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/RankingsDoubles/0,,12781~0~1~100,00.html |title=Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Rankings:Doubles |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {{Current Weemen's Singles WTA Rankins}} {{col-2}} {{Current Weemen's Doubles Individual WTA Rankins}} {{col-end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.wtatennis.com/ The offeecial WTA Tour wab steid] * [http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Tournaments/0,,12781,00.html WTA tour schedule] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130806023646/https://twitter.com/WTA The offeecial WTA Tour Twitter page] * [http://www.facebook.com/WTA/ The offeecial WTA Tour Facebook page] * [http://www.youtube.com/WTA/ The offeecial WTA Tour YouTube page] {{Tap ten tennis players|wtasingles=y}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Tennis]] [[Category:Sports organisations]] <!-- [[Category:WTA Tour| ]] [[Category:Weemen's sports organisations]] [[Category:Organisations established in 1973]] [[Category:History o tennis]] --> j8h7tfyc30qzoecicfiies1v80ctsqp 0 53877 923390 895200 2026-09-26T02:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Eudicots | fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]] - Recent | image = Primula aka.jpg | image_caption = ''Primula hortensis'', a eudicot | subdivision_ranks = Clades ([[APG III seestem|APG III]]) | subdivision = *Basal eudicots: **[[Ranunculales]] **[[Sabiaceae]] **[[Proteales]] **[[Trochodendrales]] **[[Buxales]] *Core eudicots: **[[Gunnerales]] **[[Dilleniaceae]] (unplaced) **[[Saxifragales]] **[[Rosids]] - 17 orders **[[Berberidopsidales]] **[[Santalales]] **[[Caryophyllales]] **[[Asterids]] - 13 orders }} The '''Eudicots''', '''Eudicotidae''' or '''Eudicotyledons''' is a [[monophyletic]] [[clade]] o [[flouerin plant]]s that haed been cried ''[[tricolpate]]s'' or ''non-magnoliid dicots'' bi previous authors. The botanical terms wur introduced in 1991 bi evolutionary botanist [[James A. Doyle]] an paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton tae emphasise the later evolutionary divergence o tricolpate [[dicotyledon|dicots]] frae earlier, less specialised, dicots.<ref name=Endress_2002>{{cite journal|last=Endress|first=Peter K.|title=Morphology and Angiosperm Systematics in the Molecular Era|journal=The Botanical Review|date=October 2002|volume=68|series=Structural Botany in Systematics: A Symposium inMemory of William C. Dickison|issue=4|pages=545-570 |jstor=4354438|bibcode=2002BotRv..68..545E|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0545:MAASIT]2.0.CO;2|url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-botanical-review/volume-68/issue-4/0006-8101_2002_068_0545_MAASIT_2.0.CO_2/Morphology-and-Angiosperm-Systematics-in-the-Molecular-Era/10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0545:MAASIT]2.0.CO;2.short|s2cid=39486751}}</ref> The close relationships amang flouerin plants wi tricolpate pollen grains wis initially seen in morphological studies o [[Synapomorphy|shared derived chairacters]]. Thir plants haes a distinct trait in thair pollen grains o exhibitin three colpi or grooves parallelin the polar axis. Later molecular evidence confirmed the genetic basis for the evolutionary relationships amang flouerin plants wi tricolpate pollen grains an dicotyledonous traits. The term means "true dicotyledons" as it conteens the majority o plants that hae been considered dicots an hae [[Phenotypic trait|chairacteristics]] o the dicots. The term "eudicots" haes subsequently been widely adoptit in botany tae refer tae ane o the twa lairgest clades o [[angiosperm]]s (constitutin ower 70% o angiosperm species), [[monocots]] bein the ither. The remainin angiosperms is whiles referred tae as [[basal angiosperms]] or paleodicots but thae terms hinnae been widely or consistently adoptit as thay dinnae refer tae a [[monophyletic]] group. The ither name for the eudicots is '''[[tricolpate]]s''', a name whilk refers tae the rit structur o the [[pollen]]. Members o the group hae tricolpate pollen, or fairms derived frae it. Thae pollen hae three or mair pores set in furrows cried colpi. In contrast, maist o the ither [[seed plants]] (that is the [[gymnosperms]], the [[monocots]] an the paleodicots) produce monosulcate pollen, wi a single pore set in a differently orientit raut cried the sulcus. The name "tricolpates" is preferred bi some botanists fur tae evit confuision wi the dicots, a non-monophyletic group (Judd & Olmstead 2004). Numerous faimiliar plants are eudicots, includin mony common fuid plants, trees, an ornamentals. Some common an faimiliar eudicots include members o the [[Asteraceae|sunflower faimily]] lik the common [[dandelion]], the [[forget-me-nae]], [[cabbitch]] an ither members o [[Brassicaceae|its faimily]], [[aiple]], [[buttercup]], [[maple]] an [[macadamie]]. Maist leafy trees o mid-latitudes belang eudicots an aa, wi notable exceptions bein magnolies an tulip trees whilk belang tae [[magnoliids]], an ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' whilk isnae an [[angiosperm]]. The name "eudicots" (plural) is uised in the [[APG seestem]], o 1998, an [[APG II seestem]], o 2003, for classification o [[angiosperms]]. It is applee'd tae a [[clade]], a [[monophyletic]] group, that includes maist o the (umwhile) dicots. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{eol|283}} *''[http://www.tolweb.org/eudicots Eudicots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624093458/http://tolweb.org/eudicots |date=2013-06-24 }}'', Tree o Life Wab Project *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150224112718/http://plantlifeforms.com/Classes186/Dicots_Dicotyledoneae_503903_186.aspx Dicots] Plant Life Forms {{Taxonbar|from=Q165468}} [[Category:Eudicots| ]] [[Category:Plant unranked clades]] [[Category:Early Cretaceous plants]] [[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]] jmimjeu4unl63pj5bspyfe6ndhkp7ap 0 53959 923435 910923 2026-09-26T04:50:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NASCAR driver |name = Juan Pablo Montoya |image = Juan Pablo Montoya - August 2014 - Sarah Stierch.jpg |caption =Montoya, 2014 |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|09|20}} |birth_place = [[Bogotá]], [[Colombie]] |achievements = [[1998 Internaitional Formula 3000 season|1998]] [[Internaitional Formula 3000|Internaitional F3000]] Champion<br>[[1999 CART saison|1999]] [[Champ Car|CART FedEx Championship Series]] Champion<br>[[2000 Indianapolis 500|2000]] [[Indianapolis 500]] Winner<br>[[2003 Monaco Grand Prix|2003]] [[Monaco Grand Prix]] Winner<br>[[2007 24 Oors o Daytona|2007]], [[2008 24 Oors o Daytona|2008]], [[2013 24 Oors o Daytona|2013]] [[24 Oors o Daytona]] Oweraw Winner |awards = [[1999 CART saison|1999]] [[Champ Car|CART]] Rookie o the Year<br>[[2000 Indianapolis 500|2000]] [[Indianapolis 500 Rookie o the Year]]<br>[[2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series|2007]] [[NASCAR]] [[Nextel Cup Series]] [[NASCAR Rookie o the Year|Rookie o the Year]] |Total_Cup_Races = 234 |Years_In_Cup = 8 |Cup_Car_Team = No. 42 ([[Earnhardt Ganassi Racing]]) |Prev_Cup_Pos = 22nt |Previous_Year = 2012 |Best_Cup_Pos = 8th ([[2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2009]]) |First_Cup_Race = [[2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series|2006]] [[2006 Ford 400|Ford 400]] ([[Homestead-Miami Speedway|Homestead]]) |Last_Cup_Race = {{Latest NASCAR Cup}} |First_Cup_Win = [[2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series|2007]] [[2007 Toyota/Save Mart 350|Toyota/Save Mart 350]] ([[Infineon Raceway|Sonoma]]) |Last_Cup_Win = [[2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2010]] [[2010 Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips at the Glen|Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips at the Glen]] ([[Watkins Glen Internaitional|Watkins Glen]]) |Cup_Wins = 2 |Cup_Top_Tens = 54 |Cup_Poles = 9 |Total_Busch_Races = 23 |Years_In_Busch = 3 |Busch_Car_Team = |Prev_Busch_Pos = |Prev_Busch_Year = |Best_Busch_Pos = 36t ([[2007 NASCAR Busch Series|2007]]) |First_Busch_Race = [[2006 NASCAR Busch Series|2006]] [[Sam's Toun 250]] ([[Memphis Motorsports Park|Memphis]]) |Last_Busch_Race = [[2008 NASCAR Naitionwide Series|2008]] [[Ford 300]] ([[Homestead-Miami Speedway|Homestead]]) |First_Busch_Win = [[2007 NASCAR Busch Series|2007]] [[Telcel-Motorola 200]] ([[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez|Mexico Ceety]]) |Last_Busch_Win = |Busch_Wins = 1 |Busch_Top_Tens = 3 |Busch_Poles = 0 |updated = Juin 30, 2013 }} {{Infobox F1 driver | image= | nationality = [[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px]] [[Colombie]] | Years = {{f1|2001}}–{{f1|2006}} | Team(s) = [[Williams F1|Williams]], [[McLaren]] | Races = 95 (94 stairts) | Championships = 0 | Wins = 7 | Podiums = 30 | Poles = 13 | Fastest laps = 12 | Points = 307 | First race = [[2001 Australian Grand Prix]] | First win = [[2001 Italian Grand Prix]] | Last win = [[2005 Brazilian Grand Prix]] | Last race = [[2006 Unitit States Grand Prix]] }} {{stack end}} '''Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán''' (born 20 September 1975) is a [[Colombie]] [[Auto racin|race car driver]] kent internaitionally for parteecipatin in and winnin [[Formula Ane]] an [[Champ Caur|CART]] race competitions. Currently, he competes in [[NASCAR]], drivin the No. 42 [[Target Corporation|Target]] [[Chevrolet SS (2013)|Chevrolet SS]] for [[Earnhardt Ganassi Racing]] in the [[Sprint Cup Series]]. He an wife Connie hae three childer; son Sebastian an dauchters Paulina an Manuela. The heichlichts o his career include winnin the [[Internaitional Formula 3000|Internaitional F3000]] championship in 1998, an the [[Champ Caur|CART FedEx Championship Series]] in 1999, as well as victories in some o the maist prestigious races in the warld. He is the anly driver tae hae wan the premier North American open-wheel [[Champ Car|CART]] teetle, the [[Indianapolis 500]] an the [[24 Oors o Daytona]], aw at the first attempt. Montoya is ane o twa drivers tae hae wan the CART teetle in his [[rookie]] year, the first bein [[1992 Formula Ane saison|Formula Ane Warld Champion]] [[Nigel Mansell]] in [[1993 IndyCar season|1993]]. He haes an aa equalled [[Graham Hill]]'s feat o bein a [[Monaco Grand Prix]] an Indianapolis 500 race winner; Montoya is currently ane o anly twa active drivers (alang wi [[Jacques Villeneuve]]) who haes wan twa legs o the [[Triple Croun o Motorsport]]. Montoya haes an aa acome a crossower race winner bi winnin races (stairtin in each case in his rookie year) in [[Formula Ane]], [[Champ Caur|CART]], [[IndyCar Series|IndyCar]], [[Rolex Sports Caur Series|Grand-Am]] an [[Sprint Cup Series|NASCAR]] equallin in that respect [[Mario Andretti]]'s caliber o success (except for the F1 Warld Championship); An shares honors as well wi [[Dan Gurney]] in bein IndyCar/F1/NASCAR race winner. Montoya is an aa the anly driver tae hae competit in aw three major events at [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway|Indianapolis]], finishin fowert or better in each event. He finished 1st in the [[Indianapolis 500]], 2nt in the [[Brickyard 400]], an 4t in the [[Unitit States Grand Prix#Indianapolis (2000–2007)|US Grand Prix]]. In October 2009, Montoya wis ranked 30t in a leet o the tap 50 [[Formula Ane]] drivers o aw time bi [[Times Online]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 50 greatest Formula One drivers: updated after Button's title triumph |author=Kevin Eason |newspaper=[[Times Online]] |date=October 19, 2009 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/formula_1/article6880955.ece |accessdate=22 January 2010 |archive-date=2011-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604153452/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/formula_1/article6880955.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{Official website|1=http://jpmontoya.com/}} *{{Racing-Reference driver|Juan_Pablo_Montoya}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130916182051/https://twitter.com/JPMontoya Juan Pablo Montoya on Twitter] *[http://www.42fans.com/ News videos an results o Juan Pablo Montoya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129033702/http://www.42fans.com/ |date=2011-01-29 }} *[http://thegreatest33.com/default.aspx#selecteddrivers?s=juan_pablo_montoya The Greatest 33] *[http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/history/44286/ Greatest 33 Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004131124/http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/history/44286/ |date=2011-10-04 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Montoya, Juan Pablo}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:24 Oors o Daytona drivers]] [[Category:ARCA Racin Series drivers]] [[Category:Breetish Formula Three Championship drivers]] [[Category:Champ Car drivers]] [[Category:Colombie Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Colombie fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Colombie racin drivers]] [[Category:Grand-Am drivers]] [[Category:Indianapolis 500 drivers]] [[Category:Indianapolis 500 winners]] [[Category:Indianapolis 500 Rookies o the Year]] [[Category:Internaitional Formula 3000 Champions]] [[Category:Internaitional Formula 3000 drivers]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:McLaren Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Monaco Grand Prix winners]] [[Category:NASCAR drivers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bogotá]] [[Category:Texaco]] [[Category:Williams Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Boyaca]] oswv8mqtbo63h9lpzawsfgl0hcpt1yl 0 54298 923395 918275 2026-09-26T03:02:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Prefecture Japan | Name = Fukuoka | JapaneseName = 福岡県 | Rōmaji = Fukuoka-ken | Symbol = Flag of Fukuoka Prefecture.svg | Capital = [[Fukuoka]] | Region = [[Kyūshū region|Kyūshū]] | Island = [[Kyūshū]] | coordinates = {{coord|33|36|N|130|35|E|display=inline,title}} | TotalArea = 4,971.01 | AreaRank = 29t | PCWater = 2.3 | PopDate = 1 September 2010 | Population = 5,071,732 | PopRank = 9th | Density = 1,020.26 | Districts = 12 | Municipalities = 60 | ISOCode = JP-40 | Website = [http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/somu/multilingual/english/top.html www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/somu/<br>multilingual/english/top.html] | Flower = ''[[Ume]]'' [[blossom]] (''Prunus mume'') | Tree = [[Azalea]] (''Rhododendron tsutsusi'') | Bird = [[Japanese Bush Warbler]] (''Cettia diphone'') | Fish = | Map = Map_of_Japan_with_highlight_on_40_Fukuoka_prefecture.svg | Governor = Hiroshi Ogawa (syne Aprile 2011) }} {{nihongo|'''Fukuoka Prefectur'''|福岡県|Fukuoka-ken}} is a [[Prefecturs o Japan|prefectur]] o [[Japan]] locatit on [[Kyushu]] [[Island]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Fukuoka-ken" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 218|page=218}}.</ref> The caipital is the ceety o [[Fukuoka]].<ref>Nussbaum, "Fukuoka" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 218|page=218}}.</ref> == History == Fukuoka Prefecture includes the [[Old provinces of Japan|umwhile provinces]] of [[Chikugo Province|Chikugo]], [[Chikuzen Province|Chikuzen]], an [[Buzen Province|Buzen]].<ref>Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 780|page=780}}.</ref> ===Shrines an temples=== ''[[Kōra taisha]]'', ''[[Sumiyoshi-jinja]]'', ''[[Hakosagi-gū]]'' an ''[[Usa Shrine|Usa jinjū]]'' are the chief [[Shinto shrine]]s (''[[ichinomiya]]'') in the prefecture. <ref>[http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf "Nationwide List of ''Ichinomiya''," p. 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517061440/http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf |date=2013-05-17 }}; retrieved 2012-10-26.</ref> == Geografie == Fukuoka Prefectur faces the sea on three sides, borderin on [[Saga Prefectur|Saga]], [[Ōita Prefectur|Ōita]], an [[Kumamoto Prefectur|Kumamoto]] prefecturs an facin [[Yamaguchi Prefectur]] athort the [[Kanmon Straits]]. Fukuoka includes the twa lairgest ceeties on [[Kyūshū]], [[Fukuoka]] an [[Kitakyushu]], an much o Kyūshū's industrie. It includes a nummer o smaw [[islands]] near the north coast o Kyūshū. ===Ceeties=== Twinty-aicht ceeties are locatit in Fukuoka Prefectur: {| style="background:transparent;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *[[Asakura, Fukuoka|Asakura]] *[[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen]] *[[Chikugo, Fukuoka|Chikugo]] *[[Chikushino, Fukuoka|Chikushino]] *[[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]] | *[[Fukuoka]] (caipital) **[[Chūō-ku, Fukuoka|Chūō-ku]] **[[Hakata-ku, Fukuoka|Hakata-ku]] **[[Higashi-ku, Fukuoka|Higashi-ku]] **[[Jonan-ku, Fukuoka|Jonan-ku]] **[[Minami-ku, Fukuoka|Minami-ku]] **[[Nishi-ku, Fukuoka|Nishi-ku]] **[[Sawara-ku, Fukuoka|Sawara-ku]] | *[[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]] *[[Iizuka, Fukuoka|Iizuka]] *[[Itoshima, Fukuoka|Itoshima]] *[[Kama, Fukuoka|Kama]] *[[Kasuga, Fukuoka|Kasuga]] | *[[Kitakyushu]] **[[Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu|Kokurakita-ku]] **[[Kokuraminami-ku, Kitakyushu|Kokuraminami-ku]] **[[Moji-ku, Kitakyushu|Moji-ku]] **[[Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu|Tobata-ku]] **[[Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu|Wakamatsu-ku]] **[[Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu|Yahatahigashi-ku]] **[[Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu|Yahatanishi-ku]] | *[[Koga, Fukuoka|Koga]] *[[Kurume]] *[[Miyama, Fukuoka|Miyama]] *[[Miyawaka]] *[[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]] *[[Nakama, Fukuoka|Nakama]] *[[Nōgata, Fukuoka|Nōgata]] *[[Ogōri, Fukuoka|Ogōri]] | *[[Ōkawa, Fukuoka|Ōkawa]] *[[Ōmuta, Fukuoka|Ōmuta]] *[[Ōnojō, Fukuoka|Ōnojō]] *[[Tagawa]] *[[Ukiha, Fukuoka|Ukiha]] *[[Yame, Fukuoka|Yame]] *[[Yanagawa, Fukuoka|Yanagawa]] *[[Yukuhashi, Fukuoka|Yukuhashi]] |} ===Touns an veelages=== [[Image:FukuokaMapCurrent.png|thumb|Cairt o Fukuoka Prefectur.]] Thir are the touns an veelages in each [[destricts o Japan|destrict]]. {| style="background:transparent;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *[[Asakura Destrict, Fukuoka|Asakura Destrict]] **[[Chikuzen, Fukuoka|Chikuzen]] **[[Tōhō, Fukuoka|Tōhō]] *[[Chikujō District, Fukuoka|Chikujō District]] **[[Chikujō, Fukuoka|Chikujō]] **[[Kōge, Fukuoka|Kōge]] **[[Yoshitomi, Fukuoka|Yoshitomi]] *[[Chikushi Destrict, Fukuoka|Chikushi Destrict]] **[[Nakagawa, Fukuoka|Nakagawa]] | *[[Kaho Destrict, Fukuoka|Kaho Destrict]] **[[Keisen, Fukuoka|Keisen]] *[[Kasuya Destrict, Fukuoka|Kasuya Destrict]] **[[Hisayama, Fukuoka|Hisayama]] **[[Kasuya, Fukuoka|Kasuya]] **[[Sasaguri, Fukuoka|Sasaguri]] **[[Shime, Fukuoka|Shime]] **[[Shingū, Fukuoka|Shingū]] **[[Sue, Fukuoka|Sue]] **[[Umi, Fukuoka|Umi]] | *[[Kurate Destrict, Fukuoka|Kurate Destrict]] **[[Kotake, Fukuoka|Kotake]] **[[Kurate, Fukuoka|Kurate]] *[[Mii Destrict, Fukuoka|Mii Destrict]] **[[Tachiarai, Fukuoka|Tachiarai]] *[[Miyako Destrict, Fukuoka|Miyako Destrict]] **[[Kanda, Fukuoka|Kanda]] **[[Miyako, Fukuoka|Miyako]] | *[[Mizuma Destrict, Fukuoka|Mizuma Destrict]] **[[Ōki, Fukuoka|Ōki]] *[[Onga Destrict, Fukuoka|Onga Destrict]] **[[Ashiya, Fukuoka|Ashiya]] **[[Mizumaki, Fukuoka|Mizumaki]] **[[Okagaki, Fukuoka|Okagaki]] **[[Onga, Fukuoka|Onga]] | *[[Tagawa Destrict, Fukuoka|Tagawa Destrict]] **[[Aka, Fukuoka|Aka]] **[[Fukuchi, Fukuoka|Fukuchi]] **[[Itoda, Fukuoka|Itoda]] **[[Kawara, Fukuoka|Kawara]] **[[Kawasaki, Fukuoka|Kawasaki]] **[[Ōtō, Fukuoka|Ōtō]] **[[Soeda, Fukuoka|Soeda]] *[[Yame Destrict, Fukuoka|Yame Destrict]] **[[Hirokawa, Fukuoka|Hirokawa]] |} === Mergers === {{main|Leet o mergers in Fukuoka Prefectur}} == Economie == Fukuoka prefectur's main ceeties form ane o Japan's main industrial centres, accoontin for nearly 40% o the economie o Kyūshū. Major industries include automobiles, semiconductors, an steel. Fukuoka prefectur is notewirthy as the place whaur tire manufacturer [[Bridgestone]][http://www.bridgestone.com/corporate/news/2009080401.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027093852/http://bridgestone.com/corporate/news/2009080401.html |date=2013-10-27 }} an consumer electronics chain [[Best Denki]] wur foondit. == Universities == {| | '''Institution''' || '''Location |- | [[Fukuoka University]] || [[Fukuoka]] |- | [[Kurume University]] || [[Kurume]] |- | [[Kyushu Institute of Technology]]|| [[Kitakyushu]] an [[Iizuka]] |- | [[Kyushu University]] || Fukuoka an Kasuga |- | [[Seinan Gakuin University]] || Fukuoka |- | [[Kyushu Institute of Information Sciences]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | [[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]] |- | [[Kyushu Sangyo University]] || Fukuoka |- | [[Fukuoka Women's University]] || Fukuoka |} == Cultur == *[http://www.fukuoka-art-museum.jp/english/index.html Fukuoka Art Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204074251/http://www.fukuoka-art-museum.jp/english/index.html |date=2012-02-04 }} – In Ohori Pairk; contains a wide selection o contemporar an ither airt frae aroond the warld. *[http://faam.city.fukuoka.jp/eng/home.html Fukuoka Asian Art Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117074729/http://faam.city.fukuoka.jp/eng/home.html |date=2007-01-17 }} – contains airt frae various kintras o Asie. *[http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/english/index_e.html Fukuoka City Museum] – displays a broad range o items frae the region's history, includin a spectacular gowd seal. *[http://yokanavi.com/eg/landmark/index/21 Genko Historical Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905193028/http://yokanavi.com/eg/landmark/index/21 |date=2013-09-05 }} (元寇史料館; Museum o the Mongol Invasion) – In [http://kyushu.com/fukuoka/places_to_go/higashi_koen/1,city_parks,0,,1,1,0,,x.shtml Higashi Koen (East Park)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406061637/http://kyushu.com/fukuoka/places_to_go/higashi_koen/1,city_parks,0,,1,1,0,,x.shtml |date=2012-04-06 }}; displays Japanese an Mongolie airms an armour frae the 13t century as well as paintins on historical subjects. Open on weekends. *[http://kyushu.com/fukuoka/places_to_go/folk_museum/1,museums_galleries,0,,1,1,0,,x.shtml Hakata Machiya Folk Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012004202/http://kyushu.com/fukuoka/places_to_go/folk_museum/1,museums_galleries,0,,1,1,0,,x.shtml |date=2007-10-12 }} – Dedicatit tae displayin the tradeetional weys o life, speech, an cultur o the Fukuoka region. * [[Fukuoka Mosque|Fukuoka Masjid Al Nour Islamic Cultur Center]], Dedicatit tae share Islamic subjects an cultur. == Major events an festivals== * Hakata Dontaku Harbour Festival, Tenjin, Fukuoka on Mey 3 an 4 * Hakata Gion Yamagasa, Kushida Shrine, Fukuoka on Julie * Kokura Gion Yamagasa, Kitakyushu on Julie * Tobata Gion Yamagasa, Kitakyushu on Julie * Kurosaki Gion Yamagasa, Kitakyushu on Julie * Kitahara Hakushu Festival, Yanagawa on November 1 tae 3 == Sports == The sports teams leetit belaw are based in Fukuoka. ;Fitbaa (soccer) *[[Avispa Fukuoka]] ([[Fukuoka]]) *[[Giravanz Kitakyushu]] ([[Kitakyushu]]) ;Basebaa *[[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] ([[Fukuoka]]) ;Basketbaa *[[Fukuoka Rizing]] ([[Fukuoka]]) ;Rugby *[[Coca Cola West Red Sparks]] ([[Fukuoka]]) *[[Fukuoka Sanix Blues]] ([[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]]) *[[Kyuden Voltex]] *[[Sanix World Rugby Youth Tournament]] The prefectur haes twa significant annual [[athletics (sport)|athletics]] events: the [[Fukuoka International Cross Country]] an the [[Fukuoka International Open Marathon Championship]]. The marathon race haes been held in Fukuoka syne 1959 an haes seen a nummer o warld records breuken durin its history.<ref>Nakamura, Ken. [http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=9476.html Marathon - A history of the Fukuoka International Marathon Championships by K. Ken Nakamura - Part 1 1947-1966]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-02-28.</ref> == Creeme an safety == Fukuoka Prefectur haes the lairgest nummer o [[Yakuza#Designatit boryokudan|designatit yakuza]] groups amang aw o the prefecturs, at 5; the [[Kudo-kai]], the [[Taishu-kai]], the [[Fukuhaku-kai]], the [[Dojin-kai]] an the [[Kyushu Seido-kai]].<ref>[http://www.npa.go.jp/keidai/keidai.files/tamurakouen.pdf "Retrospection and Outlook of Crime Measure", p.15] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927123804/http://www.npa.go.jp/keidai/keidai.files/tamurakouen.pdf |date=2011-09-27 }}, Masahiro Tamura, 2009, ''[[Naitional Polis Agency (Japan)|National Police Agency]]'' {{Ja icon}}</ref> Atween 2004 an 2009, an in early 2011,<ref name="nnp_248434">[http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/item/248434 "Gunfire, The worst in the nation, None has been solved"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601122556/http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/item/248434 |date=2013-06-01 }}, 23 June 2011, ''[[Nishinippon Shimbun]]'' {{Ja icon}}</ref> Fukuoka Prefectur leads the naition in gun-relatit incidents.<ref>[http://www.tokyoreporter.com/2010/05/04/fukuoka-yakuza-groups-tackle-police-pressure-in-all-out-war/ "Fukuoka yakuza groups tackle police pressure in all-out war"], 4 May 2010, ''The Tokyo Reporter'', from ''[[Kodansha|Friday]]'' May 14, p.22-23 {{Ja icon}}</ref> Thir incidents wur maistly relatit tae the local yakuza syndicates, specifically the [[Kudo-kai]], the [[Dojin-kai]] an the [[Kyushu Seido-kai]].<ref name="nnp_248434"/> Fukuoka Prefectur haes haed the heichest frequency o [[youth creeme]] amang aw o the prefecturs o Japan syne 2003.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080217040641/http://kyushu.yomiuri.co.jp/magazine/rupo/0709/ru_709_070913.htm 非行防げ、捜査員奮闘…少年犯罪全国ワースト１の福岡] - ''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]'' {{jp icon}}</ref> *[[Kokura prefectural office]] *[[New Kitakyushu airport]] == Tourism == The maist popular place for tourism is [[Fukuoka|Fukuoka Ceety]], especially at the time o the Dontaku festival, an Dazaifu, awtho [[Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka|Kitakyūshū]] haes tree'd tae attract tourists an aw. {{see also|Kyushu Naitional Museum}} == Transportation == '''Train''' *[[West Japan Railway Company]](=JR Nishinihon) **[[Sanyō Shinkansen]] **[[Hakata Minami Line]] *[[JR Kyushu]] **[[Kyūshū Shinkansen]], [[Kagoshima Main Line]], [[Chikuhō Main Line]], [[Nippō Main Line]], [[Kyudai Main Line]] **[[Chikuhi Line]], [[Gotōji Line]], [[Kashii Line]], [[Hitahikosan Line]], [[Sasaguri Line]] *[[Nishi-Nippon Railroad]] **[[Tenjin Ōmuta Line]], [[Dazaifu Line]], [[Nishitetsu Amagi Line]], [[Kaizuka Line]] *[[Amagi Railway]] **[[Amagi Railway Amagi Line]] *[[Heisei Chikuhō Railway]] **[[Ita Line]], [[Itota Line]], [[Tagawa Line]] *[[Fukuoka City Subway]] **[[Kūkō Line]], [[Hakozaki Line]], [[Nanakuma Line]] *[[Kitakyushu Monorail]] == Sister regions == *{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Hawaii]], [[Unitit States]] *{{Flagicon|China}} [[Jiangsu]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|India}} [[Delhi]], [[Indie]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] *{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric an Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128] == Freemit airtins == {{Commons}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/somu/multilingual/english/top.html Offeecial Fukuoka Prefectur wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702082718/http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/somu/multilingual/english/top.html |date=2013-07-02 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.fukuoka-tourism.net/e/index.html Offeecial Fukuoka Tourism Association wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122192003/http://www.fukuoka-tourism.net/e/index.html |date=2005-11-22 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.kyushu.com/fukuoka/ Fukuoka information hamepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050203182508/http://kyushu.com/fukuoka |date=2005-02-03 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.fukuokatalk.com Fukuoka Talk] {{en icon}} * [http://diddlefinger.com/m/fukuokaken/, Inglis labelled map o Fukuoka Prefectur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131120658/http://diddlefinger.com/m/fukuokaken/, |date=2013-01-31 }} {{en icon}} * Naitional Archives of Japan [https://web.archive.org/web/20090214004549/http://jpimg.digital.archives.go.jp/jpg_prg/jgmWeb?%25TmpFileDisp%25Env=jpeg2k_images%2Fezu%2Ffukenchizu%2F029_fukuoka_e.env ... Fukuoka map (1891)] {{Fukuoka}} {{Regions an admeenistrative diveesions o Japan}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Fukuoka Prefectur| ]] [[Category:Kyushu]] [[Category:Prefecturs o Japan]] 5iihzm89woryixb8khq063yph6b83pc 0 54487 923439 894087 2026-09-26T04:59:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Katy Garbi<br />Καίτη Γαρμπή | image = Kaiti Garbi.jpg | caption = Katy Garbi | image_size = 404x268px | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Ekaterini Garbi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|6|8|df=yes}} |birth_place =[[Athens]], [[Greece]] | origin = [[Athens]], [[Greece]] | instrument = [[Vocals]] | genre = [[Laïko|Laiko]], [[Laïko|modren laiko]],<br> [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[Dance muisic|dance]] | occupation = [[Sangster]], [[muisicker]], [[actress]],<br> [[record producer]] | years_active =1987-present | label = [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Greece]] <small> (1989&ndash;2010) </small> <br />[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Greece]] <small> (2010&ndash;present) </small> | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.kaitigarbi.com.gr/ www.kaitigarbi.com.gr] <br />[[File:Katy Garbi Signature.png|130px]]<br />Katy Garbi's signature }} '''Katerina 'Katy' Garbi''' ({{lang-el|Κατερίνα "Καίτη" Γαρμπή}}, {{IPA-el|kateˈrina ˈketi ɡarˈbi|pron}}; born 8 Juin 1961, in [[Egaleo]], [[Athens]]) is a [[Greeks|Greek]] sangster active in [[Greece]] an [[Cyprus]], wi some popularity in [[Turkey]]. Her career haes spanned ower 20 years an is markit bi several multi-platinum releases. Garbi pairticipatit in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1993]] for Greece wi the sang "[[Ellada, Hora Tou Fotos]]", taking nint place. She cementit her popularity in the mid-1990s and wis ane o the maist successful airtists o the decade wi her albums ''[[Arhizo Polemo]]'' (1996) an ''[[Evaisthisies]]'' (1997) becomin twa o the best-sellin albums o the decade. She struck her biggest commercial success wi ''[[To Kati]]'' (2000) in terms o unit sales. Garbi haes wan 11 ''Pop Corn'' Music Awards, includin three for Album of the Year, an ane Arion Music Award. On 14 Mairch 2010, [[Alpha TV]] rankit her the aicht top-certifee'd female airtist in the naition's phonografic era (syne 1960).<ref name="chart show women">''Chart Show: Your Countdown''. [[Alpha TV]]. Airdate: 14 March 2010</ref> == Early life == Garbi began her singin career wi her younger sister, Liana, as the "Garbi Sisters" when she wis just 15 year auld an Liana 13. Due tae their age, their faither wis against their wirk as sangsters, but he did no want tae staund in the wey o the promisin futur that he felt their talent affered thaim. They are maist remembered for the backup vocals they providit at Yannis Floriniotis's performances in the early aichties. == Personal life == Garbi an fellae Greek sangster Dionisis Schinas datit for a lenthy period durin the early '90s, includin 1993 when Garbi pairticipatit in a duet wi him. Rumors began tae surface that the duet put thaim in something a lot deeper than a normal business collaboration, housomeivver in the comin months, they wur tae tak separate paths an continue on wi their solo careers. In the time efter they baith wur seein ither fowk, Dionisis wis seen various times wi Greek sangster [[Elli Kokkinou]] who wis enterin intae the muisic industrie. They suin breuk up an on 4 Mey 1997, (after a live wedding proposal) Garbi marriet sangster Dionisis Schinas an on 11 November 1999, the couple haed their first bairn thegither, a baby boy.<ref>{{cite web|title= Biography by Sony BMG|url= http://sonybmg.gr/page/artist/artists_greek.asp?art_id=40|access-date= 2013-07-16|archive-date= 2008-04-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080411105157/http://www.sonybmg.gr/page/artist/artists_greek.asp?art_id=40|url-status= dead}}{{el icon}} ''[[Sony BMG]]''. Retrieved on April 20, 2008</ref> == Filanthropie == Garbi haes been involvit in mony fund-raisin acts for Greece, hauldin numerous concerts for hameless childer, the "Erithros Stavros" o Greece an sick childer o Athens hospital. She held mony concerts for internaitional kintras for the Red Cross in mony kintras. She haes contributit tae [[Live Aid]] concerts alang wi ither well-kent Greek sangsters for numerous causes. This haes addit tae her popularity. Recently she haes devotit a concert tae the fire victims o Greece (2007), whaur aw the money wad be uised as charity for the victims. == Discografie == {{main|Katy Garbi discografie}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ; Studio albums * ''[[Prova (album)|Prova]]'' (1989) * ''[[Gyalia Karfia]]'' (1990) * ''[[Entalma Silepseos]]'' (1991) * ''[[Tou Feggariou Anapnoes]]'' (1992) * ''[[Os Ton Paradeiso]]'' (1993) * ''[[Atofio Hrysafi]]'' (1994) * ''[[Arhizo Polemo]]'' (1996) * ''[[Evaisthisies]]'' (1997) * ''[[Hristougenna Me Tin Katy]]'' (1998) * ''[[Doro Theou]]'' (1999) * ''[[To Kati]]'' (2000) * ''[[Apla Ta Pragmata]]'' (2002) * ''[[Emmones Idees]]'' (2003) * ''[[Eho Sta Matia Ourano]]'' (2005) * ''[[Pos Allazei O Kairos]]'' (2006) * ''[[Kainourgia Ego]]'' (2008) * ''[[Pazl]]'' (2011) * ''[[Buona Vita]]'' (2013/TBR) {{col-2}} ; EPs * ''[[Ksipoliti Horevo]]'' (1995) * ''[[Ti theloune ta matia sou]]'' (2001) * ''[[Remix Plus]]'' (2002) * ''[[Mia Kardia]]'' (2002) * ''[[Galazio Kai Lefko]]'' (2004) ; Live albums * ''[[18 Hronia Live]]'' (2007) ; Compilation albums * ''[[To Kati]]'' (2000) * ''[[Apo Kardias]]'' (2013) {{col-end}} == Videografie == {{main|Katy Garbi videografie}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220134049/http://www.kaitigarbi.net/ Offeecial Steid] * [http://www.garbofans.gr/ Offeecial FanClub] * [http://www.myspace.com/kaitoula Offeecial Myspace] {{s-start}} {{succession box | before=[[Cleopatra (Greek singer)|Cleopatra]]<br>with ''[[Olou Tou Kosmou I Elpida]]'' | title=[[Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest]] | years='''[[Eurovision Song Contest 1993|1993]]''' | after=[[Kostas Bigalis]]<br>with ''[[To Trehandiri]]''| }} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Garbi, Katy}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Arion Music Awards winners]] [[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1993]] [[Category:Greek contemporar laïko sangsters]] [[Category:Greek Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]] [[Category:Greek female sangsters]] [[Category:Greek laïko sangsters]] [[Category:Greek Pop Corn Music Awards winners]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Athens]] [[Category:Sony Music Greece airtists]] [[Category:Universal Music Greece airtists]] m4iabzintrzku2ben6ti4hlu4c8khnc 0 54630 923494 923176 2026-09-26T07:31:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923494 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.healthtipsagency.com/2018/09/paracetamol-tablet-usage-benefits-and-side-effects..html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214454/https://www.healthtipsagency.com/2018/09/paracetamol-tablet-usage-benefits-and-side-effects..html |date=2018-10-11 }}{{drugbox| verifiedrevid = 456349142 | IUPAC_name = ''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide<br>''N''-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide | image = Paracetamol-skeletal.svg | width = 200 | image2 = Paracetamol-from-xtal-3D-balls.png | drug_name = Paracetamol <!--Clinical data--> | tradename = Tylenol (USA), Anacin Aspirin Free (USA), Apra (USA), Crocin (Indie), Feverall (USA), Genapap (USA), Panadol (UK), Panadol (Australie), Panodil (Denmark), Efferalgan (Fraunce), Doliprane (Fraunce) Dafalgan (Fraunce) Alvedon (Swaden) | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|acetaminophen}} | MedlinePlus = a681004 | licence_US = Acetaminophen | pregnancy_AU = A | pregnancy_US = B | pregnancy_category = safe | legal_AU = unscheduled | legal_UK = GSL | legal_US = OTC | routes_of_administration = [[Muith|Oral]], [[rectal]], [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> | bioavailability = ~100% | metabolism = 90 tae 95% [[Liver|Hepatic]] | elimination_half-life = 1–4 h | excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]] <!--Identifiers--> | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 103-90-2 | ATC_prefix = N02 | ATC_suffix = BE01 | PubChem = 1983 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00316 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 1906 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 362O9ITL9D | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00217 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 46195 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 112 <!--Chemical data--> | C=8 | H=9 | N=1 | O=2 | molecular_weight = 151.17 g/mol | smiles = CC(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1)O | InChI = 1/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10) | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N | density = 1.263 | melting_point = 169 | melting_notes = <ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ci0500132 | title = General Melting Point Prediction Based on a Diverse Compound Data Set and Artificial Neural Networks | year = 2005 | last1 = Karthikeyan | first1 = M. | last2 = Glen | first2 = R. C. | last3 = Bender | first3 = A. | journal = Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 581–590 | pmid = 15921448}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906 | title = melting point data for paracetamol | publisher = Lxsrv7.oru.edu | accessdate = 19 March 2011 | archive-date = 2012-06-30 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120630213835/http://lxsrv7.oru.edu/~alang/meltingpoints/meltingpointof.php?csid=1906 | url-status = dead }}</ref> | solubility = 12.78<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/je990124v | title = Solubility of paracetamol in pure solvents | author = Granberg RA, Rasmuson AC | journal = [[Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data]] | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 1391–95 | year = 1999}}</ref> }} '''Paracetamol''' [[Internaitional Nonproprietary Name|INN]] ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|s|iː|t|ə|m|ɒ|l}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ə|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|ə|m|ɒ|l}}), or '''acetaminophen''' [[Unitit States Adoptit Name|USAN]] {{IPAc-en|audio=Acetaminophen.ogg|ə|ˌ|s|iː|t|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|n|ə|f|ɨ|n}}, chemically named N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, is a widely uised [[ower-the-coonter drug|ower-the-coonter]] [[analgesic]] (pain reliever) an [[antipyretic]] (fiver reducer). Paracetamol is clessifee'd as a mild analgesic. It is commonly uised for the relief o [[heidache]]s an ither minor aches an pains an is a major ingredient in numerous [[common cauld|cauld]] an [[Influenza|flu]] remedies. In combination wi [[opioid analgesic]]s, paracetamol can an aa be uised in the management o mair severe pain sic as post-surgical pain an providin [[palliative care]] in advanced cancer patients.<ref>{{cite book|url = http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|title = Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer|author = Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)|publisher = National Health Service (NHS)|location = Scotland|year = 2008|isbn = 978 1 905813 38 4|chapter = 6.1 and 7.1.1}}</ref> Tho acetaminophen is uised tae treat inflammatory pain, it is nae generally clessifee'd as an [[NSAID]] acause it exhibits anly waik anti-inflammatory activity. The onset o analgesia is approximately 11-29.5 minutes efter [[oral admeenistration]] o paracetamol, an its [[Biological hauf-life|hauf-life]] is 1–4 oors. While generally safe for uise at recommendit doses ({{nowrap|1,000 mg per single dose}} an up tae {{nowrap|4,000 mg per day}} for adults),<ref>[http://www.drugs.com/acetaminophen.html Acetaminophen] Drugs.com</ref> acute [[owerdose]]s o paracetamol can cause potentially fatal neer, brain an [[Hepatotoxicity|liver damage]] an, in rare individuals, a normal dose can dae the same. The risk mey be hichtened bi chronic [[alcohol abuse]]. [https://www.healthtipsagency.com/2018/09/paracetamol-tablet-usage-benefits-and-side-effects..html Paracetamol toxicity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214454/https://www.healthtipsagency.com/2018/09/paracetamol-tablet-usage-benefits-and-side-effects..html |date=2018-10-11 }} is the foremost cause o [[acute liver failure]] in the [[Wastren warld]], an accoonts for maist drug owerdoses in the Unitit States, the Unitit Kinrick, Australie an New Zealand.<ref name="DalyMJA">{{cite journal |author=Daly FF, Fountain JS, Murray L, Graudins A, Buckley NA |title=Guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand—explanation and elaboration. A consensus statement from clinical toxicologists consulting to the Australasian poisons information centres |journal=[[The Medical Journal of Australia|Med J Aust]] |volume=188 |issue=5 |pages=296–301 |year=2008 |pmid=18312195 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/188_05_030308/dal10916_fm.html |access-date=2013-07-18 |archive-date=2008-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234129/http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/188_05_030308/dal10916_fm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Khashab M, Tector AJ, Kwo PY |title=Epidemiology of acute liver failure |journal=Curr Gastroenterol Rep |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=66–73 |year=2007|pmid=17335680 |doi= 10.1007/s11894-008-0023-x}}</ref><ref name=Hawkins>{{cite journal |author=Hawkins LC, Edwards JN, Dargan PI |title=Impact of restricting paracetamol pack sizes on paracetamol poisoning in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature |journal=Drug Saf |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=465–79 |year=2007 |pmid=17536874 |doi= 10.2165/00002018-200730060-00002 }}</ref><ref name="Larson">{{cite journal |author=Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, ''et al. '' |title=Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2005-12_42_6/page/1364 |journal=Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1364–72 |year=2005|pmid=16317692 |doi =10.1002/hep.20948}}</ref> It is the active metabolite o the [[coal tar]]–derived [[phenacetin]], ance popular as an analgesic an antipyretic in its awn richt. Houiver, unlik phenacetin an its combinations, paracetamol is nae considered [[carcinogen]]ic at therapeutic doses.<ref name=Bergman>{{cite journal |author=Bergman K, Müller L, Teigen SW |title=The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of paracetamol: a regulatory (re)view |journal=Mutat Res |volume=349 |issue=2 |pages=263–88 |year=1996 |pmid=8600357 |doi=10.1016/0027-5107(95)00185-9}}</ref> The wirds ''acetaminophen'' (uised in the Unitit States,<ref name=Bradley>{{cite journal |author=Bradley, N |title=BMJ should use "paracetamol" instead of "acetaminophen" in its index |journal=BMJ |volume=313 |issue=7058 |page=689 |year=1996|pmid = 8811774|pmc = 2351967}}</ref> Canadae, Japan, Sooth Korea, Hong Kong, an Iran) an ''paracetamol'' (uised elsewhaur) baith come frae a chemical name for the compoond: ''para''-'''acet'''yl'''aminophen'''ol an '''''par'''a''-'''acet'''yl'''am'''inophen'''ol'''. In some contexts, it is simply abbreviated as '''APAP''', for '''a'''cetyl-'''p'''ara-'''a'''mino'''p'''henol. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.chemsynthesis.com/base/chemical-structure-18651.html Paracetamol at Chemsynthesis] * [http://www.pharmweb.net/pwmirror/pwy/paracetamol/pharmwebpic.html Paracetamol Information Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925042239/http://www.pharmweb.net/pwmirror/pwy/paracetamol/pharmwebpic.html |date=2006-09-25 }} * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1330.html Paracetamol Internaitional Chemical Safety Cards] * [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/HH/Views/Exhibit/narrative/amines.html The Julius Axelrod Papers] * [http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/SafeUseofOver-the-CounterPainRelieversandFeverReducers/ucm164977.htm FDA: Safe Uise o Ower-the-Coonter Pain Relievers/Fever Reducers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719052050/http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm168830.htm FDA: Consumer Update "Acetaminophen and Liver Injury: Q and A for Consumers" (link)] * [http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM172664.pdf FDA: Consumer Update "Acetaminophen and Liver Injury: Q and A for Consumers" (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919040332/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM172664.pdf |date=2013-09-19 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130703100637/http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=ACETAMINOPHEN U.S. Naitional Library o Medicine: Drug Information Portal–Paracetamol] * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=TYL Acetaminophen boond tae proteins] in the [[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] [[Category:Acetanilides]] [[Category:Analgesics]] [[Category:Antipyretics]] [[Category:Phenols]] [[Category:Warld Heal Organisation essential medicines]] bijxtmtbknxp84iwbsduulmqihd7pbr 0 54981 923299 905914 2026-09-25T23:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav|2000}} '''2000''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MM]]''') wis a [[century leap year]] that [[leap year stairting on Setturday|stairtit on a Setturday]], in accordance wi the [[Gregorian calendar]]. It wis the 2000t year o the [[Common Era]] or the [[Anno Domini]] designation, the 1000t an last year o the [[2nt millennium]], the 100t an last year o the [[20t century]], an the 1st year o the [[2000s (decade)|2000s]]. 2000 wis designatit as: * [[Internaitional Year for the Cultur o Peace]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/ |title=International Year for the Culture of Peace (2000) |access-date=2013-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000925063813/http://www2.unesco.org/iycp/ |archive-date=2000-09-25 |url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000925063813/http://www2.unesco.org/iycp/ |date=2000-09-25 }}</ref> * Warld [[Mathematics|Mathematical]] Year<ref>[http://www.newton.ac.uk/wmy2kposters/ Isaak Newton Maths posters in the London Underground] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010060459/http://www.newton.ac.uk/wmy2kposters/ |date=2013-10-10 }}</ref> The year 2000 wis the first year o the [[2000s (decade)|2000s decade]]. Popular culture haulds the year 2000 as the first year o the [[21st century]] an the [[3rd millennium]], due tae a tendency tae group the years accordin tae [[decimal]] values, as if [[year zero]] wur countit. Accordin tae the Gregorian Calendar these distinctions faw tae the year [[2001]], acause the 1st century wis retroactively said tae stairt wi year [[1|AD 1]]. Syne the calendar haes na [[year zero]], its first millennium spans frae years 1 to 1000, inclusively, an its seicont millennium frae years 1001 tae 2000. The year 2000 wis the subject o [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K concerns]]: fears that computers would nae shift frae 1999 tae 2000 correctly. However, bi the end o 1999, mony companies haed already convertit tae new, or upgradit thair existin saftware. Some even obtained ''[[Y2K]] certification''. As a result o massive effort, much o it mis-directit, relatively few problems occurred. == See awso == * [[:Category:2000 births]] *[[:Category:2000 daiths]] *[[:Category:2000 albums]] *[[:Category:Muisical groups established in 2000]] {{Commonscat}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2000}} [[Category:2000]] gfwwlims6993wajs0hqhcj3imebmfci 0 55552 923480 911591 2026-09-26T07:08:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox F1 driver | name = Nico Rosberg | image = File:Nico_Rosberg_2016_Malaysia_1.jpg | caption = Rosberg in 2016 | nationality = {{flagicon|DEU}} German | birth_name = Nico Erik Rosberg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|6|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wiesbaden]], [[Wast Germany]] | Years = [[2006 Formula One saison|2006]]–[[2016 Formula Ane saison|2016]] | Team(s) = [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]], [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula Ane|Mercedes]] | Car number = 6 | Races = 206 (206 stairts) | Championships = 1 ([[2016 Formula Ane saison|2016]]) | Wins = 23 | Podiums = 57 | Points = 1594.5 | Poles = 30 | Fastest laps = 20 | First race = [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix]] | First win = [[2012 Cheenese Grand Prix]] | Last win = [[2016 Japanese Grand Prix]] | Last race = [[2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]] | Last season = 2016 | Last position = 1st (385 pts) }} '''Nico Erik Rosberg''' (born 27 Juin 1985) is a German umwhile [[racin driver]] for the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula Ane|Mercedes]] [[Formula Ane]] team. He raced unner the [[Formula Ane drivers frae Germany|German flag in Formula Ane]], an haed an aa briefly competit for [[Finland]] verra early in his career. He haulds dual naitionality o these twa kintras.<ref name=Fathershadow>[http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1101981166932 Shedding a father's shadow: the new GP2 champion's route to the top] 5th chapter</ref> Rosberg wan the [[2005 GP2 Series saison|2005 GP2 Series]] for the [[ART Grand Prix|ART]] team, havin raced in [[Formula 3 Euro Series]] previously for his faither [[Keke Rosberg]]'s racin organisation [[Team Rosberg]]. For the [[2010 Formula Ane saison]], Rosberg jynt the re-brandit [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula Ane|Mercedes]] team, furmed bi Mercedes's takower o 2009 constructors' champions [[Brawn GP]]. Syne then, Rosberg haes enjoyed his maist successful period, winnin three Grands Prix an earnin fower pole poseetions. He won the [[2016]] Formula Ane Driver's Championship, an propaled his retirement frae Formula Ane five days later. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{Official|www.nicorosberg.com}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233447/http://www.mercedes-gp.com/team.asp?mgp=j%B5%B0%99%A3%96 Profile]&nbsp;– frae [http://www.mercedes-gp.com/ Mercedes GP offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502024500/http://www.mercedes-gp.com/ |date=2010-05-02 }} *[http://www.manipef1.com/drivers/2007/nrosberg.php Profile an statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301034849/http://www.manipef1.com/drivers/2007/nrosberg.php |date=2007-03-01 }} *[http://www.driverdb.com/racingdriver267.html Racin career] *{{Twitter|nico_rosberg}} *{{IMDb name|2162538}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosberg, Nico}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Wiesbaden]] [[Category:Racin drivers frae Hesse]] [[Category:German racin drivers]] [[Category:Finnish racin drivers]] [[Category:German Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Williams Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Mercedes-Benz Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:GP2 Series drivers]] [[Category:GP2 Series Champions]] [[Category:Formula Ane Warld Drivers' Champions]] [[Category:Fowk named in the Panama Papers]] [[Category:Formula 3 Euro Series drivers]] [[Category:Formula BMW ADAC drivers]] [[Category:Karting Warld Championship drivers]] [[Category:Monaco Grand Prix winners]] smwb2rxokrwki4fa4xg4v8499ez8d3p 0 55731 923449 827806 2026-09-26T05:24:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Partido Argentina |name= La Plata |official name= Partido de La Plata |coat of arms= Sin escudo.svg |map= Argentina - Buenos Aires - La Plata.svg |location= location o La Plata Partido in Buenos Aires Province |capital= [[La Plata]] |foundation= November 19, 1882 |founder= Dardo Rocha |pop= 774,369 |density= Inhabitants/km² |pop change= +5.99% (1991-2001) |resident= ''Platense'' |tel= 0221 |post= B1900 |coor= {{coord|34|55|S|57|17|W}} |area= {{convert|926|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |dist1= {{convert|52|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |dist2= |patron= |mayor= [[Pablo Bruera]], [[Partido Justicialista|PJ]] |web= http://www.laplata.gov.ar |ifam= }} '''La Plata''' is a [[Depairtments o Argentinae|partido]] (depairtment) in [[Buenos Aires Province]], [[Argentinae]], locatit some 60 kilometres sooth-east o the ceety o [[Buenos Aires]]. [[File:La Plata montage.png|thumb|left|Frae top left: Estación del Ferrocarril Roca • High view of Plaza Dardo Rocha • Garibaldi's statue • Legislatura Provincia de Buenos Aires • Republica de los Niños • Catedral • Museo de Ciencias Naturales • Estadio Ciudad de La Plata.]] It haes a aurie o {{convert|926|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, an a population o 774,369 ({{census-ar|2001}}). Its caipital is [[La Plata]], which serves as the caipital o the province an aw. La Plata is the centre o the [[Greater La Plata]] urban conurbation. Mony o the suburbs hae train links tae baith Buenos Aires an La Plata, an guid road access via the Buenos Aires-La Plata toll heich-gate an aw. Thare is a extensive netwirk o buses servin the Greater La Plata aurie an aw. The [[Manuel B. Gonnet]] veelage featurs the ''República de los Niños'' theme park. Several pairks lee alang the ''[[Camino General Belgrano]]'' road, which crosses the depairtment north-tae-sooth, notably the ''[[Parque Pereyra Iraola]]''. ==Education== {| class = "toc" cellpadding = 0 cellspacing = 2 width = 33% style = "float:right; text-align:center;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%" |- !bgcolor = black colspan = 4 style = "color:white;"|Statistics<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Estadísticas de Educación de La Plata|año=|publisher=Municipalidad de La Plata|url=http://www.estadistica.laplata.gov.ar/paginas/matricula.htm|accessdate=2009-02-10|archive-date=2012-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326042956/http://www.estadistica.laplata.gov.ar/paginas/matricula.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !bgcolor = #e0e0e0 colspan = 4 |Educational Institutions |-bgcolor = #efefef ! width = 55% |Educational Level ! width = 15% |Total ! width = 15% |State ! width = 15% |Private |- |align = left|&nbsp;'''Nivel Inicial||184||82||102 |- |align = left|&nbsp;'''Nivel Primario||171||96||75 |- |align = left|&nbsp;'''Nivel Medio||102||48||54 |- |align = left|&nbsp;'''Nivel Terciario o &nbsp;Superior&nbsp;no&nbsp;Universitario||42||9||33 |- !bgcolor = #e0e0e0 colspan = 4|Students enrolled |-bgcolor = #efefef !width = 55%|Educational Level !width = 15%|Total !width = 15%|State !width = 15%|Private |- |align = left|&nbsp;'''Nivel Inicial||29.111||14.791||14.320 |- |align = left|&nbsp;'''Nivel Primario||93.575||58.825||34.750 |- |align = left|&nbsp;'''Nivel Medio||29.884||21.243||8.641 |- |align = left|&nbsp;'''Nivel Terciario o Superior&nbsp;no&nbsp;Universitario||12.162||4.597||7.565 |} The ceety haes a guid nummer o educational institutions at various levels, baith public an private. The maist renowned public schuils are three o the fower members o the UNLP: the Colegio Nacional Rafael Hernández, the Liceo Víctor Mercante an the Bachillerato de Bellas Artes. La Plata is a seembol o a distinguished an prolific academy. Pheesics, astronomie, biologie, wur undoubtitly the fields that scientists in this ceety ower their peers in the kintra an the region, hae dominatit. ==Sports== La Plata is hame tae one o the fiercest [[Local derby|derby matches]] ''(clásicos)'' in Argentine [[fitbaa]], contestit atween [[Estudiantes De La Plata|Estudiantes]] an [[Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata|Gimnasia y Esgrima]]. ==Destricts== *[[Abasto, La Plata|Abasto]] *[[City Bell]] *[[El Peligro]] *[[Joaquín Gorina]] *[[Lisandro Olmos]] *[[La Plata]] (caipital) *[[Los Hornos]] *[[Manuel B. Gonnet]] *[[Melchor Romero]] *[[Ringuelet]] *[[Tolosa, Buenos Aires|Tolosa]] *[[Villa Elvira]] *[[Villa Elisa, Buenos Aires|Villa Elisa]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110338/http://www.mapa.laplata.gov.ar/ La Plata Municipality hamepage] {{Partidos o Buenos Aires Province}} [[Category:Partidos o Buenos Aires Province]] [[Category:1882 establishments in Argentinae]] [[Category:La Plata]] 50wo5wawd0ao3tquo93z8nd3ef89h5m 0 55819 923581 895337 2026-09-26T10:10:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{chinese name|[[Yu (Cheenese name)|Yu]]}} {{Infobox Cheenese-leid sanger an actor | name = Yu So Chow | image = | caption = | chinesename = 于素秋 | tradchinesename = 于素秋 | simpchinesename = 于素秋 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|7|9|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Beijing]], [[Cheenae]] | death_date = 12 Mey 2017 (aged 86) | death_place = [[San Francisco]], [[Californie]], [[Unitit States]] | yearsactive = 1948 - 1966 | spouse = Mak Bing-wing | parents = [[Yu Jim Yuen]] }} '''Yu So Chow '''({{zh|c=于素秋|p=Yú Sù Qiū;}} [[Yale Romanisation#Cantonese|Yale Cantonese]]:yū sou chāu; [[9 Julie]] [[1930]] - [[12 Mey]] [[2017]]) wis a Cheenese actress born in [[Beijing]] tae a [[Peking opera]] faimily. She is the dochter o late Maister [[Yu Jim-yuen]] who ran the ''China Drama Academy'', a [[Peking Opera School]] in Hong Kong, an teacher o mony well-kent actors. She stairtit her actin career in 1948 an made ower 240 films in the [[wuxia]], [[kung fu]], action, detective an Cantonese opera genres. Her films wur successfu at the [[box-office]] an she wis ane o the maist popular [[superstarn]]s o the 1960 in [[Asie]] an [[Hong Kong]]. ==Career== Yu learned Peking Opera at the age o aicht an made her stage debut at the age o nine. She specialisit in playin female warrior roles in which she coud skillfully demonstrate her fuitwirk bi continuously jugglin an kickin back twal reid-tasselled ''tuo shou'' (脫手) spears, as seen in ane o her famous stage Peking operas, ''[[Madame White Snake|The White Snake]]'' (白蛇傳), an in the 1951 film ''Amazon on the Sea'' (海上女霸王). Her first movie wis made in 1948, a [[Mandarin Cheenese|Mandarin]] wuxia film cried ''The Kung Fu Couple'' (宏碧緣 ). She wis ane o the three actresses in the 1950s who really ken [[mairtial airts]]. Aff the screen, she wis virtually a heroine: at the age o saxteen, she alane successfully focht aff a group o gangsters wi anerly a silky belt on the streets o [[Shanghai]]. She wis able tae dae aw the stunts, punches an [[Acrobatics|acrobatic]] skills bi hersel in aw her action films. Her early wuxia picturs frae 1948 tae 1957 wur in baith Mandarin an Cantonese dialogue, wi stories intendit tae increase cooperation o the Northren Style an Soothren Style o mairtial airts, as seen in ''The heroine of deadly darts'' (女俠響尾追魂鏢) in 1956. Thir remarkable wuxia films wur maistly based on kung fu novels, e.g. ''Burning of the Red Lotus Monastery Pt 1 & Pt 2'' (火燒紅蓮寺) in 1950, ''The Golden Hairpin Pt 1 & Pt 3'' (碧血金釵) in 1963, ''Buddha’s Palm'' Pt 1 tae Pt 4 (如來神掌)'' in 1964 an ''The Burning of Pingyang City'' (火燒平陽城) in 1965. Her performances in Cantonese opera wur quite different; she brocht in a mixtur o Peking Opera, in which she performit a lot o fuitwirk, as in ''Suet Ting Shan an Fan Lai Hua - Meetin on the Weedy River'' (蘆花河會母) in 1961, ''Giein birth on the brig – the White serpent'' (斷橋產子) in 1962 an ''How Zhong Wuyan Conquered the West'' (鍾無艷掛帥征西) in 1962. She played a male lead as seen in movies ''Execution of Lui Po'' at Pak Moon Lau (白門樓斬呂布) in 1961 an aw, ''Twa hunters in a pursuit'' (文武狀元爭彩鳳) in 1962 an ''The beauties'' (陣陣美人威) in 1964. Apairt frae action films, she did a few rare contemporar an [[melodrama]] films, for example ''Midsummer nicht’s romance'' (夏夜之戀) in 1953, ''Bachelors beware'' (溫柔鄉) in 1960 an ''Twa mouthy ladies frae the north an sooth'' (南北鐵咀雞) in 1965. Her [[gowden age]] o filmin wis aetween 1963 an 1966, when she made at least thirty movies in a year. Despite her fame an her leadin position, she did tak pairt in movies as a villainous wumman, a role uisually rejectit bi ither actresses who wur afraid o damagin their image. Housomeivver, Yu pruivit that her talent in actin wis no limitit tae action films. Her surprise roles in ''The big revenge pairt 1 an 2'' (灕江河畔血海仇) (1963) an ''Heaven, Hell an Crystal Palace'' (天堂地獄水晶宮) (1965) did no destroy her popularity nor upset her fans; insteid they wan the herts o the audience. She marriet famous Cantonese opera actor, Mak Bing Wing, in 1966. Her last major movie wis filmit in [[Taiwan]] (''Decree o the fire dragon'' (血火龍令) in 1968) an she made a guest appearance in ''Secret agent no.1'' (神探一號) in 1970. Suin efter that she wis completely retired frae the limelicht. She is nou settled in [[San Francisco]] wi her five childer. In 2004, Yu wis ane o the celebrities honoured on the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong]]. Tae date, Yu still haulds the record amang actresses o makkin mair nor 170 wuxia movies. Tho she did no gain any internaitional awairds afore her retirement (acause Hong Kong wuxia picturs wur acceptit internaitionally only recently), she is recognisit as a "queen" o mairtial airtists an actresses bi her fans for her devotion tae, an excellence in, wuxia films. ==Selectit filmografie== * ''The revenge o the great swordsman Assassin Zhang Wenxiang'' (大俠復仇記) (1949) * ''The five heroes'deadly spears'' (五虎斷魂槍) (1951) * ''A story of three lovers, pt 1 & 2'' (啼笑姻緣上下集) (1952) * ''A heroine frae Moont Emei''(峨嵋女俠 ) (1952) * ''The dragon-phoenix swordsmen''(龍鳳雙劍俠) (1957) * ''The strange hero conquered the dragon''(怪俠赤屠龍) (1960) * ''Conqueress''(無敵楊家將) (1961) * ''The secret beuk, pairt ane'' (仙鶴神針上下三集) (1961) * ''The veelage militia, pt 1 & 2'' (魔鏡神珠上下集) (1962) * ''The blonde hair monster''(黃毛怪人) (1962) * ''The birth o the Monkey Keeng''(馬騮精出世) (1962) * ''The Road tae the wast''(唐三藏取西經) (1962) * ''Ingentious swords, pt 1 & 2'' (白骨陰陽劍上下集) (1962) * ''Burning o the Reid Lotus Monastery pt 1 & 2'' (火燒紅蓮寺上下集) (1963) * ''Valiant Pan An'' (武潘安) (1963) * ''The iron wild goose pt 1 & 2''(鐵雁霜翎上下集) (1963) * ''The teeger in huntin''(臥虎藏龍) (1963) * ''Pat cham lau lan sai pat wan'' (不斬樓蘭誓不還) (1963) * ''Spring blossoms''(花開富貴錦城春) (1964) * ''[[The Flying Fox (film)|The Flying Fox]]''(萬變飛狐) (1964) * ''The invincible kid Fang Shiyu''(無敵神童方世玉) (1965) * ''The aw-powerful flute pt 1 & 2''(簫聲震武林上下集) (1965) * ''Hero of midland''(中原奇俠) (1966) * ''Fire dragon an the mythical pearl''(火龍神珠) (1966) * ''Heroic days o the Great Ming Dynasty'' (斷臂神龍劍) (1966) * ''The avengers' tale pt 1 & 2'' (鐵血恩仇錄上下集) (1966) ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070328094216/http://www.yusochow.com/ Offeecial Wab Steid o Yu So Chow] * [http://www.hkcinemagic.com/fr/people.asp?id=3250 Yu So Chau at Hong Kong Cinemagic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204316/http://www.hkcinemagic.com/fr/people.asp?id=3250 |date=2016-03-03 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yu, So Chow}} [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2017 daiths]] [[Category:Cheenese expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Peking opera sangsters]] [[Category:Republic o Cheenae muisickers]] [[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae muisickers]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Beijing]] [[Category:Cheenese female sangsters]] [[Category:Cheenese stage actresses]] [[Category:Film actresses frae Beijing]] 3luiys7nx6bgdahsuyqsf0joznz77co 0 56122 923456 918356 2026-09-26T05:41:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923456 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:World Population.svg|thumb|right|300px|A cairt o warld population.]] This is a leet o [[leet o sovereign states|independent kintras]] an inhabitit [[dependent territory|dependent territories]]—based on the ISO staundart [[ISO 3166-1]]—bi [[population]]. An aa gien in percent is each kintra's population compared tae the [[Warld population|population o the warld]], which accordin tae the [[Unitit States Census Bureau]] population clock is estimatit at 7.104 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html | title=U.S. & World Population Clocks | publisher=Census.gov | date=2012-04-06 | accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref> Accordin tae a separate estimate bi the [[Unitit Nations]], warld population exceedit 7&nbsp;billion in October 2011.<ref name=UN7bn> {{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15459643 | title=Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges | date=2011-10-26 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=2011-10-27}} </ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/31/seven-billionth-baby-born-philippines?intcmp=122 | title=World's 'seven billionth baby' is born | date=2011-10-31 | publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/10/31/7-billion-people-is-a-serious-challenge/UPI-73301320046200 "7 billion people is a 'serious challenge'"]. UPI, 31 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-09.</ref> Auries that form integral pairts o sovereign states, sic as the [[kintras o the Unitit Kinrick]], are coontit as pairt o the sovereign states concerned. Nae included are ither entities, sic as the [[European Union]],<ref>The European Union is a ''[[sui generis]]'' [[supranational union]] whose sovereign members delegate to it by treaty certain powers that are often exercised by sovereign states. Its combined population has been estimated at 503,491,975 on January 1, 2012, it would be ranked 3rd if it were included in the list, and it has {{#expr: 503491975 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% of the world's population&nbsp;— see {{cite web | title=Total population | publisher=[[Eurostat]] | url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001 | accessdate=2010-06-18}}</ref> that are nae sovereign states, an dependent territories that dae nae hae permanent populations, sic as [[Territorial claims o Antarctica|various kintras' claims]] tae [[Antarctica]].{{ref|n1|n1}} Figures uised in this chart are based on the maist up tae date estimate or projections<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/18651512 China's Population: The Most Surprising Demographic Crisis], The Economist, 2013.</ref> bi the naitional [[census]] authority whaur available, an are uisually roondit aff. Whaur updatit naitional data are nae available, figurs are based on the 2013 estimates bi the Population Diveesion o the [[Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs]].<ref name=unpop>{{cite journal |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm | title=World Population Prospects| version=2012 revision | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2013 | accessdate= 2013-06-15}}</ref> Acause the compiled figurs are nae collectit at the same time in every kintra, or at the same level o [[statistics|accuracy]], the resultin numerical comparisons mey creaut misleadin conclusions. Furthermair, the addeetion o figures frae aw kintras mey nae equal the warld tot. For a graphical version o this leet, see [[leet o kintras bi population (graphical)]]. See an aa [[Leet o sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density]] an the [[leet o regional organisations bi population]]. ==Kintras== <!-- PLEASE READ BEFORE EDITING! WHEN YOU UPDATE A COUNTRY'S POPULATION - PLEASE ALSO UPDATE THE EXPRESSION NEXT TO IT (column "% of world population") WITH THE SAME NUMBER EXCLUDING COMMAS (the #expr: equation). --> '''Note:''' Aw dependent territories are shawn in ''italics''. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- !Rank!!Kintra (or dependent territory)!!Population!!Date!!% o warld<br />population!!Soorce |- | - |align=left|[[Warld]] |{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{worldpop}} round -5}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |100.00% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popclock USCB's warld population clock] |- |1 |align=left|{{CHN}}<ref>Census figure refers to mainland [[China]], excluding its Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. The first one returned to Chinese sovereignty in mid-1997 and the second one did so on December 20, 1999.</ref> |{{data Cheenae|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp Chinese Official Population Clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204051308/http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp |date=2003-12-04 }} |- |2 |align=left|{{IND}} |{{data Indie|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.indiastat.com/ Indian Official Population Clock] |- |3 |align=left|{{USA}} |{{data Unitit States|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popclock Official population clock] |- |4 |align=left|{{IDN}} |237,641,326 |Mey 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 237641326/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014161735/http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 |date=2014-10-14 }} |- |5 |align=left|{{BRA}} |193,946,886 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 193946886/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=2204&id_pagina=1 Official estimate] |- |6 |align=left|{{PAK}} |{{data Pakistan|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211657/http://www.census.gov.pk/ Official population clock] |- |7 |align=left|{{NGA}} |173,615,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 173615000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |8 |align=left|{{BGD}} |152,518,015 |Julie 16, 2012 |{{#expr: 152518015/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121009045253/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Census2011/Bangladesh_glance.pdf Official estimate] |- |9 |align=left|{{RUS}} |143,400,000 |julie 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 143400000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.htm Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326010717/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.htm |date=2014-03-26 }} |- |10 |align=left|{{MEX}} |126,577,691 |Julie 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 126577691/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103091405/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html |date=2019-01-03 }} |- |11 |align=left|{{JPN}} |126,200,000 |Mey 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 126200000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Monthly official estimate] |- |12 |align=left|{{PHL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (92337.852+4.881*{{Age in days|2010|5|1}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (92337852+4881*{{Age in days|2010|5|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.popcom.gov.ph Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403061418/http://www.popcom.gov.ph/ |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |13 |align=left|{{VNM}} |88,780,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 88780000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=508&ItemID=13500 Official estimate] |- |14 |align=left|{{ETH}} |86,613,986 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 86613986/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211418/http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |15 |align=left|{{EGY}} |83,661,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 83661000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptInFigure/EgyptinFigures/Tables/English/pop/population/index.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525221856/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptInFigure/EgyptinFigures/Tables/English/pop/population/index.html |date=2013-05-25 }} |- |16 |align=left|{{DEU}} |80,493,000 |September 30, 2012 |{{#expr: 80493000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html Quarterly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113161057/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html |date=2013-11-13 }} |- |17 |align=left|{{IRN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (75149.669+2.531*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (75149669+2531*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133 Official population clock] |- |18 |align=left|{{TUR}} |75,627,384 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 75627384/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425 Official estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829011325/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425 |date=2013-08-29 }} |- |19 |align=left|{{COD}} |67,514,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 67514000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |20 |align=left|{{THA}} |65,926,261 |September 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 65926261/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925201333/http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |21 |align=left|{{FRA}}<ref>Estimate not only refers to [[metropolitan France]], but also includes its separatedly listed [[overseas departments]] ''(Départements d'outre-mer'', DOM) of [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]] (from March 31, 2011) and [[Réunion]] and its [[overseas collectivities]] ''(Collectivités d'outre-mer,'' COM) of [[French Polynesia]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] and [[Wallis and Futuna]]. The population of [[metropolitan France]] alone stood at 63,822,000 in 1 July 2013, according to a monthly official estimate [www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=000436387].</ref> |65,707,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 65707000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/en/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607 Monthly official estimate] |- |22 |align=left|{{GBR}} |63,705,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 63705000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2011-and-mid-2012/index.html Official estimate]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |23 |align=left|{{ITA}} |59,704,082 |Januar 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 59704082/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803023947/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.html |date=2013-08-03 }} |- |24 |align=left|{{MMR}} |53,259,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 53259000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |25 |align=left|{{ZAF}} |52,981,991 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 52981991/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022013.pdf Official estimate] |- |26 |align=left|{{KOR}} |50,219,669 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 50219669/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/check_miplatform.jsp?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B35001&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=&empId=&scrId=&seqNo=&dbkind=ETLDB&lang_mode=ko_en&dsu=nsi&conn_path=A6 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110012919/http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/check_miplatform.jsp?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B35001&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=&empId=&scrId=&seqNo=&dbkind=ETLDB&lang_mode=ko_en&dsu=nsi&conn_path=A6 |date=2013-11-10 }} |- |27 |align=left|{{COL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (42888.592+1.449*{{Age in days|2005|6|30}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (42888592+1449*{{Age in days|2005|6|30}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |date=2012-01-14 }} |- |28 |align=left|{{ESP}} |47,059,533 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 47059533/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.es/prensa/np776.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |29 |align=left|{{UKR}} |45,480,315 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 45480315/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2013/ds/kn/kn_e/kn0613_e.html Monthly official estimate] |- |30 |align=left|{{TZA}} |44,928,923 |August 26, 2012 |{{#expr: 44928923/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf 2012 census result] |- |31 |align=left|{{KEN}} |44,354,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 44354000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |32 |align=left|{{ARG}} |40,117,096 |October 27, 2010 |{{#expr: 40117096/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034527/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |33 |align=left|{{POL}} |38,533,299 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 38533299/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LU_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2012.pdf Official estimate] |- |34 |align=left|{{SDN}} |37,964,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 37964000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |35 |align=left|{{DZA}} |37,900,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 37900000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220607/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |36 |align=left|{{IRQ}} |35,404,000 |August 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 33330000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029160543/http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm |date=2012-10-29 }} |- |37 |align=left|{{CAN}} |35,141,542 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 35141542/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html Official estimate] |- |38 |align=left|{{UGA}} |34,131,400 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 34131400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Popn_T3_2011.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802021657/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Popn_T3_2011.pdf |date=2014-08-02 }} |- |39 |align=left|{{MAR}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (329500+9.7*{{Age in days|2013|7|1}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (32950000+970*{{Age in days|2013|7|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.hcp.ma Official population clock] |- |40 |align=left|{{PER}} |30,475,144 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 30475144/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601002017/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm |date=2012-06-01 }} |- |41 |align=left|{{MYS}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (297466.33+0.8750411*{{Age in days|2012|6|1}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (2974663+87.50411*{{Age in days|2012|6|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145703/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en |date=2013-12-05 }} <!-- source code at http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/populationclockNEW/BI.php --> |- |42 |align=left|{{UZB}} |29,559,100 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 29559100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.uz/press/1/3399/ Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809003329/http://www.stat.uz/press/1/3399/ |date=2013-08-09 }} |- |43 |align=left|{{SAU}} |29,195,895 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 29195895/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919225542/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/ |date=2012-09-19 }} |- |44 |align=left|{{VEN}} |28,946,101 |October 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 28946101/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094142/http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 |date=2013-10-02 }} |- |45 |align=left|{{NPL}} |26,494,504 |Juin 22, 2011 |{{#expr: 26494504/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }} |- |46 |align=left|{{AFG}} |25,500,100 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 25500100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003706/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |47 |align=left|{{PRK}} |24,895,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 24895000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |48 |align=left|{{GHA}} |24,658,823 |September 26, 2010 |{{#expr: 24658823/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105945/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |49 |align=left|{{YEM}} |24,527,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 24527000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211602/http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |50 |align=left|{{MOZ}} |23,700,715 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 23700715/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.mz/Dashboards.aspx Official estimate] |- |51 |align=left|{{TWN}}<ref>[[Political status of Taiwan|Partially recognized state]], claimed by the [[People's Republic of China]] as one of its provinces. [[Taiwan]] also includes the minor islands of [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu]], [[Pescadores]], etc.</ref> |23,344,213 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 23344213/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022127/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |date=2014-07-04 }} |- |52 |align=left|{{CIV}} |23,202,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 23202000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ins.ci/n Official estimate] |- |53 |align=left|{{AUS}} <!--Please do not change the following formula. It automatically calculates the estimated population each day at 00:00 UTC based on the official population clock. Changing to a different formula makes it difficult to update on the three or four occasions each year when the rate of change varies. These formulae are used in multiple articles and provide consistency.--> |{{formatnum:{{#expr: 23000527 + (86400 / 83) * {{Age in days|2013|4|24}} round 0}}}} <!--AUTOUPDATES DAILY at 00:00 UTC, Australia pop clock adds 1 person every 83 seconds.--> |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (23000527 + (86400 / 83) * {{Age in days|2013|4|24}}) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official population clock] |- |54 |align=left|{{SYR}} |21,377,000 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 21377000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Syria.html Official estimate] |- |55 |align=left|{{MDG}} |20,696,070 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 20696070/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520005948/http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 |date=2011-05-20 }} |- |56 |align=left|{{AGO}} |20,609,294 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 20609294/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.ao Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126193220/http://www.ine.gov.ao/ |date=2015-11-26 }} |- |57 |align=left|{{CMR}} |20,386,799 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 20386799/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031000/http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf |date=2018-05-17 }} |- |58 |align=left|{{LKA}} |20,277,597 |Mairch 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 20277597/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206021926/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf |date=2013-12-06 }} |- |59 |align=left|{{ROU}} |20,121,641 |October 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 20121641/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }} |- |60 |align=left|{{BFA}} |17,322,796 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 17322796/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.insd.bf/fr Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814084502/http://www.insd.bf/fr |date=2012-08-14 }} |- |61 |align=left|{{NER}} |17,129,076 |December 10, 2012 |{{#expr: 17129076/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/rgph2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |62 |align=left|{{KAZ}} |17,028,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 17010000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117231623/http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx |date=2014-01-17 }} |- |63 |align=left|{{NLD}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (167432.82+1.19*{{Age in days|2012|5|31}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (16743282+119*{{Age in days|2012|5|31}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617194723/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm |date=2009-06-17 }} |- |64 |align=left|{{CHL}} |16,634,603 |Aprile 9, 2012 |{{#expr: 16634603/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.censo.cl/contenido/sintesis_resultados_censo_2012.pdf Final 2012 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |65 |align=left|{{ECU}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (150000+6.95*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (15000000+695*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121131641/http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf |date=2013-01-21 }} |- |66 |align=left|{{GTM}} |15,438,384 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 15438384/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193855/http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm |date=2011-10-07 }} |- |67 |align=left|{{MLI}} |15,302,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 15302000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |68 |align=left|{{KHM}} |15,135,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 15135000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |69 |align=left|{{MWI}} |14,388,600 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 14388600/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Malawi.html Official estimate] |- |70 |align=left|{{SEN}} |13,567,338 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 13567338/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060113/http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |71 |align=left|{{ZMB}} |13,092,666 |October 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 13092666/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Zambia.html Final 2010 census result] |- |72 |align=left|{{ZWE}} |12,973,808 |August 17, 2012 |{{#expr: 12973808/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060905/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf |date=2013-09-03 }} |- |73 |align=left|{{TCD}} |12,825,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 12825000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |74 |align=left|{{SSD}} |11,296,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11296000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |75 |align=left|{{CUB}} |11,163,934 |September 15, 2012 |{{#expr: 11163934/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20121212cifraspreliminares/resultados%20preliminares.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718202826/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20121212cifraspreliminares/resultados%20preliminares.pdf |date=2013-07-18 }} |- |76 |align=left|{{BEL}} |11,156,136 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11156136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419074752/http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Registre/fr/statistiques_population/stat_1_f.pdf Monthly official estimate] |- |77 |align=left|{{GIN}} |10,824,200 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 10824200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-guinee.org Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050037/http://www.stat-guinee.org/ |date=2012-07-12 }} |- |78 |align=left|{{GRC}} |10,815,197 |Mey 24, 2011 |{{#expr: 10815197/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817195146/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf |date=2014-08-17 }} |- |79 |align=left|{{TUN}} |10,777,500 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 10777500/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023615/http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php |date=2015-09-04 }} |- |80 |align=left|{{PRT}} |10,562,178 |Mairch 21, 2011 |{{#expr: 10562178/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.html Final 2011 census result] |- |81 |align=left|{{RWA}} |10,537,222 |August 15, 2012 |{{#expr: 10537222/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/provisional%20results%20-%20eng.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019174254/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/provisional%20results%20-%20eng.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }} |- |82 |align=left|{{CZE}} |10,512,800 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 10512800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.doc Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903205850/http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.doc |date=2013-09-03 }} |- |83 |align=left|{{SOM}}<ref>Includes [[Puntland]] (with a population of about 3,900,000 inhabitants) and [[Somaliland]] (some 3,500,000 inhabitants).</ref> |10,496,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10496000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |84 |align=left|{{HTI}} |10,413,211 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 10413211/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103153/http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm |date=2011-07-21 }} |- |85 |align=left|{{BEN}} |10,323,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10323000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |86 |align=left|{{BDI}} |10,163,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10163000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |87 |align=left|{{BOL}} |10,027,254 |November 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 10027254/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.bo:8081/censo2012/PDF/resultadosCPV2012.pdf 2012 census result] |- |88 |align=left|{{HUN}} |9,906,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 9906000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html Annual official estimate] |- |89 |align=left|{{SWE}} |9,588,569 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 9588569/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspx Monthly official estimate] |- |90 |align=left|{{BLR}} |9,459,800 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 9459800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121022184751/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/press/demographics.php Monthly official estimate] |- |91 |align=left|{{DOM}} |9,445,281 |December 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 9445281/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&func=display&aid=2387 Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404103147/http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&func=display&aid=2387 |date=2013-04-04 }} |- |92 |align=left|{{AZE}} |9,235,100 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 9235100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207012257/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml |date=2012-02-07 }} |- |93 |align=left|{{AUT}} |8,464,554 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 8464554/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistik.at/web_de/presse/071726 Official estimate] |- |94 |align=left|{{HND}} |8,385,072 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 8385072/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017031001/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 |date=2010-10-17 }} |- |95 |align=left|{{ARE}} |8,264,070 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 8264070/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008044353/http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf |date=2013-10-08 }} |- |96 |align=left|{{CHE}} |8,058,100 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 8058100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand/01.html Quarterly official estimate] |- |97 |align=left|{{ISR}} |8,051,200 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 8051200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0713/pdf/b1.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094329/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0713/pdf/b1.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }} |- |98 |align=left|{{TJK}} |8,000,000 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 8000000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.tj/en Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306125630/http://www.stat.tj/en/ |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |99 |align=left|{{BGR}} |7,282,041 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 7282041/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&a1=376&a2=377&a3=378#cont Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113220442/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&a1=376&a2=377&a3=378#cont |date=2012-11-13 }} |- |100 |align=left|{{SRB}}<ref>Excludes the [[Kosovo]] (1,733,872, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112084432/http://esk.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/docs/REKOS%20LEAFLET%20ALB%20FINAL.pdf 2011]).</ref> |7,241,295 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 7241295/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225081855/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 |date=2015-12-25 }} |- |101 |align=left|{{HKG}}<ref>Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the [[People's Republic of China]] from July 1, 1997.</ref> |7,173,900 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 7173900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T Official estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609015356/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T |date=2007-06-09 }} |- |102 |align=left|{{PNG}} |7,059,653 |Julie 10, 2011 |{{#expr: 7059653/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/PapuaNewGuinea.html 2011 census result] |- |103 |align=left|{{PRY}} |6,672,631 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 6672631/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dgeec.gov.py/sub_index/Pobreza/Paraguay%20Evolucion%20de%20la%20Poblacion%20Total%20Periodo%201950-2002%20Proyeccion%202012.pdf Official estimate] |- |104 |align=left|{{LAO}} |6,580,800 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6580800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517150036/http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm |date=2012-05-17 }} |- |105 |align=left|{{JOR}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (62490+3.82*{{Age in days|2011|12|31}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (6249000+382*{{Age in days|2011|12|31}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117225318/http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |106 |align=left|{{ERI}} |6,333,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6333000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |107 |align=left|{{LBY}} |6,202,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6202000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |108 |align=left|{{TGO}} |6,191,155 |November 6, 2010 |{{#expr: 6191155/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=14&&Itemid=56 Final 2010 census result] |- |109 |align=left|{{SLE}} |6,190,280 |2013 |{{#expr: 6190280/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._&_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173852/http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._%26_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf |date=2013-07-30 }} |- |110 |align=left|{{SLV}} |6,183,000 |Juin 30, 2010 |{{#expr: 6183000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/ElSalvador.html Official estimate] |- |111 |align=left|{{NIC}} |6,071,045 |Juin 30, 2012 |{{#expr: 6071045/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20año%202012%20INIDE.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20a%C3%B1o%202012%20INIDE.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |112 |align=left|{{DNK}} |5,605,836 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 5605836/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning.aspx Quarterly official estimate] |- |113 |align=left|{{KGZ}} |5,551,900 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 5551900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/KZ/Demo/demo2.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909195539/http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/KZ/Demo/demo2.pdf |date=2015-09-09 }} |- |114 |align=left|{{FIN}} |5,434,357 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5434357/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.fi/til/vrm_en.html Monthly official estimate] |- |115 |align=left|{{SVK}} |5,410,728 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5410728/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031417/http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |116 |align=left|{{SGP}} |5,310,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 5310000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.singstat.gov.sg Official estimate] |- |117 |align=left|{{TKM}} |5,240,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 5240000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |118 |align=left|{{NOR}} |5,063,709 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5063709/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal Quarterly official estimate] |- |119 |align=left|{{LBN}} |4,822,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4822000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |120 |align=left|{{CRI}} |4,667,096 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4667096/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327062704/http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx |date=2012-03-27 }} |- |121 |align=left|{{CAF}} |4,616,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4616000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |122 |align=left|{{IRL}} |4,585,400 |Aprile 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 4585400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2012/popmig_2012.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |123 |align=left|{{GEO}}<ref>Excludes ([http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722065134/http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls |date=2014-07-22 }}) the [[Republic of Abkhazia]] (242,862, census 2011) and [[South Ossetia]] (70,000, 2006).</ref> |4,483,800 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4483800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng Annual official estimate] |- |124 |align=left|{{NZL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (440000+6.3*{{Age in days|2010|6|18}}) round 0}}0}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (4400000+63*{{Age in days|2010|6|18}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604223109/http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx |date=2010-06-04 }} |- |125 |align=left|{{COG}} |4,448,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4448000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |126 |align=left|{{PSE}}<ref>It comprises the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[West Bank]].</ref> |4,420,549 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4420549/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population |date=2015-06-10 }} |- |127 |align=left|{{LBR}} |4,294,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4294000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |128 |align=left|{{HRV}} |4,290,612 |Mairch 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 4290612/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123094014/http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm |date=2015-11-23 }} |- |129 |align=left|{{BIH}} |3,839,737 |Juin 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 3839737/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.bhas.ba/index.php?option=com_publikacija&id=1&lang=en&Itemid= Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184402/http://www.bhas.ba/index.php?option=com_publikacija&id=1&lang=en&Itemid= |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |130 |align=left|{{OMN}} |3,831,553 |Februar 28, 2013 |{{#expr: 3831553/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ncsi.gov.om/book/mb/Mar2013/T2.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230516/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/book/mb/Mar2013/T2.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |131 |align=left|{{PRI}}<ref>Commonwealth ({{lang-es|Estado Libre Asociado}}) belonging to the [[United States]].</ref> |3,667,084 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3667084/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/PuertoRico-Towns.html Official estimate] |- |132 |align=left|{{KWT}} |3,582,054 |December 31, 2010 |{{#expr: 3582054/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kuwait.html Official estimate] |- |133 |align=left|{{MDA}}<ref>Excludes ([http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/populatia/Populatia_Republicii_Moldova_2010.pdf statistica.md.2010.pdf]) [[Transnistria]] (555,347, census 2005).</ref> |3,559,500 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3559500/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&idc=103& Official estimate] |- |134 |align=left|{{MRT}} |3,461,041 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 3461041/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925151255/http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |135 |align=left|{{PAN}} |3,405,813 |Mey 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 3405813/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/cuadros.aspx Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307170158/http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/Cuadros.aspx |date=2011-03-07 }} |- |136 |align=left|{{URY}} |3,286,314 |September 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 3286314/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112153208/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html |date=2012-01-12 }} |- |137 |align=left|{{ARM}} |3,024,100 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3024100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=11001 Annual official estimate] |- |138 |align=left|{{LTU}} |2,955,986 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2955986/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |date=2010-08-19 }} |- |139 |align=left|{{ALB}} |2,821,977 |October 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 2821977/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630084756/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf |date=2017-06-30 }} |- |140 |align=left|{{MNG}} |2,754,685 |November 11, 2010 |{{#expr: 2754685/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.nso.mn/v3/index2.php?page=news_more&id=722 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |141 |align=left|{{JAM}} |2,711,476 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 2711476/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx Annual official estimate] |- |142 |align=left|{{NAM}} |2,113,077 |August 28, 2011 |{{#expr: 2113077/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html Final 2011 census result] |- |143 |align=left|{{LSO}} |2,074,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2074000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |144 |align=left|{{SVN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (2058821+8*{{Age in days|2013|1|1}}) round 0}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (2058821+8*{{Age in days|2013|1|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asp Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618041010/http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asp |date=2009-06-18 }} |- |145 |align=left|{{MKD}} |2,059,794 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 2059794/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=2 Official estimate] |- |146 |align=left|{{BWA}} |2,024,904 |August 22, 2011 |{{#expr: 2024904/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113252/http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }} |- |147 |align=left|{{LVA}} |2,013,400 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2013400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628214416/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html |date=2013-06-28 }} |- |148 |align=left|{{QAT}} |1,916,426 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 1916426/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130220032/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm |date=2012-11-30 }} |- |149 |align=left|{{GMB}} |1,849,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1849000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |150 |align=left|{{GNB}} |1,704,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1704000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |151 |align=left|{{GAB}} |1,672,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1672000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |152 |align=left|{{GNQ}} |1,622,000 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 1622000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20190107063158/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/404.shtml Annual official estimate] |- |153 |align=left|{{TTO}} |1,328,019 |Januar 9, 2011 |{{#expr: 1328019/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf 2011 census result] |- |154 |align=left|{{EST}} |1,286,540 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1286540/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123153505/http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators |date=2012-11-23 }} |- |155 |align=left|{{MUS}} |1,257,900 |Julie 3, 2011 |{{#expr: 1257900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei915/esi2011.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230510/http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei915/esi2011.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |156 |align=left|{{SWZ}} |1,250,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1250000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |157 |align=left|{{BHR}} |1,234,571 |Aprile 27, 2010 |{{#expr: 1234571/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230515/http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |158 |align=left|{{TLS}} |1,066,409 |Julie 11, 2010 |{{#expr: 1066409/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://dne.mof.gov.tl Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816060817/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/ |date=2012-08-16 }} |- |159 |align=left|{{DJI}} |864,618 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 864618/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053048/http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |- |160 |align=left|{{CYP}}<ref>Excludes [[Northern Cyprus]] (294,906, 04 Dec 2011 Census under the auspieces of the UN observers, ([http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=82777 North Cyprus State Planning Organization]).</ref> |862,000 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 862000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/C6ECE5795EAC1ED8C2257AB70038FCD4?OpenDocument&sub=1&sel=1&e=&print Official estimate] |- |161 |align=left|{{FJI}} |858,038 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 858038/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20111113144319/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |162 |align=left|''{{REU}}'' ([[France]]) |821,136 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 821136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |163 |align=left|{{GUY}} |784,894 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 784894/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031300/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |164 |align=left|{{BTN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (72000+3.6*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}}) round 0}}0}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsb.gov.bt/main/main.php#&slider1=1 Official population clock]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |165 |align=left|{{COM}} |724,300 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 724300/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Comores.html Official estimate] |- |166 |align=left|{{MNE}} |620,029 |Aprile 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 620029/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje%281%29.pdf Final 2011 census result] |- |167 |align=left|{{MAC}}<ref>Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the [[People's Republic of China]] from December 20, 1999.</ref> |582,000 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 582000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/default.aspx Official estimate] |- |168 |align=left|{{ESH}}<ref>Administration is split between [[Morocco]] and the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], both of which claim the entire territory.</ref> |567,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 567000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |169 |align=left|{{SLB}} |561,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 561000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |170 |align=left|{{LUX}} |537,000 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 537000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=383&IF_Language=fra&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1 Annual official estimate]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |171 |align=left|{{SUR}} |534,189 |August 13, 2012 |{{#expr: 534189/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Suriname.html Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |172 |align=left|{{CPV}} |491,875 |Juin 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 491875/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolução%20da%20população%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde,%201900%20-2010.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003130545/http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde%2C%201900%20-2010.pdf |date=2012-10-03 }} |- |173 |align=left|{{MLT}} |416,055 |November 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 416055/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194522/http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 |date=2013-11-13 }} |- |174 |align=left|''{{GLP}}'' ([[France]]) |403,355 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 403355/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |175 |align=left|''{{MTQ}}'' ([[France]]) |394,173 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 394173/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |176 |align=left|{{BRN}} |393,162 |Juin 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 393162/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010121333/http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf |date=2012-10-10 }} |- |177 |align=left|{{BHS}} |351,461 |Mey 3, 2010 |{{#expr: 351461/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/056411800.pdf Final 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |178 |align=left|{{ISL}} |323,810 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 323810/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.statice.is Official estimate] |- |179 |align=left|{{MDV}} |317,280 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 317280/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224031/http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |180 |align=left|{{BLZ}} |312,971 |Mey 12, 2010 |{{#expr: 312971/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051640/http://www.statisticsbelize.org.bz/dms20uc/dynamicdata/docs/20110511165337_2.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result] |- |181 |align=left|{{BRB}} |274,200 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 274200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Barbados.html Official estimate] |- |182 |align=left|''{{PYF}}'' ([[France]]) |268,270 |August 22, 2012 |{{#expr: 268270/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_résultats_population_légale.sflb.ashx Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193409/http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_r%C3%A9sultats_population_l%C3%A9gale.sflb.ashx |date=2014-02-21 }} |- |183 |align=left|{{VUT}} |264,652 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 264652/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |184 |align=left|''{{NCL}}'' ([[France]]) |258,958 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 258958/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |185 |align=left|''{{GUF}}'' ([[France]]) |229,040 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 229040/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |186 |align=left|''{{MYT}}'' ([[France]]) |212,600 |August 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 212600/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=19214&reg_id=27 2012 census result] |- |187 |align=left|{{WSM}} |187,820 |November 7, 2011 |{{#expr: 187820/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.sbs.gov.ws Final 2011 census result] |- |188 |align=left|{{STP}} |187,356 |Mey 13, 2012 |{{#expr: 187356/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SaoTome.html 2012 census result] |- |189 |align=left|{{LCA}} |166,526 |Mey 10, 2010 |{{#expr: 166526/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110830112605/http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result] |- |190 |align=left|''{{GUM}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |159,358 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 159358/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn179.html Final 2010 census result] |- |191 |align=left|''{{CUW}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |150,563 |Mairch 26, 2011 |{{#expr: 150563/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Curacao.html 2011 census result] |- |192 |align=left|{{VCT}} |109,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 109000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |193 |align=left|{{KIR}} |106,461 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 106461/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |194 |align=left|''{{VIR}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |106,405 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 106405/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn180.html Final 2010 census result] |- |195 |align=left|{{GRD}} |103,328 |Mey 12, 2011 |{{#expr: 103328/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614004809/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx |date=2012-06-14 }} |- |196 |align=left|{{TON}} |103,036 |November 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 103036/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230502/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |197 |align=left|''{{ABW}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |101,484 |September 29, 2010 |{{#expr: 101484/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113151207/http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 |date=2012-11-13 }} |- |198 |align=left|{{FSM}} |101,351 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 101351/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |199 |align=left|''{{JEY}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |97,857 |Mairch 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 97857/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003705/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |200 |align=left|{{SYC}} |90,945 |August 26, 2010 |{{#expr: 90945/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/82 Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021324/http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/82 |date=2012-02-21 }} |- |201 |align=left|{{ATG}} |86,295 |Mey 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 86295/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Antigua.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |202 |align=left|''{{IMN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |84,497 |Mairch 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 84497/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/IsleOfMan.html 2011 census result] |- |203 |align=left|{{AND}} |76,246 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 76246/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20171113143444/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic= Annual official estimate] |- |204 |align=left|{{DMA}} |71,293 |Mey 14, 2011 |{{#expr: 71293/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104411/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf |date=2019-06-08 }} |- |205 |align=left|''{{BMU}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |64,237 |Mey 20, 2010 |{{#expr: 64237/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520190010/http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }} |- |206 |align=left|''{{GGY}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |62,431 |Mairch 31, 2010 |{{#expr: 62431/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=5506&p=0 Annual official estimate] |- |207 |align=left|''{{GRL}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |56,370 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 56370/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&theme=Population&link=BE Annual official estimate] |- |208 |align=left|{{MHL}} |56,086 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 56086/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |209 |align=left|''{{ASM}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |55,519 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 55519/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn177.html Final 2010 census result] |- |210 |align=left|''{{CYM}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |55,456 |October 10, 2010 |{{#expr: 55456/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135615/http://eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport |date=2013-09-21 }} |- |211 |align=left|{{KNA}} |54,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 54000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |212 |align=left|''{{MNP}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |53,883 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 53883/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn178.html Final 2010 census result] |- |213 |align=left|''{{FRO}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |48,244 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 48244/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090929/http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands |date=2011-05-11 }} |- |214 |align=left|''{{SXM}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |37,429 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 37429/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SintMaarten.html Official estimate] |- |215 |align=left|''{{MAF}}'' ([[France]]) |36,979 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 36979/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |216 |align=left|{{LIE}} |36,842 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 36842/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331084716/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm |date=2014-03-31 }} |- |217 |align=left|{{MCO}} |36,136 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 36136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.monacostatistics.mc/News/Official-population-on-December-31-2012 Annual official estimate] |- |218 |align=left|{{SMR}} |32,382 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 32382/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html# Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228151338/http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html |date=2012-12-28 }} |- |219 |align=left|''{{TCA}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |31,458 |Januar 25, 2012 |{{#expr: 31458/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/TurksCaicos.html 2012 census result] |- |220 |align=left|''{{GIB}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |29,752 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 29752/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123433/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf |date=2018-09-28 }} |- |221 |align=left|''{{VGB}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |29,537 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 29537/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.dpu.gov.vg Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020525210259/http://www.dpu.gov.vg/ |date=2002-05-25 }} |- |222 |align=left|''{{ALA}}'' ([[Finland]]) |28,502 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 28502/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115211225/http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 |date=2016-11-15 }} |- |223 |align=left|''{{BES}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |21,133 |Januar 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 21133/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/NedAntillen.html Official estimate] |- |224 |align=left|{{PLW}} |20,901 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 20901/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |225 |align=left|''{{COK}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |14,974 |December 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 14974/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230514/http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |226 |align=left|''{{AIA}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |13,452 |Mey 11, 2011 |{{#expr: 13452/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Anguilla.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |227 |align=left|''{{WLF}}'' ([[France]]) |13,135 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 13135/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |228 |align=left|{{TUV}} |11,323 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11323/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |229 |align=left|{{NRU}} |9,945 |October 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 9945/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Nauru.html 2011 census result] |- |230 |align=left|''{{BLM}}'' ([[France]]) |8,938 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 8938/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |231 |align=left|''{{SPM}}'' ([[France]]) |6,081 |Januar 1, 2010 |0.00006% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |232 |align=left|''{{MSR}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |4,922 |Mey 12, 2011 |0.00005% |align=left|[http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071254/http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |233 |align=left|''{{SHN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |4,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |0.00004% |align=left|UN estimate |- |234 |align=left|''{{SJM}}'' ([[Norawa]]) |2,655 |September 1, 2012 |0.00003% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Svalbard.html Official estimate] |- |235 |align=left|''{{FLK}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |2,563 |Aprile 15, 2012 |0.00003% |align=left|[http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people 2012 census result] |- |236 |align=left|''{{NFK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |2,302 |August 9, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200110/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |237 |align=left|''{{CXR}}'' ([[Australia]]) |2,072 |August 9, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |238 |align=left|''{{NIU}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |1,613 |September 10, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Niue.html Final 2011 census result] |- |239 |align=left|''{{TKL}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |1,411 |October 18, 2011 |0.00001% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034343/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf |date=2012-08-15 }} |- |240 |align=left|{{VAT}} |800 |Julie 1, 2012 |0.00001% |align=left|[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031317/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |241 |align=left|''{{CCK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |550 |August 9, 2011 |0.000001% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |242 |align=left|''{{PCN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |66 |Julie 1, 2008 |0.0000000% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Pitcairn.html 2008 census result] |} ==See an aa== {{Multicol}} *[[Leet o countries bi population (Unitit Naitions)]] *[[Leet o sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density]] *[[Leet o continents bi population]] *[[Leet o kintras bi refugee population]] *[[Leet o kintras bi urban population]] *[[Leet o regional organisations bi population]] *[[Leet o releegious populations]] *[[Leets o organisms bi population]] *[[Warld population]] '''Heestorical''' *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 1900]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 1907]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2000]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2005]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2010]] *[[Leet o kintras bi past an futur population]] (1950–2050) '''Ceeties:''' *[[Warld's lairgest ceeties]] *[[Leet o naitional caipitals bi population]] {{Multicol-break}} {{portal|Geografie}} *'''Leets o kintras bi population''' **'''Continental''' ***[[Leet o African kintras by population|Africae]] ***[[Leet o Asian kintras by population|Asie]] ***[[Leet o European kintras by population|Europe]] ***[[Leet o North American kintras by population|North Americae]] ***[[Leet o Oceanian kintras by population|Oceanie]] ***[[Leet o South American kintras by population|Sooth Americae]] **'''Intercontinental''' ***[[Leet o Eurasian kintras bi population|Eurasie]] ***[[Leet o kintras in the Americas by population|Americas]] ***[[Leet o Arab kintras by population|Arab states]] ***[[Leet o members o the Commonweel o Naitions bi population|Commonweel o Naitions]] ***[[Leet o Laitin American kintras bi population|Latin Americae]] ***[[Leet o Middle East kintras bi population|Middle East]] **'''Subcontinental''' ***[[Leet o Caribbean island kintras bi population|Caribbean islands]] ***[[Leet o European Union member states bi population|European Union member states]] {{Multicol-end}} ==References an notes== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm United Nations Analytical Report for the 2004 revision of World Population Prospects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815065906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |date=2018-08-15 }} (the analytical report for the 2006 revision is nae available online)&nbsp;— includes details of methodology and soorces uised for the population estimates abuin. [[Category:Demografie]] [[Category:Leets o kintras|Population]] [[Category:Leets bi population|Kintras]] olnlz8h5gicoi3quop5vgigopasu6bz 0 57078 923436 904177 2026-09-26T04:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Julian Assange | image = RUEDA DE PRENSA CONJUNTA ENTRE CANCILLER RICARDO PATIÑO Y JULIAN ASSANGE - 14953880621.jpg | caption = Assange in 2014 | birth_name = Julian Paul Hawkins | nationality = [[Australie]]<br />[[Ecuadorians|Ecuadorian]] (2018–2019)<ref>{{cite news |last=Valencia|first=Alexandra|date=2019-04-12|title=After years of giving refuge, Ecuador suspends Assange's citizenship|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ecuador-assange-citizenship/after-years-of-giving-refuge-ecuador-suspends-assanges-citizenship-idUSKCN1RN1LN/|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2024-05-07|language=en}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1971|07|03}} | birth_place = [[Townsville]], [[Queensland]], [[Australie]] | years_active = 1987–present | known_for = Foondin [[WikiLeaks]] | title = [[Buird o directors|Director]]{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} an eeditor-in-chief o [[WikiLeaks]] (till September 2018); publisher (syne September 2018)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/df4b97d353c34ce4baa02f671dd6321b|title=WikiLeaks names one-time spokesman as editor-in-chief|newspaper=[[AP News]]|access-date=26 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> | criminal_status = Sentenced tae [[guid behaviour bond]] an reparations in 1996 for hackin offences. Sentenced tae 50 weeks in preeson, on 1 Mey 2019, for [[Bail#Failyie tae complee|breachin bail]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48118908|work=BBC News|title=Julian Assange: Wikileaks co-founder jailed over bail breach|date=1 May 2019}}</ref> | spouse = {{marriage|Teresa Doe|1989|1999|reason=div.}} | partner = [[Sarah Harrison (jurnalist)|Sarah Harrison]]<br />(2009–2012)<ref> {{cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Anthony |last2=Adam |first2=Karla |date=5 July 2013 |title=Sarah Harrison, the woman from WikiLeaks |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/sarah-harrison-the-woman-from-wikileaks/2013/07/05/8631200e-e406-11e2-bffd-37a36ddab820_story.html |work=[[The Washington Post]] |department=World |location= |access-date=11 August 2019 |language= |quote= }} </ref> | children = 2 | occupation = {{hlist|Eeditor|Programmer}} | party = {{ubl|[[Independent politeecian|Independent]] (2015–present)|[[WikiLeaks Pairty|WikiLeaks]] (2012–2015)}} | awards = | signature = Julian_Assange_Autograph.svg }} '''Julian Paul Assange''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|ɑː|n|ʒ}} {{respell|ə|SAHNZH|'}};<ref name="WikiLeaks Founder on History's Top Leaks"/><ref name="Julian Assange's The World Tomorrow: Official Trailer (video)"/><!-- Pronunciations sometimes heard, but obviously not correct: ə|ˈ|s|ɒ|n|dʒ or ə|ˈ|s|ɒ|n|ʒ --> born 3 Julie 1971) is an Australian editor, activist, publisher an jurnalist.<ref name="tcij"/><ref name="amnestyint"/> He is kent as the editor-in-chief an foonder o [[WikiLeaks]], which publishes submissions o secret information,<ref name="Scientology threatens Wikileaks with injunction"/> [[news leak]]s<ref name="What is the effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information?"/> an classifee'd media frae anonymous news soorces<ref name="What is Wikileaks?"/> an [[whistleblower]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sanburn |first=Josh |date=2010-11-10 |title=Who Will Be TIME's 2010 Person of the Year? |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C2028734_2028733%2C00.html |magazine=Time Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112125145/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2028734_2028733,00.html |archive-date=2010-11-12 |access-date=2024-05-08 }}</ref> Assange wis a [[hacker (term)|hacker]] as a teenager, then a [[computer programmer]] afore becomin kent for his wirk wi WikiLeaks<ref name="timesonline"/> an makkin public appearances aroond the warld speakin aboot [[freedom o the press]], [[censorship]], an [[investigative jurnalism]]. WikiLeaks became internaitionally weel kent in 2010 when it began tae publish U.S. militar an diplomatic documents wi assistance frae its pairtners in the news media. [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] documents reportedly state that militar personnel who mak contact wi WikiLeaks or "WikiLeaks supporters" are at risk o bein chairgit wi "communicatin wi the enemy",<ref name="US documents reportedly refer to Assange, WikiLeaks as 'enemy'"/> an the [[United States Department of Justice]] reportitly haes considered prosecutin Assange for several affences.<ref name="savage1"/> Durin the trial o Manning prosecutors presentit evidence that thay claim reveals that Manning an Assange collaboratit tae steal an publish U.S. militar an diplomatic documents.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2011/12/military-assange-manning-collaborated-in-chats.html |title= Chat Logs Show Assange-Manning Collaboration, Military Says |work=New York |date= 23 December 2011 |author= Relph, Azriel James}}</ref> [[File:Julian Assange in 2008.jpg|left|thumb]] Syne November 2010, Assange haes been subject tae a [[European Arrest Warrant]] in response tae a Swadish police request for questioning in relation tae a sexual assault investigation. In Juin 2012, follaein feenal dismissal bi the [[Supreme court o the UK|Supreme Court o the United Kinrick]] o his appeal against enforcement o the European reest Warrant, Assange haes failed tae surrender tae his bail, an haes been treatit bi the UK authorities as haein absconded. Syne 19 Juin 2012, he haes been inside the Ecuadorian embassy in Lunnon, whaur he haes syne been grantit [[diplomatic asylum]].<ref name="asylumgranted" /><ref name="asylum"/> The Breetish govrenment intends tae [[Extradition|extradite]] Assange tae Swaden unner that reest warrant ance he leaves the embassy, which Assange says he fears mey result in his subsequent extradition tae the Unitit States tae face chairges ower the diplomatic cables case.<ref name="asylumgranted" /> While on bail in Ingland durin 2012, Assange hostit a poleetical talk show ''[[The World Tomorrow]]'' which wis broadcast on the [[RT (TV netwirk)|RT TV channel]].<ref name="cnn-aslamshoyeva"/><ref name="time-to-watch"/> Assange launched an Australie poleetical pairty cried [[The WikiLeaks Pairty]] an campaigned for a [[Australie Senate|Senate]] seat in [[Victoria (Australie)|Victoria]] in the [[Australie federal election, 2013]].<ref name="Assange gives Ten a welcome boost"/><ref name="Dorling, Philip">{{cite news |title= Assange looks to contest Senate election |url= http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/political-news/assange-looks-to-contest-senate-election-20121212-2ba43.html |accessdate=12 December 2012 |newspaper=The Age |location =Melbourne |date=12 December 2012|author=Dorling, Philip}}</ref> It wis later dissolved. ==References== {{reflist|3|refs= <ref name="WikiLeaks Founder on History's Top Leaks">{{cite news |last=Harrell |first=Eben |title=Defending the Leaks: Q&A with WikiLeaks' Julian Assange |date=2010-07-27 |url=https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2006789-1,00.html |magazine=Time Magazine |access-date=2024-05-07 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Julian Assange's The World Tomorrow: Official Trailer (video)">{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMIDuLA57Kg |title=Julian Assange's The World Tomorrow: Official Trailer (video) |publisher=Russia Today |date=13 April 2012 |accessdate=25 September 2012}}</ref> <ref name="tcij">{{cite web |url= http://www.tcij.org/node/160 |title= Teachers and speakers |publisher= [[Centre for investigative journalism]] |accessdate= 19 August 2012 |archive-date= 2014-01-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040705/http://www.tcij.org/node/160 |url-status= dead }}</ref> <ref name="amnestyint">{{cite web |url= http://amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18227 |title= Amnesty announces Media Awards 2009 winners |publisher= [[Amnesty International]] |date= 2 June 2009 |accessdate= 3 December 2010 |archive-date= 2012-05-30 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120530055214/amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18227 |url-status= dead }}</ref> <ref name="Assange gives Ten a welcome boost">{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/assange-gives-ten-a-welcome-boost-20121008-2780h.html |title=Assange gives Ten a welcome boost |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |author=Idato, Michael |date=8 October 2012 |accessdate=8 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Scientology threatens Wikileaks with injunction">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/04/08/church_of_scientology_contacts_wikileaks/ |title= Scientology threatens Wikileaks with injunction |work =The Register |location =London |date=8 April 2008 |accessdate=7 December 2010}}</ref> <ref name="What is the effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information?">{{cite web |url= http://www.ifla.org/publications/what-is-the-effect-of-wikileaks-for-freedom-of-information |title= What is the effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information? |author=Karhula, Päivikki |date=5 October 2012 |publisher= International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions}}</ref> <ref name="What is Wikileaks?">{{cite web |url= http://wikileaks.org/About.html |title=What is Wikileaks? |publisher=WikiLeaks}}</ref> <ref name="timesonline">{{cite news |title=Profile: Julian Assange, the man behind Wikileaks |author=Gray, Sadie |url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article7094231.ece |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |location=London |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=17 August 2012 |archive-date=2010-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906200853/http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article7094231.ece |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="US documents reportedly refer to Assange, WikiLeaks as 'enemy'">{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/us-calls-assange-enemy-of-state-20120927-26m7s.html |title= US calls Assange 'enemy of state' |date=27 September 2012 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |author= Dorling, Philip |accessdate=13 January 2013 }}; this story was cited in [http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/26/14115231-us-documents-reportedly-refer-to-assange-wikileaks-as-enemy?lite NBC News], 26 September 2012</ref> <ref name="savage1">{{cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |title=U.S. Prosecutors Study WikiLeaks Prosecution |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/world/08leak.html |accessdate=9 December 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 December 2010}}</ref> <ref name="asylumgranted">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120918223038/http://www.mmrree.gob.ec/2012/com042.asp Declaración del Gobierno de la República del Ecuador sobre la solicitud de asilo de Julian Assange] {{es icon}}. Ministry for External Relations, Ecuador. 2012. ({{Cite web |url=http://www.mmrree.gob.ec/2012/com042.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512122032/http://www.mmrree.gob.ec/2012/com042.asp |archive-date=2013-05-12 |url-status=dead}})</ref> <ref name="asylum">{{cite news |url= http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/ecuador-grants-wikileaks-founder-assange-political-asylum/story?id=17018133 |title=Ecuador Grants WikiLeaks Founder Julian Assange Political Asylum |author1=Ferran, Lee |author2=Bruner, Raisa |work=ABC News (U.S.) |date=16 August 2012}}</ref> <ref name="cnn-aslamshoyeva">{{cite news |first=Zarifmo |last=Aslamshoyeva |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/14/world/europe/russia-wikileaks |title=WikiLeaks' Assange to launch TV talk show |work=[[CNN]] |date=14 April 2012 |accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref> <ref name="time-to-watch">{{cite news |first=Laura |last=Smith |url= http://rt.com/news/assange-world-tomorrow-premier-date-time-934/ |title=Assange show premiere: Time to watch 'The World Tomorrow' |date=13 April 2012 |accessdate=24 April 2012 |work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]]}}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== {{Wikiquote|Julian Assange}} {{Commons category|Julian Assange}} {{Wikinews category}} ;Offeecial steid * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071020051936/http://iq.org/ Julian Assange's wabsteid (archivit)] ;Wirks bi/aboot Assange * {{imdb name|4006677}} * {{gutenberg author|id=Julian_Assange|name=Julian Assange}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Assange, Julian}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Activists frae Melbourne]] [[Category:Jurnalists frae Melbourne]] [[Category:Alternative jurnalists]] [[Category:Australie activists]] [[Category:Australie computer programmers]] [[Category:Australie expatriates in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Australie Internet personalities]] [[Category:Australie freelance jurnalists]] [[Category:Australie libertarians]] [[Category:Australie memoirists]] [[Category:Australie poleetical jurnalists]] [[Category:Australie televeesion jurnalists]] [[Category:Australie poleetical writers]] [[Category:Australie publishers (fowk)]] [[Category:Australie whistleblowers]] [[Category:Cypherpunks]] [[Category:Internet activists]] [[Category:Media creetics]] [[Category:Fowk frae Townsville]] [[Category:Varsity o Melbourne alumni]] [[Category:WikiLeaks]] [[Category:Fugitives wantit on sex creeme chairges]] [[Category:Australie fowk impreesoned abroad]] nkek0qoqi227f4rtju072psp1pii2qt 0 57799 923402 911819 2026-09-26T03:39:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saunt |name=Saunt Gianna Beretta Molla | birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|10|4|df=y}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1962|4|28|1922|10|4}} |feast_day=28 Apryle |venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Kirk]] |image= |imagesize= |caption= |birth_place=Magenta, Italy |death_place=Magenta, Italy |titles= |beatified_date=24 Apryle 1994 |beatified_place= |beatified_by=[[Pape John Paul II]] |canonized_date=16 Mey 2004 |canonized_place= |canonized_by=[[Pape John Paul II]] |attributes= |patronage=mithers, pheesicians, preborn childer |major_shrine= |suppressed_date= |issues= }}<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:giannamolla.jpg]] -->'''Saunt Gianna Beretta Molla''' (4 October 1922 – 28 Apryle 1962) wis an [[Italy|Italian]] [[pediatrician]], wife an mither who is best kent for refusin baith an [[abortion]] an a [[hysterectomy]] whan she wis pregnant wi her fowert bairn, despite knawin that continuin wi the pregnancy coud result in her daith. She wis [[Canonization|canonizit]] as a saunt o the [[Catholic Kirk]] in 2004. ==Biographical details== ===Early life=== Gianna Francesca Beretta wis born in [[Magenta, Lombardy|Magenta]] in [[Italy]]. She wis the tent o thirteen childer in her faimily, anerly nine o whom survivit tae adultheid. When she wis three, her faimily muivit tae [[Bergamo]], an she grew up in the [[Lombardy]] region o Italy. In 1942, Gianna began her study o medicine in [[Milan]]. Ootside o her schuilin, she wis active in [[Azione Cattolica]]. She receivit a medical diploma in 1949, an opened an office in [[Mesero]], near her hametoun o Magenta, whaur she specializit in pediatrics. Gianna howpit tae join her brither, a missionar priest in [[Brazil]], whaur she intendit tae affer her medical expertise in gynecologie tae poor weemen. Housomeivver, her chronic ill halth made this impractical, an she continued her practice in Italy. ===Engagement an marriage=== In Dizember 1954, Gianna met Pietro Molla, an ingineer who wirkit in her office, ten years aulder than she. Thay wur offeecially engaged the follaein Apryle, an thay mairit in September 1955. Thay welcomed Pierluigi, in 1956, Mariolina, in 1957 an Laura, wis born in 1959. Gianna suffered twa miscarriages efter this. ===Feenal pregnancy=== In 1961, Gianna wis pregnant ance again. Durin the seicont month, Gianna developit a [[fibroma]] on her uterus. Efter examination, the doctors gae her three choices: a abortion, a complete hysterectomie, or remuival o anerly the fibroma. The Catholic Kirk forbids aw direct abortion even whan the wumman's life is in danger, but Catholic teachin wad hae alloued her tae unnergo a hysterectomie, which wad hae resultit in her unborn bairn's daith as an unintendit consequence. Gianna optit for the remuival o the fibroma, wantin tae preserve her bairn's life. Efter the operation, complications continued throuoot her pregnancy. Gianna wis quite clear aboot her wishes, expressin tae her faimily, "This time it will be a difficult delivery, an they mey hae tae save ane or the ither -- A want thaim tae save ma baby." On 21 Apryle 1962, Guid Friday o that year, Gianna went tae the hospital, whaur her fowert bairn, Gianna Emanuela, wis successfully delivered via [[Caesarean section]].<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20040516_beretta-molla_en.html ''Gianna Beretta Molla (1922&ndash;1962)'', Vatican web site]</ref> Housomeivver, Gianna continued tae hae severe pain, an dee'd o septic [[peritonitis]] 7 days efter the birth. ==Canonization== Gianna wis [[Beatification|beatifee'd]] bi [[Pape John Paul II]] on Apryle 24, 1994, an offeecially canonizit a [[saunt]] on 16 Mey 2004. Gianna's husband Pietro, an thair dochter Laura, wur present at the canonization ceremony, the first time in the history o the Kirk that a husband witnessed his wife's canonisation. The miracle recognizit bi the Catholic Kirk tae canonize Gianna Molla involved a mither, Elizabeth Comparini, who wis 16 weeks pregnant in 2003 an sustained a tear in her [[placenta]] that drained her womb o aw [[amniotic fluid]]. Acause a normal term o pregnancy is 40 weeks, Comparini wis tauld bi her doctors the baby's chance o survival wis "nil." Comparini said she prayed tae Gianna Molla askin for her intercession, an wis able tae deliver a halthy baby despite the lack o amniotic fluid. In his homily at her canonization Mass, Pape John Paul II cried Gianna "a simple, but mair nor iver, significant messenger o divine luve."<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2004/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20040516_canonizations_en.html ''Canonization of Six New Saints;Homily of John Paul II, Sixth Sunday of Easter, 16 May 2004]</ref> Maria Zita (Mariolina) Molla dee'd in 1964 at the age o sax, frae a rare complication o measles. Pietro Molla, dee'd at 97 in 2010 nearly 50 years efter Saunt Gianna dee'd. ==Inspiration== St. Gianna is the inspiration ahint the [http://www.giannahealth.org/ Gianna Center]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in New York Ceety. It is the first pro-life, Catholic halthcare centre for weemen in New York. The Gianna Centre provides primar care wi specialisit gynecologic care. ==Devotions== ===Patronage=== St. Gianna is a patron saunt for mithers, pheesicians, an unborn childer. ===Litany=== A litany tae St. Gianna Molla haes abeen written an aw, an mey be foond [http://www.saintgianna.org/litany.htm here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031807/http://www.saintgianna.org/litany.htm |date=2013-11-06 }}. ==References== * Molla, Gianna Beretta, ''Love Letters to My Husband'', Guerriero, Elio, ed., Pauline Beuks, 2002. <references/> ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Biography}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130907164822/http://www.saintpetershcs.com/giannacenter/ The National Gianna Center for Women’s Health and Fertility] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091227234705/http://www.stgianna.net/ St Gianna Physician's Guild] *[http://www.saintgianna.org/ Saunt Gianna wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327055808/http://www.saintgianna.org/ |date=2015-03-27 }} *[http://images.evangelizo.org/images/santibeati/G/Santa_Gianna_Beretta_Molla/Santa_Gianna_Beretta_Molla_Q.jpg St. Gianna Beretta Molla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425020540/http://images.evangelizo.org/images/santibeati/G/Santa_Gianna_Beretta_Molla/Santa_Gianna_Beretta_Molla_Q.jpg |date=2012-04-25 }} *{{Find a Grave|8798427}} *[http://www.pastoralcentre.pl/saint-gianna-beretta-molla/ Life o St Gianna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826025840/http://www.pastoralcentre.pl/saint-gianna-beretta-molla/ |date=2013-08-26 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Molla, Gianna Beretta}} [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:1962 daiths]] [[Category:Daiths frae peritonitis]] [[Category:Daiths in bairnbirth]] [[Category:Italian physeecians]] [[Category:Italian Roman Catholic saunts]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Province o Milan]] [[Category:20t-century Christian female saunts]] [[Category:Catholic Kirk an abortion]] 88739poh4fiwv6zg8665u482p9pj871 0 58573 923502 891017 2026-09-26T07:49:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Province o Como | native_name = | native_name_lang = it<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "it" for Italian --> | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Italy|Province]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = Como in Italy.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Map heichlichtin the location o the province o Como in Italy | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Italy}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Lombardy]] | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital(s) | seat = [[Como]] | parts_type = [[Comune|Comuni]] | parts_style = para | p1 = 160 | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Commissioner | leader_name = Leonardo Carioni | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 1288 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 599508 | population_as_of = 2012 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 22100 | area_code_type = Telephone prefix | area_code = 031 0344 02 0331 | iso_code = | registration_plate = [[Italian caur number plates|CO]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] | blank_info_sec1 = 013 | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} The '''Province o Como''' ({{lang-it|Provincia di Como}}) is a [[Provinces o Italy|province]] in the north o the [[Lombardy]] region o [[Italy]] an haes mairches the [[Swisserland|Swiss]] cantons o [[Ticino]] an [[Grigioni]] norlins, the Italian provinces of [[Province o Sondrio|Sondrio]] an [[Province o Lecco|Lecco]] eastlins, the [[Province o Milan]] soothlins an the [[Province o Varese]] wastlins. The ceety o [[Como]] is its caipital&nbsp;— ither lairge touns, wi mair nor 10,000 indwellers, is [[Cantù]], [[Erba, Lombardy|Erba]], [[Mariano Comense]] an [[Olgiate Comasco]]. [[Campione d'Italia]] belangs the province an aw, an is [[enclave]]d in the Swiss canton o Ticino. As of December 31, 2011, the main commune by population is: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Rank ! Ceety ! Population ! Aurie<br/> (km<sup>2</sup>) ! Densitie<br/> (inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>) ! Altitude<br/> (mslm) |- |'''1st''' |[[Como]] |86116 |37.63 |{{#expr:86116/37.63 round 0}} |201 |- |'''2nd''' |[[Cantù]] |39822 |23.18 |{{#expr:39822/23.18 round 0}} |370 |- |'''3rd''' |[[Mariano Comense]] |24052 |13.72 |{{#expr:24052/13.72 round 0}} |256 |- |'''4th''' |[[Erba, Lombardy|Erba]] |16890 |18.13 |{{#expr:16890/18.13 round 0}} |320 |- |'''5th''' |[[Olgiate Comasco]]<ref>[http://www.comune.olgiate-comasco.co.it/index.php?navigazione=aree%20tematiche&id_f=0010&id_contenuti=278&dettaglio=Informazioni%20sulla%20citt%C3%A0&dettaglio_sub=Informazioni%20Statistiche&dettaglio_sub_contenuto_arg=0010&dettaglio_sub_contenuto_macro=0005&titolo_pagina=Rilevazioni%20statistiche%20anno%202012 dati a 30-04-2012]</ref> |11484 |10 |{{#expr:11484/10 round 0}} |400 |- |'''6th''' |[[Lurate Caccivio]] |10009 |5.92 |{{#expr:10009/5.92 round 0}} |319 |- |'''7th''' |[[Fino Mornasco]] |9701 |7.26 |{{#expr:9701/7.26 round 0}} |334 |- |'''8th''' |[[Lomazzo]] |9643 |9.36 |{{#expr:9643/9.36 round 0}} |296 |- |'''9th''' |[[Cermenate]] |9165 |8.08 |{{#expr:9165/8.08 round 0}} |297 |- |'''10th''' |[[Turate]] |9080 |10.12 |{{#expr:9080/10.12 round 0}} |240 |- |} == See an aw == *[[Communes o the province o Como]] *[[Giuseppe Terragni]] *[[Antonio Sant'Elia]] *[[Alessandro Volta]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110226081219/http://www.provincia.como.it/ Provincia di Como homepage (in Italian)] {{Lombardy}} {{Province o Como|nocat=yes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Province O Como}} [[Category:Province o Como| ]] m3jrjizys88pmtv8mcf0skxvzwicfpw 0 58880 923566 906761 2026-09-26T09:41:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Valeriya <br />Валерия | image =Valeriya Russian singer.jpg | caption = | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Valeriya Yurievna Perfilova | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|4|17}} | birth_place = [[Atkarsk]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | death_date = | death_place = | instrument = Vocals | genre = [[Pop muisic|Pop]] | occupation = Sangster | years_active = | label = | associated_acts = | website = | current_members = | past_members = | notable_instruments = }} '''Valeriya''' ({{lang-ru|Валерия}}) is the [[stage name]] o Alla Yurievna Perfilova ({{lang-ru|Алла Юрьевна Перфилова}}, born 17 Apryle 1968 in [[Atkarsk]]), a Roushie sangster.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/valeriya-russiarsquos-greatest-export-after-gas-and-oil-854990.html |title=The Independent - Valeriya: Russia’s greatest export |access-date=2013-09-11 |archive-date=2008-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709235106/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/valeriya-russiarsquos-greatest-export-after-gas-and-oil-854990.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Biografie== ===Early years=== Valeriya wis born on the 17 Apryle 1968 in a smaw toun [[Atkarsk]] [[Saratov Oblast]] in middle Roushie in a faimily o clessical muisickers. She studiet piano at the anerly muisical schuil in the toun whaur her faither Yuri Ivanovich Perfilov wis a director an her mither Galina Nikolaevna Perfilova wis a teacher. Syne her early bairnheid Valeriya knew that she wantit tae be a sangster. ===Career=== ====Beginnin==== In 1985 Valeriya left her hametoun an muivit tae the caipital o Roushie. In [[Moscow]] she entered the maist famous muisic academy in Roushie - Gnesin Academy o Muisic - an successfully graduatit frae it in 1990. Amang her teachers wur Fowkairtists o Roushie: professor [[Iosif Kobzon]] an Gelena Velikanova. In 1989 Valeriya recorded her first album in Inglis “The Taiga Symphony”. At the same time she recordit an album o tradeetional Roushie romances “Pobud’ so mnoi” (“Stay wi me”) which wis released bi “Olympia Disk” UK company. At the beginnin o her career Valeriya teuk pairt in various contests for young sangsters. In 1992 she wan the first prize in a naitional TV contest “Morning Star”, in 1992 she wan an internaitional contest “Bratislavskaya Lira” an got an Audience Choice Awaird at “Yurmala-92” festival. ====1990s==== In 1993 Valeriya began tae wirk on her studio album “Anna” thegither wi her husband Alexandr Shulgin who wis her manager an aw an as well as her sangwriter. At the end o Dizember 1995 Valeriya released “Moya Moskva” (“Ma Moscow”) single an in 1996 she presentit tae the public her album “Anna” that haed been stayin on tap o various chairts for quite a lang time an made the sangster widely popular. Frae airtistic pynt o view, 'Anna' wis Valeriya's masterpiece which she wis niver able tae reach in the futur. The same year Valeriya became a teacher at the Gnesin Academy o Muisic. In 1997 Valeriya feenished her album “Familia. Chast’ 1” (“Family name. Part 1”). Later the sangster released several successfu albums ("Glaza Tsveta Neba" 2001) but in 2001 she suddenly left the stage acause o difficulties wi her manager an faimily circumstances. In Apryle 2003 the contract atween Valeriya an her manager wis legally terminatit. ====2000s==== Anerly efter a lang period o silence Valeriya foond courage tae get back on stage. On 7 Apryle 2003 she signed a contract wi a famous manager Iosif Prigozhin an his company “NOX Music”. In 2003 Valeriya released her new lang-expectit album “Loveland” which sales exceed those o aw her previous albums. In 2004 Valeriya got the Best Female Artist awairds frae the twa main naitional muisic channels – MuzTV an [[MTV Russia]]. Later she got numerous “Golden Grammophone” awairds an a MTW RMA Awaird for the Best Sang. In 2005 unner the Preses’ decree Valeriya wis awairdit a title of “Honoured Airtist o Roushie”. In the [[Forbes magazine]] leet o 50 maist heichly-paid fowk in movie, sport, leeteratur an muisic industrie Valeriya wis rankit 9t (August, 2005). Valeriya haes her awn jewellery an perfume lines – “De Leri”. In 2006 Valeriya’s autobiografie “Life, Tears and Love” wis published. In the beuk for the first time she revealed shockin details o her marriage wi Alexandr Shulgin. In Apryle 2006 Valeriya released a new album “Nezhnost’ moya” (“My Tenderness”) an began tae prepare her new concert program. In September she went on the album’s promo tour durin which she gae mair nor 10 concerts in Roushie an ower 30 shows abroad. The tour wis concludit wi a grand sauld-oot shaw at a huge [[Olympic Stadium (Moscow)|Olympic Stadium]] in Moscow in November. In Mairch 2007 Valeriya released a new album “Out Of Control” that wis recordit in twa versions: Inglis an Roushie. The album shows some great collaborations wi ootrageous producers an muisickers sic as [[Ray St. John]] (the author o [[Sade (baund)|Sade]]’s “[[Smooth Operator]]”), [[David Richards (record producer)|David Richards]] (producer o several Queen’s albums), [[Chantal Kreviazuk]] (the author o hits performit bi [[Avril Lavigne]] an [[Gwen Stefani]]). Ane o the tracks is a cover version o famous disco hit “[[Stayin' Alive]]” sang bi the legendar [[Bee Gees]]. Valeriya recordit the track thegither wi ane o the Gibb brithers – [[Robin Gibb]]. In 2008 Valeriya became a guidwill envoy for the Roushie Federation on behauf o the [[Internaitional Organization for Migration]] (IOM), an agency she has teamed up wi for the past year tae combat human trokin. Valeriya’s anti-trokin clips awready appear on Roushie televeesion an she dedicatit some o her concerts aroond Europe next year tae raise public awareness o the problem. Valeriya wis a member o a jury in the Roushie version o famous TV show “X-Factor”. She is regularly invitit as a judge tae the internaitional contest for young performers “[[New Wave (competition)|New Wave]]” in [[Jūrmala]]. In Januar 2009 Valeriya teuk pairt in Midem 2009 Rusia! Time for Partnership! day, co-organized wi trade publication Billboard Roushie Federation. She gae a shaw at The Midem Openin Night Pairty Russia at "Palais des Festivales" in Cannes. Mairch - Apryle 2009 Valeriya wis a special guest at Simply Reid "The Greatest Hits" Tour in the UK. In 2010, Valeriya joined forces wi Avon as a celebrity judge for Avon Vyces,<ref>http://www.avonvoices.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311025653/http://www.avonvoices.com/ |date=2011-03-11 }}</ref> Avon’s first eier global, online singin talent search for weemen an sangwritin competition for men an weemen. ===Personal life=== Valeriya haes been marriet three times. Her first husband wis Leonid Yaroshevsky, her seicont husband wis Alexandr Shulgin. She is currently marriet wi Iosif Prigozhin. Valeriya haes three childer: Anna, Artemy an Arseny, whose faither is her seicont husband. ==Discografie== ===Albums=== *1992 — "[[The Taiga Symphony]]" *1992 — "[[Pobud’ so Mnoi]]" *1994 — "[[Moya Moskva (album)|Moya Moskva]]" *1995 — "[[Anna (Valeriya album)|Anna]]" *1997 — "[[Familia. Chast’ 1]]" *1999 — "[[Samoye Luchoe]]" *2000 — "[[Perviy Internet Albom]]" *2001 — "[[Glaza Tsveta Neba]]" *2003 — "[[Strana Lyubvi]]" ''(Loveland)'' *2006 — "[[Nezhnost’ Moya]]" ''(My Tenderness)'' *2008 — "[[Nepodkontrolno/Out Of Control]]" *2010 — "[[Vo Mne Moya Lubov']]" *2010 — "[[Best of 2003-2010]]" ===Singles=== * "The sky belongs to me" 1992 * "Stay with me" 1992 * "My Moscow" 1995 * "S dobrim Utrom!" / "Good Morning!" 1995 * "Moskva slezam ne verit" 1995 * "Samolet" / "Airplaine" 1995 * "Obichnie Dela" / "Simple Stuffs" 1995 * "Noch nezhna" 1997 * "Popolam" 1997 * "O tom chto bilo" 1997 * "Jal" 1997 * "Ty gde to tam" 1999 * "Tsvety" 1999 * "Snowstorm" 2000 * "Riga - Moscow" 2000 * "Taju" / "I'm melting" 2000 * "Ne obijay menya" 2001 * "Ne obmanyvai" 2001 * "Bolshe chem zhizn" 2001 * "Malchiki ne plachyt" 2001 * "Bila lubov" 2003 * "Chasiki" 2003 * "Pereley voda" 2003 * "Raduga duga" 2003 * "Cherno Beliy Tsvet" 2003 * "Obo mne ne vspominay" 2003 * "Ti grustish" - Valeriya an Stas Pjekha 2004 * "Otpusty menya" 2006 * "Prosto tak" 2006 * "Malenkiy samolet" 2006 * "Ot lubvi do razluky" 2006 * "Ty poimesh" 2006 * "Nejnost moya" 2006 * "Rasstavanie" - Valeriya an Stas Pjekha 2006 * "Break It All" 2007 * "Mi vmeste" 2008 * "Chelovek dojdya" 2008 * "The Party's Over" 2008 * "Wild" 2008 * "Stayin' Alive" - Valeriya an Robin Gibb 2008 * "Nikto kak ty" 2009 * "Back to Love" 2009 * "All That I Want" 2010 ===Video=== * ''Stay with Me'' 1993 * ''The Taiga Symphony'' 1993 * "Ottsvely Khrizantemy" 1994 * "Tsvety" 1994 * "Kak khoroshi te ochy" 1994 * "Ne pozabyd bilye uvlecheniya" 1994 * "Tolko raz bivaet v jizny vstrecha" 1994 * "Merry Christmas to the world" 1994 * "Moya Moskva" 1995 * "Samolet" 1995 * "S dobrym utrom" 1995 * "Moskva slezam ne verit" 1995 * ''The Taiga Symphony & Stay with Me'' 1997 * ''Familiya & Anna'' 1997 * "Noch nezhna" 1997 * "Popolam" 1997 * "Jal" 1997 * "Riga - Moscow" 2000 * "Snowstorm" 2000 * "Tau" 2001 * "Bila lubov" 2003 * ''Love land'' 2004 * "Ti grustish" -Valeriya an Stas Pjekha 2004 * "Malenkiy Samolet" 2005 * "My Tenderness" 2006 * "Rasstavanie" - Valeriya an Stas Pjekha 2006 * ''Mega-concert in Olympic Stadium'' 2007 * "Break it all" (directed bi Kamel Ouali) [2007] * "Wild" (directed bi Alan Badoyev) [2008] * "The party's over" (directed bi Harvey B. Brown) [2008] * "Back to love" (directed bi Justin Kerrigan) [2009] * "Kapelkoyu" ("Капелькою") (directed bi Alexander Igudin) [2010] * Валерия и Николай Басков - Сохранив любовь [2011] ===Main Concerts=== * 1995 - First concert at Concert Hall "Gorbunova" * 7-8.12.1996 - "Familia" at Concert Hall "Oktyabrsky" * 18-19.09.2001 - "Glaza Tsveta Neba" at Concert Hall "Russia" * 2003 - "Love Land" at Kremlin Palace *18.11.2006 - "My Tenderness" at Concert Hall "Olimpic" * 8.01.2009 - Outward Bound Trust presents Ane Night Anly: An Evening Celebrating The Bee Gees wi Robin Gibb an his friends. * 18.01.2009 - Midem 2009 in Cannes, concert at "Palais des Festivals" * 24.03.2009 - 9.04.2009 Simly Reid an Valeriya on Tour in UK * 24.03.2009 - Glassgow "Braehead Arena" * 26.03.2009 - Cardiff "Cardiff Arena" * 27.03.2009 - "Sheffield Arena" * 28.03.2009 - Birmingham "LG Arena" * 30.03.2009 - Bournemouth * 31.03.2009 - "Brighton Centre" * 2.04.2009 - Lunnon "The O2" * 3.04.2009 - Lunnon "The O2" * 5.04.2009 - Manchester "Evenning News Arena" * 6.04.2009 - Glasgow "Clyde Auditorium" * 7.04.2009 - Newcastle "Metro Radio Arena" * 9.04.2009 - Nottingham "Trent FM Arena" * 30.04.2009 - Kremlin Palace ==Awairds== * 1992 — Winner o the ''Morning Star'' Roushie TV contest * 1992 — Winner o the internaitional contest “Bratislavskaya Lira” * 1992 — Audience Choice Awaird at the “Yurmala-92” festival * 1993 — "Person of the Year" bi the offeecial publication o the Roushie Union of Journalists * 1994 — Laureat o the TV contest "The Song of The Year" * 1995 — Laureat o the TV contest "The Song of The Year" * 2000 — "A Hundred-[[pood]] Hit single from Hit-FM" ("Стопудовый хит от Хит-FM".) * 2000 — Laureat o the TV contest "The Song of The Year" * 2000 — "Golden Gramophone" naitional prize * 2001 — "Radio favorite of the year" nomination o the "[[Alexander Popov]] Professional National Prize" in radio broadcasting * 2001 — "Record- 2001" - Riga-Moscow * 2001 — Laureat o the TV contest "The Song of The Year" * 2003 — "The most popular and most beautiful Russian singer" of 2003 named bi weekly magazine "7 Days" * 2003 — Valeriya wis decorated wi the Order "For the Revival of Russia" * 2003 — "Golden Gramophone" naitional prize * 2003 — Laureat o the TV contest "The Song of The Year" * 2003 — Laureat o the contest "Delovye Ludy 2003" * 2004 — "Best Female Act" "Muz-TV Awards 2004" * 2004 — "Best Female Act" "MTV Russian Music Awards 2004" * 2004 — "Record - 2004" * 2004 — "Golden Gramophone" naitional prize * 2004 — Laureat o the muisic festival "Novye pesny o glavnov" * 2005 — The best duet - MTV Russia Awaird (Valeriya an Stas Pieha - Ti grustish) * 2005 — Awairdit the Mariinskiy Order for Professional Achievements * 2005 — Preses o the Roushie Federation gies Valeriya a title “The Honoured Artist of Russia” <ref>[http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=30240&PSC=1&PT=3&Page=5 Awarded the Russian President's Decree № 1241 on October 25th, 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622011322/http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=30240&PSC=1&PT=3&Page=5 |date=2011-06-22 }}</ref> * 2005 — "Golden Gramophone" naitional prize * 2006 — "Golden Gramophone" naitional prize * 2007 — "Record - 2007" * 2007 — Laureat o the TV contest "The Song of The Year" * 2007 — ''Golden Gramophone'' naitional prize * 2008 — "Golden Gramophone" naitional prize * 2008 — Naitional Priz "Ovatsiya" * 2008 — Laureat of "ZD Awards" ("Best Artist", "Best Video") * 2010 — "Best Artist" "ZD Awards" == References == <references/> ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100612060935/http://valeriya.net/disco/?id=3&lang=rus Offeecial wabsteid] *[http://www.valeriya.co.uk Offeecial Inglis wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518035256/http://valeriya.co.uk/ |date=2013-05-18 }} *[http://www.myspace.com/myspacevaleriya Valeriya on MySpace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530002716/http://www.myspace.com/myspacevaleriya |date=2013-05-30 }} *[http://www.youtube.com/user/valeriyaofficial Roushie sangster Valeriya on YouTube] *[http://www.russmus.net/band.jsp?band=Valeriya Lyrics wi Inglis Translations] [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Atkarsk]] [[Category:Roushie female sangsters]] [[Category:Roushie pop sangsters]] [[Category:The Voice (TV series) judges]] m2um5w8nkzg8wu9cmy6jyr3oll6gwmw 0 58946 923384 920950 2026-09-26T02:25:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish name|Maradona|Franco}} {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Diego Maradona | image = Argentina celebrando copa (cropped).jpg | image_size = 250px | image_size = | caption = | fullname = Diego Armando Maradona Franco | birth_date = {{Birth date|1960|10|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Lanús]], [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | death_date = {{Death date|2020|11|25}} | death_place = [[Tigre]], [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | height = {{height|m=1.65}} | position = [[Attackin midfielder]]<br>[[Seicont striker]]<ref name="football-tricks.com">[http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html Maradona tricks and skills videos of the best soccer, football players ever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615014521/http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html |date=2012-06-15 }}. Football-tricks.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html Diego Maradona dominated 1986 World Cup after position switch – Jonathan Wilson – SI.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014162353/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html |date=2013-10-14 }}. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com (27 May 2010). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ Diego Maradona: ‘The Soccer Guru’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222239/http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ |date=2013-12-02 }}. The Viewspaper (25 June 2010). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm Diego Maradona – Profile of Soccer Player Diego Maradona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119054631/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm |date=2012-11-19 }}. Worldsoccer.about.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><!--Do not delete second striker, it's well referenced--> | youthyears1 = 1968–1969 | youthyears2 = 1970–1974 | youthyears3 = 1975–1976 | youthclubs1 = ''Estrella Roja'' | youthclubs2 = ''Los Cebollitas'' | youthclubs3 = [[Argentinos Juniors]] | years1 = 1976–1981 | years2 = 1981–1982 | years3 = 1982–1984 | years4 = 1984–1991 | years5 = 1992–1993 | years6 = 1993–1994 | years7 = 1995–1997 | years8 = 2013- | clubs1 = [[Argentinos Juniors]] | clubs2 = [[Boca Juniors]] | clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | clubs4 = [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] | clubs5 = [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] | clubs6 = [[Newell's Old Boys]] | clubs7 = [[Boca Juniors]] | caps1 = 193 | goals1 = 147 | caps2 = 31 | goals2 = 13 | caps3 = 29 | goals3 = 11 | caps4 = 112 | goals4 = 45 | caps5 = 13 | goals5 = 1 | caps6 = 9 | goals6 = 1 | caps7 = 37 | goals7 = 3 | totalcaps = 424 | totalgoals = 221 | nationalyears1 = 1979 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentinae naitional unner-20 fitbaw team|Argentinae U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 11 | nationalgoals1 = 17 | nationalyears2 = 1977–1994 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] | nationalcaps2 = 75 | nationalgoals2 = 55 | manageryears1 = 1994 | manageryears2 = 1995 | manageryears3 = 2008–2010 | manageryears4 = 2011–2012 | manageryears5 = 2013- | managerclubs1 = [[Textil Mandiyú|Mandiyú de Corrientes]] | managerclubs2 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] | managerclubs3 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] | managerclubs4 = [[Al Wasl FC|Al Wasl]] | medaltemplates = {{medalSport|Player}} {{medalTeam|[[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px]] [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]]}} {{medalW|[[FIFA Warld Cup]]|[[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]]}} }} '''Diego Armando Maradona Franco''' ({{IPA-es|ˈdjeɣo maɾaˈðona}}, 30 October 1960-25 November 2020) wis a [[Fitbaa in Argentinae|Argentine fitbaw]] coach as well as a manager an umwhile player. Mony experts, fitball creetics, umwhile players, current players an fitbaw fans consider Maradona tae be the greatest fitbaw player o aw time.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/bestbest.html "The Best of The Best"]. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.com (19 June 2009). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://footballpantheon.com/2011/09/the-100-greatest-players-of-all-time/ – "The 100 greatest players of all time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310170230/http://footballpantheon.com/2011/09/the-100-greatest-players-of-all-time/ |date=2012-03-10 }} The Football Pantheon, 20 September 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/2939/castrol-football-zone/2010/10/23/2176900/castrol-debate-pele-versus-maradona-the-stats-which-reveal – "Castrol Debate: Pele Versus Maradona"]. goal.com, 23 October 2010</ref><ref>Other opinions about Maradona as the greatest player can be found at: <br>[http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/3277/la-liga/2012/07/29/3273490/barcelona-must-match-feats-of-milan-to-be-the-best-ever?source=breakingnews – "Ruud Gullit: Diego Maradona is the best ever in my opinion"]. goal.com, 29 July 2012<br>[http://socceranchor.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=852:diego-maradona-is-the-greatest-of-all-time-barcelonas-lionel-messi-hails-argentina-legend&catid=57:latest-news&Itemid=168 – "Lionel Messi: Diego Maradona is the greatest of all-time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210155404/http://socceranchor.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=852:diego-maradona-is-the-greatest-of-all-time-barcelonas-lionel-messi-hails-argentina-legend&catid=57:latest-news&Itemid=168 |date=2013-12-10 }}. SoccerAnchor, 7 September 2011<br>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-12/top-stories/27937248_1_argentine-legend-diego-maradona-pele-argentina – "Rummenigge: Maradona better than Pele"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209030332/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-12/top-stories/27937248_1_argentine-legend-diego-maradona-pele-argentina |date=2013-12-09 }}. The Times of India, 12 November 2008<br>[http://maldini3.blogspot.com/2008/07/maradona-best-ever-ronaldo-close-second.html – "Paolo Maldini: Maradona best ever, Ronaldo close second"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208145803/http://maldini3.blogspot.com/2008/07/maradona-best-ever-ronaldo-close-second.html |date=2011-12-08 }} Paolo Maldini fan page, 21 July 2008<br>[http://www.soccerblog.com/2006/03/gary-lineker-messis-no-maradon.htm – "Gary Lineker: Diego has been the best player without a doubt, better than Pele"] SoccerBlog, 25 March 2006<br>[http://www.soccerbible.com/news/general/archive/2010/07/22/glenn-hoddle-exclusive-interview-hummel-football-boots.aspx – "Glenn Hoddle: Diego Maradona is the greatest player of all time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002084826/http://www.soccerbible.com/news/general/archive/2010/07/22/glenn-hoddle-exclusive-interview-hummel-football-boots.aspx |date=2013-10-02 }}. SoccerBible, 22 July 2010.<br>[http://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/man-utd-icon-giggs-maradona-greatest-1935301 – "Ryan Giggs: Maradona is the best of all time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016110139/http://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/man-utd-icon-giggs-maradona-greatest-1935301 |date=2011-10-16 }}. tribalfootball, 11 October 2011.<br>[http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=940839.html – "Rio Ferdinand: In my eyes Maradona is the best footballer ever"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208190311/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=940839.html |date=2013-12-08 }}. fifa.com, 7 November 2008<br>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=331214&root=global&cc=5901 – "Mario Kempes: Maradona is absolutely the best"]{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ESPN soccernet, 18 April 2005.<br>[http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Manchester-City-striker-Sergio-Aguero-says-Diego-Maradona-comparisons-are-embarrassing-article788051.html – "Aguero: It is disrespectful to compare me to Maradona"]. Mirro Football, 20 November 2011.<br>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/10/30/all-time-greatest-86908-20853123/ – "Frank McGarvey: Diego Maradona was world's best player"]. Daily Record, 30 October 2008.<br>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/2008/10/30/i-hope-diego-can-lure-messi-to-hampden-86908-20853116/ – "Gordon Smith: Maradona was the best player I ever saw play the game"]. Daily Record, 30 October 2008.<br>[http://www.centraltelegraph.com.au/story/2012/04/11/maradona-is-best-says-ex-welsh-star/ – "Trevor Edwards: Maradona is best"]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Central Telegraph, 11 April 2012<br>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/3554196/Is-Messi-the-best-footballer-EVER.html – "Maradona’s still number one"]. The Sun, 29 April 2011.<br>[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/teams/team=43922/coach.html – "Considered by many as the greatest football player to have ever walked the face of the earth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208100142/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/teams/team=43922/coach.html |date=2013-12-08 }}. FIFA.com</ref> He wis jynt [[FIFA Player o the Century|FIFA Player o the 20t Century]] wi [[Pelé]].<ref>[http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf FIFA Player of the Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005029/http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf |date=2012-04-26 }}. touri.com</ref><ref name="SI">[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ "Maradona or Pele?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218160740/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ |date=2014-02-18 }}. CNN Sports Illustrated, 10 December 2000. Retrieved 13 March 2013</ref> On 25 November 2020, Maradona deet o [[cardiac arrest]] at a hame in [[Tigre, Buenos Aires]], Argentina.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diego Maradona: Argentina legend dies aged 60 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54810392 |access-date=25 November 2020 |agency=BBC News}}</ref> ==Club career== ===Argentinos Juniors an Boca Juniors=== On 20 October 1976, Maradona made his profeesional debut wi Argentinos Juniors, ten days afore his saxteent birthday.<ref Name=vivadiego>[http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html A SUMMARY OF MARADONA's LIFE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211202737/http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html |date=2013-12-11 }} www.vivadiego.com. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> He played thare atween 1976 an 1981, scorin 115 goals in 167 appearances afore his £1m transfer tae [[Boca Juniors]]. Haein jynt the Boca squad midwey throu the 1981 saison, Maradona played throu 1982 earnin his first league championship medal. Whilst playin for Argentinos Juniors, Inglis club [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] negotiatit a fee o £600,000 for the 17-year auld but then realised thay coudna afford it.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/if-only-the-transfer-deals-that-failed-to-materialise-1728989.html?action=gallery&ino=8 "If only... the transfer deals that failed to materialise"]. The Independent. Retrieved 1 April 2013</ref> ===Barcelona=== Efter the [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup|1982 Warld Cup]], in Juin, Maradona wis transferred tae [[FC Barcelona]] in Spain for a then warld record fee o [[£]]5m ($7.6m).<ref Name=vivadiego/> In 1983, unner coach [[César Luis Menotti]], Barcelona an Maradona wan the [[Copa del Rey]] (Spain's annual naitional cup competeetion), beatin [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], an the [[Spaingie Super Cup]], beatin [[Athletic Bilbao]]. Housomeivver, Maradona haed a difficult tenur in Barcelona.<ref Name=Guardian>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1677834,00.html That's one hell of a diet, Diego] 8 January 2006. Guardian Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 13 August 2006.</ref> First a bout wi [[hepatitis]], then a breuken ankle caused bi an ill-timit tackle bi Athletic's [[Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga|Andoni Goikoetxea]] threatened wi jeopardizin Maradona's career,<ref Name=vivadiego/> but efter treatment an therapy it wis possible for him tae suin be back on the pitch. Durin his twa injury-hit saisons at Barcelona, Maradona scored 38 goals in 58 gemmes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040511193905/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/indepth/maradona_indepth.html "Backgrounder: Diego Maradona"]. CBC Sports. Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> At Barcelona, Maradona got intae frequent disputes wi the team's directors, especially club preses [[Josep Lluís Núñez]], culminatin wi a demand tae be transferred oot o [[Camp Nou]] in 1984. He wis transferred tae [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] in Italy's [[Serie A]] for anither warld record fee, [[£]]6.9m ($10.48m).<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/football/europe/article3325254.ece "Snapshot: Maradona is toast of the town after signing for Napoli"]. The Times. Retrieved 30 March 2013</ref> ===Napoli=== At Napoli, Maradona reached the peak o his profeesional career. He quickly became an adored starn amang the club's fans, an in his time thare he elevatit the team tae the maist successfu era in its history. Led bi Maradona, Napoli wan thair anerly [[Serie A|Serie A Italian Championships]] in 1986/87 an 1989/1990, placin seicont in the league twice, in 1987/88 an 1988/89. Ither honors durin the Maradona era at Napoli includit the [[Coppa Italia]] in 1987, (seicont place in the [[Coppa Italia]] in 1989), the [[UEFA Cup]] in 1989 an the [[SuperCoppa Italiana|Italian Supercup]] in 1990. Maradona wis the top scorer in [[Serie A]] in 1987/88. Durin his time in Italy, Maradona's personal problems increased. His [[cocaine]] uise continued, an he receivit US $70,000 in fines frae his club for missin gemmes an practices, ostensibly acause o 'stress'.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D6153EF930A25752C0A967958260 | work=The New York Times | title=SPORTS PEOPLE; Maradona Fined | date=13 January 1991 | accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> He faced a scandal thare regardin an illegitimate [[Diego Sinagra|son]]; an he wis the object o some suspicion ower an allegit friendship wi the [[Camorra]] an aw.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Maradona's fall from grace | date=19 April 2004 | accessdate=1 April 2010 | first=John | last=May}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/after-the-fall-the-world-cup-dream-is-over-for-diego-maradona-but-there-may-be-worse-to-come--a-little-matter-of-pounds-500000worth-of-smuggled-cocaine-and-the-naples-mafia-paul-greengrass-and-toby-follett-report-1411755.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=After the fall: The World Cup dream is over for Diego Maradona, but there may be worse to come – a little matter of pounds 500,000-worth of smuggled cocaine, and the Naples mafia. Paul Greengrass and Toby Follett report | date=5 July 1994 | accessdate=1 April 2010 | archive-date=2010-06-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604041835/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/after-the-fall-the-world-cup-dream-is-over-for-diego-maradona-but-there-may-be-worse-to-come--a-little-matter-of-pounds-500000worth-of-smuggled-cocaine-and-the-naples-mafia-paul-greengrass-and-toby-follett-report-1411755.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://biography.jrank.org/pages/3138/Maradona-Diego-1961-Athlete-Infamous-Hand-God-Goal.html |title=Diego Maradona: 1961(?)—: Athlete – The Infamous "hand Of God" Goal |publisher=Biography.jrank.org |accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/gennaio/02/Camorra_arrestato_boss_amico_Maradona_co_0_9901021353.shtml |title=Camorra, arrestato il boss amico di Maradona |work=Corriere della Sera |date=24 December 2009 |accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/ |publisher=CNN |date=14 January 2002 |author=Telander, Rick |title=At his best, Diego Maradona can be as graceful as Michael Jordan. At his worst, he can be as disgraceful as John McEnroe. The question is, which Maradona will show for the World Cup? |access-date=2013-09-12 |archive-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094208/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later on, in honour o Maradona an his achievements durin his career at Napoli, the No. 10 jersey o Napoli wis offeecially retired.<ref>Landolina, Salvatore. (14 January 2011) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2011/01/14/2305148/diego-maradona-backs-ezequiel-lavezzi-to-earn-napoli-numberl Diego Maradona Backs Ezequiel Lavezzi To Earn Napoli Number 10 Shirt]. Goal.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> ===Sevilla, Newell's Old Boys an Boca Juniors=== Efter servin a 15-month ban for failin a [[drog test]] for [[cocaine]], Maradona left Napoli in disgrace in 1992. Despite interest frae [[Real Madrid]] o Spain an [[Olympique Marseille]] o Fraunce, he signed for [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] o Spain, whaur he stayed for ane year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sport-in-short-football-1533258.html |title=Sport in Short: Football – Sport |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=15 July 1992 |accessdate=6 May 2011 |archive-date=2012-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111052620/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sport-in-short-football-1533258.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1993 he played for [[Newell's Old Boys]] an in 1995 he returned tae [[Boca Juniors]] for twa years.<ref Name=vivadiego/> Maradona appeared for [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] in a friendly match against [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] an aw, shortly afore the [[1986 Warld Cup]]. The match wis [[Osvaldo Ardiles]]' testimonial, who insistit his friend Maradona played, which Tottenham wan 2–1. He played alongside [[Glenn Hoddle]], who gae up his nummer ten sark for the Argentine. {{-}} ==International career== Durin his time wi the Argentine naitional team, Maradona scored 34 goals in 91 appearances. He made his full internaitional debut at age 16, against [[Hungary]] on 27 Februar 1977. At age 18, he played the [[1979 FIFA Warld Youth Championship|Warld Youth Championship]] for Argentinae, an wis the starn o the tournament, shinin in thair 3–1 feenal win ower the [[Soviet Union naitional fitbaw team|Soviet Union]]. On 2 Juin 1979, Maradona scored his first senior internaitional goal in a 3–1 win against [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]] at [[Hampden Park]].<ref>MacPherson, Graeme (30 October 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207131534/http://www.theherald.co.uk/sport/headlines/display.var.2464361.0.Maradona_to_receive_Hampden_welcome.php Maradona to receive Hampden welcome], ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''.</ref> He is the anerly player tae win the Golden Ball at baith the [[FIFA U-20 Warld Cup]] an [[FIFA Warld Cup]], in [[1979 FIFA Warld Youth Championship|1979]] an [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]]. ===1982 Warld Cup=== Maradona played his first [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cup]] tournament in 1982. Argentinae played Belgium in the openin gemme o the 1982 Cup in Barcelona. The Catalan croud wis eager tae see thair new warld-record signin Diego Maradona in action, but he did no perform tae expectations.<ref>[http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1982/wc82story.html 1982 – Story of Spain '82]. Planet World Cup. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> Argentinae, the defendin champions, lost tae [[Belgium naitional fitbaw team|Belgium]] 1–0. Awtho the team convincingly beat [[Hungary naitional fitbaw team|Hungary]] an [[El Salvador naitional fitbaw team|El Salvador]] tae progress tae the seicont roond, thay wur defeatit in the seicont roond bi [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] an bi eventual winners [[Italy naitional fitbaw team|Italy]]. The Italian match is renouned for Maradona bein aggressively man-markit bi [[Claudio Gentile]], as Italy beat Argentinae in Maradona's new hame ceety o Barcelona.<ref>Brewin, John (9 June 2010) [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&cc=5739&ver=global "Diego Maradona: God's gift"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108213751/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&cc=5739&ver=global |date=2012-11-08 }}. ESPN Soccernet.</ref> Maradona played in aw five matches athoot bein substitutit, scorin twice against Hungary. Efter bein fouled repeatitly in aw gemmes an in pairticularly the last ane against Brazil, Maradona's temper eventually got the better o him an he wis sent aff wi 5 minutes remainin for a serious retaliatory foul against Joao Batista da Silva.<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2943/castrol-debates/2010/06/10/1968569/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986 "Castrol World Cup Legends: Diego Maradona – 1986"]. Goal.com (10 June 2010). Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> ===1986 Warld Cup=== Maradona captained the Argentine naitional team tae veectory in the [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup]], winnin the feenal in Mexico against [[Germany naitional fitbaw team|West Germany]]. Throuoot the 1986 Warld Cup Maradona assertit his dominance an wis the maist dynamic player o the tournament. He played ivery minute o ivery Argentinae gemme, scored 5 goals an made 5 assists, three o those in the openin match against Sooth Korea. His first goal o the tournament came against Italy in the seicont group gemme.<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=68/results/matches/match=394/report.html "1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico: Italy – Argentina"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219112642/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=68/results/matches/match=394/report.html |date=2013-12-19 }}. FIFA. Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> Efter scorin twa goals in the 2–1 quairter-feenal win against [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland]] his legend wis cementit. This match wis played wi the backgrund o the [[Falklands War]] atween Argentinae an the Unitit Kinrick. Replays showed that the first [[Goal (sport)|goal]] wis scored bi strikin the baw wi his haund. Maradona wis coyly evasive, describin it as "a little wi the heid o Maradona an a little wi the haund o God." It became kent as the "Haund o God". Ultimately, on 22 August 2005 Maradona acknawledgit on his telly show that he haed hit the baw wi his haund purposely, an nae contact wi his heid wis made, an that he immediately ken the goal wis illegitimate. This became kent as a internaitional fiasco in Warld Cup history. The goal stuid, hintle tae the wrath o the Inglis players.<ref>McCarthy, David (18 November 2008). [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/11/18/terry-butcher-maradona-robbed-england-of-world-cup-glory-86908-20904447/ Terry Butcher: Maradona robbed England of World Cup glory]. [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]].</ref> Maradona's seicont goal, juist fower minutes efter the hotly disputit haund-goal, wis later votit bi FIFA as the greatest goal in the history o the World Cup. He receivit the baw in his awn hauf, swivelled aroond, an wi 11 touches ran mair nor hauf the lenth o the field, dribblin past five Inglis ootfield players ([[Peter Beardsley]], [[Steve Hodge]], [[Peter Reid]], [[Terry Butcher]], an [[Terry Fenwick]]) an goalkeeper [[Peter Shilton]]. This goal wis votit "[[Goal of the Century]]" in a 2002 online poll conductit bi [[FIFA]].<ref name=voted/> Maradona later commentit that the goal wad no hae been possible haed it no been for the fairness o the Inglis style o play.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/football/2002/may/30mara.htm|title=Maradona's strike is goal of century|publisher=Rediff.com|date=30 May 2002}}</ref> Maradona follaeed this wi twa mair goals in the semi-feenal against [[Belgium naitional fitbaw team|Belgium]], includin anither virtuoso dribblin display for the seicont goal. In the feenal, the opposin [[Germany naitional fitbaw team|Wast German]] side attemptit tae conteen him bi dooble-markin, but he nivertheless foond the space tae gie the feenal pass tae [[Jorge Burruchaga]] for the winnin goal. [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup Feenal|Argentina beat Wast Germany 3–2]] in front o 115,000 spectators at the [[Azteca Stadium]]. Durin the course o the tournament, Maradona attemptit or creatit mair nor hauf o Argentinae's shots, embarkit on 90 dribbles some three times mair nor ony ither player an wis fouled 53 times winnin his team twice as mony free kicks as ony player.<ref>[http://www.castrolfootball.com/legends/tournament/index.php?year=1986l Castrol Worldcup Statistics – Diego Maradona]. Castrolfootball.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">Darby, James. (10 June 2010) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2010/06/10/1968349/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986l WorldCup Legends: Maradona]. Goal.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> Maradona scored or assistit 10 o Argentinae's 14 goals includin the assist for the winnin goal in the feenal, ensurin that he wad be remembered as ane o the greatest names in fitbaw history.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Bi the end o the tournament, Maradona went on tae winnin the Golden Ball as the best player o the tournament bi unanimous vote an wis widely regardit tae hae wan the World Cup virtually single-haunditly.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>[http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf Argentina's Road to the World Title] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712084556/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc%5fmexico%5f1986%5fen%5fpart4%5f279.pdf |date=2018-07-12 }} FIFA. page 43</ref><ref>[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/awards/goldenball/previouswinners.html "Adidas Golden Ball Winners" from] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517021852/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/awards/goldenball/previouswinners.html |date=2012-05-17 }}. FIFA.com (14 November 2012). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html Pelé and Maradona – two very different number tens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208075925/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html |date=2014-02-08 }}. FIFA.com (25 January 2001). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> In a tribute tae him, the [[Azteca Stadium]] authorities biggit a statue o him scorin the "goal o the century" an placit it at the entrance o the stadium an aw.<ref>[http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century Messi’s Goal Better Than Maradona's Goal of the Century?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609185309/http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century |date=2010-06-09 }} worldrec.info. Retrieved 29–01–09.</ref> ===1990 Warld Cup=== Maradona captained Argentinae again in the [[1990 FIFA Warld Cup]] tae yet anither World Cup Final. An ankle injury affectit his oweraw performance, an he wis hintle less dominant than fower years earlier. Argentinae wur amaist eliminatit in the first roond, anerly qualifyin in third poseetion frae thair group. In the roond o 16 match against [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]], [[Claudio Caniggia]] scored the anerly goal efter bein set up bi Maradona. In the quairter feenal, Argentinae facit [[Yugoslavie naitional fitbaw team|Yugoslavie]], the match endin 0–0 efter 120 minutes, an Argentinae advancin on penalty kicks, despite Maradona missin ane o the penalties in the shuitoot wi a waik shot tae the goalkeeper's richt. The semifeenal against the host naition Italy wis resolvit on penalties efter a 1–1 draw an aw; this time, Maradona wis successfu wi his effort, darinly rollin the ball intae the net wi a amaist exact replica o his missed shot in the previous roond. In the [[1990 FIFA Warld Cup Feenal|feenal]], Argentinae lost 1–0 tae Wast Germany, the anerly goal bein a penalty bi [[Andreas Brehme]] in the 85t minute efter a controversial foul on [[Rudi Völler]]. ===1994 Warld Cup=== At the [[1994 FIFA Warld Cup]] Maradona played in anerly twa gemmes, scorin ane goal against [[Greece naitional fitbaw team|Greece]], afore bein sent hame efter failin a [[drog test]] for [[ephedrine]] [[dopin (sport)|dopin]]. In his autobiografie, Maradona argued that the test result wis due tae his personal trainer giein him the pouer drink Rip Fuel. His claim wis that the U.S. version, unlik the Argentine ane, conteened the chemical an that, haein run oot o his Argentine dosage, his trainer unwittingly bocht the U.S. formula. FIFA expelled him frae USA '94 an Argentinae wur subsequently eliminatit in the seicont roond. Maradona haes separately claimit that he haed an greement wi FIFA an aw, on which the organisation renegit, tae allou him tae uise the drog for wicht loss afore the competeetion in order tae be able tae play.<ref>Hylands, Alan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330155023/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/soccerhistory/p/diegomaradona.htm Diego Maradona], about.com.</ref> His failed drogs test at the 1994 World Cup signaled the end o his internaitional career, which haed lastit 17 years an yieldit 34 goals frae 91 gemmes. ==Personal life== ===Faimily=== His parents are Diego Maradona Senior an Dalma Salvadora Franco. His faither is o [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] an [[Indigenous fowks in Argentinae|Native American]] oreegin<ref name="time" /><ref name="thog" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYmJaXXj-7c&t=7m10s |title=True Stories - Maradona 1/7 |date=12 January 2009 |work=1995 UK TV Documentary on Diego Maradona |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=4 July 2010 |quote=his father of Native Indian extraction}}</ref> an his mither is o [[Croats|Croatie]] oreegin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hrsvijet.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6084:maradona-hrvat-qmaradona-je-iz-praputnjaka-a-ne-s-koruleq&catid=30:ostalo&Itemid=24 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-07 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105738/http://www.hrsvijet.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6084:maradona-hrvat-qmaradona-je-iz-praputnjaka-a-ne-s-koruleq&catid=30:ostalo&Itemid=24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maradona marriet lang-time fiancée Claudia Villafañe on 7 November 1984 in Buenos Aires, an thay haed twa dochters, Dalma Nerea (born 2 Apryle 1987) an Giannina Dinorah (born 16 Mey 1989), bi whom he became a grandfaither in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=La Liga |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2009/02/19/1117562/diego-maradona-becomes-a-grandfather-as-sergio-aguero-junior-is-b |title=Diego Maradona Becomes A Grandfather As Sergio Aguero Junior Is Born |publisher=Goal.com |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref> In his autobiografie, Maradona admits he wis no aye faithful tae Claudia, even tho he refers tae her as the luve o his life. Maradona an Villafañe divorcit in 2004. Dochter Dalma haes syne asserted that the divorce wis the best solution for aw, as her parents remained on friendly terms. Thay travelled thegither tae Napoli for a series o homages in Juin 2005<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334497 ESPN Deportes – "Llega en son de paz"]. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> an wur seen thegither on mony ither occasions, includin the Argentinae matches durin [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. Durin the divorce proceedins, Maradona admittit he wis the faither o [[Diego Sinagra]] (born in Naples on 20 September 1986). The Italian courts haed awready sae ruled in 1993, efter Maradona refused tae unnergo DNA tests for pruivin or dispruivin his paternity. Diego Jr. met Maradona for the first time in Mey 2003 efter trickin his wey ontae a gowf course in Italy whaur Maradona wis playin.<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334523 ESPN Deportes – "El amor al ídolo"]. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> [[Diego Sinagra]] is nou a fitbawer playin in Italy.<ref name="Diego Siagra">{{cite web |url=http://www.resport.it/leggi.asp?id=11196&idcat=5&t=n |title=Diego Sinagra |publisher=Resport.it |accessdate=12 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006193326/http://www.resport.it/leggi.asp?id=11196&idcat=5&t=n |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter the divorce, Claudia embarkit on a career as a theatre producer, an Dalma wis seekin a actin career; she haed expressed her desire tae attend the Actor's Studio in Los Angeles.<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/03/espectaculos/c-00811.htm Clarin.com – "Había una vez... un elenco para la selección"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410074620/https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/vez-elenco-seleccion_0_S1mz6T_1RFe.html |date=2022-04-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410074620/https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/vez-elenco-seleccion_0_S1mz6T_1RFe.html |date=2022-04-10 }}. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/19/sociedad/s-998340.htm Clarin.com – "Dalma Maradona: diario de una princesa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430011837/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/19/sociedad/s-998340.htm |date=2010-04-30 }}. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> His younger dochter, Giannina, marriet [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] striker [[Sergio Agüero]], wi whom she haes a son, Benjamin, born in Madrid on 19 Februar 2009. In Januar 2013, Agüero an Giannina separatit.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2480410/Diego-Maradona-calls-Sergio-Aguero-wimp-split-daughter.html "Aguero is a wimp! Maradona blasts City star after split from his daughter turns nasty"]. Daily Mail. Retrieved 28 November 2013</ref> His mither, Dalma, dee'd on 19 November 2011. Diego wis in Dubai at the time, an desperately treed tae flee back in time tae see her, but wis too late. She wis 81 year auld. His son Diego Fernando, whom he haed wi his ex lang term pairtner Veronica Ojeda, wis born 13 Februar 2013. ==Career statistics== :''Source'': Club Statistics, at expertfootball.com<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091646/http://expertfootball.com/players/maradona/stats.php Club Statistics]. expertfootball.com (archived)</ref> ===Club=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Saison !rowspan="2" width="125"|Club !rowspan="2" width="125"|League !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Ither !colspan="2"|Tot |- !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals |- |[[1976 Argentine Primera División|1976]]||rowspan="5"|[[Argentinos Juniors]]||rowspan="5"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] ||0+11||0+2||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||11||2 |- |[[1977 Argentine Primera División|1977]] ||37+12||13+6||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||49||19 |- |[[1978 Argentine Primera División|1978]] ||31+4||22+4||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||35||26 |- |[[1979 Argentine Primera División|1979]] ||14+12||14+12||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||26||26 |- |[[1980 Argentine Primera División|1980]] ||32+13||25+18||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||45||43 |- ! rowspan=1 | Tot ! colspan=2 | [[Argentinos Juniors]] !166||116||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||166||116 |- |[[1981 Argentine Primera División|1981]]||[[Boca Juniors]]||rowspan="1"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] ||28+12||17+11||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||40||28 |- |[[1982–83 La Liga|1982–83]]||rowspan="2"|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]||rowspan="2"|[[La Liga]] ||20||11||5||3||4||5||6||4||35||23 |- |[[1983–84 La Liga|1983–84]] ||16||11||4||1||3||3||colspan="2"|–||23||15 |- ! rowspan=1 | Tot ! colspan=2 | [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] !36||22||9||4||7||8||6||4||58||38 |- |[[1984–85 Serie A|1984–85]]||rowspan="7"|[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]||rowspan="7"|[[Serie A]] ||30||14||6||3||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||36||17 |- |[[1985–86 Serie A|1985–86]] ||29||11||2||2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||31||13 |- |[[1986–87 Serie A|1986–87]] ||29||10||10||7||2||0||colspan="2"|–||41||17 |- |[[1987–88 Serie A|1987–88]] ||28||15||9||6||2||0||colspan="2"|–||39||21 |- |[[1988–89 Serie A|1988–89]] ||26||9||12||7||12||3||colspan="2"|–||50||19 |- |[[1989–90 Serie A|1989–90]] ||28||16||3||2||5||0||colspan="2"|–||36||18 |- |[[1990–91 Serie A|1990–91]] ||18||6||3||2||4||2||1||0||26||10 |- ! rowspan=1 | Tot ! colspan=2 | [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] !188||81||45||29||25||5||1||0||259||115 |- |[[1992–93 La Liga|1992–93]] ||[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]||[[La Liga]] ||26||5||3||3||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||29||8 |- |[[1993–94 Argentine Primera División|1993–94]]||[[Newell's Old Boys]]||rowspan="4"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] ||5||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||5||0 |- |[[1995–96 Argentine Primera División|1995–96]]||rowspan="3"|[[Boca Juniors]] ||11+13||3+2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||24||5 |- |[[1996–97 Argentine Primera División|1996–97]] ||0+1||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||1||0||2||0 |- |[[1997–98 Argentine Primera División|1997–98]] ||5||2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||5||2 |- ! rowspan=1 | Tot ! colspan=2 | [[Boca Juniors]] !70||35||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||1||0||71||35 |- ! rowspan=3 | Tot ! colspan=2 | Argentinae !191||151||0||0||0||0||1||0||242||151 |- ! colspan=2 | Spain !62||27||12||7||7||8||6||4||87||56 |- ! colspan=2 | Italy !188||81||45||29||25||5||1||0||259||115 |- ! colspan=3 | Career tot !491||259||57||36||32||13||8||4||588||312 |} *Ither – League Cup (Spain) an Super Cup (Italy)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html |title=Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> *His oweraw average o goals scored per match in domestic club competitions is 0.526.<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2010/04/07/1867738/goalcom-special-debate-lionel-messi-vs-diego-maradona-so-who "Special Debate: Lionel Messi vs Diego Maradona – So Who Is Better?"]. Goal.com. Retrieved 19 November 2013</ref> ===Internaitional=== *Stairtit in 21 consecutive matches for Argentinae in fower [[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cup]]s (1982, 1986, 1990, 1994) *Appeared 16 times as caiptain o the naitional team, a [[FIFA Warld Cup records|Warld Cup-record]]. *Scored 8 goals an providit 8 assists in 21 Warld Cup appearances, includin 5 goals an 5 assists in [[FIFA Warld Cup 1986|1986]] *Tee'd for heichest goal-scr frae Argentinae in Warld Cup feenals (equaled [[Guillermo Stábile]]'s merk in 1994; surpassed bi [[Gabriel Batistuta]] in 1998) *Wis fouled 23 times in the match Argentinae v Italy in the [[1982 Warld Cup]], a single-match Warld Cup-record; *Wis fouled 50 times durin [[1990 Warld Cup]], a single-tournament Warld-Cup record. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! colspan=3 | [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae naitional team]] |- !Year !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals |- |1977 ||3||0 |- |1978 ||1||0 |- |1979 ||8||3 |- |1980 ||10||7 |- |1981 ||2||1 |- |1982 ||10||2 |- |1983 ||-||- |- |1984 ||-||- |- |1985 ||10||6 |- |1986 ||10||7 |- |1987 ||6||4 |- |1988 ||3||1 |- |1989 ||7||0 |- |1990 ||10||1 |- |1991 ||-||- |- |1992 ||-||- |- |1993 ||4||0 |- |1994 ||7||2 |- !Tot||91||34 |} ===Manager=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="2" width="150"|Team !rowspan="2" |Nat !rowspan="2" width="125"|Frae !rowspan="2" width="125"|Tae !colspan="5"|Record |- !width="35"|G !width="35"|W !width="35"|D !width="35"|L !width="50"|Win % |- |align=center|[[Textil Mandiyú|Mandiyú de Corrientes]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=center|Januar 1994 |align=center|Juin 1994 |12||1||5||6||8.33 |- |align=center|[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|Argentinae}} |align=center|Mey 1995 |align=center|November 1995 |11||2||3||6||18.18 |- |align=center|[[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=center|November 2008 |align=center|Julie 2010 |19||14||0||5||73.68 |- |align=center|[[Al Wasl FC]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|UAE}} |align=center|Mey 2011 |align=center|Julie 2012 |22||7||5||10||31.82 |} ==Honours== ===Club=== {{Flagicon|Argentinae}} '''[[Argentinos Juniors]]''' Runner-up *[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[1980 Argentine Primera División|1980 Metropolitano]] {{Flagicon|Argentinae}} '''[[Boca Juniors]]''' ;Winners *[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[1981 Argentine Primera División|1981 Metropolitano]] Runner-up *[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[1997-98 Argentine Primera División|1997 Apertura]] {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' ;Winners *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[1982–83 Copa del Rey|1983]] *[[Copa de la Liga]]: [[Copa de la Liga|1983]] *[[Supercopa de España]]: [[1983 Supercopa de España|1983]] {{Flagicon|Italy}} '''[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]''' ;Winners *[[Serie A]] (2): [[1986–87 Serie A|1987]], [[1989–90 Serie A|1990]] *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[1986–87 Coppa Italia|1987]] *[[UEFA Cup]]: [[1989 UEFA Cup Final|1989]] *[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[1990 Supercoppa Italiana|1990]] Runner-up *[[Serie A]] (2): [[1987–88 Serie A|1988]], [[1988–89 Serie A|1989]] *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[1988–89 Coppa Italia|1989]] ===Kintra=== '''{{Flagicon|Argentinae}} [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]]''' ;Winners *[[FIFA Warld Youth Championship]]: [[1979 FIFA Warld Youth Championship|1979]] *75t anniversar FIFA Cup: 1979 *[[FIFA Warld Cup]]: [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]] *[[Artemio Franchi Trophy]]: [[Artemio Franchi Trophy#1993|1993]] Runner-up *[[Sooth American U-20 Championship|Sooth American Youth Championship]]: 1979 *[[FIFA Warld Cup]]: [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] ===Manager=== ===Club=== {{Flagicon|Unitit Arab Emirates}} '''[[Al-Wasl]]''' Runner-up *[[GCC Champions League|Gulf Club Champions League]]: 2012 ===Individual=== *Argentine Primera División top scorers (5): [[1978 Argentine Primera División|1978 Metropolitano]], [[1979 Argentine Primera División|1979 Metropolitano]], [[1979 Argentine Primera División|1979 Nacional]], [[1980 Argentine Primera División|1980 Metropolitano]], [[1980 Argentine Primera División|1980 Nacional]] *[[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Awards|FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Ball]]: [[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship#Awards|1979]] *[[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Golden Shoe|FIFA World Youth Championship Siller Shoe]]: [[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship|1979]] *World Player of the Year ([[Guerin Sportivo]]): 1979 *Argentine Fitbaa Writers' Fitbawer o the Year (4): 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986 *[[Sooth American Fotbawer o the Year]] (2): (offeecial awaird) 1979, 1980 *Olimpia de Oro (2): 1979, 1986 *[[Guerin d'Oro]] (Serie A Fitbawer o the Year): 1985 *Onze de Bronze (2): 1985, 1988 *FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 1986 *FIFA World Cup Siller Shoe: 1986 *[[FIFA World Cup]] Maist Assists: [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] *FIFA World Cup All-Star Team (2): [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], [[1990 FIFA World Cup#All-star team|1990]] *[[Onze d'Or]] (2): 1986, 1987 *Argentine Sports Writers' Sportsman o the Year: 1986 *L'Équipe Champion of Champions: 1986 *[[United Press International Athlete of the Year Award]]: 1986 *World Soccer Awards Player o the Year:1986 *Sooth American Player o the Year (4): (unoffeecial awaird) 1986, 1989, 1990, 1992 *[[Capocannoniere]] (Serie A top scorer): 1987–88 *[[Coppa Italia]] top scorer: 1987-88 *FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball: [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] *[[Onze d'Or]] (top player o the year for the Onze Mondial French newspaper): 1994 *[[FIFA World Cup All-Time Team]]: 1994 *Golden Ball for services tae fitbaw ([[France Football]]): 1996 *[[World Team of the 20th Century]]: 1998 *World Soccer The Greatest Players of the 20th century: (#2) 1999 *Argentine Sports Writers' Sportsman o the Century: 1999 *[[Marca Leyenda]]: 1999 *Number '''10''' retired bi [[SSC Napoli|Napoli]] fitbaw team as a recognition tae his contreibution tae the club: 2000 *[[FIFA Player o the Century]]: 2000 *[[FIFA Warld Cup]] [[Goal o the Century]] (1986 (2–1) v. Ingland; seicont goal): 2002 *[[FIFA Warld Cup Dream Team]]: 2002 *[[FIFA 100|FIFA 100 Greatest Livin Footballers]]: 2004 *[[Argentine Senate]] ''"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento"'' recognition for lifetime achievement: 2005 * World Soccer ''Greatest XI of all time'': 2013 *[[S.S.C. Napoli#Statistics an records|Napoli aw-time Top Scorer]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Diego Maradona}} *{{Official website|http://www.diegomaradona.com/}} {{Navboxes colour |title= Awairds an achievements |bg= gold |list1= {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|FRG}} [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[FIFA Warld Cup awairds|FIFA Warld Cup Siller Buit]]|years=[[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]]}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tomáš Skuhravý]]}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Preben Elkjær]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Gowden Baw (FIFA)|FIFA Warld Cup Bronze Ball]]|years=[[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990]]}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|BUL}} [[Hristo Stoichkov]]}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Steve Cram]]}} {{s-ttl|title=United Press International<br>Athlete of the Year|years=1986}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Ben Johnson (athlete)|Ben Johnson]]}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Hugo Porta]]}} {{s-ttl|title=''[[Olimpia Award|Olimpia de Oro]]''|years=1986}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Gabriela Sabatini]]}} {{s-bef|before={{flagicon|URS}} [[Sergey Bubka]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[L'Équipe Champion o Champions]]|years=1986}} {{s-aft|after=<del>''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Ben Johnson (sprinter)|Ben Johnson]]''</del>}} {{S-sports}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Paolo Rossi]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Warld fitbaw transfer record]]|years=1982–1987}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Ruud Gullit]]}} {{S-end}} {{FIFA 100}} {{Argentina Primera Division top scorers}} {{Serie A top scorers}} {{Sooth American Fitbawer o the Year}} {{Argentine Fitbawer o the Year}} {{FIFA U-20 World Cup awards}} {{World Soccer Fitbawer o the Year}} {{FIFA World Cup Winning Captain}} {{FIFA World Cup Golden Ball}} {{Warld Team o the 20t century}} {{1986 FIFA Warld Cup Team o the Toornament}} {{1990 FIFA Warld Cup Team o the Toornament}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title=Argentinae squads |bg=#74ACDF |fg=white |bordercolor=black |list1= {{Argentinae squad 1979 Copa América}} {{Argentinae squad 1982 FIFA Warld Cup}} {{Argentinae squad 1986 FIFA Warld Cup}} {{Argentinae squad 1987 Copa América}} {{Argentinae squad 1989 Copa América}} {{Argentinae squad 1990 FIFA Warld Cup}} {{Argentinae squad 1994 FIFA Warld Cup}} {{Argentinae squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Diego Maradona managerial Positions |list1= {{Argentinae naitional fitbaw team managers}} {{Racing Club managers}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maradona, Diego}} [[Category:1982 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1986 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1990 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1994 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1979 Copa América players]] [[Category:1987 Copa América players]] [[Category:1989 Copa América players]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate sportsfowk in Italy]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate sportsfowk in Spain]] [[Category:Argentinae youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Argentine fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Argentine fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o indigenous fowks strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Croatie strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Galicie strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Argentine sportsfowk in dopin cases]] [[Category:Argentinos Juniors fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:Boca Juniors fitbawers]] [[Category:Deifee'd fowk]] [[Category:Dopin cases in association fitbaw]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in the Unitit Arab Emirates]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:FIFA 100]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin caiptains]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup managers]] [[Category:Al Wasl FC fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Indigenous sportsfowk o the Americas]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Native American sportsfowk]] [[Category:Newell's Old Boys fitbawers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lanús]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lomas de Zamora]] [[Category:Racing Club de Avellaneda managers]] [[Category:S.S.C. Napoli players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Serie A tap scorers]] [[Category:Sevilla FC players]] [[Category:Textil Mandiyú managers]] [[Category:Televeesion talk show hosts]] [[Category:World Soccer Magazine Warld Player o the Year winners]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Sooth American Fitbawer o the Year winners]] [[Category:Fowk convictit o drog affenses]] 4r9kq99hcpujsupizj4vlcfbbnbz4hx 0 60417 923543 915903 2026-09-26T09:11:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Taldykorgan | native_name = Талдықорған | motto = | image_skyline = | image_flag = | image_seal = Taldykorgan_seal.png | image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Kazakhstan |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize = 280 |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kazakhstan |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Kazakhstan|Province]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Almaty Province]] |subdivision_name2 = | established_title = | established_date = | established_title2 = Foondit | established_date2 = 19t century | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | government_type = | leader_title = Akim <small>([[mayor]])</small> | leader_name =[[Yermek Alpysov]] | area_magnitude = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = 100 | area_land_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of=2009 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 123,038 | population_urban = | population_metro = 146,844 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_km2 = 1184 | timezone = [[Bhutan Time|BTT]] | utc_offset = +6 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|45|01|0|N|78|22|0|E|region:KZ|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes= | elevation_m = 600 | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 040001 - 040012 | area_code = +7 72822 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Taldykorgan''' ({{lang-kz|'''Талдықорған''' / '''Taldıqorğan''' / تالدىقورعان}}), umwhile kent as ''Taldy-Kurgan'' ({{lang-ru|Талды-Курган|italic=yes}}, till 1993), is the admeenistrative centre o [[Almaty Province]], [[Kazakhstan]]. Population: {{Kz-census2009|123,038|punct=;}} {{Kz-census1999|97,996|punct=.}} Maist o the fowk are [[Kazakhs]]. ==Education== Taldykorgan haes a diverse educational seestem, includin a varsity, institutes, institutions, technical trainin colleges, seicontar schuils an kindergartens. Thare are 27 public halth facilities, a theater, amusement pairks, librars, a ceety cinema, stadium, sports complex an soummin puils. Aw o the facilities hae no been maintained syne the Soviet era.<ref>http://www.advantour.com/kazakhstan/almaty/taldykorgan.htm retrieved 2007-07-27</ref> ==Demografics== The ethnic composition o Taldykorgan accordin tae a 2010 census wis sicweys:<ref name="Stat2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib4/2010/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/Bull_Hsany2010.rar |title=Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Численность населения Республики Казахстан по областям, городам и районам, полу и отдельным возрастным группам, отдельным этносам на начало 2010 года |access-date=2013-10-12 |archive-date=2012-06-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68j77qjAC?url=http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib4/2010/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/Bull_Hsany2010.rar |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="пер.2010">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-ethnic2010.htm |title=Национальный состав населения Казахстана по переписи 2009 |access-date=2013-10-12 |archive-date=2013-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212024927/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-ethnic2010.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Kazakhs]] - 93,156 fowk (64.96%) *[[Roushies]] - 36,532 fowk (25.47%) *[[Koreans]] - 5,172 fowk (3.61%) *[[Tatars]] - 2,783 fowk (1.94%) *[[Germans]] - 1,581 fowk (1.10%) *[[Ukrainians]] - 1,071 fowk (0.75%) *[[Uyghurs]] - 962 fowk (0.67%) *[[Chechens]] - 354 fowk (0.25%) *[[Uzbeks]] - 302 fowk (0.21%) *[[Belaroushies]] - 177 fowk (0.12%) *[[Azerbaijanis]] - 130 fowk (0.09%) *[[Poles]] - 123 fowk (0.09%) *[[Kyrgyz fowk|Kyrgyz]] - 102 fowk (0.07%) *ither - 962 fowk (0.67%) ==Transport== Taldykorgan haes a airport that services a nummer Kazakh an [[Roushie]]nceeties, while its train station services Central Kazakhstan, [[Central Asie]], Roushie, [[Easter states]] an the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]. ==Sport== The ceety haes a fitbaa club, [[FC Zhetysu]] Taldykorgan.<ref>http://www.brandsoftheworld.com/countries/kz/121815.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204239/http://www.brandsoftheworld.com/countries/kz/121815.html |date=2007-09-30 }} retrieved 2007-07-27</ref><ref>http://www.soccerway.com/match/super-league/fc-zhetysu-taldykorgan/fc-irtysh-pavlodar/450289/ retrieved2007-07-27</ref> ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]]. *{{flagicon|England}} [[Manchester]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]. ==References== <references/> ==Further readin== *''Bozdaqtar. Taldyqorghan oblysy'', 1995, ISBN 5-89800-067-4 ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.taldyk.central.kz Taldykorgan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115195847/http://www.taldyk.central.kz/ |date=2008-01-15 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070627000117/http://www.taldykorgan.net/ Portal of Taldykorgan] * [http://www.eufo.de/football/kaz/2007/zhetrgan.htm 2007 Soccer team]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Almaty Province}} {{Ceeties o Kazakhstan}} [[Category:Populatit places in Almaty Region]] nn8n0vsuuqivaj8i0k2or6ktdamjlj3 0 61195 923536 711941 2026-09-26T08:54:33Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in stub tag 923536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |name =Sarkand |settlement_type =Destrict <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |official_name = Сарқан ауданы |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Sarkand District Kazakhstan.png |mapsize = 300px |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = 150px |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Kazakhstan|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Almaty Province]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Admeenistrative centre]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Sarkand]] |seat_type = |seat = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1928 |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 24400 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 41089 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_mi2 = | timezone = +6 | utc_offset = +6 |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Sarkand Destrict''' or '''Sarkant Destrict''' ({{lang-kz|Сарқан ауданы}}) is a [[Destricts o Kazakhstan|destrict]] o [[Almaty Province]] in [[Kazakhstan]]. The admeenistrative centre o the destrict is the toun o [[Sarkand]].<ref>[http://www.geonames.de/coukz-sub.html www.geonames.de Subdivisions of Kazakhstan in local languages]</ref> Population: {{Kz-census2009|41,016|punct=;}} {{Kz-census1999|47,808|punct=.}} ==References== {{reflist}}{{Stub}}{{Almaty Province}} {{coord|45|29|24|N|79|55|48|E|type:adm2nd_source:itwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Destricts o Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Almaty Region]] a6p7kawjxzzkpb12td94lettjq7abg5 0 62325 923364 860958 2026-09-26T01:05:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other places|Biskupiec}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Biskupiec | image_flag = POL Biskupiec flag.svg | image_shield = POL Biskupiec COA.svg | pushpin_map = Poland | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships o Poland|Voivodeship]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship|Warmie-Masurie]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|Coonty]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Olsztyn Coonty|Olsztyn]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Biskupiec, Olsztyn Coonty|Biskupiec]] | established_title1 = Toun richts | established_date1 = 1395 | area_total_km2 = 5 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_total = 10348 | population_density_km2 = auto | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Elżbieta Samorajczyk | coordinates = {{coord|53|51|N|20|57|E|region:PL|display=inline}} | elevation_m = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 11-300 | website = http://www.biskupiec.pl }} '''Biskupiec''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|pl-Biskupiec.ogg|b|J|i|s|'|k|u|p|J|e|c}} ({{lang-de|Bischofsburg}}{{Audlisten|De-Bischofsburg.ogg}}) is a [[toun]] in the [[Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship]] in [[Poland]]. It is locatit in [[Olsztyn Coonty]] an haes a predominantly [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] population o approximately 11,400. The kintraside surroondin Biskupiec is a popular tourist destination, pairt o the [[Masurie Loch Destrict]]. ==History== The toun's name derivit frae the [[Prince-Bishopric o Warmie|Prince-Bishops o Warmie]], who haed a castle biggit in the sootheastren ootskirts o thair realm on the ''Dymer'' creek in the late 14t century. The fortress wis first mentioned in a 1389 deed, the dounset that haed developit nearbi receivit [[German toun law|toun preevileges]] accordin tae [[Kulm law]] bi Bishop Henry III Sorbom in 1395. Toun an castle wur devastatit durin the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)]] atween the rebellious [[Proushie Confederation]] an the [[State o the Teutonic Order]], an wi Warmie passed tae the [[Croun o the Kinrick o Poland|Lands o the Pols Croun]] accordin tae the [[Seicont Peace o Thorn (1466)|Seicont Peace o Thorn]] in 1466. Again demolished durin the [[Pols–Teutonic War (1519–21)]], the [[Polsh–Swadish War (1626–1629)]] an the [[Seicont Northren War]] (1655–1660), the development o the toun wis aften hampered no anerly bi warfare, but bi blazes, plague an faimin an aw. Wi the [[First Pairtition o Poland]] in 1772, ''Bischofsburg'' wis annexed bi the [[Kinrick o Proushie]] an incorporatit intae the [[Province o East Proushie]]. Frae 1862 till 1945, it wis the seat o ''Landkreis [[Reszel|Rößel]]'', frae 1871 pairt o the [[German Empire]]. Efter the German defeat in [[Warld War I]] the 1920 [[East Proushie plebiscite]] held in the toun resultit in 3461 against 52 votes cast for Germany. ''Bischofsburg'' wis again 50% destroyed durin the [[East Proushie Affensive]] o the [[Red Airmy]] in the late days o [[Warld War II]]. In 1945 the toun wis transferred, alang wi the soothren pairt o [[East Proushie]], tae Poland accordin tae the resolutions at the [[Potsdam Conference]]. Its remainin German population wis [[:en:Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|expelled]] an the name chyngit tae {{lang-pl|Biskupiec}}. Despite its numerous devastations, the medieval ceety's layoot haes been lairgely preservit. The toun's laundmerk is its 16t century [[Gothic airchitectur|Gothic]] Kirk dedicatit tae Saunt [[John the Baptist]] (''Kościół p.w. św. Jana Chrzciciela'', ''Johanniskirche''), erectit frae 1505 onwairds on the behest o Prince-Bishop [[Lucas Watzenrode]] an consecratit in 1580 bi Prince-Bishop [[Marcin Kromer]]. ==Notable fowk== *[[Hans-Joachim Mack]] (1928-2008), general, [[Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] *[[William Michaelis]] (1871–1948), viceadmiral *[[Hans Woellke]] (1911–1943), athlete an [[Waffen-SS]] caiptain ==Internaitional relations== {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Poland}} ===Twin touns — sister ceeties=== Biskupiec is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bramsche]], [[Germany]] ==Freemit airtins== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120422160134/http://ebiskupiec.pl/ Municipal website] {{pl icon}} *[http://www.ebiskupiec.pl/ Information portal of Biskupiec] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422160134/http://ebiskupiec.pl/ |date=2012-04-22 }} {{pl icon}} *[http://www.bischofsburg.de/ Bischofsburg.de - About pre-1945 history] {{de icon}} *[http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=topicdetails&subject=486639&subject_disp=Germany%2C+Preu%C3%9Fen%2C+Ostpreu%C3%9Fen%2C+Bischofsburg+%2D+Church+records&columns=*,0,0 Statistics of inhabitants, birth, marriage, death from 1643] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091406/http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=topicdetails&subject=486639&subject_disp=Germany,+Preu%C3%9Fen,+Ostpreu%C3%9Fen,+Bischofsburg+-+Church+records&columns=*,0,0 |date=2007-09-29 }} {{coord|53|52|N|20|58|E|region:PL_type:city|display=title}} {{Olsztyn Coonty}} {{Gmina Biskupiec, Olsztyn Coonty}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship]] [[Category:Olsztyn Coonty]] jrecyoyryc2f2c8z2zpw14g0jejj2p3 0 63259 923433 914223 2026-09-26T04:50:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birth_name=José Manuel Durão Barroso |name = José Manuel Barroso |image = Jose Manuel Barroso, EU-kommissionens ordforande, under ett mote i Folketinget 2006-05-19 (1).jpg |office = [[Preses o the European Commission]] |vicepresident = [[Margot Wallström]]<br>[[Catherine Ashton]] |1blankname = Council |1namedata = [[Herman Van Rompuy]] |term_start = 22 November 2004 |term_end = 1 November 2014 |predecessor = [[Romano Prodi]] |successor = [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] |office1 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal]] |president1 = [[Jorge Sampaio]] |term_start1 = 6 April 2002 |term_end1 = 17 July 2004 |predecessor1 = [[António Guterres]] |successor1 = [[Pedro Santana Lopes]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|3|23|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Lisbon]], [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = '''National:'''<br />[[Portuguese Workers' Communist Pairty]] <small>(Before 1976)</small><br />[[Social Democratic Pairty (Portugal)|Social Democratic Pairty]]<br /><small>(1976–present)</small><br />'''European:'''<br />[[European People's Party]] |spouse = Maria Sousa Uva |children = Luís<br />Guilherme<br />Francisco|alma_mater = [[Varsity o Lisbon]]<br />[[European Varsity Institute]]<br />[[University of Geneva]]<br />[[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|Georgetown University]] |religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] |signature = Barroso signature.svg |website = [http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/index_en.htm Official website]<br />[http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/2010/mediaGallery.cfm?sitelang=en&gallery=yes Official Media Gallery] }} {{Portuguese name|Durão|Barroso}} '''José Manuel Durão Barroso''' ({{IPA-pt|ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃w bɐˈʁozu|lang}}; born 23 Mairch 1956) is the 11t an former [[Preses o the European Commission]] an a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] politeecian. He servit as [[:en:List of Prime Ministers of Portugal|Prime Meenister o Portugal]] frae 6 Apryle 2002 tae 17 Julie 2004. [[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|center|European Commission]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|José Manuel Barroso}} * [http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/2010/mediaGallery.cfm?sitelang=en&gallery=yes President José Manuel Barroso – Official Media Gallery] * [http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/index_en.htm European Commission – President José Manuel Barroso] * [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141126073201/http://tellbarroso.eu/ tellBarroso.eu – a web service for telling Barroso: "What can Europe do for you?"] {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Leader o the [[Social Democratic Pairty (Portugal)|Social Democratic Pairty]]|years=1999–2004}} {{s-aft|after=[[Pedro Santana Lopes]]}} |- {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[António Guterres]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Meenister o Portugal]]|years=2002–2004}} {{s-aft|after=[[Pedro Santana Lopes]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[António Vitorino]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of European Commissioners by nationality#Portugal|Portuguese European Commissioner]]|years=2004–present}} {{s-inc|rows=2}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Romano Prodi]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Preses o the European Commission]]|years=2004–present}} |- {{s-aca}} {{s-bef|before=[[Joschka Fischer]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Speaker o the [[College of Europe]] Opening Ceremony|years=2004}} {{s-aft|after=[[Javier Solana]]}} {{S-end}} {{European Cooncil}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{Current G20 Leaders}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barroso, Jose Manuel}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lisbon]] [[Category:Politeecians o the European Fowkpairty]] [[Category:Portuguese European Commissioners]] [[Category:Foreign meenisters o Portugal]] [[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Preses o the European Commission]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Portugal]] [[Category:Portuguese Workers' Communist Pairty politeecians]] [[Category:Social Democratic Pairty (Portugal) politeecians]] [[Category:Varsity o Lisbon alumni]] <!-- Honours --> [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o Vytautas the Great]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Cross o Terra Mariana, 1st Cless]] [[Category:Georgetown Varsity alumni]] {{Stub/Politics}} aps8v2dcv4b77yv9j23wh70pqhyl3qi 0 63588 923354 911032 2026-09-26T00:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mineral | name = Baryte (barite) | category = [[Sulfate meeneral]], barite group | boxwidth = | boxbgcolor = | image = 6158M-barite2.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Baryte crystals frae Cerro Huarihuyn, Mirafneelores, Huamalíes, Huánuco, Peru <br>(size 56 x 53 mm, 74 g) | formula = BaSO<sub>4</sub> | strunz = 07.AD.35 | dana = 28.03.01.01 | symmetry = Orthorhombic (2/m 2/m 2/m) dipyramidal | unit cell = a = 8.884(2) Å, b = 5.457(3) Å, c = 7.157(2) Å; A = 4 | molweight = | color = Colourless, white, licht shades o blae, yellae, grey, broun | habit = Tabular parallel tae base, fibrous, nodular tae massive | system = [[Orthorhombic]] | twinning = | cleavage = Perfect cleavage parallel tae base an prism faces: {001} Perfect, {210} Perfect, {010} Imperfect | fracture = Irregular/uneven | tenacity = Brickle | mohs = 3-3.5 | luster = Vitreous, pearly | refractive = n<sub>α</sub> = 1.634–1.637 <br/>n<sub>β</sub> = 1.636–1.638 <br/> n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.646–1.648 | opticalprop = biaxial positive | birefringence =0.012 | pleochroism = | streak = White | gravity = 4.3–5 | density = 4.48 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name="RiM-2000">{{cite journal |last= Hanor |first= J. |year=2000 |title=Barite-celestine geochemistry and environments of formation |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy |volume=40 |pages=193–275 |isbn=0-939950-52-9 |publisher= Mineralogical Society of America |location= Washington, DC}}</ref> | melt = | fusibility = 4, yellaeish green ''barium flame'' | diagnostic = white colour, heich specific gravity, characteristic cleavage an crystals | solubility = law | diaphaneity = skyre tae opaque | other = | references = <ref name="Dana">{{cite book |last1= Dana |first1= James Dwight |author1-link=James Dwight Dana |last2= Ford |first2= William Ebenezer |title= Dana's Manual of Mineralogy for the Student of Elementary Mineralogy, the Mining Engineer, the Geologist, the Prospector, the Collector, Etc. |year= 1915 |edition= 13 |url= http://www.archive.org/details/danasmanualmine00fordgoog |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |pages=299–300}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/min-549.html Barite at Mindat]</ref><ref name=Webmin>[http://webmineral.com/data/Barite.shtml Webmineral data for barite]</ref><ref name=Handbook>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/baryte.pdf Baryte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615020755/http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/baryte.pdf |date=2020-06-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615020755/https://rruff.info/doclib/hom/baryte.pdf |date=2020-06-15 }}, Handbook of Mineralogy</ref> }} '''Baryte''', or '''barite''', ([[Barium|Ba]][[Sulfur|S]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>) is a [[meeneral]] consistin o [[barium sulfate]].<ref name="Dana"/> The ''baryte group'' consists o baryte, [[Celestine (mineral)|celestine]], [[anglesite]] an [[anhydrite]]. Baryte itsel is generally white or [[colour]]less, an is the main soorce o [[barium]]. Baryte an celestine furm a [[solid solution]] (Ba,Sr)SO<sub>4</sub>.<ref name="RiM-2000"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Barium meenerals]] [[Category:Sulphate meenerals]] [[Category:Orthorhombic meenerals]] 1askeanhonpnps7lexqvmj5swdrfl04 0 64020 923387 853491 2026-09-26T02:26:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Don Francisco | image = Teletón 2018 07.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = | birth_name = Mario Luis Kreutzberger Blumenfeld | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|12|28|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Talca]], [[Chile]] | nationality = Chilean | citizenship = Unitit States | religion = Jewish | home_town = New York Ceety, New York | residence = Miami, Florida | other_names = Don Francisco | occupation = Televeesion host | years_active = 1962-present | spouse = Teresa "Temmy" Muchnik Rosenblum (1963-present; 3 childer) | television = [[Sábado Gigante]],<br/>[[Don Francisco Presenta]] | partner = | website = |agent = }} '''Mario Luis Kreutzberger Blumenfeld''' (28 Dizember 1940), better kent bi his [[stage name]], '''[[Don (honorific)|Don]] Francisco''', is a Chilean telly host, an a popular personality on the [[Univision]] netwirk reachin Spainyie-speakin viewers in the [[Unitit States]]. He is best kent for hostin the variety shows ''[[Sábado Gigante]]'' an ''[[Don Francisco Presenta]]''. ==See an aw== * ''[[Sábado Gigante]]'' ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Don Francisco}} * [http://www.univision.com Univision homepage] * [http://www.univision.com/content/channel.jhtml?chid=6&schid=6761 Offeecial Wabsteid o ''Sabado Gigante''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223013322/http://www.univision.com//content//channel.jhtml?chid=6&schid=6761 |date=2011-02-23 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100317234030/http://protagonistasdelamusica.canal13.cl/ Canal 13 - Chilean TV Network] * {{imdb name|id=0471053|name=Don Francisco}} * [http://www.paho.org/english/dpi/Number15_article4_4.htm Don Francisco Gives Back] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605105625/http://www.paho.org/english/dpi/number15_article4_4.htm |date=2012-06-05 }} * [http://www.teleton.cl Teleton Foundation In Chile] {{DEFAULTSORT:Francisco, Don}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Chilean Jews]] [[Category:Ashkenazi Jews]] [[Category:Fowk frae Miami]] [[Category:Televeesion talk show hosts]] [[Category:Chilean televeesion jurnalists]] [[Category:Chilean emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Chilean fowk o German-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Chilean televeesion presenters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Talca]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Recipients o the Benemerenti medal]] [[Category:Candidates for Preses o Chile]] 8hcklslawxmr623lyh7w0ltkb4pn3q0 0 65035 923423 923105 2026-09-26T04:28:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = Iraq War |partof = the [[War on Terror]] |image = [[File:Iraq War montage.png|border|300px]] |caption = '''Clockwise frae tap''': Delta Force o Task Force 20 alangside truips o 3rd Battalion, 327t Infantry Regiment, at Uday Hussain an Qusay Hussein's hideoot.; Insurgents in northren Iraq; an Iraqi insurgent firin a MANPADS; the topplin o the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square. |date = {{start date|df=yes|2003|3|20}}&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|2011|12|15}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=20|year1=2003|month2=12|day2=15|year2=2011}})<ref> {{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-17/iraq-us-troops/52032854/1?csp=ip |title=Last U.S.&nbsp;troops leave Iraq, ending war |accessdate=18 December 2011 | work=USA Today |date=17 December 2011}}</ref>{{dubious|date=December 2013}} |place=[[Iraq]] |result = Coalition victory * [[2003 invasion o Iraq|Invasion]] an [[History o Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation]] o Iraq * Owerthrow o [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Pairty]] govrenment an [[execution o Saddam Hussein]] * [[Iraqi insurgency|Insurgency]], [[al-Qaeda in Iraq|foreign terrorist operations]], an [[ceevil war in Iraq|sectarian violence]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Sectarian divisions change Baghdad’s image|publisher=MSNBC|date=3 July 2006|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13684759/|accessdate=18 February 2007|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110601/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13684759/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Subsequent depletion o Iraqi insurgency,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40257752|title=U.S.&nbsp;says Iraq pullout won't cause dramatic violence|date=18 November 2010|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=26 November 2010|archive-date=2011-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142902/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40257752|url-status=dead}}</ref> improvements in public security<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11816974|title=UK 'to continue deporting failed Iraqi asylum seekers'|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 November 2010|date=22 November 2010}}</ref> * Establishment o [[Iraqi parliamentary election, Januar 2005|democratic elections]] an furmation o new govrenment * [[U.S.-Iraq Status o Forces Agreement]] * [[Widrawal o U.S. truips frae Iraq|Widrawal]] o [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|U.S. forces]] frae Iraq * [[Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. widrawal)|Ongangin insurgency]] |combatant1 = '''Invasion phase (2003)'''<br /> {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}<br /> {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}<br /> {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> {{flag|Australie}}<br /> {{flag|Poland}}<br /> {{Flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Peshmerga]] |combatant1a = '''Post-invasion (2003–11)'''<br /> {{flag|Iraq}}<br /> *{{flagicon image|Coat of arms (emblem) of Iraq 2008.svg}} [[Iraqi Airmed Forces]] *{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Peshmerga]] * [[Awakening Council]] {{nowrap|[[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Multi-National&nbsp;Force{{spaced ndash}}Iraq]]}} * {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States}} <small>(03–11)</small>}} * {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} <small>(03–11)</small>}} * {{flag|Sooth Korea}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Italy}} <small>(03–06)</small> * {{flag|Poland}} <small>(03-08)</small> * {{flag|Australie}} <small>(03–09)</small> * {{flag|Georgie}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Ukraine}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Netherlands}} <small>(03–05)</small> * {{flag|Spain}} <small>(03–04)</small> * {{flag|Estonie}} <!-- Only countries fielded more than 1,000 troops each rotation are listed here; the rest are at the MNF-I page linked below --> :[[Multi-National Force&nbsp;– Iraq|''30 ither kintras'']] Supported By:<br> '''{{Flag|Saudi Arabie}}<br> '''{{Flag|Egyp}}<br> '''{{Flag|Kuwait}} |combatant2 = '''Invasion phase (2003)'''<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[History o Iraq unner Ba'athist rule|Ba'athist Iraq]] |combatant2a = '''Post-invasion (2003–11)'''<br /> [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|'''Ba'ath Pairty lyalists''']] * [[Supreme Command for Jihad an Liberation]] * [[Airmy o the Men o the Naqshbandi Order]] Supportit Bi:<br> '''{{Flag|Sirie}} ---- [[Iraqi insurgency#Sunni Islamist|'''Sunni insurgents''']] * [[Islamic State o Iraq]] * [[Islamic Airmy o Iraq]] * [[Ansar al-Sunnah]] ---- [[Iraqi insurgency#Shia Islamist|'''Shia insurgents''']] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} [[Mahdi Airmy]] * {{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Special Groups (Iraq)|Special Groups]] * [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]] * [[Combatants o the Iraq War|Ithers]] Supportit Bi:<br> '''{{Flag|Iran}}<br> '''{{Flag|Sirie}} ---- <small>For fichtin atween insurgent groups, see [[Ceevil war in Iraq]].</small> ---- |commander1 = {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ayad Allawi]] <br /> {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ibrahim al-Jaafari]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Nouri al-Maliki]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Ricardo Sanchez]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[George W. Casey, Jr.]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[David Petraeus]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Raymond T. Odierno]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Lloyd Austin]]<br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[George W. Bush]]<br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} General [[Tommy Franks]]<br /> {{Flagicon|US}} [[Barack Obama]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Tony Blair]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Gordon Brown]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[David Cameron]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Soeren Gade]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Australie}} [[John Howard]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Australie}} [[Kevin Rudd]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Lech Kaczyński]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Marchuk]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Kuzmuk]] |commander2 = '''Ba'ath Pairty'''<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Saddam Hussein]] {{POW}} [[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|14px|link=Execution o Saddam Hussein]]}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Qusay Hussein]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Uday Hussein]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri]]<br /> ---- '''Sunni insurgency'''<br /> [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Abu Suleiman al-Naser|Al-Nasser Lideen Allah Abu Suleiman]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Abu Dua]]<br /> [[Ishmael Jubouri]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i]] {{POW}} ---- '''Shia insurgency'''<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} [[Muqtada al-Sadr]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Abu Deraa]]<br />[[Qais al-Khazali]]<br />[[Akram al-Kabi]] |strength1 = '''[[2003 Invasion o Iraq|Invasion Forces]]''' <small>(2003–2004)</small><br />~300,000<br /> ---- '''[[Multinaitional Force Iraq|Coalition forces]]''' <small>(2004–2009)</small><br />176,000 at peak<br /> '''[[United States Forces&nbsp;– Iraq]]''' <small>(2010–2011)</small><br />112,000 at activation<br /> '''Security contractors''' 6,000–7,000 <small>(estimate)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rm/143420.htm |title=Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Programs Charlene Lamb's Remarks on Private Contractors in Iraq |publisher=State.gov |date=17 July 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |archive-date=2017-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619163623/https://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rm/143420.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> '''[[Iraqi Security Forces]]'''<br /> 805,269 <small>(militar an [[paramilitar]]: 578,269,<ref>{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2010| url=https://archive.org/details/militarybalance0000inte_f0f9| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| authorlink1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author2=Hackett, James (ed.)| date=3 February 2010| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=London| isbn=1-85743-557-5| ref=IISS2010}}</ref> polis: 227,000)</small><br /> '''[[Awakenin movements in Iraq|Awakenin militias]]'''<br />~103,000 (2008)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/world/middleeast/29iraq.html?hpw | work=The New York Times | title=Troops Arrest an Awakening Council Leader in Iraq, Setting Off Fighting | first1=Alissa J. | last1=Rubin | authorlink1= Alissa J. Rubin | first2=Rod | last2=Nordland | date=29 March 2009 | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> <br /> '''[[Iraqi Kurdistan]]'''<br /> ~400,000 <small>(Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3441.htm |title=The Kurdish peshmerga forces will not be integrated into the Iraqi army: Mahmoud Sangawi&nbsp;— Interview |publisher=Ekurd.net |date=22 January 2010 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402235805/https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3441.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''[[Peshmerga]]''' 375,000)</small> |strength2 = '''[[Iraqi Airmy]]''': 375,000 <small>(disbaundit in 2003)</small> ---- '''[[Iraqi insurgency#Sunni Islamist|Sunni Insurgents]]'''<br />~70,000 <small>(2007)</small><ref name=brookings>The Brookings Institution [http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019170433/http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }} 1 October 2007</ref><br />'''[[Mahdi Airmy]]'''<br />~60,000 <small>(2007)</small><ref>{{cite news|last=Ricks|first=Thomas E.|coauthors=Ann Scott Tyson|title=Intensified Combat on Streets Likely|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002581_pf.html|publisher=Washington Post|date=11 January 2007|page=A01}}</ref> <br />'''[[al-Qaeda]]'''<br />~1,300 <small>(2006)</small><ref>Pincus, Walter. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111601509.html "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex"]. ''[[Washington Post]],'' 17 November 2006.</ref><br /> '''[[Islamic State o Iraq]]'''<br />~1,000 <small>(2008)</small> <br />'''[[Airmy o the Men o the Naqshbandi Order]]'''<br />~500–1,000 <small>(2007)</small> |casualties1 = '''[[Leet o Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq|Iraqi Security Forces]]''' (post-Saddam)<br /> '''Killed:''' 16,623<ref>260 killed in 2003,[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/19/1013869.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628233817/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/19/1013869.htm |date=2011-06-28 }} 15,196 killed frae 2004 through 2009 (wi the exceptions o Mey 2004 an Mairch 2009),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 67 killed in Mairch 2009,[http://hello.news352.lu/edito-4036-march-violence-claims-252-iraqi-lives.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226181744/http://hello.news352.lu/edito-4036-march-violence-claims-252-iraqi-lives.html |date=2012-02-26 }} an 1,100 killed in 2010,[http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-02/world/iraq.casualty.figures_1_iraqi-police-mosul-police-iraqi-troops?_s=PM:WORLD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116094430/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-02/world/iraq.casualty.figures_1_iraqi-police-mosul-police-iraqi-troops?_s=PM:WORLD |date=2013-01-16 }} thus givin a tot o 16,623 dead</ref><br /> '''Woondit:''' 40,000+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/77707.pdf |title=Iraq War |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref><br /><br /> '''[[Multi-Naitional Force&nbsp;– Iraq|Coalition Forces]]'''<br /> '''Killed:''' 4,805<ref name="icas">{{cite web |url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |title=Operation Iraqi Freedom |publisher=iCasualties |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archive-date=2018-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025180952/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/casualties/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=30 March 2010 | title=Home and Away: Iraq and Afghanistan War Casualties}}</ref> <small>(4,487 U.S.,<ref name="defenselink.mil">{{Cite web |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2009-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706234900/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 179 UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishFatalities.htm |title=Ministry of Defence &#124; Fact Sheets &#124; Operations Factsheets &#124; Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities |publisher=Mod.uk |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archive-date=2009-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011220157/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishFatalities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 139 ither)</small><br /> '''Missin/captured''' (U.S.): 8 (aw rescued)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/pow.mia/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=22 February 2011 | title=Forces: U.S. & Coalition/POW/MIA}}; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq", ''[[New York Times]]'', 22 May 2011, p. 6.</ref> '''Woondit''': 32,753+ <small>(32,226 U.S.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/NEWS/casualty.pdf |title=Casualty |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref> 315 UK, 212+ ither<ref>33 Ukrainians [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808232343/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument |date=2009-08-08 }}, 31+ Italians [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629050836/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL |date=2011-06-29 }} [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428195925/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524 |date=2011-04-28 }}, 30 Bulgarians [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3355749.stm] [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=33103], 20 Salvadorans [http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2009-02-07-salvador-iraq_N.htm], 19 Georgians [http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18470] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513160916/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18470 |date=2011-05-13 }}, 18 Estonians [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/02/mil-090209-rianovosti06.htm], 16+ Poles [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=33116] [http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612101918/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print |date=2007-06-12 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501084237/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16186603.html] [http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?19484-Two-Polish-Soldiers-Dead-Five-Injured-in-Iraq-PAP] [http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/25148], 15 Spaniards [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429012705/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html |date=2011-04-29 }} [http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402233014/https://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan |date=2019-04-02 }} [http://www1.albawaba.com/news/five-spanish-soldiers-four-us-troops-injured-iraq-bomb-attacks] [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200404/09/eng20040409_139905.shtml], 10 Romanians [http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6708832.html], 6 Australians [http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201646/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx |date=2011-04-28 }}, 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs [http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130025416/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print |date=2012-01-30 }}, 3 Filipinos [http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174014/http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} and 2 Thais [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123050230/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm |date=2010-11-23 }} [http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513184802/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0 |date=2013-05-13 }} for a total of 212+</ref>)</small><ref name=mil>Mony offeecial U.S.&nbsp;tables at [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm "Military Casualty Information"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303054755/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm |date=2011-03-03 }}. See [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OIF-Total.pdf latest totals for injury, disease/other medical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |date=2011-06-02 }}</ref><ref name=antiwarcasualties>[http://www.antiwar.com/casualties/ "Casualties in Iraq"].</ref><ref name=icasualties>iCasualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, ''et al.'', [http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx "Iraq Coalition Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025180952/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |date=2018-10-25 }}</ref><ref name=ukcasualties>[http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114214203/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm |date=2006-11-14 }}. UK Meenistry o Defense. [http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm Latest combined casualty and fatality tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004051608/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm |date=2012-10-04 }}.</ref> '''Injured/diseased/ither medical'''*: 51,139 <small>(47,541 U.S.,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2011-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 3,598 UK)</small><ref name=mil/><ref name=icasualties/><ref name=ukcasualties/><br /><br /> '''[[Private militar company|Contractors]]'''<br /> '''[[Leet o private contractor daiths in Iraq|Killed]]''': 1,554<ref name="dol.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |title=U.S.&nbsp;Department of Labor&nbsp;— Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) - Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation |publisher=Dol.gov |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515203323/https://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="projects.propublica.org">{{cite web|author=T. Christian Miller |url=http://projects.propublica.org/tables/contractor_casualties |title=U.S.&nbsp;Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries|publisher=Projects.propublica.org |date=23 September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010}}</ref><br /> '''Woondit & injured''': 43,880<ref name="dol.gov"/><ref name="projects.propublica.org"/><br /> '''[[Sons o Iraq|Awakenin Cooncils]]'''<br /> '''Killed:''' 1,002+<ref>185 in Diyala frae Juin 2007 tae December 2007,[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/middleeast/24sunni.html?pagewanted=print] 4 in assassination o [[Abdul Sattar Abu Risha|Abu Risha]], 25 on 12 November 2007,[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/15/iraq/main3504599.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3504599] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514132150/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/15/iraq/main3504599.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3504599 |date=2013-05-14 }} 528 in 2008,[http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210152350/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |date=2016-12-10 }} 27 on 2 Januar 2009,[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/03/world/middleeast/03iraq.html] 53 Frae 6 tae 12 Aprile 2009,[http://www.alternet.org/world/136476/sunni_iraqis_fear_a_bloodbath_of_reprisal_after_possible_u.s._exit/?page=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513130112/http://www.alternet.org/world/136476/sunni_iraqis_fear_a_bloodbath_of_reprisal_after_possible_u.s._exit/?page=1 |date=2011-05-13 }} 13 on 16 November 2009,[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429002216/http://www.france24.com/en/node/4926131] 15 in December 2009,[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?_r=1] 100+ frae Aprile tae Juin 2010,[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/06/20106653940383435.html#] [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128084675] 52 on 18 Julie 2010 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/18/iraq-suicide-bombings-kill-militia] [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-18/bombs-targeting-sons-of-iraq-leave-at-least-44-dead.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718205535/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-18/bombs-targeting-sons-of-iraq-leave-at-least-44-dead.html |date=2010-07-18 }}, tot o 1,002+ dead</ref><br />'''Woondit:''' 500+ (2007),<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/middleeast/24sunni.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print | work=The New York Times | first1=Solomon | last1=Moore | first2=RICHARD A. | last2=OPPEL Jr | title=Attacks Imperil U.S.-Backed Militias in Iraq | date=24 January 2008}}</ref> 828 (2008)<ref>{{cite web |author=Greg Bruno |url=http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |title=Finding a Place for the ‘Sons of Iraq’ - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |accessdate=26 December 2011 |archive-date=2016-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210152350/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Tot dead: 24,219''' <br />'''Tot woondit: 117,961''' |casualties2 = '''Iraqi combatant deid''' (invasion period): 7,600–11,000<ref>[[Press release]] (28 October 2003). [http://www.commondreams.org/news2003/1028-01.htm "New Study Finds: 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War; 30 Percent are Non-Combatants; Death Toll Hurts Postwar Stability Efforts, Damages US Image Abroad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017165045/http://www.commondreams.org/news2003/1028-01.htm |date=2006-10-17 }}. ''[[Project on Defense Alternatives]]'' (''via'' [[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]). Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref><ref>Conetta, Carl (23 October 2003). [http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict&nbsp;— Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902070831/http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html |date=2009-09-02 }}. ''[[Project on Defense Alternatives]]'' (''via'' ''[[Commonwealth Institute (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Commonwealth Institute]]''). Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref> '''Insurgents''' (post-Saddam)<br /> '''Killed:''' 21,221–26,405 (2003-2011)<ref>597 killed in 2003,[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-09-26-insurgents_N.htm], 23,984 killed frae 2004 through 2009 (wi the exceptions o Mey 2004 an Mairch 2009),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 652 killed in May 2004,[http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/] 45 killed in Mairch 2009,[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903190008/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument |date=2009-09-03 }} 676 killed in 2010,[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-30/iraq-civilian-deaths-drop-for-third-year-as-toll-eases-after-u-s-drawdown.html] 451 killed in 2011 (wi the exception o Februar),[http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/jan-iraq-death-toll-highest-in-four-months-20110201-1ac9m.html] [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/03/Two-US-troops-killed-in-Iraq/UPI-84151301845983/] [http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Iraq_monthly_death_toll_falls_in_April_999.html] [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209184820/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442 |date=2015-02-09 }} [http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111145441/http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html |date=2012-01-11 }} [http://www.arabia.msn.com/News/MiddleEast/AFP/2011/August/7991554.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208174352/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |date=2011-12-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208174352/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |date=2011-12-08 }} [http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513134427/http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military |date=2012-05-13 }} [http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118211828/http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17 |date=2012-11-18 }} [http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111064434/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html |date=2011-11-11 }} thus giving a total of 26,405 dead</ref><br /> '''[[Detainee]]s:''' 12,000 (Iraqi-held)<ref name="cnn1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-13/world/iraq.detainees_1_detainees-iraqi-authorities-moussawi?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Amnesty: Iraq holds up to 30,000 detainees without trial|publisher=CNN|date=13 September 2010|accessdate=6 January 2011|archive-date=2010-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023155150/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-13/world/iraq.detainees_1_detainees-iraqi-authorities-moussawi?_s=PM%3AWORLD|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> '''Tot dead: 28,821–37,405''' |casualties3 = '''Documented civilian daiths frae violence, [[Iraq Body Coont project|Iraq Body Coont]] '''(2003 – 14 December 2011): '''103,160–113,728''' recordit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/ |title=Iraq Body Count |publisher=Iraq Body Count |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> an '''12,438''' new daiths addit frae the Iraq War Logs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/ |title=Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal |publisher=Iraq Body Count |accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref> '''Estimatit violent daiths:'''<br /> '''[[Lancet surveys o Iraq War casualties|''Lancet'' survey]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Julie 2006): '''601,027''' (95% CI: 426,369–793,663)<ref name="lancetOct2006">{{PDFlink|[http://brusselstribunal.org/pdf/lancet111006.pdf "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"]|242&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. ''[[The Lancet]],'' 11 October 2006</ref><ref name="Lancet supplement">{{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006"]|603&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the October 2006 Lancet study. It is also found here: [http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/research/iraq/Human_Cost_of_WarFORMATTED.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515142928/http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/research/iraq/Human_Cost_of_WarFORMATTED.pdf |date=2016-05-15 }} [http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf]</ref><br /> '''[[Associated Press]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Aprile 2009): '''110,600'''<ref>Associated Press, 14 October 2009</ref><br /> '''[[Iraq Faimily Health Survey]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Julie 2006): '''151,000''' (95% CI: 104,000–223,000)<ref>[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0707782 "Iraq Family Health Survey"] [[New England Journal of Medicine]] 31 January 2008</ref> <br /> For mair information see: [[Casualties o the Iraq War]] |notes='''*''' "injured, diseased, or ither medical": required medical air transport. UK nummer includes "aeromed evacuations"<br />'''**''' '''Tot daiths''' include aw addeetional daiths due tae increased lawlessness, degradit infrastructur, puirer healthcare, etc. |campaignbox = }} The '''Iraq War'''<ref group="nb">The conflict is an aa known as the '''War in Iraq''', the '''Occupation o Iraq''', an the '''Seicont Gulf War (Gulf War II)'''. It wis referred tae as '''Operation Iraqi Freedom''' bi the Unitit States militar, frae 2003 tae 2010.</ref> wis an airmed conflict in [[Iraq]] that consisted o twa phases.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|title=Iraq War|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/870845/Iraq-War|work=Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> The first wis an invasion o Iraq stairtin on 20 Mairch 2003 bi an invasion force led bi the [[Unitit States]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm Iraq war illegal, says Annan] BBC 16 September 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/mar2007/iraq-m20.shtml |title=The US invasion has caused nearly three-quarter million Iraqi deaths |publisher=Wsws.org |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref name = "PBS-20040226">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/cron/ |title=A chronology of the six-week invasion of Iraq | date=26 February 2004 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] | accessdate=19 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Baker">[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_17.shtml Kevin Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820002323/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_17.shtml |date=2008-08-20 }} "The Quietest War: We've Kept Fallujah, but Have We Lost Our Souls?" ''American Heritage'', Oct. 2006.</ref> It wis follaed bi a langer phase o fichtin, in which an insurgency emerged tae oppone [[Multi-Naitional Force&nbsp;– Iraq|the occupyin forces]] an the newly furmed Iraqi govrenment.<ref name=Britannica/> The U.S. completit its widrawal o militar personnel in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-usa-pullout-idUSTRE7BH08E20111218 |title=Timeline: Invasion, surge, withdrawal; U.S. forces in Iraq |date=18 December 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=18 December 2011 |first=David |last=Cutler |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061102/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-usa-pullout-idUSTRE7BH08E20111218 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201112/78464.php |title=Last US troops withdraw from Iraq |date=18 December 2011 |work=BBC |accessdate=11 May 2008 |archive-date=2012-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110090556/http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201112/78464.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, the [[Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. widrawal)|Iraqi insurgency]] continues tae cause thoosands o fatalities. ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Iraq War| ]] [[Category:2003 in Iraq]] [[Category:2004 in Iraq]] [[Category:2005 in Iraq]] [[Category:2006 in Iraq]] [[Category:2007 in Iraq]] [[Category:2008 in Iraq]] [[Category:2009 in Iraq]] [[Category:2010 in Iraq]] [[Category:2011 in Iraq]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2003]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2004]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2005]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2006]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2007]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2008]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2009]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2010]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2011]] [[Category:George W. Bush admeenistration controversies]] [[Category:Modren history o Iraq]] [[Category:Iraq–Unitit States relations]] [[Category:Iraq War legal issues]] [[Category:Occupation o Iraq]] [[Category:Politics o Iraq]] [[Category:War on Terror]] q244g6ihg08v8warulx9wqlxipqfm92 0 65411 923473 890123 2026-09-26T06:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Partido Argentina |name= Morón |official name= Partido de Morón |coat of arms= Sin escudo.svg |map= Argentina - Buenos Aires - Morón.svg |location= location o Morón Partido in Gran Buenos Aires |capital= [[Morón, Buenos Aires|Morón]] |foundation= 1874 |founder= ? |pop= 319,934<ref name=Cen2010>[http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ 2010 Census provisional results]</ref> |density= 5,713.1 Inhabitants/km²<ref name=Cen2010 /> |pop change= -7.45% (1991-2001) |resident= ''moronense'' |tel= 011 | post= B1708 |coor= {{coord|34|39|S|58|37|W}} |area= 52 km² |dist1= 17 km |dist2= 56 km |patron= |mayor= Lucas Ghi, [[Nuevo Morón]]| web= http://www.moron.gov.ar |ifam= BUE086 }} '''Morón''' is a [[partido]] (municipality) o the [[Buenos Aires Province]], [[Argentinae]]. Locate in the [[Greater Buenos Aires]] urban area, its heid toun is [[Morón, Buenos Aires|Morón]] that is locate aroond 17&nbsp;km frae Buenos Aires. The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o 319,934 inhabitants<ref name=Cen2010 /> in a area o 52&nbsp;km². ==Destricts== * [[Morón, Buenos Aires|Morón]] * [[Castelar]] * [[Haedo, Buenos Aires|Haedo]] * [[El Palomar, Buenos Aires|El Palomar]] * [[Villa Sarmiento]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130512101711/http://www.moron.gov.ar/laciudad/descarga/mapa_moron.pdf Municipal wabsteid o Morón] (Spaingie) * [http://www.hcdmoron.gov.ar HCD Morón] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117014428/http://www.hcdmoron.gov.ar/ |date=2021-11-17 }} (Spaingie) ===News WabPage=== *[http://www.infoban.com.ar/v_despachos.asp?id_Subseccion=27 InfoBAN Morón] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231040115/http://www.infoban.com.ar/v_despachos.asp?id_Subseccion=27 |date=2007-12-31 }} (Spaingie) {{Greater Buenos Aires}} {{Partidos o Buenos Aires Province}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moron Partido}} [[Category:Morón Partido| ]] [[Category:Partidos o Buenos Aires Province]] [[Category:1874 establishments in Argentinae]] mymhvmv5wysqb7a8obsjyrxe9lw1egq 0 65426 923376 892116 2026-09-26T02:07:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Cotia |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = Cidade_de_Cotia.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = View of Cotia |image_flag = Bandeira-cotia.gif |image_seal = Brasão_Cotia.jpg |image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Cotia.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Location in the [[São Paulo (state)|state o São Paulo]] an [[Brazil]] |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Brazil]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sootheast Region, Brazil|Sootheast]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name2 = [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Carlão Camago ([[Brazilian Social Democratic Pairty|PSDB]]) |established_title = Founded |established_date = 2 Apryle 1856 |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 323.891 |area_total_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2012 |population_note = <ref name="IBGE_Pop_2012">{{cite web|url = ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_Projecoes_Populacao/Estimativas_2012/estimativa_2012_municipios.pdf|title = 2012 Populational Estimate|work = Censo Populacional 2012|publisher = Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)|date = July 2012|accessdate = August 31, 2012|archive-date = 2020-11-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201126043730/http://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_Projecoes_Populacao/Estimativas_2012/estimativa_2012_municipios.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> |population_total = 209,027 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |timezone = [[UTC-3]] |utc_offset = -3 |timezone_DST = [[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST = -2 |coordinates = {{coord|23|36|15|S|46|55|10|W|region:BR|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 853 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |blank_name = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2000) |blank_info = 0.826 – <span style="color:#090">high</span><ref>[http://www.pnud.org.br/atlas/ranking/IDH-M%2091%2000%20Ranking%20decrescente%20(pelos%20dados%20de%202000).htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003103229/http://www.pnud.org.br/atlas/ranking/IDH-M%2091%2000%20Ranking%20decrescente%20%28pelos%20dados%20de%202000%29.htm |date=2009-10-03 }} - [[UNDP]]</ref> |website = [http://www.cotia.sp.gov.br/ Prefeitura Municipal de Cotia] |footnotes = }} '''Cotia''' is a ceety in the state o [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] in [[Brazil]]. The population in 2006 wis 179,685. The ceety is at a altitude o 853 m, its density is 554.77/km² an the aurie is 324&nbsp;km². Cotia is linkit wi the [[Rodovia Raposo Tavares]] heich-gate. == History == Cotia wis foondit in 1580, an wis a active veelage durin the [[Bandeirantes#Bandeiras|"bandeiras" expeditions]]. In 1626, [[Raposo Tavares]] an his companions arrivit in the ceety. The "Sítio do Mandú" an "Sítio do Padre Inácio" (Mandu's Ranch an Priest Inácio's Ranch) wur some o the first landwart hooses tae be biggit thare. Nouadays, they are preservit bi the "Instituto Brasileiro de Patrimônio Cultural. Cotia wis declared a independent municipality on 2 Apryle 1856. Accordin tae the 1980 demographic census, the ceety haed a population o ower 62 thoosan fowk. == Geografie == The ceety is locatit wast o [[São Paulo]], an haes a terrain made o valleys an muntains, reachin a maximum altitude o 1,074 metres abuin sea level <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citybrazil.com.br/sp/cotia/geral_detalhe.php?cat=4 |title=Terrain of the city at CityBrazil.com.br |access-date=2014-01-06 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125143/http://citybrazil.com.br/sp/cotia/geral_detalhe.php?cat=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ceety haes the [[Cotia River]] as its main river. The ceety haes a densely populatit urban aurie, but the less developed auries tae the wast attract fowk interestit in [[ecotourism]]. == Population history == {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"11 |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! Year !! Population !! Density |- | 2003 || 161,782 || 399.22/km² |- | 2004 || 170,206 || 535.33/km² |- | 2006 || 179,685 || 554.77/km² |} == See an aw == * [[Granja Viana]], a destrict o Cotia == References == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.cotia.sp.gov.br/default.asp?act=105 History of Cotia at the City Hall website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720022858/http://www.cotia.sp.gov.br/default.asp?act=105 |date=2009-07-20 }} == Freemit airtins == * {{pt icon}} http://www.cotia.sp.gov.br * {{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007100359/http://www.citybrazil.com.br/sp/cotia/ Cotia on citybrazil.com.br] {{Geographic location | Centre = Cotia | North = [[Carapicuíba]], [[Itapevi]], [[Jandira]] an [[Osasco]] | Northeast = | East = [[Itapecerica da Serra]], [[Embu]] an [[São Paulo]] | Southeast = | South = [[São Lourenço da Serra]] | Southwest = | West = [[Vargem Grande Paulista]] an [[São Roque, São Paulo|São Roque]] | Northwest = }} {{São Paulo state|Metropolitana de São Paulo}} [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] 2sovko67pvptecqh56hf59zf1vzbb5r 0 65482 923400 866232 2026-09-26T03:36:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Gazprom PJSC | native_name = ПАО «Газпром» | native_name_lang = ru | logo = [[File:Gazprom-Logo.svg|frameless]] | image = [[File:Gazprom Headquarters.jpg|frameless]] | image_caption = Gazprom Heidquarters in [[Moscow]] | type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Public Jynt-Stock Company|PAO]]) | traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{MCX|GAZP}}|{{LSE|OGZD}}|{{FWB|GAZ}}|{{OTC Pink|OGZPY}}}} | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{Start date and age|1989|8}} | founder = | defunct = | location_city = [[Moscow]] | location_country = Roushie | locations = | area_served = | key_people = [[Viktor Zubkov]] <small>'''([[Chairman#Corporate govrenance|Chairman]])'''</small><br/>[[Alexey Miller]] <small>'''([[CEO]])'''</small> | industry = [[Ile an petrol industry|Ile an petrol]] | products = Petroleum<br/>Naitural gas<br/>[[Petrochemical]]s | services = Gas pipeline transport | revenue = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}} | revenue_year = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|year}} | operating_income = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}} | income_year = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}} | net_income = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}} | net_income_year = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|year}} | assets = {{wikidata revenue|assets|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|assets|ref}} | assets_year = {{wikidata revenue|assets|year}} | equity = {{wikidata revenue|equity|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|equity|ref}} | equity_year = {{wikidata revenue|equity|year}} | owner = {{nowrap|[[Roushie Govrenment]] (50.23%)}} | num_employees = 462,400 (2015) <ref name="employees">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazprom.com/careers/hr-policy/|title=Gazprom - Personnel management policy|publisher=Gazprom|accessdate=23 April 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421043122/http://www.gazprom.com/careers/hr-policy/|archivedate=21 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | parent = | divisions = | subsid = [[List of Gazprom's subsidiaries|List of subsidiaries]] | homepage = {{url|www.gazprom.com}} | footnotes = | intl = }} Open Jynt Stock Company '''Gazprom''' (Открытое Акционерное Общество «Газпром», '''OAO Gazprom''' {{lang-ru|[[Joint stock company#Russia|ОАО]] «Газпром»}}, {{IPA-ru|ɡɐsˈprom|IPA}}) is the lairgest extractor o [[naitural gas]] an ane o the lairgest companies in the warld. Its heidquarters are in the [[Cheryomushki Destrict]], [[Sooth-Wastren Admeenistrative Okrug]], [[Moscow]].<ref>"[http://gazprom.com/contacts/ Contacts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715011138/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |date=2015-07-15 }}." Gazprom. Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Location: 16 Nametkina St., Moscow, Russian Federation" - [http://gazprom.ru/contacts/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609114736/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |date=2018-06-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609114736/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |date=2018-06-09 }}: "ул. Наметкина, 16, Москва, ГСП-7, 117997"</ref> Its name is a contraction o {{lang-rus|'''Газ'''овая '''пром'''ышленность|'''Gaz'''ovaya '''Prom'''yshlennost}}, meanin "gas industry". Gazprom wis creatit in 1989 when the Meenistry o Gas Industry o the [[Soviet Union]] transformed itself intae a corporation, keepin aw its assets intact. The company wis later privatized in pairt, but currently the Roushie govrenment haulds maist o the control in its hands. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Gazprom| ]] [[Category:Ile companies o Roushie]] [[Category:Naitural gas companies o Roushie]] [[Category:Ile companies o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Naitural gas companies o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Companies based in Moscow]] [[Category:Companies established in 1989]] [[Category:Naitural gas pipeline companies]] [[Category:Naitural resoorce conflicts]] [[Category:Multinaitional companies heidquartered in Roushie]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the Moscow Exchynge]] [[Category:Naitional ile an gas companies|Roushie]] mntarig31fc02yax29m3jrq9yasubga 0 65830 923498 918415 2026-09-26T07:36:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Perugia | official_name = Comune di Perugia | native_name = | image_skyline = Perugia panoramic.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = [[Piazza IV Novembre]] | image_shield =Logocomuneperugia.png | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|43|6|44|N|12|23|20|E|region:IT_type:city(162275)|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = {{RegioneIT|sigla=UMB}} | province = {{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=PG}} (PG) | frazioni = See [[#Frazioni|list]] | mayor_party = [[Democratic Pairty (Italy)|PD]] | mayor = Wladimiro Boccali | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 449.92 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 168066 | population_as_of = 30 September 2010 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Perugini | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 493 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = [[Constantius o Perugia|St.&nbsp;Constantius]], [[Herculanus o Perugia|St.&nbsp;Herculanus]], [[Lawrence o Roum|St.&nbsp;Lawrence]] | day = 29 January | postal_code = 06100 | area_code = 075 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.perugia.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Perugia''' ({{IPA-it|peˈruːdʒa|-|It-Perugia.ogg}}; ({{lang-lat|Perusia}}) is the caipital ceety o the region o [[Umbrie]] in central [[Italy]], crossed bi the river [[Tiber]]. The ceety is the caipital o the [[province o Perugia]]. Perugia is locatit aboot {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=off}} north o Roum, an {{convert|148|km|mi|abbr=in}} sooth-east o Florence. It covers a heich hilltop an pairt o the [[valley]]s aroond the aurie. The region o [[Umbrie]] is bordered bi [[Tuscany]], [[Lazio]] an [[Marche]]. The history o Perugia goes back tae the Etruscan period. Perugia wis ane o the main [[Etruscan ceeties]]. The ceety is kent as the [[varsities]] toun an aw, wi the [[Varsity o Perugia]] foondit in 1308 (aboot 34,000 students), the [[Varsity for Foreigners Perugia|Varsity for Foreigners]] (5,000 students), an some smawer colleges sic the Academy o Feene Airts "Pietro Vannucci" ({{lang-it|Accademia di Belle Arti "Pietro Vannucci"}}) public athenaeum foondit on 1573, the Perugia Varsity Institute o Linguistic Mediation for translators an interpreters, the Muisic Conservatory o Perugia, foondit on 1788, an ithers Institutes. Thare are annual festivals an events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), the [[Umbria Jazz Festival]] (Julie), an the International Jurnalism Festival (in Apryle). Perugia is a well-kent cultural an airtistic centre o Italy. The famous penter Pietro Vannucci, elknamit [[Perugino]], wis a native o [[Città della Pieve]] near Perugia. He decoratit the local ''Sala del Cambio'' wi a bonnie series o [[fresco]]es; aicht o his picturs can be admired in the Naitional Gallery o Umbrie an aw.<ref>cf. ''Perugia'', Raffaele Rossi, Pietro Scarpellini, 1993 (Vol. 1, pg. 337, 344)</ref> Perugino wis the teacher o [[Raphael]],<ref>"...it appears most probable that he did not enter Perugino's studio till the end of 1499, as during the four or five years before that Perugino was mostly absent from his native city. The so-called Sketch Book of Raphael in the academy of Venice contains studies apparently from the cartoons of some of Perugino's Sistine frescoes, possibly done as practice in drawing." (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition).<br/> See also "Perugia". ''The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003</ref> the great [[Renaissance]] airtist who producit five pentins in Perugia (the day nae langer in the ceety)<ref>The precise role of Raphael in Perugino's works, executed during his apprenticeship, is disputed by scholars. The independent works depicted in Perugia are: the ''Ansidei Madonna ''(taken by the French under the terms of the Treaty of Tolentino in 1798), the Deposition by Raphael (''Pala Baglioni'', this masterpiece was expropriated by Scipione Borghese in 1608, cf. [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1330380,00.html 'The Guardian'', October 19, 2004]), the Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints, by [[Raphael]] (formerly located in the convent of St Anthony of Padua cf.[http://arthistory.about.com/od/special_exhibitions/l/bl_raphael_colonna_rev.htm The Colonna Altarpiece review at Art History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219111241/http://arthistory.about.com/od/special_exhibitions/l/bl_raphael_colonna_rev.htm |date=2007-12-19 }}), the ''Connestabile Madonna'' (this picture left Perugia in 1871, when Count Connestabile sold it to the emperor of [[Roushie]] for £13,200, cf. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''), the Oddi altar by Raphael (requisitioned by the French in 1798)</ref> an ane fresco.<ref name = "severo"/> Anither famous penter, [[Pinturicchio]], livit in Perugia. [[Galeazzo Alessi]] is the maist famous airchitect frae Perugia. The ceety seembol is the [[griffin]], which can be seen in the form o [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]]s an [[statue]]s on biggins aroond the ceety. == History == Perugia wis a [[Umbri]]e dounset<ref name="Britannica">Perugia (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved May 21, 2007, from [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059376 Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref> but first appears in written history as ''[[Perusia]]'', ane o the 12 [[Etruscan ceevilization#Etruscan League|confederate]] ceeties o [[Etrurie]];<ref name="Britannica"/> it wis first mentioned in [[Quintus Fabius Pictor|Q. Fabius Pictor's]] accoont, utilisit bi [[Livy]], o the expedeetion carriet oot against the [[Etruscan ceevilization#Etruscan League|Etruscan League]] bi [[Fabius Maximus Rullianus]]<ref>"How much of his glory is due to his kinsman, Fabius Pictor, the first historian of Rome, or to the family legends, which found in Etruria the most fitting scene for the exploits of the [[Fabius|great Fabian house]], we cannot tell" (Walter W. How and Henry Devenish Leigh, ''A History of Rome to the Death of Caesar'' London: Longmans, Green 1898:112).</ref> in 310 or 309 BC. At that time a thirty-year ''[[Truce|indutiae]]'' (truce) wis greit upon;<ref>Livy ix.37.12).</ref> housomeivver, in 295 Perusia teuk pairt in the [[Samnite Wars|Third Samnite War]] an wis reducit, wi Volsinii an Arretium ([[Arezzo]]), tae seek for peace in the follaein year.<ref>Livy ix.30.1-2, 31.1-3; ''indutiae'' with [[Volsinii]], Perusia and Arretium, ix.37.4-5.</ref> In 216 an 205 BC it assistit Roum in the [[Seicont Punic War]] but efterwairds it is nae mentioned till 41-40 BC, when [[Lucius Antonius (brither o Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]] teuk refuge thare, an wis reducit bi [[Augustus|Octavian]] efter a lang siege, an its senators sent tae thair daith. A nummer o lead bullets uised bi slingers hae been foond in an aroond the ceety.<ref>cf. ''Corpus Inscr. Lat.'' xi. 1212</ref> The ceety wis burnt, we are tauld, wi the exception o the temples o [[Vulcan (meethologie)|Vulcan]] an [[Juno (meethologie)|Juno]]— the massive Etruscan terrace-waws,<ref>[http://www.perugiaonline.com/perugia_arcoetrusco.html Etruscan town walls].</ref> naturally, can hardly hae suffered at aw— an the toun, wi the territory for a mile roond, wis alloued tae be occupeed bi whoiver chose. It must hae been rebuilt amaist at ance, for several bases for statues exist, inscribit ''Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta''; but it did no acome a ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'', till 251-253 AD, when it wis resettled as ''Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia'', unner the emperor [[Trebonianus Gallus|C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus]].<ref>Latin inscriptions at two of the preserved Etruscan gates.</ref> It is hardly mentioned except bi the geografers till it wis the anerly ceety in Umbrie tae resist [[Totila]], who captured it an laid the ceety waste in 547, efter a lang siege, apparently efter the ceety's Byzantine garrison evacuatit. Negotiations wi the besiegin forces fell tae the ceety's bishop, [[Herculanus o Perugia|Herculanus]], as representative o the tounsfowk.<ref>Patrick Amory, ''People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554'' pp185-86, referring to Perugia in passing, notes the increasingly localized role assumed since the mid-5th century by the bishops.</ref> Totila is said tae hae ordered the bishop tae be [[flayed]] an beheidit. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the ceety's [[patron saunt]].<ref>Procopius, ''Bellum Gothicum'', 3 (7).2.35.2, characteristically does not mention the incident, reported in [[Gregory the Great]], [http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/gregory_03_dialogues_book3.htm#C13 ''Dialogues'', 13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917040820/http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/gregory_03_dialogues_book3.htm#C13 |date=2009-09-17 }}, who imagines a seven-year siege (i.e. since 540, before the accession of [[Totila|Baduila]]) and dramatically reports Herculanus' grotesque murder.</ref> In the [[Lombards|Lombard]] period Perugia is spoken o as ane o the principal ceeties o [[Tuscie]].<ref>[[Procopius of Caesarea]], ''Gothic Wars'' I,16 and III,35.</ref> In the 9t century, wi the consent o [[Charlemagne]] an [[Louis the Pious]], it passed unner the papes; but bi the 11t century its [[Medieval commune|commune]] wis assertin itsel, an for mony centuries the ceety continued tae mainteen a unthirlt life, warrin against mony o the neebourin land an ceeties— [[Foligno]], [[Assisi]], [[Spoleto]], [[Todi]], [[Siena]], [[Arezzo]] etc. In 1186 [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], ''rex romanorum'' an futur emperor, grantit diplomatic recognition tae the [[consul]]ar govrenment o the ceety; efterwaird [[Pape Innocent III]], whose major aim wis tae gie state dignity tae the dominions hain been constitutin the [[Patrimonium Sancti Petri|patrimony o St. Peter]], acknawledgit the validity o the imperial statement an recognisit the established ceevic practices as haein the force o law.<ref name="commune">cf. ''Perugia'', Raffaele Rossi, Attilio Bartoli Angeli, Roberta Sottani 1993 (Vol. 1, pp. 120-140)</ref> [[File:Perugia-acquedotto01.jpg|thumb|left|Medieval [[aqueduct (brig)|aqueduct]]]] On various occasions the papes foond asylum frae the tumults o Roum athin its waws, an it wis the meetin-place o five [[Papal conclave|conclaves]] ([[Perugia Papacy]]), includin those that electit [[Pape Honorius III|Honorius III]] (1216), [[Pape Clement IV|Clement IV]] (1285), [[Pape Celestine V|Celestine V]] (1294), an [[Pape Clement V|Clement V]] (1305); the papal presence wis characterisit bi a pacificatory rule atween the internal rivalries.<ref name="commune"/> But Perugia haed nae mind simply tae subserve the papal interests an niver acceptit papal sovereignty: the ceety uised tae exercise a jurisdiction ower the members o the clergy, mairower in 1282 Perugia wis excommunicatit due tae a new militar affensive against the Ghibellines regairdless o a papal prohibition. In the ither haund side bi side wi the 13t century bronze griffin o Perugia abuin the door o the [[Palazzo dei Priori]] staunds, as a Guelphic emblem, the [[lion (heraldry)|lion]], an Perugia remained lyal for the maist pairt tae the Guelph pairty in the struggles o [[Guelphs an Ghibellines]]. Housomeivver this dominant tendency wis rather a anti-Germanic an Italian poleetical strategy.<ref name="commune"/> The [[Capetian Hoose o Anjou|Angevin]] presence in Italy appeared tae affer a coonterpoise tae papal pouers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin Saunt [[Louis o Toulouse]] "Protector o the ceety's sovereignty an o the Palazzo o its Priors"<ref>"Avvocato della Signoria cittadina e del Palazzo dei suoi Priori"</ref> an set his figur amang the ither patron saunts abuin the rich doorwey o the Palazzo dei Priori. Midwey throu the 14t century [[Bartholus o Sassoferrato]], who wis a renouned jurist, assertit that Perugia wis dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support.<ref name="commune"/> In 1347, at the time o [[Cola di Rienzi|Rienzi's]] unfortunate enterprise in revivin the Roman republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors tae pey him honour; an, when papal legates socht tae coerce it bi foreign sodgers, or tae exact contreibutions, thay met wi vigorous resistance, which broke intae open warfare wi [[Pape Urban V]] in 1369; in 1370 the noble pairty reached a greement signin the treaty o [[Bologna]] an Perugia wis forcit tae accept a papal legate; housomeivver the vicar-general o the Papal States, [[Gérard du Puy]], Abbot o Marmoutier an nephew o [[Pape Gregory IX|Gregory IX]],<ref>Made a cardinal bi his uncle, 20 Dizember 1375 ([http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xiv.htm Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: 14th century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213221529/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xiv.htm |date=2018-02-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213221529/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xiv.htm |date=2018-02-13 }})</ref> wis expelled bi a popular uprisin in 1375, an his fortification o Porta Sole wis razit tae the grund.<ref name = "touring"/> Ceevic peace wis constantly disturbit in the 14t century bi struggles atween the pairty representin the fowk (''Raspanti'') an the nobles (''Beccherini''). Efter the assassination in 1398 of [[Biordo Michelotti]], who haed made hissel laird o Perugia, the ceety became a pawn in the [[Italian Wars]], passin tae [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] (1400), tae [[Pape Boniface IX]] (1403), an tae [[Ladislaus o Naples]] (1408–14) afore it settled intae a period o soond govrenance unner the ''[[Signoria]]'' o the [[condottiero]] [[Braccio da Montone]] (1416–24), who reached a concordance wi the Papacy. Follaein mutual atrocities o the Oddi an the Baglioni faimilies, pouer wis at last concentratit in the Baglioni, who, tho thay haed nae legal poseetion, defeed aw ither authority, tho thair bloody internal squabbles culminatit in a massacre, 14 Julie 1500.<ref name = "touring"/> [[Gian Paolo Baglioni]] wis lured tae Roum in 1520 an beheidit at the orders o [[Pape Leo X|Leo X]]; an in 1540 Rodolfo, who haed slain a papal legate, wis defeatit bi [[Pier Luigi Farnese]], an the ceety, captured an plundered bi his sodgery, wis deprivit o its preevileges. A citadel kent as the {{Ill|it|Rocca Paolina}}, efter the name o [[Pape Paul III]], wis biggit, tae designs o [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]] "''ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam''."<ref>"in order to bring to heel the audacious Perugini".</ref> [[File:Rocca Paolina.jpg|thumb|upright|left|In the {{Ill|it|Rocca Paolina}}]] In 1797, the ceety wis conquered bi French troops. On 4 Februar 1798, the ''Tiberina Republic'' wis formit, wi Perugia as caipital, an the French [[Banner o Fraunce|tricolour]] as banner. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic mergit tae the [[Roman Republic (18t century)|Roman Republic]]. In 1832, 1838 an 1854, Perugia wis hit bi yirdquauks. Follaein the collapse o the [[Roman Republic (19t century)|Roman republic o 1848-49]], when the Rocca wis in pairt demolished,<ref name="touring">cf. Touring Club Italiano, ''Guida d'Italia: Umbria'' (1966)</ref> it wis seizit in Mey 1849 bi the [[Austrians]]. In Juin 1859 the indwallers rebelled against the temporal authority o the Pape an established a proveesional govrenment, but the insurrection wis quashed bloodily bi [[Pape Pius IX|Pius IX's]] troops.<ref>cf. [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/723674962.html?dids=723674962:723674962&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+18%2C+1859&author=&pub=Chicago+Press+and+Tribune&desc=The+Papal+Government+and+Its+Subjects.&pqatl=google Chicago Tribune, Jul 18, 1859] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108061759/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/723674962.html?dids=723674962:723674962&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+18%2C+1859&author=&pub=Chicago+Press+and+Tribune&desc=The+Papal+Government+and+Its+Subjects.&pqatl=google |date=2012-11-08 }} and [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/723677712.html?dids=723677712:723677712&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+21%2C+1859&author=&pub=Chicago+Press+and+Tribune&desc=The+Outrge+on+American+at+Perugia---Illness+of+Mrs.+...&pqatl=google The outrage of the American witnesses in Perugia, Chicago Tribune, Jul 21, 1859] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108061750/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/723677712.html?dids=723677712:723677712&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+21%2C+1859&author=&pub=Chicago+Press+and+Tribune&desc=The+Outrge+on+American+at+Perugia---Illness+of+Mrs.+...&pqatl=google |date=2012-11-08 }}</ref> In September 1860 the ceety wis unitit feenally, alang wi the rest o [[Umbrie]], as pairt o the [[Kinrick o Italy (1861–1946)|Kinrick o Italy]]. == Economy == [[File:Palazzo-Priori-Perugia.jpg|thumb|[[Palazzo dei Priori]]: the centre o communal govrenment]] Perugia haes acome famous for [[chocolate]], maistly acause o a single firm, [[Perugina]], whose Baci (kisses) are widely exportit.<ref>Nestlè-Perugina produced in 2005 about 1.5 million Baci a day. Each October, Perugia has an annual chocolate festival called [[EuroChocolate]]. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/27/AR2005052700560.html In Italy, right in the kisser, The Washington Post, May 29, 2005]</ref> Perugian chocolate is vera popular in Italy. The company's plant locatit in San Sisto (Perugia) is the lairgest o Nestlé's nine steids in Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/04/inbrief/it0304104n.html |title=European Industrial Relations Observatory, April 9, 2003 |publisher=Eurofound.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08 |archive-date=2013-10-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010102309/http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2003/04/inbrief/it0304104n.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ceety hosts a chocolate festival ivery October.<ref>{{cite web |author=By Lehndorff, John; 471 words |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68871343.html |title=Thousands converge on historic city to celebrate everything chocolate Associated Press, October 21, 2002 |publisher=Highbeam.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08 |archive-date=2012-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-68871343.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suburbs host a lairge nummer o [[Smaw an middlin enterprises|SME]]s. == Geografie == Ceeties' distances frae Perugia: Assisi {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=off}}, Siena {{convert|102|km|0|abbr=in}}, Florence {{convert|145|km|0|abbr=in}}, Roum {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=in}}. === Climate === Even tho Perugia is locatit in the central pairt o Italy, the ceety experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate clessification]] ''Cfa'') seemilar tae hintle o Northren Italy. Climate in this aurie haes mild differences atween heichs an laws, an thare is adequate rainfall year roond.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=8161&cityname=Perugia%2C+Umbria%2C+Italy&units= |title=Climate Summary for Perugia |access-date=2014-01-10 |archive-date=2014-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805085001/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=8161&cityname=Perugia%2C+Umbria%2C+Italy&units= |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Perugia |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high F = 47.5 |Feb high F = 51.3 |Mar high F = 56.7 |Apr high F = 62.4 |May high F = 71.6 |Jun high F = 78.6 |Jul high F = 85.6 |Aug high F = 84.6 |Sep high F = 78.1 |Oct high F = 67.8 |Nov high F = 56.1 |Dec high F = 48.2 |year high F = 65.7 |Jan low F = 32.4 |Feb low F = 34.7 |Mar low F = 37.0 |Apr low F = 41.4 |May low F = 48.7 |Jun low F = 54.3 |Jul low F = 58.8 |Aug low F = 59.2 |Sep low F = 55.2 |Oct low F = 47.8 |Nov low F = 39.6 |Dec low F = 34.9 |year low F = 45.3 |Jan precipitation inch = 2.3 |Feb precipitation inch = 2.7 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.4 |Apr precipitation inch = 2.8 |May precipitation inch = 2.9 |Jun precipitation inch = 2.8 |Jul precipitation inch = 1.8 |Aug precipitation inch = 2.4 |Sep precipitation inch = 2.7 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.0 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.7 |Dec precipitation inch = 2.8 |year precipitation inch = 32.3 |source 1 = Intellicast <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intellicast.com/local/history.aspx?location=ITXX0136 |title=Perugia historic weather averages in Italy|accessdate= 4 June 2009 |publisher=Intellicast}}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} == Demographics == [[File:Perugia-vista02.jpg|thumb|Houses in Perugia.]] In 2007, thare wur 163,287 fowk residin in Perugia, locatit in the province o Perugia, [[Umbrie]], o whom 47.7% wur male an 52.3% wur female. Minors (childer ages 18 an younger) totalled 16.41 percent o the population compared tae pensioners who nummer 21.51 percent. This compares wi the Italian average o 18.06 percent (minors) an 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age o Perugia residents is 44 compared tae the Italian average o 42. In the five years atween 2002 an 2007, the population o Perugia grew bi 7.86 percent, while [[Italy]] as a whole grew bi 3.85 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |date= |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2009-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As o 2006, 90.84% o the population wis [[Italians|Italian]]. The lairgest immigrant group came frae ither [[Europe]]an kintras (pairticularly frae [[Albanie]] an [[Romanie]]): 3.93%, the [[Americas]]: 2.01%, an [[North African]]: 1.3%. The majority o indwallers are [[Roman Catholic]]. {{-}} == Eddication == [[File:01 Perugia Grifo Codice Medioevo.jpg|thumb|Perugia [[griffin]], in a medieval [[Laitin]] [[document]].]] Perugia the day hosts twa main varsities, the auncient [[Varsity o Perugia|Università degli Studi]] (Varsity o Perugia) an the [[Varsity for Foreigners Perugia|Foreigners Varsity]] (''Università per Stranieri''). ''Stranieri'' serves as a Italian leid an cultur schuil for students frae aw ower the warld.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2007/03/13/student_diaries_heather_kenny_200703_feature.shtml BBC students diaries] March 13, 2007</ref> Ither eddicational institutions are the Perugia Fene Airts Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (foondit in 1573), the Perugia Muisic Conservatory for the study o clessical muisic, an the RAI Public Broadcastin Schuil o Radio-Telly Jurnalism.<ref>See [http://tourism.comune.perugia.it/canale.asp?id=256 Perugia, University Town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005725/http://tourism.comune.perugia.it/canale.asp?id=256 |date=2007-09-27 }} and [http://www.repubblica.it/universita/scuole_gio/scuole_gio.html La Repubblica Università - Italian Journalism recognized schools] {{It}}</ref> The ceety is host tae the Umbra Institute an aw, a accreditit varsity program for American students studyin abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umbra.org|title=The Umbra Institute}}</ref> The ''Università dei Sapori'' (Vasity o Tastes), a naitional centre for Vocational Eddication an Trainin in Fuid, is locatit in the ceety as well.<ref>See the institution educational purposes at the [http://www.universitadeisapori.com/canale.asp?id=728 Università dei Sapori official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712180220/http://www.universitadeisapori.com/canale.asp?id=728 |date=2007-07-12 }}</ref> == Frazioni == The ''comune'' includes the ''[[frazioni]]'' o Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel del Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitella d'Arna, Collestrada, Colle Umberto I, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo, [[Fontignano]], Fratticiola Selvatica, La Bruna, La Cinella, Lacugnano, Lidarno, Migiana di Monte Tezio, Monte Bagnolo, Monte Corneo, Montelaguardia, Monte Petriolo, Mugnano, Olmo, Parlesca, Pianello, Piccione, Pila, Pilonico Materno, Ponte della Pietra, Poggio delle Corti, Ponte Felcino, Ponte Pattoli, Ponte Rio, Ponte San Giovanni, Ponte Valleceppi, Prepo, Pretola, Ramazzano-Le Pulci, Rancolfo, Ripa, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Sant'Egidio, Sant'Enea, San Fortunato della Collina, San Giovanni del Pantano, Sant'Andrea d'Agliano, Santa Lucia, San Marco, Santa Maria Rossa, San Martino dei Colli, San Martino in Campo, San Martino in Colle, San Sisto, Solfagnano, Villa Pitignano. Ither localities are Boneggio, Canneto, Colle della Trinità, Monte Pulito, Montevile, Pieve di Campo, Montemalbe an Monte Morcino. Collestrada, in the territory o the suburb o Ponte San Giovanni, saw a battle atween the indwallers o Perugia an [[Assisi]] in 1202. == Main sichts == === Kirks === [[File:Fontana Maggiore, Perugia.jpg|thumb|Fontana Maggiore]] * The [[Perugia Cathedral|Cathedral o S. Lorenzo]]. * Kirk an abbey o ''[[San Pietro, Perugia|San Pietro]]'' (late 16t century). * Basilica o ''[[San Domenico, Perugia|San Domenico]]'' (begun in 1394 an feenished in 1458). The Basilica is locatit whaur, in the Middle Ages, the mercat an the horse fair wur held, an whaur the Dominicans settled in 1234. The Basilica exterior is believit tae be designed bi [[Giovanni Pisano]] while its interior decorations wur redesigned bi [[Carlo Maderno]]. The massive belfry wis pairtially cut aroond mid-16t century. The Basilica hooses impressive ensaumples o Umbrie airt, includin the precious tomb o [[Pape Benedict XI]] an a firthen choir frae the Renaissance period. * The ''Sant'Angelo ''or o ''San Michele Arcangelo'' Kirk frae the (5t-6t centuries). This kirk haes 16 antique columns an is a stunnin ensaumple o Palaeo-Christian airt wi a central plan reminiscent o [[Santo Stefano Rotondo]] in [[Roum]]. * ''San Bernardino'' Kirk (wi facade bi [[Agostino di Duccio]]). * ''Sant' Ercolano'' Kirk frae the early 14t century. This kirk resembles a polygonal touer. This kirk ance haed twa floors. The upper floor wis demolished when the Rocca Paolina wus biggit. It includes Baroque decorations commissioned frae 1607. The main altar haes a sarcophagus foond in 1609. * Kirk o ''[[Sant'Antonio da Padova di Perugia|Sant'Antonio da Padova]]''. * Kirk o ''Santa Giuliana'', heir o a female monastery foondit in 1253. In its later years, the kirk gained a reputation for dissoluteness. Later, the French turned the kirk intae a granary. Nou, the kirk is a militar hospital. The kirk, wi a single nave, anerly bears traces o 13t century frescoes, which probably uised tae kiver aw o the waws. The closter is a notewirthy ensaumple o mid-14t century Cistercian airchitectur frae {{Ill|it|Matteo Gattaponi}}. The upper pairt o the ''[[campanile]]'' is frae the 13t century. * The [[Knichts Templar|Templar]] kirk o ''[[San Bevignate]]''. === Secular biggins === * The [[Palazzo dei Priori]] (Toun Haw, encompassin the [[Collegio del Cambio]], Collegio della Mercanzia, an Galleria Nazionale), ane o Italy's greatest biggins.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174323/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4990695.html A short break in Perugia] The Independent - London, June 6, 1999</ref> The Collegio del Cambio haes frescoes bi [[Pietro Perugino]], while the Collegio della Mercanzia haes a feene later 14t century firthen interior. ** [[Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria]], the Naitional Gallery o Umbrie airt in Middle Ages an Renaissance (it includes wirks bi Duccio, [[Piero della Francesca]], [[Beato Angelico]], [[Perugino]]) * ''[[Fontana Maggiore]]'', a medieval foontain designed bi Fra Bevignate an sculptit bi [[Nicola Pisano|Nicola]] an [[Giovanni Pisano]]. * Chapel o ''San Severo'', which reteens a fresco pentit bi [[Raphael]]<ref name="severo">"...some studies for the figure of St. John the Martyr which Raphael used in 1505 in his great fresco in the Church of San Severo at Perugia." ([[s:The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci/X|The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (X)]]</ref> an [[Perugino]]. * the ''Rocca Paolina'', a Renaissance fortress (1540–1543) o which anerly a bastion the day is remainin. The oreeginal design wis bi [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger|Antonio]] an [[Bastiano da Sangallo|Aristotile da Sangallo]], an includit the ''Porta Marzia'' (3rd century BC), the touer o [[Gentile Baglioni]]'s hoose an a medieval cellar. * [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia]], the varsity's [[botanical garden]] === Antiquities === [[File:Perugia Arco Etrusco.jpg|thumb|Etruscan Airch]] * the ''[[Ipogeo dei Volumni]]'' (Hypogeum o the Volumnus faimily), an Etruscan chamber tomb * an Etruscan Well (''Pozzo Etrusco''). * Naitional Museum o Umbrie Airchaeologie, whaur ane o the langest inscription in [[Etruscan leid|Etruscan]] is conservit, the sae-cried ''[[Cippus perusinus]]''. * [[Etruscan Airch]] (kent as ''Porta Augusta'' an aw), a Etruscan gate wi Roman elements. === Modren airchitectur === * ''Centro Direzionale'' (1982–1986), a admeenistration ceevic centre awned bi the Umbrie Region. The biggin wis designed bi the Pritzker Airchitectur prizewinner [[Aldo Rossi]].<ref>The Centro Direzionale is mentioned in the [http://www.pritzkerprize.com/rossi.htm Aldo Rossi personal page at the Pritzker Prize official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523193256/http://www.pritzkerprize.com/rossi.htm |date=2007-05-23 }}</ref> === Airt === [[File:Autoportrait perugino.jpg|thumb|[[Pietro Perugino]], ''sel-portrait'']] Perugia haes haed a rich tradeetion o airt an airtists. The [[Heich Renaissance]] penter Pietro Perugino creatit some o his maisterpieces in the Perugia aurie. The ither Heich Resaissance maister [[Raphael]] wis active in Perugia an an an pentit his famous [[Oddi Altar (Raphael)|Oddi Altar]] thare in 1502-04. The day, the [[Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria]] in Perugia hooses a nummer o masterpieces, includin the ''[[:en:Madonna with Child and six Angels (Duccio)|Madonna wi Bairn an sax Angels]]'', which represents the [[Renaissance]] [[Roman Catholic Marian airt|Marian airt]] o [[Duccio]]. An the private [[Airt Collection o the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia]] haes twa separate locations. The [[Collegio del Cambio]] is an extremely well preservit representation o a Renaissance biggin an hooses a magnificent Pietro Perugino fresco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/europe/italy/tuscany-and-umbria/perugia/attraction-detail.html?vid=1154654613337 |title=NY Times |publisher=Travel.nytimes.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref> The newly re-opened Academy o Fine Airts haes a smaw but impressive plaster casts gallery an Perugie pentins an drawins frae the 16t century on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inperugia.com/tourist-attractions/academy-of-fine-arts-of-perugia/ |title=The Academy of Fine Arts of Perugia |publisher=inperugia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-20 |archive-date=2013-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018065452/http://inperugia.com/tourist-attractions/academy-of-fine-arts-of-perugia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cultur == * The [[Umbria Jazz Festival]] is ane o the maist important venues for Jazz in Europe an haes been held annually syne 1973, uisually in Julie. * Sagra Musicale Umbra<ref>The Umbrie muisical event is hostit in Perugia syne the end o Warld War II [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B16FA385A117A93CAA8178BD95F478585F9 NYT, October 18, 1953]</ref> * The [[International Journalism Festival]] (''Festival del Giornalismo''). * [[Eurochocolate]], uisually in October each year. :{| class=wikitable |- style="font-size:87%" |[[File:A street jazz band in Perugia.jpg|165px]]<br/>&nbsp; Umbria Jazz Festival 2008 |[[File:Teatro Pavone.jpg|189px]]<br/>&nbsp; International Journalism Festival 2009 |[[File:Eurochocolate 2008.jpg|188px]]<br/>&nbsp; &nbsp; Eurochocolate 2008 |} == Sport == [[File:Stadio Renato Curi Perugia Curva Nord.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[A.C. Perugia Calcio]] play at the 28,000-seater [[Stadio Renato Curi]].]] [[A.C. Perugia Calcio]] are the main fitbaa club in the ceety, currently playin in the third-tier [[Lega Pro Prima Divisione]], Group B. The club play at the 28,000-seater [[Stadio Renato Curi]], namit efter a umwhile player who dee'd durin a match. Frae 1983 tae 2001, the stadium held fower matches for the [[Italy naitional fitbaa team]].<ref>http://eu-football.info/_venue.php?id=826</ref> == Transport == [[File:Minimetrò primopiano.jpg|thumb|[[Minimetrò]]]] A electric tramwey operatit in Perugia frae 1901 till 1940. It wis decommissioned in favour o buses, an syne 1943 trolley buses – the latter wur in service till 1975. Twa elevators wur established syne 1971: * Mercato Coperto (Pairkin) – Terrazza Mercato Coperto * Galleria Kennedy – Mercato Coperto (Pincetto) This wis follaeed bi public escalators: * Rocca Paolina: Piazza Partigiani - Piazza Italia (1983) * Cupa-Pellini: Piazzale della Cupa - Via dei Priori (1989) * Piazzale Europa - Piazzale Bellucci (1993) * Piazzale Bellucci - Corso Cavour (1993) * Minimetrò: Pincetto - Piazza Matteotti (2008) Syne 1971 Perugia haes taken several measures against caur traffec, when the first traffec restriction zone wis implementit. Thir zones wur expandit ower time an at certaint oors o the day drivin is forbidden in the ceety centre. Lairge pairkin lots are providit in the lawer toun, frae whaur the ceety can be reached via public transport. Syne 2008, an [[automatit fowk muiver]] cried [[Minimetrò]] haes been in operation an aw. It haes seiven stations, wi ane terminal at a lairge pairkin lot, an the ither in the ceety centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/per/perugia.htm |title=Perugia MiniMetro on |publisher=Urbanrail.net |date=2008-01-29 |accessdate=2010-04-20 |archive-date=2010-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409022959/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/per/perugia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Perugia Stazione S.Anna.jpg|thumb|Santa Anna [[railwey]] station.]] [[Perugia railwey station]], kent as Perugia Fontivegge an aw, wis opened in 1866. It forms pairt o the [[Foligno–Terontola railway]], which links [[Firenze Santa Maria Novella railwey station|Florence]] wi [[Roma Termini railwey station|Roum]] an aw. The station is situatit at Piazza [[Vittorio Veneto]], in the hivily populatit destrict o Fontivegge, aboot {{convert|3|km}} soothwast o the ceety centre. [[Perugia San Francesco d'Assisi – Umbria Internaitional Airport]] is locatit {{convert|12|km}} ootside the ceety. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Italy}} Perugia haes [[toun twinnin|twin]] an sister ceety greements wi the follaein ceeties:<ref>[http://www.comune.perugia.it/news.asp?idcat=55 Perugia Official site - Relazioni Internazionali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215042936/http://www.comune.perugia.it/news.asp?idcat=55 |date=2012-02-15 }} {{It}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Fraunce]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aix-jumelages.com/ |title=Association of twinnings and international relations of Aix-en-Provence |publisher=Aix-jumelages.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2981 Mairie of Aix-en-Provence - Twinnings and partnerships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113162049/http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2981 |date=2009-01-13 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakie]], syne 1962<ref name="Bratislava twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=Partner (Twin) towns of Bratislava|accessdate=2013-08-05|work=Bratislava-City.sk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|archivedate=2013-07-28|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Grand Rapids]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Potsdam]], [[Germany]]<ref name="Potsdam twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.potsdam.de/cms/ziel/27222/DE/|title=Die Partnerstädte der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam|work=www.potsdam.de|accessdate=24 June 2010|language=German|archive-date=2016-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806105813/http://www.potsdam.de/cms/ziel/27222/de/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Seattle]], [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Tübingen]], [[Germany]] == See an aw == * [[A.C. Perugia Calcio|Perugia]] - local fitbaa club * [[Varrsity o Perugia]] * [[Varsity for Foreigners Perugia]] == Notes == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == References == *{{Cite book | first=Giancarlo | last=Conestabile della Staffa | title=I Monumenti di Perugia etrusca e romana | publisher= | location=Perugia | year=1855 }} *{{Cite book|first=Romeo Adriano |last=Gallenga Stuart |title=Perugia| publisher= Istituto italiano d'arti grafiche Editore |location=Bergamo|year=1905}} *{{Cite book|first=William |last=Heywood|title=A history of Perugia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofperugia00heywuoft | publisher= Methuen & Co|location=London|year=1910}} *{{Cite book|first=Francesco Federico|last=Mancini|coauthors=Giovanna Casagrande|title=Perugia - guida storico-artistica|location=Perugia|publisher=Italcards|isbn= 88-7193-746-5}} *{{Cite book|first=Sarah |last=Rubin Blanshei|title=Perugia, 1260-1340: Conflict and Change in a Medieval Italian Urban Society| publisher= American Philosophical Society |location=Philadelphia|year=1976|isbn=0-87169-662-2}} *{{Cite book|first=Raffaele |last=Rossi|coauthors= and others|title=Perugia| publisher= Elio Sellino Editore|location=Milan|year= 1993|isbn= 88-236-0051-0}} *{{Cite book|first=Margaret |last=Symonds |coauthors=Lina Duff Gordon|title=The Story of Perugia|url=https://archive.org/details/storyperugiaill00jamegoog | publisher=J.M. Dent & Co | location=London|year=1898|isbn=0-8115-0865-X}} *{{Cite book|first=Maria Rita |last=Zappelli|editor=Zachary Nowak|title=Home Street Home: Perugia’s History Told Through its Streets| publisher=Morlacchi Editore | location=Perugia|year=2013|isbn=978-88-6074-548-4}} ==Further readin== * {{citation |series =Mediaeval Towns |oclc=150311124 |location=London |publisher=[[J. M. Dent|J.M. Dent & Co.]] |author=Margaret Symonds |title= Perugia |year=1912 |url= http://archive.org/stream/storyofperugi00symo#page/n9/mode/2up }} == Freemit airtins == <!-- links to official and standard-reference sites only please. --> {{Commons category|Perugia}} *{{Official website|http://www.comune.perugia.it/ }} {{It icon}} * [http://tourism.comune.perugia.it/ Offeecial Perugia Tourism Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517223939/http://tourism.comune.perugia.it/ |date=2007-05-17 }} {{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{It icon}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} <!-- links to official and standard-reference sites only please. --> {{Province o Perugia}} {{Regional Caipitals o Italy}} [[Category:Perugia| ]] [[Category:Baroque steids o Umbrie]] [[Category:Etruscan steids]] [[Category:Hilltouns in Umbrie]] [[Category:Renaissance steids in Umbrie]] [[Category:Roman steids o Umbrie]] 5v2iufwrhxisn8findgtmluap5o85cu 0 69212 923563 822150 2026-09-26T09:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{linkrot}} [[Image:Universidade_Federal_do_Recôncavo_da_Bahia.jpg|right|thumb|380px|Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia]] The '''Varsity o Recôncavo da Bahia''' ({{lang-pt|Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia}}), foondit in 2006,<ref name="aulp">[http://www.aulp.org/memb.php?tipo=1&id=681 Lista de instituições brasileiras afiliadas à AULP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831085414/http://aulp.org/memb.php?tipo=1 |date=2009-08-31 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831085414/http://aulp.org/memb.php?tipo=1 |date=2009-08-31 }}, 26 de julho de 2009</ref> is a kenspeckle centre for teachin an resairch in [[Bahia]], in the northeast o [[Brazil]].<ref name="hisufrb">[http://www.ufrb.edu.br/portal/a-ufrb/historia História da UFRB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125010924/http://www.ufrb.edu.br/portal/a-ufrb/historia |date=2014-01-25 }}, 17 de outubro de 2010</ref> The varsity is amang the lairgest an maist presteegious in Brazil.<ref>[http://www.universia.com.br/ondeestudar/instituicoes_zoom.jsp?instituicao=1438 About UFRB]</ref> == Notes == <references/> {{coord|-12.659|-39.088|type:edu_region:BR-BA|display=title}} {{Commonscat|Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Universidade Federal do Reconcavo da Bahia}} [[Category:Varsities an colleges in Bahia]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in 2005]] [[Category:Federal varsities o Brazil|Bahia]] {{Stub/Brazil}} pho5of41yc4acwo3cilrxxh00vbauxv 0 69430 923398 825998 2026-09-26T03:35:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Garibong-dong | img = | imgwidth = | imgcaption = | hangul = 가리봉동 | hanja = {{linktext|加|里|峰|洞}} | rr = Garibong-dong | mr = Karibong-tong | area_km2 = 0.40 | pop = 18598 | popnote = <ref name="encyber" /> | popyear = 2001 | popden_km2 = | popdennote = | divs = | map = |mapcaption = }} '''Garibong-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Guro-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]].<ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=732181&contentno=732181|title=가리봉동 (Garibong-dong 加里峰洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-21|language=Korean}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Guro-gu">{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100040 |publisher=Guro-gu official site |title=The origin of the name and chronicle of the Garibong-dong |accessdate=2008-04-21 |language=Korean |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170247/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100040 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See an aw == *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://english.guro.go.kr/ Guro-gu offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315191108/http://english.guro.go.kr/ |date=2008-03-15 }} *{{ko}} [http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf020070000 Map of Guro-gu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192818/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf020070000 |date=2016-03-03 }} at the Guro-gu offeecial wabsteid *{{ko}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172318/http://guro.go.kr/site/dong/index.jsp?code=v8 Garibong-dong resident office wabsteid] *{{ko}} [http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 The chronicle o Beopjeong-dong an Haengjeong-dong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |date=2014-10-06 }} at the Guro-gu offeecial wabsteid [[Category:Neebourheids o Guro-gu]] {{coord missing|Sooth Korea}} 5nwpojfkn1af06m89oqqieqn2m0ti5s 0 71003 923492 918795 2026-09-26T07:25:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oso''', or '''OSO''', mey refer tae: ==Places== * [[Oso, Californie]] * [[Oso, Ontario]], a commonty Central Frontenac Tounship, Ontario, Canadae * [[Oso, Washington]], a census-designatit place in Snohomish Coonty, Washington * The heich-gate '''Oso Parkway''' in [[Orange Coonty, Californie]], namit efter the wird for "[[bear]]" in the [[Spainyie leid]],<ref>Oso http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=oso {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324112847/http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=OSO |date=2014-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324112847/http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=OSO |date=2014-03-24 }}</ref> because of area's history of bears. ==Ither== * [[Oakville Symphony Orchestra]] * [[Ose (demon)]] * [[Onsala Space Observatory]] * [[Orbiting Solar Observatory]], series o nine satellites **[[OSO 3]] **[[OSO 7]] * [[Ottawa Symphony Orchestra]] * [[Om Shanti Om]], Hindi film starring Shahrukh Khan, Deepika Padukone and Arjun Rampal * [[militar officer|Officer]] Selection Officer in the Unitit States Marine Corps * The [[Special Cooncil o the NKVD]]; Roushie "ОСО," transliteratit "OSO." ==References== {{Reflist}} {{disambiguation}} [[Category:Place name disambiguation pages]] q66kqypexdyyxxjioozwy13b353fvoq 0 71151 923386 896283 2026-09-26T02:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ukrainian raion | name=Dolyna Raion | image_shield = Dolynskiy rayon ivfr gerb.png | image_flag = Flag of Dolyna Raion.png | Ukrainian_name=Долинський район | location_map=Dolynskyi-Ifr-Raion.png | country=[[Ukraine]] | region=[[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] | date_created=1 Januar 1947 (1940, oreeginally) | disestablished=2020 | parts_type= | parts= | population=69445 | area=1248 | density=55.7 | phone_code=380-3477 | postal_index=77500 | administrative_center=[[Dolyna]] | cities=1 | towns=1 | villages=41 | website= | governor=Oleksandr Krynytsky | governor1_type=Head of council | governor1=Volodymyr Lutsky }} '''Dolyna Raion''' ({{lang-uk|Долинський район}}) is a [[raion]] (admeenistrative destrict) o the [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] o [[Ukraine]]. The ceety o [[Dolyna]] is the admeenistrative centre o the raion. The region is locatit in the historical laund o [[Boiko]] fowk. ==Freemit airtins== *{{uk icon}} [http://ww2.gov.if.ua/dolynska/ua/ Wabsteid o the Destrict Admeenistration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704105800/http://ww2.gov.if.ua/dolynska/ua/ |date=2015-07-04 }} *{{uk icon}} [http://region.dolyna.info/ Wabsteid o the Destrict Cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815075656/http://region.dolyna.info/ |date=2015-08-15 }} *{{uk icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204165207/http://forum.dolyna.net/viewforum.php?f=20 Unoffeecial Dolyna ceety steid] *{{en icon}} [http://forum.dolyna.net/viewforum.php?f=20 Inglis-speakin forum o Dolyna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204165207/http://forum.dolyna.net/viewforum.php?f=20 |date=2012-02-04 }} {{Geographic Location (8-way) | Northwest = [[Bolekhiv]] | North = ([[Lviv Oblast]]) | Northeast = ([[Lviv Oblast]]) | West = ([[Lviv Oblast]]) | Centre = Dolyna | East = [[Kalush Raion]] / [[Rozhniativ Raion]] | Southwest = ([[Zakarpattia Oblast]]) | South = ([[Zakarpattia Oblast]]) | Southeast = [[Rozhniativ Raion]]}} {{Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast}} {{coord missing|Ukraine}} [[Category:Raions o Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] l6qs83m108xcr2aot8o36ar7vusuvyb 0 71159 923523 850532 2026-09-26T08:43:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = {{raise|0.1em|Seodaemun-gu}} | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|서대문구}}}} | native_name_lang = ko | official_name = {{lang|ko|{{nobold|서대문구 · 西大門區}}}} | settlement_type = [[Leet o destricts o Seoul|Destrict]] <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Seoul-Sinchon-01.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = A street at nicht in [[Sinchon-dong]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = | nickname = | motto = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = Seoul Seodaemun-gu.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o Seodaemun-gu in [[Seoul]] | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = &nbsp; | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Sooth Korea]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Leet o regions o Korea|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Seoul Naitional Caipital Aurie|Sudogwon]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Direct-controlled municipality#Sooth Korea|Special Ceety]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Seoul]] | subdivision_type3 = Admeenistrative dong | subdivision_name3 = 14 <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | leader_party = [[Democratic Unitit Pairty|Democratic Unitit]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Moon Seok-Jin | leader_title1 = Cooncil | leader_name1 = [[Seodaemun Destrict Cooncil]] | leader_title2 = Members o the [[Seoul Metropolitan Cooncil]] | leader_name2 = 신원철<br />([[Democratic Unitit Pairty|Democratic Unitit]])<br />1st Electoral District<br />박운기<br />([[Democratic Unitit Pairty|Democratic Unitit]])<br />2nd Electoral District<br />김태희<br />([[Democratic Unitit Pairty|Democratic Unitit]])<br />3rd Electoral District<br />조상호<br />([[Democratic Unitit Pairty|Democratic Unitit]])<br />4th Electoral District<ref name="Seoul Metropolitan Council">{{cite web|title=Members of Council|url=http://www.smc.seoul.kr/program/cmember/cmem_01_02.jsp?menuID=001002001002|accessdate=6 April 2012|archive-date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618035436/http://www.smc.seoul.kr/program/cmember/cmem_01_02.jsp?menuID=001002001002|url-status=dead}}</ref> | leader_title3 = Members o the [[Naitional Assembly o Sooth Korea|Naitional Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Sung Hun Lee]]<br />([[Saenuri Pairty|Saenuri]])<br />Seodaemun-gu Gap district<br />[[Doo-Un Chung]]<br />([[Saenuri Pairty|Saenuri]])<br />Seodaemun-gu Eul district<ref name="National Assembly">{{cite web|title=Assembly Members|url=http://www.assembly.go.kr/renew10/mem/mem/mem_search.jsp|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_total_km2 = 17.61 | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = | population_total = 313,814 | population_as_of = 2010<ref name="kosispop">[http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A Korean Statistical Information Service (Korean) > Population and Household > Census Result (2010) > Population by Administrative district, Sex and Age / Alien by Administrative district and Sex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055149/http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |date=2013-08-26 }}, Retrieved 2010-06-02.</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = 서대문구민 (Seodaemun gumin) | population_note = <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = [[Korea Staundart Time]] | utc_offset1 = +9 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = <!-- website, footnotes --------> |blank_name =Flower |blank_info = [[Rose]] |blank1_name =Tree |blank1_info = [[Pine Tree]] |blank2_name =Bird |blank2_info = [[Korean Magpie]] | website = [http://eng.sdm.go.kr/intro/intro02_e.php?m=4&sub=4 Seodaemun-gu official website] | footnotes = }} '''Seodaemun-gu''' is a ''[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea|gu]]'' locatit in northwastren [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. The name derives frae ''Seodaemun'', meanin leeterally "Great Wast Gate", which wis ance locatit in the destrict. Seodaemun wis ane o the fower great gates o the ceety waw surroondin the [[Joseon]] caipital o [[Seoul|Hanyang]]. ==Admeenistrative diveesions== Seodaemun-gu consists o 14 "admeenistrative dong"s (''haengjeong-dong'' 행정동). * [[Sinchon-dong]] (신촌동 新村洞) ** [[Daesin-dong]] (대신동 大新洞) ** [[Bongwon-dong]] (봉원동 奉元洞) ** [[Daehyeon-dong, Seoul|Daehyeon-dong]] (대현동 大峴洞 ** [[Changcheon-dong]] (창천동 滄川洞) * [[Bukgajwa-dong]] (북가좌동 北加佐洞) 1∼2 * [[Bugahyeon-dong]] (북아현동 北阿峴洞) * [[Cheonyeon-dong]] (천연동 天然洞) ** [[Hyeonjeo-dong]] (현저동 峴底洞) ** [[Naengcheon-dong]] (냉천동 冷泉洞) ** [[Yeongcheon-dong]] (영천동 靈泉洞) ** [[Okcheon-dong]] (옥천동 玉川洞) * [[Chunghyeon-dong]] (충현동 忠峴洞) ** [[Chungjeongno-dong]] (충정로동 忠正路洞) ** [[Hap-dong]] (합동 蛤洞) ** [[Migeun-dong]] (미근동 渼芹洞) * [[Hongeun-dong]] (홍은동 弘恩洞) 1∼2 * [[Hongje-dong]] (홍제동 弘濟洞) 1∼3 * [[Namgajwa-dong]] (남가좌동 南加佐洞) 1∼2 * [[Yeonhui-dong]] (연희동 延禧洞) ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|China}} [[Haidian Destrict|Haidian]], [[Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Mokpo]], [[Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Seodaemun-gu, Seoul}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080531163355/http://eng.sdm.go.kr/tour/tour.php Seodaemun-gu Office] {{Destricts o Seoul}} {{coord|37|34|45|N|126|56|12|E|region:KR_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Seodaemun-gu| ]] ar5dmqww4rbwyiqufs0ofmgfb4s1glk 0 71169 923484 851874 2026-09-26T07:17:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = {{raise|0.1em|Nowon-gu}} | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|노원구}}}} | native_name_lang = ko | official_name = {{lang|ko|{{nobold|노원구 · 蘆原區}}}} | settlement_type = [[Leet o destricts o Seoul|Destrict]] <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Campus of Seoul National University of Technology. Seoultech. Snut..jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = [[Seoul Naitional Varsity o Technology]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = | nickname = | motto = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = Seoul Nowon-gu.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o Nowon-gu in [[Seoul]] | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = &nbsp; | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Sooth Korea]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Leet o regions o Korea|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Seoul Naitional Caipital Aurie|Sudogwon]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Direct-controlled municipality#Sooth Korea|Special Ceety]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Seoul]] | subdivision_type3 = Admeenistrative dong | subdivision_name3 = 22 <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Kim Seong-Hwan (김성환) | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_total_km2 = 35.44 | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = | population_total = 587,248 | population_as_of = 2010<ref name="kosispop">[http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A Korean Statistical Information Service (Korean) > Population and Household > Census Result (2010) > Population by Administrative district, Sex and Age / Alien by Administrative district and Sex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055149/http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |date=2013-08-26 }}, Retrieved 2010-06-02.</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = [[Korea Staundart Time]] | utc_offset1 = +9 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = [http://english.nowon.seoul.kr/ Nowon-gu offeecial wabsteid] | footnotes = }} '''Nowon-gu''' is a residential destrict o [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]], Locatit in the northeastren pairt o the metropolitan ceety. It haes the heichest population density in Seoul, wi 619,509 fowk livin in the aurie o 35.44&nbsp;km². ==Characteristic== Nowon-gu (an Seoul) is bordered bi the mountains [[Suraksan]] an [[Bukhansan]], on the northeast. The [[Jungnangcheon]] (or Jungnang Stream) flows throu the wastren pairt of Nowon. The [[Gyeongchun Line|Gyeongchun]] an [[Gyeongwon Line|Gyeongwon]] Lines of [[Korean National Railroad]] an the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]] lines [[Seoul Subway Line 4|fower]], [[Seoul Subway Line 6|sax]], an [[Seoul Subway Line 7|seiven]] pass throu Nowon Destrict. Nowon Destrict is home tae numerous educational institutes sic as [[Sahmyook University]], the [[Korea Military Academy]], [[Sejong Science High School]], [[Seoul National University of Technology]], [[Induk University]] an [[Seoul Women's University]]. The muckle nummer of schuils, varsities, an ''[[hagwon]]'' hae gien the "gu" the reputation of bein the sae-cried "educational district" of northren Seoul, juist lik [[Gangnam District|Gangnam]] an [[Seocho District]]s of soothren Seoul. The mayor of this destrict is Kim Seong-Hwan syne Julie 2010. In Apryle 2013, multiplex cinema [[CJ CGV|CGV Junggye]] opened in [[Junggye-dong]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New CGV theater optimized for family viewing|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/04/135_134432.html|accessdate=24 April 2013|newspaper=Korea Times|date=23 April 2013}}</ref> ==Admeenistrative diveesions== * [[Gongneung-dong]] (공릉동 孔陵洞) 1∼3 (Baith 1 an 3 admeenistrative dongs are combined ilk ither in Januar 2008) * [[Hagye-dong]] (하계동 下溪洞) 1∼2 * [[Junggye-dong|Junggye bon-dong]] (중계본동 中溪本洞) * [[Junggye-dong]] (중계동 中溪本洞) 1∼4 * [[Sanggye-dong]] (상계동 上溪洞) 1∼10 (3 an 4 admeenistrative dongs wur combined in Januar 2008) * [[Wolgye-dong]] (월계동 月溪洞) 1∼4 ==Transportation== ===Railroad=== *[[Korail]] ;*[[Seoul Subway Line 1]] ([[Gyeongwon Line]]) ;;;([[Dobong-gu]]) ← [[Wolgye Station|Wolgye]] — [[Kwangwoon University Station|Kwangwoon University]] — [[Seokgye Station|Seokgye]] → ([[Seongbuk-gu]]) *[[Seoul Metro]] ;*[[Seoul Subway Line 4]] ;;;[[Danggogae Station|Danggogae]] — [[Sanggye Station|Sanggye]] — [[Nowon Station|Nowon]] → ([[Dobong-gu]]) *[[Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation]] ;*[[Seoul Subway Line 6]] ;;;([[Seongbuk-gu]]) ← [[Seokgye Station|Seokgye]] — [[Taereung Station|Taereung]] — [[Hwarangdae Station|Hwarangdae]] → ([[Jungnang-gu]]) ;*[[Seoul Subway Line 7]] ;;;([[Dobong-gu]]) ← [[Suraksan Station|Suraksan]] — [[Madeul Station|Madeul]] — [[Nowon Station|Nowon]] — [[Junggye Station|Junggye]] — [[Hagye Station|Hagye]] — [[Gongneung Station|Gongneung]] — [[Taereung Station|Taereung]] → ([[Jungnang-gu]]) ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|China}} [[Huaping]], [[Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]] *{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]], [[Italy]] ==See an aw== *[[Hong Jung-wook]] == References == {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Nowon-gu, Seoul|Nowon-gu}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721000153/http://english.nowon.seoul.kr/user.tdf?a=common.HtmlApp&c=1001&page=english%2Fabout%2Fabout05_1.htm&main_menu=2&sub_menu=5&small_sub_menu=1 Offeecial wabsteid o the Destrict Office o Nowon-gu] {{en icon}} {{Seoul}} {{coord|37|39|15.09|N|127|3|24.46|E|source:ptwiki_type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Nowon-gu| ]] k225nx27e9hbz2ea7y5aoy0f8hhqe9i 0 73577 923345 885274 2026-09-26T00:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Orthodox Church | show_name = Armenian Apostolic Kirk | Llillahay Hayastani Kishlari | image = [[Image:Armenian Apostolic Church logo.svg|250px]] | caption = Offeecial staundart o the Catholicos o Aw Armenies o the Armenie Apostolic Kirk. | founder = [[Apostles]] [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Bartholomew]] an [[Jude the Apostle|Thaddeus]] | independence = [[Apostolic Age|Apostolic Era]] | recognition = [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] | primate= [[Karekin II]] | headquarters= [[Mither See o Holy Etchmiadzin]], [[Vagharshapat]], [[Armenie]] | territory= [[Armenie]],<br />[[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic|Nagorno-Karabakh]] | possessions= [[Roushie]], [[Iraq]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]], [[Fraunce]], the [[Unitit States]], [[Iran]], [[Holy See o Cilicie|Lebanon]], [[Sirie]], [[Jordan]], [[Armenie Patriairchate o Jerusalem|Israel an Palestine]], [[Armenie Patriairch o Constantinople|Turkey]], [[Egyp]], [[Canadae]], [[Australie]], [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgarie]], [[Belgium]], [[Estonie]], [[Latvie]], [[Lithuanie]], [[Fraunce]], [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[Romanie]], [[Swaden]], [[Swisserland]], [[Argentinae]], [[Albanie]], [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belaroushie]], [[Ethiopie]], an mony ithers. | language= [[Clessical Armenie]] | population= 10,000,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://66.208.37.78/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429053241/http://66.208.37.78// |archive-date=2012-04-29 |url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429053241/http://66.208.37.78// |date=2012-04-29 }}</ref> | website=<br /> * [http://www.armenianchurch.org/ Armenian Apostolic Church Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin] * [http://www.armenianorthodoxchurch.org/ Armenian Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia] * [http://www.armenian-patriarchate.org/ Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem] }} The '''Armenie Apostolic Kirk''' ({{lang-hy|Հայ Առաքելական Սուրբ Եկեղեցի, ''{{Transl|hy|ISO|Hay Aṙak̕elakan Surp Yekeġetsi}}''}}, offeecially {{lang-hy|Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Սուրբ Եկեղեցի, ''{{Transl|hy|ISO|Hayastaniayts Aṙak̕elakan Surp Yekeġetsi}}''}}) is the warld's auldest [[State releegion|naitional kirk]].<ref>It wis the first naition tae adopt Christianity as its offeecial releegion. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History – Page 268 by Cambridge University Press, Gale Group, C.W. Dugmore</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-29 |archive-date=2012-05-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529015419/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>The Armenian Massacres, 1894–1896: 1894–1896 : U.S. media testimony – Page 131 by A. Dzh. (Arman Dzhonovich) Kirakosian</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orientalorthodox.org/armenian.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-29 |archive-date=2011-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727152827/http://orientalorthodox.org/armenian.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is pairt o [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] an is ane o the maist auncient [[Christianity|Christian]] commonties.<ref>The Antiquities of the Christian Church – Page 466 by Johann Christian Wilhelm Augusti, Georg Friedrich Heinrich Rheinwald, Carl Christian Friedrich Siegel</ref> [[Armenie]] wis the first kintra to adopt Christianity as its official religion in AD 301, in establishing this kirk.<ref>{{cite book|first=René|last=Grousset|title=Histoire de l'Arménie|publisher=Payot|year=1947|edition=1984|page=122}}. Estimated dates vary frae 284 tae 314. Garsoïan (''op.cit.'' p.82), follaein the research o Ananian, favours the latter.</ref> The Armenie Apostolic Orthodox Kirk claims tae trace its origins to the missions o Apostles [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Bartholomew]] an [[Jude the Apostle|Thaddeus]] in the 1st century an is a [[early centre o Christianity]]. It is whiles referred tae as the '''Gregorian Kirk''' but this name isna preferred bi the kirk itsel, as it views the Apostles Bartholomew an Thaddeus as its foonders, an [[Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory the Illuminator]] as merely the first offeecial govrenor o the kirk. ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Armenie Apostolic Kirk]] [[Category:301 establishments]] [[Category:Apostolic sees]] [[Category:Members o the Naitional Cooncil o Kirks]] [[Category:Members o the Warld Cooncil o Kirks]] [[Category:Oriental Orthodoxy]] [[Category:Nan-Chalcedonianism]] [[Category:4t-century Christianity]] 7eg2jvbyc73wrm7ioptt094nvm5h4iz 0 73753 923425 826935 2026-09-26T04:32:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:MinasGerais Municip Itabira.svg|thumb|right|250px|Location o Itabira athin Minas Gerais]] '''Itabira''' is a [[Brazil]]ian [[municipal destrict]] an ane o the main ceeties o the state o [[Minas Gerais]]. The ceety belangs tae the mesoregion Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte an tae the microregion o Itabira. The first dounsets date tae the early aichteent century, when the veelage o Itabira do Mato Dentro wis foondit bi splorers seeking gowd. The ceety obteened its poleetical emancipation on 9 October 1848, throu the Provincial Law no. 374. It is currently the twinty-fowert lairgest ceety o the state in population, wi 107,721 inhabitants ([[Brazilian Institute o Geografie an Statistics|IBGE]], 2006). It is kent as the "Capital o Poetry", birthplace o [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]], ceety o the Circuit o the Gowd an o the [[Estrada Real]] (Keeng's Road or Ryal Road). The aurie which Itabira is locatit is ane o the maist important culturally an economically o Minas Gerais an o Brazil, possessin a important historical collection for the construction o the history o the Brazilian fowk. It is locatit in the sootheast aurie, in the hert of Minas Gerais, at 104 kilometres o [[Belo Horizonte]], 697 kilometres o the ceety o [[São Paulo]], 545 kilometres o the [[Rio de Janeiro]], 845 kilometres o the federal caipital [[Brasília]] an 510 kilometres o [[Vitória, Espírito Santo|Vitória]]. The heichest point o the ceety is 1.672 metres abuin sea level (see ''[[Alto da Mutuca]]''). Itabira is the main ceety in its aurie an suffers wi air pollution caused bi the extraction o [[airn ore]], main economical branch o it syne the creation o the [[Companhia Vale do Rio Doce]] in 1942, bi Preses [[Getúlio Vargas]]. The day, it is the seicont lairgest minin company in the warld, an great pairt o its production comes frae the mines of Itabira. Itabira is componit bi the 2 destricts o [[Ipoema]] an [[Senhora do Carmo]] an aw, an the main access for smawer ceeties, such as: [[Jaboticatubas]], [[Santa Maria de Itabira]], [[Itambé do Mato Dentro]] an [[Nova Era]]. The closest internaitional airport is the [[Tancredo Neves Internaitional Airport]] (Confins), that serves Belo Horizonte an aw an great pairt o the state o Minas Gerais. ==See an aw== * [[Leet o municipalities in Minas Gerais]] * OsPenetrasItabira [https://web.archive.org/web/20130304181411/http://ospenetrasitabira.com.br/ www.OsPenetrasItabira.com.br] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090402220752/http://ospenetrasitabira.com/ www.OsPenetrasItabira.com] [http://www.OsPenetrasItabira.net www.OsPenetrasItabira.net]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.OsPenetrasItabira.org www.OsPenetrasItabira.org]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{coord|19|37|08|S|43|13|37|W|source:eowiki_region:BR|display=title}} {{Municipalities o Minas Gerais}} [[Category:Municipalities in Minas Gerais]] o50824qmdm2bltm30dws1dyuq7799lz 0 73796 923564 911515 2026-09-26T09:40:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Uzbeks<br/>''Oʻzbeklar'' | image = {{image array|perrow=3|width=90|height=105 | image1 = Alisher Usmanov podium 2013 Fencing WCH SMS-IN t204812.jpg| caption1 = [[Alisher Usmanov]] | image2 = Abdul Rashid Dostum VOA Jan 22 2002 retouched.jpg| caption2 = [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] | image3 = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0515-035, Dshamolidin Abdushaparow.jpg| caption3 = [[Djamolidine Abdoujaparov]] | image4 = Hamza Niyazi.jpg| caption4 = [[Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi]] | image5 =| caption5 = [[Islam Karimov]] | image6 = RKasimdzhanov12.jpg| caption6 = [[Rustam Kasimdzhanov]] | image7 = Sharipov.jpg| caption7 = [[Salizhan Sharipov]] | image8 = Sylvia Nasar - Flickr - Knight Foundation.jpg| caption8 = [[Sylvia Nasar]]{{fact|date=March 2014}} | image9 =| caption9 = [[Zulfiya (poet)|Zulfiya]] | image10 =| caption10 = [[Rahmonberdi Madazimov]] | image11 =| caption11 = [[Urinboy Rahmonov]] | image12 =| caption12 = [[Kosimov Mahmud|Mahmud Kosimov]] }} | population = c. 30 million | region1 = {{flag|Uzbekistan}} | pop1 = 23,929,309 (2013) | ref1 = <ref name=CIA-Uzbekistan>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html|title=Population: 28,661,637 (July 2013 est.) [Uzbeks = 80%]|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|work=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|accessdate=10 June 2013|archive-date=2016-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035649/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region2 = {{flag|Afghanistan}} | pop2 = 2,799,726 (2013) | ref2 = <ref name=CIA-Afghanistan>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af|title=Afghan Population: 31,108,077 (July 2013 est.) [Uzbeks = 9%]|publisher=The World Factbook|work=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|accessdate=10 June 2013|archive-date=2017-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607234625/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region3 = {{flag|Tajikistan}} | pop3 = 1,210,236 (2013) | ref3 = <ref name=CIA-Tajikistan>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ti.html|title=Population: 7,910,041 (July 2013 est.) [Uzbeks = 15.3%]|publisher=The World Factbook|work=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|accessdate=10 June 2013|archive-date=2001-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331101740/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ti.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} | pop4 = 980,000 | ref4 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/kg.html#People CIA World Factbook – Kyrgyzstan]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | region5 = {{flag|Kazakhstan}} | pop5 = 490,000 | ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/pr_04_02_10.aspx |title=Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, official estimation 2010-01-01 based on National Census 2009 |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2010-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208073821/http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/pr_04_02_10.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Turkmenistan}} | pop6 = 260,000 | ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html#People |title=CIA World Factbook – Turkmenistan |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2007-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612214157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html#People |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region7 = {{flag|Russia}} | pop7 = 499,862 | ref7 = <ref name="Russia Census 2002">{{ru icon}} [http://www.perepis2010.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463 Russia Census 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906073144/http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11 |date=2018-09-06 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906073144/http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11 |date=2018-09-06 }}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | pop8 = 300,000 | ref8 = <ref name="Russia Census 2002"/> | region9 = {{flag|Pakistan}} | pop9 = 70,133 (2005) | ref9 = <ref>Rhoda Margesson (January 26, 2007). [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33851.pdf "Afghan Refugees: Current Status and Future Prospects" p.7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112042154/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33851.pdf |date=2021-01-12 }}. Report RL33851, [[Congressional Research Service]].</ref> | region10 = {{flag|PRC}} | pop10 = 124,800 | ref10 = <ref>[http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Minorities/China-Nationalities.html Chinese National Minorities<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | region11 = {{flag|Ukraine}} | pop11 = 22,400 | ref11 = <ref>[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=6 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine: The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201192304/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=6 |date=2008-12-01 }}</ref> | region12 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop12 = 80,000 | ref12 = | region13 = {{flag|United States}} | pop13 = 15,960 | ref13 = | region14 = {{flag|Turkey}} | pop14 = 45,000 | ref14 = <ref>[http://evrenpasakoyu.wordpress.com Evrenpaşa Köyü | Güney Türkistan'dan Anadoluya Urfa Ceylanpınar Özbek Türkleri]. Evrenpasakoyu.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> | region15 = {{flag|Mongolia}} | pop15 = 560 | ref15 = <ref>Census of Mongolia, slide# 23. http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf</ref> | languages = [[Uzbek leid|Uzbek]] | religions = Mainly [[Islam]] (predominantly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]), minority [[Irreligion|non-releegious]].<br/>Historically [[Tengriism]] | related = [[Uygurs]] }} The '''Uzbeks''' (''Oʻzbek'', pl. ''Oʻzbeklar'') are the lairgest [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]] [[ethnic group]] in [[Central Asie]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uzbeks}} [[Category:Turkic fowks]] [[Category:History o the Turkic fowks]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups offeecially recognized bi Cheenae]] [[Category:Ethnic Uzbek fowk|*]] [[Category:Turkic tribes]] 8d48fz17hpz9w7qgryx0o90vf6mvna5 0 73973 923430 827044 2026-09-26T04:40:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Jandira |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |nickname = |motto = |image_flag = Bandeira Jandira.jpg |image_shield = Brasão Jandira.JPG |image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Jandira.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location o Jandira |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name1 = [[Sootheast Region, Brazil|Sootheast]] |subdivision_name2 = {{flag|São Paulo}} |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Geraldo Teotonio da Silva]] (Partido Verde [[PV(Brazil)|PV]]) |area_note = |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_total_km2 = 17.523 |population_as_of = 2007 |population_footnotes = <ref name="IBGE_Pop_2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/contagem2007/popmunic2007layoutTCU14112007.xls|title=Estimativas - Contagem da População 2007|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]]|accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref> |population_metro = |area_metro_km2 = |population_total = 103578 |population_density_km2 = 5910.97 |timezone = [[UTC-3]] |utc_offset = -3 |timezone_DST = [[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST = -2 |coordinates = {{coord|23|31|40|S|46|54|10|W|region:BR|display=inline}} |elevation_m = 720 |elevation_ft = |blank_name = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2000) |blank_info = 0,801 <span style="color:#009900">high</span> |Postal Code = |website = http://www.jandira.sp.gov.br |footnotes = }} {{Coord|23|31|40|S|46|54|10|W|scale:50000|display=title}} '''Jandira''' is a municipality in the state o [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] in [[Brazil]]. The population in 2006 is 113,323, the density is 6,468.2 inh./km² an the aurie is 17.52&nbsp;km². The suburban ceety is servit bi the [[CPTM]] wi [[CPTM Line B|line B]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{pt icon}} http://www.jandira.sp.gov.br * {{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406011341/http://www.citybrazil.com.br/sp/jandira/ Jandira on citybrazil.com.br] {{Geographic Location | Centre = Jandira | North = [[Barueri]] | Northeast = | East = [[Barueri]], [[Carapicuíba]] | Southeast = | South = [[Cotia]], [[Carapicuíba]] | Southwest = | West = [[Itapevi]] | Northwest = }} {{São Paulo state|Metropolitana de São Paulo}} {{Municipalities o São Paulo}} [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] nvq9pcbpnvza4g589022u1yja9wqywf 0 73977 923501 873454 2026-09-26T07:46:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Município da Estância Balneária<br />de Praia Grande |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = Top left:Vila Tupi Beach, Top middle;View o monument o cannon in Canto do Praia park, Top richt:Marechal Mallet Avenue, Bottom left:View o Villa Guiherrmina an Forte beach frae Duque Caxjas Pairk, Bottom richt:View o Forte dountoun aurie an beach frae cape o Duque Caxjas |nickname = " A Nossa Praia " |motto = |image_flag = Bandeira-Praia Grande.png |image_shield = Brasao-Praia Grande.png |image_map = SaoPaulo Municip PraiaGrande.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location o Praia Grande |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name1 = [[Sootheast Region, Brazil|Sootheast]] |subdivision_name2 = {{flag|São Paulo}} |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Alberto Pereira Mourão (PSDB) |area_note = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 149,079 |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2013 |population_footnotes = <ref name="IBGE_Pop_2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/topwindow.htm?1|title=Estimativas - Contagem da População 2007|publisher = IBGE|accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref> |population_total = 288401 |population_density_km² = 1,749.2 |timezone = [[UTC-3]] |utc_offset = -3 |timezone_DST = [[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST = -2 |coordinates = {{coord|24|00|22|S|46|24|10|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 3 |elevation_ft = |blank_name = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2013) |blank_info = 0.754 – <span style="color:#090;">high</span> |Postal Code = |website = [http://www.praiagrande.sp.gov.br/ Praia Grande] |footnotes = }} '''Praia Grande''' is a municipality in the state o [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] in [[Brazil]]. ==Population history== {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"11 |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! Year !! Population !! Density |- | 2003 || 215,474 || 1,444.12/km² |- | 2004 || 229,542 || 1,540.55/km² |- | 2009 || 249,551 || 1,646.0/km² |- | 2010 || 260,769 || 1,749.2/km² |- | 2012 || 272,390 || 1,827.15/km² |- | 2013 || 288,401 || 1,960.98/km² |} <!-- == History == Although the political emancipation is recent, the area covered today by the municipality of Praia Grande was one of the first areas colonized by the Portuguese, which began with the arrival of [[Martim Afonso de Sousa|Martim Afonso]] in 1532 . The first village founded by the explorer, sent by the Portuguese crown, was that of St. Vincent, which remained part Praia Grande until 1967. After emancipation, the city slightly accelerated the pace of growth experienced since the 1950s, earning a higher quality in their public services, given the proximity of the municipal government with the reality of the local population. In the 1980s, the city gained new impetus to its growth with the opening of the [[Small Sea Bridge]] (in the final stretch of the [[SP-160|Highway of Immigrants]]), linking the island of Sao Vicente in the city, and solving two problems at once: as well as relieve traffic on saturated Suspension Bridge, the city gained a direct link to the capital without the need of going through the cities of Santos and Sao Vicente, in order to access the [[Via Anchieta]], then the only option to reach the capital. Thus, Playa Grande became the resort closest to the capital. However, this ease of access has brought great inconvenience, that they would be solved by 1993 when the city started a revolution: the transport system has been completely refurbished, more than 90% of the streets were paved, the sewage began an expansion of collection (which began with 60% of households by 2012 and reach 100%), being treated and thrown more than 3&nbsp;km from the coast, the edge of the beach and the main tourist spots were completely re-urbanized, it was forbidden to input bus tours without prior authorization from the municipality, the road system has been completely revised and reconfigured on interventions that occurred until 2006. Some projects are still to be deployed in the city, regardless of the administration, such as airport charges in the region of [[Andaraguá (Praia Grande)|Andaraguá]], State college campuses ([[UNESP]]) and Federal ([[UNIFESP]]), the transformation of municipal landfill in ecological park (awaiting decontamination of the soil) and Route 700, linking the [[Anhanguera (Praia Grande)|Anhanguera]] to [[Highway of Immigrants|Immigrants]]. == Demographics == Until the early 1990s, most residents lived near the Praia Grande beach, mainly concentrated in the region between the beach of Big hole, where is located the city center and beach Ocian. However, from the mid-1990s, the construction boom, which occurred through a series of infrastructure works, landscaping and urbanization, which until then were too poor, eventually attracting thousands of families in the municipality, search of jobs with contractors and builders, causing a huge swelling population in the region between the current South Expressway, the [[Highway Padre Manoel da Nóbrega]] and [[Serra do Mar]] creating suburbs, as Quiet Garden, Ribeiropolis, Garden Fern, among others, but now, since all are in the process of urbanization with schools, kindergartens, public transport and flooring in most of its streets, as well as future investments made by the city size at these sites, such as 16 million dollars to be invested in the suburb Glory, in its complete redevelopment. In 2009, the IBGE estimated population of 249,551 inhabitants in Praia Grande. == Bathing Resort == Praia Grande is one of 15 counties considered spas by [[São Paulo| São Paulo state]], which complied with certain prerequisites set by State Law. There are other cities that are not spas, they are still tourist resorts. This ensures''status''to these municipalities a larger budget from the state through the [[Department of Field Support offices of the State of São Paulo|DADE]] for the promotion of regional tourism. Also, the municipality acquires the right to add your name next to the title of''''' Bathing Resort''''', term by which is designated by both the municipal official or expedient for the reference state. == Neighborhoods == Praia Grande is divided into three districts: the ''District Headquarters'''the ''District ''Samana', in the highlands and the '''District Solemar''' near the border with Mongaguá. The neighborhoods can be characterized between '''Coastal Districts''' which are located between the [[Highway Padre Manoel da Nóbrega]] and the beach, '''Neighborhood Peripherals''' located on the third residential area between the highway and Piaçabuçu hills or the river, and named '''mountainous region of Samaná'''. Since 1992, with the creation of Design Course, each neighborhood has been identified with a different color, inserted in all public IDs for each district. Also some neighborhoods are subdivided into smaller regions called '''[[Squares Administrative]]''', that once made more specific addresses, helping the service of [[Post Office]], but currently only serve to group places that have features common to the municipal administration work in some specific need. == Infoway == Praia Grande was the first in Brazil to install the Information Highway, a fiber optic interconnection of all municipal government offices, which resulted in more than 300&nbsp;km of cables installed in the main streets and avenues. With this network was also possible to install more than 1,200 video cameras along the busiest places of the city as well as in public buildings and monuments. The entire city is monitored by these cameras, a central, directly interconnected with the Municipal Guard and the Military Police. Thus, rates of police incidents fell 60%, and vandalism of public facilities in the city, by 40%. Today, Praia Grande is the city with the largest number of surveillance cameras in the Americas, and the second in the world, second only to the city of [[London]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. There is a program of installation, the next two years (from 2007), 900 more cameras, overtaking even London in the amount of cameras installed. In addition to monitoring, the Infoway allows data access to any unit of municipal institutions, in real time. This facilitates, for example, medical care, because even before the patient hold the first consultation, the doctor will have access to the entire history of every patient in the care of the municipal health network, including by which medical specialties which there have been consultations, tests, prescription drugs, allergies, and everything else that is part of history. --> == References == {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{pt icon}} [http://www.nabaixada.com.br Baixada Santista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225054506/http://nabaixada.com.br/ |date=2018-12-25 }} * {{pt icon}} http://www.praiagrande.sp.gov.br * {{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090307065157/http://www.citybrazil.com.br/sp/praiagrande/ citybrazil.com.br] * {{pt icon}} [http://www.praiagrande.com PraiaGrande.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423081929/http://www.praiagrande.com/ |date=2014-04-23 }} {{Geographic Location | Centre = Praia Grande | North = [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] | Northeast = [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] | East = [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] | Southeast = [[Atlantic Ocean]] | South = [[Atlantic Ocean]] | Southwest = [[Atlantic Ocean]] | West = [[Mongaguá]] | Northwest = [[Itanhaém, São Paulo|Itanhaém]] }} {{São Paulo state|Metropolitana de São Paulo}} {{Baixada Santista}} {{Municipalities o São Paulo}} [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] k1opq5lbon8qmathg5ychqvuj52d2zh 0 74012 923471 889891 2026-09-26T06:39:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Seaside Resort of Mongaguá |image_skyline = |image_caption = MONGAGUÁ: From above, Poço das Antas, Plataforma de Pesca and Padroeira Nossa Senhora Aparecida (Major Landmarks) - Photographs Toninho Izar |image_flag = Bandeira de Mongaguá.png |image_seal = Heráldica Mongaguá.png |image_map = SaoPaulo Municip Mongagua.svg |mapsize= 250px |map_caption = Location in the state o [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] an the kintra o [[Brazil]]. |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_type1 = [[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = [[Brazil]] |subdivision_name1 = [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Artur Parada Prócida]] |established = Foondit |established_date = 17 Dizember 1959 |area_total_km2 = 143.171 |area_land_km2 = 290.3 |population_as_of = 2006 |population_total = 46,977 |timezone = [[Time in Brazil|Brasília time]] |utc_offset = -2 |coordinates = {{coord|24|05|15.3|S|46|37|44|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 8 |website = [http://www.mongagua.sp.gov.br Mongagua.sp.gov.br] |footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends !--> '''Mongaguá''' is a municipality in the state o [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] in [[Brazil]]. The population in 2006 is 46,977, the population density is 328.11/km² an the aurie is 143&nbsp;km². The name comes frae the [[Tupi leid]]. The municipality's street plan is on a planned grid runnin frae SSE tae NNW an mony o the hooses are athin sicht o the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The populatit aurie o Mongaguá is near the bottom o steep-slopin an densely forestit muntains. The [[BR-101]] superheich-gate linkin [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]] an the soothren pairt o the state runs throu Mongaguá. The freewey tae the ceety o [[São Paulo]] is easily accessible an aw. Hoosin developments near the beaches wur biggit in the 1970s an the 1990s. Prior tae the construction o the hoosin developments, the population wis mainly landwart. Hoosin development continues tae this day. Thare are twa [[Indigenous fowks|aboriginal]] veelages in Mongaguá: [[Itaóca]] an [[Aguapéu]], located in the [[Atlantic Mata]] reserve. The aboriginal commonty o Aguapéu conceivit o the project ''Jaguatareí Nhemboé'' (Walkin an Learnin). ==Population history== {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"11 |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! Year !! Population !! Density |- | 2004 || 43,384 || 303.38/km² |- | 2006 || 46,977 || 328.11/km² |} ==Freemit airtins== * {{pt icon}} http://www.mongagua.sp.gov.br {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213003319/https://www.mongagua.sp.gov.br/ |date=2021-02-13 }} * {{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715042137/http://www.citybrazil.com.br/sp/mongagua/ citybrazil.com.br] * {{pt icon}} [http://www.nossosaopaulo.com.br/Reg_13/Reg13_Mongagua.htm Portal Nosso São Paulo]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {| width ="75%" border = 2 align="center" |----- | width ="35%" align="center" | | width ="30%" align="center" | '''North:''' [[Praia Grande]], [[São Paulo]] an [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] | width ="35%" align="center" | |----- | width ="10%" align="center" | '''Wast:''' [[Itanhaém]] | width ="35%" align="center" | '''Mongaguá''' | width ="30%" align="center" | '''East:''' ''[[Atlantic Ocean]]'', São Vicente an [[Praia Grande]] |----- | width ="35%" align="center" | | width ="30%" align="center" | '''Sooth:''' ''[[Atlantic Ocean]]'' | width ="35%" align="center" | |} {{Baixada Santista}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mongagua}} [[Category:Baixada Santista]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in São Paulo (state)]] [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] d2ygk2yviyhv34recbxcooxuhvfep7s 0 74635 923464 921253 2026-09-26T06:19:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Martínez |image_skyline = Provincia de Buenos Aires - Martínez - Estación Anchorena.JPG |imagesize = 240px |image_caption = Anchorena station ([[Tren de la Costa]]) |pushpin_map = Argentina Greater Buenos Aires |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Greater Buenos Aires]] |pushpin_mapsize = 240 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{ARG}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Argentinae|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Image:Bandera Buenos Aires.svg|24px]] [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Partido]] |subdivision_name2 = [[San Isidro Partido|San Isidro]] |population_as_of = {{census-ar|2001}} |population_total = 65,859 |coordinates = {{coord|34|29|S|58|30|W|region:AR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 18 |postal_code_type = [[Argentine postal code|CPA Base]] |postal_code = [[ISO 3166-2:AR|B]] 1640 |area_code = +[[Telephone nummers in Argentinae|54]] 11 }} '''Martínez''' is a ceety in [[San Isidro Partido]], [[Buenos Aires Province]]. It is pairt o [[Greater Buenos Aires]]. It is servit bi a commuter train service, the [[Tren de la Costa]] tourist railwey line, an mony buses. Martinez an its surroondins is a affluent aurie whaur mony well-tae-dae fowk live. It is considered relatively safe. Unicenter is a major shoppin centre. Some o the better cafes are Cafe Victoria an Cafe Martinez. A favored street is Calle Alvear. The Martinez local govrenment haes recently set up a recyclin program. Martínez shoud no be ramfeeselt wi [[Villa Martínez de Hoz]]. [[UN/LOCODE]] is ARMAR. ==See an aw== *[[Martínez]] ==Freemit airtins== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195734/http://www.sanisidro300.gov.ar/default.asp?os=martinez%2F History o Martínez] * [http://www.portalunoargentina.com.ar News steid for San Isidro Partido] {{Greater Buenos Aires}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martinez, Buenos Aires}} [[Category:Populatit places in Buenos Aires Province]] [[Category:San Isidro Partido]] [[Category:Ceeties in Argentinae]] kivhfvv5wuy8cpv5t8wrwdh22jbjc9y 0 76621 923527 918463 2026-09-26T08:49:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other places3|Sinmunno}} {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Sinmunno 1-ga | img = | imgwidth = | imgcaption = | hangul = 신문로1가 | hanja = {{linktext|新|門|路|一|街}} | rr = Sinmunno il ga | mr = Sinmunno il ka | divs = | map = |mapcaption = }} '''Sinmunno 1-ga''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Jongno-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]]. It is a legal dong (법정동 {{linktext|法|定|洞}}) admeenistered unner its admeenistrative dong (행정동 {{linktext|行|政|洞}}), [[Sajik-dong, Seoul|Sajik-dong]].<ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763377&contentno=763377|title=신문로 (Sinmunno 新門路一街)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-23|language=Korean|archive-date=2013-01-02|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102105015/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=763377&contentno=763377|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kumho Asiana Group]] is heidquairtered at the Kumho Asiana Main Tower in Sinmunno 1-ga.<ref>"[http://www.kumhoasiana.co.kr/kumho_en/servlet/html?pgm_id=KUMHO000071 Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701135740/http://www.kumhoasiana.com/kumho_en/servlet/html |date=2019-07-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701135740/http://www.kumhoasiana.com/kumho_en/servlet/html |date=2019-07-01 }}." ''Kumho Asiana Group''. Retrieved on November 26, 2008.</ref> ==Attraction== *[[Seoul Museum o History]]<ref>CNN Go [http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516 Seoul's best museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928105016/http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516 |date=2012-09-28 }} 27 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-04</ref> == See an aw == *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|title=종로구 (Jongno-gu 鍾路區)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-22|language=Korean|archive-date=2012-12-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204161724/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=139888&contentno=139888|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |title=Chronicle of Beopjeong-dong and Haengjeong-dong |publisher=[[Guro-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-20 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |title=Mapo Information |work=The chart of Beopjeong-dong assigned by Haengjeong-dong (행정동별 관할 법정동 일람표) |publisher=[[Mapo-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-06-20 |archive-date=2007-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105043941/http://www.mapo.go.kr/Design/html_cms/e_ward/03_office_dong_law.jsp |url-status=dead }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.jongno.go.kr/english/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid in Inglis] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/index.jsp Jongno-gu Offeecial steid] *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 Status quo o Jongno-gu bi admeenistrative dong]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427054105/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/page?pageId=550302150 |date=2005-04-27 }} *{{ko}} [http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=3 Sajik-dong Resident office]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113050819/http://www.jongno.go.kr/wcms4/dong/index.jsp?dp=3 |date=2006-11-13 }} {{Jongno-gu}} {{coord missing|Sooth Korea}} [[Category:Neebourheids o Jongno-gu]] c128sl7cyp0y0mh9505qhxzl3aekvpb 0 77883 923540 880555 2026-09-26T09:03:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Swansea City | current = | image = Swansea City AFC logo.svg | caption = | fullname = Swansea City Association Football Club | nickname = The Jacks, The Swans | founded = {{Start date and age|1912}} (as Swansea Town) | ground = [[Liberty Stadium]], [[Swansea]] | capacity = 20,750<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |title=Premier League Handbook Season 2013/14 |format=PDF |accessdate=17 August 2013 |work=[[Premier League]] |archive-date=2016-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131132636/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | chairman = [[Huw Jenkins (Welsh businessman)|Huw Jenkins]] | manager = [[Steve Cooper]] | league = {{English football updater|SwanseaC}} | season = {{English football updater|SwanseaC2}} | position = {{English football updater|SwanseaC3}} | website = http://www.swanseacity.net/ | pattern_la1 = _swansea2122h | pattern_b1 = _swansea2122h | pattern_ra1 = _swansea2122h | pattern_sh1 = _swansea2122h | pattern_so1 = _swansea2122h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _swansea2122a | pattern_b2 = _swansea2122a | pattern_ra2 = _swansea2122a | pattern_sh2 = _swansea2122a | pattern_so2 = _swansea2122a | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 }} '''Swansea City Association Football Club''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɒ|n|z|i|_|ˈ|s|ɪ|t|i}}; {{lang-cy|Clwb Pêl-droed Dinas Abertawe}}) is a Welsh profeesional [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club based in the ceety o [[Swansea]], Sooth Wales that plays in the [[Premier League]]. Swansea City represent Ingland when playin in European competeetions, awtho they hae representit Wales in the past. They play their hame matches at the [[Liberty Stadium]]. The club wis foondit in 1912 as '''Swansea Town''' an jyned the Football League in 1921. The club chyngit their name in 1969, when it adoptit the name '''Swansea City''' tae reflect Swansea's new status as a [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=30127 |title=Online exhibition: The City of Swansea celebrates its 40th anniversary – City and County of Swansea |publisher=Swansea.gov.uk |accessdate=17 February 2012 |archive-date=2012-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404171748/http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=30127 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[:en:1980–81 in English football|1981]], the club wur promotit tae the oreeginal [[Football League First Division]]. It wis durin the follaein saison they came close tae winnin the league title, but a decline then set near the saison's end afore feenishin saxt, awtho a club record. It wis frae here the club suffered a relegation the saison efter, returning tae the [[Football League Fourth Division]] a few saisons later, then narrowly avoidit relegation tae the [[Football Conference]] in [[:en:2002–03 in English football|2003]]. Prior tae playin hame matches at the Liberty Stadium, the team haed previously hostit at the [[Vetch Field]]. The [http://www.swanstrust.co.uk Swansea City Supporters Society Ltd] awns 20% o the club,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swanseacity.net/page/ClubOwnershipArticle/0,,10354,00.html|title=Ownership statement|date=21 October 2010|accessdate=26 November 2011|archive-date=2011-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123033755/http://www.swanseacity.net/page/ClubOwnershipArticle/0%2C%2C10354%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> wi their involvement hailed bi [[Supporters Direct]] as "the maist heich profile example o the involvement o a supporters' trust in the direct runnin o a club".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/swanseacityfc/swansea-city-fc/2012/02/19/swansea-city-fans-a-major-influence-as-government-encourages-role-of-supporters-trusts-91466-30358541/|title=Swansea City fans a major influence as government encourages role of supporters' trusts |publisher=WalesOnline|date=19 February 2012}}</ref> In 2011, Swansea wur promotit tae the Inglis Premier League, becomin the first Welsh team tae play in it syne its formation in 1992. On 24 Februar 2013, Swansea beat [[Bradford City F.C.|Bradford City]] [[2013 Football League Cup Feenal|5–0]] tae win the [[2012–13 Football League Cup]] (the competeetion's heichest iver winnin margin for the feenal), winnin the first major Inglis trophy in the club's history an qualifyin for the [[2013–14 UEFA Europa League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/england/story/bradford-city-0-5-swansea-match-report-capital-one-league-cup-final-022413 |title=Swansea captures first major trophy|publisher=FoxSports|date=24 February 2013}}</ref> ==Honours== '''The Football League''' * [[:en:List of winners of English Football League Championship and predecessors|Inglis seicont tier]] (currently [[Football League Championship]]) **Promoted (1): [[1980–81 in English football|1980–81]] **[[Football League Championship play-affs|Play-aff]] winners (1): [[:en:2010–11 in English football|2010–11]] * [[:en:List of winners of English Football League One and predecessors|Inglis third tier]] (currently [[Football League One]]) **Winners (3): [[:en:1924–25 in English football|1924–25]], [[:en:1948–49 in English football|1948–49]], [[:en:2007–08 in English football|2007–08]] **Promoted (1): [[:en:1978–79 in English football|1978–79]] * [[:en:List of winners of English Football League Two and predecessors|Inglis fowert tier]] (currently [[Football League Two]]) **Winners (1): [[:en:1999-2000 in English football|1999–2000]] **Promotit (3): [[:en:1969–70 in English football|1969–70]], [[:en:1977–78 in English football|1977–78]], [[:en:2004–05 in English football|2004–05]] **Play-aff winners (1): [[:en:1987–88 in English football|1987–88]] '''Domestic Cup Competition''' *[[Football League Cup]] **Winners (1): [[2012-13 Football League Cup|2012–13]] * [[FA Cup]] **Semi-feenalists (2): [[1925–26 FA Cup|1925–26]], [[1963–64 FA Cup|1963–64]] * [[Football League Trophy]] **Winners (2): [[:en:1993–94 Football League Trophy|1993–94]], [[:en:2005–06 Football League Trophy|2005–06]] * [[Welsh Cup]] **Winners (10): 1912–13, 1931–32, 1949–50, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, [[1988–89 Welsh Cup|1988–89]], [[1990–91 Welsh Cup|1990–91]] **Runners-up (8): 1914–15, 1925–26, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1948–49, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1968–69 * [[FAW Premier Cup]] **Winners (2): [[FAW Premier Cup 2004–05|2004–05]], [[FAW Premier Cup 2005–06|2005–06]] **Runners-up (2): [[FAW Premier Cup 2000–01|2000–01]], [[FAW Premier Cup 2001–02|2001–02]] '''European Competition''' {{Details|List of Swansea City A.F.C. records and statistics#Swansea City in Europe{{!}} Swansea City in Europe}} *[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] **Qualification: [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1961-62|1961–62]], [[1966–67 European Cup Winners' Cup|1966–67]], [[1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup|1981–82]], [[1982–83 European Cup Winners' Cup|1982–83]], [[1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup|1983–84]], [[1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup|1989–90]], [[1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup|1991–92]] *[[UEFA Europa League]] **Qualification: [[2013–14 UEFA Europa League|2013–14]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} {{Portal|Association football|Wales}} * {{Official website|http://www.swanseacity.net/ Swansea City AFC}} * [http://www.swanscommercial.co.uk/ Swans Commercial] – offeecial Swansea City commercial site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140326111608/http://www.mcardlesport.co.uk//index.php/news/swansea_citys_academy_has_achieved_category_two_status Provider McArdle Sport-tec] – Swansea City's Academy haes achieved Category Two status [[Category:Swansea City A.F.C.| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Wales]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Umwhile Football League clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1912]] [[Category:Sport in Swansea]] [[Category:Welsh fitbaw clubs in Inglis leagues]] [[Category:Southern Football League clubs]] [[Category:Football League Trophy winners]] [[Category:1912 establishments in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Football League Cup winners]] 8he56aygrcp01pupfu9pomm67vxvcw7 0 78064 923438 918577 2026-09-26T04:57:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ither uises|Karlsruhe (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox German location |Name = <small>Ceety o Karlsruhe</small> |German_name = Karlsruhe |Art = Stadt |image_photo = Aerial image of the Karlsruhe Schlossgarten (view from the south).jpg |image_caption = View ower Karlsruhe |image_flag = Flagge Karlsruhe.svg |Wappen = DEU Karlsruhe COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49.00920970|8.40395140|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |Karte = Karlsruhe-Position.png |Bundesland = Baden-Württemberg |Regierungsbezirk = Karlsruhe |Landkreis = [[Urban destricts o Germany|Urban destrict]] |Höhe = 115 |Fläche = 173.46 |Einwohner = 288917 |Stand = 2007-12-31 |pop_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/SRDB/Tabelle.asp?99025010GE212000 |title=Landesinformationssystem (LIS) - Übersichts- und Vergleichsdaten I (Gebiet, Bevölkerung) Karlsruhe, Stadt |publisher=Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg |year=2009 |accessdate=2009-03-27 |language=German }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |PLZ = 76131–76229 <!-- keine Postfächer/Großempfänger --> |PLZ-alt = 7500 |Vorwahl = 0721 |Kfz = KA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 2 12 000 |NUTS = DE122 |LOCODE = DE KAE |Gliederung = 27 [[Quarter (country subdivision)|quarters]] |Website = [http://www.karlsruhe.de www.karlsruhe.de] |Bürgermeister = Frank Mentrup |Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister |Partei = SPD |year = 1715 }} '''Karlsruhe''' ({{IPA-de|ˈkaʁlsˌʁuːə}}; umwhile '''Carlsruhe''') is the seicont-lairgest [[Ceeties o Germany|ceety]] in the [[States o Germany|state]] o [[Baden-Württemberg]], in soothwast [[Germany]], near the Franco-German border. It haes a population o 296,033. [[Karlsruhe Pailace]] wis biggit in 1715 an the ceety is nou the seat o twa o the heichest courts in Germany, the [[Federal Constitutional Court o Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]] an the [[Federal Court o Juistice o Germany|Federal Court o Juistice]].<ref>History o the German Reichsgericht http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgericht</ref><ref>Karlsruhe considers itsel the ''Residence o the Law'' http://ka.stadtwiki.net/Residenz_des_Rechts {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911101443/http://ka.stadtwiki.net/Residenz_des_Rechts |date=2014-09-11 }}</ref> It haes been speculatit that Karlsruhe wis a model for [[Washington, D.C.]] as baith ceeties hae a centre frae which the streets radiate ootwaird.<ref>V.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Ihle, Karlsruhe und die USA (an the United States), p. 15.</ref> ==Geografie== [[File:49th Parallel Karlsruhe.JPG|thumb|left|The [[49th parallel north]] in the Karlsruhe Stadtgarten]] The ceety lees at an altitude atween 100&nbsp;m (on the eastren shore o the river [[Rhine]]) an 322&nbsp;m (near the communications touer. In the suburb o Wettersbach). Its geographical coordinates are {{Coord|49|00|N|8|24|E|type:ceety(282595)_region:DE-BW}}; the 49th [[Circle o latitude|parallel]] rins throuch the ceety centre. Its course is merked bi a stane an painted line in the ''Stadtgarten'' ("ceety park"). [[File:MiRO8.jpg|thumb|MiRO oil refinery]] The ceety wis planned wi the palace touer (''Schloss'') at the centre an 32&nbsp;streets radiating oot frae it lik the [[spokes]] o a [[wheel]], or the ribs o a [[fan (implement)|folding fan]], sae that ane [[nickname]] for Karlsruhe in German is the "fan ceety" (''Fächerstadt''). Naur aw o thir streets survived til the day. Acause o this ceety layout, in [[metric geometry]], [[Karlsruhe metric]] refers tae a meisur o distance that assumes traivel is anerly possible alang radial streets an alang circular avenues aroon the centre.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rashid Bin Muhammad |url=http://ƒpala//www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Compgeometry/MyCG/CG-Applets/VoroKarlsruhe/karlcli.htm |title=Karlsruhe-Metric Voronoi Diagram |publisher=Personal.kent.edu |accessdate=2011-04-07 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The ceety centre is the auldest pairt o toun an lees sooth o the palace in the quadrant defined bi nine o the radial streets. The central pairt o the palace rins east-wast, wi twa wings, ilk o thaim at a 45°&nbsp;angle, direckit southeast an southwest (i.e.,&nbsp;parallel wi the streets markin the boundaries o the quadrant definin the ceety centre). The [[mercat square]] lees on the street rinnin sooth frae the palace tae [[Ettlingen]]. The mercat square haes the [[town hall]] (''Rathaus'') tae the wast, the main [[Lutheran]] [[Kirk (biggin)|kirk]] (''Evangelische Stadtkirche'') tae the east, an the tomb o [[Charles III William, Margrave o Baden-Durlach|Margrave Charles III William]] in [[Karlsruhe Pyramid|a pyramid]] in the buildings, resultin in Karlsruhe bein ane o anerly three muckle cities in Germany whaur buildings are laid oot in the [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] style. The aurie north o the palace is a [[park]] an [[forest]]. Oreeginally the aurie tae the east o the palace consisted o [[gardens]] an wids, some o it remainin, but the [[Karlsruhe Institute o Technology]] (foundit in 1825), [[Wildparkstadion]], an residential auries hae been biggit thare. The aurie wast o the palace is nou maistly residential. [[File:Karlsruhe 180 panorama.JPG|thumb|centre|700 px|Panorama o Karlsruhe, leukin sooth frae the palace touer. The Institute o Technology is on the left, the Market square in the centre, the Federal Constitutional Court on the right. Note wings o the palace alignin wi streets, aw radiatin oot frae the centre o toun (i.e.,&nbsp;the palace touer).]] [[File:Karlsruher Schloss 180 degrees south panorama.jpg|thumb|center|700px|180 degree panorama frae atop [[Karlsruhe Palace|the palace]] touer, facin north.]] ===Climate=== Karlsruhe experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'') seemilar tae a fair bit o Germany. In comparison, Karlsruhe features het simmers an average tae mild winters. The ceety is ane o the warmest an sunniest in Germany. Precipitation is awmaist evenly spread atouer the year. In 2008, the mair nor 130 year-auld wather station in Karlsruhe wis closed, that is replaced bi a wather station in [[Rheinstetten]], sooth o Karlsruhe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de/Wetterstation.htm |title=Die Wetterstationen in Karlsruhe |publisher=Wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de |accessdate=2013-03-26 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Karlsruhe/Rheinstetten, Germany for 1981–2010 (Source: DWD) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 17.5 |Feb record high C = 22.0 |Mar record high C = 26.7 |Apr record high C = 29.2 |May record high C = 33.3 |Jun record high C = 37.2 |Jul record high C = 38.5 |Aug record high C = 40.2 |Sep record high C = 32.8 |Oct record high C = 29.5 |Nov record high C = 21.8 |Dec record high C = 19.2 |year record high C = 40.2 |Jan high C = 4.7 |Feb high C = 6.8 |Mar high C = 11.7 |Apr high C = 16.4 |May high C = 20.9 |Jun high C = 24.0 |Jul high C = 26.6 |Aug high C = 26.5 |Sep high C = 21.6 |Oct high C = 15.8 |Nov high C = 9.1 |Dec high C = 5.5 |year high C = 15.8 |Jan mean C = 2.0 |Feb mean C = 3.0 |Mar mean C = 6.9 |Apr mean C = 10.7 |May mean C = 15.2 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 20.6 |Aug mean C = 20.1 |Sep mean C = 15.6 |Oct mean C = 10.9 |Nov mean C = 5.8 |Dec mean C = 2.9 |year mean C = 11.0 |Jan low C = -0.7 |Feb low C = -0.3 |Mar low C = 2.7 |Apr low C = 5.3 |May low C = 9.6 |Jun low C = 12.8 |Jul low C = 14.9 |Aug low C = 14.6 |Sep low C = 10.9 |Oct low C = 7.2 |Nov low C = 2.9 |Dec low C = 0.4 |year low C = 6.7 |Jan record low C = -20.0 |Feb record low C = -15.0 |Mar record low C = -14.6 |Apr record low C = -5.3 |May record low C = -0.3 |Jun record low C = 3.6 |Jul record low C = 6.9 |Aug record low C = 6.3 |Sep record low C = 2.5 |Oct record low C = -2.8 |Nov record low C = -9.3 |Dec record low C = -18.7 |year record low C = -20.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 58.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 55.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 59.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 52.7 |May precipitation mm = 77.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 76.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 75.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 58.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 57.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 73.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 63.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 75.2 |year precipitation mm = 783.4 |Jan sun = 56.7 |Feb sun = 87.8 |Mar sun = 131.2 |Apr sun = 182.7 |May sun = 218.4 |Jun sun = 232.1 |Jul sun = 253.9 |Aug sun = 237.3 |Sep sun = 174.4 |Oct sun = 110.9 |Nov sun = 65.5 |Dec sun = 45.6 |year sun = 1796.43 |source 1 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue |title=Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte |accessdate=}}</ref> |date=April 2013 }} ==History== Accordin tae legend, the name Karlsruhe, that translates as Charles’ repose, wis gien tae the new ceety efter a huntin trip whan [[Charles&nbsp;III William, Margrave o Baden-Durlach]], woke frae a dream in that he dreamt o foundin his new ceety. Charles William foundit the ceety on Juin 17, 1715, efter a dispute wi the ceetizens o his previous caipital, [[Durlach]]. The foundin o the ceety is close linkit tae the construction o the [[Karlsruhe Palace|palace]]. Karlsruhe became the caipital o [[Baden-Durlach]] an in 1771 o the unitit [[Baden]] til 1945. Biggit in 1822, the "Ständehaus" wis the first parliament biggin in a German State. In the eftercome o the democratic revolution o 1848, a republican govrenment wis elect here. In 1860, the first-ever international professional convention, the [[Karlsruhe Congress]], wis held in the ceety.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} A fair bit o the central aurie, includin the palace, wis reduced tae rubble bi Allied bombing durin Warld War II but wis biggit again efter the war. Locate in the American zone o the [[Allied-occupied Germany|post-war Allied occupation]], Karlsruhe wis hame tae an [[United States Armed Forces|American military]] base, established in 1945. In 1995, the bases [[List o Unitit States Army installations in Germany#Former installations|closed]] an thair facilities war turned ower tae the ceety o Karlsruhe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.ka.stadtwiki.net/U.S._Military_Installations |title=U.S. Military Installations |publisher=Stadtwiki Karlsruhe |accessdate=21 July 2012 |archive-date=2014-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029154209/http://en.ka.stadtwiki.net/U.S._Military_Installations |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Walter |last=Elkins |url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/USAREUR_ceety_Karlsruhe.htm |title=U.S. Army Installations - Karlsruhe |publisher=U.S. Army in Germany |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> ==Main sights== The ''Stadtgarten'' is a recreational aurie naur the main railwey station (''Hauptbahnhof'') an wis biggit again in 1967 durin the 'Federal Garden Shaw' (''Bundesgartenschau''). It is the site o [[Karlsruhe Zoo]] an aa. The ''[[Durlach]]er [[Turmberg]]'' haes a leuk-oot touer (hence its name). It is a umwhile [[keep]] datin back tae the 13t century. The ceety haes twa botanical gardens: the municipal ''[[Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe]]'' that forms pairt o the Palace complex, an the ''[[Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe]]'' which is maintained bi the varsity. [[File:Karlsruhe Orangerie garden panorama.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Panorama o the close o [[Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe]].]] The ''Marktplatz'' haes a [[Karlsruhe Pyramid|stane pyramid]] markin the grave o the ceety's founder. Biggit in 1825, it is the emblem o Karlsruhe. The ceety is eiknamed ''the fan ceety'' (''Die Fächerstadt'') acause o its design layout, wi straucht streets radiating fan-lik frae the Palace. The [[Karlsruhe Palace]] (''Schloss'') is a interestin piece o airchitectur; the adjacent ''Schlossgarten'' includes the Botanical Garden wi a palm, cactus an orchid hoose, an walkin paths throuch the wid tae the north. The sic-cried ''Kleine Kirche'' (Little Kirk), biggit atween 1773 an 1776, is the auldest kirk o Karlsruhe's ceety centre. The architect [[Friedrich Weinbrenner]] designed mony o the ceety's maist important sights. Anither sicht is the ''Rondellplatz'' wi its 'Constitution Building Columns' (1826). It is dedicate tae Baden's first constitution in 1818, that wis ane o the maist liberal o its time. The ''Münze'' (mint), erected in 1826/27, wis an aa biggit bi Weinbrenner. [[File:Karlsruhe StStephan.jpg|thumb|St. Stephan parish kirk]] The St. Stephan parish kirk is ane o the masterpieces o neoclassical kirk airchitectur in Southern Germany. Weinbrenner, wha biggit this kirk atween 1808 an 1814, orientated it tae the [[Pantheon, Rome]]. [[File:Karlsruhe Grabkapelle.jpg|thumb|Grand Ducal burial chapel]] The neo-gothic ''Grand Ducal burial chapel'', biggit atween 1889 an 1896, is a [[mausoleum]] rather than a kirk, an is locatit in the middle o the forest. The main cemetery o Karlsruhe is the auldest park-lik cemetery in Germany. The [[cremation|crematorium]] wis the first tae be biggit in the style o a kirk. Karlsruhe is hame tae a Museum o Natural History an aa, an opera hoose (the '[[Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe|Baden State Theatre]]'), in addition tae a nummer o independent theatres an art galleries. The [[Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe|State Art Gallery]], biggit in 1846 bi [[Heinrich Hübsch]], displays pentins an sculptures frae sax centuries, parteecularly frae France, Germany an Holland. Karlsruhe's newly renovated art museum is ane o the maist important art museums in [[Baden-Württemberg]]. Further cultural attractions are scattered atouer Karlsruhe's various incorporated suburbs. The ''Scheffel Association'' or literary society (established in 1924), is the mucklest literary organisation in Germany.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Thir days the ''Prinz-Max-Palais'', biggit atween 1881 an 1884 in neoclassical style, houses the organisation an includes its museum. [[File:Karlsruhe Moninger Jugendstil.jpg|thumb|Breweries an biggins in art nouveau style war predominant in the wastren ceety]] Due tae population growthe in the late 19t century, Karlsruhe developed several suburban auries (''[[Vorstadt]]'') in the ''[[Gründerzeit]]'' an inspecially [[art nouveau]] styles o airchitectur, wi mony preserved examples. Karlsruhe is home tae the ''Majolika-Manufaktur'' an aa,<ref>{{cite web |author=Staatliche Majolika Manufaktur Karlsruhe GmbH |url=http://www.majolika-karlsruhe.com/ |title=Majolika-Manufaktur |publisher=Majolika-karlsruhe.com |accessdate=2011-04-07 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the anly art-ceramics pottery studio in Germany.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Foundit in 1901, it is locatit in the ''Schlossgarten''. A 'blue streak' (''Blauer Strahl'') consisting o 1,645 ceramic tiles, connecks the studio wi the Palace. It is the warld's mucklest ceramic artwork.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Anither tourist attraction is the [[Center for Art an Media Karlsruhe|Centre for Art an Media]] (''Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie'', or ZKM), that is locatit in a converted ammunition factory. ==Government== ===Justice=== [[File:Karlsruhe bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[Federal Constitutional Court o Germany]]]] Karlsruhe is the seat o the German [[Federal Constitutional Court o Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]] ''(Bundesverfassungsgericht)'' an the heichest [[Court o Appeals]] in civil an criminal cases, the ''[[Bundesgerichtshof]]''. The courts came tae Karlsruhe efter Warld War II, whan the provinces o [[Baden Germany|Baden]] an [[Württemberg]] war merged. [[Stuttgart]], caipital o Württemberg, became the caipital o the new province ([[Württemberg-Baden]] in 1945 an [[Baden-Württemberg]] in 1952). In compensation for the state authorities relocated tae Stuttgart, Karlsruhe applied tae acome the seat o the heich court.<ref>Stadt Karlsruhe Stadtarchiv (ed.): ''Karlsruhe. Die Stadtgeschichte.'' Badenia, Karlsruhe 1998, ISBN 3-7617-0353-8, p. 591–594</ref> ===Public health=== Thare fower hospitals: The municipal ''Klinikum Karlsruhe'' provides the maximum level o medical services, the ''St. Vincentius-Kliniken'' an the ''[[Deaconess|Diakonissen]]<nowiki /> krankenhaus'', conneckit tae the Catholic an Protestant kirks, respectively, offer central services, an the private ''Paracelsus-Klinik'' basic medical care, accordin tae state hospital demand planning.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} ==Economy== Germany's mucklest [[oil refinery]] is locatit in Karlsruhe, at the wastren rand o the ceety, directly on the river [[Rhine]]. The ''Technologieregion Karlsruhe'' is a loose confederation o the region's cities for tae promote heich tech industries; the day, aboot 20% o the region's jobs are in research an development. [[EnBW]], ane o Germany's muckle maist [[electric utility]] companies an a revenue o 19.2 billion € in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|title=Financial Report 2012|url=https://www.enbw.com/media/konzern/docs/integrierte-berichterstattung/bericht-2012/enbw-finanzbericht-2012.pdf|publisher=EnBW|page=3}}</ref> is headquartered in the ceety. ===Internet activities=== Due tae the [[University o Karlsruhe]] providin services til the late 1990, Karlsruhe became kent as the ''internet capital'' o Germany.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} The [[DENIC]] itsel, Germany's [[Network Information Centre]], haes syne muived tae Frankfurt, whaur [[DE-CIX]] is locatit. Twa major [[internet service provider]]s, [[WEB.DE]] an [[schlund+partner]]/[[1&1 Internet|1&1]], nou baith owned bi [[United Internet]]&nbsp;AG, are locatit at Karlsruhe. The {{lang|de|[[Stadtwiki Karlsruhe]]}} is the mucklest [[ceety wiki]] in the warld. The leebrar o the [[Karlsruhe Institute o Technology]] developed the [[Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog]], the first internet site that alloued researchers warldwide (for free) tae search multiple leebrar catalogues warldwide. In the year 2000 the regional online "newspaper" ''ka&#8209;news.de'' wis creatit. As a daily newspaper, it disnae jist provides the news, but an aa informs readers aboot upcoming events in Karlsruhe an surroondin auries. [[File:Karlsruhe Rbf Einfahrgruppe.jpg|thumb|[[Rail yard]], [[bypass (road)|bypass road]] Südtangente]] ==Transport== The [[Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe]] (VBK) operates the ceety's urban public transport network, comprising seiven [[tram]] routes an a network o bus routes. This network is weel developed an aw ceety auries can be reaked roun the clock bi tram an a nicht bus seestem. The [[Turmbergbahn]] [[funicular|funicular railwey]], tae the east o the ceety centre, is operated bi the VBK an aa. The VBK is a partner, wi the [[Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft]] an [[Deutsche Bahn]], in the operation o the [[Karlsruhe Stadtbahn]], the rail seestem that serves a lairger aurie aroond the ceety. This seestem maks it possible tae reak ither towns in the region, lik [[Ettlingen]], [[Wörth am Rhein]], [[Pforzheim]], [[Bad Wildbad]], [[Bretten]], [[Bruchsal]], [[Heilbronn]], [[Baden-Baden]], an even [[Freudenstadt]] in the [[Black Forest]] right frae the ceety centre. The Stadtbahn is weel kent in transport circles aroond the warld for pioneering the concept o operating trams on train tracks, tae achieve a mair effective an attractive [[public transport]] seestem, tae the extent that this is aften kent as the [[Karlsruhe model]] [[tram-train]] seestem. Karlsruhe is weel-connected via road an rail, wi [[Autobahn]] an [[InterCityExpress]] connections gaun tae [[Frankfurt]], [[Stuttgart]]/[[Munich]] an [[Freiburg]]/[[Basel]]. Syne Juin 2007 it haes been connected tae the [[TGV]] network, reducin traivel time tae [[Paris]] tae anly three oors (previously it haed takken five oors). [[File:Karlsruhe OElhafen.jpg|thumb|Oil port]] Twa [[port]]s on the [[Rhine]] provide transport capacity on [[cargo ship]]s, especially for [[petroleum products]]. The nearest airport is pairt o the [[Baden Airpark]] (offeecially ''Flughafen Karlsruhe/[[Baden-Baden]]'') aboot {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest o Karlsruhe, wi regular connections tae airports in Germany an Europe in general. [[Frankfurt International Airport]] can be reakit in aboot an oor an a hauf bi car (ane oor bi [[InterCityExpress]]); [[Stuttgart Airport]] can be reakit in aboot ane oor (aboot an oor an a hauf bi train an [[S-Bahn|S&#8209;Bahn]]). Twa interestin facts in transportation history are that baith [[Karl Drais]], the inventor o the [[bicycle]], in addition tae [[Karl Benz]], the inventor o the [[automobile]] war born in Karlsruhe. Benz wis born in Mühlburg, that later became a borough o Karlsruhe (in 1886). Benz studied at the Karlsruhe varsity an aw. It is interestin that Benz’s wife [[Bertha Benz|Bertha]] teuk the warld's first lang distance-drive wi a car frae [[Mannheim]] tae Karlsruhe-Grötzingen an [[Pforzheim]] (see [[Bertha Benz Memorial Route]]). Thair professional lifes led baith men tae the neibourin ceety o Mannheim, whaur thay first applied thair maist famous inventions. [[File:Karlsruhe Leibgrenadierdenkmal.jpg|thumb|Memorial for Baden Life Grenadiers in several wars, 1803–1918]] [[File:Karlsruhe Durlach Karlsburg.jpg|thumb|[[Karlsburg Castle]] in Durlach]] ==Jewish community== [[File:Juedischer Friedhof Groetzingen.jpg|thumb|Jewish cemetery o Grötzingen]] Jews settled in Karlsruhe syne its foundation. Thay war attracted bi the numerous privileges granted bi its founder tae settlers, athout discrimination as tae creed. offeecial documents attest the presence o several Jewish families at Karlsruhe in 1717. A year later, the ceety council addressed tae the margrave a report whaur a quaisten wis raised as tae the proportion o municipal charges tae be borne bi the newly arrived Jews, wha formed an organized congregation in that year, wi Rabbi Nathan Uri Kohen o Metz at its heid. A document dated 1726 gies the names o twenty-fower Jews wha haed takken pairt in an election o municipal officers. As the ceety grew permission tae settle thare became less easy obtained bi Jews, an the community developed mair slowly. A 1752 Jewry ordinance stated Jews war forbidden tae lae the ceety on Sundays an Christian halidays, or tae gang oot o thair houses durin kirk services, but thay war exempted frae service bi court summonses on Sabbaths. Thay coud sell wine anerly in inns awned bi Jews an graze thair nowt, no on the commons, but anerly on the wayside. Karlsruhe wis the seat o the central council o Baden Jewry. The first chief rabbi o the kitnra Rabbi Asher Lowe wis frae (Durlach) Karlsruhe, [[Nethaneel Weil]] wis a rabbi in Karlsruhe frae 1750 til his deith. [[File:Karlsruhe Synagoge 1810.jpg|thumb|[[Karlsruhe Synagogue]], biggit bi [[Friedrich Weinbrenner]] in 1798, existit until 1871]] In 1783, bi a decree issued bi Margrave [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke o Baden|Charles Frederick o Baden]], the Jews ceased tae be serfs, an consequently coud settle in whitever place thay pleased. The same decree freed thaim frae the "Todfall" tax, paid tae the clergy for ilk Jewish burial. In commemoration o thir chynges special prayers war prepared bi the actin rabbi Jedidiah Tiah Weill, wha, succeeding his faither in 1770, held the office til 1805. In 1808 the govrenment issued regulations anent the admeenistration o the spiritual affairs o the Jewish community; bi that, the chief rabbi o Karlsruhe became the spiritual heid o the Jews o the country. Complete emancipation wis gien in 1862, Jews war elected tae ceety council an Baden parliament, an frae 1890 war appyntit judges. Jews war persecuted in riots occurring in 1819 an anti-Jewish demonstrations war held in 1843, 1848, an the 1880s. The weel-kent German-Israeli airtist [[Leo Kahn]] studied in Karlsruhe afore leaing for France an Israel in the 1920s an 1930s. [[File:Chanukka Karlsruhe 3.jpg|thumb|Public [[hanukkah]] on the ''Schlossplatz'']] The day, thare are aboot 900 members in the Jewish community; mony o thaim are recent immigrants frae Roushie, an an orthodox rabbi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jg-karlsruhe.de |title=Jewish Community Karlsruhe - Karlsruhe, Germany }}</ref> Karlsruhe haes memorialized its Jewish community an notable pre-war synagogues wi a memorial park.<ref>http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%2021/ka%20syn.jpg</ref> ===Karlsruhe an the Holocaust=== [[File:Karlsruhe Synagoge Luftbild.jpg|thumb|The new synagogue]] In 1933, 3,358 Jews stayed in Karlsruhe. The community awned buildings an property, lik twa [[synagogue]]s, ane on Karl-Friedrich-Straße an ane on Kronenstraße, twa elderly ceetizens' hames, a Jewish scuil, a hospital, welfare institutions, an several Jewish cemeteries. Durin the first years o the Nazi regime, the community continued tae function, parteecularly tae prepare Jews for emigration. On October 28, 1938, aw male Pols Jews livin in Karlsruhe war deported tae Poland. Synagogues war destroyed on [[Kristallnacht]], 9–10 November 1938. Maist o the men war arrested an sent tae [[Dachau concentration camp]], but war released efter thay haed furnished proof that thay intendit tae emigrate. In October 1940, 895 Jews war expelled during [[Operation Wagner-Bürckel]] an interned bi the French [[Vichy France|Vichy]] authorities in [[Camp Gurs|Gurs]] in soothren France. Maist o thaim war then deported frae thare tae [[Auschwitz]] (via the [[Drancy deportation camp]], on the outskirts o [[Paris]]) atween August an November 1942. Maist o the 429 remainin Jews an ither sae‑cried "non-[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" war deported tae the east atween 1941 an 1944. In 1945 thare war anerly 18 Jews in Karlsruhe. Mair nor 1,000 o thaim haed been killt atween 1933 an 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/gedenkbuch.de |title=Karlsruhe condolence book |publisher=Karlsruhe.de |date=2006-12-20 |accessdate=2011-04-07 |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805011005/http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/gedenkbuch.de |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Baden Central Jewish Council wis reorganized in 1948. A new synagogue wis biggit in 1969. Some 113 holocaust victims are commemorated bi brass plaques on Karlsruhe's sidewalks, the sae-cried [[Stolperstein]]e.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ka.stadtwiki.net/Stolpersteine_Karlsruhe |title=Stadtwiki Karlsruhe |access-date=2014-07-10 |archive-date=2014-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412172503/http://ka.stadtwiki.net/Stolpersteine_Karlsruhe |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Historical population== {|class="wikitable" |- !Year !Inhabitants |- | 1719 || 2,000<ref name='karlsruhe_history'>{{cite web | url = http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/stadtarchiv/kurzestadtgeschichte.de | title = Kurze Karlsruher Stadt­ge­schichte | accessdate = 2011-01-05 | last = Dr. Bräunche | first = Ernst Otto | coauthors = Dr. Koch, Manfred | date = 2003-11-17 | work = Stadtarchiv & Historische Museen | publisher = Stadt Karlsruhe | language = German | archive-date = 2010-06-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100623104929/http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/stadtarchiv/kurzestadtgeschichte.de | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | 1750 || 2,500<ref name='karlsruhe_history' /> |- | 1815 || >15,000<ref name='karlsruhe_history' /> |- | 1901 || 100,000<ref name='karlsruhe_history' /> |- | 1933 || 155,000<ref name='karlsruhe_history' /> |- | 1973 || 264,249<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www1.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/afsta/Statistik/Index.htm | title = Eingliederung ehemals selbständiger Gemeinden | accessdate = 2011-01-05 | date = 2010-06-07 | work = Amt für Stadtentwicklung | publisher = Stadt Karlsruhe | language = German | archive-date = 2011-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111222043210/http://www1.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/afsta/Statistik/Index.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- | 2003 || 282,595 |- | 2007 || 288,917 |- | 2012 || 296,033 |} ==Eddication== Karlsruhe is a renowned research an study centre, wi ane o Germany's finest institutions o heicher education. ===Technology, ingineerin, an business=== The [[Karlsruhe University]] (''Universität Karlsruhe-TH'') is the auldest technical varsity in Germany in addition tae the home o the ''[[Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe]]'' (Research Center Karlsruhe), at which ingineerin an scienteefic research is performed in the auries o heal, earth, an environmental sciences. The [[Karlsruhe University o Applied Sciences]] (''Hochschule Karlsruhe-HS'') is the lairgest varsity o technology in the state o [[Baden-Württemberg]], offerin baith professional an academic education in [[ingineerin]] sciences an business. On October 1, 2009, the [[University o Karlsruhe]] joined the ''[[Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe]]'' tae form the [[Karlsruhe Institute o Technology]](KIT). ===The arts=== The [[State Academy o Fine Arts Karlsruhe]] is ane o the weeest varsities in Germany wi average 300 students, but it is kent as ane o the maist significant Academies o Fine Arts. The [[Karlsruhe University o Arts an Design]] (HfG) wis foondit tae the same time as its sister institution, the Center for Art an Media Karlsruhe (''[[Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie]]''). The HfG teaching an research focuses on [[new media]] an [[media art]]. The [[Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe]] is a muisic [[Music school|conservatory]] that offers degrees in [[Musical composition|composition]], music performance, education, an radio [[jurnalism]]. Syne 1989 it haes locatit in the Gottesaue Palace (see picture). ===International education=== The [[Karlshochschule International University]] (formerly kent as ''Merkur Internationale Fachhochschule'') wis foundit in 2004. As a foundation owned state approved [[Management School]] Karlshochschule offers [[undergraduate education]] in baith German an Inglis focusin on international an [[intercultural]] [[management]] in addition tae service- an cultur-relatit industries. Mair outouer an international consecutive [[Master o Arts (postgraduate)]] in [[leadership studies]] is offered in Inglish. ===European Institute o Innovation an Technology (EIT)=== {{Main|European Institute o Innovation an Technology}} Karlsruhe hosts ane o the [[European Institute o Innovation an Technology]]'s Knawledge an Innovation Communities (KICs) focussin on [[sustainable energy]]. Ither co‑centres are based in [[Grenoble]], France (CC Alps Valleys); [[Eindhoven]], the [[Netherlands]], an [[Leuven]], [[Belgium]] (CC [[Benelux]]); [[Barcelona]], Spain (CC Iberia); [[Kraków]], Poland (CC PolandPlus); an [[Stockholm]], Swaden (CC Swaden).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-10 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529160533/http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Culture== In 1999 the [[Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie|ZKM]] (''Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie'', Centre for Art an Media) wis opened. Athin a short time, it biggit up a warldwide reputation as a cultural institution. Linking new media theory an practice, the ZKM is locatit in a umwhile wappens factory. Amang the institutes relatit tae the ZKM are the ''[[Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung]]'' (State University o Design), whase preses is philosopher [[Peter Sloterdijk]] an the Museum for Contemporary Art. [[File:Karlsruhe Nancybrunnen.jpg|thumb|Nancy fountain]] ==International relations== {{See also|List o twin towns an sister cities in Germany}} ===Twin towns / Sister cities=== Karlsruhe is [[Twin towns an sister cities|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.karlsruhe.de/stadt/international/partnerstaedte.de|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724221530/http://www.karlsruhe.de/stadt/international/partnerstaedte.de|archivedate=2010-07-24|title=Städte­partnerschaften|accessdate=2011-01-05|date=2010-12-16|publisher=Stadt Karlsruhe|language=German|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Nottingham]]''', [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/><ref name="Nottingham twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=16599|title=European networks an ceety partnerships|publisher=Nottingham ceety Council|date=11 March|accessdate=2013-07-20|archive-date=2012-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072955/http://nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=16599|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Nancy, France|Nancy]]''', [[France]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Krasnodar]]''', [[Roushie]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|ROU}} '''[[Timişoara]]''', [[Romania]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/> *{{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]]''', [[Germany]]<ref name="Karlsruhe twinnings"/> ===Partnerships=== The ceety is an aa in a partnership relationship wi: *{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Oulu]]<ref name="Oulu Partnership an twinning cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/partneri-ja-kummikaupungit|title=Partneri- ja kummikaupungit (Partnership an twinning cities)|accessdate=2013-07-27|work=Oulun kaupunki (Ceety o Oulu)|language=Finnish|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928010526/http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/partneri-ja-kummikaupungit|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Karlsruhe Gottesaue3.jpg|thumb|Gottesau Palace (nou music college).]] ==Events== Ilka year in Julie, thare a muckle open air festival lastin three days cried ''Das Fest'' ("The Festival").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dasfest.net/ | title = das FEST | accessdate = 2011-01-05 | language = German | archive-date = 2010-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231223432/http://www.dasfest.net/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The Baden State Theatre haes sponsored the ''[[Händel]] festival'' syne 1978. The ceety hosted the 23rd an 31st [[European Juggling Convention]]s (EJC) in 2000 an 2008. In Julie, the African Simmer Festival is held in the ceety's Nordstadt. Markets, drumming workshops, exhibitions, a varied childer's programme, an musical performances tak place durin the three days festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africansummerfestival.de |title=Karlsruhe Afrikamarkt & Festival 2011 |publisher=Africansummerfestival.de |accessdate=2011-04-07}}</ref> In the past, Karlsruhe haes been the host o [[LinuxTag]] (the mucklest Linux event in Europe) an til 2006 hosted the annual Linux Audio Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lac.zkm.de/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-07-10 |archive-date=2015-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012140355/http://lac.zkm.de/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Visitors an locals watched the tot [[solar eclipse]] at noon on August 11, 1999. The ceety wisnae jist locatit athin the eclipse path but wis ane o the few athin Germany no plagued bi bad wather. ==Sport== '''Fitbaa (Soccer)''' [[Karlsruher SC]] (KSC), [[2. Bundesliga]] (seicont diveesion) '''Basketball''' [[BG Karlsruhe]], [[Basketball-Pro-Liga A]] (seicont diveesion) '''Tennis''' [[TC Rueppurr]] (TCR), [Tennis-Bundesliga] (weemen's first diveesion) '''Basebaw''' an '''Softbaw''' [[Karlsruhe Cougars]], Regional League South-East (men's basebaw), 1st Bundesliga South (weemen's softbaw I) an State League South (weemen's softbaw II) '''American Fitbaa''' [[Badener Greifs]], currently competin in the Regional League Central but umwhile a member o the [[GFL]]'s 1st Bundesliga, lost tae the [[Berlin Adler]] in the 1987 [[German Bowl]] (see: [[German Football League]]) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Karlsruhe}} * [http://geodaten.karlsruhe.de/stadtplan/ Map o Karlsruhe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126232031/http://geodaten.karlsruhe.de/stadtplan/ |date=2011-01-26 }} * [http://ikar.us/KAzilla/English List o Inglis-leid wabsteids] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927074901/http://ikar.us/KAzilla/English |date=2014-09-27 }} *{{Official website|http://www.karlsruhe.de}} (in German) * [[Karlsruhe:en:Main Page|Ceety wiki o Karlsruhe (German an Inglis)]] *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101225201624/http://www.karlsruhenuclidechart.net/ Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart] {{Germany destricts baden-württemberg}} {{Ceeties in Germany}} [[Category:Karlsruhe| ]] [[Category:Karlsruhe (region)]] [[Category:Ceeties in Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Planned caipitals]] [[Category:Caipitals o umwhile naitions]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1715]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Rhine]] [[Category:Varsity touns in Germany]] mgjv874ck0wrljapogomls4zad8vyyj 0 78813 923367 918218 2026-09-26T01:08:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {|{{Infobox aircraft begin |name= Boeing 747 |image= Ba b747-400 g-bnle arp.jpg <!-- In flight images are preferable for the Infobox of aircraft. Discuss changes on the Talk page, thanks. --> |caption= [[British Airways]] [[Boeing 747-400]] durin takoff |alt= A British Airways 747-400 in white, blue an reid livery during takoff wi its landin gear retractin. }}{{Infobox aircraft type |type= [[Wide-body aircraft|Wide-body]], lang-range [[jet airliner]] |national origin= Unitit States |manufacturer= [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes]] |designer= <!--only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders--> |first flight= 9 Februar 1969<ref name=ucfc747/> |introduced=22 Januar 1970 wi [[Pan American World Airways]]<ref name=Time_Jumbo-Gremlins>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878184,00.html "Jumbo and the Gremlins."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127015913/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878184,00.html |date=2008-01-27 }} ''TIME'', February 2, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.</ref> |status= In service | primary user = [[British Airways]] <!--Limit one (1) primary user--> | more users = [[Lufthansa]] <br />[[Korean Air]] <br />[[Atlas Air]] <!-- Limit is THREE (3) in 'more users' field, four (4) total users with primary user. Please separate with <br>.--> |produced= 1968–present | number built = 1,548 {{as of|December 2018|lc=on|df=us}}<ref name=747_O_D_summ/> |unit cost= 747-100: US$24&nbsp;million (1967) <br />747-200: US$39&nbsp;million (1976) <br />747-300: US$83&nbsp;million (1982) <br />747-400: US$228–260&nbsp;million (2007)<br />747-8I: US$351.4&nbsp;million<ref name=prices>[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/prices/ "Boeing Commercial Airplanes prices."] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: August 8, 2012.</ref><br />747-8F: US$352&nbsp;million |variants with their own articles= [[Boeing 747SP]] <br />[[Boeing 747-400]] <br />[[Boeing 747-8]] <br />[[Boeing VC-25]] <br />[[Boeing E-4]] |developed into= [[Boeing YAL-1]] <br />[[Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter]] }} |} The '''Boeing 747''' is an American [[wide-bouk aircraft|wide-bouk]] commercial [[jet airliner]] an [[cargae aircraft]], aften referred tae bi its oreeginal nickname, "Jumbo Jet". Its distinctive "hump" upper deck alang the forrit pairt o the aircraft haes made it ane o the maist recognisable aircraft,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/747-worlds-airliner-180951414/?all&no-ist |title=747: The World's Airliner |work=Air & Space Magazine |last=Negroni |first=Christine |date=July 2014 |accessdate=January 2, 2015}}</ref> an it wis the first wide-bouk airplane produced. Manufacturt bi [[Boeing]]'s [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes|Commercial Airplane]] unit in the Unitit States, the 747 wis oreeginally enveesioned tae hae 150 per cent greater capacity than the [[Boeing 707]],<ref>Branson, Richard. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989780-2,00.html "Pilot of the Jet Age."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122601/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989780-2,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} ''Time'', December 7, 1998. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref> a common lairge commercial aircraft o the 1960s. First flewn commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 year.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm "A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney."] ''BBC,'' October 25, 2007. Retrieved: August 3, 2010. Quote: "The superjumbo's advent ends a reign of nearly four decades by the Boeing 747 as the world's biggest airliner."</ref> The fower-ingine 747 uises a [[dooble-deck aircraft|dooble-deck]] confeeguration for pairt o its lenth an is available in passenger, frauchter an ither versions. Boeing designed the 747's hump-lik upper deck tae serve as a first–cless loonge or extra seatin, an tae allou the aircraft tae be easily convertit tae a cargae cairier bi remuivin seats an instawin a front cargae door. Boeing expectit [[Supersonic transport|supersonic airliners]]—the development o that wis annoonced in the early 1960s—tae render the 747 an ither [[subsonic airliner]]s obsolete, while the demand for subsonic cargae aircraft wad remeen robust weel intae the futur.<ref>Orlebar 2002, p. 50.</ref> Tho the 747 wis expectit tae acome obsolete efter 400 war sauld,<ref>Haenggi 2003, pp. 14–15.</ref> it exceedit creetics' expectations wi production surpassin 1,000 in 1993.<ref name=Sutter_p259>Sutter 2006, p. 259.</ref> Bi Januar 2018, 1,543 aircraft haed been biggit, wi 11 o the 747-8 variants remeenin on order.<ref name="747_O_D_summ">[http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=747&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=747&ViewReportF=View+Report "747 Model Orders and Deliveries data."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928195003/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=747&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=747&ViewReportF=View+Report |date=2018-09-28 }} ''The Boeing Company'', November 2017. Retrieved: January 1, 2018.</ref> {{As of|2017|01}}, the 747 haes been involved in 60 [[huil loss]]es, resultin in {{formatnum:{{#expr:2865+857}}}} fatalities.<ref name=ASNstats>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/type/type-stat.php?type=104 |title= Boeing 747 Statistics |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |access-date= 2018-04-22 |archive-date= 2017-08-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170824013435/http://aviation-safety.net/database/type/type-stat.php?type=104 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Boeing 747-400|747-400]], the maist common variant in service, haes a heich-subsonic [[cruise speed]] o [[Mach nummer|Mach]] 0.85–0.855 (up tae {{convert|570|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}}) wi an intercontinental range o 7,260&nbsp;[[nautical mile]] (8,350&nbsp;[[Mile#Statute mile|statute mile]] or 13,450&nbsp;[[kilometre|km]]).<ref>[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_400_prod.html "Technical Characteristics&nbsp;– Boeing 747-400"], ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: April 29, 2006.</ref> The 747-400 can accommodate 416 passengers in a teepical [[Traivel cless|three-cless layoot]], 524 passengers in a teepical twa-cless layoot, or 660 passengers in a heich-density ae-cless confeeguration.<ref name="747sp">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120522123248/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/misc/A20WE-Rev-45.pdf "747."] ''The Boeing Company.'' Retrieved: Januar 9, 2012.</ref> The newest version o the aircraft, the [[Boeing 747-8|747-8]], is in production an received certification in 2011. Deliveries o the 747-8F frauchter version begoud in October 2011; deliveries o the 747-8I passenger version begoud in Mey 2012. ==Development== ===Backgrund=== In 1963, the [[Unitit States Air Force]] stairtit a series o study projects on a verra lairge strategic transport aircraft. Awtho the [[C-141 Starlifter]] wis bein introduced, thay believed that a muckle lairger an mair capable aircraft wis needit, especially the capability tae cairy outsized cargae that wad nae fit in ony existin aircraft. Thir studies led tae ineetial requirements for the CX-Heavy Logistics seestem (CX-HLS) in Mairch 1964 for an aircraft wi a laid capacity o {{convert|180000|lb|kg|sigfig=3}} an a speed o Mach 0.75 ({{convert|500|mph|km/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on|disp=or}}), an an unrefueled range o {{convert|5000|nmi|km|sigfig=2}} wi a peylaid o {{convert|115000|lb|kg|sigfig=3}}. The peylaid bay haed tae be {{convert|17|ft|m|sigfig=3}} wide bi {{convert|13.5|ft|m|sigfig=3}} heich an {{convert|100|ft|m|sigfig=2}} lang wi access throu duirs at the front an rear.<ref name="Norton_C-5">Norton 2003, pp. 5–12.</ref> ===Production=== The 747 wis conceived while air traivel wis increasin in the 1960s.<ref name=Norris_Wagner_p13>Norris and Wagner 1997, p. 13.</ref> The era o commercial jet transportation, led bi the enormous popularity o the [[Boeing 707]] an [[Douglas DC-8]], haed revolutionised lang-distance traivel.<ref name=Norris_Wagner_p13/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/images/commercial/707-03.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124513/http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/images/commercial/707-03.html |archivedate=January 11, 2012 |title=Boeing Multimedia Image Gallery 707|publisher=The Boeing Company |dead-url=yes |accessdate=December 8, 2007}}</ref> Even afore it lost the CX-HLS contract, Boeing wis asked bi [[Juan Trippe]], preses o [[Pan American World Airways]] (Pan Am), ane o thair maist important airline customers, tae big a passenger aircraft mair nor twice the size o the 707. In this time, airport congestion, waurened bi increasin nummers o passengers cairied on relatively smaw aircraft, becam a problem that Trippe thocht coud be addressed bi a lairger new aircraft.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/innovators/jtrippe.html "Innovators: Juan Trippe."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227150315/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/innovators/jtrippe.html |date=2013-12-27 }} ''PBS''. Retrieved: December 17, 2007.</ref> In 1965, [[Joe Sutter]] wis transferred frae Boeing's [[Boeing 737|737]] development team tae manage the design studies for the new airliner, awready assigned the model nummer 747.<ref name="Sutter_p80-4">Sutter 2006, pp. 80–84.</ref> Sutter ineetiatit a design study wi Pan Am an ither airlines, tae better unnerstaund thair requirements. At the time, it wis widely thocht that the 747 wad eventually be supersedit bi [[supersonic transport]] aircraft.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/852087.stm "Air travel, a supersonic future?."] ''BBC News'', July 17, 2001. Retrieved: December 9, 2007.</ref> Boeing respondit bi designin the 747 sae that it coud be adaptit easily tae cairy fraucht an remeen in production even if sales o the passenger version declined. In the frauchter role, the clear need wis tae support the [[Conteenerisation|conteenerised shippin]] methodologies that war bein widely introduced at aboot the same time. Staundart shippin conteeners are {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} squerr at the front (slichtly heicher due tae attachment pynts) an available in {{convert|20|and|40|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} lenths. This meant that it wad be possible tae support a 2-wide 2-heich stack o conteeners twa or three ranks deep wi a fuselage size seemilar tae the earlier CX-HLS project. [[File:Iran Air Boeing 747-200 cockpit Sharifi.jpg|thumb|An [[Iran Air]] 747-200, shawin the early-production 747 cockpit, locatit on the upper deck |alt= A view o an early-production 747 cockpit]] In Apryle 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 747-100 aircraft for US$525&nbsp;million. In the ceremonial 747 contract-signin banquet in Seattle on Boeing's 50t Anniversary, Juan Trippe predictit that the 747 wad be "... a great weapon for peace, competing with [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental missiles]] for mankind's destiny".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfpsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=The Airbus A380: A History|last=Simons|first=Graham|year=2014|page=31|isbn=9781783030415}}</ref> As launch customer,<ref name=ucfc747>Rumerman, Judy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121007143215/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Boeing_747/Aero21.htm "The Boeing 747."] ''U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission,'' 2003. Retrieved: April 30, 2006.</ref><ref name=infoplease>Noland, David. [http://www.infoplease.com/spot/boeing747.html "Passenger Planes: Boeing 747."] "Info please." (''[[Pearson Education]]''). Retrieved: April 30, 2006.</ref> an acause o its early involvement afore placin a formal order, Pan Am wis able tae influence the design an development o the 747 tae an extent unmatched bi a single airline afore or syne.<ref name=Irving_p359>Irving 1994, p. 359.</ref> ===Entry intae service=== On 15 Januar 1970, [[First Leddy o the United States]] [[Pat Nixon]] christened Pan Am's first 747, at [[Washington Dulles Internaitional Airport|Dulles Internaitional Airport]] (later Washington Dulles Internaitional Airport) in the presence o Pan Am chairman [[Najeeb Halaby]]. The 747 enjoyed a fairly smuith introduction intae service, owercomin concerns that some airports wad nae be able tae accommodate an aircraft that lairge.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html "Breaking the Ground Barrier."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122523/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122523/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} ''TIME'', September 8, 1967. Retrieved: December 19, 2007.</ref> Awtho technical problems occurred, thay war relatively minor an quickly solved.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html "Jumbo Beats the Gremlins."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008023207/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html |date=2016-10-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008023207/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html |date=2016-10-08 }} ''TIME'', July 13, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.</ref> Efter the aircraft's introduction wi Pan Am, ither airlines that haed bocht the 747 tae stay competitive begoud tae put thair awn 747s intae service.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html "Ready or Not, Here Comes Jumbo."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008021608/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html |date=2016-10-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008021608/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html |date=2016-10-08 }} ''TIME'', January 19, 1970. Retrieved: December 19, 2007.</ref> Boeing estimatit that hauf o the early 747 sales war tae airlines desirin the aircraft's lang range raither nor its peylaid capacity.<ref>Smith, Bruce A. "Boeing Shuns Very Large Jets While Aiming for Longer Range." ''Aviation Week and Space Technology'', January 1, 2001, pp. 28–29.</ref><ref>[http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/A380Buescher.pdf 747X vs A380 "How to Reduce Congestion (PDF)."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216064540/http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/A380Buescher.pdf |date=February 16, 2008 }} ''Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering'', Virginia Tech. Retrieved: December 10, 2007.</ref> While the 747 haed the lawest potential operatin cost per seat, this coud anerly be achieved whan the aircraft wis fully laidit; costs per seat increased rapidly as occupancy declined. A moderately laidit 747, ane wi anly 70 percent o its seats occupied, uised mair nor 95 percent o the fuel needit bi a fully occupied 747.<ref>[http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2003/87-7972-489-2/html/kap09_eng.htm "Airline reporting on fuel consumption."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220020946/http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mst.dk%2Fudgiv%2FPublications%2F2003%2F87-7972-489-2%2Fhtml%2Fkap09_eng.htm |date=December 20, 2007 }} ''Miljominsteriet (Danish Environmental Protection Agency)''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref> Nanetheless, mony banner-carriers purchased the 747 due tae its prestige "even if it made na sense economically" tae operate. In the 1970s an 1980s, thare wis eften ower 30 regularly scheduled 747s at [[John F. Kennedy Internaitional Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/boeing-747-deathwatch-how-boeings-new-777x-will-kill-its-jumbo-jet-predecessor-once-queen-skies|title=Boeing 747 On Deathwatch: How Boeing's New 777X Will Kill Its Jumbo Jet Predecessor, Once The Queen Of The Skies|date=May 4, 2013|publisher=}}</ref> The [[recession o 1969-1970]] greatly affectit Boeing. For the year an a hauf efter September 1970 it anerly sauld twa 747s in the warld, an did nae sell ony tae an American carrier for awmaist three years.<ref name="heppenheimer1998">{{cite book |title=The Space Shuttle Decision |publisher=NASA |author=Heppenheimer, T. A. |year=1998 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/contents.htm | pages=302=303}}</ref> Whan economic problems in the US an ither kintras efter the [[1973 ile creesis]] led tae reduced passenger traffeck, several airlines foond thay did nae hae eneuch passengers tae flee the 747 economically, an thay replaced them wi the smawer an recently introduced [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] an [[Lockheed L-1011|Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] [[trijet]] wide bouks<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html "Planes for Rough Weather."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122847/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122847/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} ''TIME'', August 3, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.</ref> (an later the [[Boeing 767|767]] an [[Airbus A300|A300]]/[[Airbus A310|A310]] [[twinjet]]s). Haein tried replacin coach seats on its 747s wi pianae baurs in an attempt tae attract mair customers, American Airlines eventually relegatit its 747s tae cargo service an in 1983 exchynged them wi Pan Am for smawer aircraft;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120521041124/http://www.aa.com/i18n/amrcorp/corporateInformation/facts/history.jsp "American Airlines History."] ''American Airlines''. Retrieved: June 3, 2011.</ref> [[Delta Air Lines]] an aw remuived its 747s frae service efter several years.<ref>Davies 1990, p. 96.</ref> Later, Delta acquired 747s again in 2008 as pairt o its merger wi [[Northwest Airlines]], awtho it reteert the 747-400 fleet in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.delta.com/final-747-flight-now-scheduled-monday|title=Final 747 flight now scheduled for Monday|website=Delta News Hub|language=en|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref> [[File:UpperdeckcabinDLB744.jpg|thumb|Later 747 models featurt a stretched upper deck.]] Internaitional flichts bipassin tradeetional hub airports an laundin at smawer ceeties becam mair common ootthrou the 1980s, sicweys erodin the 747's oreeginal mercat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040211224743/http://www.boeing.com/news/speeches/2003/piasecki_030324.html "Turning Today's Challenges into Opportunities for Tomorrow."] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 10, 2007.</ref> Mony internaitional cairiers conteena'd tae uise the 747 on [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]] routes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aboulafia |first=Richard |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/2004sb05.xml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112160220/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F2004sb05.xml |archivedate=January 12, 2012 |title=Commercial Transport Market Still in Rough Shape |date=March 1, 2004 |work=Aviation Week and Space Technology |dead-url=yes |accessdate=December 10, 2007 |df= }}</ref> In Japan, 747s on domestic routes war confeegurt tae cairy nearly the maximum passenger capacity.<ref>Wallace, James. [http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/A380-buyer-keeps-mum-about-possible-luxuries-1164814.php "A380 buyer keeps mum about possible luxuries aboard cruise ship of the skies."] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', January 24, 2005. Retrieved: June 3, 2011.</ref> ==Design== [[File:Boeing 747 cutaway.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Boeing 747-200 cutawey]] The Boeing 747 is a lairge, wide-bouk (twa-aisle) airliner wi fower weeng-mounted engines. Its weengs hae a heich [[swept weeng|sweep]] angle o 37.5 degrees for a fest, efficient cruise<ref name=Sutter_p93>Sutter 2006, p. 93.</ref> o Mach&nbsp;0.84 tae 0.88, dependin on the variant. The sweep an aw reduces the weengspan, allouin the 747 tae uise existin [[hangar]]s.<ref name=ucfc747/><ref>Bowers 1989, p. 508.</ref> Its seatin capacity is ower 366 wi a 3–4–3 seat arrangement (a cross section o 3 seats, an aisle, 4 seats, anither aisle, an 3 seats) in economy cless an a 2–3–2 layout in first cless on the main deck. The upper deck haes a 3–3 seat arrangement in economy cless an a 2–2 layoot in first cless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 19, 2006 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619025715/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |archivedate=June 19, 2006 |df=mdy }} ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 19, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619025715/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |archivedate=June 19, 2006 |df=mdy }}</ref> [[File:Boeing 747-409F Prague airport 2015 3.jpg|left|thumb|[[China Airlines]] 747-400F wi the neb cargae duir appen]] Raised abuin the main deck, the cockpit creauts a hump. This raised cockpit allous front laidin o cargo on fraucht variants.<ref name=Sutter_p93/> The upper deck ahint the cockpit provides space for a lounge an/or extra seatin. The "stretched upper deck" becam available as an alternative on the 747-100B variant an later as staundart beginnin on the 747-300. The upper deck wis stretched mair on the 747-8. The 747 cockpit ruif section an aw haes an escape hatch frae that crew can exit in the events o an emergency if thay canna dae sae throu the cabin. The 747's maximum takaff wecht ranges frae 333,400&nbsp;kg (735,000&nbsp;poonds) for the 439,985&nbsp;kg (-100 tae 970,000&nbsp;lb) for the -8. Its range haes increased frae 5,300&nbsp;nautical miles (6,100&nbsp;mi, 9,800&nbsp;km) on the -100 tae 8,000&nbsp;nmi (9,200&nbsp;mi, 14,815&nbsp;km) on the -8I.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071210173616/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_classics.html "Boeing 747-100/200/300 Technical Specifications."] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/747-8_fact_sheet.html "Boeing 747-8 Technical Specifications."] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref> The 747 haes redundant structurs alang wi fower redundant hydraulic seestems an fower main laundin gears ilk wi fower wheels; thir provide a guid spreid o support on the grund an safety in case o tyre blaw-oots. The main gear are redundant sae that laundin can be performed on twa opponin laundin gears if the ithers are nae functionin properly.<ref name="Sutter_p128-31">Sutter 2006, pp.&nbsp;128–131.</ref> The 747 an aw haes split control surfaces an wis designed wi sophisticatit treeple-slottit [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] that minimise laundin speeds an allou the 747 tae uise staundart-lenth runweys.<ref name="Sutter_p121-2">Sutter 2006, pp. 121–122.</ref> For transportation o spare ingines, the 747 can accommodate a non-functionin fift-pod ingine unner the aircraft's port weeng atween the inner functionin ingine an the fuselage.<ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ai182.shtml "Special Report:Air India Flight 182."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007035356/http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ai182.shtml |date=October 7, 2009 }} ''airdisaster.com''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/Jdb-txt/SC/05/03/2005BCSC0350.htm "Her Majesty the Queen Against Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri."] ''Supreme Court of British Columbia''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref> This fift ingine munt pynt is an aw uised bi [[Virgin Orbit]]'s [[LauncherOne]] programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Virgin Orbit performs LauncherOne aircraft flight tests - SpaceNews.com |url=https://spacenews.com/virgin-orbit-performs-launcherone-aircraft-flight-tests/ |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=SpaceNews.com |date=28 August 2018}}</ref> Virgin Orbit's 747-400, dubbed Cosmic Girl, cairies the orbital-cless racket tae cruise altitude, whaur the racket is deployed an then cairies its smaw satellite peylaid the rest o the wey tae space.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bergin |first1=Chris |title=Cosmic Girl takes LauncherOne on its first captive carry flight test – NASASpaceFlight.com |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/11/cosmic-girl-launcherone-first-captive-carry-test/ |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=NASASpaceflight.com}}</ref> ==Accidents an incidents== The 747 haes been involved in 146 [[aviation accidents an incidents]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Type=104 |title= Boeing 747 occurrences |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |date= August 30, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017 |archive-date= 2017-08-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170824020547/http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Type=104 |url-status= dead }}</ref> includin 61 accidents an [[huil loss]]es<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?field=typecode&var=104%&cat=%1&sorteer=datekey&page=1 |title= Boeing 747 hull-loss occurrences |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |date= August 29, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017 |archive-date= 2017-08-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170824020018/http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?field=typecode&var=104%&cat=%1&sorteer=datekey&page=1 |url-status= dead }}</ref> that resultit in {{#expr:2865+857}} fatalities.<ref name=ASNstats/> The last crash wis [[Turkish Airlines Flicht 6491]] in Januar 2017. Thare war an aw 24 daiths in 32 [[aircraft hijackin]]s,<ref name=ASNstats/> sic as [[Pan Am Flight 73]] whaur a Boeing 747-121 wis hijacked bi fower terrorists an resultit in 20 daiths.<ref name=ASN_Pan_Am>{{cite web |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860905-0 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-121 N656PA Karachi-Quaid-E-Azam International Airport |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |date= August 30, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017}}</ref> Few crashes hae been attributit tae design flaws o the 747. The [[Tenerife airport disaster]] resultit frae pilot error an communications failyie, while the [[Japan Airlines Flight 123]] an [[China Airlines Flight 611]] crashes stemmed frae improper aircraft repair. [[United Airlines Flight 811]], that suffered an [[uncontrolled decompression|explosive decompression]] mid-flicht on 24 Februar 1989, led the [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) tae issue a recommendation that 747-200 cargo duirs seemilar tae thae on the Flicht 811 aircraft be modifee'd. [[Korean Air Lines Flicht 007]] wis shot doun bi a Soviet fechter aircraft in 1983 efter it haed strayed intae Soviet territory, causin U.S. Preses Ronald Reagan tae authorise the then-strictly militar [[global poseetionin seestem]] (GPS) for ceevilian uise.<ref name=KAL007>[http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/02/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html#axzz3z8AmijAm "United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009161500/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/02/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html#axzz3z8AmijAm |date=2013-10-09 }} ''america.gov,'' February 3, 2006. Retrieved: January 9, 2012.</ref> Accidents due tae design deficiencies includit [[TWA Flight 800]], whaur a 747-100 explodit in mid-air on 17 Julie 1996, probably due tae sparkin electricity weirs inside the fuel tank;<ref name=TWA_800_final>{{cite journal|title=Aircraft Accident Report: In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 |journal=Ntsb/aar-00/03 |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf |format=PDF |date=August 23, 2000 |pages= |accessdate=June 24, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615201201/http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf |archivedate=June 15, 2013 }}</ref> this findin led the FAA tae propone a rule requirin installation o an [[inertin seestem]] in the centre fuel tank o maist lairge aircraft that wis adoptit in Julie 2008, efter years o resairch intae solutions. At the time, the new saufty seestem wis expectit tae cost US$100,000 tae $450,000 per aircraft an wecht approximately {{convert|200|lb|kg}}.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121621918865158639 "Airlines Ordered to Cut Fuel-Tank Explosion Risk."] ''Wall Street Journal'', July 17, 2008, p. B5. Note: Cargo aircraft and smaller regional jets and commuter aircraft are not subject to this rule.</ref> [[El Al Flicht 1862]] crashed efter the fuse pins for an ingine breuk aff shortly efter tak-aff due tae metal fatigue. Insteid o drappin awey frae the wing, the ingine knocked aff the adjacent ingine an damaged the weeng.<ref name=ASN_Bijlmer>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19921004-2 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-258F 4X-AXG Amsterdam |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |date= |accessdate=December 9, 2013 |archive-date=2011-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015203725/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19921004-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Specifications== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! Model ! [[Boeing 747SP|747SP]]<ref name="100/200/300startup">{{cite web |title= 747-100/-200/-300/-SP |publisher= Boeing |work= Startup |date= 2007 |url= http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/747-100_-200_-300_-SP_passenger.pdf}}</ref> ! 747-100<ref name="100/200/300startup"/> ! 747-200B<ref name="100/200/300startup"/> ! 747-300<ref name="100/200/300startup"/> ! [[747-400]]ER<ref name=400startup>{{cite web |title= 747-400 |publisher= Boeing |work= Startup |date= May 2010 |url= http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/747-400-passenger.pdf}}</ref> ! [[Boeing 747-8|747-8]]<ref name="acaps747-8">{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/acaps/747_8.pdf |title= 747-8 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning |date= December 2012 |publisher= Boeing}}</ref> |- | Cockpit crew | colspan=4 | Three | colspan=2 | Twa |- | Teepical seats | 276 (25F 57J 194Y) | colspan=2 | 366 (32F 74J 260Y) | 400 (34F 76J 290Y) | 416 (23F 78J 315Y) | 467 (24F {{#expr:50+37}}J 356Y) |- | Exit leemit<ref name="TypeCert">{{cite web |title= Type Certificate Data Sheet NO. A20WE |publisher= FAA |date= February 27, 2015 |url= http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/75d4c3215c58345386257df9007c3763/$FILE/A20WE_Rev_57.pdf |access-date= 2019-02-07 |archive-date= 2016-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161225060633/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/75d4c3215c58345386257df9007c3763/$FILE/A20WE_Rev_57.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>{{efn|split nummers denote different leemits dependin on exit teeps instawed}} | 400 | colspan=2 | 440/550 | colspan=2 | 550/660 | colspan=2 | 495/605 |- | Cargae | {{Convert|{{#expr:3500+400}}|ft3|m3}} | colspan="3" | {{convert|6,190|ft3|m3|abbr=on}}, 30×LD1 | 5,655&nbsp;ft³ (160.1 m³) | {{Convert|{{#expr:5705+640}}|ft3|m3|abbr=on}} |- <!--Dimensions--> | Lenth | 184&nbsp;ft 9 in (56.3 m) | colspan="4" | 231&nbsp;ft 10 in (70.66 m) | 250&nbsp;ft 2 in (76.25 m) |- | Cabin weenth | colspan="6" | {{convert|{{#expr:(54+24.75)*2+82}}|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name=400startup/> |- | Weengspan | colspan="4" | 195&nbsp;ft 8&nbsp;in (59.6&nbsp;m) | 211&nbsp;ft 5&nbsp;in (64.4&nbsp;m) | 224&nbsp;ft 7&nbsp;in (68.4&nbsp;m) |- | Weeng aurie | colspan="4" | 5,500&nbsp;ft² (511&nbsp;m²) | {{convert|525|m2|ft2|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121230173833/http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |dead-url= yes |archive-date= December 30, 2012 |publisher= Lufthansa |title= Premiere of Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental |date= February 13, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230173833/http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |date=2012-12-30 }}</ref> | {{convert|554|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="FlightDesc747-8">{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/in-focus-boeing-747-8-technical-description-and-cutaway/107801.article/ |title= Boeing 747-8 technical description & cutaway |work= Flight Global |date= November 13, 2012}}</ref> |- | Weeng sweep | colspan=6 | 37.5°<ref name=Centennial>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej0RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT670 |title= Boeing 747: A History |author= Martin Bowman |publisher= Pen and Sword |date= 2014|isbn= 9781473838239 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar04-44.pdf |title= Statistical Data for the Boeing-747-400 Aircraft in Commercial Operations |date= January 2005 |publisher= FAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1991/1991%20-%202350.PDF |title= Commercial aircraft of the world |work= Flight International |date= September 4, 1991}}</ref> |- | Aspect ratio | colspan=4 | {{#expr:59.6/(511/59.6)round1}} | {{#expr:64.4/(525/64.4)round1}} | {{#expr:68.5/(554/68.5)round1}} |- | Tail hicht | 65&nbsp;ft 5 in (19.9 m) | colspan="3" | 63&nbsp;ft 5&nbsp;in (19.3&nbsp;m) | 63&nbsp;ft 8&nbsp;in (19.4&nbsp;m) | 63&nbsp;ft 6&nbsp;in (19.4&nbsp;m) |- <!--Weights--> | [[Maximum takaff wecht|MTOW]] | {{Convert|700,000|lb|t|abbr=on}} | {{Convert|735,000|lb|t|abbr=on}} | colspan="2" | {{Convert|833,000|lb|t|abbr=on}} | 910,000&nbsp;lb (412.76&nbsp;t) | 987,000&nbsp;lb (447.696&nbsp;t) |- | [[Operatin emptie wecht|OEW]] | {{Convert|337100|lb|t|abbr=on}} | {{Convert|379500|lb|t|abbr=on}} | {{Convert|375100|lb|t|abbr=on}} | {{Convert|384000|lb|t|abbr=on}} | 412,300&nbsp;lb (187.01&nbsp;t) | 485,300&nbsp;lb (220.128&nbsp;t) |- | Fuel<br />capacity | {{convert|50,359|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|48,445|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} | colspan="2" | {{convert|53,985|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|63,705|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|63,034|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} |- <!--Engines--> | [[Turbofan]] ×4 | colspan=4 | [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D]]-7 or [[Rolls-Royce RB211]]-524 or [[GE CF6]] | [[Pratt & Whitney PW4000|PW4000]] / [[GE CF6|CF6]] / [[Rolls-Royce RB211|RB211]] | [[General Electric GEnx|GEnx-2B67]] |- | Thrust ×4 | {{convert|46,300|-|56,900|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|43,500|-|51,600|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|46,300|-|54,750|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|46,300|-|56,900|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|62,100|-|63,300|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|66,500|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} |- <!--Performance--> | [[V speeds|MMo]]<ref name="TypeCert"/> | colspan=5 | Mach 0.92 | colspan=1 | Mach 0.9 |- | [[Cruise speed|Cruise]] | | colspan=3 | econ. 907&nbsp;km/h (490 kt), max. 939&nbsp;km/h (507kt)<ref name="Airliners100/200specs">{{cite web |url= http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/boeing-747-100-200/97 |title= Boeing 747-100/200 |work= Aircraft Technical Data & Specifications |publisher= Airliners.net}}</ref><ref name=Airliners300specs>{{cite web |url= http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/boeing-747-300/99 |title= Boeing 747-300 |work= Aircraft Technical Data & Specifications |publisher= Airliners.net}}</ref> | colspan=2 | {{convert|0.855|Mach|32,000|knots km/h|0}} |- | Range | {{convert|5830|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|JT9D, 276 passengers}} | {{convert|4620|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=100/200range|JT9D, 366 passengers an baggage}} | {{convert|6560|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=100/200range}} | {{convert|6330|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|400 passengers an baggage}} | {{convert|7670|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=400range|PW4000, 416 passengers an baggage}} | {{convert|7730|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|410 passengers an baggage}}<ref name=RangeRev>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-revises-obsolete-performance-assumptions-415293/ |title= Boeing revises "obsolete" performance assumptions |work= FlightGlobal |date= August 3, 2015}}</ref> |- | Takaff | {{convert|9,250|ft|m|abbr=on}} | {{convert|10650|ft|m|abbr=on}} | {{convert|10900|ft|m|abbr=on}} | {{convert|10900|ft|m|abbr=on}} | 10,700&nbsp;ft (3,260 m) | {{convert|10200|ft|m|abbr=on}} |} {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Boeing aircraft]] [[Category:Boeing 747]] [[Category:Unitit States airliners 1960–1969]] [[Category:Quadjets]] bn7mrzjznsbrd9tpmw74jnhhqp18v2l 0 79504 923392 894230 2026-09-26T02:54:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}} {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = France Gall | image = Eurovision Song Contest 1965 - France Gall 3.svg | caption = France Gall Eurovision Song Contest 1965 | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Isabelle Geneviève Marie Anne Gall | alias = France Gall | birth_date = {{Birth date |1947|10|9|df=yes}} | birth_place =[[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] | death_date = 7 Januar [[2018]] (aged 70) | death_place = | origin = Paris, France | genre = [[Yé-yé]], pop, [[synthpop]] | occupation = Sangster | years_active = 1963–1997 | label = [[Warner Music Group|WEA France]]<br/>[[Philips Records|Philips France]] | associated_acts = [[Michel Berger]], [[Serge Gainsbourg]] | website = }} ''' France Gall''' (born '''Isabelle Geneviève Marie Anne Gall''' on 9 October 1947; died 7 Januar [[2018]]) wis a popular French [[yé-yé]] sangster. Gall wis marriet tae, an haed a successfu singin career in pairtnership wi, French sangster-sangwriter Michel Hamburger, whose stage name is [[Michel Berger]]. ==Early years== Gall wis born in Paris. Her faither wis leericist [[Robert Gall]], an her mither, [[Cécile Berthier]], wis the dochter o [[Paul Berthier]], co-foonder o [[Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois]]. (This made her cousin tae guitarist [[Denys Lable]] an componer [[Vincent Berthier de Lioncourt]], as well as niece tae [[Jacques Berthier]].) The sole dochter o her faimily, she haed twa brithers, Patrice an Claude. In spring 1963, Robert Gall encouragit his dochter tae record sangs an send the demos tae muisic publisher [[Denis Bourgeois]]. That July, she auditioned for Bourgeois at the [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] in Paris, efter which Bourgeois wantit tae sign her immediately. France wis subsequently signed tae [[Philips Records|Philips]]. At the time, Bourgeois wis wirkin for the label as [[Artistic Director]] for [[Serge Gainsbourg]] an assumit this role for Gall as well. He encouragit her tae record fower tracks wi French [[jazz]] muisicker, arranger an componer [[Alain Goraguer]]. ==Early career== The first [[Airplay (radio)|airplay]] o France's first single "Ne sois pas si bête" ("Don't Be So Stupid"), occurred on her 16t birthday. It wis released in November an became a hit, selling 200,000 copies.<ref>{{cite book| last = | first =| title =Made In France: France Gall's Baby Pop | publisher = RPM International| year = 2012 | page = 1 | isbn =}}</ref> [[Serge Gainsbourg]], who haed released several albums an written sangs for singers includin [[Michèle Arnaud]] an [[Juliette Gréco]], wis asked bi Bourgeois tae write sangs for Gall. Gainsbourg's "N'écoute pas les idoles" ("Don't listen to the Idols") became Gall's seicont single; it reached the tap of the French charts in Mairch 1964 an stayed on tap for three weeks. At the same time, Gall made her live debut, openin for [[Sacha Distel]] in Belgium. She teamed up wi Distel's business manager, [[Maurice Tézé]], who wis a leericist an aw. This alloued her tae creaut a oreeginal repertoire, unlik the majority o her contemporars ("[[Yé-yé|yéyés]]") who sang adaptations o Anglophone hits. Housomeivver, unner the influence frae this team o muisic veterans, Gall struggled tae defend her personal choice o material. In addeetion tae sangs written bi her faither, Gall's success in the 1960s wis biggit on sangs written bi some o the biggest names amang French componers an leericists: [[Gérard Bourgeois]], [[Jean-Pierre Bourtayre]], [[Vline Buggy]] [[Pierre Cour]], [[Joe Dassin]], [[Jacques Datin]], [[Pierre Delanoë]], [[Jean Dréjac]], [[Alain Goraguer]], [[Hubert Giraud]], [[Georges Liferman]], [[Guy Magenta]], [[Eddy Marnay]], [[Jean-Michel Rivat]], [[Jean-Max Rivière]], Frank Thomas, [[Maurice Vidalin]], [[André Popp]], [[Gilles Thibaut]], an [[Jean Wiener]]. Gall's sangs eften featurt lyrics based on a stereotypical view o the teenage mind. Elaborate orchestrations bi [[Alain Goraguer]] blendit styles, permitting her tae navigate atween [[jazz]], [[childer's sangs]], an onything in atween. Examples of this mixed-genre style includit "Jazz à gogo" (leerics b [[Robert Gall]] an muisic bi [[Alain Goraguer|Goraguer]]) an "Mes premières vraies vacances" (bi [[Jacques Datin|Datin]]-[[Maurice Vidalin|Vidalin]]). Gall an Gainsbourg's association produced mony popular singles, continuin throu the simmer o 1964 wi the hit sang "[[Laisse tomber les filles]]" ("Niver Mind the Girls") follaeed bi "Christiansen" bi Datin-Vidalin. Gainsbourg secretly recordit Gall's lauchter tae uise on ''[[Pauvre Lola]]'' an aw, a track on his 1964 album ''Gainsbourg Percussions''. Regardin her association wi Gainsbourg at this time, Gall said, "This is someane A haed the pleasur tae see acause A admired him an likit wha he wrote. An A likit his shyness, his elegance an his eddication. It wis a vera pleasant relationship. . . . A wis vera impressed that this man wirkit for me an cared aboot me . . . "<ref name="ReferenceA">''France Gall par France Gall'', autoportrait télévisé ([[France 3]], [[:fr:2001 à la télévision|2001]]), quotit in the [[:fr:France Gall|French Wikipedia article about France Gall]]. Oreeginal quote: « C’est quelqu’un que j’avais du plaisir à voir parce que je l’admirais et j’aimais ce qu’il écrivait. Et j’aimais bien sa timidité, son élégance et son éducation. C’était très agréable comme relation. […] J’étais très impressionnée que cet homme travaille pour moi et s’intéresse à moi… »</ref> ===1965=== Haein previously resistit, Gall gae in tae her managers at the end o 1964 an recordit a single intendit for childer. The sang "[[Sacré Charlemagne]]," written bi her faither, an set tae the muisic o [[George Liferman]], wis a hit in 1965, sellin 2&nbsp;million copies an peakin at nummer ane.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.nl/books?id=lygEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Billboard+Hits+France+Gall&source=bl&ots=z4eb4nOFL0&sig=ggIbQ20PFTJlEBq8yEVljP1hup0&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=4whNUMaWDYSo0AXQ2oDIAw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=Billboard%20Hits%20France%20Gall&f=false|title=Billboard Magazine, March 1965 |accessdate=2012-09-09 }}</ref> ===Eurovision=== Gall wis then selectit tae represent [[Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1965]]. Oot o the 10 sangs proponit tae her, she chose Gainsbourg's "[[Poupée de cire, poupée de son]]."<ref>{{cite video | people = France GALL, Serge GAINSBOURG & Alain GORAGUER | title = à propos du Grand Prix de l'Eurovision | medium = | publisher = ORTF/Institut National de l'Audiovisuel | url = http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&cs_page=1&cs_order=0&mc=Gall,%20France&num_notice=8&total_notices=52 | date = 28 March 1965 | access-date = 2014-08-07 | archive-date = 2007-10-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071031100659/http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&cs_page=1&cs_order=0&mc=Gall,%20France&num_notice=8&total_notices=52 | url-status = dead }}</ref> On 20 Mairch 1965, Gainsbourg, Gall, an Goraguer attendit the feenals o the sang contest in [[Naples]], whaur the sang wis "allegitly booed in rehearsals for strayin so far frae the sort o sang uisually heard in the Contest at this point."<ref>Jamie McCloughlin. A Bluffer's Guide to Eurovision. 13 July 2009. Accessed 20 February 2012. http://boombangablog.merseyblogs.co.uk/2009/07/eurovision-1965-ireland-makes.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321090741/http://boombangablog.merseyblogs.co.uk/2009/07/eurovision-1965-ireland-makes.html |date=2012-03-21 }}</ref> Awtho the delivery durin the live shaw mey no hae been Gall's strangest performance—ane creetic writes that Gall's performance wis "far frae perfect",<ref>All Kind of Everything: The Irish Eurovision Web Site. LUXEMBOURG 1965 - ”Poupée De Cire, Poupée De Son”. http://www.keithm.utvinternet.ie/Poupee.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516120518/http://www.keithm.utvinternet.ie/Poupee.htm |date=2012-05-16 }}</ref> anither notes that her vyce wis oot of tune an her complexion pale,<ref>Martine Bordeneuve. Jukebox Magazine, No. 20, July–August 1988. Quoted in French Wikipedia article Poupée de cire, poupée de son, access 20 February 2012. Original text: « Le 20 mars, devant 150 millions de téléspectateurs, la voix tremblante et le teint pâle, elle interprète sa chanson. Plébiscitée par le jury à la majorité absolue, elle se trouve propulsée à la première place. . . . »</ref> an when Gall cried her lover at the time [[Claude François]] immediately efter the performance, he shoutit at her, "You sang aff key. You wur terrible!"<ref>Gilles Verlant. Gainsbourg (biography). Albin Michel, Paris, 2000. ISBN 2-226-12060-2. Quotit in French Wikipaedia airticle [[:fr:Poupée de cire, poupée de son|Poupée de cire, poupée de son]]. The complete quote: « Pire que ça : Cloclo, son fiancé secret, au lieu de la féliciter, se met à hurler dans le combiné « Tu as chanté faux, tu étais nulle… »</ref>—the sang impressed the jury an it teuk the Grand Prix.<ref>{{cite video | people = France GALL, Serge GAINSBOURG & Alain GORAGUER | title = à propos du Grand Prix de l'Eurovision | medium = | publisher = ORTF/Institut National de l'Audiovisuel | url = http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&mc=Gall,%20France%7CGainsbourg,%20Serge&num_notice=2&total_notices=7 | date = 20 March 1965 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Success at Eurovision ensured that Gall became even mair kent ootside Europe an she recordit "[[Poupée de cire, poupée de son]]" in French, German, Italian, an Japanese. Thare appears tae be nae Inglis version released bi France Gall hersel, awtho thare wis a Inglis civer bi the Inglis 1960s starn [[:en:Twinkle (singer)|Twinkle]].<ref>Twinkle. Album: Golden Lights. A Lonely Singing Doll. ASIN: B0019BF9Z0. http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0019BF9Z0/ref=dm_sp_alb?ie=UTF8&qid=1329777793&sr=8-1, viewed 20 February 2012.</ref> [[Sylvie Simmons]], in her biografie o Gainsbourg, wrote that on the surface, the sang appears tae be naething but catchy Eurovision fodder, but "closer examination revealed perspicacious leerics aboot the airnies an incongruities inherent in [[:en:teenybopper|baby pop]]. That the sangs young fowk turn tae for help in their first attempts at discoverin wha life an luve are aboot are sung bi fowk too young an inexperiencit thairsels tae be o hintle assistance, an condemned bi their celebrity tae be unlikely tae suin fynd oot."<ref>Sylvie Simmons, ''Serge Gainsbourg: A Fistful of Gitanes'', ISBN 978-0-306-81183-8, page 42</ref> At a young age, France Gall wis too naïve tae unnerstaund the seicont meanin o the leerics. But later on she felt she wis manipulatit an uised bi Gainsbourg throuoot this period, maist notably efter the sang "[[Les Sucettes]]". ===Simmer tour=== In the simmer o 1965, France Gall toured Fraunce for several months wi "Le Grand Cirque de France" ("The Great Circus o Fraunce"), a combination o radio shaw an live circus. Her singles continued tae chairt successfully, includin the Gainsbourg-penned "Attends ou va-t'en" ("Wait for me, or go awa") an "Nous ne sommes pas des anges" ("We are no angels"). She haed a hit wi the sang "Amérique" ("America") bi [[Eddy Marnay]] an [[Guy Magenta]] an aw. ===Summar=== Stewart Mason sums up this early period o Gall's career, culminatin in the Eurovision win: <blockquote>[A]lthough many dismissed Gall as a Francophone [[Lesley Gore]], making fluffy and ultra-commercial pop hits with little substance, Gall's hits from this era stand up far better than most. Only [[Francoise Hardy]] was consistently making records up to these standards during this era. Though Gall's high, breathy voice was admittedly somewhat limited, she made the most of it. Even dopey hits like "Sacre Charlemagne," a duet with a pair of puppets who were the stars of a children's show on French TV, have an infectious, zesty charm; meatier tunes, like the sultry jazz-tinged ballad "Pense a Moi" and the brilliant rocker "Laisse Tomber les Filles," were as good as any single produced in the U.S. or Great Britain at the time.<ref name="mason" /></blockquote> ==Film opportunities== Efter a TV film directit bi [[Jean-Christophe Averty]] an dedicatit tae the sangs o Gall wis distributit in the [[Unitit States]] in 1965, Gall wis socht bi [[Walt Disney]] tae appear as Alice in a muisical film version o ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'', efter haein awready made '' [[:en:Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice]]'' intae a cartoon in 1951. Awtho Gall haed insistit she did no want tae acome involvit in film wirk, this wis the anerly project which appealed tae her. The project wis cancelled efter Disney's daith in 1966. In 1966 Gall appeared in the telly film '' Viva Morandi'', made in the same psychoanalytical mould as the (1965) [[Federico Fellini]] film '' [[:en:Juliet of the Spirits|Giulietta degli Spiriti]] ("Juliet o the Spirits")''. Gall played "La Grâce" alangside [[Christine Lebail]] who plays "La Pureté", baith singin ''Les Sucettes'' in a segment which wis prominently labelled "Fantasy", in a clear reference tae the sang's sexual unnertones. She wis approached bi director [[Bernardo Bertolucci]] for the leadin female role in [[Last Tango in Paris]] (1972). Housomeivver, she firmly rejectit this affer. Gall ance again considered appearin on screen in 1993 for a cinematographic collaboration wi her best friend, the screenplay writer [[Telsche Boorman]]. Lik the Disney film, this planned project wis niver completit due tae the daith o Boorman in 1996. In a featur film titled [[Gainsbourg (Vie héroïque)]] released in Fraunce in Januar 2010, which is based on the graphic novel bi the writer-director of the film, Joann Sfar, Gall is portrayed bi [[Sara Forestier]]. ==1966== At the beginnin o 1965 Gall released '' Baby pop'', anither sang written bi Gainsbourg, but whose dark unnertones are no easily perceivit when ane hears the sang as sung bi the then 18 year-auld girl. Housomeivver, the unnertones in her next hit song wur no sae easily missed, an caused a scandal when it wis released. Gainsbourg deliberately filled the sang ''[[Les Sucettes]]'' ("Lollipops") wi double-meanins an strang sexual innuendo. On the surface, the leerics tell the innocent tale o a girl namit Annie who enjoys lollipops. Housomeivver, it is clear that Gainsbourg intentionally creatit the theme as a metaphor for [[fellatio|oral sex]]. Awtho a big hit, the sang sat in stark contrast tae genuinely innocent sangs on the same album sic as ''Je me marie en blanc'' ("White Weddin") an ''Ça me fait rire'' ("It maks me lauch"). Even some o her childer’s sangs recordit in 1966, for example, ''Les Leçons particulières'' ("private lessons"), hae no been spared pernicious assumptions. It wis no helpful when [[Jean-Christophe Averty]] choreographed a troupe o men on aw fowers tae illustrate her childer's sang ''J'ai retrouvé mon chien'' ("A'e foond ma dug") on his telly program ''Les Raisins verts'' ("Green grapes").<ref>Video: France Gall - J'ai Retrouvé Mon Chien 1966. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x425tg_france-gall-j-ai-retrouve-mon-chien_music. Viewed 20 February 2012.</ref> ==Psychedelic era an transition tae adultheid== At the beginnin o the year 1967, Gall sang a duet wi [[Maurice Biraud]], ''La Petite'', which describes a young girl covetit bi a friend o her faither. The controversy ower this performance owershadaeed her release that year o Gainsbourg’s poetic ''Néfertiti''. Her next single wis recordit wi the orchestration o Inglis componer [[:en:David Whitaker (composer)|David Whitaker]]. New authors Frank Thomas an [[Jean-Michel Rivat]] wur brocht on buird. Thay wrote ''Bébé requin'' (Baby Shark), a sang which met wi some success for Gall. This wis follaeed bi ''Teenie Weenie Boppie'', an anti-[[LSD]] sang bi Gainsbourg, which haes been describit as "a bizarre tune aboot a deidly LSD trip that somehou involves Mick Jagger."<ref name="mason">Mason, Stewart. France Gall biography, all Music Guide, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/france-gall-p212397/biography, accessed 20 February 2012.</ref> Gainsbourg then sang a anti-caipital punishment sang wi Gall, ''Qui se souvient de [[Caryl Chessman]]?'' ("Onyane remember Caryl Chessman?"), aboot the [[daith row]] preesoner.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bouvier | first = Y.-F. | authorlink = |author2=S. Vincendet | title = L'Integral et cætera | publisher=Éditions Bartillat | year= 2005 | doi = | isbn = 2-84100-341-8}} </ref> Stewart Mason wrote aboot this period: "The psychedelic era found Gall, under Gainsbourg's guidance, singing increasingly strange songs . . . set to some of Gainsbourg's most out-there arrangements."<ref name="mason" /> Her next record ''C'est toi que je veux'', again wi Whitaker, failed tae mak a impact an aw. Wi this string o recordins in the late 1960s, nane o thaim a unmitigatit success, an makkin the transition frae teen-age tae adult performer, Gall facit some challenges in this period throu the early 1970s. Mason wrote: <blockquote>No longer a teenager, but without a new persona to redefine herself with, (and without the help of Gainsbourg, whose time was taken by his own albums and those of his wife Jane Birkin), Gall floundered both commercially and artistically. A label change from Philips to BASF in 1972 didn't help matters . . . "<ref name="mason" /></blockquote> ==German career== Awtho strugglin in her hame kintra, Gall regularly recordit in Germany frae 1966 tae 1972, in pairticular wi the componer an orchestrator [[:en:Werner Müller (musician)|Werner Müller]]. She haed a successfu German career wi sangs bi [[Horst Buchholz]] an [[Giorgio Moroder]]: ''Love, l'amour und liebe'' (1967), ''Hippie, hippie'' (1968), ''Ich liebe dich, so wie du bist'' (A luve you the wey you are) (1969) an ''Mein Herz kann man nicht kaufen'' (MA hert is no for sale) (1970). Some o her ither German hits includit: ''Haifischbaby (Bébé requin)'', ''Die schönste Musik, die es gibt'' (The maist bonnie muisic thare is/Muisic Tae Watch Girls Bi), '' Was will ein Boy'' (Wha daes a boy want?) (1967), ''Ja, ich sing'' (Yes, A sing), ''A Banda (Zwei Apfelsinen im Haar)'' (Twa oranges in ma hair), '' Der Computer Nr. 3 '' (1968), ''Ein bisschen Goethe, ein bisschen Bonaparte'' (A little Goethe, a little Bonaparte), ''I like Mozart'' (1969), ''Dann schon eher der Piano player'' (Then rather the piano player) (1970), ''Komm mit mir nach Bahia, Miguel'' (Come wi me tae Bahia, Miguel) (1972). ==Post-Gainsbourg career== ===New label, new beginnins=== Gall haed several ither releases in Fraunce in 1968, nane o which aroused ony great interest. At the end o 1968, on reachin the age o 21, Gall separatit frae Denis Bourgeois an stretched her wings upon the expiration o her contract wi [[Philips Records|Philips]]. She muivit tae a new [[record label]], "La Compagnie", born frae the association o airtists [[Hugues Aufray]], [[Nicole Croisille]] an [[Michel Colombier]]. At "La Compagnie", Gall made a nummer o recordins, but she niver succeedit in fyndin a coherent style wi [[Norbert Saada]] as [[airtistic director]]. She went her awn wey in 1969 wi twa adaptations: ane Italian an the ither Breetish: ''L'Orage / La Pioggia)'' ("The Storm") which she sang wi [[Gigliola Cinquetti]] at the 1969 [[San Remo Muisic Festival]], an ''Les Années folles ("Gentlemen Please")'', creatit bi [[Barbara Ruskin]]. Her sangs ''Des gens bien élevés'', ''La Manille et la révolution'', '' Zozoï'' an '' Éléphants'' wur lairgely ignored. Mairower, "La Compagnie" went bankrupt. The early seventies continued tae be a barren period for Gall. Awtho she wis the first airtist tae be recordit in Fraunce for [[Atlantic Records]] in 1971, her singles ''C'est cela l'amour'' (1971) an ''Chasse neige'' (1971), faltered in the chairts. In 1972, Gall, for the last time, recordit sangs bi Gainsbourg, ''Frankenstein'' an ''Les Petits ballons'', but thir failed tae chairt an aw. The results o her collaboration wi Jean-Michel Rivat as airtistic director, ''La Quatrieme chose'' (1972, suspiciously seemilar tae Bread's "Everything I Own") an ''Par plaisir'' or ''Plus haut que moi'' (1973) did no meet wi commercial success. While offeecially done wi Gainsbourg, a auld flame an producer frae her Gainsbourg days, invitit France Gall on telly tae sing a medley o auld sangs frae thair time thegither, which in includit "Poupee de cire, Poupee de son". Frae the 1970s onwairds, Gall stairtit regularly visitin Senegal, which she luvit. She bocht her hideawa thare on the island o [[Gorée|N'Gor]], close tae [[Dakar]] in 1990. ==Michel Berger== France Gall wis seducit bi [[Michel Berger]]’s muisic when she heard his sang '' Attends-moi'' ("Wait for Me") ane day in 1973. Durin a later radio broadcast, she asked him for his opinion on sangs which her then producer wanted her tae record. Awtho he wis disconcertit bi the quality o the sangs, thare wad be nae quaisten o collaboration. Anly sax month later, in 1974, efter she sang vocals on the sang ''Mon fils rira du rock'n'roll'' on Berger's new album, Gall's publisher askit him, at her behest, tae write for her. Gall haed awready made her mind up that ''"It will be him or else it will be naebody"'' (documentar [[France 3]] ''France Gall by France Gall''). Sicweys, in 1974, ''La Déclaration d'amour'' wis tae be the first in a lang line o hits which markit a turnin pynt in Gall’s career. Meanwhile, the twa airtists, whose affinities became mair nor muisical, marriet on 22 Juin 1976. France Gall shared years o wirk an faimily life wi Michel Berger. The couple haed twa childer. ==Muisicals== In 1978, pushed bi Berger, she ance again trod the buirds o the [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] whaur she haed auditioned 15 years earlier, starrin in a shaw entitled "''Made in France''". The maist novel aspect o this shaw wis that, except for the Brazilian [[transvestism|drag]] act [[Les Étoiles]], the members o the orchestra, choir an the dance troupe wur exclusively female.<ref>{{cite video | people = France GALL | title = France GALL sur son concert au Théâtre des Champs Elysées | medium = | publisher = ORTF/Institut National de l'Audiovisuel | url = http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&mc=Gall,%20France&num_notice=4&total_notices=55 | date = 9 April 1978 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In this shaw, France sang ''Maria vai com as outras'' the oreeginal, Brazilian (Portuguese) version o ''Plus haut que moi''. In 1979, Gall teuk pairt in a new shaw which remains memorable for mony. Componit bi Michel Berger an written bi the Québécois author [[Luc Plamondon]], the rock opera ''[[:en:Starmania (musical)|Starmania]]'' enjoyed a success no uisual for muisicals in Fraunce. The shaw played for ane month at [[Palais des congrès de Paris]]. In 1982, Gall rehearsed in the ''Palais des Sports'' o Paris tae present ''Tout pour la musique'', a innovative spectacle markit bi its uise o electronic muisic. The sangs ''Résiste'' an ''Il jouait du piano debout'' ("He played the piano standing") quickly became French pop staundarts. ==1980s an humanitarian projects== In 1985, France Gall jyned [[Chanteurs Sans Frontières]], on the initiative o [[Valerie Lagrange]]. She wirkit for ''S.O.S Ethiopie'' for the benefit o Ethiopia unner the aegis o [[Renaud]] an aw. At the same time, she gae a successful series o concerts lastin three weeks at the new venue [[The Zenith|Zénith]] in Paris, whaur she performit new sangs like '' Débranche'' ("Loosen-up"), ''Hong-Kong Star'', an gave solid acoustic performances o ''Plus haut'', ''Diego libre dans sa tête'' an ''Cézanne peint''. In 1985 an 1986, Gall wirkit wi Berger, [[:en:Richard Berry (actor)|Richard Berry]], [[Daniel Balavoine]] an [[Lionel Rotcage]] for the benefit o ''Action Écoles'', a organisation o schuilboy volunteers which collects essential fuid products in France for African kintras whaur faimin an drocht prevail. On 14 Januar 1986, durin a trip tae Africae, Balavoine tragically perished in a helicopter crash. In 1987, the sang ''Évidemment'', written bi Berger an sung bi Gall, wis a muivin homage tae their lost friend. The sang appeared on the album ''Babacar''. Gall toppit the pop charts in many countries in 1987 and 1988 with another song from the ''Babacar'' album, ''[[Ella, elle l'a]]'' ("Ella, she's got it"), a Berger tribute to [[Ella Fitzgerald]]. Follaein the release o ''Babacar'', Gall launched a new show producit bi Berger. Openin at [[the Zenith|Le Zénith]], the successful production toured throuoot Europe, an gae rise tae the live album ''Le Tour de France '88''. ==The 1990s an later== Gall teuk a break frae singin in the early 1990s an did no record ony mair for several years tae come. She did, housomeivver, mak a album cried ''Double Jeu'' wi Berger. Follaein the release o ''Double Jeu'', Gall an Berger annooncit a series o concerts in various Parisian venues, such as [[La Cigale]] an [[Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy|Bercy]]. This project wis nearly cancelled bi Berger's daith frae a hert attack on 2 August 1992. Awtho Gall wis strangly affectit bi Berger's daith, she wantit tae complete the project they haed planned. Housomeivver, she decidit tae commit tae the performances at the [[Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy|Bercy]] an promotit the sangs that she an Berger creatit thegither. Housomeivver, Gall wis diagnosed wi breast cancer in Apryle 1993, which wis successfully treatit. She feenally performit at the [[Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy|Bercy]] in September. Aw the sangs she performit wur written bi [[Michel Berger]] frae ''Double Jeu'', an frae their discographies. A year later, she went back on stage an performit in a new show in the [[Pleyel]] in Paris featurin new muisickers. The repertoire featurt sangs written exclusively bi Berger tho Gall includit her awn versions o sangs oreeginally performit bi ithers. In 1996, Gall askit [[Jean-Luc Godard]] tae produce the video clip o her sang "''Plus haut''", taken frae her album "''France''". Godard initially refused Gall's affer but later agreed, an directit a dreamy, picturesque video entitled "''Plus Oh!''" near his residence in [[Rolle]], [[Swisserland]]. It wis gie its first an anerly airin on 20 Apryle 1996 on the French telly channel [[Métropole 6|M6]]. Efter a year in Los Angeles, she released her aicht studio album, ''France'' in 1996. The album featurt Gall's ain interpretations o some o Michel Berger's sangs. In 1996, Gall finally decidit tae appear as a heidline airtist at the legendar venue for French airtists, the [[Paris Olympia]]. In 1997, she annooncit her retirement an recordit a unpluggit show for French telly showcasin sangs frae her feenal album. In Dizember 1997, Pauline, Gall's elder dochter wi Michel Berger, dee'd o complications o [[cystic fibrosis]]. Her illness wis niver made public. Her son Raphael is a muisic supervisor. Syne the daith o her dochter Gall haes made anerly occasional public appearances. As a farewell tae her career, a documentar movie wis shot in 2001, ''France Gall par France Gall'', directit bi Eric Guéret. Nine million fowk tuned in tae watch the documentar when it aired on French telly that year. She stagit an appeared in the 2007 France 2 documentar "Tous pour la musique" an aw markin the fifteent anniversar o Michel Berger's daith. She wis a patron for French charity [[Coeurs de Femmes]] – a group helpin hameless weemen. ==Discographie== ===Albums=== * ''[[Les Sucettes (album)|Les Sucettes]]'' (1965) * ''[[Baby Pop (music album)|Baby Pop]]'' (1966) * ''1968'' (1967) * ''France Gall'' (6 Januar 1976) * ''[[Dancing disco]]'' (27 Apryle 1977) * ''[[France Gall Live]]'' (live album, 9 November 1978) * ''[[Starmania (musical)|Starmania]]'' (various artists) (16 October 1978) * ''Paris, France'' (19 Mey 1980) * ''[[Tout pour la musique]]'' (10 December 1981) * ''[[Palais des Sports (music album)|Palais des Sports]]'' (live album, 4 November 1982) * ''[[Débranche]]'' (2 Apryle 1984) * ''[[France Gall au Zénith]]'' (live album, 4 Februar 1985) * ''[[Babacar (France Gall album)|Babacar]]'' (19 Februar 1987) * ''[[Le Tour de France 88]]'' (live album, 7 November 1988) * ''[[Double jeu]]'' (wi [[Michel Berger]], 12 Juin 1992) * ''Simple je (Débranchée à Bercy 93)'' (live album, 29 October 1993) * ''Simple je (Rebranchée à Bercy 93)'' (live album, 28 Januar 1994) * ''[[Pleyel (music album)]]'' (live album, concert recordit in 1994, published in Dizember 2005) * ''France'' (29 Mairch 1996) * ''Concert public (live, Olympia 1996) & Concert privé (Concert acoustique TV [[Métropole Télévision|M6]] 1997)'' (24 Apryle 1997) * ''[[Best of France Gall]]'' (compilation, 15 Juin 2004) * ''[[Évidemment (music album)|Évidemment]]'' (compilation, 7 October 2004) ===Singles=== * October 1963 – "Ne sois pas si bête", adaptation bi [[Pierre Delanoë]] of "Stand a little closer", oreeginal words an music bi [[Jack Wolf (sangwriter)|Jack Wolf]] an [[Maurice "Bugs" Bower]] * 1964 – "N'écoute pas les idoles", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1964 – "Jazz à gogo", words bi [[Robert Gall]] music bi [[Alain Goraguer]] * 1964 – "[[Laisse tomber les filles]]", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1964 – "Sacré Charlemagne", words bi Robert Gall an music bi [[Georges Liferman]] * 1965 – "[[Poupée de cire, poupée de son]]", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1965 – "Attends ou va-t'en", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1965 – "Nous ne sommes pas des anges", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1965 – "Baby pop", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1966 – "[[Les Sucettes]]", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1967 – "Néfertiti", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1967 – "Bébé requin", words bi [[Jean-Michel Rivat]] an Frank Thomas, music bi [[Joe Dassin]] * 1967 – "Toi que je veux", words bi [[Jean-Michel Rivat]] an Frank Thomas, music bi [[Joe Dassin]] * 1968 – "Le Temps du tempo", words bi Robert Gall an music bi [[Alain Goraguer]] * 1968 – "Y'a du soleil à vendre", words bi Robert Gall an music bi [[Hubert Giraud]] * 1968 – "24 / 36", words bi [[Jean-Michel Rivat]] an Frank Thomas, music bi [[Joe Dassin]] * 1969 – "Homme tout petit", words bi [[Jean-Michel Rivat]] an Frank Thomas, music bi [[Jean-Pierre Bourtayre]] * 1969 – "Les Années folles", adaptation bi [[Boris Bergman]] of the Breetish song "Gentlemen Please", oreeginal words an music bi Barbara Ruskin * 1969 – "Baci, baci, baci", adaptation bi [[Eddy Marnay]] frae Italian lyrics bi Sergio Bardotti an Claudio Tallino an music bi Franco an [[Giorgio Bracardi]] * 1970 – "Zozoï", words bi Robert Gall an music bi [[Nelson Angelo]] * 1970 – "Les Éléphants", words bi [[Jean Schmitt]] an music bi [[Jean Géral]] * 1971 – "C'est cela l'amour", words bi [[Jacques Lanzmann]] an music bi [[Paul-Jean Borowsky]] * 1971 – "Chasse neige", words bi [[Étienne Roda-Gil]] an music bi [[Julien Clerc]] * 1972 – "Frankenstein", words an music bi Gainsbourg * 1972 – "5 minutes d'amour", words bi [[Jean-Michel Rivat]] an Frank Thomas, music bi [[Roland Vincent]] * 1973 – "Plus haut que moi", adaptation bi [[Yves Dessca]] an [[Jean-Michel Rivat]] of "Maria vai com as outras" bi [[Toquinho]] an [[Vinicius de Moraes]] * 1973 – "Par Plaisir", words bi [[Yves Dessca]] an [[Jean-Michel Rivat]], music bi [[Roland Vincent]] * Mey 1974 – "La Déclaration d'amour", words an music bi Michel Hamburger (Michel Berger) * October 1974 – "Mais, aime la", words an music bi Berger * 1975 – "Comment lui dire", words an music bi Berger * Apryle 1976 – "Ce soir je ne dors pas" * Juin 1976 – " Ça balance pas mal à Paris" (duet wi Michel Berger), words an music bi Berger * Mey 1977 – "Musique", words an music bi Berger * October 1977 – "Si, maman si" * Januar 1978 – "Le meilleur de soi-même" * Mairch 1978 – "Viens je t'emmène", words an music bi Berger * Januar 1979 – "Besoin d'amour", words bi [[Luc Plamondon]] an music bi Berger * Juin 1980 – "Il jouait du piano debout", words an music bi Berger * October 1980 – "Bébé, comme la vie", words an music bi Berger * October 1980 – "Donner pour donner" (duet wi [[Elton John]]), words bi Michel Berger an [[Bernie Taupin]], music bi Michel Berger – [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=France+Gall&cs_page=5&cs_order=0&num_notice=42&total_notices=65 Archives INA : Reportage Antenne 2, 1981] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011195205/http://ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=France+Gall&cs_page=5&cs_order=0&num_notice=42&total_notices=65 |date=2007-10-11 }} * 1981 – "Tout pour la musique", words an music bi Berger * 1981 – "Résiste", words an music bi Berger * Mey 1981 – "Amor También", words an music bi Berger * 6 Apryle 1984 – "Débranche", words an music bi Berger * 17 September 1984 – "Hong Kong Star", words an music bi Berger – [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=France+Gall&cs_page=2&cs_order=0&num_notice=21&total_notices=65 Archives INA : Extrait de "Hong Kong Star", Antenne 2, 1984] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211527/http://ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=France+Gall&cs_page=2&cs_order=0&num_notice=21&total_notices=65 |date=2007-10-11 }} FR #6 * 4 Februar 1984 – "Calypso", words an music bi Berger * 20 Mey 1984 – "Cézanne peint", words an music bi Berger * 3 Apryle 1987 – "[[Babacar (song)|Babacar]]", words an music bi Berger FR #11 GER #14 * 24 August 1987 – "[[Ella, elle l'a]]", words an music bi Berger FR #2 GER #1 NL #38 * 7 Mairch 1988 – "[[Évidemment]]", words an music bi Berger * 12 September 1988 – "Papillon de nuit", words an music bi Berger * 20 Mairch 1989 – "La chanson d'Azima" * 29 Mey 1992 – "Laissez passez les rêves", words an music bi Berger, duet wi Michel Berger * 12 October 1992 – "Superficiel et léger" * 15 Januar 1993 – "Les élans du coeur" * 6 Mey 1993 – "Mademoiselle Chang" (live) * 5 November 1993 – "Si, maman si" (live) * December 1993 – "Il jouait du piano debout" (live) * 2 Februar 1994 – "La négresse blonde" (live) * 15 Mairch 1994 – "Paradis Blanc" (live) * 14 November 1994 – "Les princes des villes" * 15 Mairch 1996 – "Plus haut" * 5 November 1996 – "Privée d'amour" * 25 October 1996 – "Message personnel" * 14 Februar 1997 – "Résiste" (remix) * 15 Mey 1997 – "Attends ou va-t'en" (live) * 2004 – "Zozoï" – Reissue of 1970 single * 20 August 2004 – "La seule chose qui compte" ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.ina.fr/recherche/search?search=france+gall&vue=Video&x=0&y=0 Clips from INA archives] * [http://www.francegall.fr Official website managed by WEA Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011002225/http://www.francegall.fr/ |date=2004-10-11 }} (offline) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040206023836/http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6153.asp France Gall biography on RFI] (offline) * [http://www.gainsbourg.org/vrsn3/html/disco/interpretes/interpretes_francegall.html A Tribute to Gainsbourg: France Gall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105012444/http://www.gainsbourg.org/vrsn3/html/disco/interpretes/interpretes_francegall.html |date=2004-11-05 }} (offline) * [http://153614.aceboard.fr French forum o France Gall & Michel Berger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520175139/http://153614.aceboard.fr/ |date=2006-05-20 }} {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | before={{flagicon|Italy}} [[Gigliola Cinquetti]]<br/>with "[[Non ho l'età]]" | title=[[:en:List of Eurovision Sang Contest winners|Winner o the Eurovision Song Contest]] | years=[[:en:Eurovision Song Contest 1965|1965]] | after={{flagicon|Austria}} [[Udo Jürgens]]<br/>with "[[Merci, Chérie]]" }} {{succession box | before=[[Hugues Aufray]] | title=[[Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest]] | years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 1965|1965]] | after=[[Michèle Torr]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{commons category|France Gall}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gall, France}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:2018 daiths]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Paris]] [[Category:French bairn sangsters]] [[Category:French female sangsters]] [[Category:German-leid sangsters]] [[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest winners]] [[Category:Luxembourgian Eurovision Sang Contest entrants]] [[Category:Eurovision Sang Contest entrants o 1965]] [[Category:Philips Records airtists]] 2l5y9vi9f04knd26oaxv26kpkcbz42h 0 80167 923368 907402 2026-09-26T01:08:35Z ~2026-51755-79 137783 /* */ typo correction 923368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Carlo Ancelotti |image = Carlo Ancelotti 2016 (cropped).jpg |image_size = 200 |caption = Ancelotti as [[F.C. Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] manager in 2016 |fullname = Carlo Ancelotti<ref name=BDFutbol>{{cite web |url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/l/l95279.html |title=Ancelotti: Carlo Ancelotti: Manager |publisher=BDFutbol |accessdate=28 December 2017}}</ref> |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|6|10|df=y}}<ref name=BDFutbol/> |birth_place = [[Reggiolo]], Italy<ref name=BDFutbol/> |height = 1.80 m<ref name=BDFutbol/> |currentclub = [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] (manager) | youthyears1 = 1973–1975 | youthclubs1 = Reggiolo | youthyears2 = 1975–1976 | youthclubs2 = [[Parma F.C.|Parma]] | years1 = 1976–1979 | clubs1 = [[Parma F.C.|Parma]] |caps1 = 55 |goals1 = 13 | years2 = 1979–1987 | clubs2 = [[A.S. Roma|Roma]] |caps2 = 171 |goals2 = 12 | years3 = 1987–1992 | clubs3 = [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |caps3 = 112 |goals3 = 10 | totalcaps = 338 | totalgoals = 35 | nationalyears1 = 1981–1991 | nationalteam1 = [[Italy naitional fitbaw team|Italy]] |nationalcaps1 = 26 |nationalgoals1 = 1 |manageryears1 = 1995–1996 |managerclubs1 = [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]] |manageryears2 = 1996–1998 |managerclubs2 = [[S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] |manageryears3 = 1999–2001 |managerclubs3 = [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |manageryears4 = 2001–2009 |managerclubs4 = [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] |manageryears5 = 2009–2011 |managerclubs5 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] |manageryears6 = 2011–2013 |managerclubs6 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] |manageryears7 = 2013–2015 |managerclubs7 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] |manageryears8 = 2016–2017 |managerclubs8 = [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] |manageryears9 = 2018–2019 |managerclubs9 = [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] |manageryears10 = 2019–2021 |managerclubs10 = [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] |manageryears11 = 2021–2025 |managerclubs11=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|managerclubs12=[[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]]|manageryears12=2025–}} '''Carlo Ancelotti''' <small>[[Order o the Starn o Italian Solidarity|OSI]]</small><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.instagram.com/p/BBklxO7u2r_/ | title = Carlo Ancelotti official on Instagram: "Oggi ho ricevuto l'onorificenza di Ufficiale dell'Ordine della Stella d'Italia dalle mani del mio amico ambasciatore Pietro Sebastiani. Un…" | website = Instagram | access-date = 10 February 2016}}</ref> ({{IPA-it|ˈkarlo antʃeˈlɔtti}}; born 10 Juin 1959) is an Italian [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] [[Manager (association fitbaw)|manager]] an umwhile player. ==Club career== Ancelotti begoud his career in 1974 wi [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]. In 1979, he transferred tae [[A.S. Roma|Roma]], as caiptain an midfielder, whaur he wan the [[Leet o Italian fitbaw champions|Italian championship]] in 1983, the [[Coppa Italia]] fower times, an helpit Roma tae reach the [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup feenal in 1984]]. Frae 1987 til 1992, he pleyed for [[A.C. Milan|Milan]], an wis pairt o the squad that wan consecutive [[UEFA Champions League|European Cups]] in [[:eN:1988–89 European Cup|1989]] an [[:en:1989–90 European Cup|1990]]. Durin this time, Milan pleyed wi ane o thair finest teams iver assembled in that decade, wi [[Paolo Maldini]], [[Franco Baresi]], [[Mauro Tassotti]], an [[Alessandro Costacurta]] as defenders; [[Frank Rijkaard]], [[Ruud Gullit]], an [[Roberto Donadoni]] as midfielders; an [[Marco van Basten]] upfront. His finest moment wi Milan wis whan he receivit a pass frae Ruud Gullit, dribbled aroond twa [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] pleyers, an nettit a pouerful lang-range shot durin the ''Rossoneri's'' 5–0 thrashin o Real Madrid in the [[:en:1988–89 European Cup#Semi-finals|1989 European Cup semi-feenals]]. He went on tae pley aw 90 minutes in Milan's 4–0 dismantlin o [[FC Steaua București|Steaua Bucureşti]] in the [[:en:1989 European Cup Final|feenal]]. ==International career== Ancelotti made his [[Italy naitional fitbaw team|Italian naitional team]] debut an scored his first an anely goal on 6 Januar 1981 in a [[1980 Mundialito|ane-aff toornament]] agin the [[Netherlands naitional fitbaw team|Netherlands]], that endit in a 1–1 draw. He wis verra likely tae be capped for the [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup|1982 Warld Cup campaign]], but a dramatic knee injury forced him awa for seevral month. He later went on tae appear in the [[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990 Warld Cup]], an wis pairt o Italy's Warld Cup squad in the [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986 Warld Cup]]; whaur he didnae get ony appearances. Ancelotti makkit a tot o 26 performances, scorin ane goal for Italy, a law richt fuitit shot agin [[Netherlands naitional fitbaw team|Holland]] in the [[1980 Mundialito]]. He annoonced his retirement frae internaitional fitbaw in 1991. <!-- ==Managerial career== ===Early years=== A student at [[Coverciano]], where he penned a research article entitled ''"Il Futuro del Calcio: Più Dinamicità"''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/football_focus/8476119.stm|title=England learn from Italy's national training centre |last=Roan|first=Dan|date=18 May 2010|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=18 May 2010}}</ref> ('''Scots''': ''The Futur o Fitbaw: Mair Dynamism'') Ancelotti began his managerial career with [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]] in 1995, where Reggiana achieved promotion to [[Serie A]]. He left the following year, however, for [[Parma F.C.|Parma]], which included future Italy stars [[Gianluigi Buffon]] and [[Fabio Cannavaro]]. Parma finished second in the [[1996–97 Serie A|1996–97 season]], which guaranteed them a [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League place]]. The [[1997–98 Serie A|following season]], Ancelotti guided them tae a fift place, qualifyin for the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]. In 1999, he was appointed [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] manager, where he both succeeded and preceded [[Marcello Lippi]], who returned to the club when Ancelotti left. Ancelotti's season began promisingly, winning the [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|Intertoto Cup]] by beating the red light [[Stade Rennais F.C.|Rennes]] 4–2 on aggregate. The following season, however, he went trophyless, finishing runner-up twice in the [[Serie A]]. He was brutally sacked by Juventus. Ancelotti's dismissal was announced by Juventus at halftime in the final league game of the season, even though they were still in with a chance of winning the title. ===Milan=== [[File:AC Milan team celebrate.jpg|thumb|300px|[[A.C. Milan]] celebrates the victory of UEFA Champions League 2007 in Athens]] Ancelotti was appointed [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] manager on 6 November 2001, after [[Fatih Terim]] was sacked due to poor results. He was inheriting another recently trophyless team in Milan, as the ''Rossoneri'' had floundered domestically and in Europe since their last ''[[List of Italian football champions|Scudetto]]'' victory in 1999. In his first full season, Ancelotti soon had Milan back in [[UEFA club competition records|European competition]], leading them to the [[2001–02 UEFA Cup#Semi-finals|semi-finals]] of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup. The following season, Ancelotti, who was heavily criticized by club owner [[Silvio Berlusconi]] due to his defensive tactics, was able to adopt a creative play in Milan while making several roster changes. He made [[Dida (goalkeeper)|Dida]], still maligned for his [[2000–01 UEFA Champions League|2000–01 Champions League]] howler against [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], his new starting goalkeeper barely a month into the [[2002–03 Serie A|2002–03 season]], while converting budding attacking midfielder [[Andrea Pirlo]] to a defensive playmaker and playing him behind [[Rui Costa]]. At the same time, [[Filippo Inzaghi]] and [[Andriy Shevchenko]] were dominant and dynamic. Milan won the [[2003 UEFA Champions League Final]], beating Juventus 3–2 on penalties at [[Old Trafford]] and also won the [[2003 Coppa Italia Final]]. It was a sweet revenge for him as Juventus brutally sacked him and to add insult, Marcello Lippi was re-hired for a second tenure and won back to back Serie A titles. The following season, Milan took home the ''Scudetto'' in [[2003–04 Serie A|2004]]. Under Ancelotti's reign, Milan were also back-to-back Serie A runners-up to Juventus in [[2004–05 Serie A|2004–05]] and [[2005–06 Serie A|2005–06]] (both ''Scudettis'' were later wiped from the record books of Juventus due to Juventus's involvement in the ''[[2006 Italian football scandal|Calciopoli]]'' scandal) and lost the [[2005 UEFA Champions League Final]] to [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], losing 2–3 on penalties after a 3–3 draw in normal time; having been 3–0 up at halftime. Two years later, though, Milan avenged their defeat to Liverpool with a 2–1 win at the [[Olympic Stadium (Athens)|Olympic Stadium]] in Athens in the [[2007 UEFA Champions League Final]], leading to Ancelotti's second Champions League trophy as Milan coach and his fourth title overall, having also won it twice as a Milan player in [[1989 European Cup Final|1989]] and [[1990 European Cup Final|1990]]. He also won the [[FIFA Club World Cup]] in [[2007 FIFA Club World Cup|2007]], the first manager to do so with a European club. Ancelotti announced his resignation from Milan less than an hour following their 2–0 victory over [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] on 31 May 2009. ===Chelsea=== [[File:Ancellotidouble.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ancelloti celebrates Chelsea's first [[Premier League|League]] and [[FA Cup|Cup]] double with team captain [[John Terry]]]] On 1 June 2009, Ancelotti succeeded interim manager [[Guus Hiddink]] when he was confirmed as the new [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] [[List of Chelsea F.C. managers|manager]] after agreeing to a three-year contract, and formally assumed his duties on 1 July.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/8076779.stm "Ancelotti appointed Chelsea boss"]. ''BBC Sport''. 1 June 2009.</ref> His salary at Chelsea was initially reported to be more than [[Pound sterling|£]]5 million per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/5345684/Carlo-Ancelotti-lines-up-English-lessons-for-Chelsea-job.html|title=Carlo Ancelotti lines up English lessons for Chelsea job|date=19 May 2009|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Ancelotti became the club's fourth permanent manager in 21 months, following [[José Mourinho]], [[Avram Grant]], and [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]]. He was also the third [[Italians|Italian]] to manage Chelsea, after [[Gianluca Vialli]] and [[Claudio Ranieri]]. On 9 August 2009, Ancelotti won his first trophy as Chelsea manager, the [[2009 FA Community Shield|Community Shield]], beating [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] on penalties, following a 2–2 draw. His first [[Premier League|Premier League game]] in charge of the Blues ended in a 2–1 home victory over [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] on 15 August 2009. Chelsea lost their first match under Ancelotti at the [[DW Stadium]] away to [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] on 26 September, losing 1–3. They were eliminated from the [[2009–10 Football League Cup|League Cup]] on 2 December, reaching the quarter-finals stage, after a penalty shootout defeat to [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] after a 3–3 draw at [[Ewood Park]]. In the Champions League, Ancelotti returned to the [[San Siro]] for the first time since his departure from Milan, when his team faced [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]], who was coached by, then, ex-Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho, at the [[2009–10 UEFA Champions League#Round of 16|Round of 16 stage]]. Ancelotti and Mourinho had a tense relationship from the previous season, as managers of Milan and Inter, respectively.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8522836.stm "Jose Mourinho reaches crossroads at Inter Milan"]. ''BBC Sport''. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2013.</ref> Chelsea was eliminated from the Champions League on 16 March 2010 after a 1–3 aggregate loss to Internazionale, having lost 1–2 away and 0–1 at [[Stamford Bridge (stadium)|Stamford Bridge]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8530208.stm "Inter Milan 2–1 Chelsea"]. ''BBC Sport''. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2013.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8568613.stm "Chelsea 0–1 Inter Milan (agg 1–3)"]. ''BBC Sport''. 16 March 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2013.</ref> On 9 May 2010, Ancelotti led Chelsea to the [[2009–10 Premier League|Premier League title]], beating Manchester United by one point and setting scoring records. The team finished the campaign with 103 goals, becoming the first team in the Premier League to score more than 100 goals in a season, and the first since [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] in the [[1962–63 Football League#First Division|1962–63 season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/8663686.stm|title=Chelsea 8 – 0 Wigan|date=9 May 2010|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Phil|last=McNulty|location=[[Stamford Bridge (stadium)|Stamford Bridge]], London|accessdate=10 May 2010}}</ref> Chelsea secured the title with an 8–0 victory over Wigan at Stamford Bridge.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=269758&league=ENG.1&cc=5739|title=Chelsea break records to win title|date=9 May 2010|publisher=[[ESPN FC|ESPN Soccernet]]|accessdate=10 May 2010}}</ref> Ancelotti also became the first Italian manager to win the Premier League<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/articolo.php?id=101065|title=Ancelotti, primo scudetto inglese|date=9 May 2010|accessdate=14 May 2010|work=[[Il Messaggero]]|language=Italian}}</ref> and only the fifth manager overall in the league's 18 seasons. On 15 May 2010, Ancelotti led Chelsea to victory in the [[2010 FA Cup Final|2009–10 FA Cup]], beating [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] 1–0 in the final at [[Wembley Stadium|Wembley]]; Chelsea's third victory in the [[FA Cup]] in four years, equaling a record set by [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] between 2002 and 2005. The Cup win secured Chelsea's first ever domestic ''[[Double (association football)|double]]''. [[File:Carlo Ancelotti in Moscow.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ancelotti with [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in 2010]] The [[2010–11 Chelsea F.C. season|following season]], after having lost to Manchester United in the [[2010 FA Community Shield]] in August, Ancelotti led Chelsea to the top of the table on the first weekend of the season thanks to a 6–0 rout of newly promoted [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]. Chelsea followed up this result with another 6–0 win, this time over Wigan, whilst [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] were beaten 2–0 in the next match. Chelsea had a good start to the season, winning their first five matches. Chelsea then lost 3–4 against [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] on 23 September 2010 in the League Cup. They then went on to lose against [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in the [[Premier League]] 0–1 after a cleverly taken strike by Man City captain [[Carlos Tevez]]. Chelsea made a good start in Europe by beating [[MŠK Žilina|Žilina]] and [[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]] 4–1 and 2–0, respectively, in the [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League]]. Chelsea then defeated fourth-placed Arsenal 2–0 on 3 October 2010, courtesy of a goal from [[Didier Drogba]] and a free-kick by defender [[Alex Rodrigo Dias da Costa|Alex]]. Chelsea's next defeat of the season came against Liverpool at [[Anfield]] on 7 November 2010, where they lost 0–2 with both goals coming from [[Fernando Torres]]. A week later, Chelsea suffered their second Premier League defeat in three matches with a remarkable 0–3 home defeat to [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]. In their following five league games, they lost two and drew three games, culminating in a 1–3 loss to Arsenal at the [[Emirates Stadium]]. On 5 January 2011, Chelsea suffered a shock 0–1 defeat at struggling [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]], leaving them fifth in the League and in real danger of missing out on a Champions League place for the first time since 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/premier-league/7943895/Wolverhampton-Wanderers-1-Chelsea-0-match-report.html|title= Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 Chelsea 0|date=5 January 2011|work=Daily Telegraph|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref> This result led to Ancelotti ruling out Chelsea's chances of retaining the title, insisting that he did not fear that he would be sacked.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/8242547/Carlo-Ancelotti-keen-to-remain-at-Chelsea-despite-clubs-current-run-of-poor-results.html|title= Carlo Ancelotti keen to remain at Chelsea despite club's current run of poor results|date=5 January 2011|work=Daily Telegraph|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref> But after this match, however, Chelsea's form began to improve. First with a 7–0 thrashing of [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]] in the FA Cup at Stamford Bridge and then a 2–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers, followed by emphatic away wins against [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] and Sunderland, putting them in fourth position in the league, still 10 points behind leaders Manchester United, though. On 31 January 2011, Chelsea signed Liverpool striker Fernando Torres for a [[Progression of British football transfer fee record|British record]] £50 million and [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] defender [[David Luiz]] for £22 million. Chelsea lost 0–1 to Liverpool at Stamford Bridge but beat league leaders Manchester United on 1 March in a 2–1 comeback win that saw David Luiz net his first goal for Chelsea, which was followed by a 3–1 win away to [[Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]]. Chelsea were later defeated by Manchester United at home and away ''(aggregate of 1–3)'' in the Champions League [[2010–11 UEFA Champions League#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]]. Following their defeat in the Champions League Chelsea made a remarkable comeback in the league, defeating Wigan 1–0 at home, West Bromwich Albion 3–1 away, [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]] 3–1, [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] 3–0 and Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 at home. Chelsea, who at some point were fifth and 15 points behind leaders Manchester United, vaulted into the second position the league, just three points behind them with three games left of the season. On 8 May, however, Chelsea lost 1–2 against Manchester United at Old Trafford to stay second in the league, now six points behind the leaders with just two more games to play.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/9475025.stm|title= Man Utd 2 – 1 Chelsea|date=8 May 2011|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref> Ancelotti was sacked less than two hours after a 0–1 away defeat against [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] on 22 May, the last match of the season.<ref name="BBC13494528">{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13494528.stm | title = Carlo Ancelotti is sacked as Chelsea manager | work = BBC Sport | date = 22 May 2011 | accessdate = 22 May 2011 }}</ref> He was earning £6.5 million per year at Chelsea just before his departure from the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therichest.org/celebnetworth/athletes/coach/carlo-ancelotti-net-worth/|title=Carlo Ancelotti Net Worth|publisher=The Richest|accessdate=22 March 2012}}{{better source|date=January 2014}}</ref> He reportedly received a severance payment of £6 million from [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]].<ref name="yahoo"/> ===Paris Saint-Germain=== [[File:Carlo Ancelotti PSG.jpg|thumb|150px|Carlo Ancelotti coaching [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|PSG]] in November 2012]] On 30 December 2011, with [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG) at the top of the [[2011–12 Ligue 1|Ligue 1]] with three points down to [[Montpellier HSC|Montpellier]], Ancelotti was appointed as the new [[List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. managers|manager]] of the club on the same day as their previous manager, [[Antoine Kombouaré]], was released from his contract. His salary at PSG was reported to be €6 million per year.<ref name="yahoo">{{cite news|url=http://www.footmercato.net/autre-championnat/le-top-10-des-entraineurs-les-mieux-payes-du-monde_82175|language=French| work=Foot Mercato| title=Le Top 10 des entraîneurs les mieux payés du monde| date=20 March 2012}}</ref> On 21 March 2012, Ancelotti experienced his first defeat in charge of PSG as the club fell to a 1–3 defeat at the hands of [[Olympique Lyonnais|Lyon]] in a [[Coupe de France]] [[2011–12 Coupe de France#Quarter-finals|quarter-final]] match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/77026/psg-vs-o-lyon/report|publisher=[[Goal.com]]|title=Paris Saint-Germain 1–3 Lyon: Ancelotti suffers first defeat in charge of PSG| date=21 March 2012}}</ref> 10 days later, PSG suffered their first [[Ligue 1]] defeat under Ancelotti when they lost 1–2 away to [[AS Nancy-Lorraine|Nancy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/61213/as-nancy-lorraine-vs-psg/report|publisher=Goal.com|title=Nancy 2–1 Paris Saint-Germain: Mollo strikes late as Ancelotti’s side suffers title setback| date=31 March 2012}}</ref> PSG ended up as [[Runner-up|runners-up]] in Ligue 1 in Ancelotti's [[2011–12 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|first season]] in charge three points behind winners Montpellier. During Ancelotti's first full season at the club, PSG entered the winter break at the top of the [[2012–13 Ligue 1|Ligue 1]] table ahead of Lyon and Marseille on goal difference. They clinched the Ligue 1 title on 12 May 2013 with two matches to spare.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22506180|title= David Beckham's Paris St-Germain clinch French title|date=12 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/342602/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739 |title= PSG wrap up title|date=12 May 2013|publisher=[[ESPN FC]]|accessdate=14 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://espnfc.com/blog/_/name/parissaint-germain/id/1073?cc=5739|title=PSG's 19-year wait for a third title is over|date=12 May 2013|publisher=ESPN FC|accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref> The club also reached the quarter-final of the [[2012–13 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]], where they lost to [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] on the away goals rule (3–3 on aggregate). On 19 May 2013, Ancelotti asked to leave the club and set to [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Real Madrid target Carlo Ancelotti asks to leave PSG|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22590553|accessdate=20 May 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=19 May 2013}}</ref> ===Real Madrid=== On 25 June 2013, Ancelotti became the manager of [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] as the replacement for the departing [[José Mourinho]], signing a three-year deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/Actualidad_Primer_Equipo_en/1330152799545/noticia/Noticia/Carlo_Ancelotti,_new_Real_Madrid_coach.htm|title=Carlo Ancelotti, new Real Madrid coach|date=25 June 2013|accessdate=25 June 2013|publisher=Real Madrid C.F.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/11/transfer-zone/2013/06/25/4072969/official-real-madrid-confirm-ancelotti-signing|title=Official: Real Madrid confirm Ancelotti signing|date=25 June 2013|accessdate=25 June 2013|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> He was introduced at a press conference at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]], where it was also announced that [[Zinedine Zidane]] and [[Paul Clement (football coach)|Paul Clement]] will be his assistant coaches. Shortly following his arrival, Real Madrid confirmed the signing of [[Isco]] for a fee of €24 million which was followed by the signing of [[Asier Illarramendi]] for €32 million. Argentinean striker [[Gonzalo Higuain]] also left the club for €40 million to [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]. This paved way for a new world record signing in [[Gareth Bale]] £86 million (105 million euros).<ref>http://news.sky.com/story/1135860/gareth-bale-spurs-real-madrid-move-confirmed</ref> In Ancelotti's first league game in charge on 18 August 2013, Real Madrid won 2–1 at home against [[Real Betis]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/aug/18/real-madrid-real-betis-isco|title= Real Madrid give Carlo Ancelotti winning start after Isco's dream debut|date=18 August 2013|work=Guardian|accessdate=19 August 2013 }}</ref> On 16 April 2014, Ancelotti won his first major trophy as Real Madrid manager after they defeated [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] 2–1 in the [[2013–14 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]] [[2014 Copa del Rey Final|final]] held at the [[Estadio Mestalla]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jenson|first=Pete|date=16 April 2014|title=Barcelona 1–2 Real Madrid: Gareth Bale scores stunning late winner to clinch Copa del Rey and win first trophy in Spain|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2606250/Barcelona-1-2-Real-Madrid-match-report-Gareth-Bale-scores-stunning-late-winner-clinch-Copa-del-Rey-win-trophy-Spain.html|publisher=''Daily Mail''|accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref> On 29 April, Real Madrid defeated [[Bayern Munich]] in the semi-finals of the [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] by an aggregate score of 5–0 (1–0 in Madrid and 0–4 in Munich), with ''Los Blancos'' reaching their first final since they last won the competition in [[2001–02 UEFA Champions League|2002]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Borden|first=Sam|title=Real Madrid Routs Bayern Munich in Champions League|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/30/sports/soccer/real-madrid-routs-bayern-munich-in-champion-league.html?_r=0&referrer=|publisher=''New York Times''|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> On 24 May, Real Madrid won their tenth Champions League trophy after defeating [[Atlético Madrid]] in the [[2014 UEFA Champions League Final|final]] 4–1 in extra time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Daniel|date=24 May 2014|title=Gareth Bale inspires Real Madrid's extra-time barrage to crush Atlético|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/may/24/real-madrid-atletico-madrid-champions-league|publisher=''The Guardian''|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> He became only the second manager after Liverpool's [[Bob Paisley]] to win the competition on three occasions & the only man to ever win the Champions League/European Cup twice as a player & three times as a manager. On 12 August, Ancelotti won another European cup, leading Real Madrid to a 2-0 victory over Sevilla in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup. --> ==Private== Ancelotti haes 2 childer: a dochter, Katia, an a son, Davide, that pleyed in the [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] youth team an later jyned [[A.S.D.C. Borgomanero|Borgomanero]] in Juin 2008 an aw.<ref name="gazzettareggio">{{cite news |url=http://gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it/dettaglio/carlo-e-luisa-c-eravamo-tanto-amati/1532979 |work=Gazzetta di Reggio |title=Carlo e Luisa, c'eravamo tanto amati |date=24 October 2008 |accessdate=2 June 2009 |language=Italian |archive-date=2013-02-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218094040/http://gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it/dettaglio/carlo-e-luisa-c-eravamo-tanto-amati/1532979 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Honours== ===Player=== ;Roma *[[Serie A]]: [[:en:1982-83 Serie A|1982–83]] *[[Coppa Italia]] (4): [[Coppa Italia|1979–80]], [[Coppa Italia|1980–81]], [[Coppa Italia|1983–84]], [[1985–86 Coppa Italia|1985–86]] ;Milan *[[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] (2): [[:en:1988–89 European Cup|1988–89]], [[1989–90 European Cup|1989–90]] *[[UEFA Super Cup]] (2): [[1989 European Super Cup|1989]], [[1990 European Super Cup|1990]] *[[Serie A]] (2): [[:en:1987–88 Serie A|1987–88]], [[:en:1991–92 Serie A|1991–92]] *[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[:en:1988 Supercoppa Italiana|1988]] *[[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cup]] (2): [[:en:1989 Intercontinental Cup|1989]], [[:en:1990 Intercontinental Cup|1990]] ===Manager=== ;Juventus *[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]: [[:en:1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup|1999]] ;Milan *[[UEFA Champions League]] (2): [[2002–03 UEFA Champions League|2002–03]], [[2006–07 UEFA Champions League|2006–07]] *[[UEFA Super Cup]] (2): [[2003 UEFA Super Cup|2003]], [[2007 UEFA Super Cup|2007]] *[[FIFA Club World Cup]]: [[2007 FIFA Club World Cup|2007]] *[[Serie A]]: [[2003–04 Serie A|2003–04]] *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[2002–03 Coppa Italia|2002–03]] *[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[2004 Supercoppa Italiana|2004]] ;Chelsea *[[Premier League]]: [[:en:2009–10 Premier League|2009–10]] *[[FA Cup]]: [[2009–10 FA Cup|2009–10]] *[[FA Community Shield]]: [[2009 FA Community Shield|2009]] ;Paris Saint-Germain *[[Ligue 1]]: [[:en:2012–13 Ligue 1|2012–13]] ;Real Madrid *[[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|2013–14]], 2021-22, 2023-24 *[[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2014 UEFA Super Cup|2014]], 2022, 2024 *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[:eN:2013–14 Copa del Rey|2013–14]], 2022-23 *[[Club World Cup]]: 2014, 2022, 2024 ;Bayern Munich *[[Bundesliga]]: 2016-17 *German Super Cup: 2017, 2018 ===Individual=== *[[Serie A Coach o the Year]] (2): [[Serie A Coach of the Year|2001]], [[Serie A Coach o the Year|2004]] *[[Albo Panchina d'Oro]] (2): [[Albo Panchina d'Oro|2002–03]], [[Albo Panchina d'Oro|2003–04]] *[[Trophées UNFP du football|Ligue 1 Manager of the Year]] (1): [[Trophées UNFP du football|2012–13]] *[[Premier League Manager of the Month]] (4): [[Premier League Manager of the Month|November 2009]], [[Premier League Manager of the Month|August 2010]], [[Premier League Manager of the Month|Mairch 2011]], [[Premier League Manager of the Month|Apryle 2011]] *[[:en:UEFA Club Football Awards|UEFA Manager of the Year]]: [[:eN:UEFA Club Football Awards|2002–03]] *[[IFFHS World's Best Club Coach]]: [[:eN:International Federation of Football History & Statistics|2007]] *[[:en:World Soccer (magazine)|World Soccer Magazine Manager of the Year]]: [[World Soccer (magazine)|2003]] ==Statistics== ===Player=== <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.carlo.ancelotti.2345.en.html|title=Ancelotti's career Stats|publisher=Football Database.eu|accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/calciatore?p_p_id=BDC_dettaglio_calciatore_WAR_LegaCalcioBDC&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2&_BDC_dettaglio_calciatore_WAR_LegaCalcioBDC_idPersona=738|title=Ancelotti's league Stats|publisher=[[Lega Serie A]]|accessdate=10 May 2013|archive-date=2014-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111155419/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/calciatore?p_p_id=BDC_dettaglio_calciatore_WAR_LegaCalcioBDC&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2&_BDC_dettaglio_calciatore_WAR_LegaCalcioBDC_idPersona=738|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=43192/profile/index.html|title=Ancelotti's UEFA Stats|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=10 May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Saison !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Diveesion !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Ither !colspan="2"|Tot |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- ! colspan=3 | Italy ! colspan=2 | League ! colspan=2 | [[Coppa Italia]] ! colspan=2 | [[UEFA|Europe]]<ref group="n">Includes '''[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]''' ([[1980–81 European Cup Winners' Cup|1980–81]], [[1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup|1981–82]], [[1984–85 European Cup Winners' Cup|1984–85]] and [[1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup|1986–87]]), '''[[UEFA Cup]]''' ([[1982–83 UEFA Cup|1982–83]] and [[1987–88 UEFA Cup|1987–88]]) and '''[[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]''' ([[1983–84 European Cup|1983–84]], [[1988–89 European Cup|1988–89]], [[1989–90 European Cup|1989–90]] and [[1990–91 European Cup|1990–91]])</ref> ! colspan=2 | Ither<ref group="n">Includes [[Supercoppa Italiana]] ([[1988 Supercoppa Italiana|1988]]), [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] ([[1989 Intercontinental Cup|1989]]) and [[1990 European Super Cup]] ('''2''' apps.)</ref> ! colspan=2 | Tot |- ||1976–77||rowspan="3"|[[Parma F.C.|Parma]]||rowspan="2"|[[Lega Pro|Serie C]] |1||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||1||0 |- |1977–78 |21||8||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||21||9 |- |1978–79||[[Lega Pro Prima Divisione|Serie C1]] |33||5||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||33||5 |- |[[:en:1979–80 Serie A|1979–80]]||rowspan="8"|[[A.S. Roma|Roma]]||rowspan="8"|[[Serie A]] |27||3||9||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||36||3 |- |[[:en:1980–81 Serie A|1980–81]] |29||2||6||2||2||1||colspan="2"|–||37||5 |- |[[:en:1981–82 Serie A|1981–82]] |5||0||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|–||8||1 |- |[[:en:1982–83 Serie A|1982–83]] |23||2||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|–||32||2 |- |[[:en:1983–84 Serie A|1983–84]] |9||0||5||0||4||0||colspan="2"|–||18||0 |- |[[:en:1984–85 Serie A|1984–85]] |22||3||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|–||27||3 |- |[[:en:1985–86 Serie A|1985–86]] |29||0||4||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||33||0 |- |[[:en:1986–87 Serie A|1986–87]] |27||2||7||1||2||0||colspan="2"|–||36||3 |- |[[:en:1987–88 Serie A|1987–88]]||rowspan="5"|[[A.C. Milan|Milan]]||rowspan="5"|[[Serie A]] |27||2||7||0||4||0||colspan="2"|–||38||2 |- |[[:en:1988–89 Serie A|1988–89]] |28||2||2||0||7||1||1||0||38||3 |- |[[:en:1989–90 Serie A|1989–90]] |24||3||4||0||6||0||1||0||35||3 |- |[[:en:1990–91 Serie A|1990–91]] |21||1||4||0||4||0||2||0||31||1 |- |[[:en:1991–92 Serie A|1991–92]] |12||2||6||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||18||2 |- !rowspan=3 |Tot !colspan=2 |Parma !55!!13!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!55!!13 |- !colspan=2 |Roma !171!!12!!36!!3!!20!!2!!colspan="2"|—!!227!!17 |- !colspan=2 |Milan !112!!10!!23!!0!!21!!1!!4!!0!!160!!11 |- ! colspan="3"| Career tot !338!!35!!59!!3!!41!!3!!4!!0!!442!!41 |} ===Internaitional=== <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/ancelotti-intl.html|title=Carlo Ancelotti – Appearances in International matches|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]]|accessdate=7 May 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan=3 | [[Italy national football team|Italy national team]] |- !Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |1981||4||1 |- |1982||0||0 |- |1983||4||0 |- |1984||0||0 |- |1986||5||0 |- |1987||3||0 |- |1988||5||0 |- |1989||0||0 |- |1990||4||0 |- |1991||1||0 |- !Tot||26||1 |} ===Internaitional goals=== <ref>{{cite web|url=http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=457|title=Carlo Ancelotti|publisher=EU-Football.info|accessdate=7 May 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Goal !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition |- |align=center| 1. || 6 Januar 1981 || [[Estadio Centenario]], Montevideo, [[Uruguay]] || {{fb|NED}} ||align=center| '''1'''–0 ||align=center| 1–1 || [[1980 Mundialito]] |} ===Manager=== {{Updated|19 August 2014}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=1759|title=Carlo Ancelotti Managerial Statistics|publisher=Soccerbase|date=14 July 2012|accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.juworld.net/allenatori-scheda.asp?idallenatore=33|title=Carlo Ancelotti Juventus Statistics|publisher=Juworld.net|accessdate=7 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/players/ancelotti-coach-ec.html|title=Carlo Ancelotti – Coach in European Cups|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nr.soccerway.com/teams/france/paris-saint-germain-fc/886/matches/|title=PSG matches|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=14 May 2013|archive-date=2014-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044913/http://nr.soccerway.com/teams/france/paris-saint-germain-fc/886/matches/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan=2|Team !rowspan=2|Frae !rowspan=2|Tae !colspan=8|Record |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]] | 1 August 1995 | 31 Mey 1996 {{WDL|41|17|14|10|for=45|against=36|diff=yes}} |- | [[Parma F.C.|Parma]] | 1 August 1996 | 31 Mey 1998 {{WDL|87|42|27|18|for=124|against=85|diff=yes}} |- | [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | 9 Februar 1999<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/online/sport/ancelotti/annuncio/annuncio.html|title=Ancelotti si presenta:"Non farò rivoluzioni|work=[[la Repubblica]]|language=Italian|date=9 February 1999|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> | 31 Mey 2001 {{WDL|114|63|33|18|for=185|against=101|diff=yes}} |- | [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | 6 November 2001 | 31 Mey 2009 {{WDL|423|238|101|84|for=690|against=357|diff=yes}} |- | [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | 1 Julie 2009 | 22 Mey 2011 {{WDL|109|67|20|22|for=241|against=94|diff=yes}} |- | [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | 30 Dizember 2011 | 25 Juin 2013 {{WDL|77|49|19|9|for=153|against=64|diff=yes}} |- | [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | 25 Juin 2013 | ''Present'' {{WDL|62|47|9|6|for=164|against=50|diff=yes}} |- ! colspan=3|Career totals {{WDLtot|911|524|223|164|for=1611|against=787|diff=yes}} |} ==Notes== <references group="n" /> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} *[http://www.psg.fr/fr/Equipe-Pro/300003/Fiche-Staff/114/Ancelotti-Carlo PSG profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111155412/http://www.psg.fr/fr/Equipe-Pro/300003/Fiche-Staff/114/Ancelotti-Carlo |date=2014-01-11 }} (in French) *[http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/coaches/coach=43192/profile/index.html UEFA coach profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829221859/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/coaches/coach=43192/profile/index.html |date=2014-08-29 }} *{{FIFA player|174348}} {{Navboxes colour |title= Awairds |bg= gold |fg= navy |list1= {{Serie A Coach of the Year}} {{World Soccer Manager of the Year}} {{FIFA Club World Cup winning managers}} {{IFFHS World's Best Club Coach}} {{Ligue 1 winning managers}} {{Ligue 1 Manager of the Year}} {{Miguel Muñoz Trophy}} {{A.S. Roma Hall of Fame}} }} {{Navboxes colour | title = Italy squads | bg = #0066bc | fg = #FFFFFF | list1 = {{Italy squad 1986 FIFA World Cup}} {{Italy squad UEFA Euro 1988}} {{Italy squad 1990 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Carlo Ancelotti managerial poseetions |list1= {{Parma F.C. managers}} {{Juventus F.C. managers}} {{A.C. Milan managers}} {{Chelsea F.C. managers}} {{Paris Saint-Germain FC managers}} {{Real Madrid C.F. managers}} {{FC Bayern Munich managers}} {{S.S.C. Napoli managers}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ancelotti, Carlo}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Italian fitbawers]] [[Category:Italy internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Italian fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Parma F.C. players]] [[Category:A.S. Roma players]] [[Category:A.C. Milan players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:1986 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 1988 players]] [[Category:1990 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:Parma F.C. managers]] [[Category:Juventus F.C. managers]] [[Category:A.C. Milan managers]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. managers]] [[Category:Serie A managers]] [[Category:Premier League managers]] [[Category:UEFA Champions League winnin managers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in Ingland]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. managers]] [[Category:Ligue 1 managers]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF managers]] [[Category:La Liga managers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:FC Bayern Munich managers]] [[Category:S.S.C. Napoli managers]] 4qpx7y95htydn2e2ve2yq25fopg1r92 0 80479 923396 825932 2026-09-26T03:02:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Riofundacionmag.png|thumb|right|200px|'''Fundación River'''.]] The '''Fundación River''' is a river in northren [[Colombie]], oreeginatin frae the [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] in the [[Cesar, Colombie|Cesar Depairtment]] but flows doun tae the [[Magdalena, Colombie|Magdalena Depairtment]] crossin the toun an municipality o [[Fundación]] afore reachin the [[Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta]]. ==References== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061125005639/http://data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/South%20America/cienegagrande/cienegagrandebud.html data.ecology.su.se - Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta] *[http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/areas/lasareas/cienaga/cienintro.htm Parques Nacionales de Colombia; Santuario de Floray Fauna Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213210241/http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co////areas/lasareas/cienaga/cienintro.htm |date=2007-02-13 }} {{coord missing|Colombie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fundacion River}} [[Category:Rivers o Colombie]] t1uj715raucw3cresjqyr62p6o7rm33 0 81702 923427 907407 2026-09-26T04:35:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Iztacalco |settlement_type = [[Burghs o Mexico Ceety|Delegación]] <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = MonasteryareaMatiasIzta.jpg |image_caption = View o the umwhile San Matías monastery |image_map = Iztacalco, México DF.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Iztacalco athin the Federal Destrict |image_seal = Glifo Iztacalco.png <!-- Location -------------------> |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Mexico|Federal entity]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mexico Ceety|D.F.]] <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat = Río Churubusco y Avenida Té. Col. Ramos Millán <!-- Politics -------------------> |leader_party = [[Democratic Revolution Pairty|PRD]] |leader_title = Jefe delegacional |leader_name = [[Francisco Cervantes Sanchez]] |established_title = Established |established_date = 1928 |named_for = [[Pre-Columbie|Pre-Columbie ceety]] <!-- Area --------------------> |area_magnitude = 1 E+7 |area_total_km2 = 23.17 |area_urban_km2 = |area_footnotes = <ref name='izc'>{{Cite web|title=Delegación Iztacalco|url=http://www.siege.df.gob.mx/estadistico/pdf/monografias/izc.pdf|publisher=[http://www.siege.df.gob.mx/ Sistema de Información Económica, Geográfica y Estadística]|format=PDF|language=[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|accessdate=2008-09-18|archive-date=2011-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005044854/http://www.siege.df.gob.mx/estadistico/pdf/monografias/izc.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Population ---------------> |population_total = 384326 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_footnotes = 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 |title=2010 census tables: INEGI |access-date=2014-09-13 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034233/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- Geography ---------------> |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 2242 |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = |coordinates = {{coord|19|23|43|N|99|05|52|W|scale:25000|display=inline,title}} |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = Postal codes |postal_code = 08000 &ndash; 08930 |area_code = 55 |website = http://www.iztacalco.df.gob.mx }} '''Iztacalco''' ({{Audio-IPA|Iztacalco.ogg|ista'kalco}}) is ane o the 16 ''[[Burghs o Mexico Ceety|delegaciones]]'' (burghs) intae which [[Mexico]]'s [[Mexico Ceety|Federal Deestrict]] is dividit. It is locatit in the centre-east o the destrict an is the smawest o the ceety’s burghs. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515200335/http://www.iztacalco.df.gob.mx/ Delegación Iztacalco] Offeecial steid {{Burghs o Mexico Ceety}} [[Category:Burghs o Mexico Ceety]] dctt8wk7d10ov5glvub2g6kbmpc7s3y 0 81992 923550 833309 2026-09-26T09:25:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Totontepec Villa de Morelos |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] an toun |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o the municipality in Oaxaca |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oaxaca]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =318.95 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 4780 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |coordinates = {{coord|17|13|N|95|59|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Totontepec Villa de Morelos''' is a smaw veelage an [[Municipalities o Mexico|municipality]], in the [[Sierra Mixe]] destrict o the [[States o Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Oaxaca]]. It is locatit some 1840 metres abuin sea level an some 326 km frae the [[Leet o caipitals in Mexico|state caipital]], [[Oaxaca de Juárez]]. In spite o the Mixe influence, the toponym is [[Nahuatl]] in oreegin, meanin "hot hill". == The toun == The locals, cried Totontepecanos, speak [[Mexican Spaingie]] an the local dialect o the [[Mixe leids|Mixe leid]]. Each dialect o Mixe is different dependin on the veelage in which it is spoken. Accordin tae the 2005 census, the toun haed a population o 5,626 fowk. The toun's maist notable featur is a rock that can be seen frae nearly ivery location. They caw it "La Mitra" (or [[mitre]], in Inglis an Scots). It is locatit at the tap o the muntain on which Totontepec is built. The locals will scale this muntain tae licht prayer candles an get a great view o their toun. ==The municipality== Accordin tae the 2005 Census, the municipality haed a total population o 4,780, mony of whom wur proficient o a indigenous tongue. The municipality covers 318.95 km². As municipal seat, Totontepec haes govrenin jurisdiction ower the follaein commonties: [[San José Chinantequilla|Chinantequilla]], El Duraznal, Patio Grande, Rancho Alejandro Villegas, San Francisco Jayacaxtepec, San Marcos Moctum, San Miguel Metepec, Santa María Huitepec, Santa María Ocotepec, Santa María Tiltepec, Santiago Amatepec, Santiago Jareta, Santiago Tepitongo, an Tierra Caliente (Rancho Uno y Rancho Dos) ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20554a.htm Totontepec Villa de Morelos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517171357/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20554a.htm |date=2011-05-17 }} ''(Enciclopedia de los Municipios)'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080209215018/http://www.e-oaxaca.gob.mx/?P=Estado Totontepec Villa de Morelos] (oaxaca.gob.mx) {{coord|17|13|N|95|59|W|region:MX_type:city|display=title}} {{Sierra Mixe}} [[Category:Municipalities o Oaxaca]] [[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]] lw6ifq91terqlgsa7q5vtkhiq2mnp22 0 83421 923448 827783 2026-09-26T05:24:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''La Guardia''' ({{IPA-es|laˈɣwarðja}}) is a municipality locatit in the [[province o Toledo]], [[Castile-La Mancha]], [[Spain]]. Thare is documentit presence syne Bronze Age, Romans, Jews an documents syne 12t hunderyear. ==Population== *2.329 inhabitants (as Spainyie Statistical National Institute) 2006. *1166 men an 1163 weemen. ==Geografie== *Altitude: 693 meters. ==See an aw== *[[Santo Niño de La Guardia]] ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.laguardiatoledo.org/ Toun Cooncil Offeecial Wab Page.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311173652/http://www.laguardiatoledo.org/ |date=2007-03-11 }} * [http://www.laguardiatoledo.info/ Multimedia wab o La Guardia, graphical file o the veelage (wi hunders o picturs an videos)] * [http://www.laguardiatoledo.info/guardiapedia/Historia_de_La_Guardia History o La Guardia in Guardiapedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911004956/http://www.laguardiatoledo.info/guardiapedia/Historia_de_La_Guardia |date=2007-09-11 }}. * [http://www.laguardiatoledo.info/guardiapedia/Historia_del_Santo_Niño History o the Holly Bairn o La Guardia in Guardiapedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226234829/http://www.laguardiatoledo.info/guardiapedia/Historia_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o |date=2011-12-26 }}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111226234829/http://www.laguardiatoledo.info/guardiapedia/Historia_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o Dictionary of La Guardia in Guardiapedia]. * [http://www.laguardiatoledo.info/guardiapedia/Historia_del_Santo_Niño History of the Holly Bairn o La Guardia in Guardiapedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226234829/http://www.laguardiatoledo.info/guardiapedia/Historia_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o |date=2011-12-26 }}. {{Municipalities in Toledo}} {{coord|39|47|9|N|3|28|38|W|display=title|source:eswiki}} [[Category:Municipalities in the Province o Toledo]] 1mbzo2loft1pofvw2p5908wucjkjrun 0 84524 923465 828505 2026-09-26T06:20:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Marzabotto | official_name = Comune di Marzabotto | native_name = | image_skyline = Marzabotto1.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Marzabotto acropolis | image_shield = Marzabotto-Stemma.png | shield_alt = | shield_size = 100px | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|44|20|20|N|11|12|20|E|region:IT_type:city(6491)|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Emilia-Romagna]] | province = [[province o Bologna|Bologna]] (BO) | frazioni = see [[#Frazioni|leet]] | mayor_party = | mayor = Edoardo Masetti (syne Juin 2004) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 74 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 6754 | population_as_of = 31 January 2010 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Marzabottesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 130 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = [[Saunt Joseph]] an [[Saunt Charles]] | day = March 19 | postal_code = 52100 | area_code = 051 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.marzabotto.bo.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Marzabotto''' is a smaw toun an ''[[comune]]'' in [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Emilia-Romagna]], pairt o the [[province o Bologna]]. It is locatit {{convert|27|km|mi}} sooth-soothwast o [[Bologna]] bi rail, an lees in the valley o the [[River Reno|Reno]]. A [[Marzabotto massacre|massacre o inhabitants]] teuk place thare in [[Warld War II]]. ==History== In an belaw the grunds o the [[Villa Aria]], close tae the ceety, are the remains o a [[Etruscan ceevilization|Etruscan]] toun o the 5t hunderyear BC, [[Misa (Etruscan veelage)|Misa]], protectit on the wast bi the muntains, on the east an sooth bi the river, which bi a chynge o course haes destroyed aboot hauf o it. The [[acropolis]] wis juist belaw the [[villa]]: here remains o [[temple]]s wur foond. The toun lay belaw the modren heich-road an wis laid oot on a rectangular plan dividit bi main streets intae aicht quairters, an these in turn intae blocks or insulae. [[Cemetery|Cemeteries]] wur foond on the east an north o the steid. The name o the place is unkent: it wis pairtially inhabitit later bi the [[Gauls]], but wis no occupee'd bi the [[Auncient Roum|Romans]]. ==References== * {{1911|wstitle=Marzabotto}} ==Freemit airtins== [[Image:Marzabotto2.JPG|thumb|right|Marzabotto temples]] {{commonscat}} * [http://www.comune.marzabotto.bo.it/ Comune di Marzabotto on-line] (in [[Italian leid|Italian]]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140903005436/http://www.fci.unibo.it/~baccolin/montovolo-retreat-5.html The Two Etruscan Necropolis o Marzabotto an their Sacred Tees wi Montovolo] bi [[Graziano Baccolini]] {{Province o Bologna}} 8seadhlzru7qvmhc4ewtbv7fmog0um2 0 85315 923585 834950 2026-09-26T10:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Örebro |image_skyline = Orebro slott 2010.JPG |image_caption = [[Örebro Castle]] |image_shield = Örebro kommunvapen - Riksarkivet Sverige.png |pushpin_map = Sweden |pushpin_label_position = top |subdivision_type = [[Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Swaden]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities o Swaden|Municipality]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Örebro Municipality]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Coonties o Sweden|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Örebro Coonty]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Swaden|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Närke]] |established_title3 = [[Stad (Swaden)|Charter]] |established_date3 = 1404 |area_footnotes = <ref name=scb>{{cite web |url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01Z/01_Localities2010_land_area_pop_density_2005_2010.xls |title=Localities 2010, area, population and density in localities 2005 and 2010 and change in area and population |date=29 May 2012 |publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]] |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Cyepq9RP?url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01Z/01_Localities2010_land_area_pop_density_2005_2010.xls |archivedate=2012-12-17 |deadurl=no |access-date=2014-12-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 49.27 |area_metro_km2 = 1380.11 |population_as_of = 31 December 2010 |population_footnotes = <ref name=scb /> |population_total = 140599 |population_metro = 140295 |population_density_km2 = 2172 |population_demonym = Örebroare |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |coordinates = {{coord|59|16|26|N|15|12|27|E|region:SE|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 701 xx, 703 xx |area_code = (+46) 19 |elevation_m = 34 |website = {{URL|http://www.orebro.se/}} }} '''Örebro''' {{IPA-sv|œrəˈbruː|}} is a [[Stad (Swaden)|ceety]], the seat o [[Örebro Municipality]] an the caipital o [[Örebro Coonty]] in [[Swaden]] wi 140,599 indwallers in 2013.<ref name=scb /> ==Twin touns - Sister ceeties== {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Swaden}} Örebro is [[toun twinnin|twinned]] wi <ref name="Vänorter">''Vänorter - http://www.orebr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727165113/http://www.orebro.se/2444.html |date=2009-07-27 }}o.se/2444.html'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727165113/http://www.orebro.se/2444.html |date=2009-07-27 }}:</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Łódź]], [[Poland]], syne 2001<ref name="Łódź twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/|title=Miasta partnerskie - Urząd Miasta Łodzi|accessdate=2013-07-21|archivedate=2013-06-24|work=City of Łódź|language=pl|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=2013-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Drammen]], [[Norawa]] *{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kolding]], [[Denmark]] *{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Lappeenranta]], [[Finland]] || *{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Stykkishólmur]], [[Iceland]] *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Yantai]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Terrassa]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]], [[Fraunce]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{30 most populous cities of Sweden}} {{50 most populous urban settlements of Scandinavia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Orebro}} [[Category:Örebro| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Örebro Coonty]] [[Category:Municipal seats o Örebro Coonty]] [[Category:Swadish municipal seats]] 87iy2l9zm24rrwi62gsg5ps0xerku8l 0 85825 923394 899765 2026-09-26T02:56:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | bgcolour = silver | name = Fred Astaire | image = Fred Astaire in Royal Wedding.jpg | caption = Fred Astaire in Royal Wedding (1951) | birthname = Frederick Austerlitz Jr. | birth_date = May 10, 1899 | birth_place = [[Omaha, Nebraska]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = June 22, 1987 (aged 88) | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie|California]], U.S. | death_cause = [[Pneumonia]] | restingplace = [[Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery]], [[Chatsworth, California]], USA | nationality = [[United States|American]] | religion = [[Episcopalian]] | ethnicity = [[White people|White]] | residence = | education = | alma mater = | occupation = {{hlist|Dancer|actor|sangster|choreografer|presenter}} | yearsactive = 1904–1981 | spouse = Phyllis Livingston Potter<br>(m. 1933-1954, her death)<br>Robyn Smith<br>(m. 1980-1987, his death) | children = 2 | parents = Frederick Austerlitz<br>Joanna (née Gelius) | relatives = [[Adele Astaire]]<br>(sister, dead) | academyawards = '''Academy Honorary Award''' <br> 1950 Lifetime Achievement | emmyawards = '''Outstanding Lead Actor - Miniseries/Movie'''<br>1958 ''[[An Evening with Fred Astaire]]''<br>1978 ''[[A Family Upside Down]]'' | goldenglobeawards = '''Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy'''<br>1951 ''[[Three Little Words (movie)|Three Little Words]]''<br>'''Cecil B. DeMille Award'''<br>1961 Lifetime Achievement<br>'''Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture'''<br>1975 ''[[The Towering Inferno]]'' | baftaawards = '''Best Supporting Actor'''<br>1974 ''[[The Towering Inferno]]'' }} '''Fred Astaire''', born '''Frederick Austerlitz''' (10 Mey 1899 – 22 Juin 1987), wis an American dancer, actor, sangster, choreografer an presenter. He wis the maist famous stage, movie an televeesion dancer o his day. ==Ither wabsteid== * {{imdb name | id=0000001 | name=Fred Astaire}} (Astaire is the first biographical entry in the IMDB database.) * [http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=2:80113 Fred Astaire biography at Allmovie Guide]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://themave.com/Astaire/ Fred Astaire tribute site.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325070446/http://themave.com/Astaire/ |date=2021-03-25 }} * [http://www.alsodances.net/biography/ Fred Astaire biography at AlsoDances.Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108144230/http://www.alsodances.net/biography/ |date=2007-01-08 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964929,00.html Time.com: The Great American Flyer Fred Astaire:1899-1987] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819192333/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964929,00.html |date=2013-08-19 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,265339-1,00.html Time Magazine archive: Astaire essay by Richard Corliss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523095421/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,265339-1,00.html |date=2013-05-23 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210422081529/http://www.adherents.com/people/pa/Fred_Astaire.html Astaire's religious views incl. many extracts from his biographers] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/video/39522000/rm/_39522952_astaire08_astaire_vi.ram Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy. (BBC Television - Realplayer required)] * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1624 Fred Astaire] at Find-A-Grave * [http://www.evolver.at/stories/Fred_Astaire_In_Memoriam/ "He's in Heaven..." - In Memoriam Fred Astaire] {{DEFAULTSORT:Astaire, Fred}} [[Category:1899 births]] [[Category:1987 daiths]] [[Category:Academy Awaird Honorary Awaird winners]] [[Category:American male dancers]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male stage actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Daiths frae pneumonia]] [[Category:Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Golden Globe Awaird winnin actors]] [[Category:Smittle tribble daiths in Californie]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:American sangsters]] [[Category:Nebraska]] 6pn9m93hxcfx2f1zpl6pg5ku63fzgf4 0 86424 923406 906082 2026-09-26T03:45:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923406 wikitext text/x-wiki :''No tae be ramfeeselt wi the [[Bilbao metropolitan aurie]], which includes this region.'' {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Greater Bilbao | native_name = Bilboaldea | native_name_lang = eu | settlement_type = [[Comarcas o the Basque Kintra|comarca]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = The [[Estuar o Bilbao]] surroondit bi Greater Bilbao | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Biscay]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]] | seat = [[Bilbao]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 361.3 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Greater Bilbao''' ({{lang-eu|Bilboaldea}}, {{lang-es|Gran Bilbao}}) is a [[admeenistrative diveesion]] o the province o [[Biscay]], in the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], [[Spain]]. It is ane o the seiven [[comarcas o Spain|comarcas]] o Biscay an the maist populatit ane. The caipital ceety o Greater Bilbao is [[Bilbao]]. Greater Bilbao is made bi the municipalities situatit alang the [[Estuar o Bilbao]] which thairsels shape a [[conurbation]], which [[Bilbao metropolitan aurie|metropolitan aurie]] is the fift maist populous in [[Spain]]. == Geografie == [[File:Comarcas de Bizkaia.png|thumb|right|250px|Greater Bilbao (in blue) athin Biscay.]] Greater Bilbao, or ''Bilboaldea'', is locatit at the northwast o the province o [[Biscay]], limitin wi the comarcas o [[Enkarterri]] in the wast, [[Mungialdea]] an [[Busturialdea]] in the east, [[Durangaldea]] in the sootheast an [[Arratia-Nerbioi]] in the sooth. The [[Bay o Biscay]] limits at north. === Diveesions === Greater Bilbao can be dividit intae sax ''subcomarcas'' or subregions: * The ceety o [[Bilbao]]. *''[[Left Bank (Biscay)|The left bank]]'': Tradeetionally a industrial, port, an manufacturin zone. It includes Barakaldo, Sestao, Portugalete an Santurtzi. *''[[Richt Bank (Biscay)|The richt bank]]'': A residential aurie, including Erandio, Leioa, an the mair affluent Getxo,. *''The [[minin]] zone'', whaur the main [[airn ore]] resources wur locatit: Muskiz, Gallarta, Ortuella *''[[Txoriherri]]'', wide expansion zone whaur the [[Bilbao Airport|internaitional airport]] an the [[Varsity o the Basque Kintra]] are locatit. *''[[Hego Uribe]]'', includin Basauri, Galdakao an Arrigorriaga. *''[[Uribe-Kosta]]'': the coastal aurie north o Getxo is bein integratit intae the metropolitan aurie in the recent years, wi the development o law density residential auries connectit bi the metro. == Municipalities == [[File:Leioa Sarriena Santurtzi.jpg|thumb|Sheep, field an fermhoose in Leioa, an biggins o Santurtzi on the backgrund.]] Greater Bilbao is dividit intae 25 [[municipality|municipalities]], bein [[Bilbao]] the caipital ceety. The 25 municipalities, amang some ithers, mak the [[Bilbao metropolitan aurie]]. {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center;" |- !# !Municipality !Population !Territory km² |- |[[File:Escudo de Abanto Vizcaya.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Abanto y Ciérbana-Abanto Zierbena|Abanto Zierbena]] |9.647 |18 |- |[[File:Escudo de Alonsotegi.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Alonsotegi]] |2.835 |16 |- |[[File:Escudo de Arrigorriaga.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Arrigorriaga]] |12.435 |22,8 |- |[[File:Escudo de Barakaldo.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Barakaldo]] |100.502 |24,3 |- |[[File:Escudo de Basauri.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Basauri]] |42.657 |7,2 |- | |align="left"|'''[[Bilbao]]''' |354.860 |41,2 |- |[[File:Escudo de Derio.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Derio]] |5.307 |7,4 |- |[[File:Escudo de Zierbena.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Zierbena]] |1.382 |9,1 |- |[[File:Escudo_de_Etxebarri.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Etxebarri]] |9.171 |3,3 |- |[[File:Escudo de Erandio.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Erandio]] |24.262 |18 |- |[[File:Escudo de Galdakao.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Galdakao]] |29.226 |31,7 |- |[[File:Escudo de Getxo.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Getxo]] |80.770 |11,9 |- |[[File:Escudo de Larrabetzu.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Larrabetzu]] |1.874 |21,5 |- |[[File:Escudo de Leioa.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Leioa]] |30.079 |8,5 |- |[[File:Escudo de Lezama.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Lezama]] |2.465 |16,5 |- |[[File:Escudo de Loiu.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Loiu]] |2.290 |15,3 |- |[[File:Escudo de Muskiz.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Muskiz]] |7.216 |21,5 |- |[[File:Escudo de Ortuella.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Ortuella]] |8.520 |7,7 |- |[[File:Escudo de Portugalete.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Portugalete]] |48.105 |3,2 |- |[[File:Escudo de Santurtzi.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Santurtzi]] |46.978 |6,7 |- |[[File:Escudo de Sestao.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Sestao]] |29.476 |3,5 |- |[[File:Escudo de Sondika.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Sondika]] |4.536 |6,3 |- |[[File:Escudo de Trapagaran.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Valle de Trápaga-Trapagaran|Trapagaran]] |12.353 |13,1 |- |[[File:Escudo de Zamudio.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Zamudio]] |3.203 |18,1 |- |[[File:Escudo de Zaratamo.svg|20px]] |align="left"|[[Zaratamo]] |1.735 |10 |} == See an aw == * [[Bilbao metropolitan aurie]] * [[Bilbao]] * [[Bilbao la Vieja]] * [[Biscay]] == Freemit airtins == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070213212527/http://www.bizkaia.net/Bizkaia_Informazioa/bmaitea/Bizkaia_Informazioa/Castellano/informacion_general/rutas_y_lugares/ca_GRANBI.asp Comarca del Gran Bilbao (Biscay Government)]. * [http://www.guiabizkaia.com/gbilbao/PRESENTACION/index.htm Comarca del Gran Bilbao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209152518/http://www.guiabizkaia.com/gbilbao/PRESENTACION/index.htm |date=2006-02-09 }} * [http://www.bilbaoria2000.com/ Bilbao Ría 2000]. * [http://www.bm30.es/Welcome_es.html Bilbao Metrópoli-30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310100348/http://www.bm30.es/Welcome_es.html |date=2015-03-10 }}. {{Comarcas o Basque Kintra}} {{coord missing|Spain}} [[Category:Bilbao| ]] [[Category:Comarcas o Biscay]] bclpgp9nxmwiguxhepimeif2xzzq0ez 0 86890 923490 840795 2026-09-26T07:23:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ordizia''' is a toun an [[municipality]] locatit in the [[Goierri]] region o the province o [[Gipuzkoa]], in the autonomous commonty o the [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], northren [[Spain]]. The profeesional cycle road race Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia is held yearly in Ordizia. ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.ordizia.org/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} {{eu icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234358/http://ordiziakoahotsa.net/ Ordiziako Ahotsa] {{eu icon}} * [http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/126194 ORDIZIA in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa)] {{es icon}} * [http://www.eajpnv-ordizia.org/ EAJ-PNV Ordizia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923120210/http://www.eajpnv-ordizia.org/ |date=2009-09-23 }} {{es icon}} {{eu icon}} {{Goierri}} {{Municipalities in Gipuzkoa}} {{coord|43|3|17|N|2|10|42|W|source:euwiki_region:ES-GI_type:city(9023)|display=title}} [[Category:Municipalities in Gipuzkoa]] [[Category:Populatit places in Gipuzkoa]] {{basque-geo-stub}} 4i6fuan8xbas9rqmuh2dfkzdwrjvf46 0 87876 923462 898040 2026-09-26T06:12:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Manuela Ímaz | image = | imagesize = 250 px | caption = | birth_name = Manuela Eugenia Ímaz Houglín | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|6|14}} | birth_place = [[Chilpancingo]], [[Guerrero]], [[Mexico]] | death_date = | death_place = | children= Alaya | relatives=Rubén Imaz (cousin) | notable role = | spouse = Arturo Villanueva<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0997107/bio Manuela Ímaz's family]</ref> }} '''Manuela Ímaz''' (born '''Manuela Eugenia Ímaz Houglín''' on June 14, 1979) is a [[Mexican fowk|Mexican]] actress, born in [[Chilpancingo]], [[Guerrero]], [[Mexico]].<ref>[http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/artistas/361852.html Manuela Imaz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118090810/http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/artistas/361852.html |date=2006-11-18 }} at [http://www.esmas.com/ Es Mas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516025824/http://www.esmas.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516025824/http://www.esmas.com./ |date=2008-05-16 }} {{es icon}}</ref> == Biografie == Manuela began her airtistic career as a TV host on the [[TeleHit]] channel, whaur she appeared in ''El Planeta de Cabeza'' an ''Zona Pública''. She haed tae wait till 2001 for her first opportunity as a actress, when [[Emilio Larrosa]] askit her tae tak pairt in his [[telenovela]], ''[[Amigas y rivales]]''. Her great performance in the [[melodrama]] demonstratit her actin ability tae Larrosa, who then invitit her tae tak pairt in ''[[Las Vías del Amor]]'' (2002), creditit alangside major actors such as [[Enrique Rocha]] an [[Daniela Romo]]. Efter a break, she resumit her career in ''[[Corazones al límite]]'' (2004), whaur she played Isadora. === Faimily === She haes a dochter namit Alaya, born in 2003. Her cousin is [[film director]] Rubén Ímaz == Filmografie == ===Telenovelas=== *''[[Corazón indomable]]'' (2013)... Alejandra Hernandez *''[[Por Ella Soy Eva]]'' (2012)... Patricia Lorca *''[[rafaela (telenovela)|Rafaela]]'' (2010) ... Arely *''[[Llena de amor]]'' (2010) .... Fabiola *''[[Sortilegio]]'' (2009)... Katia Alanis *''[[Al Diablo con los Guapos]]'' (2008)... Marisela Echevarria *''[[Muchachitas como tú]]'' (2007)... Raquel *''[[Amar Sin Limites]]'' (2006)... Cecilia *''[[Apuesta por un Amor]]'' (2004)... Gracia *''[[Corazones al límite]]'' (2004)... Isadora *''[[Las vías del amor]]'' (2002)... Rosaura *''[[Amigas y Rivales]]'' (2001)... Tamara de la Colina *''[[Camila (telenovela)|Camila]]'' (1998) == Notes == <references/> == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb name|id=0997107|name=Manuela Ímaz}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Imaz, Manuela}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Mexican telenovela actresses]] [[Category:Mexican televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Chilpancingo]] e94p17xgu585b9821v6vq52hq5pok11 0 90216 923532 888865 2026-09-26T08:52:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Social science''' is a major branch o [[science]], an a major category o academic disciplines, concerned wi society an the relationships amang individuals within a [[society]]. ==Further readin== {{div col|rules=yes}} * Backhouse, Roger E., and Philippe Fontaine, eds. A historiography of the modern social sciences ([[Cambridge University Press]], 2014). * Backhouse, Roger E.; Fontaine, Philippe, eds. (2010). The History of the Social Sciences Since 1945. Cambridge University Press.; covers the conceptual, institutional, and wider histories of economics, political science, sociology, social anthropology, psychology, and human geography. * Delanty, G. (1997). Social science: Beyond constructivism and realism. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press. * Hargittai, E. (2009). Research Confidential: Solutions to Problems Most Social Scientists Pretend They Never Have. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-02653-1.ISBN 978-0-472-05026-0, 978-0-472-07026-8 * Hunt, E.F.; Colander, D.C. (2008). Social science: An introduction to the study of society. Boston: Peason/Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-52406-8. * Carey, H.C.; McKean, K. (1883). Manual of social science; Being a condensation of the Principles of social science. Philadelphia: Baird. * Galavotti, M.C. (2003). Observation and experiment in the natural and social sciences. Boston studies in the philosophy of science. 232. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 978-1-4020-1251-8. * Gorton, W.A. (2006). Karl Popper and the social sciences. SUNY series in the philosophy of the social sciences. Albany: State University of New York Press. * Harris, F.R. (1973). Social science and national policy. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books. ISBN 978-1-4128-3445-2. distributed by Dutton * Krimerman, L.I. (1969). The nature and scope of social science: A critical anthology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. * Rule, J.B. (1997). Theory and progress in social science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Shionoya, Y. (1997). Schumpeter and the idea of social science: A metatheoretical study. Historical perspectives on modern economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Singleton, Royce, A.; Straits, Bruce C. (1988). Approaches to Social Research. [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-19-514794-0. Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. * Thomas, D. (1979). Naturalism and social science: a post-empiricist philosophy of social science. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-29660-1. * Trigg, R. (2001). Understanding social science: A philosophical introduction to the social sciences. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers. * Weber, M. (1906) [1904]. The Relations of the Rural Community to Other Branches of Social Science, Congress of Arts and Science: Universal Exposition. St. Louis: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. * Creswell, John W., author. Educational research : planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. ISBN 1-299-95719-6. OCLC 859836343. {{div col end}} == External links == * [http://www.dialogical.net/socialsciences/index.html Social Science Virtual Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014508/http://www.dialogical.net/socialsciences/index.html |date=2012-03-06 }} * [http://xlab.berkeley.edu UC Berkeley Experimental Social Science Laboratory] * [http://www.sosig.ac.uk Social Science Information Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830012550/http://www.sosig.ac.uk/ |date=2006-08-30 }} (UK) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504235854/http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/SSHtim.htm History of Social Science] * [http://www.polyarchy.org/poststatism/english/index.html On the Social Sciences] Critical Essays * [http://www.mises.org/rothbard/praxeologymethod.pdf praxeology as the method of the social sciences] {{authority control}} [[Category:Social sciences| ]] [[Category:Academic disciplines]] [[Category:Social sciences terminology| ]] gdkefw0jdn09kz8wwwolkzj25wltr5l 0 92438 923496 900656 2026-09-26T07:34:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=September 2010}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields an descriptions --> | name = Peralillo | native_name = <!-- if different frae the English name --> | native_name_lang = es | settlement_type = [[List o touns in Chile|toun]] an [[Communes o Chile|Commune]] | image_skyline = Centroperalillo.JPG | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = Flag | image_shield = | shield_alt = Coat o arms | image_map = Comuna de Peralillo.svg | map_alt = Map o Peralillo commune in O'Higgins Region | map_caption = Map o Peralillo commune in O'Higgins Region | pushpin_map = Chile | pushpin_map_narrow = yes | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_alt = Location in Chile | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chile | coordinates_footnotes = | coor_pinpoint = ceety | coordinates = {{coord|34|29|15|S|71|29|30|W|region:CL-LI|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Chile|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon|O'Higgins}} [[O'Higgins Region|O'Higgins]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Chile|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon|Colchagua}} [[Colchagua Province|Colchagua]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = <ref name="offeecial">{{Cite web |url = http://www.peralillo.cl/ |title = Municipality o Peralillo |accessdate = 13 December 2010 |language = es |archive-date = 2011-03-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110319061422/http://www.peralillo.cl/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> | government_type = [[Municipality]] | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Alcalde]] | leader_name = Fabián Guajardo León | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="INE">{{Cite web |url= http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |title= National Statistics Institute |accessdate= 13 December 2010 |language= es |archive-date= 2010-07-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100715195638/http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |url-status= dead }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 282.6 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 125 | population_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/> | population_total = 10682 | population_as_of = 2012 Census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_blank1_title = [[Urban aurie|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 5882 | population_blank2_title = [[landwart aurie|landwart]] | population_blank2 = 3847 | demographics_type1 = Sex | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/> | demographics1_title1 = Men | demographics1_info1 = 5,007 | demographics1_title2 = weemen | demographics1_info2 = 4,722 | timezone = [[Time in Chile|CLT]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |accessdate=2010-07-28 |title=Chile Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | utc_offset = -4 | timezone_DST = [[Time in Chile|CLST]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |accessdate=2010-07-28 |title=Chile Summer Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | utc_offset_DST = -3 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = 56 + 72 | website = [http://www.peralillo.cl/ Municipality o Peralillo] | footnotes = }} '''Peralillo''' is a [[Chile]]an [[List o touns in Chile|toun]] an [[Communes o Chile|commune]] in [[Colchagua Province]], [[O'Higgins Region]]. ==Demographics== According tae the 2002 [[census]] o the [[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute]], Peralillo spans an aurie o {{convert|282.6|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} an haes 9,729 inhabitants (5,007 men an 4,722 weemen). o these, 5,882 (60.5%) lived in [[urban aurie]]s an 3,847 (39.5%) in [[landwart aurie]]s. The population grew bi 6.4% (585 persons) atween the 1992 an 2002 censuses.<ref name= "INE"/> ==Administration== As a commune, Peralillo is a third-level [[admeenistrative diveesion o Chile]] administered bi a [[municipal cooncil]], headed bi an [[alcalde]] who is directly electit every four years.<ref name="offeecial"/> Athin the [[electoral divisions o Chile]], Peralillo is representit in the [[Chamber o Deputies o Chile|Chamber o Deputies]] bi Mr. Ramón Barros ([[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]]) an Mr. Juan Carlos Latorre ([[Christian Democratic Party|PDC]]) as pairt o the 35t electoral district, (thegither wi [[Placilla]], [[Nancagua]], [[Chépica]], [[Santa Cruz, Chile|Santa Cruz]], [[Lolol]], [[Pumanque]], [[Palmilla]], [[Navidad, Chile|Navidad]], [[Litueche]], [[La Estrella, Chile|La Estrella]], [[Pichilemu]], [[Marchihue]] an [[Paredones]]). The commune is representit in the [[Senate o Chile|Senate]] bi Alejandro García-Huidobro Sanfuentes (UDI) an Juan Pablo Letelier Morel ([[Socialist Party o Chile|PS]]) as pairt o the 9t senatorial constituency (O'Higgins Region). ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== * {{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110319061422/http://www.peralillo.cl/ Municipality o Peralillo] {{Communes in O'Higgins Region}} [[Category:Communes o Chile]] [[Category:Populatit places in Colchagua Province]] lnv0k13cuwlali74ko0x11dvqjmlqmj 0 93338 923391 879962 2026-09-26T02:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food |name=Falafel |image=[[File:Falafel balls.jpg|250px]] |caption=Falafel baws |alternate_name= |country= [[Egyp]] |region=Believed tae hae oreeginatit in Egyp afore spreidin north tae the [[Levant]] |creator= |course=Street fuid |served=Het |main_ingredient=[[Vicia faba|Fava beans]] or [[chickpea]]s |variations= |calories= |other= }} '''Falafel''' ({{IPA|fəˈɫafəɫ}}; {{lang-ar|فلافل}}, {{IPA-ar|fæˈlæːfɪl||ArFalafel.ogg}}) is a [[Deep fryin|deep-fried]] baw or patty made frae grund [[chickpea]]s, [[Vicia faba|fava beans]], or baith. Falafel is a tradeetional Middle Eastern food, commonly serd in a pitta, whilk acts as a pootch, or wappit in a flatbreid kent as lafa; "falafel" afttimes refers tae a wrapped sandwich that is prepared in this wey. The falafel balls are topped with salads, pickled vegetables, spicy sauce, and drizzled wi tahini-based sauces. Falafel balls can be etten on its lane as a snack or served as part of a meze tray (assortment of appetizers). There a wheen o falafel variations an recipes - the traditional falafel is made o chickpeas an ingins, but modern recipe addit ither veggies an herbs to it. Sae green falafel, broun falafel an even [https://web.archive.org/web/20160122003851/http://falafelfellas.co.nz/ reid falafel] can be found. [[Category:Legume dishes]] [[Category:Middle Eastren cuisine]] [[Category:Naitional dishes]] [[Category:Vegan cuisine]] [[Category:Street fuid]] [[Category:Deep fried fuids]] [[Category:Arab cuisine]] [[Category:Israeli cuisine]] [[Category:Iranian cuisine]] btqci32wn72g9ryc3wch1ez4ufed3y7 0 94568 923389 882150 2026-09-26T02:40:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarchy | border = Imperial | royal_title = Emperor | realm = Japan | native_name = {{lang|ja|天皇}} | coatofarms = Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg | coatofarmscaption = [[Leet o Japanese banners#Imperial banners|Imperial Staundart]] | image = | incumbent = [[Naruhito]] | incumbentsince = May 1, 2019 | his/her = His | heir_apparent = [[Fumihito, Croun Prince o Japan|Croun Prince Fumihito]] | first_monarch = [[Emperor Jimmu]] | date = 660 BC | residence = [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]]<br /><small>as offeecial residence</small> | website = [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html The Imperial Household Agency] }} The '''Emperor o Japan''' is the heid o the [[Imperial Hoose o Japan|Imperial Faimily]] an is the ceremonial [[heid o state]] o [[Japan]]'s seestem o [[constitutional monarchy]]. Accordin tae the [[Constitution o Japan|1947 constitution]], he is "the seembol o the State an o the unity o the fowk." Historically, he is an aa the heichest authority o the [[Shinto]] releegion as he an his faimily are said tae be the direct descendants o the sun-goddess [[Amaterasu]].<ref>[http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/%257egln/77/7750/775004.htm 役員、総代としての基礎知識 全国神社総代会編集発行「改訂神社役員、総代必携」] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627051732/http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~gln/77/7750/775004.htm |date=2016-06-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627051732/http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~gln/77/7750/775004.htm |date=2016-06-27 }}{{jp icon}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Deified fowk]] [[Category:History o Japan]] [[Category:Japanese emperors| ]] [[Category:Japanese naitionalism]] [[Category:Japanese Shintoists]] [[Category:Ceremonial heids o state]] kyhznrx6kl82pytdkjlb3d1cq7wz3px 0 126224 923431 851377 2026-09-26T04:45:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name =John Eleuthère du Pont | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|11|22}} | birth_place =[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|12|9|1938|11|22}} | death_place =[[Somerset, Pennsylvania]] | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = |education =[[Haverford School]] (1957)<br>B.S., [[University of Miami]] (1965)<br>Ph.D., [[Villanova University]] (1973) | employer = | occupation = | title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | spouse ={{marriage|Gale Wenk|1983|1983}} annulled after 90 days | parents = William du Pont, Jr.,<br>Jean Liseter Austin }} '''John Eleuthère du Pont''' (22 November 1938 – 9 December 2010) wis an [[Americans|American]] convictit murderer. He wis a multimillionaire an member o the prominent [[du Pont family]]. ==Ither wabsteids== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120503094320/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?q=john+dupont&prev=%2Fimages%3Fq%3Djohn+dupont&ndsp=20&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft%3Aen-US&sa=N&start=20&um=1&imgurl=c22d968149d566e1 "LIFE photos"], LIFE, US Olympic pentathlete, August 1967. *[http://www.flickr.com/photos/herraelina/2501488876/ "flickr"], Collector, May 2008. * [http://books.google.com/books?id=51UEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65 "How About At Your Place?" Said the Colonel"], ''LIFE'', Aug 4, 1967 {{DEFAULTSORT:du Pont, John Eleuthere}} [[Category:1938 births]] [[Category:2010 daiths]] [[Category:Daiths frae COPD]] [[Category:American murtherers]] [[Category:LGBT fowk frae Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Gay men]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Philadelphia, Pennsylvanie]] [[Category:Philatelists]] hgsooe3flq2ntbs5919mhjy772tsw3v 0 126263 923458 879304 2026-09-26T05:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Loch Erie | image = Greatlakes amo 2014009.jpg | caption = Loch Erie on Januar 9, 2014 | image_bathymetry = Lake-Erie.svg | caption_bathymetry = The [[Great Lochs]], wi Loch Erie heichlichtit in darker blue | coords = {{coord|42.2|N|81.2|W|type:waterbody_scale:3000000|display=inline,title}} | location = [[North Americae]] | group = [[Great Lochs]] | lake_type = [[Glacial loch|Glacial]] | inflow = [[Detroit River]]<ref name="StateofOhio" /> | outflow = [[Niagara River]]<br>Welland Canal<ref name="EPA"/> | catchment = | basin_countries = Canadae<br>Unitit States | length = {{convert|241|mi|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|57|mi|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|9910|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="EPA"/> | depth = {{convert|62|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="EPA"/> | max-depth = {{convert|210|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=edited by John W. Wright with editors and reporters of the Times|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/75276830|title=The New York Times 2007 almanac|date=2007|publisher=Penguin Reference|isbn=0-14-303820-6|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=75276830}}</ref> | volume = {{convert|116|cumi|km3|abbr=on}}<ref name="EPA"/> | residence_time = 2.6 years | shore = {{convert|799|mi|km|abbr=on}} plus {{convert|72|mi|km|abbr=on}} for islands<ref>[https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-3313_3677-15959--,00.html Shorelines of the Great Lakes]</ref> | elevation = {{convert|569|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="EPA">US Environmental Protection Agency, [http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/atlas/gl-fact1.html Great Lakes Factsheet No. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302010417/http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/atlas/gl-fact1.html |date=2015-03-02 }}, Accessed May 4, 2013</ref> | islands = 24+ ''(see [[#Islands|list]])'' | islands_category = Islands o the Great Lochs | cities = [[Buffalo, New York]]<br> [[Erie, Pennsylvania]]<br> [[Toledo, Ohio]]<br> [[Cleveland, Ohio]] | reference = <ref>{{Cite book|last=edited by John W. Wright with editors and reporters of the Times|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/75276830|title=The New York Times 2007 almanac|date=2007|publisher=Penguin Reference|isbn=0-14-303820-6|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=75276830}}</ref> }} '''Loch Erie'''<ref>[[United States Geological Survey]] Hydrological Unit Code: 04-12-02-00{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪr|i}}; {{lang-en|Lake Erie}}, {{lang-fr|Lac Érié}}) is the fowerth lairgest [[loch]] (bi surface area) o the five [[Great Lochs]] in [[North Americae]], an the thirteent lairgest globally if measurt in terms o surface area.<ref name="Factmonster list">[http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0001777.html Large Lakes of the World]. ''Factmonster.com.''</ref><ref name="StateofOhio">State of Ohio, Division of Geological Survey, [http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/tabid/7828/default.aspx Lake Erie Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325145738/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/tabid/7828/Default.aspx |date=2013-03-25 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325145738/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/tabid/7828/Default.aspx |date=2013-03-25 }}, Accessed May 4, 2013</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Great Lochs]] tmcxhl0wyd0905yxfawklooefxy4u6m 0 132829 923548 915906 2026-09-26T09:19:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = |name = Sir Thomas More |honorific-suffix = |image = Hans Holbein, the Younger - Sir Thomas More - Google Art Project.jpg |imagesize = 220px |caption = ''Sir Thomas More'',<br>by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], 1527 |office = [[Laird Chancellor]] |term_start = October 1529 |term_end = Mey 1532 |monarch = [[Henry VIII]] |preceded = [[Thomas Wolsey]] |succeeded = [[Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley o Walden|Thomas Audley]] |office1 = [[Chancellor o the Duchy o Lancaster]] |term_start1 = 31 December 1525 |term_end1 = 3 November 1529 |monarch1 = [[Henry VIII]] |preceded1 = [[Richard Wingfield]] |succeeded1 = [[William FitzWilliam, 1st Earl o Southampton|William FitzWilliam]] |office2 = [[Leet o Speakers o the Hoose o Commons o Igland|Speaker o the Hoose o Commons]] |term_start2 = 16 Aprile 1523 |term_end2 = 13 August 1523 |monarch2 = [[Henry VIII]] |preceded2 = [[Thomas Nevill]] |succeeded2 = [[Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden|Thomas Audley]] |birth_date = 7 February 1478 |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1535|7|6|1478|2|7 }} |birth_place = [[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]] |death_place =Lunnon, Ingland |restingplace = [[Kirk o St Peter ad Vincula]], [[London]], [[Ingland]] |restingplacecoordinates = {{Coord|51.508611|-0.076944|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline}} |spouse = {{Marriage|Jane Colt|1505}}<br />{{Marriage|[[Alice, Lady More|Alice Harpur]]|1511}} |children = [[Margaret Roper|Margaret]]<br />Elizabeth<br />Cicely<br />John |alma_mater = [[Varsity o Oxford]]<br>[[Lincoln's Inn]] |religion = [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic]] |signature = Thomas More Signature.svg }} '''Sir Thomas More''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔr}}; 7 Februar 1478{{spaced ndash}}6 Julie 1535), [[veneration|venerate]] bi [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] as '''Saunt Thomas More''',<ref>[http://savior.org/saints/more.htm St. Thomas More, 1478–1535] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225213323/http://www.savior.org/saints/more.htm |date=2019-12-25 }} at Savior.org</ref><ref>[http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/rep_canonization.html Homily at the Canonization of St. Thomas More] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125607/http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/rep_canonization.html |date=2016-03-04 }} at The Center for Thomas More Studies at the University of Dallas, 2010, citing text "Recorded in The Tablet, June 1, 1935, pp. 694–695"</ref> wis an Inglis lawyer, [[social filosofer]], author, [[Politeecian|statesman]] an notit [[Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanist]]. He wis forby a cooncillor tae [[Henry VIII o Ingland|Henry VIII]], an [[Laird Chancellor|Laird Heich Chancellor o England]] frae October 1529 tae 16 Mey 1532.<ref>Linder, Douglas O. [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/more/morechrono.html The Trial of Sir Thomas More: A Chronology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226034704/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/PROJECTS/FTRIALS/more/morechrono.html |date=2019-12-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226034704/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/PROJECTS/FTRIALS/more/morechrono.html |date=2019-12-26 }} at University Of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School Of Law</ref> He wrote ''[[Utopia (beuk)|Utopia]]'', published in 1516, aboot the poleetical seestem o an imaiginar, ideal island naition. More opponed the [[Protestant Reformation]], in pairteecular the theology o [[Martin Luther]], [[Henry VIII]], [[John Calvin]] an [[William Tyndale]]. More forby opponed the king's separation frae the [[Catholic Kirk]], refuisin tae acknawledge Henry as [[Supreme Heid o the Kirk o Ingland]] an the annulment o his mairiage tae [[Catherine o Aragon]]. Efter refuisin tae tak the [[Aith o Owerins]], he wis convictit o [[traison]] an executit. O his execution, he wis reportit tae hae said: "A dee the Keeng's guid servand, an God's first". [[Pape Pius XI]] besauntit More in 1935 as a [[mairtyrs|mairtyr]]. [[Pape John Paul II]] in 2000 declared him the [[patron saunt]] "o Statesmen an Politeecians".<ref name=JP2PatronSaint>[[Apostolic letter]] issued ''[[motu proprio]]'' proclaiming Saint Thomas More Patron of Statesmen and Politicians, 31 October 2000 [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_20001031_thomas-more_en.html Vatican.va]</ref> Syne 1980, the [[Kirk o Ingland]] haes mindit More leeturgically as a Reformation martyr.<ref name="CofEholyDays">{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx|title=Holy Days|work=Worship – The Calendar|publisher=[[Church of England]]|year=2011|accessdate=20 April 2011|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084824/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/join-us-daily-prayer|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] honoured him for the purportitly [[communist]] attitude taewart guids an gear richts expressed in ''Utopia''.<ref name=Margaret-L-King01a>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=a63xAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=%22Thomas+More%22+Kremlin#v=onepage&q=%22Thomas%20More%22%20Kremlin&f=false |title=Renaissance Humanism: An Anthology of Sources|publisher=[[Hackett Publishing]]|author=Margaret L. King|page=157 | date=2014|isbn=978-1-62466-146-4|accessdate=20 December 2014|quote=Hailed as a Communist hero by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Kautsky, More's contribution to "the liberation of humankind" is commemorated, at Lenin's suggestion, on a monument erected in 1918 in Aleksandrovsky Garden near the Kremlin.[12]...[12] J.A.Guy, Thomas More (London, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 95–96}}</ref><ref name=University-of-Dallas01a>{{cite web|url=http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/g-c1.html|title=The Center for Thomas More Studies – Art > Gallery > Moscow|publisher=The Center for Thomas More Studies at The [[University of Dallas]]|date=2010|accessdate=20 December 2014|quote=This monument, suggested by Lenin and built in 1918, lists Thomas More (ninth from the top) among the most influential thinkers "who promoted the liberation of humankind from oppression, arbitrariness, and exploitation." It is in Aleksndrovsky Garden near the Kremlin.|archive-date=2019-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115073923/http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/g-c1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=afoniya01a>{{cite web |url=https://afoniya.wordpress.com/2013/07/10/on-the-removal-of-a-moscow-statue/ |title=On the removal of a Moscow statue|author=afoniya| date=10 July 2013 |accessdate=20 December 2014|quote=What was known as the Stele of Freedom or the [[Alexander Garden Obelisk|Obelisk of Revolutionary Thinkers]] has been dismantled apparently to be reinstalled in some months time as a monument to the Romanov Dynasty. This historically symbolic act was carried out on July 2 completely unannounced … The obelisk was one of the most interesting statues historically and ideologically because of the kind of names that it had on the statue. This was not simply a case of Marx, Engels, Lenin. It was (it seems) the first revolutionary monument to be opened after the revolution of 1917 and, in a non-dogmatic spirit, it included the names of anarchists, reformist socialists and even that of Thomas More.}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:More, Thomas}} [[Category:1478 births]] [[Category:1535 daiths]] [[Category:16t-century Christian saunts]] [[Category:16t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:16t-century historians]] [[Category:16t-century Laitin-leid writers]] [[Category:16t-century novelists]] [[Category:16t-century Roman Catholic martyrs]] [[Category:Anglican saunts]] [[Category:Anti-Protestantism]] [[Category:Chancellors o the Duchy o Lancaster]] [[Category:Christian humanists]] [[Category:Early Modren philosophers]] [[Category:Inglis Catholic poets]] [[Category:Inglis non-feection writers]] [[Category:Inglis releegious writers]] [[Category:Inglis Renaissance humanists]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholic saunts]] [[Category:Inglis saunts]] [[Category:Executit filosofers]] [[Category:Executit writers]] [[Category:Executions at the Touer o Lunnon]] [[Category:Creautors o writin seestems]] [[Category:Laird Chancellors o Ingland]] [[Category:Members o Lincoln's Inn]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o Ingland]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Magdalen College Schuil, Oxford]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Varsity o Oxford]] [[Category:Christian martyrs executit bi decapitation]] [[Category:Fowk executit unner the Tudors for treason against Ingland]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Ceety o Lunnon]] [[Category:Prisoners in the Touer o Lunnon]] [[Category:Roman Catholic filosofers]] [[Category:Roman Catholic writers]] [[Category:Early modren Christian devotional writers]] [[Category:Canonisations bi Pape Pius XI]] [[Category:Utopian socialists]] [[Category:Utopists]] [[Category:Third Order o Saunt Francis]] [[Category:Franciscan martyrs]] [[Category:Franciscan saunts]] [[Category:Fowk executit bi Tudor Ingland bi decapitation]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lunnon executit bi decapitation]] [[Category:Fowk executit unner Henry VIII o Ingland]] [[Category:Inglis MPs 1504]] [[Category:Inglis MPs 1510]] [[Category:Inglis MPs 1523]] [[Category:Speakers o the Hoose o Commons o Ingland]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o Ingland for the Ceety o Lunnon]] [[Category:Buirials at St. Peter ad Vincula (Lunnon)]] [[Category:More faimily]] [[Category:Breetish male poets]] [[Category:Inglis male novelists]] 7gsbuugvmn2rn7gte5hf7ghuds70gp0 0 136829 923372 831481 2026-09-26T01:38:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Charleston |official_name = City of Charleston |motto = ''Aedes mores juraque curat'' ([[Latin]]: "She guards her buildings, customs, and laws") |settlement_type = [[Ceety]] |nickname = "The Holy City", "Chucktown", "Port City", " Charile O" |image_caption = [[St. Michael's Episcopal Kirk (Charleston, South Carolina)|St. Michael's]] on Broad Street |image_skyline = BroadStreetCharleston.jpg |imagesize = |image_flag = Flag of Charleston, South Carolina.svg |image_seal = |pushpin_map = USA South Carolina |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location in [[Sooth Carolina]] |image_map1 = |map_caption1 = |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]] |subdivision_type2 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Sooth Carolina]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Colony|Historic colony]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Province o Sooth Carolina|Colony o Sooth Carolina]] |subdivision_type4 = [[Leet o coonties in Sooth Carolina|Coonties]] |subdivision_name4 = [[Charleston Coonty, Sooth Carolina|Charleston]]<br />[[Berkeley Coonty, Sooth Carolina|Berkeley]] |government_type = |leader_party = [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]] |leader_title = [[:en:List of mayors of Charleston, South Carolina|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[John Tecklenburg]] |established_date = 1670 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = 330.2 |area_land_km2 = 282.3 |area_water_km2 = 47.9 |population_as_of = [[2010 Unitit States Census|2010]] |population_est = 130,113 |pop_est_as_of = 2014 |pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="2014 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014-3.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2015-11-09}}</ref> |population_footnotes = <ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2015-02-17}}</ref> |population_total = 120083 |population_rank = US: [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|200t]] |population_density_km2 = 444.9 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_urban = 548,404 (US: [[Leet o Unitit States urban auries|76t]]) |population_blank1_title = [[Leet o metropolitan auries o the Unitit States|MSA]] |population_blank1 = 712,220 (US: [[Leet o Metropolitan Statistical Auries|76t]]) |timezone = [[Eastren Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren Daylicht Time|EDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]] |postal_code = 29401, 29403, 29405, 29407, 29409, 29412, 29414, 29424, 29425, 29455, 29492 |area_code = [[Aurie codes 843 an 854|843 an 854]] |area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Aurie code]] |coordinates = {{coord|32|47|00|N|79|56|00|W|region:US-SC|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 6 |elevation_ft = 20 |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 45-13330 |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur ID |blank1_info = 1221516 |website = {{URL|www.charleston-sc.gov}} |footnotes = }} '''Charleston''' is the auldest an seicont-lairgest ceety in the [[U.S. state]] o [[Sooth Carolina]], the [[coonty seat]] o [[Charleston Coonty, Sooth Carolina|Charleston Coonty]],<ref name="GR6">{{cite web| url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> an the principal ceety in the [[Charleston, Sooth Carolina metropolitan aurie|Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area]].<ref>As defined bi the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, for uise bi the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes anerly.</ref> The ceety lees juist sooth o the geografical midpoint o Sooth Carolina's coastline an is locatit on [[Charleston Harbor]], an inlet o the Atlantic Ocean shapit bi the confluence o the [[Ashley River (Sooth Carolina)|Ashley]] an [[Cooper River (Sooth Carolina)|Cooper]] Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "whaur the Cooper an Ashley Rivers come thegither tae shape the Atlantic Ocean."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/publicomment/southeastcomments/andrews_comment.pdf|title=sc state aquarium public document}}</ref> ==Sister ceeties== Charleston haes ane offeecial sister ceety, [[Spoleto]], Umbrie, Italy.<ref>[http://www.charlestonspoleto.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115053726/http://www.charlestonspoleto.org/ |date=2016-01-15 }}</ref> Charleston is twinned wi [[Speightstown]], [[Saint Peter, Barbados|St. Peter]], Barbados an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.bb/cultural-heritage-programme.html|title=Cultural Heritage Programme – The Barbados Carolina Connection|publisher=Tourism.gov.bb|accessdate=September 17, 2014|archive-date=2014-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715101957/http://www.tourism.gov.bb/cultural-heritage-programme.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The original parts of Charlestown were based on the plans of Barbados's capital city [[Bridgetown]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/files/pdfs/African%20American/SC-Barbados-connection.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524181026/http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/files/pdfs/African |archive-date=2013-05-24 |url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524181026/http://www.discoversouthcarolina.com/files/pdfs/African |date=2013-05-24 }}</ref> Many indigo, tobacco, and cotton planters relocated their slaves and plantation operations from Speightstown to Charleston after the sugarcane industry came to dominate agricultural production in Barbados.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciway.net/sn/43.html|title=Barbados: South Carolina's Mother Colony|publisher=Sciway.net|accessdate=September 17, 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==FReemit airtins== {{Sister project links|Charleston, South Carolina|voy=Charleston (South Carolina)}} * [http://www.charleston-sc.gov/ City of Charleston offeecial wabsteid] * [http://www.charleston.com/ Charleston Tourism Guide] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ceeties in Sooth Carolina]] [[Category:Umwhile state caipitals in the Unitit States|Sooth Carolina]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Atlantic coast]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Sooth Carolina]] aewlk68a0lxf2wq5qit285cv5cwjzz1 0 137755 923497 922108 2026-09-26T07:36:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Persies <br/> <small>{{lang|fa|پارسیان}}</small> <br/> <small>Pārsiān</small> |rawimage = |population = [[Circa|ca.]] 90 million |region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} |pop1 = 49,312,834 (61–65% o tot population) |ref1 =<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Fact Book – Iran|author=United States Central Intelligence Agency(CIA)|publisher=CIA|accessdate=May 15, 2011|date=April 28, 2011|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html|archive-date=2012-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Library of Congress, Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. "Ethnic Groups and Languages of Iran". http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-02.</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} |pop2 = 8,592,168<small> |ref2 = <ref name=CIA-af>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html|title= Afghanistan|accessdate= 2011-07-23|date= July 2011|publisher= United States Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date= 2017-09-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072213/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> |region4 = {{flagcountry|Tajikistan}} |pop4 = 6,360,694<small> |ref4 = <ref name="CIA-tj">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ti.html#People|title= Tajikistan|accessdate= 2007-12-26|date= December 13, 2007|publisher= United States Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date= 2001-03-31|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010331101740/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ti.html#People|url-status= dead}}</ref> |region5 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} |pop5 = 1,406,430-3,000,000 |ref5 = <ref name="CIA-uz">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html#People|title= Uzbekistan|accessdate= 2007-12-26|date= December 13, 2007|publisher= United States Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date= 2016-07-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035649/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html#People|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=Foltz>[[Richard Foltz]], "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan", ''Central Asian Survey'', 15(2), 213–216 (1996).</ref> |region6 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} |pop6 = 618,000 |ref6= <ref>{{cite web|title=Persian in Turkey|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14371/TU|publisher=[[Joshua Project]]|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> |region7 = {{flagcountry|Iraq}} |pop7 = 405,000<!-- A significant part of the population of Karbala, Najaf, Baghdad, and other Iraqi cities are of Persian ancestry. The figure could be much higher. --> |ref7= <ref>{{cite web|title=Iraq – People Groups|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=IZ|publisher=[[Joshua Project]]|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> |region8 = {{flagcountry|USA}} |pop8 = 331,000 |ref8 = <ref name="farsinet"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranian.com/Diaspora/2004/January/USA/index.html |title=Iranian-American stats, Phyllis McIntosh |publisher=The Iranian |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people from Afghanistan in the United States is estimated as 80,414 (2005), Of which 65% are estimated to be Tajiks. {{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:501&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=045&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en|author=United States Census Bureau|title=US demographic census|accessdate=2008-01-23|archive-date=2009-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116055515/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:501;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:501&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=045&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en|url-status=dead}} [http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/apeop.html Robson, Barbara and Lipson, Juliene (2002) "Chapter 5(B)- The People: The Tajiks and Other Dari-Speaking Groups"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127081653/http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/apeop.html |date=2010-01-27 }} ''The Afghans – their history and culture'' Cultural Orientation Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., [http://worldcat.org/oclc/56081073 OCLC 56081073].</ref> |region9 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} |pop9 = 250,000 |ref9 = <ref name="Iranian Israelis">{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/Why-are-people-going-to-Iran|title=Why are people going to Iran?|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|accessdate=2013-08-19}}</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |pop10 = 238,250 |ref10 = <ref name="Pashto in UAE">{{cite web |author=|url=http://www.britannica.com/new-multimedia/pdf/wordat207.pdf|title=United Arab Emirates: Demography|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|work=Encyclopædia Britannica World Data|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> |region11 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} |pop11 = 200,000 |ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.persianwo.org/Disporia.htm |title=Persian World Outreach – '&#39;Persian-speaking people outside of Iran'&#39; |publisher=Persianwo.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10 |archive-date=2009-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030152953/http://www.persianwo.org/Disporia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=TZ>[http://www2.gtz.de/migration-and-development/konferenz-2/english/afghans.htm GTZ: Migration and development – Afghans in Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172739/http://www2.gtz.de/migration-and-development/konferenz-2/english/afghans.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}: estimate for Tajiks based on total of 100,000 Afghans in Germany.</ref> |region12 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |pop12 = 173,760 |ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF |title='&#39;2006 Canadian Census'&#39; |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016025011/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090 according to Canada's 2006 Census. Tajiks make up an estimated 33% of the population of Afghanistan. The Tajik population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm |date=2013-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221808/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=2019-01-06 }}.</ref> |region13 = {{flagcountry|Bahrain}} |pop13 = 172,000 |ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Bahrain – People Groups|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=BA|publisher=[[Joshua Project]]|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> |region14 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} |pop14 = 172,303 |ref14 ={{Failed verification|date=October 2015}}<ref name="farsinet">{{cite web |url=http://www.farsinet.com/pwo/diaspora.html |title=The Persian Diaspora, List of Persians and Persian Speaking Peoples living outside of Iran, Worldwide Outreach to Persians, Outreach to Muslims around the Globe |publisher=Farsinet.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10 |archive-date=2019-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121191502/http://www.farsinet.com/pwo/diaspora.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=census2002>{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm |title=2002 Russian census |publisher=Perepis2002.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10 |archive-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/616Buov3D?url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region15 = {{flagcountry|Qatar}} |pop15 = 160,000 |ref15 = <ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pes |title=Ethnologue report for language code:pes |publisher=Ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref> |languages = [[Persie leid|Persie]] {{smaller|''(varieties o [[Dari leid|Dari]], [[Tajik leid|Tajiki]], [[Tat leid (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]],<ref name="Gernot Windfuhr 1979. pg 4">Gernot Windfuhr, "Persian Grammar: history and state of its study", Walter de Gruyter, 1979. pg 4:""Tat- Persian spoken in the East Caucasus""</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalby|first1=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1408102145|page=109|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&dq=tat+caucasus+persian+language&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s|quote=and Tat (a variety of Persian)...(...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Windfuhr|first1=Genot|title=Iranian Languages|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135797041|page=417|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC&pg=PA417&dq=tat+caucasus+persian+language&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE-OWPr8vKAhUDWBoKHSaUD4UQ6AEIUDAH#v=onepage&q=tat%20caucasus%20persian%20language&f=false|quote=The Northwestern outpost of Persian is Caucasian Tat Persian (...)}}</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38.</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. Excerpt: Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features"</ref><ref>C Kerslake, Journal of Islamic Studies (2010) 21 (1): 147–151. excerpt:"It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik—in terms of the 'innovations' that the latter two have developed for expressing finer differentiations of tense, aspect and modality..." [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=+It+is+a+comparison+of+the+verbal+systems+of+three+varieties+of+Persian%E2%80%94standard+Persian%2C+tat%2C+tajik&as_sdt=80000000000000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0]</ref><ref>Borjian, Habib, "Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans", Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006 , pp. 243–258(16). Excerpt:"It embraces Gilani, Ta- lysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language."</ref> and [[Judeo-Tat]])''}}, [[Luri]] |religions = Primarily [[Shiite Muslim]], also [[Sunni Muslims]], [[Sufi Muslim]]<br /> [[Irreleegion]], [[Christianity]], [[Bahá'í]], [[Judaism]], [[Zorastrianism]] | related = [[Iranian fowks]], [[Azerbaijanis]] }} The '''Persie fowk'''<ref name="Congress">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |title=Ethnic Groups and Languages of Iran |first=Library of Congress – Federal Research Division |last=Library of Congress|accessdate=2009-12-02}}</ref> ([[Persie leid|Persie]]: پارسیان) are an [[Iranian fowks|Iranian fowk]] who speak the modren [[Persie leid]]<ref>R. N. Fyre, "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN" in Encycloapedia Iranica, "The largest group of people in present-day Iran are Persians (*q.v.) who speak dialects of the language called Fārsi in Persian, since it was primarily the tongue of the people of Fārs."</ref> an closely relatit Iranian dialects an leids.<ref name="EIS">C.S. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encycloapedia of Islam, Volme IV, E.J. Brill, pp 10,8. Excerpt: "The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian" See maps also on page 10 for distribution of Persian languages and dialect</ref><ref name="Coughlin">Kathryn M. Coughlin, "Muslim cultures today: a reference guide," Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pg 89: "...Iranians speak Persian or a Persian dialect such as Gilaki or Mazandarani"</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Persian People}} [[Category:Auncient fowks]] [[Category:Persie fowk|*]] [[Category:Iranian fowks]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Dagestan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] 4eqkxpu0lyij6kga5z29ycxszzi5qfw 0 137783 923579 859744 2026-09-26T10:10:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Yorùbá Fowk<br />{{small|''Àwọn Ọmọ Yorùbá''}} |image = | pop = c. '''43 million''' | popplace = {{NGR}} 40 million (2013)<ref name="Nigeria CIA">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129161346/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |date=2018-01-29 }} at CIA World Factbook: "Yoruba 21%" out of a population of 180 million (2013 estimate)</ref> | region1 = {{BEN}} | pop1 = 2.2 million (2012) | ref1 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html Benin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612212700/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |date=2007-06-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918224251/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications//the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |date=2015-09-18 }} at CIA World Factbook: "Yorùbá and related 12.3%" out of a population of 9.6 million (2012 estimate)</ref> | region2 = {{GHA}} | pop2 = 0.46 million | ref2 = <ref name=Joshuaproject>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?peo3=16057 Joshuaproject.net] "TTwo Yoruba groups are identified in Ghana, ife: 34,000 and yoruba: 426,000, giving a total population of 460,000"</ref> | region3 = {{TOG}} | pop3 = 0.3 million | ref3 = <ref name="Joshuaproject people cluster">[http://joshuaproject.net/clusters/320]"Three yoruba subgroups are identified in Togo: The Ife: 132,000, The Kambole: 52,000 and the Yoruba proper: 108,000, giving a total population of 292,000."</ref> | region4 = {{CIV}} | pop4 = 0.1 million | ref4 = <ref name=Joshuaproject /> | region5 = {{flag|Europe}} | pop5 = 0.2 million | ref5 = <ref>Mostly in the UK ( [http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=16057&rog3=US Joshuaproject.net] estimates 94,000), about 6,000 in Greece.</ref> | region6 = North Americae | pop6 = 0.2 million | ref6 = <ref>maistly in the Unitit States; [http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=16057&rog3=US Joshuaproject.net] estimates 186,000 in the US. About 3,000 in Canada: {{cite web |title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories |publisher=Statistics Canada |location=bottom |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |accessdate=2010-04-04 |archive-date=2016-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818195955/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead }}. In Canadae, 19,520 identified as ''Nigerian'' an 61,430 as ''[[Canadians]]''.</ref> | langs = {{hlist| [[Yorùbá leid|Yorùbá]] | [[Yoruboid leids]] | [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | [[French leid|French]] }} | religions= {{hlist | [[Christianity]] 40% | [[Islam]] 50% | [[Yorùbá releegion]] 10%}} | related-c = [[Afemai fowk|Afemai]], [[Arogbo tribe|Arogbo]] & [[Wastren Apoi tribe|Apoi Ijaw]], [[Bariba fowk|Bariba]], [[Bini fowk|Bini]], [[Ebira]], [[Esan fowk|Esan]], [[Ewe fowk|Ewe]], [[Fon fowk|Fon]], [[Igala]], [[Itsekiri]], [[Nupe fowk|Nupe]] }} The '''Yoruba fowk''' ({{Lang-yo|'''Àwọn ọmọ Yorùbá'''}}) are an ethnic group o Soothwastren an North central [[Nigerie]] as well as Soothren an Central [[Benin]] in [[Wast Africae]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yoruba Fowk}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Africae]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Nigerie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Benin]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Togo]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ghana]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Yoruba fowk| ]] q0arxxm3o3lu3fefpxpnyohjpw5zvm3 0 138757 923434 908782 2026-09-26T04:50:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the municipality|José Angel Lamas Municipality}} {{Infobox person |name= José Ángel Lamas |image= |caption= |birth_date= {{birth date|1775|8|2|mf=y}} |birth_place= [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] |death_date= {{death date|1814|12|10|mf=y}} |death_place= Caracas, Venezuela}} '''José Ángel Lamas''' (2 August 1775 – 10 Dizember 1814) wis a Venezuelan clessical [[muisicker]] an [[componer]] born in [[Caracas]]. He wis the main representative o the clessical period in Venezuela. Author o the immortal sacred piece, ''Popule Meus'', his maist important an best kent piece. It wis componit in 1801, an premiert in [[Caracas Cathedral]] durin the colonial-provincial period. Lamas, awa frae politics an the whirlpool o the unthirldom war, dedicatit his life tae muisic an specifically releegious muisic. As a member o the Schuil o Chacao, in 1789 he played ''Tiple'' an ''Bajón Chirimía'' in the cathedral orchestra. He played the [[chirimía]], an auncient medieval Spaingie graith, which precedit the oboe. Frae 1796 till his daith on the 10 Dizember 1814, José Ángel Lamas wis ''Maestro Bajonista'' or Main Bassoonist o the orchestra. Amang his pieces are, ''En Premio a tus Virtudes'' (As a Prize tae Your Virtues), ''Sepulto Domino'' (Sepulted Lord), ''Ave Maris Stella'' (Ave Starn Mary), ''Misa en re'' (Mass in D), ''Benedicta et Venerabilis'' (Blessed an Venerable). José Ángel Lamas dee;d at 39 on 10 Dizember 1814, an wis buried in Saint Paul's kirk in Caracas. His bones war never foond when later [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] demolished the kirk an subsequently biggit the ''Teatro Municipal de Caracas''' (Municipal Theatre o Caracas) on it. ==References== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160110031834/http://www3.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Lamas José Ángel Lamas at CPDL.org] ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.comunidadandina.org/bda/docs/VE-CA-0024.pdf A publication of "Populemeus" was issued in 1943 with the score for voices and orchestra (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514082457/http://www.comunidadandina.org/bda/docs/VE-CA-0024.pdf |date=2011-05-14 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamas, Jose Angel}} [[Category:1775 births]] [[Category:1814 daiths]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Caracas]] [[Category:Venezuelan clessical muisickers]] [[Category:Venezuelan male componers]] [[Category:18t-century Venezuelan fowk]] brchs6m6sbg56uk2at6u9v30422mxy6 0 139254 923447 827766 2026-09-26T05:23:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = La Celle |image = LaCelle 02 2009.jpg |caption = The kirk o Saint-Blaise |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr LaCelle (Cher).svg |region = Centre |department = Cher |arrondissement = Saint-Amand-Montrond |canton = Saint-Amand-Montrond |INSEE = 18042 |postal code = 18200 |mayor = Christian Touraud |term = 2008&ndash;2014 |intercommunality = [[Communauté de communes du Cœur de France|Cœur de France]] |coordinates = {{coord|46.7697|2.4472|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 125 |elevation min m = 149 |elevation max m = 247 |area km2 = 12.8 |population = 361 |population date = 2008 }} '''La Celle''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Cher (depairtment)|Cher]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in the [[Centre-Val de Loire]] [[Regions o Fraunce|region]] o [[Fraunce]]. ==Geografie== An aurie o [[forestry]] an [[fermin]] comprisin the veelage an twa hamlets situatit in the valley o the [[Cher River]], some {{convert|23|mi|km}} sooth o [[Bourges]] near the junction o the D2144 an the D92 roads. ==Population== {{Historical populations |align=left |1962|317 |1968|342 |1975|264 |1982|264 |1990|291 |1999|328 |2008|361 }} {{clear left}} ==Sichts== * The kirk o St. Blaise, datin frae the twalft century. * The fifteent century chapel o St. Sylvain. ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Cher department]] ==References== *[http://www.insee.fr/en/home/home_page.asp INSEE] {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|La Celle (Cher)}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090721114459/http://www.quid.fr/communes.html?mode=detail La Celle on the Quid website] {{Fr}} {{Cher communes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Celle}} [[Category:Communes o Cher (depairtment)]] o12uh9ttih4w7mvw64pu1rkbxo1dpkx 0 139312 923357 635653 2026-09-26T00:51:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Beaulieu |region = Auvergne |department = Haute-Loire |arrondissement = Le Puy-en-Velay |canton = Vorey |mayor = René Mourier |term = 2008&ndash;2014 |coordinates = {{coord|45.1289|3.9428|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 600 |elevation min m = 543 |elevation max m = 948 |area km2 = 22.27 |population = 916 |population date = 2009 |INSEE = 43021 |postal code = 43800 }} '''Beaulieu''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Haute-Loire]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in sooth-central [[Fraunce]]. ==Population== {{Historical populations |align=left| 1962|505| 1968|570| 1975|663| 1982|739| 1990|836| 1999|845| 2009|916 }} {{clear-left}} ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Haute-Loire depairtment]] ==References== *[http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=COM-43021 INSEE statistics] {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|Beaulieu (Haute-Loire)}} * Website of Tir Sportif Beaulieu Emblavez with some photo of Beaulieu : [https://web.archive.org/web/20081106020205/http://www.tsbe.fr/ https://web.archive.org/web/20081106020205/http://www.tsbe.fr/] {{Haute-Loire communes}} [[Category:Communes o Haute-Loire]] 4tumg4nov3gt0hq9svqocxdeheblym8 0 139490 923587 635677 2026-09-26T10:28:40Z Kontributor 2K 105726 CoA 923587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Aulnay-sur-Marne |image coat of arms = Blason ville FR Aulnay-sur-Marne (Marne).svg |region = Champagne-Ardenne |department = Marne |arrondissement = Châlons-en-Champagne |canton = Écury-sur-Coole |INSEE = 51023 |postal code = 51150 |mayor = Philippe Desgrouas |term = 2014&ndash;2020 |intercommunality = Jâlons |coordinates = {{coord|49.0083|4.205|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 78 |elevation min m = |elevation max m = |area km2 = 9.07 |population = 224 |population date = 2009 }} '''Aulnay-sur-Marne ''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Marne]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in northeastren [[Fraunce]]. ==Population== {{Historical populations |align=left | 1962 | 171 | 1968 | 183 | 1975 | 182 | 1982 | 197 | 1990 | 230 | 1999 | 214 | 2006 | 225 | 2009 | 224 }} {{clear-left}} ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Marne depairtment]] [[image:Église AUlnay 09861.JPG|thumb|left]] ==References== *[http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=COM-51023 INSEE statistics] {{reflist}} {{commonscat|Aulnay-sur-Marne}} {{Marne communes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aulnaysurmarne}} [[Category:Communes o Marne]] ouqraojar8x3jqqpmj0w6xl7p4ryv0w 0 143604 923302 822858 2026-09-25T23:39:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Abu `Alandah |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jordan<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Jordan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Jordan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Jordan|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Amman Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[UTC]] + 2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|58|E|region:JO|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} ''' Abu `Alandah ''' is a [[toun]] in the [[Amman Govrenorate]] o northren [[Jordan]].<ref>Maplandia world gazetteer</ref> ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.maplandia.com/jordan/amman/abu-alandah/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421153638/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/MapCenter/Map.aspx Search for Abu `Alandah in the MSN Encarta atlas] {{Amman Govrenorate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abu 'Alandah}} [[Category:Populatit places in the Amman Govrenorate]] 96plp161l53im4fknutjsi464klr9vi 0 144198 923469 828724 2026-09-26T06:33:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Misery |region = Picardie |department = Somme |arrondissement = Péronne |canton = Nesle |INSEE = 80551 |postal code = 80320 |mayor = Martine Lesturgez |term = 2001&ndash;2008 |intercommunality = [[Communauté de communes de Haute Picardie|Haute Picardie]] |coordinates = {{coord|49.8494|2.8872|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 71 |elevation min m = 55 |elevation max m = 102 |area km2 = 3.28 |population = 137 |population date = 2006 }} '''Misery''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Somme (depairtment)|Somme]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in [[Picardy]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. ==Geografie== Misery is situatit on the D35e road, some {{Convert|30|mi|km|0}} east o [[Amiens]]. ==Population== {| align="center" rules="all" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border: 1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom:2px solid #999; background: #f3fff3" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"|Population history |-style="background: #ddffdd" ! 1962 !! 1968 !! 1975 !! 1982 !! 1990 !! 1999 !! 2006 |- | align=center| 67 || align=center| 104 || align=center| 86 || align=center| 94 || align=center| 124 || align=center| 103 || align=center| 137 |- | colspan=7 align=center| <small>Starting in 1962: Population without duplicates</small> |} ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Somme depairtment]] ==References== *[http://www.insee.fr/en/home/home_page.asp INSEE] {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Misery (Somme)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808183418/http://www.quid.fr/communes.html?mode=query Misery on the Quid wabsteid] {{Fr}} {{Somme communes}} [[Category:Communes o Somme]] eh8m9y7qfh0ce41pnbxlvfm6yi0qezc 0 145260 923506 832070 2026-09-26T07:54:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Pys |arrondissement = Péronne |canton = Albert |INSEE = 80648 |postal code = 80300 |mayor = Gérard Baillet |term = 2008&ndash;2014 |intercommunality = [[Communauté de communes du Pays du Coquelicot|Pays du Coquelicot]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.0878|2.7575|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 115 |elevation min m = 87 |elevation max m = 133 |area km2 = 5.05 |population = 104 |population date = 2009 }} '''Pys''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Somme (depairtment)|Somme]] ''[[Depairtments o Fraunce|département]]'' in [[Picardy]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. ==Geografie== Pys is situatit on the D929 road, some {{Convert|25|mi|km|0}} north o [[Amiens]], on the border wi the [[Pas-de-Calais]]. ==Population== {| align="center" rules="all" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border: 1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom:2px solid #999; background: #f3fff3" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"|Population history |-style="background: #ddffdd" ! 1962 !! 1968 !! 1975 !! 1982 !! 1990 !! 1999 !! 2006 !! 2009 |- | align=center| 143|| align=center| 120|| align=center| 110|| align=center| 97|| align=center| 100|| align=center| 82 || align=center| 91 ||align=center| 104 |- | colspan=8 align=center| <small>Starting in 1962: Population without duplicates</small> |} ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Somme depairtment]] ==References== *[http://www.insee.fr/en/home/home_page.asp INSEE] {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808183418/http://www.quid.fr/communes.html?mode=query Pys on the Quid wabsteid] {{Fr}} {{Somme communes}} [[Category:Communes o Somme]] sxjxhky3t9hg03bwyljfrovmxrk032b 0 153986 923444 886669 2026-09-26T05:14:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diamond | name = Koh-i-Noor | image = Koh-i-Noor old version copy.jpg | caption = A gless replica o the diamond afore it wis re-cut in 1852 on display at the [[Reich der Kristalle]] museum in [[Munich]], Germany. | weight = {{convert|105.602|carat|g}} | colour = [[Diamond colour#Gradin the normal colour range|Finest White]] | cut = | mine = [[Kollur Mine]], [[Guntur Destrict]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], Indie<ref name="Mears1988">{{cite book|author=Kenneth J. Mears|title=The Tower of London: 900 Years of English History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=D_kgAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-2527-4|page=100}}</ref> | cutter = Hortenso Borgia <small>(17t&nbsp;century)</small><br/>Levie Benjamin Voorzanger <small>(1852)</small> | found = 13t&nbsp;century | original_owner = [[Kakatiya dynasty]] | owner = Queen [[Elizabeth&nbsp;II]] in richt o [[the Croun]].<ref>{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Commons |title=Crown Jewels |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1992/jul/16/crown-jewels#column_944w |date=16 July 1992 |volume=211 |column=944W }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107041954/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1992/jul/16/crown-jewels#column_944w |date=2019-01-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107041954/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1992/jul/16/crown-jewels#column_944w |date=2019-01-07 }}</ref> | value = }} The '''Koh-i-Noor''' (Persie for '''Moontain o Licht'''; an aa spelled '''Koh-i-Nûr''' an '''Kooh-è Noor''') is a lairge, colourless diamond that wis foond near [[Guntur]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Indie, possibly in the 13t&nbsp;century. It weighed {{convert|793|carat|g}} uncut an wis first ained bi the [[Kakatiya dynasty]]. The stane chynged haunds several times atween various feudin factions in Sooth Asie ower the next few hunder years, afore endin up in the possession o [[Queen Victoria]] efter the [[Seicont Anglo-Sikh War|Breetish conquest]] o the [[Punjab]] in 1849. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koh-I-Noor}} [[Category:Croun Jewels o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Jewels o the Mughal Empire]] [[Category:Diamonds oreeginatin in Indiae]] [[Category:History o Indiae]] [[Category:History o Andhra Pradesh]] [[Category:Sikh Empire]] [[Category:1739 in Asie]] [[Category:Persie wirds an phrases]] m7zle0f4cs3kgbwyhux2crswwtl9c1q 0 161213 923415 922433 2026-09-26T04:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Hazaras<br/><big>هزاره</big> | population = {{circa|'''10–14 million'''}} |region1 = {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} |pop1 = ~7,000,000 , 25% |ref1 = <ref name="aljazeera">{{citation |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/afghanistan-hazaras-160623093601127.html |title=Afghanistan: Who are the Hazaras? Despite their growing political clout, many Hazaras continue to feel discriminated against |date=27 June 2016 |accessdate=5 August 2016 |publisher=Al Jazeera}} Calculatit frae population o Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (Julie 2014 est.) @ 20% (2016)</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} |pop2 = 2,000,000. some ~ 500,000 Afghan citizens of Hazara descent in Iran (2011) |ref2 = <ref name ="Hazara People">http://www.hazarapeople.com/2011/10/05/discrimination-against-hazara-people-in-iran/ Census of Afghans in Iran 2011</ref> |region3 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} |pop3 = 900,000. Some ~ 40,000 Afghan citizens of Hazara descent in Pakistan (2005) |ref3 = {{lower|<ref name="UNHCR">[http://www.unhcr.org/431c7b1a2.pdf Census of Afghans in Pakistan 2005], ''[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] Statistical Summary Report'' (retrieved August 14, 2016)</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Yusuf|first1=Imran|title=Who are the Hazara?|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/267225/who-are-the-hazara/|accessdate=1 September 2016|publisher=Tribune|date=5 October 2011}}</ref>}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |pop4 = 10,000 (2013) |ref4 = {{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} |region5 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |pop5 = 4,300 |ref5 = {{lower|<ref>The population o fowk wi strynd frae Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090. Hazara mak up an estimatit 20% o the population o Afghanistan dependin tae the soorce. The Hazara population in Canadae is estimatit frae these twa figurs. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm |date=2013-07-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm |date=2013-07-23 }}</ref> }} |region6 = {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} |pop6 = 3,800 |ref6 = {{lower|<ref>{{citation |title=Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=5 August 2016 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/afghan-hazaras-new-life-indonesia-201436121639956520.html}}</ref> }} |languages = [[Persie leid|Persie]] (predominantly [[Dari leid|Dari]] an [[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]] dialects) |religions = [[Shia Islam]] ([[Twaler]] an [[Ismaili]]), wi a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] minority (see [[Aimaq Hazara]])<ref name="culturalorientation">The Afghans, Their History and Culture, [http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/arelig.html Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228003012/http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/arelig.html |date=2010-12-28 }}</ref> }} The '''Hazaras''' ({{lang-fa|هزاره}}) are a [[Persie leid|Persie-speakin]] fowk wha mainly bide in central [[Afghanistan]], [[Hazara Toun]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]], an [[Karachi]]. Thay are maistlins [[Twaler|Twaler Shia Muslim]]s an mak up the third maist muckle [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|ethnic group in Afghanistan]].<ref name="Iranica2">L. Dupree, ''"Af<u>gh</u>ānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy"'', in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006, ([http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-iv-ethnography LINK]).</ref><ref name="CIA-af">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |title=Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (July 2014 est.) @ 9% (2014) |accessdate=July 17, 2015 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=2017-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072213/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Al-jazeera">{{cite web | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2011/11/2011111284512336838.html | title=Hazara community finds safe haven in Peshawar | publisher=Aljazeer English | date=12 Nov 2011 | accessdate=November 13, 2011 | author=Kamal Hyder reports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0037) |title= Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan |year=1997 |accessdate=2010-09-18}}</ref> The dialect o Persie that thay speak is cried [[Hazaragi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-4|title=HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=theses|title=Attitudes towards Hazaragi|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> that is mair precisely a pairt o the [[Dari leid|Dari]] byleid continuum (ane o the twa main leids o Afghanistan),<ref name="OCLC 401634">[[Franz Schurmann|Schurmann, Franz]] (1962) ''The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan'' Mouton, [[The Hague, Netherlands]], page 17, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/401634 OCLC 401634]</ref> an is mutually intelligible wi Dari.<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi">{{cite web|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=these|title=Attitudes Towards Hazaragi|accessdate=4 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Hazara of Daykundi province.jpg|Hazaras in [[Daykundi Province]] File:Hazara schoolgirls in Bamyan, Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara girl in [[Bamyan Province]] </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hazara Fowk}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] [[Category:Social groups o Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Shia Islam in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Shia commonties]] [[Category:Hazara fowk]] [[Category:Hazara history]] hga73aipufkgctt5fg5bki1qjcwuypk 0 162786 923455 922914 2026-09-26T05:41:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923455 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Population density of countries 2018 world map, people per sq km.svg|347px|thumb|Population density (fowk per km²) bi kintra in 2018]] This is a '''leet o [[kintra]]s an [[dependent territory|dependencies]] ranked bi human [[population density]]''' an meisurt bi the nummer o [[human]] indwallers per [[squerr kilometre]] or [[squerr mile]]. ==Leet== * The [[European Union]] is a ''[[sui generis]]'' supranaitional union possessin "kintra-lik" chairacteristics. The entity is componed o 28 member kintras. Its population density haes been estimatit at 116 fowk per km², an it would be ranked 95t if it were included in the leet. (population: 506,913,394 on Januar 1, 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1|title=Eurostat-Tables,Graphs and Maps Interface（TGM）table|publisher=[[European Commission]]|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> area: 4,324,782&nbsp;km²). ''See an aa: [[Leet o regional organisations bi population]]''. *The maist densely populatit sovereign naition is [[Monaco]], wi a population density o 18,713 fowk/km². * Aurie includes laund an watter. {|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right" |+ !Pos.!!Kintra (or dependent territory)!!Aurie (km²)!!Aurie (mi²)!!Population!!Density<br>(pop./km²)!!Density<br>(pop./mi²)!!Date!! class="unsortable" | Population soorce |- ||| align="left" |{{noflag}}'''[[Population density#Human population density|Warld]]''' (laund anly, excludin [[Antarcticae]]) |{{convert|134940000|km2|disp=table}} |{{formatnum:{{worldpop}}}} |{{convert|{{#expr: {{worldpop}}/134940000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popclock/ USCB's warld population clock] |- ||| align="left" |{{noflag}}'''[[Population density#Human population density|Warld]]''' (laund anly) |{{convert|148940000|km2|disp=table}} |{{formatnum:{{worldpop}}}} |{{convert|{{#expr: {{worldpop}}/148940000 round 0 }}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popclock/ USCB's Warld population clock] |- ||| align="left" |{{noflag}}'''[[Population density#Human population density|Warld]]''' (wi watter) |{{convert|510072000|km2|disp=table}} |{{formatnum:{{worldpop}}}} |{{convert|{{#expr: {{worldpop}}/510072000 round 0 }}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popclock/ USCB's Warld population clock] |- |1 | align="left" |''{{MAC}}'' ([[Cheenae]])<ref>Current [[Special Admeenistrative Region]] (SAR) o the [[Cheenae|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] (PRC). Umwhile [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colony.</ref> |{{convert|30.5|km2|0|disp=table}} |647,700 |{{convert|{{#expr: 647700/30.5 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx?KeyIndicatorID=12 Offeecial quarterly estimate] |- |2 | align="left" |{{MCO}} |{{convert|2.02|km2|2|disp=table}} |38,400 |{{convert|{{#expr: 38400/2.02 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.imsee.mc/Population-et-emploi Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128001937/http://www.imsee.mc/Population-et-emploi |date=2012-11-28 }} |- |3 | align="left" |{{SIN}} |{{convert|719.2|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,607,300 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5607300/719.2 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#16 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129094649/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#16 |date=2015-11-29 }} |- |4 | align="left" |''{{HKG}}'' ([[China]]) |{{convert|1,105.7|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,346,700 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7346700/1105.7 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/so20.jsp Offeecial estimate] |- |5 | align="left" |''{{GIB}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]])<ref>Territory claimed bi [[Spain]].</ref> |{{convert|6.8|km2|1|disp=table}} |33,140 |{{convert|{{#expr: 33140/6.8 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 7, 2017 | align="left" |[https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/HMGoG_Documents/Abstract%202014.pdf Offeecial estimate] |- |6 | align="left" |{{BHR}} |{{convert|757|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,472,483 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1472483/757 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 21, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230515/http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |7 | align="left" |{{VAT}} |{{convert|0.44|km2|2|disp=table}} |800 |{{convert|{{#expr: 800/0.44 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031317/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |8 | align="left" |{{MLT}} |{{convert|315|km2|0|disp=table}} |426,149 |{{convert|{{#expr: 426149/315 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 21, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194522/http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 |date=2013-11-13 }} |- |9 | align="left" |''{{BER}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|52|km2|0|disp=table}} |66,449 |{{convert|{{#expr: 66449/52 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 21, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520190010/http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }} |- |10 |{{data Bangladesh|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045106/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=2011-09-04 }} |- |11 | align="left" |''{{SXM}}'' ([[Kinrick o the Netherlands]]) |{{convert|34|km2|0|disp=table}} |37,429 |{{convert|{{#expr: 37429/34 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/SintMaarten.html Offeecial estimate] |- |12 | align="left" |{{MDV}} |{{convert|298|km2|0|disp=table}} |317,280 |{{convert|{{#expr: 317280/298 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2010 | align="left" |[http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224031/http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |13 | align="left" |''{{JEY}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|116|km2|0|disp=table}} |97,857 |{{convert|{{#expr: 97857/116 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 27, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003705/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |14 | align="left" |''{{GGY}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|78|km2|0|disp=table}} |62,431 |{{convert|{{#expr: 62431/78 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 31, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=5506&p=0 Offeecial estimate] |- |15 | align="left" |''{{flag|Palestinian National Authority|name=Palestinian Territories}}''<ref>Borders an aurie o Palestinian-admeenistert territories are pendin ootcome o negotiations wi [[Israel]].</ref> |{{convert|6,020|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,550,368 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4550368/6020 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2014 | align="left" |[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population |date=2015-06-10 }} |- |16 | align="left" |''{{MAF}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|54|km2|0|disp=table}} |36,979 |{{convert|{{#expr: 36979/54 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Offeecial estimate] |- |17 | align="left" |{{TWN}} ([[Republic o Cheenae|ROC]])<ref>[[Poleetical status o Taiwan|Pairtially recognised state]], claimed bi the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] as ane o its [[Provinces o Cheenae|provinces]].</ref> |{{convert|36,197|km2|0|disp=table}} |23,526,295 |{{convert|{{#expr: 23526295/36197 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 31, 2016 | align="left" |[http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022127/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |date=2014-07-04 }} |- |18 | align="left" |{{BRB}} |{{convert|430|km2|0|disp=table}} |274,200 |{{convert|{{#expr: 274200/430 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Barbados.html Offeecial estimate] |- |19 | align="left" |{{MRI}} |{{convert|2,040|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,262,879 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1262879/2040 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Pages/Population-Stats-Jan-Jun2015.aspx Offeecial estimate] |- |20 | align="left" |{{LBN}} |{{convert|10,452|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,988,153 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5988153/10201 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2014 | align="left" |UN projection |- |21 | align="left" |''{{MYT}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|374|km2|0|disp=table}} |212,600 |{{convert|{{#expr: 212600/374 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 21, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=19214&reg_id=27 2012 census result] |- |22 | align="left" |{{SMR}} |{{convert|61|km2|0|disp=table}} |33,028 |{{convert|{{#expr: 33028/61 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 31, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html# Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228151338/http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html |date=2012-12-28 }} |- |23 | align="left" |''{{ARU}}'' ([[Kinrick o the Netherlands]]) |{{convert|193|km2|0|disp=table}} |101,484 |{{convert|{{#expr: 101484/193 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 29, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113151207/http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 |date=2012-11-13 }} |- |24 | align="left" |{{KOR}} |{{convert|100,210|km2|0|disp=table}} |50,801,405 |{{convert|{{#expr: 50801405/100210 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://kosis.kr/nsportalStats/nsportalStats_0102Body.jsp?menuId=1&NUM=1 Annual official estimate] |- |25 | align="left" |{{NRU}} |{{convert|21|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,084 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10084/21 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 30, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Nauru.html 2011 census result] |- |26 | align="left" |{{RWA}} |{{convert|25,314|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,882,766 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11882766/25314 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://statistics.gov.rw/ Annual official estimate] |- |27 | align="left" |{{TUV}} |{{convert|26|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,323 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11323/26 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |28 | align="left" |''{{BLM}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|21|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,938 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8938/21 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Offeecial estimate] |- |29 | align="left" |{{COM}} |{{convert|1,861|km2|0|disp=table}} |784,745 |{{convert|{{#expr: 784745/1861 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://comoros.africadata.org/fr/DataAnalysis Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111213747/http://comoros.africadata.org/fr/DataAnalysis |date=2016-01-11 }} |- |30 | align="left" |{{BDI}} |{{convert|27,816|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,552,561 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11552561/27816 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.isteebu.bi/images/rapports/projection%20de%20la%20population%20bdi%202008-2030.pdf Offeecial annual projection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071528/http://www.isteebu.bi/images/rapports/projection%20de%20la%20population%20bdi%202008-2030.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |31 |{{data Netherlands|popdens}} | align="left" |[https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisaties/population-counter Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009222717/https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisaties/population-counter |date=2018-10-09 }} |- |32 | align="left" |{{HAI}} |{{convert|27,065|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,078,033 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11078033/27065 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ihsi.ht/pdf/projection/ProjectionsPopulation_Haiti_2007.pdf Offeecial projection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219001450/http://ihsi.ht/pdf/projection/ProjectionsPopulation_Haiti_2007.pdf |date=2015-02-19 }} |- |33 |{{data India|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter3.pdf Population clock based on 2011 census] |- |34 |{{data Israel|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&ID=141 Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915102003/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&ID=141 |date=2018-09-15 }}<ref>Calculatit based on average growth syne last census</ref> |- |35 | align="left" |''{{PRI}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]])<ref>Commonweel o the [[Unitit States]].</ref> |{{convert|8,868|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,411,307 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3411307/8868 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popest/data/index.html Offeecial estimate] |- |36 | align="left" |{{BEL}} |{{convert|30,528|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,353,461 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11353461/30528 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/nl/bev/statistieken/stat-1-1_n.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111002452/http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/nl/bev/statistieken/stat-1-1_n.pdf |date=2014-11-11 }} |- |37 |{{data Philippines|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://rpo3.popcom.gov.ph/ Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915090120/http://rpo3.popcom.gov.ph/ |date=2015-09-15 }} |- |38 | align="left" |{{SRI}} |{{convert|65,610|km2|0|disp=table}} |22,480,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 22480000/65610 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/VitalStatistics/MidYearPopulation/Mid-year%20population%20by%20age%20group.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117022357/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/VitalStatistics/MidYearPopulation/Mid-year%20population%20by%20age%20group.pdf |date=2017-11-17 }} |- |39 | align="left" |''{{MTQ}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|1,128|km2|0|disp=table}} |385,551 |{{convert|{{#expr: 385551/1128 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Offeecial estimate] |- |40 | align="left" |''{{CUR}}'' ([[Kinrick o the Netherlands]]) |{{convert|444|km2|0|disp=table}} |150,563 |{{convert|{{#expr: 150563/444 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 26, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Curacao.html 2011 census result] |- |41 | align="left" |{{JPN}} |{{convert|377,944|km2|0|disp=table}} |126,860,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 126860000/377944 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2017 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Monthly official estimate] |- |42 | align="left" |''{{REU}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|2,512|km2|0|disp=table}} |821,136 |{{convert|{{#expr: 821136/2512 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Offeecial estimate] |- |43 | align="left" |{{MHL}} |{{convert|181|km2|0|disp=table}} |56,086 |{{convert|{{#expr: 56086/181 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |44 | align="left" |''{{VIR}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]]) |{{convert|352|km2|0|disp=table}} |106,405 |{{convert|{{#expr: 106405/352 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn180.html Final 2010 census result] |- |45 | align="left" |{{SLV}} |{{convert|21,040|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,340,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6340000/21040 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |46 | align="left" |{{GRD}} |{{convert|344|km2|0|disp=table}} |103,328 |{{convert|{{#expr: 103328/344 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 12, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614004809/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx |date=2012-06-14 }} |- |47 | align="left" |''{{GUM}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]]) |{{convert|541|km2|0|disp=table}} |159,358 |{{convert|{{#expr: 159358/541 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn179.html Final 2010 census result] |- |48 | align="left" |''{{ASM}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]]) |{{convert|197|km2|0|disp=table}} |55,519 |{{convert|{{#expr: 55519/197 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn177.html Final 2010 census result] |- |49 | align="left" |{{VNM}} |{{convert|331,212|km2|0|disp=table}} |92,700,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 92700000/331212 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[https://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=622&ItemID=15862 Offeecial estimate] |- |50 | align="left" |{{LCA}} |{{convert|617|km2|0|disp=table}} |166,526 |{{convert|{{#expr: 166526/617 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 10, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |51 | align="left" |{{GBR}} |{{convert|242,910|km2|0|disp=table}} |65,110,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 65110000/242910 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates Annual official estimate] |- |52 | align="left" |{{VCT}} |{{convert|389|km2|0|disp=table}} |100,892 |{{convert|{{#expr: 100892/389 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2009 | align="left" |[http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153647/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm |date=2013-06-02 }} |- |53 | align="left" |{{TRI}} |{{convert|5,155|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,328,019 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1328019/5155 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 9, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |54 | align="left" |{{JAM}} |{{convert|10,991|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,723,246 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2723246/10991 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2014 | align="left" |[http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx Offeecial estimate] |- |55 | align="left" |''{{GLP}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|1,630|km2|0|disp=table}} |402,119 |{{convert|{{#expr: 402119/1630 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Offeecial estimate] |- |56 |{{data Pakistan|popdens}} | align="left" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211657/http://www.census.gov.pk/ Offeecial population clock] |- |57 | align="left" |{{LIE}} |{{convert|160|km2|0|disp=table}} |36,842 |{{convert|{{#expr: 36842/160 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331084716/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm |date=2014-03-31 }} |- |58 | align="left" |{{GER}} |{{convert|357,168|km2|0|disp=table}} |82,175,700 |{{convert|{{#expr: 82175700/357168 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_zs01_bund.asp Quarterly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110018/http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_zs01_bund.asp |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |59 | align="left" |{{KWT}} |{{convert|17,818|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,007,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4007000/17818 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ Offeecial estimate] |- |60 | align="left" |{{DOM}} |{{convert|47,875|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,528,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10528000/47875 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf UN Projection] |- |61 | align="left" |''{{CAY}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|259|km2|0|disp=table}} |55,456 |{{convert|{{#expr: 55456/259 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 10, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135615/http://eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport |date=2013-09-21 }} |- |62 | align="left" |{{LUX}} |{{convert|2,586|km2|0|disp=table}} |537,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 537000/2586 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=383&IF_Language=fra&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1 Offeecial estimate]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |63 | align="left" |{{SUI}} |{{convert|41,285|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,391,973 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8391973/41285 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand/01.html Quarterly provisional figure] |- |64 | align="left" |{{NGA}} |{{convert|923,768|km2|0|disp=table}} |186,988,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 186988000/923768 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |UN projection |- |65 | align="left" |{{ITA}} |{{convert|301,308|km2|0|disp=table}} |60,592,547 |{{convert|{{#expr: 60592547/301308 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2016gen/index.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216081210/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2016gen/index.html |date=2018-12-16 }} |- |66 | align="left" |{{PRK}} |{{convert|120,540|km2|0|disp=table}} |24,213,510 |{{convert|{{#expr: 24213510/120540 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://kp.one.un.org/content/dam/unct/dprk/docs/2014%20SDHS%20Report_E_final.pdf Preliminary 2014 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031214/http://kp.one.un.org/content/dam/unct/dprk/docs/2014%20SDHS%20Report_E_final.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |67 | align="left" |{{SEY}} |{{convert|455|km2|0|disp=table}} |93,144 |{{convert|{{#expr: 90945/455 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.nbs.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/End-2015-Population-Bulletin.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031704/http://www.nbs.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/End-2015-Population-Bulletin.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |68 | align="left" |''{{VGB}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|151|km2|0|disp=table}} |29,537 |{{convert|{{#expr: 29537/151 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2010 | align="left" |[http://www.dpu.gov.vg Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020525210259/http://www.dpu.gov.vg/ |date=2002-05-25 }} |- |69 | align="left" |{{ATG}} |{{convert|442|km2|0|disp=table}} |86,295 |{{convert|{{#expr: 86295/442 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 27, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Antigua.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |70 | align="left" |{{SKN}} |{{convert|270|km2|0|disp=table}} |51,970 |{{convert|{{#expr: 51970/270 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2009 | align="left" |[http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153647/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm |date=2013-06-02 }} |- |71 | align="left" |{{STP}} |{{convert|1,001|km2|0|disp=table}} |187,356 |{{convert|{{#expr: 187356/1001 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 13, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/SaoTome.html 2012 census result] |- |72 | align="left" |{{NPL}} |{{convert|147,181|km2|0|disp=table}} |26,494,504 |{{convert|{{#expr: 26494504/147181 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 22, 2011 | align="left" |[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }} |- |73 | align="left" |{{QAT}} |{{convert|11,571|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,024,707 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2024707/11571 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 31, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130220032/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm |date=2012-11-30 }} |- |74 | align="left" |{{GAM}} |{{convert|10,690|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,849,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1849000/10690 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |75 | align="left" |{{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Kosovo-note}}</ref> |{{convert|10,910|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,815,606 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1815606/10910 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kosovo-Cities.html Offeecial estimate] |- |76 | align="left" |{{AND}} |{{convert|464|km2|0|disp=table}} |76,246 |{{convert|{{#expr: 76246/464 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20171113143444/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic= Offeecial estimate] |- |77 | align="left" |{{UGA}} |{{convert|241,551|km2|0|disp=table}} |36,860,700 |{{convert|{{#expr: 36860700/241551 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/statistical_abstracts/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |78 | align="left" |''{{IMN}}'' |{{convert|572|km2|0|disp=table}} |84,497 |{{convert|{{#expr: 84497/572 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 27, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/IsleOfMan.html 2011 census result] |- |79 | align="left" |{{KIR}} |{{convert|726|km2|0|disp=table}} |106,461 |{{convert|{{#expr: 106461/726 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |80 | align="left" |{{CYP}} |{{convert|5,896|km2|0|disp=table}} |862,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 862000/5896 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/C6ECE5795EAC1ED8C2257AB70038FCD4?OpenDocument&sub=1&sel=1&e=&print Offeecial estimate] |- |81 | align="left" |{{TON}} |{{convert|720|km2|0|disp=table}} |104,270 |{{convert|{{#expr: 104270/720 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |82 | align="left" |{{FSM}} |{{convert|701|km2|0|disp=table}} |101,351 |{{convert|{{#expr: 101351/701 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |83 | align="left" |{{GUA}} |{{convert|108,889|km2|0|disp=table}} |15,806,675 |{{convert|{{#expr: 15806675/108889 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/tema-indicadores Annual Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314175005/http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/tema-indicadores |date=2014-03-14 }} |- |84 |{{data China|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://data.stats.gov.cn/ Offeecial population clock] |- |85 | align="left" |''{{TKL}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |{{convert|10|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,411 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1411/10 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 18, 2011 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034343/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf |date=2012-08-15 }} |- |86 | align="left" |''{{AIA}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|96|km2|0|disp=table}} |13,452 |{{convert|{{#expr: 13452/96 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 11, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Anguilla.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |87 | align="left" |{{IDN}} |{{convert|1,904,569|km2|0|disp=table}} |260,581,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 260581000/1904569 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark_Proyeksi%20Penduduk%20Indonesia%202010-2035.pdf Offeecial projection] |- |88 | align="left" |{{CZE}} |{{convert|78,867|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,564,866 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10564866/78867 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2016 | align="left" |[https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population Quarterly official estimate] |- |89 | align="left" |{{DNK}} |{{convert|43,098|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,748,769 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5748769/43098 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2017 | align="left" |[http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning/folketal.aspx Quarterly official estimate] |- |90 | align="left" |{{THA}} |{{convert|513,120|km2|0|disp=table}} |65,729,098 |{{convert|{{#expr: 65729098/513120 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat58.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527113634/http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat58.htm |date=2018-05-27 }} |- |91 | align="left" |{{TOG}} |{{convert|56,600|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,143,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7143000/56600 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php/thematiques/statistiques-demographiques/32-thematiques/statistiques-demographiques/etat-structure/79-perspectives-demo Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908020603/http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php/thematiques/statistiques-demographiques/32-thematiques/statistiques-demographiques/etat-structure/79-perspectives-demo |date=2015-09-08 }} |- |92 | align="left" |{{POL}} |{{convert|312,685|km2|0|disp=table}} |38,439,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 38439000/312685 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 31, 2016 | align="left" |[http://stat.gov.pl/podstawowe-dane/ Offeecial estimate] |- |93 | align="left" |{{CPV}} |{{convert|4,033|km2|0|disp=table}} |491,875 |{{convert|{{#expr: 491875/4033 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 16, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolução%20da%20população%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde,%201900%20-2010.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003130545/http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde%2C%201900%20-2010.pdf |date=2012-10-03 }} |- |94 | align="left" |{{MWI}} |{{convert|118,484|km2|0|disp=table}} |14,388,600 |{{convert|{{#expr: 14388600/118484 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Malawi.html Offeecial estimate] |- |95 | align="left" |{{GHA}} |{{convert|238,533|km2|0|disp=table}} |28,308,301 |{{convert|{{#expr: 28308301/238533 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 26, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/ Offeecial projection] |- |96 | align="left" |''{{MNP}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]]) |{{convert|457|km2|0|disp=table}} |53,883 |{{convert|{{#expr: 53883/457 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn178.html Final 2010 census result] |- |97 | align="left" |{{FRA}} |{{convert|543,965|km2|0|disp=table}} |66,821,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 64149000/543965 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607 Monthly official estimate] |- |98 | align="left" |{{UAE}} |{{convert|83,600|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,856,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9856000/83600 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/index.aspx Offeecial estimate] |- |99 | align="left" |{{AZE}} |{{convert|86,600|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,755,500 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9755500/86600 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://stat.gov.az/news/?id=3311 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031604/http://stat.gov.az/news/?id=3311 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |100 | align="left" |{{PRT}} |{{convert|92,090|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,341,330 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10341330/92090 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE Offeecial estimate] |- |101 | align="left" |{{SVK}} |{{convert|49,036|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,426,252 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5426252/49036 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031417/http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |102 |{{data Jordan|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117225318/http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |103 | align="left" |{{HUN}} |{{convert|93,029|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,830,485 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9830485/93029 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wnt001b.html Annual official estimate] |- |104 | align="left" |{{MDA}} |{{convert|33,843|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,553,100 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3553100/33843 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&idc=103& Offeecial estimate] |- |105 | align="left" |{{AUT}} |{{convert|83,879|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,767,919 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8767919/83879 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html Offeecial quarterly estimate] |- |106 | align="left" |{{CUB}} |{{convert|109,884|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,239,004 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11239004/109886 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.one.cu/aec2015/03%20Poblacion.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329125044/http://www.one.cu/aec2015/03%20Poblacion.pdf |date=2017-03-29 }} |- |107 | align="left" |{{TUR}} |{{convert|783,562|km2|0|disp=table}} |79,814,871 |{{convert|{{#expr: 79814871/783562 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108091816/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do |date=2017-11-08 }} |- |108 | align="left" |{{SVN}} |{{convert|20,273|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,064,241 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2064241/20273 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/field-overview?idp=17&headerbar=13 Offeecial quarterly estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031406/http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/field-overview?idp=17&headerbar=13 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |109 | align="left" |{{ARM}} |{{convert|29,743|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,995,100 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2995100/29743 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=19001&submit=Search Offeecial estimate] |- |110 | align="left" |{{ALB}} |{{convert|28,703|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,886,026 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2886026/28703 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.instat.gov.al/en/publications/press-releases/press-release-population-of-albania-1-january-2016.aspx Offeecial annual estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421163002/http://instat.gov.al/en/publications/press-releases/press-release-population-of-albania-1-january-2016.aspx |date=2016-04-21 }} |- |111 | align="left" |{{SYR}} |{{convert|185,180|km2|0|disp=table}} |18,564,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 18564000/185180 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ UN estimate] |- |112 | align="left" |{{SLE}} |{{convert|71,740|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,075,641 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7075641/71740 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 4, 2015 | align="left" |[https://www.statistics.sl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2015-Census-Provisional-Result.pdf Preliminary 2015 census result] |- |113 |{{data Malaysia|popdens}}<!-- Do not replace this with a manual calculation. Template:Data Malaysia, like other data templates do for other countries, is used to automatically calculate today's population based on official sources. If this country's population is not accurate, please update the data template, not this article. --> | align="left" |[http://www.statistics.gov.my Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611041219/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ |date=2008-06-11 }} |- |114 | align="left" |{{DMA}} |{{convert|739|km2|0|disp=table}} |71,293 |{{convert|{{#expr: 71293/739 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 14, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104411/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf |date=2019-06-08 }} |- |115 | align="left" |{{ETH}} |{{convert|1,063,652|km2|0|disp=table}} |101,853,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 101853000/1063652 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ UN projection] |- |116 | align="left" |{{CRI}} |{{convert|51,100|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,890,379 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4890379/51100 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.inec.go.cr/ Offeecial estimate] |- |117 | align="left" |{{BEN}} |{{convert|112,622|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,653,654 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10653654/112622 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.insae-bj.org/Migration.html?file=files/stats-demographiques/STATISTIQUES%20DEMOGRAPHIQUES.xlsx Offeecial projection] |- |118 | align="left" |{{TRNC}} |{{convert|3355|km2|0|disp=table}} |313,626 |{{convert|{{#expr: 313626/3355 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2014 | align="left" |[http://www.devplan.org/Ecosos/BOOK/SEG-2014.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108225108/http://www.devplan.org/Ecosos/BOOK/SEG-2014.pdf |date=2016-01-08 }} |- |119 |{{data Egypt|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.capmas.gov.eg Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907025744/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/ |date=2023-09-07 }} |- |120 | align="left" |{{ESP}} |{{convert|505,990|km2|0|disp=table}} |46,438,422 |{{convert|{{#expr: 46438422/505990 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.es/inebaseDYN/cp30321/cp_inicio.htm Offeecial estimate] |- |121 | align="left" |{{SRB}} |{{convert|77,474|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,076,372 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7076372/77474 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225081855/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 |date=2015-12-25 }} |- |122 | align="left" |{{KHM}} |{{convert|181,035|km2|0|disp=table}} |15,626,444 |{{convert|{{#expr: 15626444/181035 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.go.jp/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/rp12_ch10.pdf Offeecial annual projection] |- |123 | align="left" |{{IRQ}} |{{convert|434,128|km2|0|disp=table}} |36,787,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 36787000/434128 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://cosit.gov.iq/en/rtl-support Annual official projection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319085807/http://cosit.gov.iq/en/rtl-support |date=2017-03-19 }} |- |124 | align="left" |{{ROM}} |{{convert|238,391|km2|0|disp=table}} |19,760,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 19760000/238391 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2016e.pdf Offeecial annual estimate] |- |125 | align="left" |{{GRE}} |{{convert|131,957|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,858,018 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10858018/131957 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SPO18/- Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110002613/http://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SPO18/- |date=2021-01-10 }} |- |126 | align="left" |{{KEN}} |{{convert|581,834|km2|0|disp=table}} |47,251,449 |{{convert|{{#expr: 47251449/581834 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ UN projection] |- |127 | align="left" |{{MKD}} |{{convert|25,713|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,071,278 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2071278/25713 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=2 Offeecial estimate] |- |128 | align="left" |{{MYA}} |{{convert|676,577|km2|0|disp=table}} |54,363,426 |{{convert|{{#expr: 54363426/676577 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 29, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/east-asia/story/myanmar-census-shows-population-9-million-fewer-estimated-20140830 Preliminary 2014 census result] |- |129 | align="left" |{{HON}} |{{convert|112,492|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,721,014 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8721014/112492 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gob.hn/images/Productos%20ine/censo/Censo%202013/Proyecciones/Proyecciones%20Ine%202016.xlsx Offeecial projection] |- |130 |{{data Morocco|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.hcp.ma Offeecial population clock] |- |131 | align="left" |''{{PYF}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|3,521|km2|0|disp=table}} |268,270 |{{convert|{{#expr: 268270/3521 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 22, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_résultats_population_légale.sflb.ashx Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193409/http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_r%C3%A9sultats_population_l%C3%A9gale.sflb.ashx |date=2014-02-21 }} |- |132 | align="left" |{{SEN}} |{{convert|196,722|km2|0|disp=table}} |14,799,859 |{{convert|{{#expr: 14799859/196722 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060113/http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |133 | align="left" |{{CRO}} |{{convert|56,542|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,190,669 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4190669/56542 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/system/first_results.htm#MIG Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705025245/http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/system/first_results.htm#MIG |date=2017-07-05 }} |- |134 | align="left" |{{UKR}}<ref>Excludes [[Crimea]]</ref> |{{convert|576,500 |km2|0|disp=table}} |42,642,434 |{{convert|{{#expr: 42642434/576500 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp |date=2016-08-08 }} |- |135 | align="left" |{{CIV}} |{{convert|322,921|km2|0|disp=table}} |23,202,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 23202000/322921 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ins.ci/n Offeecial estimate] |- |136 | align="left" |{{SWZ}} |{{convert|17,364|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,250,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1250000/17364 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |137 | align="left" |{{TLS}} |{{convert|14,919|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,066,409 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1066409/14919 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 11, 2010 | align="left" |[http://dne.mof.gov.tl Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816060817/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/ |date=2012-08-16 }} |- |138 | align="left" |{{BIH}} |{{convert|51,209|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,531,159 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3531159/51209 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 30, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224103940/http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf |date=2017-12-24 }} |- |139 | align="left" |{{UZB}} |{{convert|444,103|km2|0|disp=table}} |30,492,800 |{{convert|{{#expr: 30492800/444103 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.uz/demographic Offeecial estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214183713/http://www.stat.uz/demographic// |date=2014-12-14 }} |- |140 | align="left" |{{LES}} |{{convert|30,355|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,074,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2074000/30355 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |141 | align="left" |{{BRU}} |{{convert|5,765|km2|0|disp=table}} |393,162 |{{convert|{{#expr: 393162/5765 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 20, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010121333/http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf |date=2012-10-10 }} |- |142 | align="left" |{{IRL}} |{{convert|70,273|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,757,976 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4757976/70273 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 24, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2016-preliminaryresults/ Offeecial census figures] |- |143 | align="left" |{{SAM}} |{{convert|2,831|km2|0|disp=table}} |187,820 |{{convert|{{#expr: 187820/2831 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |November 7, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.sbs.gov.ws Final 2011 census result] |- |144 | align="left" |{{TUN}} |{{convert|163,610|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,777,500 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10777500/163610 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexfr.php Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117075430/http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexfr.php |date=2020-11-17 }} |- |145 | align="left" |''{{BES}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |{{convert|322|km2|0|disp=table}} |21,133 |{{convert|{{#expr: 21133/322 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/NedAntillen.html Offeecial estimate] |- |146 | align="left" |''{{NFK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |{{convert|35|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,302 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2302/35 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 9, 2011 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200110/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |147 | align="left" |{{BFA}} |{{convert|270,764|km2|0|disp=table}} |17,322,796 |{{convert|{{#expr: 17322796/270764 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.insd.bf/fr Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814084502/http://www.insd.bf/fr |date=2012-08-14 }} |- |148 | align="left" |{{ECU}} |{{convert|255,595|km2|0|disp=table}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: 150000+6.95*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}} round 0}}00}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (15000000+695*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}})/255595 round 0}}}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (15000000+695*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}})/98686 round 0}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121131641/http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf |date=2013-01-21 }} |- |149 | align="left" |{{BUL}} |{{convert|111,002|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,153,784 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7153784/111002 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.nsi.bg/bg/node/14154] |- |150 | align="left" |''{{TCA}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|497|km2|0|disp=table}} |31,458 |{{convert|{{#expr: 31458/497 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 25, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/TurksCaicos.html 2012 census result] |- |151 | align="left" |''{{COK}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |{{convert|237|km2|0|disp=table}} |14,974 |{{convert|{{#expr: 14974/237 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230514/http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |152 | align="left" |{{MEX}} |{{convert|1,967,138|km2|0|disp=table}} |122,273,473 |{{convert|{{#expr: 122273473/1967138 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Proyecciones/Datos/Bases_de_Datos/Indicadores_demograficos/CSV/baseindidemMX.csv Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205000208/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Proyecciones/Datos/Bases_de_Datos/Indicadores_demograficos/CSV/baseindidemMX.csv |date=2017-12-05 }} |- |153 | align="left" |{{TAN}} |{{convert|883,749|km2|0|disp=table}} |55,155,473 |{{convert|{{#expr: 55155473/883749 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 26, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |154 | align="left" |{{TJK}} |{{convert|143,100|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,551,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8551000/143100 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.tj/en Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306125630/http://www.stat.tj/en/ |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |155 | align="left" |{{GNQ}} |{{convert|28,051|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,622,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1622000/28051 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2010 | align="left" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20190107063158/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/404.shtml Offeecial estimate] |- |156 | align="left" |{{YEM}} |{{convert|455,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |24,527,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 24527000/455000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211602/http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |157 | align="left" |{{GEO}} |{{convert|69,700|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,720,400 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3720400/69700 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng Offeecial estimate] |- |158 | align="left" |{{ERI}} |{{convert|121,100|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,333,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6333000/121100 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |159 | align="left" |{{NIC}} |{{convert|121,428|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,071,045 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6071045/121428 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20año%202012%20INIDE.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20a%C3%B1o%202012%20INIDE.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |160 |{{data Iran|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133 Offeecial population clock] |- |161 | align="left" |''{{MSR}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|102|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,922 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4922/102 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 12, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071254/http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |162 | align="left" |''{{WLF}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|274|km2|0|disp=table}} |13,135 |{{convert|{{#expr: 13135/274 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |163 | align="left" |{{FIJ}} |{{convert|18,333|km2|0|disp=table}} |858,038 |{{convert|{{#expr: 858038/18333 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416021611/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf |date=2013-04-16 }} |- |164 | align="left" |{{PAN}} |{{convert|74,177|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,405,813 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3405813/74177 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 16, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/cuadros.aspx Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307170158/http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/Cuadros.aspx |date=2011-03-07 }} |- |165 | align="left" |{{BLR}} |{{convert|207,600|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,469,200 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9469200/207600 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/current-data/demographic-situation-in-Half-Year-2014 Quarterly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729023401/http://belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/current-data/demographic-situation-in-Half-Year-2014/ |date=2014-07-29 }} |- |166 | align="left" |{{MNE}} |{{convert|13,812|km2|0|disp=table}} |620,029 |{{convert|{{#expr: 620029/13812 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje%281%29.pdf Final 2011 census result] |- |167 | align="left" |{{CMR}} |{{convert|466,050|km2|0|disp=table}} |20,386,799 |{{convert|{{#expr: 20386799/466050 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031000/http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf |date=2018-05-17 }} |- |168 |align=left|[[Colombie]] | align="left" |1,141,748 |440,831 |49,087,979 |43 |111.35 |Februar 14, 2017 |[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |date=2012-01-14 }} |- |169 | align="left" |{{GUI}} |{{convert|245,857|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,628,972 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10628972/245857 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat-guinee.org Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050037/http://www.stat-guinee.org/ |date=2012-07-12 }} |- |170 | align="left" |{{RSA}} |{{convert|1,220,813|km2|0|disp=table}} |52,981,991 |{{convert|{{#expr: 52981991/1220813 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022013.pdf Offeecial estimate] |- |171 | align="left" |{{PLW}} |{{convert|488|km2|0|disp=table}} |20,901 |{{convert|{{#expr: 20901/488 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |172 | align="left" |{{GNB}} |{{convert|36,125|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,547,777 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1547777/36125 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/Projeccao_demografica.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031343/http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/Projeccao_demografica.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |173 | align="left" |{{LIT}} |{{convert|65,300|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,836,708 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2836708/65300 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |date=2010-08-19 }} |- |174 | align="left" |{{LBR}} |{{convert|97,036|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,076,530 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4076530/97036 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.lisgis.net/pg_img/Population%20Projection%20final%20110512.pdf Offeecial projection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224150241/http://www.lisgis.net/pg_img/Population%20Projection%20final%20110512.pdf |date=2021-02-24 }} |- |175 | align="left" |{{AFG}} |{{convert|645,807|km2|0|disp=table}} |25,500,100 |{{convert|{{#expr: 25500100/645807 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003706/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |176 | align="left" |''{{CCK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |{{convert|14|km2|0|disp=table}} |550 |{{convert|{{#expr: 550/14 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 9, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |177 | align="left" |{{DJI}} |{{convert|23,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |864,618 |{{convert|{{#expr: 864618/23000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053048/http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |- |178 | align="left" |{{COD}} |{{convert|2,345,095|km2|0|disp=table}} |85,026,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 85026000/2345095 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ins-rdc.org/sites/default/files/Montage%20AnnuStat%20FINAL%202%20From%20VEROUILLE%20_0.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114103852/http://www.ins-rdc.org/sites/default/files/Montage%20AnnuStat%20FINAL%202%20From%20VEROUILLE%20_0.pdf |date=2016-01-14 }} |- |179 | align="left" |{{MDG}} |{{convert|587,041|km2|0|disp=table}} |20,696,070 |{{convert|{{#expr: 20696070/587041 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2011 | align="left" |[http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520005948/http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 |date=2011-05-20 }} |- |180 | align="left" |''{{flag|Saunt Helena}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|122|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,255 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4255/122 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |February 10, 2008 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf Preliminary 2008 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629183023/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf |date=2014-06-29 }} |- |181 | align="left" |''{{FRO}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |{{convert|1,399|km2|0|disp=table}} |48,244 |{{convert|{{#expr: 48244/1399 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090929/http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands |date=2011-05-11 }} |- |182 |{{data United States|Popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popclock Offeecial population clock] |- |183 | align="left" |{{ZIM}} |{{convert|390,757|km2|0|disp=table}} |12,973,808 |{{convert|{{#expr: 12973808/390757 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 17, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060905/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf |date=2013-09-03 }} |- |184 | align="left" |{{VEN}} |{{convert|916,445|km2|0|disp=table}} |28,946,101 |{{convert|{{#expr: 28946101/916445 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 30, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094142/http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 |date=2013-10-02 }} |- |185 | align="left" |{{LAT}} |{{convert|64,562|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,005,200 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2005200/64562 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628214416/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html |date=2013-06-28 }} |- |186 | align="left" |{{MOZ}} |{{convert|799,380|km2|0|disp=table}} |23,700,715 |{{convert|{{#expr: 23700715/799380 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gov.mz/Dashboards.aspx Offeecial estimate] |- |187 | align="left" |{{KGZ}} |{{convert|199,945|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,895,100 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5895100/199945 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.kg/media/statisticsoperational/8095e2a8-5228-4645-90e5-4ee025605225.xls Offeecial estimate] |- |188 | align="left" |{{EST}} |{{convert|45,339|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,313,271 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1313271/45339 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123153505/http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators |date=2012-11-23 }} |- |189 | align="left" |{{LAO}} |{{convert|236,800|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,580,800 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6580800/236800 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517150036/http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm |date=2012-05-17 }} |- |190 | align="left" |{{BHS}} |{{convert|13,940|km2|0|disp=table}} |351,461 |{{convert|{{#expr: 351461/13940 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 3, 2010 | align="left" |[http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/056411800.pdf Final 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |191 | align="left" |''{{SPM}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|242|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,081 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6081/242 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Offeecial estimate] |- |192 | align="left" |{{BRA}} |{{convert|8,515,767|km2|0|disp=table}} |202,768,562 |{{convert|{{#expr: 202768562/8515767 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2014 | align="left" |[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2014/estimativa_dou_2014.pdf Offeecial estimate] |- |193 | align="left" |{{PER}} |{{convert|1,285,216|km2|0|disp=table}} |30,475,144 |{{convert|{{#expr: 30475144/1285216 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601002017/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm |date=2012-06-01 }} |- |194 | align="left" |{{CHL}} |{{convert|756,096|km2|0|disp=table}} |16,634,603 |{{convert|{{#expr: 16634603/756096 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 9, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.censo.cl/contenido/sintesis_resultados_censo_2012.pdf Final 2012 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |195 | align="left" |{{VAN}} |{{convert|12,190|km2|0|disp=table}} |264,652 |{{convert|{{#expr: 264652/12190 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |196 |{{data Sweden|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.scb.se Offeecial population clock] |- |197 | align="left" |{{BTN}} |{{convert|38,394|km2|0|disp=table}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: 720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}} round 0}}}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}})/38394 round 0}}}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}})/14824 round 0}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.nsb.gov.bt/main/main.php#&slider1=1 Offeecial population clock]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |198 | align="left" |{{URU}} |{{convert|176,215|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,286,314 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3286314/176215 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 30, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112153208/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html |date=2012-01-12 }} |- |199 | align="left" |''{{ALA}}'' ([[Finland]]) |{{convert|1,552|km2|0|disp=table}} |28,502 |{{convert|{{#expr: 28502/1552 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115211225/http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 |date=2016-11-15 }} |- |200 | align="left" |{{SOL}} |{{convert|28,370|km2|0|disp=table}} |515,870 |{{convert|{{#expr: 515870/28370 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |November 23, 2009 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/prism/solomons 2009 census result] |- |201 | align="left" |{{SSD}} |{{convert|644,329|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,296,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11296000/644329 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |202 |{{data New Zealand|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604223109/http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx |date=2010-06-04 }} |- |203 | align="left" |{{ZAM}} |{{convert|752,612|km2|0|disp=table}} |13,092,666 |{{convert|{{#expr: 13092666/752612 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 16, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Zambia.html Final 2010 census result] |- |204 | align="left" |{{SDN}} |{{convert|1,839,542|km2|0|disp=table}} |30,894,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 30894000/1839542 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 22, 2008 | align="left" |[http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_sudan_census26_april_2009.pdf 2008 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520025735/http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_sudan_census26_april_2009.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }} |- |205 | align="left" |{{ANG}} |{{convert|1,246,700|km2|0|disp=table}} |20,609,294 |{{convert|{{#expr: 20609294/1246700 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gov.ao Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126193220/http://www.ine.gov.ao/ |date=2015-11-26 }} |- |206 | align="left" |{{FIN}} |{{convert|338,424|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,489,057 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5489057/338424 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 13, 2015 | align="left" |[http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?site=4&docid=85 Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002005827/http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?site=4&docid=85 |date=2015-10-02 }} |- |207 | align="left" |{{PAR}} |{{convert|406,752|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,672,631 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6672631/406752 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.dgeec.gov.py/sub_index/Pobreza/Paraguay%20Evolucion%20de%20la%20Poblacion%20Total%20Periodo%201950-2002%20Proyeccion%202012.pdf Offeecial estimate] |- |208 | align="left" |{{ALG}} |{{convert|2,381,741|km2|0|disp=table}} |38,700,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 38700000/2381741 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220607/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |209 | align="left" |{{NOR}} |{{convert|323,782|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,252,166 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5189435/323782 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 1, 2016 | align="left" |[https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/kvartal Quarterly official estimate] |- |210 | align="left" |{{PNG}} |{{convert|462,840|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,398,500 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7398500/462840 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdd/index.php/en/downloads/doc_download/736-population-datasheet-jan-2014 Annual official estimate] |- |211 | align="left" |''{{CXR}}'' ([[Australia]]) |{{convert|137|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,072 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2072/137 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 9, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |212 | align="left" |{{SOM}} |{{convert|637,657|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,331,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9331000/637657 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Somalia.html Offeecial estimate] |- |213 | align="left" |{{NER}} |{{convert|1,186,408|km2|0|disp=table}} |17,129,076 |{{convert|{{#expr: 17129076/1186408 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 10, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/rgph2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |214 | align="left" |{{ARG}} |{{convert|2,780,400|km2|0|disp=table}} |40,117,096 |{{convert|{{#expr: 40117096/2780400 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 27, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034527/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |215 | align="left" |{{BLZ}} |{{convert|22,965|km2|0|disp=table}} |324,528 |{{convert|{{#expr: 324528/22965 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 12, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.sib.org.bz/Portals/0/docs/publications/census/2010_Census_Report.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127084833/http://www.sib.org.bz/Portals/0/docs/publications/census/2010_Census_Report.pdf |date=2016-01-27 }} |- |216 | align="left" |{{SAU}} |{{convert|2,149,690|km2|0|disp=table}} |29,994,272 |{{convert|{{#expr: 29994272/2149690 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919225542/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/ |date=2012-09-19 }} |- |217 | align="left" |''{{NCL}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|18,575|km2|0|disp=table}} |258,958 |{{convert|{{#expr: 258958/18575 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |218 | align="left" |{{OMN}} |{{convert|309,500|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,183,841 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4183841/309500 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 9, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.ncsi.gov.om/NCSI_website Weekly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530052708/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/NCSI_website |date=2014-05-30 }} |- |219 | align="left" |{{COG}} |{{convert|342,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,448,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4448000/342000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |220 | align="left" |{{MLI}} |{{convert|1,248,574|km2|0|disp=table}} |14,528,662 |{{convert|{{#expr: 14528662/1248574 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2009 | align="left" |[http://instat.gov.ml Final 2009 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413171022/http://www.instat.gov.ml/ |date=2012-04-13 }} |- |221 | align="left" |{{TKM}} |{{convert|491,210|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,240,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5240000/491210 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |222 | align="left" |''{{flag|Ascension Island}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|88|km2|0|disp=table}} |880 |{{convert|{{#expr: 880/88 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |February 10, 2008 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf Preliminary 2008 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629183023/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf |date=2014-06-29 }} |- |223 | align="left" |{{BOL}} |{{convert|1,098,581|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,389,913 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10389913/1098581 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |November 21, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gob.bo/pdf/boletin/NP_2013_2.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |224 | align="left" |{{CHA}} |{{convert|1,284,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,274,106 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11274106/1284000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 20, 2009 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Chad.html Preliminary 2009 census result] |- |225 | align="left" |{{RUS}} |{{convert|17,098,242|km2|0|disp=table}} |143,975,923 |{{convert|{{#expr: 143975923/17098242 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk11/8-0.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213200830/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk11/8-0.htm |date=2014-02-13 }} |- |226 | align="left" |{{CAF}} |{{convert|622,436|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,616,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4616000/622436 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |227 | align="left" |{{GAB}} |{{convert|267,667|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,672,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1672000/267667 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |228 | align="left" |{{KAZ}} |{{convert|2,724,900|km2|0|disp=table}} |17,186,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 17186000/2724900 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |February 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117231623/http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx |date=2014-01-17 }} |- |229 | align="left" |''{{NIU}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |{{convert|261|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,613 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1613/261 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 10, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Niue.html Final 2011 census result] |- |230 | align="left" |{{GUY}} |{{convert|214,999|km2|0|disp=table}} |784,894 |{{convert|{{#expr: 784894/214999 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2010 | align="left" |[http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031300/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |231 | align="left" |{{LBY}} |{{convert|1,770,060|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,244,174 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6202000/1770060 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |232 |{{data Canada|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html Offeecial estimate] |- |233 |{{data Australia|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Offeecial estimate] |- |234 | align="left" |{{BOT}} |{{convert|581,730|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,024,904 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2024904/581730 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 22, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113252/http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }} |- |235 | align="left" |{{MTN}} |{{convert|1,030,700|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,461,041 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3461041/1030700 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925151255/http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |236 | align="left" |{{SUR}} |{{convert|163,820|km2|0|disp=table}} |534,189 |{{convert|{{#expr: 534189/163820 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 13, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Suriname.html Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |237 | align="left" |{{ISL}} |{{convert|102,775|km2|0|disp=table}} |332,529 |{{convert|{{#expr: 332529/102775 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statice.is Offeecial estimate] |- |238 | align="left" |''{{GUF}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|86,504|km2|0|disp=table}} |244,118 |{{convert|{{#expr: 244118/86504 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Offeecial estimate] |- |239 | align="left" |{{NAM}} |{{convert|825,118|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,113,077 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2113077/825118 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 28, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html Final 2011 census result] |- |240 | align="left" |{{flagicon|SADR}} [[Wastren Sahara]]<ref>Admeenistration is split atween [[Morocco]] an the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], baith o which claim the entire territory.</ref> |{{convert|252,120|km2|0|disp=table}} |567,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 567000/252120 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |241 | align="left" |{{MNG}} |{{convert|1,564,100|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,000,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3000000/1564100 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 24, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/6068 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034911/http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/6068 |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |242 | align="left" |''{{flag|Tristan da Cunha}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|207|km2|0|disp=table}} |266 |{{convert|{{#expr: 266/207 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |February 10, 2008 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf Preliminary 2008 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629183023/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf |date=2014-06-29 }} |- |243 | align="left" |''{{PCN}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|47|km2|0|disp=table}} |56 |{{convert|{{#expr: 56/47 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Pitcairn.html 2013 census result] |- |244 | align="left" |''{{FLK}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]])<ref>Islands claimed bi [[Argentinae]].</ref> |{{convert|12,173|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,563 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2563/12173 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 15, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people 2012 census result] |- |245 | align="left" |''{{SJM}}'' ([[Norawa]]) |{{convert|61,399|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,655 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2655/61399 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 1, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Svalbard.html Offeecial estimate] |- |246 | align="left" |''{{GRL}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |{{convert|2,166,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |55,984 |{{convert|{{#expr: 55984/2166000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.gl/default.asp?lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- !Pos.!!Kintra (or dependent territory)!!Aurie (km²)!!Aurie (mi²)!!Population!!Density<br>(pop./km²)!!Density<br>(pop./mi²)!!Date!!Population soorce |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density}} [[Category:Demografie]] [[Category:Human owerpopulation]] [[Category:Leets o kintras bi population]] [[Category:Leets o kintras bi population density]] [[Category:Leets bi population density|Kintras an dependencies]] o5gn36x0b1xcmylyw2s3x5lw51xt3o8 0 163910 923505 914920 2026-09-26T07:51:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the ceety|the [[union territory]]|Puducherry}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Puducherry | settlement_type = [[Leet o ceeties in Indie bi population|Ceety]] | image_skyline = Pondy Montage.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Clockwise frae tap richt: bando statue, [[Promenade Beach]], [[Matrimandir]], [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]], [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry|Immaculate Conception Cathedral]], [[Aayi Mandapam (monument)]], [[Basilica o the Sacred Hert o Jesus, Pondicherry|Basilica o the Sacred Hert o Jesus]], [[Manakula Vinayagar Temple]] | nickname = "[[Paris]] o the East",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/maryleabyrd/2/1266074178/tpod.html|title=The Paris of the East|access-date=2017-03-20|archive-date=2012-12-16|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216133022/http://blog.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/maryleabyrd/2/1266074178/tpod.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Pondy" | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Pondicherry#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|11|55|N|79|49|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Indie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States an union territories o Indie|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Puducherry]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o destricts o Indie|Destrict]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Puducherry destrict|Puducherry]] | established_title = Established | established_date = 1673 | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = [[Pondicherry Municipal Cooncil]] | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 3 | population_total = 654,392 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = 9166 | population_metro = 654,392 | population_metro_footnotes = | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Leids | demographics1_title1 = Offeecial | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil leid|Tamil]], [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[French leid|French]] | timezone1 = [[Indie Staundart Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Nummer|PIN CODE]] | postal_code = 605001-605014 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 91 (0)413 | registration_plate = '''PY-01''','''PY-05''' | website = | footnotes = }} '''Puducherry''' is the [[caipital ceety]] an the lairgest ceety o the Indian [[union territory]] o [[Puducherry]]. The ceety o Pondicherry is situatit in [[Puducherry destrict]] o the union territory. It is affectionately kent as '''Pondy''', an haes been offeecially kent bi the alternative name Puducherry in [[Tamil leid|Tamil]] (New Toun) syne 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/bill-to-rename-pondicherry-as-puducherry-passed/article3093958.ece|title=Bill to rename Pondicherry as Puducherry passed|last=|first=|date=22 August 2006|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 May 2016|via=thehindu.com}}</ref> Puducherry ceety conseests o 42 wairds. Wairds 1-10 are locatit in north o the ceety. Wairds 11-19 are locatit in ''Boulevard Toun'' an remainin wairds are locatit in the soothwast o the dountoun.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_Puducherry.pdf |title=Town and Country Planning Department, Pondicherry, India: ''City Development Plan – Pondicherry, Final Report,'' March 2007, S. 159 |access-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092759/http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/CDP_Puducherry.pdf |archive-date=2009-06-19 |url-status=dead}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092759/http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/CDP_Puducherry.pdf |date=19 June 2009 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pondicherry (ceety)| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Puducherry destrict| ]] [[Category:Municipalities o Puducherry]] [[Category:Indie Union Territory caipitals]] [[Category:1674 establishments in the French colonial empire]] szeolan17uv96wxgtgsvl8q5xa6ywhg 0 166264 923516 884437 2026-09-26T08:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Wastren Philosophy |era = [[20t-century philosophy]] |image = Steiner um 1905.jpg |caption = |name=Rudolf Steiner |birth_name = Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner |birth_date = 27 (25?) Februar 1861 |birth_place = Murakirály, [[Austrick-Hungary]] (nou [[Donji Kraljevec]], Croatie) |death_date = 30 Mairch 1925 (aged 64) |death_place = [[Dornach]], Swisserland |alma_mater = [[Vienna Varsity of Technology|Vienna Institute o Technology]]<br />[[Varsity o Rostock]] (PhD, 1891) |school_tradition = [[Monism]]<br />[[Holism in science]]<br />[[Goethean science]]<br />[[Anthroposophy]] |main_interests = [[Metapheesics]], [[epistemology]], [[philosophy o science]], [[esotericism]], [[Christianity]] |influences = [[Helena Blavatsky]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Carlson |first =Maria|title=No Religion Higher Than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875–1922|date=2015 |isbn= 978-0-69160781-8 |page= 33}}</ref> [[Franz Brentano]], [[Fichte]], [[Goethe]], [[Eduard von Hartmann]], [[Hegel]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Schelling]], [[Schiller]], [[Karl Julius Schröer]],<ref name=Zander2>Helmut Zander, ''Anthroposophie in Deutschland'', Göttingen, 2007, ISBN 3-525-55452-4.</ref> [[Silvio Gesell]]<ref>{{Citation | first= Guido Giacomo | last = Preparata | title = Perishable Money in a Threefold Commonwealth: Rudolf Steiner and the Social Economics of an Anarchist Utopia | journal = Review of Radical Economics | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | date = Fall 2006 | pages = 619–48}}.</ref> |influenced = [[Owen Barfield]], [[Saul Bellow]], [[Andrej Belyj]], [[Hugo Bergmann]], [[Josef Beuys]], [[Martin Buber]],<ref>Paddock & Spiegler 2005</ref> [[Daniel Nicol Dunlop]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Edouard Schuré]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], [[Richard Tarnas]], [[Valentin Tomberg]] |notable_ideas = [[Anthroposofie]], [[anthroposophical medicine]], [[biodynamic agriculture]], [[eurythmy]], [[spiritual science]], [[Waldorf eddication]], [[holism in science]] }} '''Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner''' (27 (or 25) Februar 1861<ref>Steiner's autobiografie gies his date o birth as 27 Februar 1861. Houever, thare is an undatit autobiografical fragment written bi Steiner, referred tae in a footnote in his autobiografie in German (GA 28), that says, "My birth fell on 25 February 1861. Two days later I was baptized." See Christoph Lindenberg, ''Rudolf Steiner'', [[Rowohlt Verlag|Rowohlt]] 1992, ISBN 3-499-50500-2, p. 8. In 2009 new documentation appeared supporting a date of 27 February : see Günter Aschoff, [http://www.dasgoetheanum.ch/fileadmin/wochenschrift/downloads/Forschungsbericht_Aschoff.pdf "Rudolf Steiners Geburtstag am 27. Februar 1861 – Neue Dokumente"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628170708/http://www.dasgoetheanum.ch/fileadmin/wochenschrift/downloads/Forschungsbericht_Aschoff.pdf |date=2014-06-28 }}, ''Das Goetheanum'' 2009/9, pp. 3ff</ref> – 30 Mairch 1925) wis an [[Austricks|Austrick]] [[philosopher]], [[social reformer]], [[airchitectur|airchitect]] an [[Esotericism|esotericist]].<ref>Some o the leeteratur regairding Steiner's wark in thir various fields: Goulet, P: "Les Temps Modernes?", ''L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hui'', December 1982, pp. 8–17; [http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Rudolf_Steiner.html Architect Rudolf Steiner] at ''GreatBuildings.com''; [http://eng.archinform.net/arch/1118.htm?scrwdt=1024 Rudolf Steiner] ''International Architecture Database''; Brennan, M.: [http://www.artnet.com/magazine_pre2000/reviews/brennan/brennan3-18-98.asp Rudolf Steiner] ''ArtNet Magazine'', 18 March 1998; Blunt, R.: Waldorf Education: Theory and Practice – A Background to the Educational Thought of Rudolf Steiner. Master Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 1995; Ogletree, E.J.: Rudolf Steiner: Unknown Educator, ''Elementary School Journal'', 74(6): 344–352, March 1974; Nilsen, A.:[http://sitemaker.umich.edu/nilsen.356/history__waldorf_education A Comparison of Waldorf & Montessori Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010103402/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/nilsen.356/history__waldorf_education |date=2013-10-10 }}, University of Michigan; Rinder, L: [http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/steineressay.html Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings: An Aesthetic Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129022355/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/steineressay.html |date=2005-11-29 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312095825/http://bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/ |date=2007-03-12 }} and [http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/ exhibition of Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202100132/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/ |date=2007-02-02 }}, at Berkeley Art Museum, 11 October 1997 – 4 January 1998; Aurélie Choné, "Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Plays: Literary Transcripts of an Esoteric Gnosis and/or Esoteric Attempt at Reconciliation between Art and Science?", Aries, Volume 6, Number 1, 2006, pp. 27–58(32), Brill publishing; Christopher Schaefer, "Rudolf Steiner as a Social Thinker", Re-vision Vol 15, 1992; and [[Antoine Faivre]], [[Jacob Needleman]], Karen Voss; ''Modern Esoteric Spirituality'', Crossroad Publishing, 1992.</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/the-big-question-who-was-rudolf-steiner-and-what-were-his-revolutionary-teaching-ideas-433407.html "Who was Rudolf Steiner and what were his revolutionary teaching ideas?"] [[Richard Garner]], Education Editor, ''The Independent''</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Steiner, Rudolf}} [[Category:Rudolf Steiner| ]] [[Category:1861 births]] [[Category:1925 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century philosophers]] [[Category:20t-century Austrick airchitects]] [[Category:20t-century Austrick penters]] [[Category:Austrick male penters]] [[Category:20t-century philosophers]] [[Category:20t-century poets]] [[Category:20t-century sculptors]] [[Category:Alternative eddication]] [[Category:Anthroposofists]] [[Category:Anthroposofie]] [[Category:Austrick airchitects]] [[Category:Austrick autobiografers]] [[Category:Austrick dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Male dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Austrick male writers]] [[Category:Austrick philosophers]] [[Category:Austrick spiritual writers]] [[Category:Austrick Theosophists]] [[Category:Austro-Hungarian fowk]] [[Category:Austrick choreografers]] [[Category:Austrick eddicational theorists]] [[Category:Esoteric Christianity]] [[Category:Esotericists]] [[Category:Expressionist airchitects]] [[Category:Umwhile Theosophists]] [[Category:Modrenist airchitects]] [[Category:Modrenist theatre]] [[Category:New releegious muivements]] [[Category:Fowk frae Donji Kraljevec]] [[Category:Philosophers o eddication]] [[Category:Special eddication]] [[Category:Spiritual teachers]] [[Category:Varsity o Rostock alumni]] [[Category:Occult writers]] [[Category:Consciousness studies]] aw7gk6db9dy09watm5hqwh6t10x2tpx 0 204104 923287 918456 2026-09-25T21:50:10Z ~2026-51779-84 137771 923287 wikitext text/x-wiki 923288 923287 2026-09-25T21:50:34Z GatoLiteral 131790 Undid edits bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51779-84|~2026-51779-84]] ([[User talk:~2026-51779-84|talk]]) tae last revision bi InternetArchiveBot 923288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Scots Americans <br /> ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''|pop='''Scottish Americans'''<br />20–25 million<ref name="McCarthy">James McCarthy and Euan Hague, 'Race, Nation, and Nature: The Cultural Politics of "Celtic" Identification in the American West', ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', Volume 94 Issue 2 (5 Nov 2004), p. 392, citing J. Hewitson, ''Tam Blake and Co.: The Story of the Scots in America'' (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1993).</ref><ref name="Scotlandnow">{{Cite web|url=http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html|title=Tartan Day 2007|date=2012-04-15|work=Scotland Now, Issue 7 (March 2007) via internet archive|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-date=2012-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415205446/http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="SPOR">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |title=Scottish Parliament: Official Report, 11 September 2002, Col. 13525 |publisher=Scottish.parliament.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807041559/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |archivedate=7 August 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref name="SPEERCA">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |title=Scottish Parliament: European and External Relations Committee Agenda, 20th Meeting 2004 (Session 2), 30 November 2004, EU/S2/04/20/1 |publisher=Scottish.parliament.uk |date=2011-08-14 |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605215530/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |archivedate=5 June 2011 |df= }}</ref><br /><small>'''Up to 8.3% of the U.S. population'''</small><br />'''Scotch-Irish Americans'''<br />27–30 million<ref name="BFFF">James Webb, ''Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America'' (New York: Broadway Books, 2004), front flap: 'More than 27 million Americans today can trace their lineage to the Scots, whose bloodline was stained by centuries of continuous warfare along the border between England and Scotland, and later in the bitter settlements of England's Ulster Plantation in Northern Ireland.' {{ISBN|0-7679-1688-3}}</ref><ref name="Secret">James Webb, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109814129391148708 Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote], ''Wall Street Journal'' (23 October 2004). Accessed 7 September 2008.</ref><br /><small>'''Up to 10% of the U.S. population'''<br />'''5,310,285''' (2013 ACS) Scottish</small><ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{cite web|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref>|popplace=Predominantly in [[New England]], [[Appalachia]] an the [[Deep South]] Plurality in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[West Virginia]], [[Idaho]], [[North Carolina]], [[Florida]] an [[Pennsylvania]]<ref name="Scots-Irish Americans">{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Scottish-and-Scotch-Irish-Americans.html|title=Scottish and scotch-irish americans|first=Mary A.|last=Hess|work=www.everyculture.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>|langs=[[English language|English]] <small>([[American English|American English dialects]])</small> [[Scottish Gaelic]] an [[Scots language|Scots]] speaking minorities|rels=[[Christianity]] (including [[Presbyterianism]], [[Baptist]], [[Pentecostalism]], [[Methodist]], [[Protestantism]] an [[Roman Catholicism]]), ither releegions (including [[deism]]<ref>Church, College, and Clergy, Page 76, Brian J. Fraser - 1995</ref>)|related=[[Scotch-Erse Americans]], [[Inglis Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], [[Welsh Americans]], [[Breetish Americans]], [[Scots Canadians]], [[Scotch-Erse Canadians]], [[Scots Australians]]}}'''Scots Americans''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''; {{Lang-sco|Scots-American}}) are [[Americans]] whase ancestry oreeginates halely or pairtly in [[Scotland]]. [[Scots fowk|Scots]] Americans are closely relatit tae [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Erse Americans]], descendants o [[Ulster-Scots fowk|Ulster Scots]], an communities emphasize an handsel a common heritage.<ref name="Ref_a">Celeste Ray, 'Introduction', p. 6, id., 'Scottish Immigration and Ethnic Organization in the United States', pp. 48-9, 62, 81, in id. (ed.), ''The Transatlantic Scots'' (Tuscaloosa, AL:[[University of Alabama Press]], 2005).</ref> The majority o Scotch-Erse Americans oreeginally cam frae Lawland Scotland an Northren Ingland afore migrating tae the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] (see ''[[Plantation of Ulster|Plantation o Ulster]]'') an thance, beginnin aboot five [[generation]]s later, tae North Americae in lairge nummers in the aichteent century. Lairge-scale emigration frae Scotland tae Americae began in the 1700s, accelerating efter the [[Jacobite risin o 1745]], the resultin breakup o the clan structurs, an the [[Hieland Clearances]]. Displaced Scots gaed in sairch o a better life an sattled in the thirteen colonies, ineetially aroond [[Sooth Carolina]] an [[Virginie|Virginia]], an then faur in successive generations.{{cn}} == Nummer o Scots Americans == {| class="wikitable sortable" style= ! colspan="5" |Nummer o Scots Americans |- !Year !Ref. !Population ! colspan="4" |% o the Unitit States population |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1980 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |10,048,816 |align=right|4.44 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1990 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |5,393,581 |align=right|2.2 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2000 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |4,890,581 |align=right|1.7 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2010 |<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323041850/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table |date=2015-03-23 }} United States Census Bureau</ref> |5,460,679 |align=right|3.1 |- ! colspan="5" |Nummer o Scotch-Erse Americans |- !Year !Ref. !Population ! colspan="4" |% o the Unitit States population |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1980 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |16,418 |align=right|0.007 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1990 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |5,617,773 |align=right|2.3 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2000 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |4,319,232 |align=right|1.5 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2010 |<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" /> |3,257,161 |align=right|1.9 |- |} == Colonial period 1700 - 1775 == Accordin tae the Unitit States Historical Census Data Base (USHCDB), the ethnic populations in the Breetish American Colonies o 1700, 1755 an 1775 war: {| class="sort wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="6" |Ethnic mak up in the Breetish American Colonies o 1700{{•}}1755{{•}}1775 <ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |- ! style="background:#efefef;" |1700 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent ! style="background:#efefef;" |1755 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent ! style="background:#efefef;" |1775 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent |- |[[Inglis fowk|Inglis]] an [[Welsh American|Welsh]] |80.0% |Inglis an Welsh |52.0% |Inglis |48.7% |- |[[African Americans|African]] |11.0% |African |20.0% |African |20.0% |- |[[Dutch fowk|Dutch]] |4.0% |German |7.0% |'''Scots-Erse''' |'''7.8%''' |- |'''[[Scottish American|Scots]]''' |'''3.0%''' |'''[[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Erse]]''' |'''7.0%''' |[[German American|German]] |6.9% |- |Ither European |2.0% |[[Irish American|Erse]] |5.0% |'''Scots''' |'''6.6%''' |- | | |'''Scots''' |'''4.0%''' |Dutch |2.7% |- | | |Dutch |3.0% |[[French American|French]] |1.4% |- | | |Ither European |2.0% |[[Swedish American|Swades]] |0.6% |- | | | | |Ither |5.3% |- bgcolor="lightgrey" class="sortbottom" ![[File:Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors).svg|border|25x25px]] Colonies !100% ![[File:Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_(1707-1800).svg|border|25x25px]] Colonies !100% ![[File:Grand_Union_Flag.svg|border|25x25px]] [[Thirteen Colonies]] !100% |- |} === Census === The nummer o Americans o Scots strynd the day is estimatit tae be 20 tae 25 million (up tae 8.3% o the tot US population), an Scotch-Erse 27 tae 30 million (up tae 10% o the tot US population), the subgroups owerlapping an no aye distinguishable acause o thair skared ancestral [[surname]]s.{{cn}} The majority o Scotch-Erse Americans oreeginally cam frae Lawland Scotland an Northren Ingland afore migrating tae the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] (see ''[[Plantation of Ulster|Plantation o Ulster]]'') an thance, beginnin aboot five [[generation]]s later, tae North Americae in lairge nummers in the aichteent century.{{cn}} The table shaws the ethnic Scots population in the Unitit States frae 1700 tae 2013. In 1700 the tot population o the American colonies wis 250,888, o that 223,071 (89%) war white an 3.0% war ethnically Scots.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="Colonial America To 1763">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BZRJSx3uMYEC&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=united+states+1700+223,071&source=bl&ots=afB35FaHOv&sig=tGL9u-SAvrR8gB3Dh_5gFl2roPo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDMQ6AEwBGoVChMIq43C-ZK4xwIVZBfbCh1HXgs9#v=onepage&q=united%20states%201700%20223%2C071&f=false Colonial America To 1763] By Thomas L. Purvis].</ref> In the 2000 census, 4.8 million Americans<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> sel-reportit Scots ancestry, 1.7% o the tot US population. Anither 4.3 million sel-reportit [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Erse]] ancestry, for a tot o 9.2 million Americans sel-reportin some kynd o Scots strynd. Sel-reportit nummers are regairdit bi demographers as muckle unner-coonts, acause Scots ancestry is kent tae be disproportionately unner-reportit amang the majority o mixed ancestry,<ref name="Ref_y">Mary C. Walters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 31-6.</ref> an acause aries whaur fowk reportit "American" ancestry war the places whaur, historically, Scots an Scotch-Erse [[Protestantism|Protestants]] sattled in [[North Americae|Americae]] (that is: alang the North American coast, [[Appalachia]], an the Sootheastren [[Unitit States]]). Scots Americans descended frae nineteent-century Scots emigrants tend tae be concentrated in the Wast, while mony in [[New Ingland]] are the descendants o emigrants, eften Gaelic-speakin, frae the [[Maritime Provinces]] o [[Canadae]], frae the 1880s onwart. Americans o Scots strynd ootnummer the population o Scotland, whaur 4,459,071 or 88.09% o fowk identified as ethnic Scots in the 2001 Census.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> === Scots Americans bi state === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:87%;" ! colspan="6" |Confeerance atween the 1790 an 2000 census |- ! colspan="3" |1790 estimates<ref name="The Source: Gen">{{Cite book}}</ref> ! colspan="3" |2000 Census<ref name="The Source: Gen" /> |- !Ancestry !Nummer !% o tot !Ancestry !Nummer !% o tot |- |Inglis |1,900,000 |47.5 |German |42,885,162 |15.2 |- |[[African Americans|African]] |750,000 |19.0 |African |36,419,434 |12.9 |- |'''Scotch-Erse''' |'''320,000''' |'''8.0''' |Erse |30,594,130 |10.9 |- |[[German American|German]] |280,000 |7.0 |Inglis |24,515,138 |8.7 |- |[[Erse fowk|Erse]] |200,000 |5.0 |[[Mexican American|Mexican]] |20,640,711 |7.3 |- |[[Scots fowk|Scots]] |'''160,000''' |'''4.0''' |[[Italian American|Italian]] |15,723,555 |5.6 |- |Welsh |120,000 |3.0 |French |10,846,018 |3.9 |- |[[Dutch American|Dutch]] |100,000 |2.5 |[[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]] |10,017,244 |3.6 |- |[[French American|French]] |80,000 |2.0 |[[Polish American|Pols]] |8,977,444 |3.2 |- |[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] |50,000 |1.0 |'''Scots''' |'''4,890,581''' |'''1.7''' |- |[[Spanish American|Spaingie]] |20,000 |0.5 |Dutch |4,542,494 |1.6 |- |[[Swedish American|Swades]] <small>or Ither</small> |20,000 |0.5 |[[Norwegian American|Norse]] |4,477,725 |1.6 |- | | | |'''Scotch-Erse''' |'''4,319,232''' |'''1.5''' |- |[[British Americans|Breetish]] (Tot) |2,500,000 |62.5 |Breetish (Tot)<br /><br /> |36,564,465 |12.9 |- |- bgcolor="lightgrey" class="sortbottom" |'''{{Flagcountry|USA}}''' |3,929,326 <ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |100 |'''{{Flagcountry|USA}}''' |281,421,906 |100 |} The states wi the laigest [[Scots fowk|Scots]] populations:<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> * [[Californie]] - 519,955 (1.4% o state population) * [[Texas]] - 369,161 (1.5%) * [[Florida]] - 296,667 (1.6%) * [[North Carolina]] - 245,021 (2.6%) * [[Michigan]] - 227,372 (2.3%) * [[New York]] - 215,898 (1.1%) * [[Ohio]] - 214,649 (1.9%) * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] - 200,085 (3.0%) The states wi the tap percentages o Scots residents: * [[Maine]] (5.5% o state population) * [[Utah]] (4.6%) * [[New Hampshire]] (4.4%) * [[Vermont]] (4.3%) * [[Wyoming]] (3.7%) * [[Idaho]] (3.3%) * [[Oregon]], [[Montana]] (3.1% each) * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (3.0%) == Historical contreibutions == === Explorers === The first Scots in [[North Americae]] cam wi the [[Vikings]]. A Christian [[bard]] frae the [[Hebrides]] accompanied [[Bjarni Herjolfsson]] on his vaige aroond [[Greenland]] in 985/6 whit sichted the mainland tae the wast.<ref>''Grænlendinga Saga'' (c. 1190), 2, tr. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson, in ''The Vinland Sagas'' (Penguin: Harmondsworth, Middx, 1965), pp. 51-2, 107.</ref><ref name="Ref_c">Michael Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'' (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2005), p. 7.</ref> The first Scots recorded as haein set fit in the [[New Warld]] war a man named Haki an a woman named Hekja, sclaves awned bi [[Leif Ericsson|Leif Eiriksson]]. The Scots couple war runners wha scooted for [[Thorfinn Karlsefni]]'s expedeetion in c. 1010, gaithering [[wheat]] an the [[grape]]s for whit [[Vinland]] wis named.<ref>''Eirik's Saga'' (c. 1260), 8, tr. Magnusson and Palsson, in ''Vinland Sagas'', pp. 95, 109.</ref><ref name="Ref_d">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 8-9.</ref> The controversial [[Zeno brothers|Zeno letters]] hae been ceeted in defence o a claim that [[Henry I Sinclair, Yerl o Orkney|Henry Sinclair, Yerl o Orkney]], veesited [[Nova Scotia]] in 1398.<ref name="Ref_e">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 10.</ref> In the early years o [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spaingie colonisation o the Americaes]], a Scot named Tam Blake spent 20 years in [[Colombie]] an [[Mexico]]. He teuk pairt in the conquest o [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]] in 1532 wi [[Pedro de Heredia#Inland Expeditions and Trials of Residence|Alonso de Heredia]]. He arrived in Mexico in 1534-5, an jyned [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado|Coronado]]'s 1540 expedeetion tae the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwast]].<ref name="Hewitson">Jim Hewitson, ''Tam Blake & Co.: The Story of the Scots in America'' (Edinburgh: Orion, 1993), pp. 12-13.</ref><ref name="Ref_f">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 11.</ref> Scots-American naturalist [[John Muir]] is mebbe best kent for his exploration o Californie's Sierra Nevada muntains in the 19t century.{{cn}} === Tredders === [[File:James_VI_and_I.jpg|thumb|[[James VI, Keeng o Scots|James VI an I]], c. 1604]] [[File:The_Americas_in_the_reign_of_James_I.jpg|thumb|The [[Americae]]s in the ring o James VI, 1619]] Efter the [[Union o the Crouns]] o [[Scotland]] an [[Ingland]] in 1603, [[James VI, Keeng o Scots|Keeng James VI]], a Scot, promuived jynt expedeetions owerseas, an became the founder o [[British America|Inglis America]].<ref name="Ref_g">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 12.</ref> The first permanent Inglis sattlement in the Americaes, [[Jamestown, Virginie|Jamestown]], wis sicweys named for a Scot. The earliest Scots communities in Americae war firmed bi tredders an [[Plantation economy|planters]] raither than fermer sattlers.<ref name="Fry, p. 19">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 19.</ref> The hub o Scots commercial acteevity in the colonial period wis [[Virginie]]. Regular contacts began wi the [[Penal transportation|transportation]] o [[indentured servants]] tae the colony frae Scotland, includin preesoners takken in the [[Wars o the Three Kinricks]].<ref name="USA">Alex Murdoch, "USA", Michael Lynch (ed), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 629-633.</ref> Bi the 1670s [[Glesga]] wis the main ootlet for Virginian [[tabaccae]], in open defiance o Inglis [[Navigation Acts|restrictions on colonial tred]]; in return the colony received Scots manufactured guids, emigrants an ideas.<ref name="USA"/><ref name="Ref_h">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 18, 19.</ref> In the 1670s an 1680s [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[Dissenter]]s fled persecution bi the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] [[Privy Cooncil o Scotland|privy cooncil]] in [[Edinburgh]] tae sattle in [[Sooth Carolina|South Carolina]] an [[New Jersey]], whaur thay kept thair distinctive releegious cultur.<ref name="USA" /> Tred atween Scotland an the American colonies wis finally regularized bi the parliamentary [[Acts o Union 1707|Act o Union]] o Scotland an Ingland in 1707. [[Demografie o Scotland|Population growthe]] an the [[Hieland Clearances|commercialization o agricultur]] in Scotland encouraged mass emigration tae Americae efter the [[French and Indian War|French an Indian War]],<ref name="Fry, p. 20">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 20.</ref> a fecht whit haed awso seen the first uise o [[Scottish regiment|Scots Hieland regiments]] as Indian fechters.<ref name="USA"/> Mair nor 50,000 Scots, principally frae the wast coast,<ref name="USA"/> sattled in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] atween 1763 an 1776, the majority o thir in thair awn communities in the [[Soothren Unitit States|South]],<ref name="Fry, p. 20"/> especially [[North Carolina]], awtho Scots individuals an families awso began tae appear as professionals an artisans in every American toun.<ref name="USA" /> Scots arrivin in [[Florida]] an the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] tredded extensively wi [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref name="Ref_i">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 41.</ref> === Fowk an gospel music === American [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]] an [[American folk music|fowk music]] styles hae some o thair roots in the Appalachian ballad cultur o Scotch-Erse Americans (predominantly originating frae the "Border Ballad" tradeetion o soothren Scotland an northren Ingland). Fiddle tunes frae the Scots repertoire, as thay developit in the aichteent century, an spread rapidly intae British colonies, awtho whiles throu the medium o prent raither than aurally. Ootside o Gaelic-speakin communities, houiver, characteristic Hieland muisical idioms, sic as the “Scotch-snap,”<ref name="Cite journal">{{Cite journal}}</ref> war flattened oot an assimilated intae anglophone muisical styles. Some African American communities war influenced muisically bi the Scots American communities in whit thay war embedded. Psalm-singing an gospel music hae acome central muisical experiences for African American churchgoers an some elements o thir styles war introduced, in thir communities, bi Scots (awtho thay war awso mair widespread at this time).<ref name="Cite journal"/> psalm-singing, or "[[precenting the line]]" as it is technically kent, in whit the psalms are cawed oot an the congregation sings a response, wis a form o muisical worship initially developit for non-literate congregations an Africans in America war exposed tae this bi Scots Gaelic sattlers as weel as immigrants o ither origins. The first foreign leid spoken bi some sclaves in Americae wis [[Scots Gaelic]] picked up frae Gaelic-speakin immigrants frae the Scots Hielands an Wastren Isles.<ref name="Cite journal"/> Thare are accounts o African Americans singing Gaelic sangs an playin Scots Gaelic music on bagpipes an fiddle. === Patriots an Loyalists === The ceevic tradeetion o the [[Scots Enlichtment|Scots Enlichtenment]] contreebuted tae the intellectual ferment o the [[American Revolution]].<ref name="USA"/> In 1740, the Glesga philosopher [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]] argued for a richt o colonial resistance tae tyranny.<ref name="Ref_j">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 28-29.</ref> Scotland's leadin thinkers o the revolutionary age, [[David Hume]] an [[Adam Smith]], opposed the uise o force against the rebellious colonies.<ref name="Ref_k">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 29-32.</ref> Accordin tae the historian [[Arthur Herman]]: "Americans built thair warld aroond the principles o Adam Smith an [[Thomas Reid]], o individual interest governed bi common sense an a limited need for govrenment."<ref name="Ref_l">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 154.</ref> Nineteen o the fifty-sax delegates wha signed the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Independence]] cam frae Scotland or Ulster or, lik the Scots-tutored [[Thomas Jefferson]], haed ancestors thare.<ref name="Ref_m">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 32-38.</ref> Ither [[Founding fathers|funding faithers]] lik [[James Madison]] haed nae ancestral connection but war imbued wi ideas drawn frae Scots moral philosophy.<ref name="Ref_n">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 38-40.</ref> Scots Americans wha made major contreibutions tae the revolutionary war included Commodore [[John Paul Jones]], the "Faither o the American Navy", an Generals [[Henry Knox]] an [[William Alexander (American general)|William Alexander]]. Anither person o note wis a personal friend o George Washington, General [[Hugh Mercer]], wha fecht for [[Charles Edward Stuart]] at the [[Battle o Culloden]]. The Scotch-Erse, wha haed already begun tae sattle beyond the [[Proclamation Line]] in the [[Ohio River|Ohio]] an [[Tennessee Valley]]s, war drawn intae rebellion as war spread tae the frontier.<ref name="Ref_o">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 13, 23.</ref> Tobacco plantations an independent ferms in the backcountry o Virginie, [[Maryland]] an the [[Carolinas]] haed been financed wi Scots credit, an indebtedness wis an additional incentive for separation.<ref name="Fry, p. 19"/> Maist Scots Americans haed commercial ties wi the auld kintra or [[Scots clan|clan]] allegiances an steyed true tae [[the Crown]].<ref name="Ref_p">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 13, 24-26.</ref> The Scots Hieland communities o [[upstate New York]] an the [[Cape Fear (region)|Cape Fear]] valley o North Carolina war centers o [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] resistance.<ref name="USA"/> A wee force o Loyalist [[Scots Hielands|Hielanders]] fell at the [[Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge|Battle o Moore's Creek Bridge]] in 1776. Scotch-Erse [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]] defeatit Scots American Loyalists in the [[Battle of Kings Mountain|Battle o Kings Mountain]] in 1780.<ref name="Ref_q">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 28.</ref> Mony Scots American Loyalists emigrated tae Canadae efter the war.<ref name="USA" /> === Uncle Sam === [[File:Unclesamwantyou.jpg|thumb|[[Uncle Sam|"Uncle Sam" Wilson]] wis based on [[Samuel Wilson]].]] [[Uncle Sam]] is the [[national personification]] o the [[Unitit States]], an whiles mair specifically o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|American govrenment]], wi the first uise o the term datin frae the [[War o 1812]]. Uncle Sam wis based on a businessman frae [[Troy, New York]], [[Samuel Wilson]], whase parents sailed tae Americae frae [[Greenock]], [[Scotland]]. He providit the airmy wi beef an pork in barrels during the War o 1812. The barrels war prominently labeled "U.S." for the Unitit States, but it wis jokingly said that the letters stood for "Uncle Sam." Suin, Uncle Sam wis uised as shorthand for the federal govrenment. === Emigrants an free tredders === Tred wi Scotland continued tae flourish efter unthirldom. The tobacco tred wis owertaken in the nineteent century bi the [[cotton]] tred, wi Glesga factories exporting the finished textiles back tae the Unitit States on an industrial scale.<ref name="Ref_r">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 19, 41.</ref> Emigration frae Scotland peaked in the nineteent century, when mair nor a million Scots left for the Unitit States,<ref name="Ref_s">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 193.</ref> takkin advantage o the regular Atlantic steam-age shipping industry whit wis itsel lairgely a Scots creation,<ref name="Ref_t">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 194.</ref> contributing tae a revolution in transatlantic communication.<ref name="USA"/> Scots emigration tae the Unitit States followed, tae a lesser extent, during the twintiet century, when Scots hivy industry declined.<ref name="Ref_u">Evans, Nicholas J., 'The Emigration of Skilled Male Workers from Clydeside during the Interwar Period', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', Volume XVIII, Number 1 (2006), pp. 255-280.</ref> This new wave peaked in the first decade o the twintiet century, contributing tae a haurd life for mony wha remained behind. Mony qualified workers emigrated owerseas, a pairt o whit, estaiblished in Canadae, later gaed on tae the Unitit States.<ref name="everyculture">[http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Scottish-and-Scots-Irish-Americans.html Everyculture:Scottish American]{{Dead link|date=May 2018}}. Posted by Mary A. Hess. Retrieved January 3, 2012, to 1:25 pm.</ref> === Writers === In the nineteent century, American authors an educators adoptit Scotland as a model for cultural unthirldom.<ref name="USA"/> In the warld o letters, Scots literary icons [[James Macpherson]], [[Robert Burns]], [[Walter Scott]], an [[Thomas Carlyle]] haed a mass follaein in the Unitit States, an Scots [[Romanticism]] exerted a seminal influence on the development o American leeteratur.<ref name="USA" /> The warks o [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] an [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] bear its pouerful impression. Amang the maist weel-kent Scots American writers o the nineteent century war [[Washington Irving]], [[James Fenimore Cooper]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]] an [[Herman Melville]]. Poet [[James Mackintosh Kennedy]] wis cawed tae Scotland tae deliver the offeecial poem for the 600th anniversary o the [[Battle o Bannockburn]] in 1914. In the twintiet century, [[Margaret Mitchell]]'s ''[[Gane wi the Wind|Gane Wi the Wind]]'' wis a lairge pairt o popular leeteratur. [[William Faulkner]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Leeteratur]] in 1949. Thare hae been a nummer o weel-kent [[Scots Gaelic]] poets active in the Unitit States syne the aichteent century,<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Cite journal"/> includin [[Aonghas MacAoidh]]<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> an [[Domhnall Aonghas Stiùbhart]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> Ane o the few relics o Gaelic leeteratur componed in the Unitit States is a lullaby componed bi an anonymous wumman in the Carolinas during the American Revolutionary War.<ref name="Cite journal"/><ref name="Cite journal"/> It remains popular tae this day in Scotland. Mair nor 160,000 Scots emigrants migrated tae the U.S. American statesmen o Scots strynd in the early Republic included [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary o the Treasury]] [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary o War]] [[Henry Knox]], an [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] [[James Monroe]]. [[Andrew Jackson]] an [[James K. Polk]] war whit we nou caw Scotch-Erse preses an products o the frontier in the period o [[History of the United States (1789–1849)#Westward expansion|Wastward expansion]]. Amang the maist famous Scots American soldier frontiersmen wis [[Sam Houston]], funding faither o [[Texas]]. Ither Scotch-Erse preses included [[James Buchanan]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Chester A. Arthur|Chester Alan Arthur]], [[William McKinley]] an [[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]]. [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (throu his mither), [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], an [[Ronald Reagan]] war o Scots strynd.<ref name="Ref_v">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 53.</ref> Bi ane estimate, 75% o U.S. preses coud claim some Scots ancestry.<ref name="Ref_w">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 60-61.</ref> [[File:Samuel_houston.jpg|thumb|[[Sam Houston]] wis Scotch-Erse ([[Ulster-Scots fowk|Ulster Scots]]) strynd, an namesake for the ceety o [[Houston]], Texas.<ref name="Haley">[https://books.google.com/books?id=y3uHDkltcIQC&pg=PA5&dq=sam+houston+scotland&cd=1# James L. Haley, ''Sam Houston''], Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004</ref>]] Scots Americans fecht on baith sides o the [[American Ceevil War|Civil War]], an a monument tae thair memory wis erected in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, in 1893. [[Winfield Scott]], Grant, [[Joseph E. Johnston]], [[Irvin McDowell]], [[James B. McPherson]], [[Jeb Stuart]] an [[John B. Gordon]] war o Scots strynd, [[George B. McClellan]] an [[Stonewall Jackson]] Scotch-Erse.<ref name="Ref_x">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 53, 72.</ref> [[Douglas MacArthur]] an [[George Marshall]] uphauldit the martial tradeetion in the twintiet century. [[Grace Hopper|Grace Murray Hopper]], a [[rear admiral]] an [[computer scientist]], wis the auldest officer an hiest-rankin wumman in the U.S. airmed forces on her retirement at the age o 80 in 1986.<ref name="computing">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 219-220.</ref> [[Isabella Cannon]], the umwhile [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Mayor o]] [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], wis the first female mayor o a U.S. state caipital.<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> === Automakers === The Scots-born [[Alexander Winton]] biggit ane o the first American [[automobile]]s in 1896, an specialised in [[motor racin]]. He breuk the warld speed record in 1900.<ref name="automotive">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 221.</ref> In 1903, he wis the first man tae drive cross the Unitit States.<ref name="automotive" /> [[David Dunbar Buick]], anither Scots emigrant, fundit [[Buick]] in 1903.<ref name="automotive" /> The Scots-born William Blackie transfirmed the [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar Tractor Company]] intae a lairge multinational corporation.<ref name="automotive" /> === Motorcycle manufacturer === [[File:Harley_Davidson_founders.jpg|thumb|Clockwise tap left: William S. Harley, William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson, Sr., Arthur Davidson]] [[Harley-Davidson]] Inc<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> (formerly HDI<ref name="Trump"/>), eften abbreviated "H-D" or "Harley", is an American [[motorcycle]] manufacturer. The Davidson brithers war the sons o William C Davidson (1846-1923) wha wis born an grew up in [[Angus|Angus, Scotland]], an Margaret Adams McFarlane (1843-1933) o Scots strynd frae the wee Scots hame o [[Cambridge, Wisconsin]]. Thay raised five bairns thegither: Janet May, William A., [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Walter]], Arthur an Elizabeth.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> === Aviation === Scots Americans hae makt a major contreibution tae the US [[aircraft industry]]. [[Alexander Graham Bell]], in pairtnership wi [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]], biggit the first machine capable o flicht, the [[Aviation history#Langley|Bell-Langley aeroplane]], in 1903.<ref name="flight">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 221-223.</ref> [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] wis stairtit bi twa brithers, [[Allan Loughead|Allan]] an [[Malcolm Loughead]], in 1926.<ref name="flight" /> [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] wis fundit bi [[Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.]] in 1921; he lenched the warld's first commercial passenger plane, the [[DC-3]], in 1935.<ref name="flight" /> [[McDonnell Aircraft]] wis fundit bi [[James Smith McDonnell]], in 1939, an became famous for its meelitary [[Jet aircraft|jets]].<ref name="flight" /> In 1967, McDonnell an Douglas [[McDonnell Douglas|merged]] an jyntly developit jet aircraft, [[missile]]s an [[spacecraft]].<ref name="flight" /> === Spaceflicht === Scots Americans war pioneers in [[Human spaceflight|human spaceflicht]]. The [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] an [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] capsules war biggit bi James Smith McDonnell.<ref name="flight"/> The first American in space, [[Alan Shepard]], the first American in orbit, [[John Glenn]], an the first man tae flee free in space, [[Bruce McCandless II]], war Scots Americans.<ref name="flight" /> The first men on the muin, [[Neil Armstrong]] an [[Buzz Aldrin]], war awso o Scots strynd; Armstrong wore a [[kilt]] in a parade throu his ancestral home o [[Langholm]] in the [[The Mairches|Scots Mairches]] in 1972.<ref name="flight"/> Ither Scots American muinwalkers war the fowert, [[Alan Bean]], the fift, Alan Shepard, the seivent, [[David Scott]] (awso the first tae drive on the muin), an the aicht, [[James Irwin]].<ref name="flight" /> === Computing === Scots Americans hae awso been leaders in [[computin]]g an [[information technology]]. Scots Americans [[Howard Aiken]] an [[Grace Hopper|Grace Murray Hopper]] makt the first automatic sequence computer in 1939.<ref name="computing"/> Hopper wis awso the co-inventor o the [[Computer language|computer leid]] [[COBOL]].<ref name="computing" /> [[Ross Perot]], anither Scots American entrepreneur, makt his fortune frae [[Electronic Data Systems]], an [[Outsourcing|ootsoorcing]] company he estaiblished in 1962.<ref name="computing"/> Software giant [[Microsoft]] wis co-fundit in 1975 bi [[Bill Gates]], wha owed his stairt in pairt tae his mither, the Scots American businesswumman [[Mary Maxwell Gates]], wha helped her son tae get his first software contract wi IBM.<ref name="computing"/> Glesga-born Microsoft employee Richard Tait helped develop the ''[[Encarta]]'' encyclopedia an co-creatit the popular [[Buird gemme|buird game]] [[Cranium (board game)|Cranium]].<ref name="computing" /> === Cuisine === Scots Americans hae helped tae define the modren American diet bi introducing mony distinctive foods.{{cn}} [[Fried chicken]] wis introduced intae the [[Southern Colonies|Soothren Colonies]] bi Scots sattlers. [[Philip Danforth Armour]] fundit [[Armour and Company|Armour Meats]] in 1867, revolutionizing the American meatpacking industry an acomin famous for [[hot dogs]]. [[Campbell Soups]] wis fundit in 1869 bi Joseph A. Campbell an rapidly grew intae a major manufacturer o [[Soup|canned soups]]. [[Will Keith Kellogg|W. K. Kellogg]] transformed American eatin habits frae 1906 bi popularizing [[Breakfast cereal|brakfast cereal]]. [[Glen Bell]], funder o [[Taco Bell]] in 1962, introduced [[Tex-Mex]] fuid tae a mainstream audience.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref>[https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/04/23/150886690/the-california-taco-trail-how-mexican-food-conquered-america The California Taco Trail], NPR (April 26, 2012).</ref> Marketing executive [[Arch West]], born tae Scots emigrant parents, developit [[Doritos]].<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> == Community activities == Some o the followin aspects o Scots cultur can still be foond in some pairts o the US. * [[Bagpipe|Bagpiping]] an pipe bands * [[Burns supper|Burns Supper]]<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> * Ceilidhs * [[Hogmanay]], the Scots [[New Year]] * [[St Andra's Day|St. Andrew's Day]] festivities * [[Tartan]] - some places in the US hae thair awn tartan, an Scots dress is worn bi some Americans tae celebrate thair ancestral heritage. === Tartan Day === [[File:MHPB_New_York.jpg|left|thumb|[[Tartan Day]] parade in New York Ceety]] [[Tartan Day|National Tartan Day]], hauldit each year on Apryle 6 in the [[Unitit States]] an [[Canadae]], celebrates the historical links atween Scotland an [[North Americae|North America]] an the contreibutions [[Scots fowk|Scots]] Americans an Canadians hae made tae US an Canadian [[democracy]], [[Industrie|industry]] an society. The date o Apryle 6 wis chosen as "the anniversary o the [[Declaration o Aiberbrothock|Declaration o Arbroath]] in 1320—the inspirational document, according tae [[Unitit States Senate|U.S. Senate]] Resolution 155, 1999, upon whit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|American Declaration o Independence]] wis modeled".<ref name="Ref_an">Edward J. Cowan, "Tartan Day in America", in Celeste Ray (ed.), ''The Transatlantic Scots'' (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2005), p. 318.</ref> The Annual Tartan Week celebrations come tae life every Apryle wi the lairgest celebration takkin place in New York Ceety. Thoosands descend ontae the streets o the Big Apple tae celebrate thair heritage, cultur an the impact o the [[Scots fowk|Scots Americans]] in America the day. Hunders o pipers, drummers, Hieland dancers, Scottie Dogs an celebrities mairch doun the streets drowned in thair faimily tartans an Saltire flags whilst interacting wi the thoosands o onlookers. NYC is nae the anely lairge ceety tae celebrate Tartan Day. Lairge events awso tak place in Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Californie, Chicago, Arizona, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Australie, an New Zealand. Scots Heritage Month is awso promoted bi community groups aroond the Unitit States an Canadae.<ref name="Ref_ao">[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/ncscotsmonth.htm National Scots, Scots-Irish Heritage Month in the USA], ElectricScotland.com</ref> === Scots Festivals === [[File:Massed_Bands,_2005_Pacific_Northwest_Highland_Games.jpg|thumb|Massed bands at the 2005 Pacific Northwest Hieland Gemmes<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/>]] Scots cultur, fuid, an athletics are celebrated at [[Hieland gemmes|Hieland Gemmes]] a Scots festivals ootthrou [[North Americae|North America]]. The lairgest o thir occurs yearly at [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton, Californie]], [[Grandfather Mountain]], [[North Carolina]] an [[Estes Park, Colorado]]. Thare are awso ither weel-kent Scots Festivals in ceeties lik [[Tulsa|Tulsa, Oklahoma]], [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] (at [[Stone Mountain Park]]), [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] an [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]]. In addeetion tae traditional Scots sports sic as [[Caber toss|tossing the caber]] an the [[hammer throw]], thare are [[whisky]] tastings, traditional foods sic as [[haggis]], [[Bagpipe]]s an [[Drum kit|Drums]] competitions, [[Celtic rock]] muisical acts an tradeetional Scots dance.{{cn}} === Scots Gaelic language in the Unitit States === Awtho [[Scots Gaelic]] haed been spoken in maist o Scotland at ane time or anither, bi the time o lairge-scale migrations tae North America – the aichteent century – it haed anely managed tae survive in the Hielands an Wastren Isles o Scotland. Unlik ither ethnic groups in Scotland, Scots Hielanders preferred tae migrate in communities, an remainin in lairger, denser concentrations aided in the maintenance o thair language an cultur. The first communities o Scots Gaels began migrating in the 1730s tae Georgia, New York an the Carolinas. Anely in the Carolinas war thir hames enduring. Awtho thair nummers war wee, the immigrants formed a beach-heid for later migrations, whit accelerated in the 1760s.<ref>Newton, ''‘We’re Indians Sure Enough’'', pp. 69-83.</ref> The American Revolutionary War effectively stopped direct migration tae the newly-formed Unitit States, maist fowk gaein insteid tae Breetish North Americae (nou Canadae). The Canadian Maritimes war a favored destination frae the 1770s tae the 1840s. Sizable concentrations o Gaelic communities existit in Ontario, Nova Scotia, an Prince Edward Island, wi smawer clusters in Newfoundland, Quebec, an New Brunswick. Those wha left thir communities for opportunities in the Unitit States, especially in New Ingland, war uisually fluent Gaelic speakers intae the mid-twintiet century.<ref>Newton, ''‘We’re Indians Sure Enough’'', pp. 163-175.</ref> O the mony communities foondit bi Scots Hieland immigrants, the language an cultur anely survives at a community level in the Canadian province o [[Nova Scotia]]. Accordin tae the 2000 census, 1,199 fowk speak Scots Gaelic at home.<ref name="The Source: Gen"/> The direct descendants o Scots Hielanders war nae the anely fowk in the Unitit States tae speak the language, houiver. Gaelic wis ane o the leids spoken bi fur tredders in mony pairts o North America. In some pairts o the Carolinas an [[Alabama]], African-American communities spoke Scots Gaelic, parteecularly (but nae solely) due tae the influence o Gaelic-speakin sclave-awners.<ref name="Cite journal"/> Accordin tae musicologist Willie Ruff, jazz muisicker Dizzy Gillespie spoke eften o the Gaelic speakin African-Americans.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> == Weel-kent people == === Preseses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === Several [[Preses o the Unitit States]] hae haed some Scots or Scotch-Erse ancestry, awtho the extent o this varies. For ensaumple, [[Donald Trump]]'s mither wis Scots an [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s maternal grandparents war baith Scots. Tae a lesser degree [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[Chester A. Arthur]] an [[William McKinley]] hae less direct Scots or Scotch-Erse ancestry. ; [[James Monroe]] (Scots an Welsh) : 5th Preses 1817-1825: His paternal great-great-grandfaither, Andrew Monroe, emigrated tae America frae [[Ross-shire]], Scotland in the mid-17th century. ; [[Andrew Jackson]] (Scotch-Erse) : 7th Preses 1829-1837: : He wis born in the predominantly Ulster-Scots [[Waxhaws]] arie o [[Sooth Carolina]] twa years after his parents left [[Boneybefore]], naur [[Craigfergus|Carrickfergus]] in [[Coonty Antrim]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[James K. Polk|James Knox Polk]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 11t Preses, 1845-1849: His Scots paternal great x 5 grandfaither, Robert Pollock, emigrated tae Ireland in the 17t century. The family's surname wis later changed frae Pollock tae Polk.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[James Buchanan]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 15t Preses, 1857-1861: His paternal great-grandmither, Katherine Blair, wis born in [[Stirlingshire]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Andrew Johnson]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 17t Preses, 1865-1869: His grandfaither left [[Mounthill]], naur [[Lairne|Larne]] in [[Coonty Antrim]] aroond 1750 an settled in [[North Carolina]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 18t Preses, 1869-1877: His maternal great-grandfaither, John Simpson, wis born in [[Dergenagh]], [[Coonty Tyrone]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Rutherford Hayes]] (Scots an Inglis) : 19t Preses, 1877-1881: His ancestor, George Hayes, emigrated frae Scotland tae Connecticut in 1680. ; [[Chester A. Arthur]] (Scotch-Erse, Scots an Inglis) : 21st Preses, 1881-1885: His paternal great-grandmither, Jane Campbell, emigrated frae Scotland tae Coonty Antrim, Ireland.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Ref_ac">Northern Ireland Tourist Board. [http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/Arthur-Cottage-Cullybackey-Ballymena-P8218 ''discovernorthernireland - explore more: Arthur Cottage''] Accessed 03/03/2010. "Arthur Cottage, situated in the heart of County Antrim, only a short walk from the village of Cullybackey is the ancestral home of Chester Alan Arthur, the 21st President of the USA."</ref> ; [[Grover Cleveland]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 22nd an 24th Preses, 1885-1889 an 1893-1897: Born in [[New Jersey]], he wis the maternal grandson o merchant Abner Neal, wha emigrated frae [[Coonty Antrim]] in the 1790s. He is the anely preses tae hae served non-consecutive terms.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Benjamin Harrison]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 23rd Preses, 1889-1893: Throu his mither, Elizabeth Irwin, his great x 5 grandfaither, David Irvine, wis born in Aberdeenshire, an emigrated tae Ireland.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[William McKinley]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 25t Preses, 1897-1901: His Scots paternal great-great-great-great-grandfaither, James McKinley, settled in Ireland in 1690.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Ref_ae">[http://www.mckinley.lib.oh.us/mckinley/biography.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208050447/http://www.mckinley.lib.oh.us/mckinley/biography.htm |date=2010-12-08 }}</ref> ; [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse, Dutch, Inglis & French) : 26t Preses, 1901-1909: His maternal great-great-great-grandmither, Jean Stobo, emigrated tae Americae frae Scotland wi her parents in 1699. ; [[William Howard Taft]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 27t Preses 1909-1913<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Woodrow Wilson]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 28t Preses, 1913-1921: His Scots maternal grandparents, Rev. Dr Thomas Woodrow an Marion Williamson, emigrated tae America in the 1830s. Ootthrou his career he reflected on the influence o his ancestral values on his constant quest for knowledge an fulfillment.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Warren G. Harding]] (Scots an Inglis) : 29t Preses 1921-1923: His paternal great-great grandmither, Lydia Crawford, wis born in Midlothian.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Harry S. Truman]] (Scots, Inglis an German) : 33rd Preses 1945-1953: His paternal great-great-great-great-grandfaither, Thomas Monteith, wis a merchant frae Glesga.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (Inglis, German an Scotch-Erse) : 36t Preses, 1963-1969:{{Citation needed}}: ; [[Richard Nixon]] (Scotch-Erse, Erse, Inglis an German) : 37t Preses, 1969-1974: The Nixon ancestors left Ulster in the mid-18th century; the Quaker Milhous family ties war wi [[Coonty Antrim]] an [[Coonty Kildare]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Gerald Ford]] (Scots an Inglis) : 38t Preses 1974-1977: His maternal great-grandfaither, Alexander Gardner, emigrated tae [[Quebec]] frae [[Kilmacolm]] in 1820. ; [[Jimmy Carter]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 39t Preses 1977-1981: His paternal great x 6 grandfaither, Adam Clinkskaill, wis Scots. ; [[Ronald Reagan]] (Erse, Scots an Inglis) : 40t Preses 1981-1989: His great-grandfaither, John Wilson, emigrated tae North America frae [[Paisley]] in 1832.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[George H. W. Bush]] (Scots, Erse an Inglis) : 41st Preses 1989-1993: His maternal great-great-great-grandmither, Catherine Walker (née McLelland), wis Scots. ; [[George W. Bush]] (Scots, Erse an Inglis) : 43rd Preses 2001-2009: His great-great-great-great-grandmither, Catherine Walker (née McLelland), wis Scots. ; [[Barack Obama]] (Scotch-Erse, Inglis an Kenyan) : 44th Preses 2009-2017: The ancestry o his mither's family is pairtially Scotch-Erse. ; [[Donald Trump]] (Scots an German) : 45t Preses: His mither, [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]], wis born in the veellage o [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]], [[Lewis|Isle o Lewis]], an emigrated tae the USA in 1930.<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> === Vice Preses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === ; [[John C. Calhoun]] (Scotch-Erse) : 10t Vice Preses 1825-32; staunch advocate o states' richts ; [[George M. Dallas]] (Scots) : 15t Vice Preses 1845-49; former Secretary o War ; [[Walter Mondale]] (Scots) : 42nd Vice Preses 1977-1981: His maternal great-grandparents, Walter Cowan an Agnes Phorson, war Scots. === Ither American preses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === ; [[Sam Houston]] (Scotch-Erse) : Preses o [[Texas]], 1836-38 an 1841-44 <ref name="Haley"/> ; [[Jefferson Davis]] (Scotch-Erse) : Preses o [[Confederate States o Americae|Confederate States o America]] 1861-1865 ; [[Arthur St. Clair]] (Scots) : Preses unner the [[List of Presidents of the Congress under the Articles of Confederation|Articles o Confederation]] 1788 == Scots placenames == Some Scots placenames in the US include: * Californie ** [[Albion, California|Albion]] ** [[Ben Lomond, California|Ben Lomond]] ** [[Bonny Doon, California|Bonny Doon]] ** [[Inverness, California|Inverness]] ** [[Irvine, Californie|Irvine]], named for the historic Irvine Ranch, an Irvine Subdiveesion o [[Orange Coonty, Californie]] * Colorado ** [[Montrose, Colorado|Montrose]] * Connecticut ** [[Scotland, Connecticut|Scotland]] * Delaware ** [[Glasgow, Delaware|Glasgow]] ** Perth ** Red Lion * Florida ** Paisley ** Dundee ** Dunedin, frae ''Dùn Èideann'', Scots Gaelic for Edinburgh ** Inverness * Illinois ** Dundee ** Elgin ** Inverness ** Midlothian ** Bannockburn ** Glencoe * Indiana ** Perth ** Edinburgh * Kentucky ** [[Glasgow, Kentucky|Glasgow]] * Louisiana ** Gretna ** [[Scotlandville, Louisiana|Scotlandville]] * Maine ** Argyle * Maryland ** Aberdeen ** Glencoe ** Glenelg ** Lochearn ** Lothian ** Midlothian ** Muirkirk * Massachusetts ** Melrose * Mississippi ** Aberdeen * Montana ** [[Glasgow, Montana|Glasgow]] ** Aberdeen, Montana ** Inverness, Montana ** Drummond, Montana * New Jersey ** Perth Amboy (hauf Scots, hauf Lenape) ** Scotch Plains * New York ** [[Albany, New York|Albany]] ** Dundee ** Perth * North Carolina ** [[Highlands, North Carolina|Highlands]] ** Roxboro - a variant spelling o [[Roxburgh]] * North Dakota ** Perth ** [[Perth Township, Walsh County, North Dakota|Perth Township]] * Oklahoma ** Glencoe ** Guthrie * Pennsylvania ** Devon * Sooth Carolina ** Elgin ** Lake Murray * Texas ** Argyle - a variant spelling o Argyll ** [[Dallas]] ** [[Edinburg, Texas|Edinburg]] - a variant spelling o [[Edinburgh]] ** [[Houston]] - suburbs include Montrose ** Midlothian ** [[Scotland, Texas|Scotland]] * Utah ** Argyle (nou a ghost toun) ** Ben Lomond ** Logan * Virginia ** Dumfries ** [[Glasgow, Virginia|Glasgow]] ** Gretna ** Hamilton ** Kilmarnock ** McDowell ** Midlothian * Washington state ** [[Aberdeen, Washington|Aberdeen]] ** [[Fife, Washington|Fife]] * Wisconsin ** [[Argyle, Wisconsin|Argyle]] ** [[Dunbar, Wisconsin|Dunbar]] == See awso == {{Portal|United States|Scotland}} * Scots diaspora * Americans ** British American ** Inglis American ** [[Irish American|Erse American]] ** [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Erse American]] ** [[Welsh American]] * [[Celtic music in the United States|Celtic music in the Unitit States]] * Scots bi kintra ** [[Scots-Quebecer]] ** [[Scottish Canadian|Scots Canadian]] == References == <references group="" responsive=""></references> == Further reading == * Berthoff, Rowland Tappan. ''British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790-1950.'' New Haven, CT: Harvard University Press, 1953. * Berthoff, Rowland. "Under the kilt: Variations on the Scottish-American ground." ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' 1#2 (1982): 5-34. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27500204 in JSTOR] * Berthoff, Rowland. "Celtic mist over the South." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1986) pp: 523-546. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2209145 in JSTOR], Highly critical o theories o Forrest McDonald an Grady McWhiney regarding profound Celtic influences * Dziennik, Matthew P. ''The Fatal Land: War, Empire, and the Highland Soldier in British America.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. * McDonald, Forrest, an Grady McWhiney. "[Celtic Mist over the South]: A Response." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1986): 547-548. * McWhiney, Grady, an Forrest McDonald. "Celtic origins of southern herding practices." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1985): 165-182. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2208823 in JSTOR] * Bumsted, Jack M. "The Scottish Diaspora: Emigration to British North America, 1763–1815." in Ned C. Landsman, ed., ''Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600–1800'' (2001) pp 127–50 [https://www.questia.com/library/120072289/nation-and-province-in-the-first-british-empire online] * Bueltmann, Tanja, Andrew Hinson, an Graeme Morton. ''The Scottish Diaspora.'' Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. * Calder, Jenni. ''Lost in the Backwoods: Scots an the North American Wilderness'' Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. * Calder, Jenni. ''Scots in the USA.'' Luath Press Ltd, 2014. * Dobson, David. ''Scottish emigration to colonial America, 1607-1785.'' Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2011. * Erickson, Charlotte. ''Invisible Immigrants: the Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in 19th Century America'' (Weidenfeld an Nicolson; 1972) * Hunter, James. ''Scottish exodus: travels among a worldwide clan'' (Random House, 2011); interviews wi Clan MacLeod members * Landsman, Ned C. ''Scotland and Its First American Colony, 1683-1765.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014. * McCarthy, James, an Euan Hague. "Race, nation, an nature: The cultural politics of "Celtic" identification in the American West." ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 94#2 (2004): 387-408. * Newton, Michael. ''“We’re Indians Sure Enough”: The Legacy of the Scottish Highlanders in the United States.'' Richmond: Saorsa Media, 2001. * Parker, Anthony W. ''Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia: The Recruitment, Emigration, an Settlement at Darien, 1735-1748.'' Athens, GA: University o Georgia Press, 2002. * Ray, R. Celeste. ''Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University o North Carolina Press, 2001. * Szasz, Ferenc Morton. ''Scots in the North American West, 1790-1917.'' Norman, OK: University o Oklahoma Press, 2000. * Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups.'' New Haven, CT: Harvard University Press, 1980. * Zumkhawala-Cook, Richard. "The Mark of Scottish America: Heritage Identity and the Tartan Monster." ''Diaspora: A Jurnal of Transnational Studies'' 14#1 (2005) pp: 109-136. == External links == * [http://www.visitdunkeld.com/scottish-americans.htm Scottish Americans] * <span class="citation gutenberg"> ''[[gutenberg:15162|Scotland's Mark on America, bi George Fraser Black, Ph.D.]]'' at [[Project Gutenberg]]</span> * [http://www.abdn.ac.uk/emigration Scottish Emigration Database] * [http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/ Scotlands People - Official govrenment source for Scottish roots] * [http://www.usscots.com US Scots: includes extensive listing o Hieland games events] * [http://www.acgamerica.org/ Website o ''An Comunn Gàidhealach Ameireaganach''] [[Category:European-American society]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Pages wi citations haein bare URLs]] [[Category:Pages wi citations lackin teetles]] [[Category:"Relatit ethnic groups" needin confirmation]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 30bf19367cw4q683pz91l04fwxyp9hz 923289 923288 2026-09-25T22:00:33Z ~2026-51779-84 137771 923289 wikitext text/x-wiki 923290 923289 2026-09-25T22:00:55Z GatoLiteral 131790 Undid edits bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51779-84|~2026-51779-84]] ([[User talk:~2026-51779-84|talk]]) tae last revision bi GatoLiteral 923290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Scots Americans <br /> ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''|pop='''Scottish Americans'''<br />20–25 million<ref name="McCarthy">James McCarthy and Euan Hague, 'Race, Nation, and Nature: The Cultural Politics of "Celtic" Identification in the American West', ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', Volume 94 Issue 2 (5 Nov 2004), p. 392, citing J. Hewitson, ''Tam Blake and Co.: The Story of the Scots in America'' (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1993).</ref><ref name="Scotlandnow">{{Cite web|url=http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html|title=Tartan Day 2007|date=2012-04-15|work=Scotland Now, Issue 7 (March 2007) via internet archive|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-date=2012-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415205446/http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="SPOR">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |title=Scottish Parliament: Official Report, 11 September 2002, Col. 13525 |publisher=Scottish.parliament.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807041559/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |archivedate=7 August 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref name="SPEERCA">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |title=Scottish Parliament: European and External Relations Committee Agenda, 20th Meeting 2004 (Session 2), 30 November 2004, EU/S2/04/20/1 |publisher=Scottish.parliament.uk |date=2011-08-14 |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605215530/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |archivedate=5 June 2011 |df= }}</ref><br /><small>'''Up to 8.3% of the U.S. population'''</small><br />'''Scotch-Irish Americans'''<br />27–30 million<ref name="BFFF">James Webb, ''Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America'' (New York: Broadway Books, 2004), front flap: 'More than 27 million Americans today can trace their lineage to the Scots, whose bloodline was stained by centuries of continuous warfare along the border between England and Scotland, and later in the bitter settlements of England's Ulster Plantation in Northern Ireland.' {{ISBN|0-7679-1688-3}}</ref><ref name="Secret">James Webb, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109814129391148708 Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote], ''Wall Street Journal'' (23 October 2004). Accessed 7 September 2008.</ref><br /><small>'''Up to 10% of the U.S. population'''<br />'''5,310,285''' (2013 ACS) Scottish</small><ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{cite web|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref>|popplace=Predominantly in [[New England]], [[Appalachia]] an the [[Deep South]] Plurality in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[West Virginia]], [[Idaho]], [[North Carolina]], [[Florida]] an [[Pennsylvania]]<ref name="Scots-Irish Americans">{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Scottish-and-Scotch-Irish-Americans.html|title=Scottish and scotch-irish americans|first=Mary A.|last=Hess|work=www.everyculture.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>|langs=[[English language|English]] <small>([[American English|American English dialects]])</small> [[Scottish Gaelic]] an [[Scots language|Scots]] speaking minorities|rels=[[Christianity]] (including [[Presbyterianism]], [[Baptist]], [[Pentecostalism]], [[Methodist]], [[Protestantism]] an [[Roman Catholicism]]), ither releegions (including [[deism]]<ref>Church, College, and Clergy, Page 76, Brian J. Fraser - 1995</ref>)|related=[[Scotch-Erse Americans]], [[Inglis Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], [[Welsh Americans]], [[Breetish Americans]], [[Scots Canadians]], [[Scotch-Erse Canadians]], [[Scots Australians]]}}'''Scots Americans''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''; {{Lang-sco|Scots-American}}) are [[Americans]] whase ancestry oreeginates halely or pairtly in [[Scotland]]. [[Scots fowk|Scots]] Americans are closely relatit tae [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Erse Americans]], descendants o [[Ulster-Scots fowk|Ulster Scots]], an communities emphasize an handsel a common heritage.<ref name="Ref_a">Celeste Ray, 'Introduction', p. 6, id., 'Scottish Immigration and Ethnic Organization in the United States', pp. 48-9, 62, 81, in id. (ed.), ''The Transatlantic Scots'' (Tuscaloosa, AL:[[University of Alabama Press]], 2005).</ref> The majority o Scotch-Erse Americans oreeginally cam frae Lawland Scotland an Northren Ingland afore migrating tae the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] (see ''[[Plantation of Ulster|Plantation o Ulster]]'') an thance, beginnin aboot five [[generation]]s later, tae North Americae in lairge nummers in the aichteent century. Lairge-scale emigration frae Scotland tae Americae began in the 1700s, accelerating efter the [[Jacobite risin o 1745]], the resultin breakup o the clan structurs, an the [[Hieland Clearances]]. Displaced Scots gaed in sairch o a better life an sattled in the thirteen colonies, ineetially aroond [[Sooth Carolina]] an [[Virginie|Virginia]], an then faur in successive generations.{{cn}} == Nummer o Scots Americans == {| class="wikitable sortable" style= ! colspan="5" |Nummer o Scots Americans |- !Year !Ref. !Population ! colspan="4" |% o the Unitit States population |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1980 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |10,048,816 |align=right|4.44 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1990 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |5,393,581 |align=right|2.2 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2000 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |4,890,581 |align=right|1.7 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2010 |<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323041850/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table |date=2015-03-23 }} United States Census Bureau</ref> |5,460,679 |align=right|3.1 |- ! colspan="5" |Nummer o Scotch-Erse Americans |- !Year !Ref. !Population ! colspan="4" |% o the Unitit States population |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1980 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |16,418 |align=right|0.007 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1990 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |5,617,773 |align=right|2.3 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2000 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |4,319,232 |align=right|1.5 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2010 |<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" /> |3,257,161 |align=right|1.9 |- |} == Colonial period 1700 - 1775 == Accordin tae the Unitit States Historical Census Data Base (USHCDB), the ethnic populations in the Breetish American Colonies o 1700, 1755 an 1775 war: {| class="sort wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="6" |Ethnic mak up in the Breetish American Colonies o 1700{{•}}1755{{•}}1775 <ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |- ! style="background:#efefef;" |1700 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent ! style="background:#efefef;" |1755 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent ! style="background:#efefef;" |1775 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent |- |[[Inglis fowk|Inglis]] an [[Welsh American|Welsh]] |80.0% |Inglis an Welsh |52.0% |Inglis |48.7% |- |[[African Americans|African]] |11.0% |African |20.0% |African |20.0% |- |[[Dutch fowk|Dutch]] |4.0% |German |7.0% |'''Scots-Erse''' |'''7.8%''' |- |'''[[Scottish American|Scots]]''' |'''3.0%''' |'''[[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Erse]]''' |'''7.0%''' |[[German American|German]] |6.9% |- |Ither European |2.0% |[[Irish American|Erse]] |5.0% |'''Scots''' |'''6.6%''' |- | | |'''Scots''' |'''4.0%''' |Dutch |2.7% |- | | |Dutch |3.0% |[[French American|French]] |1.4% |- | | |Ither European |2.0% |[[Swedish American|Swades]] |0.6% |- | | | | |Ither |5.3% |- bgcolor="lightgrey" class="sortbottom" ![[File:Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors).svg|border|25x25px]] Colonies !100% ![[File:Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_(1707-1800).svg|border|25x25px]] Colonies !100% ![[File:Grand_Union_Flag.svg|border|25x25px]] [[Thirteen Colonies]] !100% |- |} === Census === The nummer o Americans o Scots strynd the day is estimatit tae be 20 tae 25 million (up tae 8.3% o the tot US population), an Scotch-Erse 27 tae 30 million (up tae 10% o the tot US population), the subgroups owerlapping an no aye distinguishable acause o thair skared ancestral [[surname]]s.{{cn}} The majority o Scotch-Erse Americans oreeginally cam frae Lawland Scotland an Northren Ingland afore migrating tae the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] (see ''[[Plantation of Ulster|Plantation o Ulster]]'') an thance, beginnin aboot five [[generation]]s later, tae North Americae in lairge nummers in the aichteent century.{{cn}} The table shaws the ethnic Scots population in the Unitit States frae 1700 tae 2013. In 1700 the tot population o the American colonies wis 250,888, o that 223,071 (89%) war white an 3.0% war ethnically Scots.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="Colonial America To 1763">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BZRJSx3uMYEC&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=united+states+1700+223,071&source=bl&ots=afB35FaHOv&sig=tGL9u-SAvrR8gB3Dh_5gFl2roPo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDMQ6AEwBGoVChMIq43C-ZK4xwIVZBfbCh1HXgs9#v=onepage&q=united%20states%201700%20223%2C071&f=false Colonial America To 1763] By Thomas L. Purvis].</ref> In the 2000 census, 4.8 million Americans<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> sel-reportit Scots ancestry, 1.7% o the tot US population. Anither 4.3 million sel-reportit [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Erse]] ancestry, for a tot o 9.2 million Americans sel-reportin some kynd o Scots strynd. Sel-reportit nummers are regairdit bi demographers as muckle unner-coonts, acause Scots ancestry is kent tae be disproportionately unner-reportit amang the majority o mixed ancestry,<ref name="Ref_y">Mary C. Walters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 31-6.</ref> an acause aries whaur fowk reportit "American" ancestry war the places whaur, historically, Scots an Scotch-Erse [[Protestantism|Protestants]] sattled in [[North Americae|Americae]] (that is: alang the North American coast, [[Appalachia]], an the Sootheastren [[Unitit States]]). Scots Americans descended frae nineteent-century Scots emigrants tend tae be concentrated in the Wast, while mony in [[New Ingland]] are the descendants o emigrants, eften Gaelic-speakin, frae the [[Maritime Provinces]] o [[Canadae]], frae the 1880s onwart. Americans o Scots strynd ootnummer the population o Scotland, whaur 4,459,071 or 88.09% o fowk identified as ethnic Scots in the 2001 Census.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> === Scots Americans bi state === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:87%;" ! colspan="6" |Confeerance atween the 1790 an 2000 census |- ! colspan="3" |1790 estimates<ref name="The Source: Gen">{{Cite book}}</ref> ! colspan="3" |2000 Census<ref name="The Source: Gen" /> |- !Ancestry !Nummer !% o tot !Ancestry !Nummer !% o tot |- |Inglis |1,900,000 |47.5 |German |42,885,162 |15.2 |- |[[African Americans|African]] |750,000 |19.0 |African |36,419,434 |12.9 |- |'''Scotch-Erse''' |'''320,000''' |'''8.0''' |Erse |30,594,130 |10.9 |- |[[German American|German]] |280,000 |7.0 |Inglis |24,515,138 |8.7 |- |[[Erse fowk|Erse]] |200,000 |5.0 |[[Mexican American|Mexican]] |20,640,711 |7.3 |- |[[Scots fowk|Scots]] |'''160,000''' |'''4.0''' |[[Italian American|Italian]] |15,723,555 |5.6 |- |Welsh |120,000 |3.0 |French |10,846,018 |3.9 |- |[[Dutch American|Dutch]] |100,000 |2.5 |[[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]] |10,017,244 |3.6 |- |[[French American|French]] |80,000 |2.0 |[[Polish American|Pols]] |8,977,444 |3.2 |- |[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] |50,000 |1.0 |'''Scots''' |'''4,890,581''' |'''1.7''' |- |[[Spanish American|Spaingie]] |20,000 |0.5 |Dutch |4,542,494 |1.6 |- |[[Swedish American|Swades]] <small>or Ither</small> |20,000 |0.5 |[[Norwegian American|Norse]] |4,477,725 |1.6 |- | | | |'''Scotch-Erse''' |'''4,319,232''' |'''1.5''' |- |[[British Americans|Breetish]] (Tot) |2,500,000 |62.5 |Breetish (Tot)<br /><br /> |36,564,465 |12.9 |- |- bgcolor="lightgrey" class="sortbottom" |'''{{Flagcountry|USA}}''' |3,929,326 <ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |100 |'''{{Flagcountry|USA}}''' |281,421,906 |100 |} The states wi the laigest [[Scots fowk|Scots]] populations:<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> * [[Californie]] - 519,955 (1.4% o state population) * [[Texas]] - 369,161 (1.5%) * [[Florida]] - 296,667 (1.6%) * [[North Carolina]] - 245,021 (2.6%) * [[Michigan]] - 227,372 (2.3%) * [[New York]] - 215,898 (1.1%) * [[Ohio]] - 214,649 (1.9%) * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] - 200,085 (3.0%) The states wi the tap percentages o Scots residents: * [[Maine]] (5.5% o state population) * [[Utah]] (4.6%) * [[New Hampshire]] (4.4%) * [[Vermont]] (4.3%) * [[Wyoming]] (3.7%) * [[Idaho]] (3.3%) * [[Oregon]], [[Montana]] (3.1% each) * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (3.0%) == Historical contreibutions == === Explorers === The first Scots in [[North Americae]] cam wi the [[Vikings]]. A Christian [[bard]] frae the [[Hebrides]] accompanied [[Bjarni Herjolfsson]] on his vaige aroond [[Greenland]] in 985/6 whit sichted the mainland tae the wast.<ref>''Grænlendinga Saga'' (c. 1190), 2, tr. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson, in ''The Vinland Sagas'' (Penguin: Harmondsworth, Middx, 1965), pp. 51-2, 107.</ref><ref name="Ref_c">Michael Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'' (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2005), p. 7.</ref> The first Scots recorded as haein set fit in the [[New Warld]] war a man named Haki an a woman named Hekja, sclaves awned bi [[Leif Ericsson|Leif Eiriksson]]. The Scots couple war runners wha scooted for [[Thorfinn Karlsefni]]'s expedeetion in c. 1010, gaithering [[wheat]] an the [[grape]]s for whit [[Vinland]] wis named.<ref>''Eirik's Saga'' (c. 1260), 8, tr. Magnusson and Palsson, in ''Vinland Sagas'', pp. 95, 109.</ref><ref name="Ref_d">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 8-9.</ref> The controversial [[Zeno brothers|Zeno letters]] hae been ceeted in defence o a claim that [[Henry I Sinclair, Yerl o Orkney|Henry Sinclair, Yerl o Orkney]], veesited [[Nova Scotia]] in 1398.<ref name="Ref_e">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 10.</ref> In the early years o [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spaingie colonisation o the Americaes]], a Scot named Tam Blake spent 20 years in [[Colombie]] an [[Mexico]]. He teuk pairt in the conquest o [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]] in 1532 wi [[Pedro de Heredia#Inland Expeditions and Trials of Residence|Alonso de Heredia]]. He arrived in Mexico in 1534-5, an jyned [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado|Coronado]]'s 1540 expedeetion tae the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwast]].<ref name="Hewitson">Jim Hewitson, ''Tam Blake & Co.: The Story of the Scots in America'' (Edinburgh: Orion, 1993), pp. 12-13.</ref><ref name="Ref_f">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 11.</ref> Scots-American naturalist [[John Muir]] is mebbe best kent for his exploration o Californie's Sierra Nevada muntains in the 19t century.{{cn}} === Tredders === [[File:James_VI_and_I.jpg|thumb|[[James VI, Keeng o Scots|James VI an I]], c. 1604]] [[File:The_Americas_in_the_reign_of_James_I.jpg|thumb|The [[Americae]]s in the ring o James VI, 1619]] Efter the [[Union o the Crouns]] o [[Scotland]] an [[Ingland]] in 1603, [[James VI, Keeng o Scots|Keeng James VI]], a Scot, promuived jynt expedeetions owerseas, an became the founder o [[British America|Inglis America]].<ref name="Ref_g">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 12.</ref> The first permanent Inglis sattlement in the Americaes, [[Jamestown, Virginie|Jamestown]], wis sicweys named for a Scot. The earliest Scots communities in Americae war firmed bi tredders an [[Plantation economy|planters]] raither than fermer sattlers.<ref name="Fry, p. 19">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 19.</ref> The hub o Scots commercial acteevity in the colonial period wis [[Virginie]]. Regular contacts began wi the [[Penal transportation|transportation]] o [[indentured servants]] tae the colony frae Scotland, includin preesoners takken in the [[Wars o the Three Kinricks]].<ref name="USA">Alex Murdoch, "USA", Michael Lynch (ed), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 629-633.</ref> Bi the 1670s [[Glesga]] wis the main ootlet for Virginian [[tabaccae]], in open defiance o Inglis [[Navigation Acts|restrictions on colonial tred]]; in return the colony received Scots manufactured guids, emigrants an ideas.<ref name="USA"/><ref name="Ref_h">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 18, 19.</ref> In the 1670s an 1680s [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[Dissenter]]s fled persecution bi the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] [[Privy Cooncil o Scotland|privy cooncil]] in [[Edinburgh]] tae sattle in [[Sooth Carolina|South Carolina]] an [[New Jersey]], whaur thay kept thair distinctive releegious cultur.<ref name="USA" /> Tred atween Scotland an the American colonies wis finally regularized bi the parliamentary [[Acts o Union 1707|Act o Union]] o Scotland an Ingland in 1707. [[Demografie o Scotland|Population growthe]] an the [[Hieland Clearances|commercialization o agricultur]] in Scotland encouraged mass emigration tae Americae efter the [[French and Indian War|French an Indian War]],<ref name="Fry, p. 20">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 20.</ref> a fecht whit haed awso seen the first uise o [[Scottish regiment|Scots Hieland regiments]] as Indian fechters.<ref name="USA"/> Mair nor 50,000 Scots, principally frae the wast coast,<ref name="USA"/> sattled in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] atween 1763 an 1776, the majority o thir in thair awn communities in the [[Soothren Unitit States|South]],<ref name="Fry, p. 20"/> especially [[North Carolina]], awtho Scots individuals an families awso began tae appear as professionals an artisans in every American toun.<ref name="USA" /> Scots arrivin in [[Florida]] an the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] tredded extensively wi [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref name="Ref_i">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 41.</ref> === Fowk an gospel music === American [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]] an [[American folk music|fowk music]] styles hae some o thair roots in the Appalachian ballad cultur o Scotch-Erse Americans (predominantly originating frae the "Border Ballad" tradeetion o soothren Scotland an northren Ingland). Fiddle tunes frae the Scots repertoire, as thay developit in the aichteent century, an spread rapidly intae British colonies, awtho whiles throu the medium o prent raither than aurally. Ootside o Gaelic-speakin communities, houiver, characteristic Hieland muisical idioms, sic as the “Scotch-snap,”<ref name="Cite journal">{{Cite journal}}</ref> war flattened oot an assimilated intae anglophone muisical styles. Some African American communities war influenced muisically bi the Scots American communities in whit thay war embedded. Psalm-singing an gospel music hae acome central muisical experiences for African American churchgoers an some elements o thir styles war introduced, in thir communities, bi Scots (awtho thay war awso mair widespread at this time).<ref name="Cite journal"/> psalm-singing, or "[[precenting the line]]" as it is technically kent, in whit the psalms are cawed oot an the congregation sings a response, wis a form o muisical worship initially developit for non-literate congregations an Africans in America war exposed tae this bi Scots Gaelic sattlers as weel as immigrants o ither origins. The first foreign leid spoken bi some sclaves in Americae wis [[Scots Gaelic]] picked up frae Gaelic-speakin immigrants frae the Scots Hielands an Wastren Isles.<ref name="Cite journal"/> Thare are accounts o African Americans singing Gaelic sangs an playin Scots Gaelic music on bagpipes an fiddle. === Patriots an Loyalists === The ceevic tradeetion o the [[Scots Enlichtment|Scots Enlichtenment]] contreebuted tae the intellectual ferment o the [[American Revolution]].<ref name="USA"/> In 1740, the Glesga philosopher [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]] argued for a richt o colonial resistance tae tyranny.<ref name="Ref_j">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 28-29.</ref> Scotland's leadin thinkers o the revolutionary age, [[David Hume]] an [[Adam Smith]], opposed the uise o force against the rebellious colonies.<ref name="Ref_k">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 29-32.</ref> Accordin tae the historian [[Arthur Herman]]: "Americans built thair warld aroond the principles o Adam Smith an [[Thomas Reid]], o individual interest governed bi common sense an a limited need for govrenment."<ref name="Ref_l">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 154.</ref> Nineteen o the fifty-sax delegates wha signed the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Independence]] cam frae Scotland or Ulster or, lik the Scots-tutored [[Thomas Jefferson]], haed ancestors thare.<ref name="Ref_m">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 32-38.</ref> Ither [[Founding fathers|funding faithers]] lik [[James Madison]] haed nae ancestral connection but war imbued wi ideas drawn frae Scots moral philosophy.<ref name="Ref_n">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 38-40.</ref> Scots Americans wha made major contreibutions tae the revolutionary war included Commodore [[John Paul Jones]], the "Faither o the American Navy", an Generals [[Henry Knox]] an [[William Alexander (American general)|William Alexander]]. Anither person o note wis a personal friend o George Washington, General [[Hugh Mercer]], wha fecht for [[Charles Edward Stuart]] at the [[Battle o Culloden]]. The Scotch-Erse, wha haed already begun tae sattle beyond the [[Proclamation Line]] in the [[Ohio River|Ohio]] an [[Tennessee Valley]]s, war drawn intae rebellion as war spread tae the frontier.<ref name="Ref_o">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 13, 23.</ref> Tobacco plantations an independent ferms in the backcountry o Virginie, [[Maryland]] an the [[Carolinas]] haed been financed wi Scots credit, an indebtedness wis an additional incentive for separation.<ref name="Fry, p. 19"/> Maist Scots Americans haed commercial ties wi the auld kintra or [[Scots clan|clan]] allegiances an steyed true tae [[the Crown]].<ref name="Ref_p">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 13, 24-26.</ref> The Scots Hieland communities o [[upstate New York]] an the [[Cape Fear (region)|Cape Fear]] valley o North Carolina war centers o [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] resistance.<ref name="USA"/> A wee force o Loyalist [[Scots Hielands|Hielanders]] fell at the [[Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge|Battle o Moore's Creek Bridge]] in 1776. Scotch-Erse [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]] defeatit Scots American Loyalists in the [[Battle of Kings Mountain|Battle o Kings Mountain]] in 1780.<ref name="Ref_q">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 28.</ref> Mony Scots American Loyalists emigrated tae Canadae efter the war.<ref name="USA" /> === Uncle Sam === [[File:Unclesamwantyou.jpg|thumb|[[Uncle Sam|"Uncle Sam" Wilson]] wis based on [[Samuel Wilson]].]] [[Uncle Sam]] is the [[national personification]] o the [[Unitit States]], an whiles mair specifically o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|American govrenment]], wi the first uise o the term datin frae the [[War o 1812]]. Uncle Sam wis based on a businessman frae [[Troy, New York]], [[Samuel Wilson]], whase parents sailed tae Americae frae [[Greenock]], [[Scotland]]. He providit the airmy wi beef an pork in barrels during the War o 1812. The barrels war prominently labeled "U.S." for the Unitit States, but it wis jokingly said that the letters stood for "Uncle Sam." Suin, Uncle Sam wis uised as shorthand for the federal govrenment. === Emigrants an free tredders === Tred wi Scotland continued tae flourish efter unthirldom. The tobacco tred wis owertaken in the nineteent century bi the [[cotton]] tred, wi Glesga factories exporting the finished textiles back tae the Unitit States on an industrial scale.<ref name="Ref_r">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 19, 41.</ref> Emigration frae Scotland peaked in the nineteent century, when mair nor a million Scots left for the Unitit States,<ref name="Ref_s">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 193.</ref> takkin advantage o the regular Atlantic steam-age shipping industry whit wis itsel lairgely a Scots creation,<ref name="Ref_t">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 194.</ref> contributing tae a revolution in transatlantic communication.<ref name="USA"/> Scots emigration tae the Unitit States followed, tae a lesser extent, during the twintiet century, when Scots hivy industry declined.<ref name="Ref_u">Evans, Nicholas J., 'The Emigration of Skilled Male Workers from Clydeside during the Interwar Period', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', Volume XVIII, Number 1 (2006), pp. 255-280.</ref> This new wave peaked in the first decade o the twintiet century, contributing tae a haurd life for mony wha remained behind. Mony qualified workers emigrated owerseas, a pairt o whit, estaiblished in Canadae, later gaed on tae the Unitit States.<ref name="everyculture">[http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Scottish-and-Scots-Irish-Americans.html Everyculture:Scottish American]{{Dead link|date=May 2018}}. Posted by Mary A. Hess. Retrieved January 3, 2012, to 1:25 pm.</ref> === Writers === In the nineteent century, American authors an educators adoptit Scotland as a model for cultural unthirldom.<ref name="USA"/> In the warld o letters, Scots literary icons [[James Macpherson]], [[Robert Burns]], [[Walter Scott]], an [[Thomas Carlyle]] haed a mass follaein in the Unitit States, an Scots [[Romanticism]] exerted a seminal influence on the development o American leeteratur.<ref name="USA" /> The warks o [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] an [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] bear its pouerful impression. Amang the maist weel-kent Scots American writers o the nineteent century war [[Washington Irving]], [[James Fenimore Cooper]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]] an [[Herman Melville]]. Poet [[James Mackintosh Kennedy]] wis cawed tae Scotland tae deliver the offeecial poem for the 600th anniversary o the [[Battle o Bannockburn]] in 1914. In the twintiet century, [[Margaret Mitchell]]'s ''[[Gane wi the Wind|Gane Wi the Wind]]'' wis a lairge pairt o popular leeteratur. [[William Faulkner]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Leeteratur]] in 1949. Thare hae been a nummer o weel-kent [[Scots Gaelic]] poets active in the Unitit States syne the aichteent century,<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Cite journal"/> includin [[Aonghas MacAoidh]]<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> an [[Domhnall Aonghas Stiùbhart]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> Ane o the few relics o Gaelic leeteratur componed in the Unitit States is a lullaby componed bi an anonymous wumman in the Carolinas during the American Revolutionary War.<ref name="Cite journal"/><ref name="Cite journal"/> It remains popular tae this day in Scotland. Mair nor 160,000 Scots emigrants migrated tae the U.S. American statesmen o Scots strynd in the early Republic included [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary o the Treasury]] [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary o War]] [[Henry Knox]], an [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] [[James Monroe]]. [[Andrew Jackson]] an [[James K. Polk]] war whit we nou caw Scotch-Erse preses an products o the frontier in the period o [[History of the United States (1789–1849)#Westward expansion|Wastward expansion]]. Amang the maist famous Scots American soldier frontiersmen wis [[Sam Houston]], funding faither o [[Texas]]. Ither Scotch-Erse preses included [[James Buchanan]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Chester A. Arthur|Chester Alan Arthur]], [[William McKinley]] an [[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]]. [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (throu his mither), [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], an [[Ronald Reagan]] war o Scots strynd.<ref name="Ref_v">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 53.</ref> Bi ane estimate, 75% o U.S. preses coud claim some Scots ancestry.<ref name="Ref_w">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 60-61.</ref> [[File:Samuel_houston.jpg|thumb|[[Sam Houston]] wis Scotch-Erse ([[Ulster-Scots fowk|Ulster Scots]]) strynd, an namesake for the ceety o [[Houston]], Texas.<ref name="Haley">[https://books.google.com/books?id=y3uHDkltcIQC&pg=PA5&dq=sam+houston+scotland&cd=1# James L. Haley, ''Sam Houston''], Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004</ref>]] Scots Americans fecht on baith sides o the [[American Ceevil War|Civil War]], an a monument tae thair memory wis erected in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, in 1893. [[Winfield Scott]], Grant, [[Joseph E. Johnston]], [[Irvin McDowell]], [[James B. McPherson]], [[Jeb Stuart]] an [[John B. Gordon]] war o Scots strynd, [[George B. McClellan]] an [[Stonewall Jackson]] Scotch-Erse.<ref name="Ref_x">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 53, 72.</ref> [[Douglas MacArthur]] an [[George Marshall]] uphauldit the martial tradeetion in the twintiet century. [[Grace Hopper|Grace Murray Hopper]], a [[rear admiral]] an [[computer scientist]], wis the auldest officer an hiest-rankin wumman in the U.S. airmed forces on her retirement at the age o 80 in 1986.<ref name="computing">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 219-220.</ref> [[Isabella Cannon]], the umwhile [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Mayor o]] [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], wis the first female mayor o a U.S. state caipital.<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> === Automakers === The Scots-born [[Alexander Winton]] biggit ane o the first American [[automobile]]s in 1896, an specialised in [[motor racin]]. He breuk the warld speed record in 1900.<ref name="automotive">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 221.</ref> In 1903, he wis the first man tae drive cross the Unitit States.<ref name="automotive" /> [[David Dunbar Buick]], anither Scots emigrant, fundit [[Buick]] in 1903.<ref name="automotive" /> The Scots-born William Blackie transfirmed the [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar Tractor Company]] intae a lairge multinational corporation.<ref name="automotive" /> === Motorcycle manufacturer === [[File:Harley_Davidson_founders.jpg|thumb|Clockwise tap left: William S. Harley, William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson, Sr., Arthur Davidson]] [[Harley-Davidson]] Inc<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> (formerly HDI<ref name="Trump"/>), eften abbreviated "H-D" or "Harley", is an American [[motorcycle]] manufacturer. The Davidson brithers war the sons o William C Davidson (1846-1923) wha wis born an grew up in [[Angus|Angus, Scotland]], an Margaret Adams McFarlane (1843-1933) o Scots strynd frae the wee Scots hame o [[Cambridge, Wisconsin]]. Thay raised five bairns thegither: Janet May, William A., [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Walter]], Arthur an Elizabeth.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> === Aviation === Scots Americans hae makt a major contreibution tae the US [[aircraft industry]]. [[Alexander Graham Bell]], in pairtnership wi [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]], biggit the first machine capable o flicht, the [[Aviation history#Langley|Bell-Langley aeroplane]], in 1903.<ref name="flight">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 221-223.</ref> [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] wis stairtit bi twa brithers, [[Allan Loughead|Allan]] an [[Malcolm Loughead]], in 1926.<ref name="flight" /> [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] wis fundit bi [[Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.]] in 1921; he lenched the warld's first commercial passenger plane, the [[DC-3]], in 1935.<ref name="flight" /> [[McDonnell Aircraft]] wis fundit bi [[James Smith McDonnell]], in 1939, an became famous for its meelitary [[Jet aircraft|jets]].<ref name="flight" /> In 1967, McDonnell an Douglas [[McDonnell Douglas|merged]] an jyntly developit jet aircraft, [[missile]]s an [[spacecraft]].<ref name="flight" /> === Spaceflicht === Scots Americans war pioneers in [[Human spaceflight|human spaceflicht]]. The [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] an [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] capsules war biggit bi James Smith McDonnell.<ref name="flight"/> The first American in space, [[Alan Shepard]], the first American in orbit, [[John Glenn]], an the first man tae flee free in space, [[Bruce McCandless II]], war Scots Americans.<ref name="flight" /> The first men on the muin, [[Neil Armstrong]] an [[Buzz Aldrin]], war awso o Scots strynd; Armstrong wore a [[kilt]] in a parade throu his ancestral home o [[Langholm]] in the [[The Mairches|Scots Mairches]] in 1972.<ref name="flight"/> Ither Scots American muinwalkers war the fowert, [[Alan Bean]], the fift, Alan Shepard, the seivent, [[David Scott]] (awso the first tae drive on the muin), an the aicht, [[James Irwin]].<ref name="flight" /> === Computing === Scots Americans hae awso been leaders in [[computin]]g an [[information technology]]. Scots Americans [[Howard Aiken]] an [[Grace Hopper|Grace Murray Hopper]] makt the first automatic sequence computer in 1939.<ref name="computing"/> Hopper wis awso the co-inventor o the [[Computer language|computer leid]] [[COBOL]].<ref name="computing" /> [[Ross Perot]], anither Scots American entrepreneur, makt his fortune frae [[Electronic Data Systems]], an [[Outsourcing|ootsoorcing]] company he estaiblished in 1962.<ref name="computing"/> Software giant [[Microsoft]] wis co-fundit in 1975 bi [[Bill Gates]], wha owed his stairt in pairt tae his mither, the Scots American businesswumman [[Mary Maxwell Gates]], wha helped her son tae get his first software contract wi IBM.<ref name="computing"/> Glesga-born Microsoft employee Richard Tait helped develop the ''[[Encarta]]'' encyclopedia an co-creatit the popular [[Buird gemme|buird game]] [[Cranium (board game)|Cranium]].<ref name="computing" /> === Cuisine === Scots Americans hae helped tae define the modren American diet bi introducing mony distinctive foods.{{cn}} [[Fried chicken]] wis introduced intae the [[Southern Colonies|Soothren Colonies]] bi Scots sattlers. [[Philip Danforth Armour]] fundit [[Armour and Company|Armour Meats]] in 1867, revolutionizing the American meatpacking industry an acomin famous for [[hot dogs]]. [[Campbell Soups]] wis fundit in 1869 bi Joseph A. Campbell an rapidly grew intae a major manufacturer o [[Soup|canned soups]]. [[Will Keith Kellogg|W. K. Kellogg]] transformed American eatin habits frae 1906 bi popularizing [[Breakfast cereal|brakfast cereal]]. [[Glen Bell]], funder o [[Taco Bell]] in 1962, introduced [[Tex-Mex]] fuid tae a mainstream audience.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref>[https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/04/23/150886690/the-california-taco-trail-how-mexican-food-conquered-america The California Taco Trail], NPR (April 26, 2012).</ref> Marketing executive [[Arch West]], born tae Scots emigrant parents, developit [[Doritos]].<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> == Community activities == Some o the followin aspects o Scots cultur can still be foond in some pairts o the US. * [[Bagpipe|Bagpiping]] an pipe bands * [[Burns supper|Burns Supper]]<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> * Ceilidhs * [[Hogmanay]], the Scots [[New Year]] * [[St Andra's Day|St. Andrew's Day]] festivities * [[Tartan]] - some places in the US hae thair awn tartan, an Scots dress is worn bi some Americans tae celebrate thair ancestral heritage. === Tartan Day === [[File:MHPB_New_York.jpg|left|thumb|[[Tartan Day]] parade in New York Ceety]] [[Tartan Day|National Tartan Day]], hauldit each year on Apryle 6 in the [[Unitit States]] an [[Canadae]], celebrates the historical links atween Scotland an [[North Americae|North America]] an the contreibutions [[Scots fowk|Scots]] Americans an Canadians hae made tae US an Canadian [[democracy]], [[Industrie|industry]] an society. The date o Apryle 6 wis chosen as "the anniversary o the [[Declaration o Aiberbrothock|Declaration o Arbroath]] in 1320—the inspirational document, according tae [[Unitit States Senate|U.S. Senate]] Resolution 155, 1999, upon whit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|American Declaration o Independence]] wis modeled".<ref name="Ref_an">Edward J. Cowan, "Tartan Day in America", in Celeste Ray (ed.), ''The Transatlantic Scots'' (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2005), p. 318.</ref> The Annual Tartan Week celebrations come tae life every Apryle wi the lairgest celebration takkin place in New York Ceety. Thoosands descend ontae the streets o the Big Apple tae celebrate thair heritage, cultur an the impact o the [[Scots fowk|Scots Americans]] in America the day. Hunders o pipers, drummers, Hieland dancers, Scottie Dogs an celebrities mairch doun the streets drowned in thair faimily tartans an Saltire flags whilst interacting wi the thoosands o onlookers. NYC is nae the anely lairge ceety tae celebrate Tartan Day. Lairge events awso tak place in Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Californie, Chicago, Arizona, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Australie, an New Zealand. Scots Heritage Month is awso promoted bi community groups aroond the Unitit States an Canadae.<ref name="Ref_ao">[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/ncscotsmonth.htm National Scots, Scots-Irish Heritage Month in the USA], ElectricScotland.com</ref> === Scots Festivals === [[File:Massed_Bands,_2005_Pacific_Northwest_Highland_Games.jpg|thumb|Massed bands at the 2005 Pacific Northwest Hieland Gemmes<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/>]] Scots cultur, fuid, an athletics are celebrated at [[Hieland gemmes|Hieland Gemmes]] a Scots festivals ootthrou [[North Americae|North America]]. The lairgest o thir occurs yearly at [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton, Californie]], [[Grandfather Mountain]], [[North Carolina]] an [[Estes Park, Colorado]]. Thare are awso ither weel-kent Scots Festivals in ceeties lik [[Tulsa|Tulsa, Oklahoma]], [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] (at [[Stone Mountain Park]]), [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] an [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]]. In addeetion tae traditional Scots sports sic as [[Caber toss|tossing the caber]] an the [[hammer throw]], thare are [[whisky]] tastings, traditional foods sic as [[haggis]], [[Bagpipe]]s an [[Drum kit|Drums]] competitions, [[Celtic rock]] muisical acts an tradeetional Scots dance.{{cn}} === Scots Gaelic language in the Unitit States === Awtho [[Scots Gaelic]] haed been spoken in maist o Scotland at ane time or anither, bi the time o lairge-scale migrations tae North America – the aichteent century – it haed anely managed tae survive in the Hielands an Wastren Isles o Scotland. Unlik ither ethnic groups in Scotland, Scots Hielanders preferred tae migrate in communities, an remainin in lairger, denser concentrations aided in the maintenance o thair language an cultur. The first communities o Scots Gaels began migrating in the 1730s tae Georgia, New York an the Carolinas. Anely in the Carolinas war thir hames enduring. Awtho thair nummers war wee, the immigrants formed a beach-heid for later migrations, whit accelerated in the 1760s.<ref>Newton, ''‘We’re Indians Sure Enough’'', pp. 69-83.</ref> The American Revolutionary War effectively stopped direct migration tae the newly-formed Unitit States, maist fowk gaein insteid tae Breetish North Americae (nou Canadae). The Canadian Maritimes war a favored destination frae the 1770s tae the 1840s. Sizable concentrations o Gaelic communities existit in Ontario, Nova Scotia, an Prince Edward Island, wi smawer clusters in Newfoundland, Quebec, an New Brunswick. Those wha left thir communities for opportunities in the Unitit States, especially in New Ingland, war uisually fluent Gaelic speakers intae the mid-twintiet century.<ref>Newton, ''‘We’re Indians Sure Enough’'', pp. 163-175.</ref> O the mony communities foondit bi Scots Hieland immigrants, the language an cultur anely survives at a community level in the Canadian province o [[Nova Scotia]]. Accordin tae the 2000 census, 1,199 fowk speak Scots Gaelic at home.<ref name="The Source: Gen"/> The direct descendants o Scots Hielanders war nae the anely fowk in the Unitit States tae speak the language, houiver. Gaelic wis ane o the leids spoken bi fur tredders in mony pairts o North America. In some pairts o the Carolinas an [[Alabama]], African-American communities spoke Scots Gaelic, parteecularly (but nae solely) due tae the influence o Gaelic-speakin sclave-awners.<ref name="Cite journal"/> Accordin tae musicologist Willie Ruff, jazz muisicker Dizzy Gillespie spoke eften o the Gaelic speakin African-Americans.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> == Weel-kent people == === Preseses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === Several [[Preses o the Unitit States]] hae haed some Scots or Scotch-Erse ancestry, awtho the extent o this varies. For ensaumple, [[Donald Trump]]'s mither wis Scots an [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s maternal grandparents war baith Scots. Tae a lesser degree [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[Chester A. Arthur]] an [[William McKinley]] hae less direct Scots or Scotch-Erse ancestry. ; [[James Monroe]] (Scots an Welsh) : 5th Preses 1817-1825: His paternal great-great-grandfaither, Andrew Monroe, emigrated tae America frae [[Ross-shire]], Scotland in the mid-17th century. ; [[Andrew Jackson]] (Scotch-Erse) : 7th Preses 1829-1837: : He wis born in the predominantly Ulster-Scots [[Waxhaws]] arie o [[Sooth Carolina]] twa years after his parents left [[Boneybefore]], naur [[Craigfergus|Carrickfergus]] in [[Coonty Antrim]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[James K. Polk|James Knox Polk]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 11t Preses, 1845-1849: His Scots paternal great x 5 grandfaither, Robert Pollock, emigrated tae Ireland in the 17t century. The family's surname wis later changed frae Pollock tae Polk.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[James Buchanan]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 15t Preses, 1857-1861: His paternal great-grandmither, Katherine Blair, wis born in [[Stirlingshire]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Andrew Johnson]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 17t Preses, 1865-1869: His grandfaither left [[Mounthill]], naur [[Lairne|Larne]] in [[Coonty Antrim]] aroond 1750 an settled in [[North Carolina]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 18t Preses, 1869-1877: His maternal great-grandfaither, John Simpson, wis born in [[Dergenagh]], [[Coonty Tyrone]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Rutherford Hayes]] (Scots an Inglis) : 19t Preses, 1877-1881: His ancestor, George Hayes, emigrated frae Scotland tae Connecticut in 1680. ; [[Chester A. Arthur]] (Scotch-Erse, Scots an Inglis) : 21st Preses, 1881-1885: His paternal great-grandmither, Jane Campbell, emigrated frae Scotland tae Coonty Antrim, Ireland.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Ref_ac">Northern Ireland Tourist Board. [http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/Arthur-Cottage-Cullybackey-Ballymena-P8218 ''discovernorthernireland - explore more: Arthur Cottage''] Accessed 03/03/2010. "Arthur Cottage, situated in the heart of County Antrim, only a short walk from the village of Cullybackey is the ancestral home of Chester Alan Arthur, the 21st President of the USA."</ref> ; [[Grover Cleveland]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 22nd an 24th Preses, 1885-1889 an 1893-1897: Born in [[New Jersey]], he wis the maternal grandson o merchant Abner Neal, wha emigrated frae [[Coonty Antrim]] in the 1790s. He is the anely preses tae hae served non-consecutive terms.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Benjamin Harrison]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 23rd Preses, 1889-1893: Throu his mither, Elizabeth Irwin, his great x 5 grandfaither, David Irvine, wis born in Aberdeenshire, an emigrated tae Ireland.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[William McKinley]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 25t Preses, 1897-1901: His Scots paternal great-great-great-great-grandfaither, James McKinley, settled in Ireland in 1690.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Ref_ae">[http://www.mckinley.lib.oh.us/mckinley/biography.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208050447/http://www.mckinley.lib.oh.us/mckinley/biography.htm |date=2010-12-08 }}</ref> ; [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse, Dutch, Inglis & French) : 26t Preses, 1901-1909: His maternal great-great-great-grandmither, Jean Stobo, emigrated tae Americae frae Scotland wi her parents in 1699. ; [[William Howard Taft]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 27t Preses 1909-1913<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Woodrow Wilson]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 28t Preses, 1913-1921: His Scots maternal grandparents, Rev. Dr Thomas Woodrow an Marion Williamson, emigrated tae America in the 1830s. Ootthrou his career he reflected on the influence o his ancestral values on his constant quest for knowledge an fulfillment.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Warren G. Harding]] (Scots an Inglis) : 29t Preses 1921-1923: His paternal great-great grandmither, Lydia Crawford, wis born in Midlothian.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Harry S. Truman]] (Scots, Inglis an German) : 33rd Preses 1945-1953: His paternal great-great-great-great-grandfaither, Thomas Monteith, wis a merchant frae Glesga.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (Inglis, German an Scotch-Erse) : 36t Preses, 1963-1969:{{Citation needed}}: ; [[Richard Nixon]] (Scotch-Erse, Erse, Inglis an German) : 37t Preses, 1969-1974: The Nixon ancestors left Ulster in the mid-18th century; the Quaker Milhous family ties war wi [[Coonty Antrim]] an [[Coonty Kildare]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Gerald Ford]] (Scots an Inglis) : 38t Preses 1974-1977: His maternal great-grandfaither, Alexander Gardner, emigrated tae [[Quebec]] frae [[Kilmacolm]] in 1820. ; [[Jimmy Carter]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 39t Preses 1977-1981: His paternal great x 6 grandfaither, Adam Clinkskaill, wis Scots. ; [[Ronald Reagan]] (Erse, Scots an Inglis) : 40t Preses 1981-1989: His great-grandfaither, John Wilson, emigrated tae North America frae [[Paisley]] in 1832.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[George H. W. Bush]] (Scots, Erse an Inglis) : 41st Preses 1989-1993: His maternal great-great-great-grandmither, Catherine Walker (née McLelland), wis Scots. ; [[George W. Bush]] (Scots, Erse an Inglis) : 43rd Preses 2001-2009: His great-great-great-great-grandmither, Catherine Walker (née McLelland), wis Scots. ; [[Barack Obama]] (Scotch-Erse, Inglis an Kenyan) : 44th Preses 2009-2017: The ancestry o his mither's family is pairtially Scotch-Erse. ; [[Donald Trump]] (Scots an German) : 45t Preses: His mither, [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]], wis born in the veellage o [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]], [[Lewis|Isle o Lewis]], an emigrated tae the USA in 1930.<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> === Vice Preses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === ; [[John C. Calhoun]] (Scotch-Erse) : 10t Vice Preses 1825-32; staunch advocate o states' richts ; [[George M. Dallas]] (Scots) : 15t Vice Preses 1845-49; former Secretary o War ; [[Walter Mondale]] (Scots) : 42nd Vice Preses 1977-1981: His maternal great-grandparents, Walter Cowan an Agnes Phorson, war Scots. === Ither American preses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === ; [[Sam Houston]] (Scotch-Erse) : Preses o [[Texas]], 1836-38 an 1841-44 <ref name="Haley"/> ; [[Jefferson Davis]] (Scotch-Erse) : Preses o [[Confederate States o Americae|Confederate States o America]] 1861-1865 ; [[Arthur St. Clair]] (Scots) : Preses unner the [[List of Presidents of the Congress under the Articles of Confederation|Articles o Confederation]] 1788 == Scots placenames == Some Scots placenames in the US include: * Californie ** [[Albion, California|Albion]] ** [[Ben Lomond, California|Ben Lomond]] ** [[Bonny Doon, California|Bonny Doon]] ** [[Inverness, California|Inverness]] ** [[Irvine, Californie|Irvine]], named for the historic Irvine Ranch, an Irvine Subdiveesion o [[Orange Coonty, Californie]] * Colorado ** [[Montrose, Colorado|Montrose]] * Connecticut ** [[Scotland, Connecticut|Scotland]] * Delaware ** [[Glasgow, Delaware|Glasgow]] ** Perth ** Red Lion * Florida ** Paisley ** Dundee ** Dunedin, frae ''Dùn Èideann'', Scots Gaelic for Edinburgh ** Inverness * Illinois ** Dundee ** Elgin ** Inverness ** Midlothian ** Bannockburn ** Glencoe * Indiana ** Perth ** Edinburgh * Kentucky ** [[Glasgow, Kentucky|Glasgow]] * Louisiana ** Gretna ** [[Scotlandville, Louisiana|Scotlandville]] * Maine ** Argyle * Maryland ** Aberdeen ** Glencoe ** Glenelg ** Lochearn ** Lothian ** Midlothian ** Muirkirk * Massachusetts ** Melrose * Mississippi ** Aberdeen * Montana ** [[Glasgow, Montana|Glasgow]] ** Aberdeen, Montana ** Inverness, Montana ** Drummond, Montana * New Jersey ** Perth Amboy (hauf Scots, hauf Lenape) ** Scotch Plains * New York ** [[Albany, New York|Albany]] ** Dundee ** Perth * North Carolina ** [[Highlands, North Carolina|Highlands]] ** Roxboro - a variant spelling o [[Roxburgh]] * North Dakota ** Perth ** [[Perth Township, Walsh County, North Dakota|Perth Township]] * Oklahoma ** Glencoe ** Guthrie * Pennsylvania ** Devon * Sooth Carolina ** Elgin ** Lake Murray * Texas ** Argyle - a variant spelling o Argyll ** [[Dallas]] ** [[Edinburg, Texas|Edinburg]] - a variant spelling o [[Edinburgh]] ** [[Houston]] - suburbs include Montrose ** Midlothian ** [[Scotland, Texas|Scotland]] * Utah ** Argyle (nou a ghost toun) ** Ben Lomond ** Logan * Virginia ** Dumfries ** [[Glasgow, Virginia|Glasgow]] ** Gretna ** Hamilton ** Kilmarnock ** McDowell ** Midlothian * Washington state ** [[Aberdeen, Washington|Aberdeen]] ** [[Fife, Washington|Fife]] * Wisconsin ** [[Argyle, Wisconsin|Argyle]] ** [[Dunbar, Wisconsin|Dunbar]] == See awso == {{Portal|United States|Scotland}} * Scots diaspora * Americans ** British American ** Inglis American ** [[Irish American|Erse American]] ** [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Erse American]] ** [[Welsh American]] * [[Celtic music in the United States|Celtic music in the Unitit States]] * Scots bi kintra ** [[Scots-Quebecer]] ** [[Scottish Canadian|Scots Canadian]] == References == <references group="" responsive=""></references> == Further reading == * Berthoff, Rowland Tappan. ''British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790-1950.'' New Haven, CT: Harvard University Press, 1953. * Berthoff, Rowland. "Under the kilt: Variations on the Scottish-American ground." ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' 1#2 (1982): 5-34. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27500204 in JSTOR] * Berthoff, Rowland. "Celtic mist over the South." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1986) pp: 523-546. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2209145 in JSTOR], Highly critical o theories o Forrest McDonald an Grady McWhiney regarding profound Celtic influences * Dziennik, Matthew P. ''The Fatal Land: War, Empire, and the Highland Soldier in British America.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. * McDonald, Forrest, an Grady McWhiney. "[Celtic Mist over the South]: A Response." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1986): 547-548. * McWhiney, Grady, an Forrest McDonald. "Celtic origins of southern herding practices." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1985): 165-182. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2208823 in JSTOR] * Bumsted, Jack M. "The Scottish Diaspora: Emigration to British North America, 1763–1815." in Ned C. Landsman, ed., ''Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600–1800'' (2001) pp 127–50 [https://www.questia.com/library/120072289/nation-and-province-in-the-first-british-empire online] * Bueltmann, Tanja, Andrew Hinson, an Graeme Morton. ''The Scottish Diaspora.'' Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. * Calder, Jenni. ''Lost in the Backwoods: Scots an the North American Wilderness'' Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. * Calder, Jenni. ''Scots in the USA.'' Luath Press Ltd, 2014. * Dobson, David. ''Scottish emigration to colonial America, 1607-1785.'' Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2011. * Erickson, Charlotte. ''Invisible Immigrants: the Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in 19th Century America'' (Weidenfeld an Nicolson; 1972) * Hunter, James. ''Scottish exodus: travels among a worldwide clan'' (Random House, 2011); interviews wi Clan MacLeod members * Landsman, Ned C. ''Scotland and Its First American Colony, 1683-1765.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014. * McCarthy, James, an Euan Hague. "Race, nation, an nature: The cultural politics of "Celtic" identification in the American West." ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 94#2 (2004): 387-408. * Newton, Michael. ''“We’re Indians Sure Enough”: The Legacy of the Scottish Highlanders in the United States.'' Richmond: Saorsa Media, 2001. * Parker, Anthony W. ''Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia: The Recruitment, Emigration, an Settlement at Darien, 1735-1748.'' Athens, GA: University o Georgia Press, 2002. * Ray, R. Celeste. ''Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University o North Carolina Press, 2001. * Szasz, Ferenc Morton. ''Scots in the North American West, 1790-1917.'' Norman, OK: University o Oklahoma Press, 2000. * Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups.'' New Haven, CT: Harvard University Press, 1980. * Zumkhawala-Cook, Richard. "The Mark of Scottish America: Heritage Identity and the Tartan Monster." ''Diaspora: A Jurnal of Transnational Studies'' 14#1 (2005) pp: 109-136. == External links == * [http://www.visitdunkeld.com/scottish-americans.htm Scottish Americans] * <span class="citation gutenberg"> ''[[gutenberg:15162|Scotland's Mark on America, bi George Fraser Black, Ph.D.]]'' at [[Project Gutenberg]]</span> * [http://www.abdn.ac.uk/emigration Scottish Emigration Database] * [http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/ Scotlands People - Official govrenment source for Scottish roots] * [http://www.usscots.com US Scots: includes extensive listing o Hieland games events] * [http://www.acgamerica.org/ Website o ''An Comunn Gàidhealach Ameireaganach''] [[Category:European-American society]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Pages wi citations haein bare URLs]] [[Category:Pages wi citations lackin teetles]] [[Category:"Relatit ethnic groups" needin confirmation]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 30bf19367cw4q683pz91l04fwxyp9hz 923296 923290 2026-09-25T23:28:26Z ~2026-51823-39 137776 923296 wikitext text/x-wiki 923298 923296 2026-09-25T23:30:16Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-51823-39, chynged back tae last version bi GatoLiteral 923290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Scots Americans <br /> ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''|pop='''Scottish Americans'''<br />20–25 million<ref name="McCarthy">James McCarthy and Euan Hague, 'Race, Nation, and Nature: The Cultural Politics of "Celtic" Identification in the American West', ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', Volume 94 Issue 2 (5 Nov 2004), p. 392, citing J. Hewitson, ''Tam Blake and Co.: The Story of the Scots in America'' (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1993).</ref><ref name="Scotlandnow">{{Cite web|url=http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html|title=Tartan Day 2007|date=2012-04-15|work=Scotland Now, Issue 7 (March 2007) via internet archive|access-date=2021-12-22|archive-date=2012-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415205446/http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/issue-07/arts/tartan-day.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="SPOR">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |title=Scottish Parliament: Official Report, 11 September 2002, Col. 13525 |publisher=Scottish.parliament.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807041559/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk//business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-02/sor0911-02.htm |archivedate=7 August 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref name="SPEERCA">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |title=Scottish Parliament: European and External Relations Committee Agenda, 20th Meeting 2004 (Session 2), 30 November 2004, EU/S2/04/20/1 |publisher=Scottish.parliament.uk |date=2011-08-14 |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605215530/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/committees/europe/papers-04/eup04-20.pdf |archivedate=5 June 2011 |df= }}</ref><br /><small>'''Up to 8.3% of the U.S. population'''</small><br />'''Scotch-Irish Americans'''<br />27–30 million<ref name="BFFF">James Webb, ''Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America'' (New York: Broadway Books, 2004), front flap: 'More than 27 million Americans today can trace their lineage to the Scots, whose bloodline was stained by centuries of continuous warfare along the border between England and Scotland, and later in the bitter settlements of England's Ulster Plantation in Northern Ireland.' {{ISBN|0-7679-1688-3}}</ref><ref name="Secret">James Webb, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109814129391148708 Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote], ''Wall Street Journal'' (23 October 2004). Accessed 7 September 2008.</ref><br /><small>'''Up to 10% of the U.S. population'''<br />'''5,310,285''' (2013 ACS) Scottish</small><ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{cite web|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref>|popplace=Predominantly in [[New England]], [[Appalachia]] an the [[Deep South]] Plurality in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[West Virginia]], [[Idaho]], [[North Carolina]], [[Florida]] an [[Pennsylvania]]<ref name="Scots-Irish Americans">{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Scottish-and-Scotch-Irish-Americans.html|title=Scottish and scotch-irish americans|first=Mary A.|last=Hess|work=www.everyculture.com|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>|langs=[[English language|English]] <small>([[American English|American English dialects]])</small> [[Scottish Gaelic]] an [[Scots language|Scots]] speaking minorities|rels=[[Christianity]] (including [[Presbyterianism]], [[Baptist]], [[Pentecostalism]], [[Methodist]], [[Protestantism]] an [[Roman Catholicism]]), ither releegions (including [[deism]]<ref>Church, College, and Clergy, Page 76, Brian J. Fraser - 1995</ref>)|related=[[Scotch-Erse Americans]], [[Inglis Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], [[Welsh Americans]], [[Breetish Americans]], [[Scots Canadians]], [[Scotch-Erse Canadians]], [[Scots Australians]]}}'''Scots Americans''' ([[Scots Gaelic]]: ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''; {{Lang-sco|Scots-American}}) are [[Americans]] whase ancestry oreeginates halely or pairtly in [[Scotland]]. [[Scots fowk|Scots]] Americans are closely relatit tae [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Erse Americans]], descendants o [[Ulster-Scots fowk|Ulster Scots]], an communities emphasize an handsel a common heritage.<ref name="Ref_a">Celeste Ray, 'Introduction', p. 6, id., 'Scottish Immigration and Ethnic Organization in the United States', pp. 48-9, 62, 81, in id. (ed.), ''The Transatlantic Scots'' (Tuscaloosa, AL:[[University of Alabama Press]], 2005).</ref> The majority o Scotch-Erse Americans oreeginally cam frae Lawland Scotland an Northren Ingland afore migrating tae the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] (see ''[[Plantation of Ulster|Plantation o Ulster]]'') an thance, beginnin aboot five [[generation]]s later, tae North Americae in lairge nummers in the aichteent century. Lairge-scale emigration frae Scotland tae Americae began in the 1700s, accelerating efter the [[Jacobite risin o 1745]], the resultin breakup o the clan structurs, an the [[Hieland Clearances]]. Displaced Scots gaed in sairch o a better life an sattled in the thirteen colonies, ineetially aroond [[Sooth Carolina]] an [[Virginie|Virginia]], an then faur in successive generations.{{cn}} == Nummer o Scots Americans == {| class="wikitable sortable" style= ! colspan="5" |Nummer o Scots Americans |- !Year !Ref. !Population ! colspan="4" |% o the Unitit States population |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1980 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |10,048,816 |align=right|4.44 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1990 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |5,393,581 |align=right|2.2 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2000 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> |4,890,581 |align=right|1.7 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2010 |<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323041850/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table |date=2015-03-23 }} United States Census Bureau</ref> |5,460,679 |align=right|3.1 |- ! colspan="5" |Nummer o Scotch-Erse Americans |- !Year !Ref. !Population ! colspan="4" |% o the Unitit States population |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1980 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |16,418 |align=right|0.007 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |1990 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |5,617,773 |align=right|2.3 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2000 |<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |4,319,232 |align=right|1.5 |- | style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;" |2010 |<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" /> |3,257,161 |align=right|1.9 |- |} == Colonial period 1700 - 1775 == Accordin tae the Unitit States Historical Census Data Base (USHCDB), the ethnic populations in the Breetish American Colonies o 1700, 1755 an 1775 war: {| class="sort wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="6" |Ethnic mak up in the Breetish American Colonies o 1700{{•}}1755{{•}}1775 <ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |- ! style="background:#efefef;" |1700 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent ! style="background:#efefef;" |1755 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent ! style="background:#efefef;" |1775 ! style="background:#efefef;" |Percent |- |[[Inglis fowk|Inglis]] an [[Welsh American|Welsh]] |80.0% |Inglis an Welsh |52.0% |Inglis |48.7% |- |[[African Americans|African]] |11.0% |African |20.0% |African |20.0% |- |[[Dutch fowk|Dutch]] |4.0% |German |7.0% |'''Scots-Erse''' |'''7.8%''' |- |'''[[Scottish American|Scots]]''' |'''3.0%''' |'''[[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Erse]]''' |'''7.0%''' |[[German American|German]] |6.9% |- |Ither European |2.0% |[[Irish American|Erse]] |5.0% |'''Scots''' |'''6.6%''' |- | | |'''Scots''' |'''4.0%''' |Dutch |2.7% |- | | |Dutch |3.0% |[[French American|French]] |1.4% |- | | |Ither European |2.0% |[[Swedish American|Swades]] |0.6% |- | | | | |Ither |5.3% |- bgcolor="lightgrey" class="sortbottom" ![[File:Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors).svg|border|25x25px]] Colonies !100% ![[File:Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_(1707-1800).svg|border|25x25px]] Colonies !100% ![[File:Grand_Union_Flag.svg|border|25x25px]] [[Thirteen Colonies]] !100% |- |} === Census === The nummer o Americans o Scots strynd the day is estimatit tae be 20 tae 25 million (up tae 8.3% o the tot US population), an Scotch-Erse 27 tae 30 million (up tae 10% o the tot US population), the subgroups owerlapping an no aye distinguishable acause o thair skared ancestral [[surname]]s.{{cn}} The majority o Scotch-Erse Americans oreeginally cam frae Lawland Scotland an Northren Ingland afore migrating tae the province o [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] (see ''[[Plantation of Ulster|Plantation o Ulster]]'') an thance, beginnin aboot five [[generation]]s later, tae North Americae in lairge nummers in the aichteent century.{{cn}} The table shaws the ethnic Scots population in the Unitit States frae 1700 tae 2013. In 1700 the tot population o the American colonies wis 250,888, o that 223,071 (89%) war white an 3.0% war ethnically Scots.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="Colonial America To 1763">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BZRJSx3uMYEC&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=united+states+1700+223,071&source=bl&ots=afB35FaHOv&sig=tGL9u-SAvrR8gB3Dh_5gFl2roPo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDMQ6AEwBGoVChMIq43C-ZK4xwIVZBfbCh1HXgs9#v=onepage&q=united%20states%201700%20223%2C071&f=false Colonial America To 1763] By Thomas L. Purvis].</ref> In the 2000 census, 4.8 million Americans<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> sel-reportit Scots ancestry, 1.7% o the tot US population. Anither 4.3 million sel-reportit [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Erse]] ancestry, for a tot o 9.2 million Americans sel-reportin some kynd o Scots strynd. Sel-reportit nummers are regairdit bi demographers as muckle unner-coonts, acause Scots ancestry is kent tae be disproportionately unner-reportit amang the majority o mixed ancestry,<ref name="Ref_y">Mary C. Walters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 31-6.</ref> an acause aries whaur fowk reportit "American" ancestry war the places whaur, historically, Scots an Scotch-Erse [[Protestantism|Protestants]] sattled in [[North Americae|Americae]] (that is: alang the North American coast, [[Appalachia]], an the Sootheastren [[Unitit States]]). Scots Americans descended frae nineteent-century Scots emigrants tend tae be concentrated in the Wast, while mony in [[New Ingland]] are the descendants o emigrants, eften Gaelic-speakin, frae the [[Maritime Provinces]] o [[Canadae]], frae the 1880s onwart. Americans o Scots strynd ootnummer the population o Scotland, whaur 4,459,071 or 88.09% o fowk identified as ethnic Scots in the 2001 Census.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> === Scots Americans bi state === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:87%;" ! colspan="6" |Confeerance atween the 1790 an 2000 census |- ! colspan="3" |1790 estimates<ref name="The Source: Gen">{{Cite book}}</ref> ! colspan="3" |2000 Census<ref name="The Source: Gen" /> |- !Ancestry !Nummer !% o tot !Ancestry !Nummer !% o tot |- |Inglis |1,900,000 |47.5 |German |42,885,162 |15.2 |- |[[African Americans|African]] |750,000 |19.0 |African |36,419,434 |12.9 |- |'''Scotch-Erse''' |'''320,000''' |'''8.0''' |Erse |30,594,130 |10.9 |- |[[German American|German]] |280,000 |7.0 |Inglis |24,515,138 |8.7 |- |[[Erse fowk|Erse]] |200,000 |5.0 |[[Mexican American|Mexican]] |20,640,711 |7.3 |- |[[Scots fowk|Scots]] |'''160,000''' |'''4.0''' |[[Italian American|Italian]] |15,723,555 |5.6 |- |Welsh |120,000 |3.0 |French |10,846,018 |3.9 |- |[[Dutch American|Dutch]] |100,000 |2.5 |[[Hispanic an Latino Americans|Hispanic]] |10,017,244 |3.6 |- |[[French American|French]] |80,000 |2.0 |[[Polish American|Pols]] |8,977,444 |3.2 |- |[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] |50,000 |1.0 |'''Scots''' |'''4,890,581''' |'''1.7''' |- |[[Spanish American|Spaingie]] |20,000 |0.5 |Dutch |4,542,494 |1.6 |- |[[Swedish American|Swades]] <small>or Ither</small> |20,000 |0.5 |[[Norwegian American|Norse]] |4,477,725 |1.6 |- | | | |'''Scotch-Erse''' |'''4,319,232''' |'''1.5''' |- |[[British Americans|Breetish]] (Tot) |2,500,000 |62.5 |Breetish (Tot)<br /><br /> |36,564,465 |12.9 |- |- bgcolor="lightgrey" class="sortbottom" |'''{{Flagcountry|USA}}''' |3,929,326 <ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> |100 |'''{{Flagcountry|USA}}''' |281,421,906 |100 |} The states wi the laigest [[Scots fowk|Scots]] populations:<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> * [[Californie]] - 519,955 (1.4% o state population) * [[Texas]] - 369,161 (1.5%) * [[Florida]] - 296,667 (1.6%) * [[North Carolina]] - 245,021 (2.6%) * [[Michigan]] - 227,372 (2.3%) * [[New York]] - 215,898 (1.1%) * [[Ohio]] - 214,649 (1.9%) * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] - 200,085 (3.0%) The states wi the tap percentages o Scots residents: * [[Maine]] (5.5% o state population) * [[Utah]] (4.6%) * [[New Hampshire]] (4.4%) * [[Vermont]] (4.3%) * [[Wyoming]] (3.7%) * [[Idaho]] (3.3%) * [[Oregon]], [[Montana]] (3.1% each) * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (3.0%) == Historical contreibutions == === Explorers === The first Scots in [[North Americae]] cam wi the [[Vikings]]. A Christian [[bard]] frae the [[Hebrides]] accompanied [[Bjarni Herjolfsson]] on his vaige aroond [[Greenland]] in 985/6 whit sichted the mainland tae the wast.<ref>''Grænlendinga Saga'' (c. 1190), 2, tr. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson, in ''The Vinland Sagas'' (Penguin: Harmondsworth, Middx, 1965), pp. 51-2, 107.</ref><ref name="Ref_c">Michael Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'' (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2005), p. 7.</ref> The first Scots recorded as haein set fit in the [[New Warld]] war a man named Haki an a woman named Hekja, sclaves awned bi [[Leif Ericsson|Leif Eiriksson]]. The Scots couple war runners wha scooted for [[Thorfinn Karlsefni]]'s expedeetion in c. 1010, gaithering [[wheat]] an the [[grape]]s for whit [[Vinland]] wis named.<ref>''Eirik's Saga'' (c. 1260), 8, tr. Magnusson and Palsson, in ''Vinland Sagas'', pp. 95, 109.</ref><ref name="Ref_d">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 8-9.</ref> The controversial [[Zeno brothers|Zeno letters]] hae been ceeted in defence o a claim that [[Henry I Sinclair, Yerl o Orkney|Henry Sinclair, Yerl o Orkney]], veesited [[Nova Scotia]] in 1398.<ref name="Ref_e">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 10.</ref> In the early years o [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spaingie colonisation o the Americaes]], a Scot named Tam Blake spent 20 years in [[Colombie]] an [[Mexico]]. He teuk pairt in the conquest o [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]] in 1532 wi [[Pedro de Heredia#Inland Expeditions and Trials of Residence|Alonso de Heredia]]. He arrived in Mexico in 1534-5, an jyned [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado|Coronado]]'s 1540 expedeetion tae the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwast]].<ref name="Hewitson">Jim Hewitson, ''Tam Blake & Co.: The Story of the Scots in America'' (Edinburgh: Orion, 1993), pp. 12-13.</ref><ref name="Ref_f">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 11.</ref> Scots-American naturalist [[John Muir]] is mebbe best kent for his exploration o Californie's Sierra Nevada muntains in the 19t century.{{cn}} === Tredders === [[File:James_VI_and_I.jpg|thumb|[[James VI, Keeng o Scots|James VI an I]], c. 1604]] [[File:The_Americas_in_the_reign_of_James_I.jpg|thumb|The [[Americae]]s in the ring o James VI, 1619]] Efter the [[Union o the Crouns]] o [[Scotland]] an [[Ingland]] in 1603, [[James VI, Keeng o Scots|Keeng James VI]], a Scot, promuived jynt expedeetions owerseas, an became the founder o [[British America|Inglis America]].<ref name="Ref_g">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 12.</ref> The first permanent Inglis sattlement in the Americaes, [[Jamestown, Virginie|Jamestown]], wis sicweys named for a Scot. The earliest Scots communities in Americae war firmed bi tredders an [[Plantation economy|planters]] raither than fermer sattlers.<ref name="Fry, p. 19">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 19.</ref> The hub o Scots commercial acteevity in the colonial period wis [[Virginie]]. Regular contacts began wi the [[Penal transportation|transportation]] o [[indentured servants]] tae the colony frae Scotland, includin preesoners takken in the [[Wars o the Three Kinricks]].<ref name="USA">Alex Murdoch, "USA", Michael Lynch (ed), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 629-633.</ref> Bi the 1670s [[Glesga]] wis the main ootlet for Virginian [[tabaccae]], in open defiance o Inglis [[Navigation Acts|restrictions on colonial tred]]; in return the colony received Scots manufactured guids, emigrants an ideas.<ref name="USA"/><ref name="Ref_h">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 18, 19.</ref> In the 1670s an 1680s [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[Dissenter]]s fled persecution bi the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] [[Privy Cooncil o Scotland|privy cooncil]] in [[Edinburgh]] tae sattle in [[Sooth Carolina|South Carolina]] an [[New Jersey]], whaur thay kept thair distinctive releegious cultur.<ref name="USA" /> Tred atween Scotland an the American colonies wis finally regularized bi the parliamentary [[Acts o Union 1707|Act o Union]] o Scotland an Ingland in 1707. [[Demografie o Scotland|Population growthe]] an the [[Hieland Clearances|commercialization o agricultur]] in Scotland encouraged mass emigration tae Americae efter the [[French and Indian War|French an Indian War]],<ref name="Fry, p. 20">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 20.</ref> a fecht whit haed awso seen the first uise o [[Scottish regiment|Scots Hieland regiments]] as Indian fechters.<ref name="USA"/> Mair nor 50,000 Scots, principally frae the wast coast,<ref name="USA"/> sattled in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] atween 1763 an 1776, the majority o thir in thair awn communities in the [[Soothren Unitit States|South]],<ref name="Fry, p. 20"/> especially [[North Carolina]], awtho Scots individuals an families awso began tae appear as professionals an artisans in every American toun.<ref name="USA" /> Scots arrivin in [[Florida]] an the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] tredded extensively wi [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref name="Ref_i">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 41.</ref> === Fowk an gospel music === American [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]] an [[American folk music|fowk music]] styles hae some o thair roots in the Appalachian ballad cultur o Scotch-Erse Americans (predominantly originating frae the "Border Ballad" tradeetion o soothren Scotland an northren Ingland). Fiddle tunes frae the Scots repertoire, as thay developit in the aichteent century, an spread rapidly intae British colonies, awtho whiles throu the medium o prent raither than aurally. Ootside o Gaelic-speakin communities, houiver, characteristic Hieland muisical idioms, sic as the “Scotch-snap,”<ref name="Cite journal">{{Cite journal}}</ref> war flattened oot an assimilated intae anglophone muisical styles. Some African American communities war influenced muisically bi the Scots American communities in whit thay war embedded. Psalm-singing an gospel music hae acome central muisical experiences for African American churchgoers an some elements o thir styles war introduced, in thir communities, bi Scots (awtho thay war awso mair widespread at this time).<ref name="Cite journal"/> psalm-singing, or "[[precenting the line]]" as it is technically kent, in whit the psalms are cawed oot an the congregation sings a response, wis a form o muisical worship initially developit for non-literate congregations an Africans in America war exposed tae this bi Scots Gaelic sattlers as weel as immigrants o ither origins. The first foreign leid spoken bi some sclaves in Americae wis [[Scots Gaelic]] picked up frae Gaelic-speakin immigrants frae the Scots Hielands an Wastren Isles.<ref name="Cite journal"/> Thare are accounts o African Americans singing Gaelic sangs an playin Scots Gaelic music on bagpipes an fiddle. === Patriots an Loyalists === The ceevic tradeetion o the [[Scots Enlichtment|Scots Enlichtenment]] contreebuted tae the intellectual ferment o the [[American Revolution]].<ref name="USA"/> In 1740, the Glesga philosopher [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]] argued for a richt o colonial resistance tae tyranny.<ref name="Ref_j">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 28-29.</ref> Scotland's leadin thinkers o the revolutionary age, [[David Hume]] an [[Adam Smith]], opposed the uise o force against the rebellious colonies.<ref name="Ref_k">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 29-32.</ref> Accordin tae the historian [[Arthur Herman]]: "Americans built thair warld aroond the principles o Adam Smith an [[Thomas Reid]], o individual interest governed bi common sense an a limited need for govrenment."<ref name="Ref_l">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 154.</ref> Nineteen o the fifty-sax delegates wha signed the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Independence]] cam frae Scotland or Ulster or, lik the Scots-tutored [[Thomas Jefferson]], haed ancestors thare.<ref name="Ref_m">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 32-38.</ref> Ither [[Founding fathers|funding faithers]] lik [[James Madison]] haed nae ancestral connection but war imbued wi ideas drawn frae Scots moral philosophy.<ref name="Ref_n">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 38-40.</ref> Scots Americans wha made major contreibutions tae the revolutionary war included Commodore [[John Paul Jones]], the "Faither o the American Navy", an Generals [[Henry Knox]] an [[William Alexander (American general)|William Alexander]]. Anither person o note wis a personal friend o George Washington, General [[Hugh Mercer]], wha fecht for [[Charles Edward Stuart]] at the [[Battle o Culloden]]. The Scotch-Erse, wha haed already begun tae sattle beyond the [[Proclamation Line]] in the [[Ohio River|Ohio]] an [[Tennessee Valley]]s, war drawn intae rebellion as war spread tae the frontier.<ref name="Ref_o">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 13, 23.</ref> Tobacco plantations an independent ferms in the backcountry o Virginie, [[Maryland]] an the [[Carolinas]] haed been financed wi Scots credit, an indebtedness wis an additional incentive for separation.<ref name="Fry, p. 19"/> Maist Scots Americans haed commercial ties wi the auld kintra or [[Scots clan|clan]] allegiances an steyed true tae [[the Crown]].<ref name="Ref_p">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 13, 24-26.</ref> The Scots Hieland communities o [[upstate New York]] an the [[Cape Fear (region)|Cape Fear]] valley o North Carolina war centers o [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] resistance.<ref name="USA"/> A wee force o Loyalist [[Scots Hielands|Hielanders]] fell at the [[Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge|Battle o Moore's Creek Bridge]] in 1776. Scotch-Erse [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]] defeatit Scots American Loyalists in the [[Battle of Kings Mountain|Battle o Kings Mountain]] in 1780.<ref name="Ref_q">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 28.</ref> Mony Scots American Loyalists emigrated tae Canadae efter the war.<ref name="USA" /> === Uncle Sam === [[File:Unclesamwantyou.jpg|thumb|[[Uncle Sam|"Uncle Sam" Wilson]] wis based on [[Samuel Wilson]].]] [[Uncle Sam]] is the [[national personification]] o the [[Unitit States]], an whiles mair specifically o the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|American govrenment]], wi the first uise o the term datin frae the [[War o 1812]]. Uncle Sam wis based on a businessman frae [[Troy, New York]], [[Samuel Wilson]], whase parents sailed tae Americae frae [[Greenock]], [[Scotland]]. He providit the airmy wi beef an pork in barrels during the War o 1812. The barrels war prominently labeled "U.S." for the Unitit States, but it wis jokingly said that the letters stood for "Uncle Sam." Suin, Uncle Sam wis uised as shorthand for the federal govrenment. === Emigrants an free tredders === Tred wi Scotland continued tae flourish efter unthirldom. The tobacco tred wis owertaken in the nineteent century bi the [[cotton]] tred, wi Glesga factories exporting the finished textiles back tae the Unitit States on an industrial scale.<ref name="Ref_r">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 19, 41.</ref> Emigration frae Scotland peaked in the nineteent century, when mair nor a million Scots left for the Unitit States,<ref name="Ref_s">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 193.</ref> takkin advantage o the regular Atlantic steam-age shipping industry whit wis itsel lairgely a Scots creation,<ref name="Ref_t">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 194.</ref> contributing tae a revolution in transatlantic communication.<ref name="USA"/> Scots emigration tae the Unitit States followed, tae a lesser extent, during the twintiet century, when Scots hivy industry declined.<ref name="Ref_u">Evans, Nicholas J., 'The Emigration of Skilled Male Workers from Clydeside during the Interwar Period', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', Volume XVIII, Number 1 (2006), pp. 255-280.</ref> This new wave peaked in the first decade o the twintiet century, contributing tae a haurd life for mony wha remained behind. Mony qualified workers emigrated owerseas, a pairt o whit, estaiblished in Canadae, later gaed on tae the Unitit States.<ref name="everyculture">[http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Scottish-and-Scots-Irish-Americans.html Everyculture:Scottish American]{{Dead link|date=May 2018}}. Posted by Mary A. Hess. Retrieved January 3, 2012, to 1:25 pm.</ref> === Writers === In the nineteent century, American authors an educators adoptit Scotland as a model for cultural unthirldom.<ref name="USA"/> In the warld o letters, Scots literary icons [[James Macpherson]], [[Robert Burns]], [[Walter Scott]], an [[Thomas Carlyle]] haed a mass follaein in the Unitit States, an Scots [[Romanticism]] exerted a seminal influence on the development o American leeteratur.<ref name="USA" /> The warks o [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] an [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] bear its pouerful impression. Amang the maist weel-kent Scots American writers o the nineteent century war [[Washington Irving]], [[James Fenimore Cooper]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]] an [[Herman Melville]]. Poet [[James Mackintosh Kennedy]] wis cawed tae Scotland tae deliver the offeecial poem for the 600th anniversary o the [[Battle o Bannockburn]] in 1914. In the twintiet century, [[Margaret Mitchell]]'s ''[[Gane wi the Wind|Gane Wi the Wind]]'' wis a lairge pairt o popular leeteratur. [[William Faulkner]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Leeteratur]] in 1949. Thare hae been a nummer o weel-kent [[Scots Gaelic]] poets active in the Unitit States syne the aichteent century,<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Cite journal"/> includin [[Aonghas MacAoidh]]<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> an [[Domhnall Aonghas Stiùbhart]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> Ane o the few relics o Gaelic leeteratur componed in the Unitit States is a lullaby componed bi an anonymous wumman in the Carolinas during the American Revolutionary War.<ref name="Cite journal"/><ref name="Cite journal"/> It remains popular tae this day in Scotland. Mair nor 160,000 Scots emigrants migrated tae the U.S. American statesmen o Scots strynd in the early Republic included [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary o the Treasury]] [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary o War]] [[Henry Knox]], an [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] [[James Monroe]]. [[Andrew Jackson]] an [[James K. Polk]] war whit we nou caw Scotch-Erse preses an products o the frontier in the period o [[History of the United States (1789–1849)#Westward expansion|Wastward expansion]]. Amang the maist famous Scots American soldier frontiersmen wis [[Sam Houston]], funding faither o [[Texas]]. Ither Scotch-Erse preses included [[James Buchanan]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Chester A. Arthur|Chester Alan Arthur]], [[William McKinley]] an [[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]]. [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (throu his mither), [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], an [[Ronald Reagan]] war o Scots strynd.<ref name="Ref_v">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 53.</ref> Bi ane estimate, 75% o U.S. preses coud claim some Scots ancestry.<ref name="Ref_w">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 60-61.</ref> [[File:Samuel_houston.jpg|thumb|[[Sam Houston]] wis Scotch-Erse ([[Ulster-Scots fowk|Ulster Scots]]) strynd, an namesake for the ceety o [[Houston]], Texas.<ref name="Haley">[https://books.google.com/books?id=y3uHDkltcIQC&pg=PA5&dq=sam+houston+scotland&cd=1# James L. Haley, ''Sam Houston''], Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004</ref>]] Scots Americans fecht on baith sides o the [[American Ceevil War|Civil War]], an a monument tae thair memory wis erected in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, in 1893. [[Winfield Scott]], Grant, [[Joseph E. Johnston]], [[Irvin McDowell]], [[James B. McPherson]], [[Jeb Stuart]] an [[John B. Gordon]] war o Scots strynd, [[George B. McClellan]] an [[Stonewall Jackson]] Scotch-Erse.<ref name="Ref_x">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 53, 72.</ref> [[Douglas MacArthur]] an [[George Marshall]] uphauldit the martial tradeetion in the twintiet century. [[Grace Hopper|Grace Murray Hopper]], a [[rear admiral]] an [[computer scientist]], wis the auldest officer an hiest-rankin wumman in the U.S. airmed forces on her retirement at the age o 80 in 1986.<ref name="computing">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 219-220.</ref> [[Isabella Cannon]], the umwhile [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Mayor o]] [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], wis the first female mayor o a U.S. state caipital.<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> === Automakers === The Scots-born [[Alexander Winton]] biggit ane o the first American [[automobile]]s in 1896, an specialised in [[motor racin]]. He breuk the warld speed record in 1900.<ref name="automotive">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', p. 221.</ref> In 1903, he wis the first man tae drive cross the Unitit States.<ref name="automotive" /> [[David Dunbar Buick]], anither Scots emigrant, fundit [[Buick]] in 1903.<ref name="automotive" /> The Scots-born William Blackie transfirmed the [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar Tractor Company]] intae a lairge multinational corporation.<ref name="automotive" /> === Motorcycle manufacturer === [[File:Harley_Davidson_founders.jpg|thumb|Clockwise tap left: William S. Harley, William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson, Sr., Arthur Davidson]] [[Harley-Davidson]] Inc<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> (formerly HDI<ref name="Trump"/>), eften abbreviated "H-D" or "Harley", is an American [[motorcycle]] manufacturer. The Davidson brithers war the sons o William C Davidson (1846-1923) wha wis born an grew up in [[Angus|Angus, Scotland]], an Margaret Adams McFarlane (1843-1933) o Scots strynd frae the wee Scots hame o [[Cambridge, Wisconsin]]. Thay raised five bairns thegither: Janet May, William A., [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Walter]], Arthur an Elizabeth.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> === Aviation === Scots Americans hae makt a major contreibution tae the US [[aircraft industry]]. [[Alexander Graham Bell]], in pairtnership wi [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]], biggit the first machine capable o flicht, the [[Aviation history#Langley|Bell-Langley aeroplane]], in 1903.<ref name="flight">Fry, ''How the Scots Made America'', pp. 221-223.</ref> [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] wis stairtit bi twa brithers, [[Allan Loughead|Allan]] an [[Malcolm Loughead]], in 1926.<ref name="flight" /> [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] wis fundit bi [[Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.]] in 1921; he lenched the warld's first commercial passenger plane, the [[DC-3]], in 1935.<ref name="flight" /> [[McDonnell Aircraft]] wis fundit bi [[James Smith McDonnell]], in 1939, an became famous for its meelitary [[Jet aircraft|jets]].<ref name="flight" /> In 1967, McDonnell an Douglas [[McDonnell Douglas|merged]] an jyntly developit jet aircraft, [[missile]]s an [[spacecraft]].<ref name="flight" /> === Spaceflicht === Scots Americans war pioneers in [[Human spaceflight|human spaceflicht]]. The [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] an [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] capsules war biggit bi James Smith McDonnell.<ref name="flight"/> The first American in space, [[Alan Shepard]], the first American in orbit, [[John Glenn]], an the first man tae flee free in space, [[Bruce McCandless II]], war Scots Americans.<ref name="flight" /> The first men on the muin, [[Neil Armstrong]] an [[Buzz Aldrin]], war awso o Scots strynd; Armstrong wore a [[kilt]] in a parade throu his ancestral home o [[Langholm]] in the [[The Mairches|Scots Mairches]] in 1972.<ref name="flight"/> Ither Scots American muinwalkers war the fowert, [[Alan Bean]], the fift, Alan Shepard, the seivent, [[David Scott]] (awso the first tae drive on the muin), an the aicht, [[James Irwin]].<ref name="flight" /> === Computing === Scots Americans hae awso been leaders in [[computin]]g an [[information technology]]. Scots Americans [[Howard Aiken]] an [[Grace Hopper|Grace Murray Hopper]] makt the first automatic sequence computer in 1939.<ref name="computing"/> Hopper wis awso the co-inventor o the [[Computer language|computer leid]] [[COBOL]].<ref name="computing" /> [[Ross Perot]], anither Scots American entrepreneur, makt his fortune frae [[Electronic Data Systems]], an [[Outsourcing|ootsoorcing]] company he estaiblished in 1962.<ref name="computing"/> Software giant [[Microsoft]] wis co-fundit in 1975 bi [[Bill Gates]], wha owed his stairt in pairt tae his mither, the Scots American businesswumman [[Mary Maxwell Gates]], wha helped her son tae get his first software contract wi IBM.<ref name="computing"/> Glesga-born Microsoft employee Richard Tait helped develop the ''[[Encarta]]'' encyclopedia an co-creatit the popular [[Buird gemme|buird game]] [[Cranium (board game)|Cranium]].<ref name="computing" /> === Cuisine === Scots Americans hae helped tae define the modren American diet bi introducing mony distinctive foods.{{cn}} [[Fried chicken]] wis introduced intae the [[Southern Colonies|Soothren Colonies]] bi Scots sattlers. [[Philip Danforth Armour]] fundit [[Armour and Company|Armour Meats]] in 1867, revolutionizing the American meatpacking industry an acomin famous for [[hot dogs]]. [[Campbell Soups]] wis fundit in 1869 bi Joseph A. Campbell an rapidly grew intae a major manufacturer o [[Soup|canned soups]]. [[Will Keith Kellogg|W. K. Kellogg]] transformed American eatin habits frae 1906 bi popularizing [[Breakfast cereal|brakfast cereal]]. [[Glen Bell]], funder o [[Taco Bell]] in 1962, introduced [[Tex-Mex]] fuid tae a mainstream audience.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref>[https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/04/23/150886690/the-california-taco-trail-how-mexican-food-conquered-america The California Taco Trail], NPR (April 26, 2012).</ref> Marketing executive [[Arch West]], born tae Scots emigrant parents, developit [[Doritos]].<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> == Community activities == Some o the followin aspects o Scots cultur can still be foond in some pairts o the US. * [[Bagpipe|Bagpiping]] an pipe bands * [[Burns supper|Burns Supper]]<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> * Ceilidhs * [[Hogmanay]], the Scots [[New Year]] * [[St Andra's Day|St. Andrew's Day]] festivities * [[Tartan]] - some places in the US hae thair awn tartan, an Scots dress is worn bi some Americans tae celebrate thair ancestral heritage. === Tartan Day === [[File:MHPB_New_York.jpg|left|thumb|[[Tartan Day]] parade in New York Ceety]] [[Tartan Day|National Tartan Day]], hauldit each year on Apryle 6 in the [[Unitit States]] an [[Canadae]], celebrates the historical links atween Scotland an [[North Americae|North America]] an the contreibutions [[Scots fowk|Scots]] Americans an Canadians hae made tae US an Canadian [[democracy]], [[Industrie|industry]] an society. The date o Apryle 6 wis chosen as "the anniversary o the [[Declaration o Aiberbrothock|Declaration o Arbroath]] in 1320—the inspirational document, according tae [[Unitit States Senate|U.S. Senate]] Resolution 155, 1999, upon whit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|American Declaration o Independence]] wis modeled".<ref name="Ref_an">Edward J. Cowan, "Tartan Day in America", in Celeste Ray (ed.), ''The Transatlantic Scots'' (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2005), p. 318.</ref> The Annual Tartan Week celebrations come tae life every Apryle wi the lairgest celebration takkin place in New York Ceety. Thoosands descend ontae the streets o the Big Apple tae celebrate thair heritage, cultur an the impact o the [[Scots fowk|Scots Americans]] in America the day. Hunders o pipers, drummers, Hieland dancers, Scottie Dogs an celebrities mairch doun the streets drowned in thair faimily tartans an Saltire flags whilst interacting wi the thoosands o onlookers. NYC is nae the anely lairge ceety tae celebrate Tartan Day. Lairge events awso tak place in Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Californie, Chicago, Arizona, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Australie, an New Zealand. Scots Heritage Month is awso promoted bi community groups aroond the Unitit States an Canadae.<ref name="Ref_ao">[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/ncscotsmonth.htm National Scots, Scots-Irish Heritage Month in the USA], ElectricScotland.com</ref> === Scots Festivals === [[File:Massed_Bands,_2005_Pacific_Northwest_Highland_Games.jpg|thumb|Massed bands at the 2005 Pacific Northwest Hieland Gemmes<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/>]] Scots cultur, fuid, an athletics are celebrated at [[Hieland gemmes|Hieland Gemmes]] a Scots festivals ootthrou [[North Americae|North America]]. The lairgest o thir occurs yearly at [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton, Californie]], [[Grandfather Mountain]], [[North Carolina]] an [[Estes Park, Colorado]]. Thare are awso ither weel-kent Scots Festivals in ceeties lik [[Tulsa|Tulsa, Oklahoma]], [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] (at [[Stone Mountain Park]]), [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] an [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]]. In addeetion tae traditional Scots sports sic as [[Caber toss|tossing the caber]] an the [[hammer throw]], thare are [[whisky]] tastings, traditional foods sic as [[haggis]], [[Bagpipe]]s an [[Drum kit|Drums]] competitions, [[Celtic rock]] muisical acts an tradeetional Scots dance.{{cn}} === Scots Gaelic language in the Unitit States === Awtho [[Scots Gaelic]] haed been spoken in maist o Scotland at ane time or anither, bi the time o lairge-scale migrations tae North America – the aichteent century – it haed anely managed tae survive in the Hielands an Wastren Isles o Scotland. Unlik ither ethnic groups in Scotland, Scots Hielanders preferred tae migrate in communities, an remainin in lairger, denser concentrations aided in the maintenance o thair language an cultur. The first communities o Scots Gaels began migrating in the 1730s tae Georgia, New York an the Carolinas. Anely in the Carolinas war thir hames enduring. Awtho thair nummers war wee, the immigrants formed a beach-heid for later migrations, whit accelerated in the 1760s.<ref>Newton, ''‘We’re Indians Sure Enough’'', pp. 69-83.</ref> The American Revolutionary War effectively stopped direct migration tae the newly-formed Unitit States, maist fowk gaein insteid tae Breetish North Americae (nou Canadae). The Canadian Maritimes war a favored destination frae the 1770s tae the 1840s. Sizable concentrations o Gaelic communities existit in Ontario, Nova Scotia, an Prince Edward Island, wi smawer clusters in Newfoundland, Quebec, an New Brunswick. Those wha left thir communities for opportunities in the Unitit States, especially in New Ingland, war uisually fluent Gaelic speakers intae the mid-twintiet century.<ref>Newton, ''‘We’re Indians Sure Enough’'', pp. 163-175.</ref> O the mony communities foondit bi Scots Hieland immigrants, the language an cultur anely survives at a community level in the Canadian province o [[Nova Scotia]]. Accordin tae the 2000 census, 1,199 fowk speak Scots Gaelic at home.<ref name="The Source: Gen"/> The direct descendants o Scots Hielanders war nae the anely fowk in the Unitit States tae speak the language, houiver. Gaelic wis ane o the leids spoken bi fur tredders in mony pairts o North America. In some pairts o the Carolinas an [[Alabama]], African-American communities spoke Scots Gaelic, parteecularly (but nae solely) due tae the influence o Gaelic-speakin sclave-awners.<ref name="Cite journal"/> Accordin tae musicologist Willie Ruff, jazz muisicker Dizzy Gillespie spoke eften o the Gaelic speakin African-Americans.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> == Weel-kent people == === Preseses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === Several [[Preses o the Unitit States]] hae haed some Scots or Scotch-Erse ancestry, awtho the extent o this varies. For ensaumple, [[Donald Trump]]'s mither wis Scots an [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s maternal grandparents war baith Scots. Tae a lesser degree [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[Chester A. Arthur]] an [[William McKinley]] hae less direct Scots or Scotch-Erse ancestry. ; [[James Monroe]] (Scots an Welsh) : 5th Preses 1817-1825: His paternal great-great-grandfaither, Andrew Monroe, emigrated tae America frae [[Ross-shire]], Scotland in the mid-17th century. ; [[Andrew Jackson]] (Scotch-Erse) : 7th Preses 1829-1837: : He wis born in the predominantly Ulster-Scots [[Waxhaws]] arie o [[Sooth Carolina]] twa years after his parents left [[Boneybefore]], naur [[Craigfergus|Carrickfergus]] in [[Coonty Antrim]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[James K. Polk|James Knox Polk]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 11t Preses, 1845-1849: His Scots paternal great x 5 grandfaither, Robert Pollock, emigrated tae Ireland in the 17t century. The family's surname wis later changed frae Pollock tae Polk.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[James Buchanan]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 15t Preses, 1857-1861: His paternal great-grandmither, Katherine Blair, wis born in [[Stirlingshire]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Andrew Johnson]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 17t Preses, 1865-1869: His grandfaither left [[Mounthill]], naur [[Lairne|Larne]] in [[Coonty Antrim]] aroond 1750 an settled in [[North Carolina]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 18t Preses, 1869-1877: His maternal great-grandfaither, John Simpson, wis born in [[Dergenagh]], [[Coonty Tyrone]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Rutherford Hayes]] (Scots an Inglis) : 19t Preses, 1877-1881: His ancestor, George Hayes, emigrated frae Scotland tae Connecticut in 1680. ; [[Chester A. Arthur]] (Scotch-Erse, Scots an Inglis) : 21st Preses, 1881-1885: His paternal great-grandmither, Jane Campbell, emigrated frae Scotland tae Coonty Antrim, Ireland.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Ref_ac">Northern Ireland Tourist Board. [http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/Arthur-Cottage-Cullybackey-Ballymena-P8218 ''discovernorthernireland - explore more: Arthur Cottage''] Accessed 03/03/2010. "Arthur Cottage, situated in the heart of County Antrim, only a short walk from the village of Cullybackey is the ancestral home of Chester Alan Arthur, the 21st President of the USA."</ref> ; [[Grover Cleveland]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 22nd an 24th Preses, 1885-1889 an 1893-1897: Born in [[New Jersey]], he wis the maternal grandson o merchant Abner Neal, wha emigrated frae [[Coonty Antrim]] in the 1790s. He is the anely preses tae hae served non-consecutive terms.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Benjamin Harrison]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 23rd Preses, 1889-1893: Throu his mither, Elizabeth Irwin, his great x 5 grandfaither, David Irvine, wis born in Aberdeenshire, an emigrated tae Ireland.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[William McKinley]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 25t Preses, 1897-1901: His Scots paternal great-great-great-great-grandfaither, James McKinley, settled in Ireland in 1690.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/><ref name="Ref_ae">[http://www.mckinley.lib.oh.us/mckinley/biography.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208050447/http://www.mckinley.lib.oh.us/mckinley/biography.htm |date=2010-12-08 }}</ref> ; [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse, Dutch, Inglis & French) : 26t Preses, 1901-1909: His maternal great-great-great-grandmither, Jean Stobo, emigrated tae Americae frae Scotland wi her parents in 1699. ; [[William Howard Taft]] (Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 27t Preses 1909-1913<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Woodrow Wilson]] (Scots an Scotch-Erse) : 28t Preses, 1913-1921: His Scots maternal grandparents, Rev. Dr Thomas Woodrow an Marion Williamson, emigrated tae America in the 1830s. Ootthrou his career he reflected on the influence o his ancestral values on his constant quest for knowledge an fulfillment.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Warren G. Harding]] (Scots an Inglis) : 29t Preses 1921-1923: His paternal great-great grandmither, Lydia Crawford, wis born in Midlothian.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Harry S. Truman]] (Scots, Inglis an German) : 33rd Preses 1945-1953: His paternal great-great-great-great-grandfaither, Thomas Monteith, wis a merchant frae Glesga.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (Inglis, German an Scotch-Erse) : 36t Preses, 1963-1969:{{Citation needed}}: ; [[Richard Nixon]] (Scotch-Erse, Erse, Inglis an German) : 37t Preses, 1969-1974: The Nixon ancestors left Ulster in the mid-18th century; the Quaker Milhous family ties war wi [[Coonty Antrim]] an [[Coonty Kildare]].<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com"/> ; [[Gerald Ford]] (Scots an Inglis) : 38t Preses 1974-1977: His maternal great-grandfaither, Alexander Gardner, emigrated tae [[Quebec]] frae [[Kilmacolm]] in 1820. ; [[Jimmy Carter]] (Scots, Scotch-Erse an Inglis) : 39t Preses 1977-1981: His paternal great x 6 grandfaither, Adam Clinkskaill, wis Scots. ; [[Ronald Reagan]] (Erse, Scots an Inglis) : 40t Preses 1981-1989: His great-grandfaither, John Wilson, emigrated tae North America frae [[Paisley]] in 1832.<ref name="HOG Quote on Bloomberg.com">{{Cite web}}</ref> ; [[George H. W. Bush]] (Scots, Erse an Inglis) : 41st Preses 1989-1993: His maternal great-great-great-grandmither, Catherine Walker (née McLelland), wis Scots. ; [[George W. Bush]] (Scots, Erse an Inglis) : 43rd Preses 2001-2009: His great-great-great-great-grandmither, Catherine Walker (née McLelland), wis Scots. ; [[Barack Obama]] (Scotch-Erse, Inglis an Kenyan) : 44th Preses 2009-2017: The ancestry o his mither's family is pairtially Scotch-Erse. ; [[Donald Trump]] (Scots an German) : 45t Preses: His mither, [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]], wis born in the veellage o [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]], [[Lewis|Isle o Lewis]], an emigrated tae the USA in 1930.<ref name="Trump">{{Cite news}}</ref> === Vice Preses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === ; [[John C. Calhoun]] (Scotch-Erse) : 10t Vice Preses 1825-32; staunch advocate o states' richts ; [[George M. Dallas]] (Scots) : 15t Vice Preses 1845-49; former Secretary o War ; [[Walter Mondale]] (Scots) : 42nd Vice Preses 1977-1981: His maternal great-grandparents, Walter Cowan an Agnes Phorson, war Scots. === Ither American preses o Scots or Scotch-Erse descent === ; [[Sam Houston]] (Scotch-Erse) : Preses o [[Texas]], 1836-38 an 1841-44 <ref name="Haley"/> ; [[Jefferson Davis]] (Scotch-Erse) : Preses o [[Confederate States o Americae|Confederate States o America]] 1861-1865 ; [[Arthur St. Clair]] (Scots) : Preses unner the [[List of Presidents of the Congress under the Articles of Confederation|Articles o Confederation]] 1788 == Scots placenames == Some Scots placenames in the US include: * Californie ** [[Albion, California|Albion]] ** [[Ben Lomond, California|Ben Lomond]] ** [[Bonny Doon, California|Bonny Doon]] ** [[Inverness, California|Inverness]] ** [[Irvine, Californie|Irvine]], named for the historic Irvine Ranch, an Irvine Subdiveesion o [[Orange Coonty, Californie]] * Colorado ** [[Montrose, Colorado|Montrose]] * Connecticut ** [[Scotland, Connecticut|Scotland]] * Delaware ** [[Glasgow, Delaware|Glasgow]] ** Perth ** Red Lion * Florida ** Paisley ** Dundee ** Dunedin, frae ''Dùn Èideann'', Scots Gaelic for Edinburgh ** Inverness * Illinois ** Dundee ** Elgin ** Inverness ** Midlothian ** Bannockburn ** Glencoe * Indiana ** Perth ** Edinburgh * Kentucky ** [[Glasgow, Kentucky|Glasgow]] * Louisiana ** Gretna ** [[Scotlandville, Louisiana|Scotlandville]] * Maine ** Argyle * Maryland ** Aberdeen ** Glencoe ** Glenelg ** Lochearn ** Lothian ** Midlothian ** Muirkirk * Massachusetts ** Melrose * Mississippi ** Aberdeen * Montana ** [[Glasgow, Montana|Glasgow]] ** Aberdeen, Montana ** Inverness, Montana ** Drummond, Montana * New Jersey ** Perth Amboy (hauf Scots, hauf Lenape) ** Scotch Plains * New York ** [[Albany, New York|Albany]] ** Dundee ** Perth * North Carolina ** [[Highlands, North Carolina|Highlands]] ** Roxboro - a variant spelling o [[Roxburgh]] * North Dakota ** Perth ** [[Perth Township, Walsh County, North Dakota|Perth Township]] * Oklahoma ** Glencoe ** Guthrie * Pennsylvania ** Devon * Sooth Carolina ** Elgin ** Lake Murray * Texas ** Argyle - a variant spelling o Argyll ** [[Dallas]] ** [[Edinburg, Texas|Edinburg]] - a variant spelling o [[Edinburgh]] ** [[Houston]] - suburbs include Montrose ** Midlothian ** [[Scotland, Texas|Scotland]] * Utah ** Argyle (nou a ghost toun) ** Ben Lomond ** Logan * Virginia ** Dumfries ** [[Glasgow, Virginia|Glasgow]] ** Gretna ** Hamilton ** Kilmarnock ** McDowell ** Midlothian * Washington state ** [[Aberdeen, Washington|Aberdeen]] ** [[Fife, Washington|Fife]] * Wisconsin ** [[Argyle, Wisconsin|Argyle]] ** [[Dunbar, Wisconsin|Dunbar]] == See awso == {{Portal|United States|Scotland}} * Scots diaspora * Americans ** British American ** Inglis American ** [[Irish American|Erse American]] ** [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Erse American]] ** [[Welsh American]] * [[Celtic music in the United States|Celtic music in the Unitit States]] * Scots bi kintra ** [[Scots-Quebecer]] ** [[Scottish Canadian|Scots Canadian]] == References == <references group="" responsive=""></references> == Further reading == * Berthoff, Rowland Tappan. ''British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790-1950.'' New Haven, CT: Harvard University Press, 1953. * Berthoff, Rowland. "Under the kilt: Variations on the Scottish-American ground." ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' 1#2 (1982): 5-34. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27500204 in JSTOR] * Berthoff, Rowland. "Celtic mist over the South." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1986) pp: 523-546. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2209145 in JSTOR], Highly critical o theories o Forrest McDonald an Grady McWhiney regarding profound Celtic influences * Dziennik, Matthew P. ''The Fatal Land: War, Empire, and the Highland Soldier in British America.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. * McDonald, Forrest, an Grady McWhiney. "[Celtic Mist over the South]: A Response." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1986): 547-548. * McWhiney, Grady, an Forrest McDonald. "Celtic origins of southern herding practices." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1985): 165-182. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2208823 in JSTOR] * Bumsted, Jack M. "The Scottish Diaspora: Emigration to British North America, 1763–1815." in Ned C. Landsman, ed., ''Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600–1800'' (2001) pp 127–50 [https://www.questia.com/library/120072289/nation-and-province-in-the-first-british-empire online] * Bueltmann, Tanja, Andrew Hinson, an Graeme Morton. ''The Scottish Diaspora.'' Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. * Calder, Jenni. ''Lost in the Backwoods: Scots an the North American Wilderness'' Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. * Calder, Jenni. ''Scots in the USA.'' Luath Press Ltd, 2014. * Dobson, David. ''Scottish emigration to colonial America, 1607-1785.'' Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2011. * Erickson, Charlotte. ''Invisible Immigrants: the Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in 19th Century America'' (Weidenfeld an Nicolson; 1972) * Hunter, James. ''Scottish exodus: travels among a worldwide clan'' (Random House, 2011); interviews wi Clan MacLeod members * Landsman, Ned C. ''Scotland and Its First American Colony, 1683-1765.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014. * McCarthy, James, an Euan Hague. "Race, nation, an nature: The cultural politics of "Celtic" identification in the American West." ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' 94#2 (2004): 387-408. * Newton, Michael. ''“We’re Indians Sure Enough”: The Legacy of the Scottish Highlanders in the United States.'' Richmond: Saorsa Media, 2001. * Parker, Anthony W. ''Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia: The Recruitment, Emigration, an Settlement at Darien, 1735-1748.'' Athens, GA: University o Georgia Press, 2002. * Ray, R. Celeste. ''Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University o North Carolina Press, 2001. * Szasz, Ferenc Morton. ''Scots in the North American West, 1790-1917.'' Norman, OK: University o Oklahoma Press, 2000. * Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups.'' New Haven, CT: Harvard University Press, 1980. * Zumkhawala-Cook, Richard. "The Mark of Scottish America: Heritage Identity and the Tartan Monster." ''Diaspora: A Jurnal of Transnational Studies'' 14#1 (2005) pp: 109-136. == External links == * [http://www.visitdunkeld.com/scottish-americans.htm Scottish Americans] * <span class="citation gutenberg"> ''[[gutenberg:15162|Scotland's Mark on America, bi George Fraser Black, Ph.D.]]'' at [[Project Gutenberg]]</span> * [http://www.abdn.ac.uk/emigration Scottish Emigration Database] * [http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/ Scotlands People - Official govrenment source for Scottish roots] * [http://www.usscots.com US Scots: includes extensive listing o Hieland games events] * [http://www.acgamerica.org/ Website o ''An Comunn Gàidhealach Ameireaganach''] [[Category:European-American society]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Pages wi citations haein bare URLs]] [[Category:Pages wi citations lackin teetles]] [[Category:"Relatit ethnic groups" needin confirmation]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 30bf19367cw4q683pz91l04fwxyp9hz 0 214762 923477 902086 2026-09-26T07:04:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dutch–Turkis relations''' refer tae [[interstate relations]] atween the [[Netherlands]] an [[Turkey]]. The diplomatic relations widely encompass an span fower centuries, beginning in 1612. The first Turkis representative in the Netherlands stairtit activities in 1859. Afore the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] haed thair ain [[Consul (representative)|consuls]] in the Levant, thay traded unner the [[Capitulations o the Ottoman Empire|French Capitulations]] o 1569 until thay sent [[Cornelius Haga]] as a Consul tae [[Istanbul]] in 1611.<ref>{{Harvnb|De Groot|1978|pp=88, 97}}</ref> The [[States-General o the Netherlands|States-General]] wis responsible for appyntin the consul, but the Levant merchants in these cases wur closely consultiy. The poor payment seestem for the consuls disruptit the potential successes of the relationship atween consul an merchant community. The merchants requested changing to the Venetian fixed salary payment, but the States-General went against their wishes an tried tae find ither means o income.<ref>{{Harvnb|Steensgaard|1967|pp=31–33}}</ref> This posed problems for the Dutch consuls, an thare are mony reports o cases where consuls exertit thair authority ower the nations members who did nae want tae pay consulate an embassy dues.<ref>{{Harvnb|De Groot|1978|p=221}}</ref> Despite internal struggle within the Dutch nation, it had a good relationship with the Ottoman’s and in 1804 Sultan [[Selim III]] (1789–1807) appyntit the first resident representative tae Amsterdam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Steensgaard|1967|p=25}}</ref> [[Turkeye]] is a veelage of [[Sluis]], a municipality locatit in the wast o [[Zeelandic Flanders]], in the sooth-wastren pairt of the Netherlands. In 1604, Prince Maurits chynged the name o the veelage in Turkeye tae thank the Turkis sailors for thair support tae the Dutch during the [[Siege o Sluis (1604)|battle wi the Spaniards]] in the [[Dutch War o Unthirldom]]. The history o Turkey an the Netherlands stretches back tae the 17th century, when the first representative o the States-General wis sent tae the Sublime Porte. Relations atween the twa hae continued ever syne, further cementit bi Turkis guest wirkers in the ’60s an ’70s, an today bi strang economic ties. ==Poleetical relations== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = 20131208 Istanbul 052.jpg | width1 = 175 | alt1 = Consulate-General o Netherlands in Istanbul | caption1 = Consulate-General o Netherlands in [[Istanbul]] | image2 = Turkse ambassade, Den Haag.JPG | width2 = 198 | alt2 = Embassy o Turkey in The Hague | caption2 = Embassy o Turkey in [[The Hague]] }} Turkey an the Netherlands are baith members o the [[Cooncil o Europe]], the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)]], the [[Organization for Security an Co-operation in Europe|Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)]], the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organization (WTO)]] an the [[Union for the Mediterranean]]. An aw the Netherlands is a [[Member State of the European Union|European Union member]] an Turkey is a [[Accession o Turkey tae the European Union|candidate]]. ===Yunus Affair=== During a state veesit tae the Netherlands In March 2013, Prime Meenister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]] criticized the placement o the Dutch-Turkish foster child Yunus wi lesbian foster parents.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Erdogan-Gays-contrary-to-Islam-307797 ''Erdogan: Homosexuality contrary tae Islam'' ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 26 March 2013]</ref> Deputy Prime Meenister o the Netherlands [[Lodewijk Asscher]] conseedert the involvement o Turkey "totally inappropriate" an called it "presumptuous" when a foreign power expresses an opinion on the policy o Dutch foster care.<ref>[http://www.coc.nl/algemeen/bemoeienis-turkije-met-yunus-ongepast ''Bemoeienis Turkije met Yunus ongepast'' ''COC'' 17 March 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813082653/https://www.coc.nl/algemeen/bemoeienis-turkije-met-yunus-ongepast |date=2020-08-13 }} {{in lang|nl}}</ref> Erdoğan proponed that the Turkis Meenistry o Faimily Affairs an the Dutch Meenistry o Siccarity an Juistice consult each ither aboot the care o childer o Turkis oreegin, but Prime Meenister [[Mark Rutte]] rejectit this proposal. Rutte said that placement o a child in a foster faimily always involves trying tae match the child's backgroond tae that o the foster faimily. Failing that, the interest o the child comes first, an nae distinction is made on the basis o releegion or sexual orientation.<ref>[http://www.elsevier.nl/Politiek/nieuws/2013/3/Rutte-en-Erdogan-oneens-over-kwestie-Yunus-1208101W/ ''Rutte-en-Erdogan-oneens-over-kwestie-Yunus'' In: ''[[Elsevier]]'' 21 March 2013] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> Erdoğan intendit tae turn tae the [[European Coort o Human Richts]] tae enforce Yunus tae be reunitit wi his biological parents.<ref>[http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2013/03/turkey_to_take_yunus_case_to_c/ ''‘Turkey to take Yunus case to court’: Dutch media quote Turkish paper''] In: ''dutchnews.nl'' 28 March 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2017.</ref> ===Referendum campaign dispute=== {{See|2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident}} In the wake o the [[Turkis consteetutional referendum, 2017|Turkis consteetutional referendum]], events featurin Turkis Meenisters wur scheduled tae be held in the Netherlands in Mairch 2017 in order tae promote the proponed amendments tae the [[Consteetution o Turkey]]. The Dutch Govrenment unner [[Mark Rutte]] prohibitit Turkis Meenisters frae enterin the Netherlands for rallies, statin "We are o the opinion that Dutch public spaces are nae the place for poleetical campaigns o ither countries".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sanchez|first1=Raf|title=Sparks between Turkey and Holland as Erdogan calls the Dutch 'Nazi remnants'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/11/erdogan-calls-dutch-fascists-row-turkey-netherlands-escalates|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref> Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] sharply condemned the decision, calling the Netherlands a "[[Nazism|Nazi]] remnant".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gumrukcu|first1=Tuvan|last2=Escritt|first2=Thomas|title=Netherlands bars Turkish ministers as rally dispute escalates|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey-referendum-europe-flight-idUKKBN16I0CH|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=13 March 2017|archive-date=2020-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626091548/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey-referendum-europe-flight-idUKKBN16I0CH|url-status=dead}}</ref> Owersess election campaigning, even in diplomatic missions, is illegal unner Turkis law; yet maist poleetical pairties in Turkey includin the rulin AKP hae floo6it the law.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish law prohibits campaigning abroad - as row with Europe deepens|url=http://www.dpa-international.com/topic/turkish-law-prohibits-campaigning-abroad-row-europe-deepens-170309-99-595734|publisher=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]]|accessdate=13 March 2017|last1=Gold|first1=Shabtai|last2=Merey|first2=Can|last3=Say|first3=Linda|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312173023/http://www.dpa-international.com/topic/turkish-law-prohibits-campaigning-abroad-row-europe-deepens-170309-99-595734|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Host of ‘political’ Turkish rally in Austria scraps event after police see ‘no legal grounds’ to act|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/12/c_136123094.htm|publisher=[[Xinhua]]|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> On 13 Mairch 2017, Deputy Turkis Prime Meenister [[Numan Kurtulmuş]] anoonced the suspension o heich-level diplomatic relations atween the Netherlands an Turkey an barred the Dutch ambassador frae returnin tae Ankara.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roberts|first1=Elizabeth|title=Turkey suspends high-level diplomatic relations with Dutch|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/13/europe/turkey-demands-apology/|accessdate=14 March 2017|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=14 March 2017}}</ref> ===Sanctions against Turkey=== Netherlands criticised the [[2019 Turkis offencive intae north-eastren Sirie]]. On 10 October 2019, a lairge majority o Dutch MPs backed the introduction o sanctions against Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2019/10/dutch-mps-call-for-action-against-turkey-after-offensive-ministers-condemn-attacks/|title= Dutch MPs call for action against Turkey after offensive, ministers condemn attacks|date=10 October 2019|agency=Dutch News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/11/turkey-reports-first-casualty-offensive-kurdish-held-syria-eu/|title=Turkey may have targeted US forces with artillery in Syria, coalition source claims|last=Ensor|first=Josie|date=2019-10-11|work=The Telegraph|last2=Allen|first2=Nick|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> ==Economic relations== Trade volume atween Turkey an the Netherlands haes increased remarkably ower the years. In 2008, the Netherlands exportit for awmaist 4 billion euros worth o goods tae Turkey. This amoont is doubled compared tae 2000. Turkey exportit in the same year 1.6 billion euros worth o goods tae the Netherlands, with a share o 32 percent for garments.<ref>[http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/internationale-handel/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2009/2009-2748-wm.htm Export naar Turkije licht toegenomen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213536/http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/internationale-handel/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2009/2009-2748-wm.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} {{in lang|nl}}</ref> Turkey is a vera popular holiday destination for Dutch tourists. In 2009, mair nor 1.1 million Dutch tourists veesitit Turkey.<ref>[http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1012/Binnenland/article/detail/419634/2009/08/01/Turkije-populairst-bij-Nederlanders.dhtml Turkije populairst bij Nederlanders] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> As o February 2011, 1894 Dutch companies hae investiy in Turkey, declared the Foreign Meenister o Turkey [[Ahmet Davutoglu]],<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sayin-bakanimizin-hollanda-disisleri-bakani-uri-rosenthal-ile-yaptigi-ortak-basin-toplantisi_-2-subat-2011_-ankara.tr.mfa Sayın Bakanımızın Hollanda Dışişleri Bakanı Uri Rosenthal ile Yaptığı Ortak Basın Toplantısı, 2 Şubat 2011, Ankara] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> makin the Netherlands the kintra wi the biggest investment in projects in Turkey. == Veesits == {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Guest ! Host ! Place o veesit ! Date o veesit ! Reference |- | [[Prince Willem-Alexander o the Netherlands]]<br>[[Princess Máxima of the Netherlands]] | [[Preses o Turkey|President]] [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]] | [[Ankara]], [[Cappadocie]], [[Istanbul]] and [[Kayseri]] | May 25–28, 2004 | <ref>[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/Actueel/Nieuwsberichten/Nieuwsarchief/2004/mei/Prins_van_Oranje_en_Prinses_Maxima_bezoeken_Turkije Prins van Oranje en Prinses Máxima bezoeken Turkije]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|nl}}</ref> |- | [[Prime Meenister o Turkey|Prime Meenister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] | [[Prime Meenister o the Netherlands|Prime Meenister]] [[Jan Peter Balkenende]] | [[Huis ten Bosch]], [[The Hague]] | June 16, 2004 | <ref>[http://www.minaz.nl/Actueel/Pers_en_nieuwsberichten/2004/06/Minister_president_Erdogan_van_Turkije_bezoekt_Nederland Minister-president Erdogan van Turkije bezoekt Nederland] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> |- | [[Queen Beatrix o the Netherlands]]<br>Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands<br>Princess Máxima of the Netherlands | President Ahmet Necdet Sezer | Ankara, Istanbul and Kayseri | February 27-Mairch 2, 2007 | <ref>[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/Actueel/Nieuwsberichten/Nieuwsarchief/2007/Januari/Programma_staatsbezoek_aan_Turkije_27_februari_2_maart_2007 Programma staatsbezoek aan Turkije, 27 februari - 2 maart 2007]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|nl}}</ref> |- | [[Prime Meenister o Turkey|Prime Meenister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] | [[Prime Meenister o the Netherlands|Prime Meenister]] [[Mark Rutte]] | [[Huis ten Bosch]], [[The Hague]] | Mairch 21, 2013 | <ref>[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/nieuws/nieuwsberichten/2013/maart/minister-president-erdo%C4%9Fan-van-turkije-brengt-bezoek-aan-nederland/''Minister-president Erdoğan van Turkije brengt bezoek aan Nederland''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604052027/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/nieuws/nieuwsberichten/2013/maart/minister-president-erdo%C4%9Fan-van-turkije-brengt-bezoek-aan-nederland/ |date=2014-06-04 }} {{in lang|nl}}</ref> |- |} ==Diplomacy== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;o the Netherlands *[[Ankara]] ([[Embassy o the Netherlands, Ankara|Embassy]]) *[[Istanbul]] (Consulate General) *[[Antalya]] (Consulate) *[[Iskenderun]] (Consulate) *[[Izmir]] (Consulate) *[[Marmaris]] (Consulate) {{col-2}} ;o the Republic o Turkey *[[The Hague]] (Embassy) *[[Amsterdam]] (Consulate-General) *[[Rotterdam]] (Consulate-General) *[[Deventer]] (Consulate) *[[Leiden]] (Honorary consulate) {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.mfa.nl/ank-en Embassy of The Netherlands in Ankara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021062858/http://www.mfa.nl/ank-en/ |date=2009-10-21 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100108231216/http://hague.emb.mfa.gov.tr/ Embassy of Turkey in The Hague] * [http://www.mfa.nl/ist-en/homepage Consulate–General of The Netherlands in Istanbul]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170921052509/http://rotterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr/Default.aspx Consulate–General of Turkey in Rotterdam] * [http://netherlands.visahq.com/embassy/Turkey/ Diplomatic missions of the Netherlands in Turkey] * [http://turkey.visahq.com/embassy/Netherlands/ Diplomatic missions of Turkey in the Netherlands] [[Category:Netherlands–Turkey relations| ]] t7fnr48ay7u08hnyhyrk8lncod0knde 0 216212 923538 914733 2026-09-26T08:56:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox UK place| |country = Scotland |official_name= Stoneykirk |scots_name= Staneykirk |population= 1,235 |population_ref= ''(2001)'' |os_grid_reference= NX0853 |map_type=Scotland |coordinates = {{coord|54.837|-4.977|display=inline,title}} |civil_parish= Staneykirk |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowaa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Wigtounshire|Wigtoun]] |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfries and Galloway (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfries and Galloway]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Galloway and Upper Nithsdale (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Galloway and Upper Nithsdale]] |post_town= Stranraer |postcode_district = DG9 |postcode_area= DG |dial_code= 01776 }} '''Staneykirk''' ([[English leid|English]]: '''Stoneykirk''') is an aurie an a veelage in the hert o the [[Rhins o Gallowa]] in the historical coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. It is awmaist 10 mile in lenth an 3.5 mile in breid, boondit on the east bi [[Luce Bay|Luice Bay]] an on the wast bi the [[Sheuch (Erse Sea)|Sheuch (North Chainel)]], it is 5 mile sooth o [[Stranrawer]]. The aurie is aboot 21,500 acre, o whit 19,000 acre is arable. 375 acre is wuidland an plantations, an the lave (o whit 1,100 acre micht be reclaimt) is muirland.<ref>A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland. Samuel Lewis</ref> Staneykirk haes a community cooncil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dgcommunity.net/communitycouncil/default.aspx?id=74 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2012-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826044639/http://www.dgcommunity.net/communitycouncil/default.aspx?id=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Knockinaam Lodge, Port Spittal, Staneykirk, acause it is oot awa, wis the laction for a saicret meetin atween [[Winston Churchill]] an [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] durin [[Warld War II]] tae discuss the [[D-Day]] plans. The [[A716 road]] rins throu pairt o the veelage, and a local coach firm, McCulloch's Coaches, is sted in the veelage. James King 407 Service provides a bus link north tae [[Stranrawer]] an sooth tae [[Saundheid]] an [[Drummore]].<ref>[http://www.kingscoachhire.com/bus-services.htm Bus Services<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422234952/http://www.kingscoachhire.com/bus-services.htm |date=22 April 2008 }}</ref> Saundheid leuks oot ower Luice Bay that wis uised for laundin lime an coal. ==The Veelage== Stoneykirk veelage, locatit near [[RAF West Freugh]] developit aroond the kirk (noo disuised) an wis name't efter the kirk. The Veelage Haw is the heidquarters o the [[South Rhins Community Development Trust]]. The veelage schuil is situatit abuin the veelage. Staneykirk haes twa hottles - the 3-stern Torrs Warren Country House Hotel, and the oreeginal manse built in 1790 wi a restaurant an baur. ==Staneykirk kirk== [[File:Stoneykirkchurch.jpg|thumb|Staneykirk kirk]] The first kirk, Saunt Steen's Kirk, (o Steeniekirk, Stephenskirk, Toskarton, Achawan, or Clayshant, amang ither variations) wis dedicatit tae Saunt Stephen/Steen in is thocht tae hae been built atween the 12t and 14t centuries, likely unner the patronage o the McCulloch faimily o [[Ardwell]], Toskarton Pairish, o [[Clan McCulloch]].<ref>Caledonia. vol.III, by George Chalmers. p.439 https://archive.org/stream/caledoniaoraccou03chal#page/438/mode/2up</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-208000-552000/page/1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925061003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-208000-552000/page/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Toskarton and Clayshant auncient pairishes wis unitit tae Staneykirk in 1618. In 1827 the auld [[Middle Ages|medieval]] pairish kirk wis rebiggit. Staneykirk [[Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Kirk]] biggin wis biggit in 1844 an it passt successive til the [[Unitit Free Kirk o Scotland]] and the [[Kirk o Scotland]], an it unitit wi Ardwell-Saundheid as Staneykirk in 1974. ==Kirkmadrine kirk== Kirkmadrine wis dedicatit tae St Medran, an early [[Bishop o Ossory]] o [[Ireland]]. The war three chaipels o ease in the pairish: St Brioch's at [[Kirkmabreck]], St Donan's at [[Kildonan]], an St Lashrean's at [[Killaser]].<ref>Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae. New Edition. Vol.II. pp.352-355 https://archive.org/stream/fastiecclesiu02scotuoft#page/n363/mode/2up</ref> The biggin is no langer uised as a kirk. The Monogram Stanes o Kirkmadrine date fae aboot 450, that makes thaim the earliest inscrieved Christian heid-stanes in Scotland ootby o [[Whithorn]]. The auldest is a staunder stane datin fae the 5t century. Aw the stanes wis fund in the immediate aurie, suggestin that it was an early Christian seemetry,<ref>http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=10373</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/09/kirkmadrine-stones/?doing_wp_cron=1350865257.0776569843292236328125 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2023-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115075332/https://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2010/09/kirkmadrine-stones/?doing_wp_cron=1350865257.0776569843292236328125 |url-status=dead }}</ref> like [[Clachanmore]].<ref>Timothy Pont's map in Blaeu's Atlas. http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/blaeu/view/?id=95#id=95&zoom=5&lat=1930&lon=3949&layers=BT {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129125235/https://maps.nls.uk/view/00000411#id=95&zoom=5&lat=1930&lon=3949&layers=BT |date=2021-11-29 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129125235/https://maps.nls.uk/view/00000411#id=95&zoom=5&lat=1930&lon=3949&layers=BT |date=2021-11-29 }}</ref> ==History== A cornerstane o McDowell's [[Garthland Castle]] (tour hoose) buir the date 1211, an on anither ane taewart the east, 1274.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Canmore |num=60553 |desc= |access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> In 1295 Sir Dougal MacDougall (McDowell) haed a Chairter fae his third cuisin,[[John Balliol|Keeng John Balliol]], Laird o Gallowa, confirmin the Barony o Garochloyne wi Lougan an Elrig in the Rhins o Gallowa. Janet McDowell (McDowall), dochter o Uchtred McDowell o Garthland, mairit Ninian Adair, son o William Adair o [[Dunskey Castle]] an o Kilhilt that wis kilt at the [[Battle o Flodden]]. Utrecht McDowell, that wis kilt at Flodden an aw, appeart tae awn the aurie o [[Stranrawer]], an Ninian an Janet McDowell built the Castle o St John. Stranrawer, likely on her faither's laund. On 27 Februar 1547, in the beuk "''Inquisitiones Speciales''", unnerr "Wigton", Uthredus M'Douell wis heir tae his faither Joannis M'Douell de Garthland that wis kilt at the [[Battle o Pinkie Cleugh]] (qui obit apud Pinkiecleuch), o 24 merkland o Garthland, Pairish Staneykirk, an 14 merkland o Lochans (adjynin Garthland) in Pairish o Inche. On Ainslie's 1782 map, William McDowall Esp wis shawn at [[Garthland Castle]]. Killhilt, the auncient hame o the Adair faimily, is shawn an aw on the 1782 map juist north o, and adjynin, McDowell's Garthland Castle.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In Wigtounshire, the name McCulloch o [[Clan McCulloch]] appears on gey early missives. i.e. The Register o The Great Seal o Scotland, Vol I, appendix II, p.&nbsp;531, nos. 321, 322, Kirkmadrine Tuskercon/Tuskerton/Toskertoun/Toskertoune. About 1317 King [[Robert the Bruce|Robert I]] o Scotland knichtit Caiptan Cullo og Neil (O'Neil) an chose him tae be his staundart-beirer an Secretar o State. King Robert grantit an aw tae Sir Cullo og Neil launds an Achawan or Auchwane in Wigtounshire (kent an an aw as Kirkmaderen, ref. RMS vol VIII, p.&nbsp;87, #255, Toskartoun/Toscartoun/Staneykirk/Stoneykirk)<ref>Kirkmadren, ref. RMS vol VIII, p.87, #255, Toskartoun, Toscartoun, and Staneykirk, Stoneykirk https://archive.org/stream/registrummagnisi08scot#page/1010/mode/1up</ref> that encompasst the estates an castles o [[Ardwell]] an [[Killasser]] near [[Clachanmore]] (Law Ardwell). The 42 merkland o Toskerton haed been forfeitit bi Sir John le Mareschal de Toskerton tae King Robert I. In 1331 Sir Cullo og Neil dee'd an left his estate tae his auldest son Sir Godfrey that assume't th tha faimily name McCullog (McCullough/McCullo'c).<ref>An Index drawn up about the year 1629 of many Records of Charters granted by the different Sovereigns of Scotland between the years 1309 and 1413. https://archive.org/stream/indexdrawnupabou00grea</ref> On 7 Julie 1618 William McCulloch o Mertoun (Myretoun McCulloch Torhous in [[Mochrum]] pairish, wi the consent o his auldest son Alexander, ratifee'd a chairter o Killasser in the Barony o Achowane tae William Houston an his guidwife Katherine Vaus. The subscript mentiont a new deed-o-baronia Killasser an the castle.<ref>Great Seal of Scotland. pp.744-745 no.2054 https://archive.org/stream/registrummagnisi07scot#page/744/mode/2up</ref> Anither deed o 29 Juin 1621 wis fae William Houston tae William Adair, whaurby James Glover, Notary Public, recordit deleevery o "seizin" (sasine) o 4 merk o laund in Carnewell (Cairnweil), neist a Kirkmadrin Kirk, in the Pairish o Toscartoun.<ref>Cairnweil view from Kirkmadrin Church. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3100163</ref> Killasser Castle is shawn on Ainslie's 1782 map as in ruins. It wis the auncient seat of the Macculloch o Ardwell.<ref>Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland. Volume Five. pp.308-309. https://archive.org/stream/castellateddomes05macguoft#page/308/mode/2up</ref> The Pairish Leet o Wigtounshire 1684, pp-57-61, leets the places in Staneykirk Ceevil Pairish.<ref>https://archive.org/stream/parishlistsofwig72scot#page/56/mode/2up</ref> Adjynin Killasser Castle wis William Maxwell o [[Ardwell]]<ref>The London Gazette 11–14 May 1782, notice about William Maxwell of Ardwell, Shire of Wigton</ref> at Ardwell Hoose, Staneykirk Pairish, Wigtounshire.<ref>http://maps.nls.uk/counties/view/?id=685#id=685&zoom=5&lat=4213&lon=4222.5&layers=BT{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The war a Laird Maxwell that wis impreesont bi [[James VI, Keeng o Scot|Keeng James VI]] an released as lang as he quit Scotland. In 1588 Laird Maxell wis in Spaingie what the Armada wis bein redd, an he advised [[Philip II o Spain|Keeng Philip II o Spaingie]] that the Gallowa ports shoud be uised. The First-Cless man-o-war "Philip & Mary" saundit itsel on shingl no far fae Port William, Pairish o Mochrum, near Sir Willam Maxwell's Myretoun Castle on the Menreith Estate. <ref>The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway. Sir Andrew Agnew. pub.1893. p.214</ref> ==Archaeology== In ''Archaelogical and Historical Collections Relating to Ayrshire and Galloway'' vol V, p 63, Rev. George Wilson leets forts in Staneykirk: * ane north o Drumbreddan Bay, no on the OS map; * Doon Castle at Ardwell Pynt; * Kirlauchine, 5 mile north o Ardwell Pynt * Kildonan, a double fort * Knockdoon - the name shaws a fort northo Awhirk The're cairns an aw at Doon Hill o Kildrochet<ref>Archaeological and Historical Collections relating to Ayrshire and Galloway. vol.V. pp.62-73 https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092901606#page/n115/mode/2up</ref> * Doon Castle, near High [[Ardwell]] is the remeens o the best exemple o an [[Airn Age]] broch in Dumfries an Gallowa.<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=8346 Doon Castle (Broch)] at the Megalithic Portal.</ref><ref>[http://www.cast.org.uk/A-C.htm Dumfries & Galloway: Summary of places of interest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508122319/http://www.cast.org.uk/A-C.htm |date=8 May 2010 }}, CAST.</ref> * Kirlauchine Promontory For is at Camp Bay sooth<ref>{{Canmore |num=60642 |desc= |access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref> * East Galdenoch fort (a schedule't auncient moniment) atween East Galdenoch an Freugh Airfield. It's a circular fort with a diameter o about 361&nbsp;ft o a later prehistoric date<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/searchmonuments/scheduledmonumentsresults.htm?p_out=xml&p_sstr=&p_couname=0&p_cattext=0&submit=Search&start=2191 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001018/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/searchmonuments/scheduledmonumentsresults.htm?p_out=xml&p_sstr=&p_couname=0&p_cattext=0&submit=Search&start=2191 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * East Galdenoch sattlement (a schedule't auncient moniment), about 120 yaird sootheast o East Galdenoch. It's a prehistoric peel sattlement that is about 394 fit lang bi 197 fit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=61247 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053618/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=61247 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Anither East Galdenoch sattlement (a schedule't auncient moniment), about 492 yaird nor'east o East Galdenoch. It's 853 fit bi 820 fit. * The're Promontory Forts on baith sides o Float Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=60445 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050538/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=60445 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Dunaldboys Mote, sooth Knockinaam, is an [[Airn Age]] promontory on the heid o sea clifts. The're a staundin stane an aw by the side o the Portpaitrick-Cairngarroch road. * Balgreggan Motte, Saundheid, staunds abuin the A716. The motte wis the first in a line o early castles alang the eastren shores o the Rhins.<ref>{{Canmore |num=60606 |desc= |access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mccubbinfamily.info/?page_id=1037 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2012-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129134343/http://mccubbinfamily.info/?page_id=1037 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 1782 map shaws Balgreggan Hoose o Hon. Sir Frederick Maitland * Ferm o Port Spittal, 2 mile sooth o Portpaitrick. It wis the "buirial grund o fower keengs". A [[Bronze Age]] cist an urn wis fund in a graff kivert wi a whinstane leck.<ref>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Vol.X. Third Series. p.493 https://archive.org/stream/proceedingssoci02scotgoog#page/n523/mode/1up</ref> The banes can be seen in the Stranrawer Museum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/collections/people/lives-in-key-periods/archaeology/the-bronze-age/ritual/bronze-age-burial,-port-o-spittal.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020245/http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/collections/people/lives-in-key-periods/archaeology/the-bronze-age/ritual/bronze-age-burial,-port-o-spittal.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Canmore |num=60612 |desc= |access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> In 1588 some boats belangin til the Great Spaingie Armada wis wrackit aff the westren coast, no faur fae a bay that wis named in commemoration o that circumstance Float Bay.<ref>The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway. Sir Andrew Agnew. pub.1893. p.214 p.420 https://archive.org/stream/hereditarysherif01agne#page/420/mode/1up</ref> At Money Pynt (Money Heid)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://canmoremapping.rcahms.gov.uk/index.php?action=do_advanced&idnumlink=60486 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2015-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403015700/http://canmoremapping.rcahms.gov.uk/index.php?action=do_advanced&idnumlink=60486 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a considerable nummer o Spaingie dubloons wis subsequent diskivert.<ref>The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway. Sir Andrew Agnew. pub.1893. "The Armada" pp.418-434</ref><ref>{{Canmore |num=60486 |desc= |access-date=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref>https://archive.org/stream/calendarofstatep04greauoft/calendarofstatep04greauoft_djvu.txt</ref> Project Adair at <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/news/project-adair-enters-second-year |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-25 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085024/http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/news/project-adair-enters-second-year |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, in the beuk "''The Scotch Irish''" bi Charles A Hanna, p.&nbsp;233, it states that at the pairish at Staneykir is the ferms an bay o Float, local statit tae hae been cried sic fae the wrack o ane o the ships o the Spaingie Armada: and the heidland close to, corruptit fae the [[Scots Gaelic|Gaelic]] wird "monadh", the hill-heid, tae "Moneyheid", fae the money supposed tae hae been lost fae the wrack. The name Float is fae the [[Auld Norse]] ''flott'' that means a plain.<ref>http://etree15.archive.org/stream/thescotchirish01hannrich/thescotchirish01hannrich_djvu.txt</ref> ==Leetit biggins in Staneykirk== * Kildrochet House Including Gates And Gatepiers * Windmill Plantation, Old Windmill * Clachanmore Gallery, Former School And Schoolhouse, Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers, Gates And Ancillary Structures * Ardwell, Ardwell House, Walled Garden Including Gardener's Cottage And Owl Statue * Ardwell, Bowling Hall, Ivy And Shore Cottages Including Boundary Walls And Gates * Stoneykirk Parish Church Graveyard Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Gates * Kirkmabreck Farmhouse Including Farmhouse, Cottage, Steading, Boundary Walls And Gate * Drumbreddan Including Walled Garden, Steading, Farm Cottage, Boundary Walls And Gatepiers * Balgreggan, Walled Garden To Former Balgreggan House * Balgreggan, Kennels And Barn To Former Balgreggan House, Including Boundary Walls And Gatepiers * Ringuinea Moss * Garthland Mains Including Farmhouse, Steading, Farm Cottage, Bridge, Tower, Boundary Walls And Gatepiers * Mains Of Caldons Farmhouse * Ardwell, Ardwell Mains * Ardwell, Ardwell House, East Lodge Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Gate * Ardwell, Ardwell House Including Lamp Standards, Gatepiers, Gate, Sundial And Owl Statue * Ardwell, Ardwell Church (Church Of Scotland) Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Gates * Cairnhandy Farmhouse, Steading And Cottage, Including Boundary Walls * Ardwell, Ardwell House, Boundary Walls, Gates And Gatepiers * Lake Cottage Including Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Outhouse * Gruesey, Former United Free Manse, Including Boundary Walls And Gatepiers * Ardwell, Ardwell Mill * East Cairnwell Including Farmhouse, Steading, Boundary Walls, Gates And Gatepiers * Stoneykirk Parish Church (Church Of Scotland) And Railings * Kirkmadrine Church Including Graveyard, Mctaggart Memorial, Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Gates * [[Sanheid]] Primary Scuil ==Gailerie== ===Westren shore o the Rhins and the Mid-Rhins=== <gallery> File:Kirkmadrine Church - geograph.org.uk - 263127.jpg|Kirkmadrine Kirk. File:Port of Spittal and Knockinaam Lodge - geograph.org.uk - 596722.jpg|Knockinaam Lodge, Port O Spittal (N.W. Staneykirk Pairish). Meetin place of General Eisenhower & Winston Churchill. File:Float Bay near Stoneykirk, Stranraer, Wigtownshire - geograph.org.uk - 137739.jpg|Float Bay wi auncient forts on baith sides. File:Drumbreddan Bay - geograph.org.uk - 647514.jpg|view fae hill fort, Drumbreddan Bay. File:Ardwell Bay (or High Ardwell Bay as the locals call it). - geograph.org.uk - 75859.jpg|Ardwell Bay. File:Doon Castle Broch, High Ardwell Bay - geograph.org.uk - 137736.jpg|Doon Castle Broch, High Ardwell Bay. File:Portayew bay - geograph.org.uk - 406905.jpg|Portayew bay, Kirklauchline Promontory fort til the left at Camp Bay Soouth. </gallery> ===Eastren shore o the Rhins=== <gallery> File:Stoneykirkchurch.jpg|Staneykirk Kirk and kirkyaird (N.E.Staneykirk Pairish). File:Motte Stranraer.jpg|Motte and Bailey castle, [[Ardwell]], by Isles f Killaser, north Chapel Rosan Bay. File:Chapel Rossan Bay looking across to Ardwell village and caravan site. - geograph.org.uk - 64382.jpg|Chapel Rossan Bay leukin oot ower tae Ardwell veelage. File:Sandhead Village, about 8 miles South of Stranraer - geograph.org.uk - 82688.jpg|[[Sanheid]] Veelage, Balgreggan Mote Slap on right. File:Stoneykirk Motte Slap & War Memorial.jpg|Balgreggan, Saundheid, Staneykirk, Motte Slap & War Memorial. </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} {{commons category|Stoneykirk}} [[Category:Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} i6e2c5rn1z3wkijvap5j6u9vi3npwy2 0 219822 923284 767484 2026-09-25T19:17:11Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in tags 923284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Taxobox | image = Syrphus May 2008-1.jpg | image_caption = ''male'' | image2 = Syrphus ribesii in Bahrenfeld.jpg | image2_caption = ''female'' | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]] | familia = [[Hoverfly|Syrphidae]] | subfamilia = [[Syrphinae]] | tribus = [[Syrphini]] | genus = ''[[Syrphus]]'' | species = '''''S. ribesii''''' | binomial = ''Syrphus ribesii'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]]) | synonyms = *''Musca blanda'' <small>[[Moses Harris|Harris]], 1780</small> *''Musca ribesii'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> *''Syrphus blandus'' <small>([[Moses Harris|Harris]], 1780)</small> }} '''''Syrphus ribesii''''' is a verra common [[Holarctic]] speshies o [[hoverflee]]. {{Stub/Insect}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1548397}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Syrphus Ribesii}} [[Category:Syrphini]] [[Category:Insects descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Diptera o Asie]] [[Category:Diptera o Europe]] [[Category:Diptera o North Americae]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]] 0o4xpeq4tgj37250b3kk0yxv2756e0m 0 221672 923331 865617 2026-09-25T23:59:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox snooker player|name=Amir Sarkhosh|Nickname=|image=TEHRAN (Tasnim) – Amir Sarkhosh from Iran claimed a gold medal at the Snooker Single 15-Red event of ACBS 1st Asian Billiards Sports Championship.jpg|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1991|5|30|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Karaj]]، [[Iran]]|Sport country={{IRN}}|Professional=2017–|High ranking=136 <small>(August 2019)</small>|Prize money=[[Pound sterling|£]] 598<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amir Sarkhosh Player Profile|url=https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.snookerdatabase.co.uk|archive-date=2020-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040|url-status=dead}}</ref>|High break='''124''': <br> <small>2019 Qatar's opening six-ball World Cup (qualifying)</small>|Century break=9|Best finish=''Last 10'' <small>([[2020 Welsh Open (snooker)|2020 Welsh Open]])</small>|Other wins=|World champ=|medals={{MedalCountry | {{IRN}} }} {{MedalSport | Mixed [[snooker]] }} {{MedalCompetition | [[World Games]] }} {{MedalGold | [[World Games 2017|2017 Wrocław]] | [[Snooker at the 2017 World Games – mixed singles|Individual]] }} {{MedalSport | Men's [[snooker]] }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]] }} {{MedalGold | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Team]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Six-red singles]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Singles]] }}}}'''Amir Sarkhosh''' (born May 30, 1991) is a professional [[snooker]] [[Prayer|player]] frae [[Karaj]], [[Iran]].<ref>[https://cuetracker.net/Players/Amir-Sarkhosh/Career-Total-Statistics Profil von Amir Sarkhosh] CueTracker - Snooker Database. Retrieved 4 August 2020. </ref><ref>[https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?playerKey=1040 Amir Sarkhosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040 |date=2020-09-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040 |date=2020-09-16 }} at snookerdatabase.co.uk: Snooker Results and Statistic Database</ref><ref>[http://www.ibsf.info/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=tag&tag=Amir+Sarkhosh Amir Sarkhosh] at ibsf.info</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Snooker players]] adsy3bpl4znkvct437sxdzlrr4ldbur 0 228454 923380 858911 2026-09-26T02:17:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Colombian actor}} {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Arenas | image = | imagesize = | birth_name = Daniel Arenas Consuegra | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|30}} | birth_place = [[Santander, Colombie]] | education = CEA [[Televisa]] | other_names = | years_active = 2002–present | height = {{height|m=1.83}} | parents = Leonor Consuegra<br>Jorge Enrique Arenas | occupation = [[Actor]] | relatives = }} '''Daniel Arenas Consuegra''' (born Mairch 30, 1979) is a [[Colombie fowk|Colombian]] actor wha has workit i both Colombie an Mexican televeesion. == Biografie == Arenas wis born on Mairch 30, 1979 i [[Santander, Colombie]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daniel Arenas sale de Televisa|url=https://peopleenespanol.com/telenovelas/daniel-arenas-sale-de-televisa/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=People en Español|language=es}}</ref> He is the youngest o six children. He studiit actin i the [[Unitit States]]. == Filmografie == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Year !Title !Characther |- |2003–2004 |''[[Francisco el matemático]]'' |Hans Hakerman |- |2003 |''[[Un ángel llamado Azul]]'' |Jeremías Luna |- |2005 |''[[Los Reyes (TV series)|Los Reyes]]'' |Santiago "Santi" Iriarte |- |2007 |''[[Nuevo rico, nuevo pobre]]'' |Erwin Alfonso |- |2008 |''[[La sucursal del cielo]]'' |Samuel Lizacano |- |2010 |''[[Doña Bella]]'' |Nicolás Ayala |- |2010–2011 |''[[Teresa (2010 TV series)|Teresa]]'' |Fernando Moreno Guijarro |- |2011–2012 |''[[Amorcito corazón]]'' |William "Willy" Guillermo Pinzón |- |2013 |''[[Corazon indomable]]'' |Octavio Narvaez |- |2014 |''[[The Stray Cat]]'' |Pablo Martínez Negrete |- |2016–2017 |''[[Despertar contigo]]'' |Pablo |- |2017–2019 |''[[Mi marido tiene familia]]'' |Juan Pablo Córcega / Robert Cooper |- |2019–present |''[[M.D.: Life on the Line|Médicos, línea de vida]]'' |David Paredes |- |2021 |''[[SOS me estoy enamorando]]'' |Alberto Muñoz |- |} == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb name|1239305}}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140309184459/http://www.colarte.com/colarte/busquedas/consGen.asp?search=daniel+arenas&submit=Buscar&p=3%2F Biografie o Daniel Arenas] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arenas, Daniel}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] qmux0o7xkejaotd8wrf50kezbnxcuvz 0 230389 923575 923244 2026-09-26T10:03:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer |image=William McIlvanney at the Edinburgh International Book Festival 2013.jpg |image_size= |alt= |caption=McIlvanney at the Edinburgh International Book Festival, 2013 |pseudonym= |birth_name=William Angus McIlvanney |birth_date=25 November 1936 |birth_place=[[Kilmarnock]], Scotland |death_date=5 December 2015 (aged 79) |death_place=[[Glesga]], Scotland |resting_place= |occupation= |language= |nationality= |citizenship= |education=[[Glesga Varsity]] |alma_mater= |period= |genre= |subject= |movement= |notableworks=''[[Docherty (novel)|Docherty]]'' (1975), ''[[Laidlaw (novel)|Laidlaw]]'' (1977), ''[[Strange Loyalties]]'' (1991) |spouse= |partner= |children=[[Liam McIlvanney]] (son) |relatives= |awards= |signature= |signature_alt= |website={{URL|williammcilvanney.com}} |portaldisp=}} '''William McIlvanney''' (25 November 1936 – 5 December 2015) wis a Scots novelist, short story scriever, an makar.<ref name="BBCProfile">{{Cite web|title=Scotland's Writers - William McIlvanney|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/william-mcilvanney|access-date=24 May 2013|publisher=BBC Writing Scotland|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109002207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/william-mcilvanney|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wis kent as '''Gus''' by friends and acquaintances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney: not just godfather of 'Tartan Noir' but lion of literature|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/05/william-mcilvanney-not-just-godfather-of-tartan-noir-but-lion-of-literature|access-date=2015-12-05|website=the Guardian}}</ref> McIlvanney wis a champion o gritty yet poetic leiteratur; his warks ''Laidlaw'', ''The Papers of Tony Veitch'', an ''Walking Wounded'' is aa weel-kent for their shawin o [[Glesga]] in the 1970s. He is regairdit as "the faither o ''Tartan Noir''" an as Scotland's [[Albert Camus|Camus]]. == Biography == McIlvanney wis born in [[Kilmaurnock|Kilmarnock]] on 25 November 1936, the youngest o fower bairns o an umwhile miner, an went tae Kilmarnock Academy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney (b.1936)|url=http://www.kilmarnockacademy.co.uk/famouswmcilvanney.htm|access-date=5 December 2015|publisher=[[Kilmarnock Academy]]|archive-date=2023-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130104424/http://www.kilmarnockacademy.co.uk/famouswmcilvanney.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He went on tae study Inglis at [[Glesga Varsity|Glesga University]] an graduatit wi ae MA in 1960.<ref name="BBCProfile"/> McIlvanney then wirkit as ae Inglis dominie til 1975, whan he quit as assistant heiddominie at Greenwood Academy tae mak forrit wi his writin career.<ref name="BBCProfile" /> His aulder brither wis the sports jurnalist Hugh McIlvanney.<ref name="BBCProfile" /> His son, Liam McIlvanney, is a crime writer as weel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Guardian Staff|date=2018-09-21|title=Liam McIlvanney wins Scottish crime fiction award named after his father|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/21/liam-mcilvanney-wins-scottish-fiction-award-father-bible-john|access-date=2019-06-08|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As weel as his leiteratur, McIlvanney wrate on a reglar basis for newspapers, an wis a writer an narrator o the [[BBC Scotland]] fitba documentary ''Only a Game?'' in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Only a game?|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/303053|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213190712/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/303053|archive-date=13 December 2013|access-date=11 December 2013|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scots author William McIlvanney dies, aged 79|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/scots-author-william-mcilvanney-dies-aged-79-1-3967499|access-date=2015-12-06|website=www.scotsman.com}}</ref> McIlvanney haudit ontae his strang [[Socialism|socialist]] views ootthrouh his life. Lik ithers fae his backgrund in Scotland, he wis strangly agin Thatcherism. Later he becam disappyntit bi the shift o [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] unner [[Tony Blair]] an bi 2014 he felt, hesitantly, that [[Scots unthirldom|Scottish independence]] micht be the best poleitical solution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney, novelist - obituary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12035855/William-McIlvanney-novelist-obituary.html|access-date=2015-12-06|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> William McIlvanney deet on 5 December 2015 aged 79, efter a wee spell o illness.<ref name="Death">{{cite web|date=5 December 2015|title=Scottish writer William McIlvanney dies aged 79|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/05/scottish-writer-william-mcilvanney-dies-aged-79|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> On hearin o his daith, sindry public figures, siclik [[Nicola Sturgeon]], [[Ian Rankin]] and [[Irvine Welsh]], gied mense notin baith his inspirational writin and his likeable an gentlemanly personality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crime author William McIlvanney dies aged 79|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35016267|access-date=2015-12-06|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney, novelist - obituary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12035855/William-McIlvanney-novelist-obituary.html|access-date=2015-12-06|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> The Telegraph's obituary wrate: "Many authors are admired. Many are respected. Few are loved as he was, for what they are as well as for what they have written."<ref name=":02" /> == Writin == His first buik, ''Remedy is None'', wis furthset in 1966<ref>{{Cite news|last=Morton|first=Brian|date=27 September 1990|title=Glasgow no mean Hamlet|work=The Times}}</ref> an won the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize in 1967.<ref name="FABER">{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=D. J.|date=28 January 1989|title=Fist-fights and metaphors from Kilmarnock: D J Taylor on William McIlvaney, a Scottish storyteller launching guerrilla attacks from the front line|work=The Independent}}</ref> ''Docherty'' (1975), anent ae miner that's courage an endurance is pit tae the test durin the depression, won the Whitbread Novel Award.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=John|date=3 September 1991|title=Jack of all genres, master of one – William McIlvanney's new detective novel continues his seamless document of Scotland|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ''The Big Man'' (1985) is the story o Dan Scoular, an unemployed man that turns tae bare-knuckle fechtin tae mak thrift. Baith nuvels hae typical McIlvanney chairacters – teucht, aft violent, men lockit in a fecht wi their ain nature an upbringin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bailey|first=Hilary|date=5 September 1985|title=A matter of manner/ Review of new fiction|work=The Guardian}}</ref> The nuvel wis turnt intae ae film in 1990 directit by David Leland, starrin Liam Neeson, an kythin [[Billy Connolly]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Geoff|date=21 August 1990|title=Youth hogs the old spotlight|work=The Times}}</ref> His novel, ''The Kiln'' (1996) won the [[Saltire Society]] Scottish Book of the Year Award.<ref name="ScotsmanSaltire">{{Cite news|last=Cochrane|first=Lynn|date=28 November 1996|title=The Kiln is named book of the year|work=The Scotsman}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCochrane1996">Cochrane, Lynn (28 November 1996). "The Kiln is named book of the year". ''The Scotsman''.</cite></ref> == Reviews == * Gifford, Douglas (1976), review of ''Docherty'', in Burnett, Ray (ed.), ''Calgagus'' No. 3, pp.&nbsp;58 & 59, {{ISSN|0307-2029}} * Aitchison, James (1983), review of ''The Papers of Tony Veitch'', in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), ''The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment'' 31, August 1983, pp.&nbsp;60 – 62, {{ISSN|0140-0894}} == Prizes an awairds == * 1967 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for ''Remedy is None''<ref name="FABER"/> * 1968 Scottish Arts Council Book Award for ''A Gift from Nessus'' * 1975 Scottish Arts Council Book Award for ''Docherty'' * 1975 Whitbread Award, for Best Novel for ''Docherty''<ref name="IrishTimes_Honour">{{Cite news|last=Dening|first=Penelope|date=1 October 1996|title=Honour in his own country|work=The Irish Times}}</ref> * 1977 Crime Writers' Association Macallan Silver Dagger for Fiction for ''Laidlaw''<ref name="DaggerAwards">{{Cite web|title=The CWA Gold Dagger|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/gold.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091850/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/gold.html|archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=12 December 2013|publisher=The Crime Writers' Association}}</ref> * 1983 Crime Writers' Association Macallan Silver Dagger for Fiction for ''The Papers of Tony Veitch''<ref name="DaggerAwards" /> * 1990 [[Glasgow Herald People's Prize]] for ''Walking Wounded''<ref name="BBCProfile"/> * 1990 BAFTA (screen adaptation): "Dreaming"<ref name="BAFTA">{{Cite news|last=McGinty|first=Stephen|date=21 March 2010|title=Big Man hits the small screen as writer turns actor in music video|work=Scotland on Sunday}}</ref> * 1992 [[Glasgow Herald People's Prize]] for ''Strange Loyalties''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Linklater|first=John|date=17 December 1992|title=Readers stay loyal to McIlvanney with second win in People's Prize|work=The Herald}}</ref> * 1992 Scottish Arts Council awards for ''Surviving the Shipwreck'' and ''Strange Loyalties''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Linklater|first=John|date=4 June 1992|title=Awards and votes of confidence for authors|work=The Herald}}</ref> * 1996 [[Saltire Society]] Scottish Book of the Year Award for ''The Kiln''<ref name="ScotsmanSaltire"/> * 2013 [[Saltire Society]] Fletcher of Saltoun Award 2013 for "outstanding contribution to Scotland's life and culture"<ref>{{Cite web|title=William McIlvanney to receive the Fletcher of Saltoun Award 2013|url=http://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/news/2013/09/15/william-mcilvanney-to-receive-the-fletcher-of-saltoun-award-2013|publisher=Saltire Society|access-date=2023-01-30|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010412/http://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/news/2013/09/15/william-mcilvanney-to-receive-the-fletcher-of-saltoun-award-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2013 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award for writing<ref name="SpiritScotland">{{Cite news|last=Ferguson|first=Brian|date=30 November 2013|title=Rediscovered William McIlvanney picks up award|work=The Scotsman|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/news/rediscovered-william-mcilvanney-picks-up-award-1-3214855|access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> * 2016 [[Glesga Varsity|University of Glasgow]] posthumously awairdit him with an honorary doctorate.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 April 2016|title=Glasgow University to honour late author William McIlvanney with doctorate|work=[[The Courier (Dundee)|The Courier]]|location=Dundee|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/scotland/121114/glasgow-university-to-honour-late-author-william-mcilvanney-with-doctorate/|access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Fremmit airtins == * Writer's website at [http://www.williammcilvanney.com www.williammcilvanney.com] * [https://canongate.co.uk/contributors/2650-william-mcilvanney/ profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130104424/https://canongate.co.uk/contributors/2650-william-mcilvanney/ |date=2023-01-30 }} on Canongate Publishing website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130725095843/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/scotlit/asls/Laverock-McIlvanney-1.html Natural Loyalties: The Work of William McIlvanney]: Association for Scottish Literary Studies * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160423050107/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/scotlit/asls/Laverock-McIlvanney-2.html William McIlvanney’s Laidlaw Novels]: Association for Scottish Literary Studies * [https://digital.nls.uk/writestuff/mcilvanney.html William McIlvanney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707075906/https://digital.nls.uk/writestuff/mcilvanney.html |date=2022-07-07 }}: The Write Stuff, National Library of Scotland === References tae reviews o warks === * [http://www.fask.uni-mainz.de/inst/ssc/ssn29-30.html#Vol.%2028] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215063844/http://www.fask.uni-mainz.de/inst/ssc/ssn29-30.html#Vol.%2028 |date=2015-12-15 }} McLuckie, Craig. "Researching McIlvanney. A Critical and Bibliographic Introduction", ''Scottish Studies International'' 28 (Scottish Studies Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim), 1999. * [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5019 Newton, Ken. "William McIlvanney"]: Literary Encyclopedia * {{British council|id=william-mcilvanney|name=William McIlvanney}} * [http://webpages.ull.es/users/rceing/Back.html#No.45,%20Noviembre%202002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414220426/http://webpages.ull.es/users/rceing/Back.html#No.45,%20Noviembre%202002 |date=2012-04-14 }} McLuckie, Craig. "Postcolonial Resistance: Class, Gender and Race in McIlvanney's ''The Big Man''," ''Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses'' (RCEI) 2002; 45: 151–67. * [http://webpages.ull.es/users/rceing/Back.html#41] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414220426/http://webpages.ull.es/users/rceing/Back.html#41 |date=2012-04-14 }} McLuckie, Craig. "William McIlvanney and the Provocative Witness: Resistance in the 'Laidlaw' Trilogy," ''Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses'' (RCEI) 2000 Nov; 41: 87-101. [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:21st-century Scots writers]] [[Category:Scots socialists]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] [[Category:1936 births]] hv9k95pzjij0bzufcob2x9s7i4kbhzc 0 233378 923301 923014 2026-09-25T23:38:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = A Star Is Born | image = | caption = Ofeecial poster | director = [[Bradley Cooper]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bill Gerber]] * [[Jon Peters]] * Bradley Cooper * [[Todd Phillips]] * [[Lynette Howell Taylor]]<ref name="comingsoon">{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Spencer|title=First Look at Lady Gaga in A Star is Born Remake|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/838711-first-look-at-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-in-a-star-is-born-remake#/slide/1|access-date=1 Mey 2026|publisher=[[CraveOnline|Comingsoon.net]]|date=17 Aprile 2017|archive-date=17 Aprile 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417202041/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/838711-first-look-at-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-in-a-star-is-born-remake#/slide/1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rachel|last=Yang|title='A Star Is Born' Director Bradley Cooper Talks Jon Peters Allegations|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/bradley-cooper-jon-peters-a-star-is-born-1202942307/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=14 September 2018|access-date=8 October 2018|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052907/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/bradley-cooper-jon-peters-a-star-is-born-1202942307/|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Eric Roth]] * Bradley Cooper * Will Fetters }} | based_on = {{Plainlist| * {{based on|''[[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (1954 screenpley)|[[Moss Hart]]}} * {{based on|''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (1976 screenpley)|[[John Gregory Dunne]]|[[Joan Didion]]|[[Frank Pierson]]}} * {{based on|''[[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (story)|[[William A. Wellman|William Wellman]]|[[Robert Carson (writer)|Robert Carson]]}} }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * Bradley Cooper * [[Lady Gaga]] * [[Andrew Dice Clay]] * [[Dave Chappelle]] * [[Sam Elliott]] }} | cinematography = [[Matthew Libatique]] | editing = [[Jay Cassidy]] | production_companies = {{Plainlist| * [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures]] * [[Live Nation Entertainment|Live Nation Productions]] * Gerber Pictures * Peters Entertainment * Joint Effort<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.film-news.co.uk/news/UK/55498/A-Star-Is-Born-trailer-with-Bradley-Cooper-and-Lady-Gaga|title=A Star Is Born trailer with Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga|date=7 Juin 2018|publisher=Film-news.co.uk|access-date=8 Juin 2018|archive-date=12 Juin 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162125/http://www.film-news.co.uk/news/UK/55498/A-Star-Is-Born-trailer-with-Bradley-Cooper-and-Lady-Gaga|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]<ref name=warnerbros>{{cite web|url=https://www.warnerbros.com/star-born|title=A Star is Born|publisher=WarnerBros.com|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035519/https://www.warnerbros.com/star-born|url-status=live}}</ref> | released = {{Film date|2018|8|31|[[75t Venice Internaitional Film Festival|Venice]]|2018|10|5|Unitit States}} | runtime = 136 meenits<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/star-born-film-1|title=A Star Is Born|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=7 Mairch 2019|archive-date=20 Mairch 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320175412/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/star-born-film-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $36 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-a-star-is-born-created-mans-world-music-1136259|title=How 'A Star Is Born' Re-created the "Man's World" of Music, Coachella Concert Scenes|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Gregg|last=Kilday|date=22 August 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918054312/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-a-star-is-born-created-mans-world-music-1136259|url-status=live}}</ref> | gross = $436.3 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=astarisborn2018.htm|title=A Star Is Born (2018)|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=7 Februar 2020|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026121216/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=astarisborn2018.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''A Star Is Born''''' ([[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''A Starn Is Born'') is a 2018 American [[Muisical film|muisical]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film an televeesion)|drama]] produced an directit bi [[Bradley Cooper]] (in his directorial debut) wi a screenpley bi Cooper, [[Eric Roth]] an Will Fetters. It starns Cooper an [[Lady Gaga]] in lead roles, wi [[Dave Chappelle]], [[Andrew Dice Clay]] an [[Sam Elliott]] in supportin roles. It follaes an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]] muisicker (Cooper) wha diskivers an faws in luve wi a yung sangster (Gaga). It is the thrid [[remak]] o the oreeginal [[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|1937 romantic drama]], folloaein the [[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|1954]] an [[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|1976]] films. [[Principal photography]] begound at the [[Coachella|Coachella Valley Muisic an Airts Fest]] in Aprile 2017. ''A Star Is Born'' premiered at the [[75t Venice Internaitional Film Fest]] on 31 August 2018, an wis theatrically lowsed in the Unitit States on 5 October 2018, bi [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. It emerged as a major creetical an commercial success, grossin ower $436 million warldwide an receivin widespreid creetical acclaim fur Cooper, Gaga, an Elliott's performances an Cooper's direction, as weel as the screenpley, cinematography, an soondtrack. The film received mony accolades, includin aicht nominations fur the [[91st Academy Awairds]], includin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur|Best Pictur]], [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Cooper), [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Gaga) an [[Academy Awaird fur Best Supportin Actor|Best Supportin Actor]] (Elliott); it wan [[Academy Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur "[[Shallow (Lady Gaga an Bradley Cooper sang)|Shallow]]". It forby earned five nominations at the [[76t Gowden Globes|76t Gowden Globe Awairds]], includin [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Motion Pictur – Drama|Best Motion Pictur – Drama]], an wan [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur "Shallow". The film's [[A Star Is Born (2018 soondtrack)|soondtrack]] received a [[BAFTA Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Muisic|BAFTA Awaird]] an fower [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy Awaird]] wins oot o seiven nominations, includin nominations fur [[Grammy Awaird fur Sang o the Year|Sang o the Year]] twa years in a row. Fur her actin an soondtrack contreibutions on ''A Star Is Born'', Gaga becam the furst wumman in history tae win an [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]], [[Breetish Academy Film Awairds|BAFTA Awaird]], [[Gowden Globes|Gowden Globe Awaird]] an [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy Awaird]] in ane single year. == Plot == Fowerty-three-year-auld Jackson "Jack" Maine, a [[country rock]] sangster privately battlin an [[Alcoholism|alcohol]] an [[drog]] [[addiction]], pleys at a concert. His maistly support is Bobby, his manager an aulder hauf-brither. Efter a shaw, Jack gaes oot fur drinks an veesits a [[Gay bar|drag bar]]. Thare, Jack witnesses a homage performance tae [[Édith Piaf]] bi 31-year-auld Ally, wha wirks as a waitress an sangster-sangwriter. He is amazed bi her performance, an thay spend the nicht taukin. Ally collogues her unsuccessfu efforts in pursuin a professional muisic career. Ally skares wi Jack some leerics she haes been wirkin on, he tells her she is a talentit sangwriter an shoud perform her material. Jack invites Ally tae his nixt shaw. In maugre o her initial refusal, she attends an, wi Jack's encouragement, sangs "[[Shallow (Lady Gaga an Bradley Cooper sang)|Shallow]]" on stage wi him. Jack invites Ally tae gae on tour wi him, an thay form a romantic relationship. In [[Arizona]], Ally an Jack gae tae veesit the ranch whaur Jack brocht up an whaur his faither is buriet. Houiver, thay diskiver that Bobby haed selt the laund, that wis convertit intae a [[wind ferm]]. Angered at his betrayal, Jack attacks Bobby, wha subsequently quits as his manager. Afore daein sae, Bobby reveals that he did inform Jack aboot the rowp, bit Jack wis too drunk tae notice. Whiles on tour, Ally meets Rez, a record producer wha offers her a contract. Awthou veesibly baithered, Jack aye supports her decision tae sign wi him. Rez refocuses Ally awey frae country muisic an towards [[Pop muisic|pop]]. Jack misses ane o Ally's performances efter he passes oot drunk in public. Jack rekivers at the hame o his best freend George "Noodles" Stone an later maks up wi Ally. Thare, he proposes tae her wi an impromptu ring mak frae a loop o a guitar string. Thay are marriet that same day at a kirk meenistered bi a kin o Noodles. Durin Ally's performance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', Bobby reconciles wi Jack. Later, Ally an a drunken Jack fecht ower Ally's growin airtistic success. Jack creeticises Ally's new eemage an muisic, as her success is ootpacin his recent decline in popularity. At the [[Grammy Awairds]], whaur Ally is nominatit in three categories, a veesibly intoxicatit Jack performs a homage tae [[Roy Orbison]]. Later in the forenicht, she wins [[Grammy Awaird fur Best New Airtist|Best New Airtist]]. As Ally is giein her acceptance speech, a aye-inebriated Jack staggers up tae her, whaur he publicly wets himsel an passes oot. Ally's faither, Lorenzo, berates a semi-conscious Jack whiles Ally attempts tae help Jack sober up. Jack jyns a [[Drog rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] programme shortly thareefter. He discloses tae his coonselor that he tree'd tae commit [[suicide]] at age 12 an reveals his progressively warsenin [[tinnitus]]. Jack tearfully apologises tae Ally fur his behaviour. Whiles returnin hame, Jack admits tae Bobby that it wis he whom he idolised an nae thair faither. Ally asks Rez tae brin Jack on her European tour, bit Rez refuses, promptin Ally tae cancel the remainder o the tour tae care fur Jack. Rez confronts Jack an accuses him o nearly ruinin Ally's career, statin that Jack will certainly relapse again, an that it is "embarrassin" she is marriet tae him. That forenicht, Ally lies tae Jack an tells him that her record label haes canceled her tour sae she can focus on her seicont album. Jack promises he will come tae her concert that nicht, bit efter Ally leaves, he hangs himsel in thair garage. Grief-stricken an inconsolable efter Jack's suicide, Ally is veesitit bi Bobby, wha tells her that the suicide wis Jack's awn chyce. The closin scenes reveal a flashback o Jack wirkin on a sang aboot his luve fur Ally, that he niver finished writin. Ally performs this sang as a homage tae Jack, introducin hersel fur the furst time as Ally Maine. == Cast == * [[Bradley Cooper]] as Jackson "Jack" Maine, an established sangster-sangwriter, strugglin wi alcoholism. He is Ally's mentor. * [[Lady Gaga]] as Ally Maine, a sangster-sangwriter wha is diskivert bi Jack. * [[Andrew Dice Clay]] as Lorenzo, Ally's faither. * [[Dave Chappelle]] as George "Noodles" Stone, a retired muisicker an Jack's best freend. * [[Sam Elliott]] as Bobby Maine, Jack's aulder hauf-brither an manager. * [[Rafi Gavron]] as Rez Gavron, a muisic producer an Ally's manager. * [[Anthony Ramos]] as Ramon, Ally's freend. * [[Drena De Niro]] as Paulette Stone, Noodles' wife. * [[Greg Grunberg]] as Phil, Jack's driver. Addeetionally, [[Shangela]] appears as the drag bar MC, [[Willam Belli]] as drag queen Emerald, an [[Ron Rifkin]] as Jackson's rehab therapist Carl. [[Barry Shabaka Henley]] appears as Little Feet, a veteran session muisicker. [[Rebecca Field]] portrays Gail, whiles [[Michael Harney]] portrays Wolfie, a freend o Lorenzo. [[Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real]] appear as Jackson's baund. Memmers o the supergroup baund include [[Don Was]], [[Victor Indrizzo]] an [[Lenny Castro]]. [[Eddie Griffin]] appears as a local preacher an [[Luenell]] appears as a cashier. [[Marlon Williams (New Zealand muisicker)|Marlon Williams]], [[Brandi Carlile]], [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Halsey (sangster)|Halsey]] an [[Don Roy King]] cameo as themselves. == Production == === Pre-production === Aulder remaks o the [[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|oreeginal 1937 film]] includit the [[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|1954 adaptation]] starnin [[Judy Garland]], an the [[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|1976 rock muisical]] wi [[Barbra Streisand]] an [[Kris Kristofferson]] as the leads. Furthermair, the [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] romance film ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013) wis inspired bi ''A Star Is Born'' bit wis nae a remak.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noelfi|first=Joel|date=2017-04-18|title=How Lady Gaga's A Star Is Born evolved with Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, more|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/04/18/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-jennifer-lopez-beyonce/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Entertainment Weekly|language=en}}</ref> Development o a new adaptation dated as far back as the late 1990s wi [[Will Smith]] the intendit lead pleyer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2000-03-09|title=Lauryn, Mariah sought for 'A Star Is Born'|url=http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsH/hill_lauryn.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-02|website=|language=en|archive-date=2000-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001001075441/http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsH/hill_lauryn.html}}</ref> Houiver, Smith's pairticipation wis nixed bi his decision tae starn in ''[[Ali (2001 film)|Ali]]''.<ref name=":0" /> In 2000, [[Jamie Foxx]] an [[Oliver Stone]] wur rumored tae be seriously interestit in remakin the film,<ref name=":0" /> wi Foxx furst seekin oot [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] sangster [[Aaliyah]] an then risin actor [[Paul Walker]] fur the leadin duo roles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Angulo|first=Sandra P.|date=2000-09-15|title=Jamie Foxx is planning to remake A Star Is Born|url=https://ew.com/article/2000/09/15/jamie-foxx-planning-remake-star-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-10-16|title=Aaliyah Was The Original Choice For Lead Role In ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake Before Lady Gaga, Beyonce|url=https://jojocrews.com/aaliyah-original-choice-lead-role-star-born-remake-lady-gaga-beyonce/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=JoJoCrews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Lauryn Hill]] an [[Mariah Carey]] wur soucht fur the lead roles an aa,<ref name=":0" /> an [[Alicia Keys]] turned doun an offer tae pley the female lead in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keys snubs Smith, eyes Disney film|url=http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsK/keys_alicia.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-02|website=|archive-date=2003-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114100820/http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsK/keys_alicia.html}}</ref> Plans fur the adaptation wis shelvit fur mony years.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=Sonia|date=2018-10-01|title=Bradley Cooper will keep geeking out about ‘A Star Is Born’ as long as you let him|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/bradley-cooper-will-keep-geeking-out-about-a-star-is-born-as-long-as-you-let-him/2018/09/27/a965b168-c0d6-11e8-90c9-23f963eea204_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In Januar 2011, it wis annoonced that [[Clint Eastwood]] wis in tauks tae direct [[Beyoncé]] in a thrid American remak o the film ''[[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (1937), wi [[Bradley Cooper]] pleyin the male lead. Houiver, the projeck wis delayed on accoont o Beyoncé's pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McVey|first=Ciara|date=2018-11-04|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Producer on Why Beyonce, Clint Eastwood Remake Never Happened|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-star-is-born-producer-why-beyonce-clint-eastwood-film-didnt-happen-1157694/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In Aprile 2012, writer Will Fetters tauld [[Valnet|''Collider'']] that the script wis inspired bi [[Kurt Cobain]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=2012-04-01|title=Will Fetters Talks Clint Eastwood's A STAR IS BORN Remake|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-remake-kurt-cobain-will-fetters/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Valnet|Collider]]|language=en}}</ref> Ower the course o the film's development, tauks wi [[Christian Bale]], [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Tom Cruise]], [[Johnny Depp]] an Smith tae pley the male lead dwined tae come tae fruition. Eastwood wis interestit in [[Esperanza Spalding]] tae pley the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2012-10-10|title=Beyonce exits Eastwood’s ‘A Star Is Born’ (Exclusive)|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/beyonce-exits-eastwood-s-a-star-is-born-exclusive-1118060516/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Rihanna]], [[Shakira]], [[Janelle Monáe]], [[Selena Gomez]], [[Demi Lovato]] an [[Kesha]] wur considered fur the lead female role an aa. On 24 Mairch 2015, [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] annoonced that Cooper wis in final tauks tae mak his directorial debut wi the film. Beyoncé wis again in tauks tae jyn, thou aye unsigned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2015-03-24|title=Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut, Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ‘A Star Is Born’ For Warner Bros|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/bradley-cooper-beyonce-a-star-is-born-directing-debut-warner-bros-1201381195/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In order tae secure his furst directorial commitment an in lieu o receivin an upfront salary, Cooper teuk a back-end deal in order tae get the film mak, resultin in a $39.9 million salary.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welk|first=Brian|date=2019-08-22|title=Dwayne Johnson, Chris Hemsworth Top Forbes' 2019 Highest-Paid Actors List (Photos)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/dwayne-johnson-chris-hemsworth-top-forbes-2019-highest-paid-actors-list-photos/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Cooper acknawledgit that he wis initially discouragit frae directin the film, as the projeck haed unnergone a prolonged development process involvin multiple filmmakers an starns. In maugre o warnins frae thaim close tae him an recognisin the risks o helmin anither remak, he remained committit, sayin the projeck "ignitit somethin" in him an reflectit a lang-standin personal connection tae muisic an sangwritin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-09-09|title=Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper headline A Star Is Born for EW's Fall Movie Preview|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/09/a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-ew-cover/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref> Cooper revealed that oreeginally he planned on anly directin the film an did nae wint tae starn in it acause he wantit tae focus on directin. His furst chyce fur the male lead wis muisicker [[Jack White]], bit the studio rejectit the idea. It wis then that Cooper greed tae starn in the film as weel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Setoodeh|first=Ramin|date=2018-11-13|title=Lady Gaga Will Never Be the Same After ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-oscars-1203026174/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A major issue in the development process wis Warner Bros.' reluctance tae deal wi [[Jon Peters]], wha held the richts tae the material datin back tae his producin the 1976 film. Whiles the studio ultimately reached an greement wi him in order tae proceed wi the projeck, his involvement wis retained owin tae contractual obligations. He did nae receive the [[Producers Guild o Americae]] "p.g.a." designation, that signifies that a producer performed the majority o the producin duties an is teepically uised bi the [[Academy o Motion Pictur Airts an Sciences]] whan determinin eligible nominees fur the [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur]]. Peters haed previously faced multiple sexual harassment allegations, that he denee'd. Bradley Cooper stairtit that he haed nae been aware o the allegations at the time, expleenin that Peters's consent wis required tae mak the film, an notit that Peters wis nae involvit durin production, remarkin, "Luckily, Jon wasnae there."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yang|first=Rachel|date=2018-09-14|title=Bradley Cooper Addresses ‘A Star Is Born’ Producer Jon Peters’ Harassment Charges|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/bradley-cooper-jon-peters-a-star-is-born-1202942307/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|date=2018-09-12|title=A Star Is Born: Warner Brothers Cites Contract in Jon Peters Sexual Harassment Controversy|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/09/a-star-is-born-jon-peters|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Castin === Cooper became the male lead whiles in final tauks tae mak his directorial debut at the end o Mairch 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bart|first=Mike Fleming Jr,Peter|date=2016-05-02|title=Bart & Fleming: Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga Road Test ‘A Star Is Born’ Team-Up|url=https://deadline.com/2016/05/bart-fleming-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-road-test-a-star-is-born-team-up-1201747779/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2016-06-16|title=Lady Gaga Looking Like A Strong Match With Bradley Cooper In ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-a-star-is-born-remake-1201774136/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2016-06-16|title=Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-remake-bradley-cooper-1201796597/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> On 16 August 2016, it wis reportit that [[Lady Gaga]] haed offeecially become attached an the studio haed green-lit the projeck tae begin production early 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2016-08-16|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Gets Warner Bros Green Light; Bradley Cooper Directs, Stars With Lady Gaga|language=en-US|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=http://deadline.com/2016/08/bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-warner-bros-remake-1201804358/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02}}</ref> [[Beyoncé]] wis the furst chyce fur the role an wirkit wi Cooper on it fur a year afore leavin the projeck. [[Adele]] wis briefly considered tae replace her afore Cooper met Gaga.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bradley Cooper Recalls 'Crazy' Meeting with Beyonce for A Star Is Born: 'JAY-Z Was Watching Judge Judy'|language=en|work=People.com|url=https://people.com/bradley-cooper-jay-z-watched-judge-judy-while-meeting-beyonce-a-star-is-born-8597815|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02}}</ref> On 9 November 2016, it wis reportit that [[Ray Liotta]] wis in tauks tae jyn the film in the role o the manager tae Cooper's chairacter, thou he ultimately wis nae involvit.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|date=2016-11-09|title=Ray Liotta in Talks to Join Lady Gaga in ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ray-liotta-talks-join-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-remake-946002/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> On 17 Mairch 2017, [[Sam Elliott]] jynt the film,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|date=2017-03-17|title=Sam Elliott Joins Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga In ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/sam-elliott-a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-1202045790/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> wi [[Andrew Dice Clay]] enterin negotiations tae pley Lorenzo, the faither o Lady Gaga's chairacter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|date=2017-03-23|title=Andrew Dice Clay In Negotiations To Join ‘A Star Is Born’ In Key Role|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/andrew-dice-clay-a-star-is-born-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-1202048511/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-01|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Clay wis reportedly selectit ower [[Robert De Niro]], [[John Turturro]] an [[John Travolta]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sippell|first=Margeaux|date=2018-09-25|title=Andrew Dice Clay Says He Beat Robert De Niro, John Travolta for ‘A Star Is Born’ Role|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/andrew-dice-clay-getting-call-bradley-cooper-join-a-star-is-born-1202957224/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Howard Stern]] wis the furst chyce fur Elliott's role bit he passed on the role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Rourke|first=Ryan|date=2023-11-27|title=Howard Stern Almost Played a Pivotal Role in 'A Star Is Born'|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-howard-stern-sam-elliott-role/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Collider|language=en}}</ref> In Aprile 2017, [[Rafi Gavron]], [[Michael Harney]], an [[Rebecca Field]] jynt the cast an aa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=2017-04-28|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Adds Rafi Gavron & Michael Harney|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/a-star-is-born-warner-bros-rafi-gavron-michael-harney-1202078725/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In Mey, [[Dave Chappelle]] wis cast in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=2017-05-05|title=Dave Chappelle Joins ‘A Star Is Born’ Redo|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/dave-chappelle-a-star-is-born-movie-1202085584/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In Aprile 2018, it wis annoonced that [[Halsey (sangster)|Halsey]] wad hae a smaa role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2018-04-25|title=Sony Pictures Makes Deal With Halsey For Movie Inspired By Singer’s Life|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/halsey-sony-pictures-movie-deal-life-story-1202376737/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Filmin=== [[File:Glasto17-44 (35547413626).jpg|thumb|right|Bradley Cooper wis filmed durin a performance at the 2017 [[Glastonbury Fest]] in a scene that wis uised fur the film.]] Principal photography fur ''A Star Is Born'' commenced on 17 Aprile 2017. The production emphasised authenticity bi filmin concert scenes at actual muisic fests wi live audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Perry|first=Spencer|date=2017-04-17|title=First Look at Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper in A Star is Born Remake|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/838711-first-look-at-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-in-a-star-is-born-remake|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Comingsoon.net|language=en-US}}</ref> Key performances wis shot at the [[Stagecoach Fest]] in [[Indio, Californie]], atween acks bi [[Jamey Johnson]] an [[Willie Nelson]], wi the crew gien anly aicht minutes tae set up an film ilka scene. Addeetional concert sequences wis filmed at [[Coachella]] an [[Glastonbury Fest|Glastonbury]] fests.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Julie|date=2018-09-10|title=Inside Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper’s A Star Is Born Love Fest|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/09/a-star-is-born-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-love-fest|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Filming Locations for A Star Is Born (2018), around Los Angeles and California.|url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/Star-Is-Born-2018.php|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations}}</ref> Lady Gaga heidlined Coachella whiles filmin scenes fur the film an aa, allouin the production extendit access tae the fest grunds. Glastonbury scenes wis filmed afore a croud o aroond 80,000, wi Kris Kristofferson allouin the production a brief slot durin his set tae film on stage. Addeetional scenes wis filmed at ''Saturday Night Live'' uisin its actual studio, crew, an equipment, wi permission frae [[Lorne Michaels]], creator an producer o the shaw.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-08-09|title=A Star Is Born: How they shot at Coachella, Glastonbury, and Saturday Night Live|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/09/a-star-is-born-performance-scenes-coachella-glastonbury-snl/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref> Director Bradley Cooper soucht tae place the camera on stage wi the performers, aimin fur a documentary-lik perspective that reflectit the performers' viewpynt raither nor that o the audience.<ref name=":2" /> He expleent that this approach wis intendit tae immerse viewers in the experience o performin live, makin them feel as thou thay wur on stage raither nor observin frae the croud.<ref name=":1" /> Cooper wis inspired bi observin concerts frae backstage, that informed the film's immersive stagin o muisical nummers.<ref name=":2" /> Thegither wi cinematographer [[Matthew Libatique]], thay employed a naituralistic veesual style, uisin haundheld cameras an naitural lichtin tae creaut an intimate atmosphere. Libatique notit that decisions regardin the film's veesual style wis mak collaboratively, focusin on authenticity an tone.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desowitz|first=Bill|date=2018-10-08|title=‘A Star Is Born’: Shooting Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Singing and Falling in Love|url=https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/a-star-is-born-cinematography-bradley-cooper-and-lady-gaga-1202009843/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[IndieWire]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The production utilisit the [[PIX Seestem]] fur deegital wirkflows an aa, facilitatin efficient collaboration amang depairtments durin filmin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morrow|first=Steve|title=A Star Is Born|url=https://www.local695.com/magazine/a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=IATSE Local 695}}</ref> === Muisic === Efter seein him perform at [[Desert Trip]] fest, Cooper approached [[Lukas Nelson]] an asked him tae help wirk on the film. Nelson greed an wrate mony sangs, that he sent tae the producers. Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga an begound writin sangs wi her an she, in turn, provided backin vocals on twa track on his sel-titled 2017 album.<ref>{{Cite news|title=How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real's "Find Yourself" to Life|work=CMT News|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1786617/how-lady-gaga-brought-lukas-nelson-and-promise-of-the-reals-find-yourself-to-life/|access-date=2026-05-03|archive-date=2018-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214194001/http://www.cmt.com/news/1786617/how-lady-gaga-brought-lukas-nelson-and-promise-of-the-reals-find-yourself-to-life/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nelson an his baund, Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real, appear in the film as Cooper’s backin baund an aa. The projeck further involvit collaborators sic as [[Mark Ronson]], [[Hillary Lindsey]], [[Jason Isbell]], an [[Diane Warren]], wha contreibutit tae the sangwritin an production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born|url=http://lyrics.astarisbornmusic.com/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=A Star Is Born|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born – Credits|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-star-is-born-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0003206483#credits|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Sangs fur the soondtrack wis written durin filmin an evolved alangside the screenpley, wi the muisic closely tee'd tae the film's narrative an chairacter development.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-08-11|title=Inside the creation of the thrilling new A Star Is Born soundtrack|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/11/a-star-is-born-soundtrack/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Whipp|first=Glenn|last2=|date=2018-12-08|title=‘A Star Is Born’: Lady Gaga and Mark Ronson take a deep dive on ‘Shallow’|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-en-mn-lady-gaga-mark-ronson-shallow-star-is-born-20181208-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> It haes been descrieved as maistly pop<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|date=2018-10-05|title=A Star Is Born soundtrack review – instant classics full of Gaga's emotional might|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/05/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=DeVille|first=Chris|date=2018-10-04|title=The A Star Is Born Soundtrack Could Stand To Go Off The Deep End More Often|url=https://stereogum.com/2016915/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review-lady-gaga/columns/the-week-in-pop/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Stereogum]]|language=en}}</ref> an [[blues rock]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitzmaurice|first=Larry|title=Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-a-star-is-born-soundtrack/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Pitchfork (wabsteid)|Pitchfork]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Craig|date=2018-10-09|title=The Lasting Gift of the Star Is Born Soundtrack|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/10/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|language=en}}</ref> The soondtrack album wis lowsed on 5 October 2018, bi [[Interscope Records]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reed|first=Ryan|date=2018-08-30|title=Lady Gaga, Bradley Cooper Detail 'A Star Is Born' Soundtrack|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-star-is-born-soundtrack-717409/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> an includes 19 sangs accompanee'd bi 15 dialogue tracks. It received generally positive reviews frae creetics,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tingley|first=Anna|date=2019-06-26|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Soundtrack Surpasses Global Sales of 6 Million|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-total-sales-global-1203253124/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Millard|first=Anna|title=A Definitive Ranking Of The Songs In "A Star Is Born," Based On Spotify Streams|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/12/218950/spotify-a-star-is-born-soundtrack-song-ranking|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Refinery29]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shea|first=Ryan|date=2018-11-09|title=Another One: Lady Gaga Debuts 'Always Remember Us This Way' From 'A Star is Born'|url=https://instinctmagazine.com/another-one-lady-gaga-debuts-always-remember-us-this-way-from-a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Instinct (magazine)|Instinct]]|language=en-US}}</ref> an became a major commercial success, rankin amang the best-sellin albums o 2019 warldwide an sellin millions o units.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-03-19|title=Arashi Best-Of Tops Taylor Swift for IFPI’s Best-Selling Album of 2019|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/ifpi-best-selling-albums-list-2019/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hatton|first=Carl|date=2019-03-13|title=The Greatest Showman soundtrack named best-selling album of 2018|url=https://www.ifpi.org/the-greatest-showman-soundtrack-named-best-selling-album-of-2018/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=IFPI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schneider|first=Marc|date=2019-02-28|title=Interscope Execs Salute Lady Gaga as ‘A Star Is Born’ Soundtrack Hits Sales, Streaming Milestones|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/lady-gaga-star-born-album-sales-streams-interscope-execs-photo-kimmel/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Sellers and Global Artist of the Year — IFPI — Representing the recording industry worldwide|url=https://www.ifpi.org/bestsellers-and-global-artist.php|access-date=2026-05-03|website=www.ifpi.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319160743/https://www.ifpi.org/bestsellers-and-global-artist.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> A kiver o "[[La Vie en rose]]" is performed bi Ally in the drag bar whaur Jackson furst meets her.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bereznak|first=Alyssa|date=2018-12-05|title=The Songs From ‘A Star Is Born,’ Ranked|url=https://www.theringer.com/2018/12/05/year-in-review/a-star-is-born-songs-ranked-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[The Ringer (wabsteid)|The Ringer]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Spanos|first=Brittany|date=2018-10-05|title=Review: Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Shine Bright on the 'A Star Is Born' Soundtrack|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-shine-bright-on-the-a-star-is-born-soundtrack-733184/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> "[[Is That Alright?]]" pleys ower the film's [[Closin credits|end credits]] in the theatrical cut, servin as Ally's pledge tae Jackson in that she vows tae luve him fur the rest o her life.<ref>{{Cite news|last=S. Hé|first=Kristen|title=Every Lady Gaga Song, Ranked A deep dive into a star who almost single-handedly raised the bar for pop music|language=en|work=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/best-lady-gaga-songs-ranked.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Butler|first=Bethonie|date=2018-10-19|title=Are we supposed to hate the pop songs in ‘A Star Is Born’? One of the songwriters weighs in.|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2018/10/19/are-we-supposed-hate-pop-songs-star-is-born-one-songwriters-weighs/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ===Costume an makeup=== Makeup airtist Sarah Tanno descrieved Ally's appearance as the result o a "meticulous" daily process, that includit kiverin aw o Lady Gaga's tattoos tae mak her "completely different" frae her public eemage. At the request o Gaga an Cooper, the chairacter wis initially presentit wi a meenimal, "raw" leuk uisin anly basic products sic as braw gel an lip balm.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ward|first=Fiona|date=2019-01-11|title=Lady Gaga's makeup artist reveals the surprising process behind her A Star Is Born look|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/makeup/2019011166514/lady-gaga-makeup-artist-reveals-surprising-process-a-star-is-born-character/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|language=en}}</ref> As Ally's career progresses, her makeup wis gradually developit tae appear sel-applee'd, wi new shapes an stylin chyces reflectin her transition intae a mair polished performer. [[File:Grace Kelly & William Holden 1955 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Grace Kelly]] at the [[27t Academy Awairds|1955 Academy Awairds]]; her goun served as an inspiration fur Ally's final performance dress in the film.]] Costume designer Erin Benach similarly approached Ally's wardrobe as a reflection o her narrative arc, aimin tae "personify the different beats" o her development frae an aspirin muisicker tae an established pop starn.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Tangcay|first=Jazz|title=Interview: Erin Benach Creates the Costumes of A Star Is Born to Dress Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2019/01/09/interview-erin-benach-creates-the-costumes-of-a-star-is-born-to-dress-bradley-cooper-and-lady-gaga/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Awards Daily]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In the film's early scenes, Ally is presentit in unnerstatit, iveryday claethin—sic as jeans an leather pants—tae emphasise her anonymity an relatability, wi the designers deliberately avoidin elements associatit wi Gaga's public eemage. Fur her innin at a drag bar, Benach opted fur a minimalist black dress raither nor a mair elaborate "drag" costume, a last-meenit chynge mak efter observin the club's settin an performers, as the sempler leuk alloued Ally tae staund oot amang the surroondin [[Drag (entertainment)|drag performers]].<ref name=":3" /> As Ally begins tourin wi Jackson, her wardrobe incorporates vintage an thrifted pieces inspired bi her surroondins, reflectin her gradual immersion intae his warld.<ref name=":3" /> Benach notit that Ally's style shifts frae her Los Angeles ceety life toward Jackson's country rock aesthetic, wi the chairacter acquirin claethin that reflects his influence whiles remainin consistent wi her awn identity. Awthou some ootfits wis designed tae appear vintage, certain pieces—sic as leopard prent pants—wis soorced frae contemporary fashion braunds. Benach soorced garments frae vintage shops in Los Angeles an Long Beach, drawin on styles frae the 1970s an 1980s, includin Wastren-inspired sarks an dresses wi fringe details. The costume team creatit custom pieces fur key performances an aa, includin an embroidered white jumpsuit worn durin Ally's performance o "Always Remember Us This Way". Later, as Ally achieves commercial success, her costumes shift toward mair stylisit an experimental pop aesthetics, representin a phase in that the chairacter is "tryin different leuks" as she develops her stage persona.<ref name=":3" /> Durin this period, her performance ootfits align wi her emergin pop eemage, includin a sparkly crop top an transparent cargo pants worn durin her ''Saturday Night Live'' appearance, wi Benach citin runwey trends an 1990s lass groups sic as [[Destiny's Child]] as influences. This progression culminates in mair elaborate stage an awaird-shaw attire, includin a custom gowd goun creatit bi [[Gucci]] fur the film's Grammy Awairds sequence. Fur the film's finale, Benach an her team designed a robin egg blue goun fur Ally's performance o "I'll Never Love Again", inspired in pairt bi [[Grace Kelly]]'s [[27t Academy Awairds|1955 Academy Awairds]] dress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tschorn|first=Adam|date=2018-12-14|title=Costume designers explain Lady Gaga's Gucci, 'Black Panther's' tribal color codes, Neil Armstrong's pops of plaid and more|url=https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-en-mn-costume-designer-roundtable-20181214-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The unnerstatit design wis intendit tae avoid distractin frae the emotional impact o the scene, wi Benach notin that "as soon as ye pit a really strang design on her, it juist teuk awey frae the moment". Benach forby emphasised a "timeless" approach tae the film's costume design, avoidin direct imitation o contemporary pop starns in order tae creaut a mair universal an endurin veesual identity. Fur Jackson, Benach based the chairacter's wardrobe on his muisical identity, initially experimentin wi a mair overt rock-inspired style afore refinin it tae better align wi his soond.<ref name=":3" /> She ultimately developit a consistent "uniform" fur the chairacter, emphasisin a "sexy" an "effortless" aesthetic throu carefully curatit garments.<ref name=":3" /> Mony o his costumes wis custom-mak tae appear casual an unstyled, includin modifee'd vintage-inspired pieces sic as button-doun sarks, reinforcin a consistent an unchyngin personal style.<ref name=":3" /> == Release == === Mercatin === The film's furst trailer wis lowsed on 6 Juin 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2018-06-06|title=A Star Is Born: first trailer for Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper film hits internet|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/06/a-star-is-born-first-trailer-for-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-musical-hits-internet|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> === Theatrical === ''A Star Is Born'' haed its warld premiere at the [[75t Venice Internaitional Film Fest]] on 31 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chu|first=Henry|date=2018-07-23|title=‘A Star Is Born’ to World Premiere at Venice Film Festival|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-world-premiere-venice-film-festival-1202880799/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hammond|first=Nancy Tartaglione,Pete|date=2018-07-23|title=Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Confirm For Venice Fest After First Hollywood Screening Impresses Exhibitors – Update|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/a-star-is-born-venice-film-festival-lineup-hollywood-screening-1202429533/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The film forby screened at the [[2018 Toronto Internaitional Film Fest|Toronto Internaitional Film Fest]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Orlova|first=Tamara A.|date=2018-09-10|title=Lady Gaga 'A Star Is Born' Premiere Toronto Film Festival 2018|url=https://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/a-star-is-born-tiff-premiere/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Ikon London Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> the [[San Sebastián Internaitional Film Fest]], an the [[Zurich Film Fest]] in September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=2018-07-24|title=Toronto: Timothee Chalamet Starrer ‘Beautiful Boy,’ Dan Fogelman’s ‘Life Itself’ Among Festival Lineup|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/tiff-2018-lineup-beautiful-boy-life-more-1129445/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|date=2018-08-14|title=Damien Chazelle’s ‘First Man’, Alfonso Cuaron’s ‘Roma’, Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Head To San Sebastian Fest|language=en-US|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/san-sebastian-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-star-born-first-man-alfonso-cuaron-ryan-gosling-roma-1202445056/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}</ref> The film wis theatrically lowsed in the Unitit States on 5 October 2018,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lawrence|first=Derek|title=Lady Gaga's 'A Star Is Born' shifts release date back to 2018 awards season|language=en|work=Entertainment Weekly|url=http://ew.com/movies/2017/12/20/a-star-is-born-release-date-moves-back/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}</ref> distributit bi [[Warner Bros. Pictures]], efter haein initially been set fur lowse on 28 September 2018, an then rescheduled tae 18 Mey 2018, afore bein pushed back tae October.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2016-11-10|title=Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga Movie ‘A Star Is Born’ Gets 2018 Release Date|url=https://deadline.com/2016/11/warner-bros-dates-a-star-is-born-new-lines-rampage-more-1201852069/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2017-09-22|title=Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga’s ‘Star Is Born’ Moves to May 2018|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-1202566359/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The studio spent an estimatit $110 million promotin the film.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-03-25|title=Deadline’s 2018 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament Gets Underway: No. 10 ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/a-star-is-born-box-office-profit-2018-1202580798/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Beginnin 7 December 2018, the film haed a limited lowse in [[IMAX]] theaters across the Unitit States an Canadae. ==== "Encore" version ==== On 28 Februar 2019, the film wis re-lowsed in mair nor 1,150 US theaters as a special "encore" edition, featurin twal meenit o addeetional footage. The extendit cut includes langer muisical sequences, sic as Jackson Maine's appenin performance o "Black Eyes", an eikit a cappella portion o "Shallow" sung bi Ally in the parkin lot, a brief duet o "Diggin' My Grave", Jackson an Ally writin the sang "Clover", an a tour-bus performance o "[[Midnight Special (sang)|Midnight Special]]". The edition forby eiks "Is That Alright?" tae the weddin reception sequence, whaur Ally performs the sang fur Jackson efter thair mairiage. Ither addeetions include further domestic scenes atween Jackson an Ally, mair dialogue frae Noodles, Jackson recordin "Too Far Gone", Ally colloguin tour costumes wi Rez, an expandit Grammys rehearsal sequence wi Marlon Williams, an a langer scene o Ally veesitin Jackson in rehab.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=2019-02-27|title=‘A Star Is Born’ to Be Rereleased With 12 Minutes of New Footage|url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/a-star-is-born-rerelease-12-minutes-new-footage-8500350/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harris|first=Hunter|date=2019-03-01|title=The Zipline Scene and Everything Else in A Star Is Born Encore Re-Release|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/star-is-born-encore-re-release-new-ally-jackson-maine-scenes-songs.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|language=en}}</ref> === Hame media === The film wis available fur [[Muisic dounload|deegital dounload]] throu retailers on 15 Januar 2019, follaed bi its lowse on Blu-ray, DVD an [[4K Ultra HD Blu-ray]] on 19 Februar. The hame video lowse features 10 meenit o niver-afore-seen muisical performances bi Cooper an Gaga, an jam recordin sessions o sangs lik "Midnight Special", "Is That Alright?" an "[[Baby What You Want Me to Do]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=2018-12-12|title=A Star Is Born Blu-ray Includes Unseen Musical Performances|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-blu-ray-details/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Valnet|Collider]]|language=en}}</ref> A ahint-the-scenes short feature, "The Road to Stardom: Making ''A Star Is Born''", wis forby includit alang wi muisic videos fur fower o the sangs frae the soondtrack: "Shallow", "Always Remember Us This Way", "Look What I Found" an "I'll Never Love Again".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Howard|first=Kirsten|date=2018-12-18|title=A Star Is Born UK DVD/Blu-ray release date and bonus features|language=en|work=[[Den of Geek]]|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/a-star-is-born/62407/a-star-is-born-uk-dvdblu-ray-release-date-and-bonus-features|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-03|archive-date=2018-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182539/https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/a-star-is-born/62407/a-star-is-born-uk-dvdblu-ray-release-date-and-bonus-features}}</ref> The 4K Blu-ray format haes [[Dolby Vision]] [[Heich-deenamic-range televeesion|heich-deenamic-range video]] an remixed [[Dolby Atmos]] soond that wis tailored specifically fur hame viewin seestems.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Latchem|first=John|date=2018-12-11|title=Warner Slates 'A Star Is Born' for Digital Release Jan. 15, Disc Feb. 19|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/warner-slates-a-star-is-born-for-digital-release-jan-15-disc-feb-19/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Media Play News|language=en-US}}</ref> In Aprile 2019, [[Warner Bros. Discovery Home Entertainment|Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]] annoonced the lowse o ''A Star Is Born: Special Encore Edition'' fur 4 Juin. The lowse includes the extendit an theatrical cuts o the film. Unlik the furst hame media lowse, this version did nae receive a 4K Ultra HD lowse.<ref>{{Citation|title=A Star Is Born Blu-ray (Special Encore Edition)|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/A-Star-Is-Born-Blu-ray/241324/|language=en|access-date=2026-05-03}}</ref> The film wis later bundled wi the soondtrack as pairt o the ''A Star Is Born'' – VIP Pass Edition, lowsed on 25 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Star is Born (2018) - VIP Pass Edition|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Star-Born-Pass-Blu-ray-Region/dp/B07YX4YJ7G/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2BXJ8M18TNSUI&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.b5uZlCScy4fnXXo6FNQc-A.tdqfKvVa70X2dTVMqrn0yUlElNIwRgNiflKgqk_fAys&dib_tag=se&keywords=A+Star+is+Born+(2018)+-+VIP+Pass+Edition&qid=1776620566&s=dvd&sprefix=a+star+is+born+2018+-+vip+pass+edition,dvd,215&sr=1-1|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2026-0420-0243-16/https://www.amazon.co.uk:443/Star-Born-Pass-Blu-ray-Region/dp/B07YX4YJ7G/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2BXJ8M18TNSUI&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.b5uZlCScy4fnXXo6FNQc-A.tdqfKvVa70X2dTVMqrn0yUlElNIwRgNiflKgqk_fAys&dib_tag=se&keywords=A+Star+is+Born+(2018)+-+VIP+Pass+Edition&qid=1776620566&s=dvd&sprefix=a+star+is+born+2018+-+vip+pass+edition,dvd,215&sr=1-1|archive-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> This edition includes baith versions o the film on Blu-ray, the soondtrack on CD, three limited-edition posters, a 32-page beuklet, an sax exclusive airt cairds. Addeetional bundle editions combinin the film an soondtrack wis forby issued in select mercats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A star is born + soundtrack (dvd [edizione: regno unito] [édition spéciale avec cd] [import]|url=https://www.amazon.pl/star-born-soundtrack-dvd-edizione/dp/B07MG12JH3|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Star is Born - Exklusiv Limited Blu-ray Vinyl Optik Edition auf 1.500 Stk nummeriert [inkl Soundtrack CD] - Blu-ray|url=https://www.amazon.de/Star-Born-Exklusiv-nummeriert-Soundtrack/dp/B07NZ5B7P6|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Box office=== ''A Star Is Born'' grossed $215.3{{nbsp}}million in the Unitit States an Canadae, an $220.9{{nbsp}}million in ither territories, fur a tot warldwide gross o $436.2{{nbsp}}million, against a production budget o $36{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2164360705/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' calculatit the net profit o the film tae be $178.1{{nbsp}}million, whan factorin thegither aw expenses an revenues, makin it the tent maist profitable lowse o 2018.<ref name=":4" /> In the Unitit States an Canadae, ''A Star Is Born'' grossed $1.35{{nbsp}}million frae select Tysday an Wadensday nicht screenins, an $15.8{{nbsp}}million on its furst day, includin $3.2{{nbsp}}million frae Fuirsday nicht previews. It wint on tae debut tae $42.9{{nbsp}}million fur the weekend an finished seicon at the box office, ahint fellae newcomer ''[[Venom (2018 film)|Venom]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-09|title=‘Venom’ Flies To Near $90M; ‘A Star Is Born’ Has Rhythm With $51M As Monday Fall Holidays Propel Box Office|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/venom-a-star-is-born-weekend-box-office-lady-gaga-1202476614/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The film remained in seicont place in its seicont, thrid an fowert weekends, grossin a respective $28{{nbsp}}million, $19.3{{nbsp}}million an $14.1{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-14|title=Sony Swings Past $1 Billion As ‘Venom’ Bites $35M+; ‘First Man’ Has Soft Launch With $16M+ – Sunday AM|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/first-man-landing-1m-from-thursday-night-shows-early-b-o-read-1202481481/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-21|title=‘Halloween’ Scares Up 2nd Best October Debut With $77M+; Record For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon; Great Miramax Comeback|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-record-opening-weekend-box-office-1202485871/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-28|title=‘Halloween’ Screams $32M Second Weekend As October B.O. Hits $789M+ Record|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-screaming-a-33m-second-weekend-will-slash-100m-mark-tonight-1202490458/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In the film's tent weekend o lowse, follaein the annooncement o its five Gowden Globe nominations, the film mak $2.5{{nbsp}}million (up 38% frae the previous week), includin $800,000 frae a limited IMAX rin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-12-09|title=‘Ralph’ Keeps No. 1 Away From Greedy ‘Grinch’ For Third Weekend In A Row With $16M+ – Sunday Update|url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/ralph-breaks-the-internet-the-favourite-emma-stone-rachel-weisz-weekend-box-office-1202516270/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In the film's 17t week o lowse, follaein its aicht Oscar nominations, it wis eikit back tae an addeetional 777 theatres (fur a tot o 1,192) an mak $1.3{{nbsp}}million, an increase o 107% frae the previous weekend.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-01-27|title=‘Glass’ No. 1 Again At Weekend Box Office, ‘Serenity’ Bombs And Only A Handful Of Oscar Best Picture Noms Sees Boost|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/box-office-glass-anne-hathaway-matthew-mcconaughey-serenity-bombs-oscars-best-picture-1202542005/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The weekend follaein its Best Oreeginal Sang win at the Oscars, the film wis eikit tae 490 theatres (fur a tot o 1,235) an mak $1.9{{nbsp}}million, a 209% increase frae the previous weekend.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-03-03|title=‘Dragon 3’ Keeps The Fire Burning At No. 1 With $30M Second Weekend; ‘Madea’ Mints $27M|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/madea-famliy-funeral-how-to-train-your-dragon-weekend-box-office-1202567796/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ootside North Americae, the film wis lowsed concurrently in 31 ither kintras, an mak $14.2{{nbsp}}million in its appenin weekend; its lairgest mercats wis the Unitit Kinrick ($5.3{{nbsp}}million), Fraunce ($2.1{{nbsp}}million) an Germany ($1.9{{nbsp}}million). Addeetional kintras follaed, wi Japan nae seein a lowse till December 21.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=2018-10-07|title=‘Venom’ Sinks Teeth Into $205M Global Bow; Sets Biggest October Debut WW & Overseas – International Box Office|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/venom-a-star-is-born-opening-weekend-global-international-box-office-1202478000/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The internaitional box office fur the film wis substantial bi the end o October 2018 maugre o bein ootpaced bi the film ''Venom'' at the foreign box office. ''Variety'' magazine summarised the internaitional performance statin: "''A Star Is Born'' continues tae dae monster business o its awn. The acclaimed muisical drama starnin Bradley Cooper an Lady Gaga generatit an impressive $22.8 million frae 75 owerseas mercats, bringin its tally tae $74.7 million owerseas an $201 million globally. ''A Star Is Born'' appened in Austrailie wi $4.7 million in 536 venues, as weel as Hong Kong wi $629,000 in 58 locations. Tap hauldowers include the Unitit Kinrick ($3.9 million on 846 screens), Italy ($1.5 million on 614 screens), an Fraunce ($1.5 million on 353 screens)".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=2018-10-21|title=‘Venom’ Rules International Box Office Again, ‘A Star Is Born’ Crosses $200 Million Worldwide|language=en-US|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/venom-international-box-office-a-star-is-born-hallowen-1202987678/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> ===Creetical repone=== {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 400 | image1 = Bradley Cooper (29670050807) (cropped 2).jpg | image2 = Star Is Born 04 (44027219335) (cropped 2).jpg | image3 = TIFF 2018 Samuel Elliott (44592132581) (cropped2).jpg | footer = The performances o [[Bradley Cooper]], [[Lady Gaga]] an [[Sam Elliott]] garnered widespreid creetical acclaim, earnin thaim [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]] nominations fur [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actress|Best Actress]] an [[Academy Awaird fur Best Supportin Actor|Best Supportin Actor]] respectively.<ref name="entertainmentweekly"/><ref name="lat"/> }} On the [[review aggregator]] wabsteid [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 90% o 537 creetics' reviews are positive, wi an average ratin o 8.1/10. The wabsteid's consensus reads: "Wi appealin leads, deft direction, an an affectin luve story, ''A Star Is Born'' is a remak duin richt—an a reminder that some stories can be juist as effective in the retellin."<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born (2018)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_star_is_born_2018|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film haes a wechtit average score o 88 oot o 100, based on 60 creetics, indicatin "universal acclaim".<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Metacritic]]|language=en}}</ref> Audiences pulled bi [[CinemaScore]] gae the film an average grade o "A" on an A+ to F scale, whiles [[PostTrak]] reportit film-gaers gae it a 90% positive score an an average o 4.5 oot o 5 starns.<ref name=":5" /> [[Alonso Duralde]] o ''[[TheWrap]]'' gae the film a positive review, sayin, "Cooper an Gaga are dynamite thegither; this is a story that bides an dees bi the central relationship an the instant chemistrie that must blossom atween thaim, an thir twa hae it in spades," an praised the muisical nummers, descrievin thaim as "electrifyin".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duralde|first=Alonso|date=2018-10-04|title='A Star Is Born' Film Review: Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Reinvigorate a Classic|url=https://www.thewrap.com/a-star-is-born-film-review-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-2018/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Owen Gleiberman]] o ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' laudit Cooper's directin, co-writin an actin, an cawed the film "a transcendent Hollywood film".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=2018-08-31|title=Film Review: ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/a-star-is-born-review-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-1202922858/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Leah Greenblatt o ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gae the film a B+ an singled oot Gaga's performance, sayin that she "deserves praise fur her restrained, bodie-scale performance as a sangster whose real-lass vulnerability launds miles awey frae the glittery meat-dress delirium o her awn stage persona."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Greenblatt|first=Leah|date=2018-08-31|title=Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper make (mostly) beautiful music in A Star Is Born: EW review|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/31/a-star-is-born-review/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Stephanie Zacharek]] o ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine foond the film superior tae its aulder iterations an similarly praised Cooper's direction, the writin, as weel the performances an chemistrie o Cooper an Gaga. She statit: "Ye come awey feelin somethin fur thir fowk, flawed individuals wha are tryin tae hauld thair cracked pieces o sel thegither—or tae mend the cracks o those thay luve," forby descrievin Gaga's performance as a "knockoot."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zacharek|first=Stephanie|author-link=Stephanie Zacharek|date=2018-08-31|title=Lady Gaga Delivers a Knockout Performance in A Star Is Born|url=https://time.com/5382763/a-star-is-born-review/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|language=en|archive-date=2018-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831225603/http://time.com/5382763/a-star-is-born-review/}}</ref> In his review fur the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', [[Justin Chang]] cawed the film "remarkable", an praised Cooper fur his fresh tak on the weel-worn formula o 1937 film, as weel his direction, the performances, writin, an the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chang|first=Justin|author-link=Justin Chang|date=2018-09-08|title=‘A Star Is Born,’ ‘Beautiful Boy’ bring stories of love and addiction to Toronto|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-a-star-is-born-beautiful-boy-toronto-film-festival-20180908-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Peter Travers]] o ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' gae the film 4.5 oot o five starns, an deemed it as a "modren classic", hailin the performances o Cooper an Gaga, an Cooper's direction. He foond the film's screenpley an the oreeginal sangs "seamless" an "terrific", an cawed the film a major [[Academy Awairds|Oscar]] contender o the year an ane o the year's best films an aa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Travers|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Travers|date=2018-10-01|title='A Star Is Born' Review: Cooper, Lady Gaga Hit All the Right Notes|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/a-star-is-born-movie-review-lady-gaga-729475/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ann Hornaday]] o ''[[The Washington Post]]'' descrieved the film as "lavishly delightful" an "earthly convincing", an eikit that it "offers a suitably jaundiced glimpse o starnmakin machinery at its maist cynical, bit its maist thrillin an gratifyin an aa." She similarly praised Cooper's direction, the performances an chemistrie o Cooper an Gaga, an the supportin performances, pairticularly [[Andrew Dice Clay]] an [[Sam Elliott]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hornaday|first=Ann|author-link=Ann Hornaday|date=2018-09-21|title=Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga’s hotly anticipated ‘A Star is Born’ is here — and it is lavishly delightful|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/bradley-cooper-and-lady-gagas-hotly-anticipated-a-star-is-born-is-here--and-it-is-lavishly-delightful/2018/09/21/c30798b0-bc63-11e8-b7d2-0773aa1e33da_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Writin fur the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', [[Richard Roeper]] descrieved it as "electric an shatteringly pouerfu" an remarked the film as ane o the best versions o aw the remaks, as weel ane o the best films o the year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roeper|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Roeper|date=2018-10-05|title=Thrills of Bradley Cooper's 'A Star Is Born' aren't just musical|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2018/10/5/18430310/thrills-of-bradley-cooper-s-a-star-is-born-aren-t-just-musical|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Whiles praisin the direction, actin an writin, [[Michael Phillips (creetic)|Michael Phillips]] in the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' argues that ''A Star is Born''<nowiki/>'s formula haes aye been vera seductive tae audiences, even whan it haes been written poorly, an Cooper's few missteps include bein a bit o a scene hag. Admittin audiences luve it, an he juist likit it, Phillips drew attention tae a skeptical review bi Lindsey Romaine fur ''[[Medium (wabsteid)|Medium]]'' wha creeticised the story's marginalization o the Gaga chairacter in dealin wi Cooper's manipulative addict. She at least wantit a scene whaur Gaga's chairacter processed her behaviour o lettin the addict ladfreend get awey wi it. Phillips argued that it is in pairt the skeelfu muisickership that gets audiences tae blaw past sic flaws. In August 2021, it wis reportit that [[Barbra Streisand]], wha starned in the 1976 remak o ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'', haed oreeginally creeticised the "remak o a remak" wi Bradley Cooper an Lady Gaga, statin it wis the "wrang idea."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shanfeld|first=Ethan|date=2021-08-16|title=Barbra Streisand Says Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Was ‘The Wrong Idea’|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/barbra-streisand-a-star-is-born-lady-gaga-1235042350/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Streisand haed contradictit the oreeginal remarks she gae in a 2018 interview wi ''[[Extra (American TV programme)|Extra]]'', that she claimed she "luved it," an that Gaga wis "wonderfu."<ref>{{Citation|last=|title=Barbra Streisand Praises Lady Gaga & 'A Star Is Born'|date=2018-09-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCyGzhSvEds|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> In 2021, ''[[The Guardian]]'' placed ''A Star Is Born'' on thair leet o "Remaks that Ootshine the Oreeginals",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hans|first=Simran|date=2021-08-20|title=From The Fly to Casino Royale: the remakes that outshine the originals|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/aug/20/the-best-remakes-that-are-better-than-the-original-films|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> whiles in 2024, ''Variety'' rankit it fift on thair "50 Mucklest Romantic Film o Aw Time" leet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Debruge|first=Peter|date=2024-02-13|title=The 50 Greatest Romantic Movies of All Time|url=https://variety.com/lists/best-romantic-movies/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, filmmaker [[Denis Villeneuve]] cited it as amang his favorite films.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zilko|first=Zack Sharf,Alison Foreman,Christian|date=2023-02-26|title=Denis Villeneuve’s Favorite Movies: 29 Films the Director Wants You to See|url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/denis-villeneuve-favorite-movies/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[IndieWire]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Tap ten leet === ''A Star Is Born'' wis leetit on mony creetics' tap ten leet fur 2018, amang thaim:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dietz|first=Jason|date=2018-12-05|title=Best of 2018: Film Critic Top Ten Lists|language=en|work=[[Metacritic]]|url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critics-list-the-top-10-movies-of-2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-06|archive-date=2019-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921061859/https://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critics-list-the-top-10-movies-of-2018}}</ref> * 1st – Chris Wasser, ''[[Irish Independent]]'' * 1st – Harry Fletcher, ''[[The Standard (Lunnon newspaper)|London Evening Standard]]'' * 1st – Tom Gliatto, ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' * 1st – [[Owen Gleiberman]], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' * 2nd – ''Complex'' * 2nd – [[Frank Scheck]], ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' * 2nd – [[Peter Bradshaw]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' * 2nd – Johnny Oleksinski, ''[[New York Post]]'' * 2nd – ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' * 2nd – [[Peter Travers]], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' * 2nd – Brian Truitt, ''[[USA Today]]'' * 2nd – Peter Debruge, ''Variety'' * 3rd – [[Christopher Orr (film creetic)|Christopher Orr]], ''[[The Atlantic]]'' * 3rd – Robbie Collin, ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' * 4t – David Sims, ''The Atlantic'' * 4t – ''[[Uproxx]]'' * 6t – Lindsey Bahr, ''[[Associated Press]]'' * 6t – [[Richard Roeper]], ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' * 6t – Pete Hammond, ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' * 6t – Matthew Jacobs, ''[[HuffPost]]'' * 6t – Olly Richards, ''[[NME]]'' * 6t – Quinn Hough, ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' * 7t – ''[[The Independent]]'' * 7t – Sam C. Mac, ''[[Slant Magazine|Slant]]'' * 7t – [[Stephanie Zacharek]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' * 8t – ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' * 8t – Sheila O'Malley, ''RogerEbert.com'' * 8t – [[Richard Lawson (writer)|Richard Lawson]], ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' * 9t – Noel Murray, ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' * 9t – Mike Scott, ''[[The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate|The Times-Picayune]]'' * 10t – Jon Frosch, ''The Hollywood Reporter'' * 10t – [[Christy Lemire]], ''RogerEbert.com'' * 10t – [[Emily Yoshida]], ''[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]]'' * Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – ''[[IGN]]'' * Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Kenneth Turan]], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' * Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[NPR]] * Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Nell Minow]], ''RogerEbert.com'' * Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Dana Stevens (creetic)|Dana Stevens]], ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' * Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Giles Hattersley]], [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']] * Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Joe Morgenstern]], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' === Accolades === The film haes wan a nummer o awairds an nominations. It wis chuisen bi baith the [[National Board of Review Awairds 2018|National Board of Review]] an [[American Film Institute Awairds|American Film Institute]] as ane o the Tap 10 Film o 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-11-27|title=National Board of Review Announces 2018 Award Winners|url=https://nationalboardofreview.org/2018/11/national-board-review-announces-2018-award-winners/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[National Board of Review]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Preston|first=Neal|date=2018-12-04|title=‘A Star is Born,’ ‘Black Panther’ Among AFI Awards Honorees|url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/a-star-is-born-black-panther-2019-afi-awards-honorees-8488611/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> The film received five nominations at the [[76t Gowden Globes|76t Gowden Globe Awairds]], includin [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Motion Pictur – Drama|Best Motion Pictur – Drama]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-12-06|title=Golden Globe Nominations: Complete List|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/golden-globe-nominations-2019-1203082075/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> an aicht nominations at the [[91st Academy Awairds]], includin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur|Best Pictur]], winnin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur "Shallow".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hughes|first=Hilary|date=2019-01-22|title=Lady Gaga Nominated For Best Actress and Best Song Oscars at the 2019 Academy Awards|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/lady-gaga-2019-oscar-nominations-best-actress-best-song-a-star-is-born-8494302/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> == In popular cultur == The "ALLY" billboard, featured baith in the mercatin campaign fur ''A Star Is Born'' an in a scene set on Los Angeles' [[Sunset Boulevard]], wis later parodied bi the American comedian [[Amy Schumer]], wha recreatit the neon-coloured design wi her awn likeness an the name "AMY" tae promote [[Amy Schumer: Growing|her Netflix special]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aquilina|first=Tyler|date=2019-02-19|title=Amy Schumer spoofs 'Ally' billboard from A Star Is Born|url=https://ew.com/tv/2019/02/19/amy-schumer-star-is-born-ally-billboard/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref> == See an aw == * [[Leet o directorial debuts]] * [[Leet o films featurin the deaf an hard o hearin]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q3286391|q=A Star Is Born (2018 film)|c=category:A Star Is Born (2018 film)|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/a-star-is-born}} * {{IMDb title|1517451}} * {{Metacritic film}} * {{Mojo title|astarisborn2018}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|a_star_is_born_2018}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Star Is Born, A (2018 film)}} [[Category:2018 films]] [[Category:2018 directorial debut films]] [[Category:2018 romantic drama films]] [[Category:2018 American films]] [[Category:2018 Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:2010s muisical drama films]] [[Category:2010s romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Remaks o American films]] [[Category:American muisical drama films]] [[Category:American romantic drama films]] [[Category:American romantic muisical films]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (films)]] [[Category:Cross-dressin in American films]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o Alec Baldwin]] [[Category:Films aboot brithers]] [[Category:Films aboot alcoholism]] [[Category:Films aboot substance abuise]] [[Category:Films aboot muisic an muisickers]] [[Category:Films directit bi Bradley Cooper]] [[Category:Films produced bi Bradley Cooper]] [[Category:Films produced bi Jon Peters]] [[Category:Films produced bi Todd Phillips]] [[Category:Films set in Arizona]] [[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films wi screenpleys bi Eric Roth]] [[Category:American IMAX films]] [[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]] [[Category:Muisical film remaks]] [[Category:Warner Bros. films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid romantic drama films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid romantic muisical films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid muisical drama films]] [[Category:2018 muisical films]] giji8lbouwkgcvymvcjg68ociormr84