Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4986 923640 916873 2026-09-28T07:53:55Z ~2026-52113-26 137883 /* */ Ana Brnabić 923640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|44|N|21|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic o Serbie | common_name = Serbie | native_name = {{native name|sr|Република Србија|italics=no}}<br/>{{native name|sr|Republika Srbija}} | image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg | national_motto = | national_anthem = <br/>"[[Bože pravde|Боже правде / ''Bože pravde'']]"<br/>{{small|"God o Juistice"}}<br/><center>[[File:National anthem of Serbia, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]</center> | image_map = Location of Serbia in Europe (2006–2008).png | map_caption = Location o Serbie (green) an the disputit territory o [[Kosovo]] (licht green) in Europe (daurk grey). | image_map2 = | capital = [[Belgrade]] | coordinates = {{Coord|44|48|N|20|28|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caipital | official_languages = [[Serbie leid|Serbie]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 83.3% [[Serbs]] | 3.5% [[Hungarians in Serbie|Hungarians]] | 2.1% [[Roma in Serbie|Roma]] | 2% [[Bosniaks o Serbie|Bosniaks]] | {{nowrap|9% others}} | {{small|(excluding [[Kosovo]])}} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011 | demonym = [[Serbiees|Serbie]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentar]]<br />[[constitutional republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Serbie|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Ana Brnabić]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Serbie|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Đuro Macut]] (Ђуро Мацут) | legislature = [[Naitional Assemmly o Serbie|Naitional Assemmly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History o Serbie|Formation]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Principality o Serbie (medieval)|Medieval principality]]}} | established_date1 = late 8th century | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kinrick o Serbie (medieval)|Medieval kinrick]]}}/{{nowrap|[[Serbie Empire|empire]]}} | established_date2 = 1217/1346 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Serbie Despotate|Ottoman conquest]]}}^a | established_date3 = 1459–1556 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Principality o Serbia]]}} | established_date4 = 1815 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Treaty o Berlin (1878)|Internaitionally recognised]]}} | established_date5 = 1878 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Banat, Backa an Baranja|Naitional unification]]}} | established_date6 = 1912–1918 | established_event7 = {{nowrap|Independent Republic}} | established_date7 = 5 June 2006 | area_km2 = 88361 | area_label = Includin Kosovo | area_rank = 111t | area_sq_mi =<!-- 34,116--> | area_label2 = Excludin Kosovo | area_data2 = {{convert|77474|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=cia_profile>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ri.html |title=The World Factbook: Serbia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=20 June 2014 |accessdate=18 December 2014 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211224/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- | percent_water = 0.13 {{small|(includin Kosovo)}} --> | population_estimate = 7,058,322 {{small|(excluding Kosovo)}} {{decrease}}<ref name="stat.gov.rs">http://www.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=4225</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_estimate_rank = 104t | population_density_km2 = 91.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 211 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 121t | GDP_PPP = $112.475&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 78t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $16,063 {{small|(excluding Kosovo)}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=91&pr1.y=16&c=942&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Serbia|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 83rd | GDP_nominal = $42.378&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 86t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,052 {{small|(excluding Kosovo)}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref name=imf2/>}} | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 88t | Gini = 29.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Reports: Gini coefficient |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |accessdate=20 January 2018 |archive-date=2020-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516205245/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.776 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 66t | currency = [[Serbie dinar]] | currency_code = RSD | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+1|+1]] | utc_offset_DST = [[UTC+2|+2]] | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Serbie|+381]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.rs]] |[[.срб]]}} |footnote_a = Frae the [[Serbie Despotate|faw o Smederevo]] till conquest o [[Belgrade]], [[Macva|Mačva]] an [[Vojvodina]] | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | country_code = RS }} [[File:SerbiaPoliticalDivision.png|thumb|Territorial organization]] '''Serbie''' ([[Serbie leid|Serbie]]: ''Србија'' or ''Srbija'') or is it is kent offeecially ([[Serbie leid|Serbie]]: ''Република Србија'' or ''Republika Srbija'') is ae laundlockit kintra in central an Sooth-Wastren [[Europe]]. It is pairt o the [[Balkans]] region an its caipital ceety is [[Belgrade]] ([[Serbie leid|Serbie]]: ''Београд'' or ''Beograd''). It haes laund mairches wi [[Hungary]] in the North, [[Romanie]] an [[Bulgarie]] in the East, [[Albanie]], [[Kosovo]] an [[North Macedonie]] in the Sooth an [[Montenegro]], [[Croatie]] an [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] in the Wast. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Serbia}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Serbie| ]] [[Category:Balkan kintras]] [[Category:States an territories established in 2006]] [[Category:Slavic kintras an territories]] [[Category:Landlocked kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] 6gp1ntacg2x7lboeyhw4irlakybxbp8 0 7374 923637 923120 2026-09-28T01:54:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German state |Name = Hesse |German_name = ''Hessen'' |state_coa = Coat of arms of Hesse.svg |map = Deutschland Lage von Hessen.svg |flag = Flag of Hesse.svg |capital = Wiesbaden |largest_city = Frankfurt |area = 21120 |key = 06 |population = 6073020 |pop_ref = <ref>{{de icon}} {{cite web |url= http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_zs01_he.asp |title= State population |work= Portal of the Federal Statistics Office Germany |accessdate= 2007-04-25 |archive-date= 2014-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140310014618/http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_zs01_he.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref> |pop_date = 2007-09-30 |GDP = 224.98 |GDP_year = 2010<ref>{{de icon}} {{cite web |url=http://vgrdl.de/Arbeitskreis_VGR/tbls/tab01.asp |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |year=2011 |work=Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen |accessdate=22 May 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095947/http://vgrdl.de/Arbeitskreis_VGR/tbls/tab01.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = 37,045 |GDP_per_capita_year = 2010 |Website = [http://www.hessen.de/ www.hessen.de] |leader = Volker Bouffier |leader_party = CDU |ruling_party1 = CDU |ruling_party2 = FDP |votes = 5 |NUTS = DE7 |iso region = DE-HE |coordinates = {{coord|50|39|58|N|8|35|28|E|display=inline}} | |date=September 2010 }} '''Hesse''' ([[German leid|German]]: ''Hessen'') is a federal state in the mids o [[Germany]] wi 6 million fowk. Its caipital ceity is [[Wiesbaden]] wi 275,482 fowk. The lairgest ceity is [[Frankfurt]] wi 667,589 fowk. The first meenister is [[Volker Bouffier]] (conservative). == Photos == <gallery> Image:Wilhelmshoehe_-_Herkules_mit_Kaskaden.jpg|Kassel Image:Frankfurt am Main, Skyline mit Flößerbrücke 1.jpg|Frankfurt Image:Wiesbaden Hessische Landtag.jpg|Wiesbaden Image:Wetzlarskyline.jpg|Wetzlar Image:Darmstadt-Mathildenhoehe mit Hochzeitsturm 2005-05-08a.jpg|Darmstadt Image:Wiesbaden hessisches staatstheater 1.jpg|Wiesbaden Image:Hanau Bruder Grimm.jpg|Hanau </gallery> == References == <references/> ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat}} {{States o the Federal Republic o Germany}} [[Category:States o Germany]] [[Category:Hesse| ]] {{Stub/Germany}} {{authority control}} a7g4b8xvem0rtiooyor8l76rvgf31a2 0 14770 923608 923297 2026-09-27T22:28:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Addis Ababa |native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|am|አዲስ አበባ|italics=off}}}} |native_name_lang = am |settlement_type = Caipital |image_skyline =Addis_abeba_meskele_square.jpg |image_caption = Addis Ababa skyline(2020) |imagesize = 250px |nickname = Ceety o Humans, Adisaba, Sheger, Adu, Adu Genet |established_title = Chairtered |established_date = 1886 |pushpin_map = Ethiopia |map_caption = Location in Ethiopie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopie}} |subdivision_type1 = Chairtered Ceety |subdivision_name1 = Addis Ababa |leader_title = [[Mayor o Addis Ababa|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Diriba Kuma]] |area_total_km2 = 527 |area_land_km2 = 527 |area_note =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |title=2011 National Statistics |publisher=Csa.gov.et |date= |accessdate=20 July 2013 |archive-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330021225/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_as_of = 2008 |population_urban = 3384569 |population_note =<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census" /> |population_total = 3384569 |population_metro = 4567857 |area_metro_km2 = |population_density_km2 = 5165.1 |timezone = [[East Africae Time]] |utc_offset = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|9|1|48|N|38|44|24|E|region:ET|display=inline}} |elevation_m= 2355 |elevation_ft= 7726 |area_code = (+251) 11 |website = {{official website|http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/}} }} '''Addis Ababa''' (whiles spelled '''Addis Abeba''', the spellin uised bi the offeecial [[Ethiopian Mapping Authority]]) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]] o [[Ethiopie]]. (In Ethiopian leids: [[Amharic leid|Amharic]], ''Addis Abäba'' {{IPA-am|adːiːs aβəβa|}} "new flouer"; [[Oromo leid|Oromo]], ''Finfinne''; [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the lairgest ceety in Ethiopiee, wi a population o 3,384,569 accordin tae the 2007 population census.<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |author=Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia |title=Census 2007, preliminary ('''pdf-file''') |accessdate=2008-12-07 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205052942/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a [[Regions o Ethiopie|chairtered ceety]] (''ras gez astedader''), Addis Ababa haes the status o baith a ceety an a state. It is whaur the [[African Union]] an its predecessor the [[Organisation o African Unity|OAU]] are based. Addis Ababa is therefore aften referred tae as "the poleetical caipital o Africae", due tae its historical, diplomatic an poleetical significance for the continent.<ref name="Political capital of Africa">http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424124634/http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ |date=2012-04-24 }}</ref> The ceety is populatit bi fowk frae different regions o Ethiopie – the kintra haes as mony as 80 naitionalities speakin 80 leids an belangin tae a wide variety o releegious communities. It is hame tae [[Addis Ababa University]]. The Federation o African Societies o Chemistry (FASC) an Horn o Africae Press Institute (HAPI) are an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. == History == {{Main|History o Addis Ababa}} The site o Addis Ababa wis chosen bi Empress [[Taytu Betul]] an the ceety wis foondit in 1886 bi her husband, Emperor [[Menelik II o Ethiopie|Menelik II]]. The name o the ceety (ኣዲስ ኣበባ) wis taken frae pairts o the ceety cawed ''hora Finfinnee'' ("hot springs") in [[Oromo leid|Oromo]]. Anither Oromo name o the ceety is Sheger. Menelik, as initially a Keeng o the [[Shewa]] province, haed foond [[Munt Entoto]] a uiseful base for military operations in the sooth o his realm, an in 1879 visitit the reputit ruins o a medieval toun, an an unfinished rock kirk that showed proof o an Ethiopian presence in the aurie prior tae the campaigns o [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi|Ahmad Gragn]]. His interest in the aurie grew when his wife Taytu began wirk on a kirk on Entoto, an Menelik endoued a seicont kirk in the aurie. Housomeivver the immediate aurie did no encourage the foonding o a toun due tae the lack o [[firewood]] an [[water]], sae dounset actually began in the valley sooth o the muntain in 1886. Initially, Taytu biggit a hoose for hersel near the "Filwoha" het [[mineral springs]], whaur she an members o the Showan Ryal Court liked tae tak mineral baths. Ither nobility an thair staffs an hoosehaulds settled the vicinity, an Menelik expandit his wife's hoose tae acome the [[Imperial Palace]] which remains the seat o govrenment in Addis Ababa the day. The name chynged tae Addis Ababa an became Ethiopie's caipital when Menelik II became Emperor o Ethiopie. The toun grew bi leaps an boonds. Ane o Emperor Menelik's contreibutions that is still visible the day is the plantin o numerous [[eucalyptus]] trees alang the ceety streets.<ref>Pankhurst, p. 195</ref> On 5 Mey 1936, [[Italy|Italian]] troops invadit Addis Ababa durin the [[Seicont Italo-Abyssinian War]], makin it the caipital o [[Italian East Africae]] frae 1936 tae 1941 efter killin aboot a million Ethiopians wi mustard gas. Efter the Italian airmy in Ethiopie wis defeatit bi the Breetish forces durin the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|East African Campaign]], Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] returned tae Addis Ababa on 5 Mey 1941—five years tae the vera day efter he haed depairtit—an immediately began the wirk o re-establishin his caipital. Emperor Haile Selassie helped form the [[Organization o African Unity]] in 1963, an invitit the new organisation tae keep its heidquarters in the ceety. The OAU wis dissolved in 2002 an replaced bi the [[African Union]] (AU), an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. The [[Unitit Naitions Economic Commission for Africae]] an aa haes its heidquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa wis an aa the site o the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Cooncil o the Oriental Orthodox Kirks]] in 1965. Ethiopia haes aften been cawed the oreeginal hame o mankind due tae various humanoid fossil discoveries lik the [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html African tribe frae Ethiopie populated rest o the warld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512140843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html |date=2009-05-12 }}.</ref> North eastren Africae, an the [[Afar Region|Afar]] region in parteecular wis the central focus o thir claims till recent DNA evidence suggestit oreegins in sooth central Ethiopian regions lik present-day Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM&refer=australia |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |title=DNA Links Humanity To One Common Origin: Africa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914103215/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter analysin the DNA o amaist 1,000 fowk aroond the warld, geneticists an ither scientists claimed fowk spread frae wha is nou Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |title=New Study Proves Theory of Human Recent African Origin |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205092113/http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The research indicatit that genetic diversity declines steadily the farther ane's ancestors traveled frae Addis Ababa, Ethiopie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/21/AR2008022102739.html?hpid=moreheadlines |title=Genetic Mutations Offer Insights on Human Diversity | work=The Washington Post | first=David | last=Brown | date=2008-02-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> == Sister ceeties == {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Beersheba]]''', Israel, 2004 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |title=קשרים בין-לאומיים של העיר באר-שבע|publisher=Beer-sheva.muni.il |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131035/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Netanya]]''', Israel, 2004 * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae, 2006 * {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Chuncheon]]''', Sooth Korea * {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Leipzig]]''', Germany, 2004 * {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[San Francisco]]''', Unitit States * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Chongqing]]''', Cheenae * {{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae, 2002 * {{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Bangkok]]''', Thailand, 2005 || * {{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Havana]]''', Cuba, 2003 * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Lunnon]]''', Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Roum]]''', Italy, 2000 * {{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Cairo]]''', Egyp * {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[Dubai]]''', Unitit Arab Emirates * {{flagicon|India}} '''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie, 2004 * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', Brazil, 2010 * {{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', Turkey * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Jeddah]]''', Saudi Arabie * {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Stockholm]]''', Swaden |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Addis Abeba}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Addis Ababa| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1886]] [[Category:Regions o Ethiopie]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} amm758yw1rnponhw95mfcoubd5g57xb 923616 923608 2026-09-27T23:40:28Z Atlantic306 30244 updated mayor 923616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Addis Ababa |native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|am|አዲስ አበባ|italics=off}}}} |native_name_lang = am |settlement_type = Caipital |image_skyline =Addis_abeba_meskele_square.jpg |image_caption = Addis Ababa skyline(2020) |imagesize = 250px |nickname = Ceety o Humans, Adisaba, Sheger, Adu, Adu Genet |established_title = Chairtered |established_date = 1886 |pushpin_map = Ethiopia |map_caption = Location in Ethiopie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopie}} |subdivision_type1 = Chairtered Ceety |subdivision_name1 = Addis Ababa |leader_title = [[Mayor o Addis Ababa|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Adanech Abebe]] |area_total_km2 = 527 |area_land_km2 = 527 |area_note =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |title=2011 National Statistics |publisher=Csa.gov.et |date= |accessdate=20 July 2013 |archive-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330021225/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_as_of = 2008 |population_urban = 3384569 |population_note =<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census" /> |population_total = 3384569 |population_metro = 4567857 |area_metro_km2 = |population_density_km2 = 5165.1 |timezone = [[East Africae Time]] |utc_offset = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|9|1|48|N|38|44|24|E|region:ET|display=inline}} |elevation_m= 2355 |elevation_ft= 7726 |area_code = (+251) 11 |website = {{official website|http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/}} }} '''Addis Ababa''' (whiles spelled '''Addis Abeba''', the spellin uised bi the offeecial [[Ethiopian Mapping Authority]]) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]] o [[Ethiopie]]. (In Ethiopian leids: [[Amharic leid|Amharic]], ''Addis Abäba'' {{IPA-am|adːiːs aβəβa|}} "new flouer"; [[Oromo leid|Oromo]], ''Finfinne''; [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the lairgest ceety in Ethiopiee, wi a population o 3,384,569 accordin tae the 2007 population census.<ref name="Ethiopia2007Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |author=Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia |title=Census 2007, preliminary ('''pdf-file''') |accessdate=2008-12-07 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205052942/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_prelimineray.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a [[Regions o Ethiopie|chairtered ceety]] (''ras gez astedader''), Addis Ababa haes the status o baith a ceety an a state. It is whaur the [[African Union]] an its predecessor the [[Organisation o African Unity|OAU]] are based. Addis Ababa is therefore aften referred tae as "the poleetical caipital o Africae", due tae its historical, diplomatic an poleetical significance for the continent.<ref name="Political capital of Africa">http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424124634/http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ |date=2012-04-24 }}</ref> The ceety is populatit bi fowk frae different regions o Ethiopie – the kintra haes as mony as 80 naitionalities speakin 80 leids an belangin tae a wide variety o releegious communities. It is hame tae [[Addis Ababa University]]. The Federation o African Societies o Chemistry (FASC) an Horn o Africae Press Institute (HAPI) are an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. == History == {{Main|History o Addis Ababa}} The site o Addis Ababa wis chosen bi Empress [[Taytu Betul]] an the ceety wis foondit in 1886 bi her husband, Emperor [[Menelik II o Ethiopie|Menelik II]]. The name o the ceety (ኣዲስ ኣበባ) wis taken frae pairts o the ceety cawed ''hora Finfinnee'' ("hot springs") in [[Oromo leid|Oromo]]. Anither Oromo name o the ceety is Sheger. Menelik, as initially a Keeng o the [[Shewa]] province, haed foond [[Munt Entoto]] a uiseful base for military operations in the sooth o his realm, an in 1879 visitit the reputit ruins o a medieval toun, an an unfinished rock kirk that showed proof o an Ethiopian presence in the aurie prior tae the campaigns o [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi|Ahmad Gragn]]. His interest in the aurie grew when his wife Taytu began wirk on a kirk on Entoto, an Menelik endoued a seicont kirk in the aurie. Housomeivver the immediate aurie did no encourage the foonding o a toun due tae the lack o [[firewood]] an [[water]], sae dounset actually began in the valley sooth o the muntain in 1886. Initially, Taytu biggit a hoose for hersel near the "Filwoha" het [[mineral springs]], whaur she an members o the Showan Ryal Court liked tae tak mineral baths. Ither nobility an thair staffs an hoosehaulds settled the vicinity, an Menelik expandit his wife's hoose tae acome the [[Imperial Palace]] which remains the seat o govrenment in Addis Ababa the day. The name chynged tae Addis Ababa an became Ethiopie's caipital when Menelik II became Emperor o Ethiopie. The toun grew bi leaps an boonds. Ane o Emperor Menelik's contreibutions that is still visible the day is the plantin o numerous [[eucalyptus]] trees alang the ceety streets.<ref>Pankhurst, p. 195</ref> On 5 Mey 1936, [[Italy|Italian]] troops invadit Addis Ababa durin the [[Seicont Italo-Abyssinian War]], makin it the caipital o [[Italian East Africae]] frae 1936 tae 1941 efter killin aboot a million Ethiopians wi mustard gas. Efter the Italian airmy in Ethiopie wis defeatit bi the Breetish forces durin the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|East African Campaign]], Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] returned tae Addis Ababa on 5 Mey 1941—five years tae the vera day efter he haed depairtit—an immediately began the wirk o re-establishin his caipital. Emperor Haile Selassie helped form the [[Organization o African Unity]] in 1963, an invitit the new organisation tae keep its heidquarters in the ceety. The OAU wis dissolved in 2002 an replaced bi the [[African Union]] (AU), an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. The [[Unitit Naitions Economic Commission for Africae]] an aa haes its heidquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa wis an aa the site o the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Cooncil o the Oriental Orthodox Kirks]] in 1965. Ethiopia haes aften been cawed the oreeginal hame o mankind due tae various humanoid fossil discoveries lik the [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html African tribe frae Ethiopie populated rest o the warld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512140843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html |date=2009-05-12 }}.</ref> North eastren Africae, an the [[Afar Region|Afar]] region in parteecular wis the central focus o thir claims till recent DNA evidence suggestit oreegins in sooth central Ethiopian regions lik present-day Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM&refer=australia |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |title=DNA Links Humanity To One Common Origin: Africa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914103215/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter analysin the DNA o amaist 1,000 fowk aroond the warld, geneticists an ither scientists claimed fowk spread frae wha is nou Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |title=New Study Proves Theory of Human Recent African Origin |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205092113/http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The research indicatit that genetic diversity declines steadily the farther ane's ancestors traveled frae Addis Ababa, Ethiopie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/21/AR2008022102739.html?hpid=moreheadlines |title=Genetic Mutations Offer Insights on Human Diversity | work=The Washington Post | first=David | last=Brown | date=2008-02-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> == Sister ceeties == {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Beersheba]]''', Israel, 2004 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |title=קשרים בין-לאומיים של העיר באר-שבע|publisher=Beer-sheva.muni.il |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131035/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Netanya]]''', Israel, 2004 * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae, 2006 * {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Chuncheon]]''', Sooth Korea * {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Leipzig]]''', Germany, 2004 * {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[San Francisco]]''', Unitit States * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Chongqing]]''', Cheenae * {{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae, 2002 * {{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Bangkok]]''', Thailand, 2005 || * {{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Havana]]''', Cuba, 2003 * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Lunnon]]''', Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Roum]]''', Italy, 2000 * {{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Cairo]]''', Egyp * {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[Dubai]]''', Unitit Arab Emirates * {{flagicon|India}} '''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie, 2004 * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', Brazil, 2010 * {{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', Turkey * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Jeddah]]''', Saudi Arabie * {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Stockholm]]''', Swaden |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Addis Abeba}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Addis Ababa| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1886]] [[Category:Regions o Ethiopie]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} jn8sx3a4utmwzqs6gw030i9ckj6na4l 923618 923616 2026-09-27T23:47:27Z Atlantic306 30244 updated population using English wikipedia article Addis Abada 923618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Addis Ababa |native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|am|አዲስ አበባ|italics=off}}}} |native_name_lang = am |settlement_type = Caipital |image_skyline =Addis_abeba_meskele_square.jpg |image_caption = Addis Ababa skyline(2020) |imagesize = 250px |nickname = Ceety o Humans, Adisaba, Sheger, Adu, Adu Genet |established_title = Chairtered |established_date = 1886 |pushpin_map = Ethiopia |map_caption = Location in Ethiopie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopie}} |subdivision_type1 = Chairtered Ceety |subdivision_name1 = Addis Ababa |leader_title = [[Mayor o Addis Ababa|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Adanech Abebe]] |area_total_km2 = 527 |area_land_km2 = 527 |area_note =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |title=2011 National Statistics |publisher=Csa.gov.et |date= |accessdate=20 July 2013 |archive-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330021225/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_as_of = 2025 | population_total = 6,287,000 | population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethiodemographyandhealth.org/Introduction_Aynalem_Adugna_Populationof_Ethiopia_Introduction_January1_2025.pdf|title=Anyalem Adugna, Ethiopian Demographics and Health – January 1 2025|access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> | population_rank = [[List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Ethiopia|1st]] in Ethiopia<br/>[[List_of_cities_in_Africa_by_population|10th]] in Africa | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_blank1 = 5,956,680<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/ethiopia/addis-ababa |title=Addis Ababa Population (2025) |access-date=16 March 2025 }}</ref> | population_blank1_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2025) | pop_est_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[East Africae Time]] |utc_offset = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|9|1|48|N|38|44|24|E|region:ET|display=inline}} |elevation_m= 2355 |elevation_ft= 7726 |area_code = (+251) 11 |website = {{official website|http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/}} }} '''Addis Ababa''' (whiles spelled '''Addis Abeba''', the spellin uised bi the offeecial [[Ethiopian Mapping Authority]]) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]] o [[Ethiopie]]. (In Ethiopian leids: [[Amharic leid|Amharic]], ''Addis Abäba'' {{IPA-am|adːiːs aβəβa|}} "new flouer"; [[Oromo leid|Oromo]], ''Finfinne''; [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the lairgest ceety in Ethiopiee, wi a population o 6,287,000 as of 2025.<ref name=population/> As a [[Regions o Ethiopie|chairtered ceety]] (''ras gez astedader''), Addis Ababa haes the status o baith a ceety an a state. It is whaur the [[African Union]] an its predecessor the [[Organisation o African Unity|OAU]] are based. Addis Ababa is therefore aften referred tae as "the poleetical caipital o Africae", due tae its historical, diplomatic an poleetical significance for the continent.<ref name="Political capital of Africa">http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424124634/http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ |date=2012-04-24 }}</ref> The ceety is populatit bi fowk frae different regions o Ethiopie – the kintra haes as mony as 80 naitionalities speakin 80 leids an belangin tae a wide variety o releegious communities. It is hame tae [[Addis Ababa University]]. The Federation o African Societies o Chemistry (FASC) an Horn o Africae Press Institute (HAPI) are an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. == History == {{Main|History o Addis Ababa}} The site o Addis Ababa wis chosen bi Empress [[Taytu Betul]] an the ceety wis foondit in 1886 bi her husband, Emperor [[Menelik II o Ethiopie|Menelik II]]. The name o the ceety (ኣዲስ ኣበባ) wis taken frae pairts o the ceety cawed ''hora Finfinnee'' ("hot springs") in [[Oromo leid|Oromo]]. Anither Oromo name o the ceety is Sheger. Menelik, as initially a Keeng o the [[Shewa]] province, haed foond [[Munt Entoto]] a uiseful base for military operations in the sooth o his realm, an in 1879 visitit the reputit ruins o a medieval toun, an an unfinished rock kirk that showed proof o an Ethiopian presence in the aurie prior tae the campaigns o [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi|Ahmad Gragn]]. His interest in the aurie grew when his wife Taytu began wirk on a kirk on Entoto, an Menelik endoued a seicont kirk in the aurie. Housomeivver the immediate aurie did no encourage the foonding o a toun due tae the lack o [[firewood]] an [[water]], sae dounset actually began in the valley sooth o the muntain in 1886. Initially, Taytu biggit a hoose for hersel near the "Filwoha" het [[mineral springs]], whaur she an members o the Showan Ryal Court liked tae tak mineral baths. Ither nobility an thair staffs an hoosehaulds settled the vicinity, an Menelik expandit his wife's hoose tae acome the [[Imperial Palace]] which remains the seat o govrenment in Addis Ababa the day. The name chynged tae Addis Ababa an became Ethiopie's caipital when Menelik II became Emperor o Ethiopie. The toun grew bi leaps an boonds. Ane o Emperor Menelik's contreibutions that is still visible the day is the plantin o numerous [[eucalyptus]] trees alang the ceety streets.<ref>Pankhurst, p. 195</ref> On 5 Mey 1936, [[Italy|Italian]] troops invadit Addis Ababa durin the [[Seicont Italo-Abyssinian War]], makin it the caipital o [[Italian East Africae]] frae 1936 tae 1941 efter killin aboot a million Ethiopians wi mustard gas. Efter the Italian airmy in Ethiopie wis defeatit bi the Breetish forces durin the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|East African Campaign]], Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] returned tae Addis Ababa on 5 Mey 1941—five years tae the vera day efter he haed depairtit—an immediately began the wirk o re-establishin his caipital. Emperor Haile Selassie helped form the [[Organization o African Unity]] in 1963, an invitit the new organisation tae keep its heidquarters in the ceety. The OAU wis dissolved in 2002 an replaced bi the [[African Union]] (AU), an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. The [[Unitit Naitions Economic Commission for Africae]] an aa haes its heidquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa wis an aa the site o the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Cooncil o the Oriental Orthodox Kirks]] in 1965. Ethiopia haes aften been cawed the oreeginal hame o mankind due tae various humanoid fossil discoveries lik the [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html African tribe frae Ethiopie populated rest o the warld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512140843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html |date=2009-05-12 }}.</ref> North eastren Africae, an the [[Afar Region|Afar]] region in parteecular wis the central focus o thir claims till recent DNA evidence suggestit oreegins in sooth central Ethiopian regions lik present-day Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM&refer=australia |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |title=DNA Links Humanity To One Common Origin: Africa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914103215/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter analysin the DNA o amaist 1,000 fowk aroond the warld, geneticists an ither scientists claimed fowk spread frae wha is nou Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |title=New Study Proves Theory of Human Recent African Origin |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205092113/http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The research indicatit that genetic diversity declines steadily the farther ane's ancestors traveled frae Addis Ababa, Ethiopie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/21/AR2008022102739.html?hpid=moreheadlines |title=Genetic Mutations Offer Insights on Human Diversity | work=The Washington Post | first=David | last=Brown | date=2008-02-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> == Sister ceeties == {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Beersheba]]''', Israel, 2004 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |title=קשרים בין-לאומיים של העיר באר-שבע|publisher=Beer-sheva.muni.il |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131035/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Netanya]]''', Israel, 2004 * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae, 2006 * {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Chuncheon]]''', Sooth Korea * {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Leipzig]]''', Germany, 2004 * {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[San Francisco]]''', Unitit States * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Chongqing]]''', Cheenae * {{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae, 2002 * {{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Bangkok]]''', Thailand, 2005 || * {{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Havana]]''', Cuba, 2003 * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Lunnon]]''', Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Roum]]''', Italy, 2000 * {{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Cairo]]''', Egyp * {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[Dubai]]''', Unitit Arab Emirates * {{flagicon|India}} '''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie, 2004 * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', Brazil, 2010 * {{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', Turkey * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Jeddah]]''', Saudi Arabie * {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Stockholm]]''', Swaden |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Addis Abeba}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Addis Ababa| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1886]] [[Category:Regions o Ethiopie]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} alvyk1xi1yagslsrbn9wpmyyj3p5a8j 0 16019 923599 858337 2026-09-27T15:34:37Z PhantomFunds 136733 923599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Macao Special Admeenistrative Region o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae | common_name = Macau | native_name = {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:76%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[Staundart Cheenese|Cheenese]]:|data1={{lang|zh-hant|中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[Yale romanisation o Cantonese|Cantonese romanisation]]: |data2=''Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui'' | rowclass3 = mergedrow |label3=[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]: |data3={{lang|pt|Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China}} }} | image_flag = Flag of Macau.svg | image_coat = Macau SAR Regional Emblem.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | other_symbol = ''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]''<br />{{lang|zh-hant|蓮花}}<br />''Līnfàa''<br><small>lótus, flor-de-lótus, loto-índico, lótus-índico</small> | other_symbol_type = Ceety flouer: | national_anthem = "[[Mairch o the Volunteers]]"<br />{{lang|zh-hant|義勇軍進行曲}}<br />''Yihyúhnggwān Jeunhàhngkūk''<br />{{lang|pt|Marcha dos Voluntários}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg]]</center></div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Macau in China (zoomed) (extra close) (special marker) (+all claims hatched).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Shaw map o Cheenae|[[File:Macau on the globe (Macau centered with inset).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Shaw globe|default=1}} | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Location o Macau | alt_map = Location o Macau | coordinates = | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Cheenese leid|Cheenese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties|Na speceefic variety o Cheenese is offeecial in the territory. Residents predominantly speak [[Cantonese]], the ''de facto'' regional staundart.}}|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]{{efn|name=language-status|For aw govrenment uise, documents written uisin [[Tradeetional Cheenese chairacters]] are authoritative ower anes inscrived wi [[Simplifee'd Cheenese chairacters]]. Portuguese shares equal status wi Cheenese in aw offeecial proceedins.}}}} | languages_type = [[Regional leid]] | languages = [[Cantonese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties}} | languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]s | languages2 = [[Tradeetional Cheenese]]{{efn|name=language-status}}<br />[[Portuguese orthography]] | ethnic_groups = 88.4% [[Han Cheenese|Cheenese]]<br />4.6% [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br />2.4% [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese]]<br />1.8% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] or [[Macanese fowk|Macanese]]<br />2.8% ither<ref name="ethnicity2016">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=6}}.</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2016 | demonym = [[Macau fowk|Macanese]] | government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Executive (govrenment)|executive-led]] seestem within a [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive o Macau|Chief Executive]] | leader_name1 = [[Ho Iat Seng]] | leader_title2 = [[Secretariat for Admeenistration an Juistice (Macau)|Admeenistration an Juistice Secretar]] | leader_name2 = [[Sonia Chan]] | leader_title3 = [[Secretariat for Economy an Finance (Macau)|Economy an Finance Secretar]] | leader_name3 = [[Lionel Leong]] | leader_title4 = [[Secretariat for Security (Macau)|Security Secretar]] | leader_name4 = [[Wong Sio Chak]] | leader_title5 = {{nowrap|[[Preses o the Legislative Assemmly o Macau|Assemmly Preses]]}} | leader_name5 = [[Ho Iat Seng]] | leader_title6 = [[Coort o Final Appeal (Macau)|Coort Preses]] | leader_name6 = [[Sam Hou Fai]] | legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]]{{infobox|child=yes|headerstyle=text-align:left;|labelstyle=font-weight:normal; |header1 = National representation |rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;[[National People's Congress]]</div> |data2 = 12 deputies {{nowrap|(of 2,924)}} |rowclass3 = mergedrow |label3 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;[[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]]</div> |data3 = 29 delegates<ref name="nationalReps">{{cite web |url=https://macaunews.mo/local-npc-deputies-election-slated-dec-17/ |title=Local NPC deputies’ election slated for Dec 17 |date=27 November 2017 |work=Macau News |access-date=1 January 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011709/https://macaunews.mo/local-npc-deputies-election-slated-dec-17/ |archivedate=3 January 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> }} | sovereignty_type = [[Special admeenistrative regions o Cheenae|Special admeenistrative region]] {{nobold|within the [[Cheenae|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]}} | established_event1 = [[History o Macau#Portuguese settlement|Portuguese settlement]] | established_date1 = 1557 | established_event2 = [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty o Peking]] | established_date2 = 1 December 1887 | established_event3 = [[Jynt Declaration on the Quaisten o Macau|Sino-Portuguese Jynt Declaration]] | established_date3 = 26 Mairch 1987 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|Transfer o sovereignty]]<br/>frae [[Portugal]]}} | established_date4 = 20 December 1999 | area_km2 = 115.3 | area_footnote = | area_rank = | area_sq_mi = | percent_water = 73.7 | population_estimate = 653,100<ref name="2017Population">{{harvnb|Population Estimate|2017|p=1}}.</ref> | population_census = | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 167t | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 21,340 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 1st | GDP_PPP = $78.1 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2018<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=546&s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Macao |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |accessdate=11 February 2019 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 95t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $118,098 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 2nt | GDP_nominal = $53.9 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2018<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 83rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $81,585 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 3rd | Gini = <!-- number only --><!--- DO NOT USE CIA World Factbook. The Gini index is a parameter in calculating the HDI so the Gini index and the HDI should be from the same source, i.e. Human Development Report 2009. ---> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | HDI = 0.909 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2016<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = {{efn|The UN does nae calculate the HDI o Macau. The govrenment o Macau calculates its awn HDI.<ref name="HDI">{{harvnb|Macao in Figures|2018|p=4}}.</ref>}} | HDI_rank = 17t | currency = [[Macanese pataca]] | currency_code = MOP | time_zone = [[Macau Staundart Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{nowrap|dd-mm-yyyy}}<br />{{lang|zh|yyyy年mm月dd日}} | drives_on = [[Richt- an caur-haund traffic|caur]] | calling_code = [[+853]] | iso3166code = MO | cctld = {{hlist|[[.mo]]|[[.澳門]]|[[.澳门]]}} }} '''Macau''' ({{zh|t=澳門}}), an aw spelled '''Macao''', is, alang wi [[Hong Kong]], ane o the twa [[Special admeenistrative region (Fowkrepublic o Cheenae)|special admeenistrative regions]] o the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]. It lies on the wastren side o the [[Pearl River Delta]], borderin [[Guangdong|Guangdong province]] tae the north an facin the [[Sooth Cheenae Sea]] tae the east an sooth.<ref name="M475">Macau Yearbook 2007, 475.</ref> The territory's economy is hivily dependent on gamblin an tourism but includes manufacturin an aw. Macau wis a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]] an baith the first an last European colony in Cheenae.<ref>Fung, 5.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/566301.stm | title=Macau and the end of empire | accessdate=2008-01-07 | publisher=BBC News | date=1999-12-18}}</ref> Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16t century an subsequently admeenistered the region till the [[Transfer o the sovereignty o Macau|haundower on 20 December 1999]]. The [[Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration]] an the [[Basic Law o Macau]] stipulate that Macau operates wi a hie degree o [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] till at least 2049, fifty years efter the transfer.<ref name=blm>{{cite web | url=http://www.umac.mo/basiclaw/english/main.html | title=Content of Basic Law of Macau | accessdate=2008-01-07 | publisher=University of Macau | archive-date=2007-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030094729/http://www.umac.mo/basiclaw/english/main.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner the policy o "[[ane kintra, twa seestems]]", the PRC's [[Central Fowr Govrenment]] is responsible for the territory's [[Fowk Leeberation Airmy Macau Garrison|defense]] an foreign affairs, while Macau maintains its awn [[Legal seestem o Macau|legal seestem]], [[Public Security Polis Force o Macau|polis force]], monetary seestem, customs policy, an [[Immigration tae Macau|immigration policy]]. Macau participates in mony internaitional organizations an events that dae no require members tae possess naitional sovereignty.<ref name=blm/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.imprensa.macau.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/ | title=Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal on the question of Macau | accessdate=2008-01-07 | publisher=GPB Govt of Macau | archive-date=2007-12-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216013846/http://www.imprensa.macau.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae the CIA factbeuk, Macau haes the heichest life expectancy in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-03-03 |archive-date=2014-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Etymology == {{Main|Names o Macau}} Afore the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] settlement in the early 16t century, Macau wis kent as ''Haojing'' (Oyster Mirror) or ''Jinghai'' (Mirror Sea).<ref name="M517">Macau Yearbook 2007, 517.</ref> The name ''Macau'' is thocht tae be derived frae the ''[[A-Ma Temple]]'' ({{zh|t=媽閣廟|j=Maa1 Gok3 Miu6|links=no}}), a temple built in 1448 dedicatit tae [[Matsu (goddess)|Matsu]] — the goddess o seafarers an fishermen. It is said that when the Portuguese sailors laundit at the coast juist ootside the temple an asked the name o the place, the natives replied "媽閣" ([[jyutping]]:Maa1 Gok3). The Portuguese then named the peninsula "Macau".<ref>Fung, 298.</ref> The present Chinese name (澳門) means "Inlet Gates". == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Macau is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]<ref name="São Paulo">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=Prefeitura.Sp — Descentralized Cooperation |access-date=2011-03-03 |archive-date=2008-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 International Relations — São Paulo City Hall — Official Sister Cities]</ref> * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Kolkata]], [[Indie]] * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Porto]], [[Portugal]] * {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]] * {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Linköping]], [[Swaden]] == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons|Maps of Macau}} *[http://www.gov.mo/egi/Portal/index.jsp Portal o the govrenment o Macau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829085928/http://www.gov.mo/egi/Portal/index.jsp |date=2006-08-29 }} {{Geographic location | Centre = Macau | North = | Northeast = {{flagicon|China}} [[Shenzhen]]<br/>''[[Pearl River (Cheenae)|Pearl River]]'' / {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong]] | East = | Southeast = ''[[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]'' | South = ''[[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]'' | Southwest = ''[[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]'' | West = | Northwest = {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhuhai]] }} [[Category:Macau| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in Cheenae]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Cheenae]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Cheenae]] [[Category:Umwhile Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Gamblin in Cheenae]] [[Category:Historic Jewish commonties]] [[Category:Pearl River Delta]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1999]] [[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Special admeenistrative regions o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] lvsbscd4bc5ozln4w2osmsqqfrabqwo 923600 923599 2026-09-27T22:22:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kintra | conventional_long_name = Macao Special Admeenistrative Region o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae | common_name = Macau | native_name = {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:76%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[Staundart Cheenese|Cheenese]]:|data1={{lang|zh-hant|中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[Yale romanisation o Cantonese|Cantonese romanisation]]: |data2=''Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui'' | rowclass3 = mergedrow |label3=[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]: |data3={{lang|pt|Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China}} }} | image_flag = Flag of Macau.svg | image_coat = Macau SAR Regional Emblem.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | other_symbol = ''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]''<br />{{lang|zh-hant|蓮花}}<br />''Līnfàa''<br><small>lótus, flor-de-lótus, loto-índico, lótus-índico</small> | other_symbol_type = Ceety flouer: | national_anthem = "[[Mairch o the Volunteers]]"<br />{{lang|zh-hant|義勇軍進行曲}}<br />''Yihyúhnggwān Jeunhàhngkūk''<br />{{lang|pt|Marcha dos Voluntários}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg]]</center></div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Macau in China (zoomed) (extra close) (special marker) (+all claims hatched).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Shaw map o Cheenae|[[File:Macau on the globe (Macau centered with inset).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Shaw globe|default=1}} | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Location o Macau | alt_map = Location o Macau | coordinates = | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Cheenese leid|Cheenese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties|Na speceefic variety o Cheenese is offeecial in the territory. Residents predominantly speak [[Cantonese]], the ''de facto'' regional staundart.}}|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]{{efn|name=language-status|For aw govrenment uise, documents written uisin [[Tradeetional Cheenese chairacters]] are authoritative ower anes inscrived wi [[Simplifee'd Cheenese chairacters]]. Portuguese shares equal status wi Cheenese in aw offeecial proceedins.}}}} | languages_type = [[Regional leid]] | languages = [[Cantonese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties}} | languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]s | languages2 = [[Tradeetional Cheenese]]{{efn|name=language-status}}<br />[[Portuguese orthography]] | ethnic_groups = 88.4% [[Han Cheenese|Cheenese]]<br />4.6% [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br />2.4% [[Vietnamese fowk|Vietnamese]]<br />1.8% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] or [[Macanese fowk|Macanese]]<br />2.8% ither<ref name="ethnicity2016">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=6}}.</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2016 | demonym = [[Macau fowk|Macanese]] | government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Executive (govrenment)|executive-led]] seestem within a [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive o Macau|Chief Executive]] | leader_name1 = [[Ho Iat Seng]] | leader_title2 = [[Secretariat for Admeenistration an Juistice (Macau)|Admeenistration an Juistice Secretar]] | leader_name2 = [[Sonia Chan]] | leader_title3 = [[Secretariat for Economy an Finance (Macau)|Economy an Finance Secretar]] | leader_name3 = [[Lionel Leong]] | leader_title4 = [[Secretariat for Security (Macau)|Security Secretar]] | leader_name4 = [[Wong Sio Chak]] | leader_title5 = {{nowrap|[[Preses o the Legislative Assemmly o Macau|Assemmly Preses]]}} | leader_name5 = [[Ho Iat Seng]] | leader_title6 = [[Coort o Final Appeal (Macau)|Coort Preses]] | leader_name6 = [[Sam Hou Fai]] | legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]]{{infobox|child=yes|headerstyle=text-align:left;|labelstyle=font-weight:normal; |header1 = National representation |rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;[[National People's Congress]]</div> |data2 = 12 deputies {{nowrap|(of 2,924)}} |rowclass3 = mergedrow |label3 = <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;[[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]]</div> |data3 = 29 delegates<ref name="nationalReps">{{cite web |url=https://macaunews.mo/local-npc-deputies-election-slated-dec-17/ |title=Local NPC deputies’ election slated for Dec 17 |date=27 November 2017 |work=Macau News |access-date=1 January 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011709/https://macaunews.mo/local-npc-deputies-election-slated-dec-17/ |archivedate=3 January 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> }} | sovereignty_type = [[Special admeenistrative regions o Cheenae|Special admeenistrative region]] {{nobold|within the [[Cheenae|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]}} | established_event1 = [[History o Macau#Portuguese settlement|Portuguese settlement]] | established_date1 = 1557 | established_event2 = [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty o Peking]] | established_date2 = 1 December 1887 | established_event3 = [[Jynt Declaration on the Quaisten o Macau|Sino-Portuguese Jynt Declaration]] | established_date3 = 26 Mairch 1987 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|Transfer o sovereignty]]<br/>frae [[Portugal]]}} | established_date4 = 20 December 1999 | area_km2 = 115.3 | area_footnote = | area_rank = | area_sq_mi = | percent_water = 73.7 | population_estimate = 653,100<ref name="2017Population">{{harvnb|Population Estimate|2017|p=1}}.</ref> | population_census = | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 167t | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 21,340 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 1st | GDP_PPP = $78.1 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2018<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=546&s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Macao |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |accessdate=11 February 2019 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 95t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $118,098 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 2nt | GDP_nominal = $53.9 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2018<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 83rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $81,585 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 3rd | Gini = <!-- number only --><!--- DO NOT USE CIA World Factbook. The Gini index is a parameter in calculating the HDI so the Gini index and the HDI should be from the same source, i.e. Human Development Report 2009. ---> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | HDI = 0.909 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2016<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = {{efn|The UN does nae calculate the HDI o Macau. The govrenment o Macau calculates its awn HDI.<ref name="HDI">{{harvnb|Macao in Figures|2018|p=4}}.</ref>}} | HDI_rank = 17t | currency = [[Macanese pataca]] | currency_code = MOP | time_zone = [[Macau Staundart Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{nowrap|dd-mm-yyyy}}<br />{{lang|zh|yyyy年mm月dd日}} | drives_on = [[Richt- an caur-haund traffic|caur]] | calling_code = [[+853]] | iso3166code = MO | cctld = {{hlist|[[.mo]]|[[.澳門]]|[[.澳门]]}} }} '''Macau''' ({{zh|t=澳門}}), an aw spelled '''Macao''', is, alang wi [[Hong Kong]], ane o the twa [[Special admeenistrative region (Fowkrepublic o Cheenae)|special admeenistrative regions]] o the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]. It lies on the wastren side o the [[Pearl River Delta]], borderin [[Guangdong|Guangdong province]] tae the north an facin the [[Sooth Cheenae Sea]] tae the east an sooth.<ref name="M475">Macau Yearbook 2007, 475.</ref> The territory's economy is hivily dependent on gamblin an tourism but includes manufacturin an aw. Macau wis a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]] an baith the first an last European colony in Cheenae.<ref>Fung, 5.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/566301.stm | title=Macau and the end of empire | accessdate=2008-01-07 | publisher=BBC News | date=1999-12-18}}</ref> Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16t century an subsequently admeenistered the region till the [[Transfer o the sovereignty o Macau|haundower on 20 December 1999]]. The [[Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration]] an the [[Basic Law o Macau]] stipulate that Macau operates wi a hie degree o [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] till at least 2049, fifty years efter the transfer.<ref name=blm>{{cite web | url=http://www.umac.mo/basiclaw/english/main.html | title=Content of Basic Law of Macau | accessdate=2008-01-07 | publisher=University of Macau | archive-date=2007-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030094729/http://www.umac.mo/basiclaw/english/main.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner the policy o "[[ane kintra, twa seestems]]", the PRC's [[Central Fowr Govrenment]] is responsible for the territory's [[Fowk Leeberation Airmy Macau Garrison|defense]] an foreign affairs, while Macau maintains its awn [[Legal seestem o Macau|legal seestem]], [[Public Security Polis Force o Macau|polis force]], monetary seestem, customs policy, an [[Immigration tae Macau|immigration policy]]. Macau participates in mony internaitional organizations an events that dae no require members tae possess naitional sovereignty.<ref name=blm/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.imprensa.macau.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/ | title=Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal on the question of Macau | accessdate=2008-01-07 | publisher=GPB Govt of Macau | archive-date=2007-12-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216013846/http://www.imprensa.macau.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae the CIA factbeuk, Macau haes the heichest life expectancy in the warld.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-03-03 |archive-date=2014-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Etymology == {{Main|Names o Macau}} Afore the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] settlement in the early 16t century, Macau wis kent as ''Haojing'' (Oyster Mirror) or ''Jinghai'' (Mirror Sea).<ref name="M517">Macau Yearbook 2007, 517.</ref> The name ''Macau'' is thocht tae be derived frae the ''[[A-Ma Temple]]'' ({{zh|t=媽閣廟|j=Maa1 Gok3 Miu6|links=no}}), a temple built in 1448 dedicatit tae [[Matsu (goddess)|Matsu]] — the goddess o seafarers an fishermen. It is said that when the Portuguese sailors laundit at the coast juist ootside the temple an asked the name o the place, the natives replied "媽閣" ([[jyutping]]:Maa1 Gok3). The Portuguese then named the peninsula "Macau".<ref>Fung, 298.</ref> The present Chinese name (澳門) means "Inlet Gates". == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Macau is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]<ref name="São Paulo">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |title=Prefeitura.Sp — Descentralized Cooperation |access-date=2011-03-03 |archive-date=2008-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo2">[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 International Relations — São Paulo City Hall — Official Sister Cities]</ref> * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Kolkata]], [[Indie]] * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Porto]], [[Portugal]] * {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]] * {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Linköping]], [[Swaden]] == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons|Maps of Macau}} *[http://www.gov.mo/egi/Portal/index.jsp Portal o the govrenment o Macau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829085928/http://www.gov.mo/egi/Portal/index.jsp |date=2006-08-29 }} {{Geographic location | Centre = Macau | North = | Northeast = {{flagicon|China}} [[Shenzhen]]<br/>''[[Pearl River (Cheenae)|Pearl River]]'' / {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong]] | East = | Southeast = ''[[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]'' | South = ''[[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]'' | Southwest = ''[[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]'' | West = | Northwest = {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhuhai]] }} [[Category:Macau| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in Cheenae]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Cheenae]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Cheenae]] [[Category:Umwhile Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Gamblin in Cheenae]] [[Category:Historic Jewish commonties]] [[Category:Pearl River Delta]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1999]] [[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Special admeenistrative regions o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] 3ovesez41ie4vj8ugdy563xp0q4edea 0 16530 923636 923116 2026-09-28T01:53:29Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Salkhad | native_name = صَلْخَد | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Salkhad.jpg | imagesize = 200 | image_caption = Salkhad fortress | pushpin_map = Syria | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_map_caption = Airt in Sirie | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Syria}} | subdivision_type1 = Governorate | subdivision_name1 = as-Suwayda | subdivision_type2 = Destrict | subdivision_name2 = Salkhad | subdivision_type3 = Subdestrict | subdivision_name3 = Salkhad | unit_pref = Metric | population_total = 15000 | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank2_title = Religions | coordinates = {{coord|32|29|30|N|36|42|40|E|region:SY|display=inline}} | grid_position = 130/211 | elevation_m = 1350 | area_code = 16 }} '''Salkhad''' ({{lang-ar|'''صلخد'''}}) a [[Sirie|Sirian]] ceety that is locatit in the [[As-Suwayda Govrenorate]]. It is the caipital o the [[Salkhad Destrict]], ane o the govrenorate's three destricts. It haes a population o 15,000 inhabitants. It is locatit at 1350 metres abuin sea level in the central [[Jabal el Druze]] heichlands. ==History== Mentioned several times in the Bible as "[[Salcah]]", as a settlement in biblical [[Baushan]]. Durin the seicont century BC Salcah wis a flourishin [[Nabataean]] ceety, where the gods [[Dushara]] an [[Allat]] wur worshiped. Efterwards it wis incorporatit intae the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] province o [[Arabia Petraea|Arabie]], it wis ane o the important ceeties in [[Hauran]] durin Roman an later [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] epochs, Salkhad is indicatit in the [[Madaba mosaic map]] o the saxt century AD. Due tae the strategic position o the ceety owerleukin Hauran plains tae the wast, the [[Ayyubid]] dynasty built a fortress in Salkhad atween 1214 - 1247 tae coonter a possible attack o the [[Crusades]] intae inner Hauran. It haes an aa been said that [[Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din|Al-Afdal]] wis exiled here bi his uncle an [[Al-Aziz|brither]]. The importance o the ceety decreased efter the Crusades, an it wis occasionally owerrun bi [[Bedouins]] seekin pasture in the simmer for their flocks. A number o [[Greek Orthodox Kirk|Greek orthodox]] Christians, o [[Ghassanid]] ancestry, successively remained in the region. Salkhad an the adjacent region wut re-inhabitit bi [[Druze]] families frae [[Munt Lebanon]] in the late 17t, 18t an 19t centuries. Durin [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] times the ceety enjoyed a feudal-type autonomy like muckle o the [[Jabal el Druze]] aurie unner the chieftaincy o Al-Hamdan family an later Al-Atrash family, mony battles against Ottoman Turks teuk place in this region bi the locals tae maintain their autonomy. In the early 20t century the ceety wis pairt o the 1921-1936 [[Jabal al-Druze (state)|Druze state]] unner the [[French Mandate o Sirie]], the state wis gradually incorporatit intae Sirie efter the [[Great Sirian Revolt]] o 1925-1927 led bi [[Sultan Pasha Al-Atrash|Sultan Al-Atrash]]. The ceety nou is the centre o Salkhad destrict o As Suwayda govrenorate, it is the soothmaist destrict in Sirie. ==Airchaeology== The fortress o Salkhad is the maist important monument locatit in a hill inside the ceety , built atween 1214-1247 bi the Ayyubid dynasty as a pairt o their defences against the crusades. It is said that this fortress wur built in the site o aulder Roman fortifications. A hexagonal basalt [[minaret]] still staundin intact in the ceety’s main square. Mony Roman auld time hooses, still partially inhabitit bi locals. Nabatean, Roman an Ayyubid Tombs are an aa there wi decorative motifs. ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.swaidanet.com/modules/SwaidaAlbum/album/kak/Salkhad_Djebel_D.jpg Old image of the Fortress of Salkhad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928180322/http://www.swaidanet.com/modules/SwaidaAlbum/album/kak/Salkhad_Djebel_D.jpg |date=2007-09-28 }} {{Stub/Sirie}} {{coord|32|29|30|N|36|42|40|E|display=title}} [[Category:Ebreu Bible places]] [[Category:Populatit places in As-Suwayda Govrenorate]] 6pgwzxgbq9fkx74o9ky7139lnpxsgxg 0 17929 923639 898060 2026-09-28T04:41:15Z ~2026-51952-38 137876 /* */ 923639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yanbu' Al Bahr | settlement_type = Ceety | image_skyline = Yanbu city.jpg | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_link = | flag_size = | image_shield = | shield_link = | shield_size = | pushpin_map=Saudi Arabia | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] [[Saudi Arabie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Emirates o Saudi Arabie|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Al Madinah Province|Al Madinah]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Govrenorates o Saudi Arabie|Govrenorate]] | subdivision_name2 = Yanbu Al Bahr |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = |leader_title1 = Provincial Govrenor |leader_name1 = Abdulaziz Bin Majid |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = | established_title = Established | established_date = 491&nbsp;BC | established_title2 = Joined [[Saudi Arabie]] 1925 | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | elevation_m = | area_footnotes = | population_note = Yanbu Municipality estimate | population_as_of = 2004 | population_total = 250,000 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_footnotes = | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = (5 digits) | area_code = +966-? | website = | coordinates = {{coord|24|05|N|38|0|E|region:SA|display=inline}} }} '''Yanbu' al Bahr''' ({{lang-ar|ينبع}} "spring bi the sea"), an aa kent simply as '''Yanbu''', '''Yambo''' or '''Yenbo''', is a major [[Red Sea]] port in the [[Al Madinah Province]] o wastren [[Saudi Arabie]]. It is approximately 350&nbsp;kilometers north o [[Jeddah]] (at {{coord|24|05|N|38|00|E|}}). The population is 188,430 (2004 census). A lairge number o the residents are foreign expatriates, maistly frae Asie, but there are an aa lairge numbers frae the [[Middle East]] an [[Europe]]. == History == Yanbu's history dates back at least 2500&nbsp;years, when it wis a staging point on the [[spice]] an [[incense]] route frae [[Yemen]] tae [[Egyp]] an the Mediterranean region. Yanbu served as a supply an operational base for [[Arab Revolt#Prelude|Arab an Breetish forces]] fechtin the [[Ottoman Empire]] durin the [[Warld War I]]. It remained a sma port toun till 1975, when the Saudi govrenment designatit it as ane o the kintra's twa new industrial centres (the ither being [[Al Jubayl]] on the [[Persian Gulf]]).yeah == Geografie == The city is divided into three villages, about 15&nbsp;minutes drive by car away from each other. The Dountoun (aften called ''Al-Balad'') is the actual city an has maist o the population wi aw the shoppin centers. The majority o the residents are lawer class an income Asians, lawer class an lawer income Saudi Arabians, an some non-Saudi Arabs an ither Middle Easterners. Vera few Wastreners live in this pairt o Yanbu. Maist o the restaurants here are lawer class an cater tae the various ethnic groups in the aurie. The aurie does contain a few internaitional chain restaurants, as well as some coffee shops. Pairts o the ceety, pairticularly on the edge o the ceety, are stairtin tae modrenize, as new shoppin centers as well a new shoppin maw are being biggit. The aurie as a whole, housomeivver, haes a rather auld, worn oot feel tae it. at the time bein govrenment wirk oot tae improve the auld an historical part in yanbu doun toun , whaur ye can fynd the pretty auld biggins wi aw its auld pretty accessories. Al-Nakheel (''The Palms'') is the aulder pairt o the ceety, whaur maistly ferms wad be foond. Ony residents here wad be exclusively Saudi Arabian. Yanbu Al-Sina'iya (literally "the industrial Yanbu"), is the industrial ceety, established aroond 1975 wi a vera modren hoosin airchitectur. It hooses aw the major refineries an petrochemical installations an is still experiencin major growth. The industrial ceety haes a section cawed the Royal Commission. It's residents are made up maistly o Europeans, Americans, an ither Wastreners. There are an aa many upper-class Saudi Arabians, upper income non-Saudi Arabs, an upper income Asians. Although the Royal Comission is maistly residential, there are mony internaitional chain restaurants, as well as a shoppin maw, supermercats o various sizes, hospitals, banks, an coffee shops. It haes a mair modren, clean, an mair organized feel tae it than the Dountoun aurie. It is an aa mair green. == Economy == Yanbu is an important [[petroleum]] shippin terminal an is hame tae three ile [[refineries]], a plastics facility an several ither petrochemical plants. It is the kintra's seicont port (efter Jeddah) an serves as the main port for the holy ceety o [[Medina]], 160&nbsp;km (99&nbsp;mi) tae the east. The natural harbour is protectit on baith sides bi wide [[coral reef]]s. These reefs remain maistly untouched makin them excellent auries for divin. Three major ile pipelines lead athort the desert frae the ilefields in the east tae terminate at the Red Sea in Yanbu. == Transportation == === Airport === Yanbu an aa haes an [[Yanbu Domestic Airport|international airport]] ([[IATA airport code|code]] YNB) that wis built in 2009. It anerlie affers flichts tae [[Riyadh]] an [[Jeddah]] athin Saudi Arabie. Internaitionally, it affers flichts tae [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates]], an tae [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]]. === Heich-gates === A new heich-gate nou passes through Yanbu linkin Jeddah tae the northren pairts o the kinrick an the neighborin kintras Sirie, Jordan etc. === Naval Base === The naval base cawed Al-Minhalapin utilizes islands an unnerwater facilities tae protect the landmass. == See an aa == * [[Saudi Ports Authority]] *[[2004 Yanbu attack]], an attack bi gunmen against Wastreners on Mey 1, 2004 *[[Battle o Yanbu]] or Yanbu Landin *[[Yanbu Industrial College]] *[[Yanbu Internaitional Schuil]] (YIS), an American-accreditit schuil *[[Al Tawhid Internaitional Schuil]] *[[Yanbu Elite Internaitional Schuil]] == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ Royal Commission for Jubail an Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016211758/http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ |date=2012-10-16 }} * [http://www.thecoveyanbu.com/ The Cove, Yanbu housing project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716230030/http://www.thecoveyanbu.com/ |date=2011-07-16 }} * [http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-yanbu.htm General information on Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207024102/http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-yanbu.htm |date=2004-12-07 }} {{Saudi cities}} [[Category:Yanbu| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Al Madinah Province]] [[Category:Reid Sea]] jyal2cyunqdenelabqg71b9889eabbv 0 40744 923606 923554 2026-09-27T22:26:20Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Dzagikavan |native_name = Ձագիկավան |settlement_type = Veelage |pushpin_map = Armenia |mapsize = 150px |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Armenie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Syunik]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o municipalities o Armenie|commonty]] |subdivision_name2 =[[Lernadzor]] |population_as_of = 2001 |population_total = 106 |timezone = &nbsp; |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = &nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|39|11|18|N|46|15|14|E|region:AM|display=inline}} |footnotes ={{GEOnet2|32FA881E6C3F3774E0440003BA962ED3}} }} '''Dzagikavan''' ({{lang-hy|Ձագիկավան}}) is a veelage in the [[Commonty (Armenie)|rural commonty]] o [[Lernadzor]] in the [[Syunik Province]] o [[Armenie]]. The [[Naitional Statistical Service o the Republic o Armenie]] (ARMSTAT) reportit its population wis 132 at the 2011 census.<ref>{{ArmenianCensus|210}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Lernadzor}} [[Category:Populatit places in Syunik Province]] kdontzd7h4roi3q7plqpe603e06n69j 0 41941 923638 923138 2026-09-28T04:33:39Z ~2026-52012-41 137875 923638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{short descreeption|Big cat o the family Felidae}} {{Speciesbox | name = Lion | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg <!-----Please do not replace these featured images without a consensus----> | image_caption = Male lion in [[Okonjima]], [[Namibie]] | image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg | image2_caption = Female (lioness) in Okonjima | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |year=2016 |volume=2016 |title=''Panthera leo'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/115130419}}</ref> | taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=''Panthera leo''}}</ref> | authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name="Linn1758" /> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspeshies]] | subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]'' :''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Sri Lanka lion|P. l. sinhaleyus]]'' | range_map = Lion distribution.png | range_map_caption = Historical an present distribution o ''Panthera leo'' in [[Africae]], [[Asie]] an [[Europe]] }} [[File:Lion Cubs Phinda 2011.ogv|thumb|right]] The '''lion''' (''Panthera leo'') is ane o the five big cat species in the [[genus]] ''[[Panthera]]'' an a memmer o the faimily [[Felidae]]. Wi some males ootdingin {{convert|250|kg|abbr=on}} in wicht,<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> it is the second mucklest livin cat efter the [[tiger]]. Thir days, thare wild lions in [[sub-Saharan Africae]] an in [[Asie]], wi an [[endangered]] remnant population in [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in [[Indie]], haein disappeart frae [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]] in heestoric times. Till the late [[Pleistocene]], aboot 10,000&nbsp;year syne, the lion wis the maist widespreid muckle laund mammal efter humans. Thay wur foond in maist o Africae, athort Eurasie frae wastren Europe tae Indie, an in the Americas frae the [[Yukon]] tae [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">{{cite journal|last=Harington |first=C. R. (Dick) |year=1969 |title=Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-earth-sciences_1969-10_6_5/page/1277 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1277–88|doi=10.1139/e69-127}}</ref> The lion is a [[vulnerable species]], haein seen a major population decline o 30–50% ower the past seicont hauf o the 20t century.<ref name="IUCN" /> Lion populàtions is untenable ootwi designate reserves an naitional pairks. Awbesit the decline's cause isnae fou unnerstuid, habitat loss an conflicts wi humans is the greatest causes o concern thir days. Athin Africae, the [[Wast African lion]] populàtion is pairtìcular endangert. Lions lives fur 10–14 year in the wild, awbesit in captivity thay can be livin mair nor 20 year. In the wild, males seendle lives langer than 10 years, as injuries sustained frae continual fechtin wi rival males greatly reduce thair longevity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smuts |first=G. L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillan South Africa |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> Thay teepically inhabit [[savanna]] an [[grassland]], awbesit thay mey tak tae [[Shrub|bush]] an [[wid]]. Lions is unuisually [[social animal|social]] compared wi ither cats. A lion pride consists o sib females an affspring an a smaw nummer o adult males. Groups o female lions teepically hunt thegither, preying maistly on lairge [[ungulate]]s. Lions is [[apex predator|apex]] an [[keystone species#Predators|keystone predators]], awbesit thay are forby expert [[scavengers]] obteenin ower 50 percent o thair fuid bi scavengin as opportunity allows. While lions dae nae teepically hunt humans, some hae been kent tae dae sae. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are primarily [[nocturnality|nocturnal]], awbesit bordering on [[crepuscular]] in naitur.<ref name="earthtouch">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120420172909/http://www.earth-touch.com/result.php?i=Lions-nocturnal-chorus Lions' nocturnal chorus]. Earth-touch.com. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref><ref name="phxzoo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415054339/http://www.phoenixzoo.org/learn/animals/animal_detail.aspx?FACT_SHEET_ID=100001 African Lion ''Panthera leo'']. Phoenix Zoo Fact Sheet.</ref> Heichly distinctive, the male lion is easy recognised bi its mane, an its face is ane o the widest recognised ainimal seembols in human [[cultur]]. Depictions hae existit frae the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period, wi carvins an pentins frae the [[Lascaux]] an [[Chauvet Cave]]s, throu virtually aw auncient an medieval culturs whaur thay ance occurred. It haes been extensively depicted in sculpturs, in pentins, on naitional banners, an in contemporary films an leeteratur. Lions hae been kept in [[menagerie]]s syne the time o the [[Roman Empire]], an hae been a key species socht fur exhibeetion in [[zoo]]s ower the warld syne the late aichteent century. Zoos is cooperatin warldwide in breedin programs fur the endangered [[Asiatic lion|Asiatic subspecies]]. ==Etymology== The lion's name, seemilar in mony [[Romance leids]], is derived frae the [[Laitin]] ''{{lang|la|leo}}'',<ref>{{Cite book | last=Simpson |first=D. P. | title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary | url=https://archive.org/details/cassellslatineng0000unse_w6a1 | publisher=Cassell Ltd. | year=1979 | edition=5th | location=London | page=342 | isbn=0-304-52257-0}}</ref> an the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|λέων}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|leon}}'').<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{Cite book | authorlink=Henry George Liddell |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |authorlink2=Robert Scott (philologist) |last2=Scott |first2=Robert | year=1980 | title=[[A Greek-English Lexicon]] (Abridged Edition)|page=[https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd/page/411 411] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=United Kingdom | isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref> The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] wird {{lang|he|לָבִיא}} ({{lang|he-Latn|''lavi''}}) mey be sib an aw.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title=Lion|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|editor=Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund| year=1989 |edition= 2nd| location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press| isbn=0-19-861186-2}}</ref> It wis ane o the species oreeginally describit bi [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], wha gae it the name ''Felis leo'', in his aichteent-century wirk, ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linn1758">{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. |publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) |year=1758 |page=41 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726936 |accessdate=8 September 2008 |language=Latin |volume=1 |edition=10th}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Lion and eland.jpg|thumb|right|A скелет moont o an African Lion attackin a [[Common Eland]] on display at [[The Museum o Osteology]], [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]]] Ahind anerly the trrger, the lion is the seicont mucklemaist livin felid in lenth an wecht. Its harnpan is verra seemilar tae that o the teeger, awbesit the frontal region is uisually mair depressed an flattened, wi a slichtly shorter postorbital region. The lion's skull haes braider nasal appenins than the tiger, housamiver, due tae the amoont o skull variation in the twa species, uisually, anly the lawer jaw structur can be uised as a moleskin indicator o species.<ref name="USSR">{{Cite book | last = Heptner |first=V. G. |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A.| title = Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 | year = 1992| isbn = 90-04-08876-8 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden u.a.}}</ref> Lion colouration varies frae licht buff tae yellowish, reiddish, or dark ochraceous broun. The unnerpairts are generally lichter an the tail tuft is black. Lion cubs is born wi broun [[Rosette (zoology)|rosettes]] (spots) on thair body, rather lik thaim o a leopard. awbesit thir spots fade as lions reak adultheid, faint spots eften mey still be seen on the shanks an unnerpairts, parteecularly on lionesses. Lions is the anerly memmers o the cat faimily tae be displayin obvious [[sexual dimorphism]] – that is, males an females leuk distinctly different. Thay forby hae specialised roles that ilka gender plays in the pride. Fur instance, the lioness, the hunter, lacks the male's thick mane. The colour o the male's mane varies frae blond tae black, generally becomin darker as the lion grows aulder. The maist distinctive characteristic skared bi baith females an males is that the tail ends in a hairy tuft. In some lions, the tuft conceals a haurd "spine" or "spur", thareaboot 5&nbsp;mm lang, formed o the feenal sections o tail bane fused thegither. The lion is the anly felid tae hae a tufted tail – the function o the tuft an spine are unkent. Absent at birth, the tuft develops aroond 5½&nbsp;months o age an is readily identifiable at 7&nbsp;months.<ref name="Schaller28">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 28.</ref> Adult lion size varies athort thair range wi thaim frae the soothren African populations in Zimbabwe, the Kalahari an Kruger Pairk averagin aroond {{convert|189.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|126.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males an females respectively compared tae {{convert|174.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|119.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o male an female lions frae [[East Africae]].<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980>{{Cite journal |last=Smuts|first=G. L.|author2=Robinson, G.A.|author3=Whyte, I.J.|title=Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (Panthera leo)|journal=Journal of Zoology|year=1980|volume=190|issue=3|pages=365–373|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x/abstract|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x}}</ref> Reportit body measurements in males are heid-body lenths rangin frae {{convert|170|to|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|90|–|105|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}. In females reportit heid-body lenths range frae {{convert|140|to|175|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|70|–|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}},<ref name="nowak"/> houiver, the aften citit maximum heid an body lenth o {{convert|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} fits rather tae extinct Pleistocene forms, lik the [[American lion]], wi even lairge modren lions meisurin several centimetres less in lenth.<ref>[[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák, Vratislav]] (April 2004) ''Der Tiger'', Westarp Wissenschaften, 5th ed., pp. 178 ff., ISBN 3-89432-759-6.</ref> Record measurements frae huntin records are supposedly a tot lenth o naur {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} for a male shot naur Mucsso, soothren [[Angolae]] in October 1973 an a wecht o {{convert|313|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for a male shot ootside [[Hectorspruit]] in eastren [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[Sooth Africae]] in 1936.<ref>Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9</ref> Anither notably outsized male lion, that wis shot naur [[Moont Kenyae]], wiched in at {{convert|272|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |last=Nowell |first=Kristin |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |title= Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |format=PDF |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location= Gland, Switzerland |isbn=2-8317-0045-0 |pages= 17–21, 37–41|chapter= Panthera Leo}}</ref> ===Mane=== [[File:HansomeLion 002.jpg|thumb|right|During agonistic confrontations wi ither lions, the mane maks the lion appear lairger.]] The adult male lion's mane, unique amang cats, is ane o the maist distinctive characteristics o the species. It mey provide an excellent intimidation display; aidin the lion durin confrontations wi ither lions.<ref>{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first=Bijal P. | title=Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness? | publisher=National Geographic | year=2005 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html | accessdate=7 July 2007 | archive-date=2002-06-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605184139/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html | url-status=dead}}</ref> The presence, absence, colour, an size o the mane is associatit wi genetic precondeetion, sexual maturity, climate, an [[testosterone]] production; the rule o thumb is the darker an fouer the mane, the healthier the lion. Sexual selection o mates bi lionesses favors males wi the densest, darkest mane.<ref name="Trivedi02">{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first =Bijal P. | title=Female Lions Prefer Dark-Maned Males, Study Finds | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=22 August 2002 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0822_020822_TVlion.html| accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> Research in [[Tanzanie]] an aa suggests mane lenth signals fechtin success in male–male relationships. Darker-maned individuals mey hae langer reproductive lives an higher affspring survival, awbesit thay suffer in the hettest months o the year.<ref name=West>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Peyton M. |author2=Packer, Craig |date=August 2002 |title=Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-08-23_297_5585/page/1338 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=297 |issue=5585 |pages= 1339–43 |doi=10.1126/science.1073257 |pmid=12193785}}</ref> [[File:Maneless lion from Tsavo East National Park.png|thumb|A maneless lion.]] Scientists ance believed that the distinct status o some subspecies coud be juistified bi [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], includin the mane size. Morphology wis uised tae identifee subspecies lik the [[Barbary lion]] an [[Cape lion]]. Research haes suggestit, houiver, that environmental factors influences the colour an size o a lion's mane, lik the [[Ruim temperatur|ambient temperatur]].<ref name=West/> The cuiler ambient temperatur in European an North American [[zoo]]s, fur ensaumple, mey result in a hivier mane. Sicweys, the mane isnae an appropriate merker for identifyin subspecies.<ref name="CG">{{cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Ross |author2=Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki |author3=Barnes, Ian|author4=Cooper, Alan |date=August 2006 |title=Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion ''Panthera leo'': Implications for its ''ex situ'' conservation |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–14 |doi=10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0}}</ref><ref name="yamaguchi-haddane">{{cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=Nobuyuki |author2=Haddane, B. |year=2002 |title=The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project |journal=International Zoo News |volume=49 |pages=465–81}}</ref> The males o the Asiatic subspecies, housomiver, is characterised bi sparser manes nor average African lions.<ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Vivek |year=2003 |title=A Field Guide to Indian Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoindi0000meno |location=Delhi |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=0-14-302998-3| pages=}}</ref> In the [[Pendjari Naitional Pairk]] area, awmaist aw males is maneless or hae verra waik manes.<ref>Schoe, Marjolein; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Kaandorp, Jacques and de Iongh, Hans (2010) ''Progress Report – collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin.'' Funded by the Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund.</ref> Maneless male lions haes forby been reportit frae [[Senegal]], frae Sudan ([[Dinder Naitional Pairk]]), an frae [[Tsavo East Naitional Pairk]] in Kenyae, an the oreeginal male white lion frae Timbavati wis maneless an aa. The testosterone hormone haes been linked tae mane growthe, therefore [[castration|castratit]] lions eften hae minimal tae no mane, as the removal o the gonads inhibits testosterone production.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Linda | last = Munson| date = 3 March 2006 | title = Contraception in felids | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_theriogenology_2006-07-01_66_1/page/126 | journal = Theriogenology| pmid = 16626799 | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 126–34 | doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.06 }}</ref> [[Cave pentin]]s o extinct European [[Panthera leo spelaea|cave lion]]s awmaist exclusively shaw ainimals wi no manes, suggestin that thay war aither athoot manes,<ref name="Koenigswald02">{{cite book |last=Koenigswald |first=Wighart von |year=2002 |title=Lebendige Eiszeit: Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Theiss |isbn=3-8062-1734-3| pages=|language=de}}</ref> or that the pentins depict lionesses as seen huntin in a group. ===White lions=== [[File:White Lion.jpg|thumb|right|[[White lion]]s owe thair colourin tae a recessive allele; thay are rare forms o the subspecies ''Panthera leo krugeri'']] The [[white lion]] is nae a distinct subspecies, but a special [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] wi a genetic condeetion, [[leucism]],<ref name = "zoos_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Grisham | first= Jack | editor-first = Catherine E | editor-last = Bell |title=Lion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos |volume=2: G–P |year=2001 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn |location=Chofago |isbn=1-57958-174-9 |pages=733–39}}</ref>> that causes paler colouration akin tae that o the [[white teeger]]; the condeetion is seemilar tae [[melanism]], that causes [[black panther]]s. Thay are nae albinos, haein normal pigmentation in the een an skin. White Transvaal lion (''Panthera leo krugeri'') individuals occasionally hae been encountered in an aroond [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] an the adjacent [[Timbavati Private Game Reserve]] in eastren Sooth Africae, but are mair commonly foond in [[captivity (ainimal)|captivity]], whaur breeders deliberately select them. The unuisual cream colour o thair coats is due tae a [[recessive allele]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McBride |first=Chris |title=The White Lions of Timbavati |url=https://archive.org/details/whitelionsoftimb00mcbr |year=1977 |publisher=E. Stanton |location=Johannesburg |isbn= 0-949997-32-3 }}</ref> Reportedly, thay hae been bred in camps in South Africae fur uiss as trophies tae be killt during [[canned hunt]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker|first=Linda |title=Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God|year=2003 |publisher=Npenvu Press|location=Mapumulanga |isbn= 0-620-31409-5}}</ref> ==Behaviour== [[File:Panthera leo stretching (Etosha, 2012).jpg|thumbnail|left|Adult male lion stretching.]] Lions spends a feck o thair time restin an is inactive fur aboot 20&nbsp;oor per day.<ref name="Schaller122">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 122.</ref> awbesit lions can be active at ony time, thair activity generally peaks efter dusk wi a period o socialisin, gruimin, an defecatin. Intermittent bursts o activity follae throu the nicht oors till dawn, whan huntin maist eften taks place. Thay spend an average o twa oors a day walkin an 50&nbsp;minutes eatin.<ref name="Schaller120">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 120–21.</ref> ===Group organization=== [[File:pride leader.jpg|thumb|right|Twa lionesses an a matur male o a pride.]] [[File:Lions Family Portrait Masai Mara.jpg|thumb|right|Twa males an a female lion.]] Lions is the maist socially inclined o aw wild [[felid]]s, maist o thaim remainin quite solitar in naitur. The lion is a predatory [[carnivore]] wi twa teeps o social organisation. Some lions is ''indwallers,'' livin in groups centerin aroond relatit lionesses, cried ''prides''.<ref name="Schaller33">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 33.</ref> Females form the stable [[social unit]] in a pride an dinnae tolerate ootside females.<ref name="Schaller37">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 37.</ref> Membership anly chynges wi the births an daiths o lionesses,<ref name="Schaller39">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 39.</ref> awbesit some females dae leave an become nomadic.<ref name="Schaller44">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 44.</ref> awbesit extremely lairge prides, consistin o up tae 30 individuals, hae been observed, the average pride consists o five or sax females, thair cubs o baith sexes, an ane or twa males (kent as a ''coaleetion'' if mair nor ane) wha mate wi the adult females. The nummer o adult males in a coaleetion is uisually twa but mey increase tae as mony as fower afore decreasin again ower time.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The sole exception tae this pattern is the [[Tsavo lion]] pride that aye haes juist ane adult male.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Milius |first=Susan |date=April 2002 |title= Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-news-us_2002-04-20_161_16/page/253 |journal=Society for Science & the Public |volume=161 |issue=16 |pages=253 |doi=10.1002/scin.5591611614}}</ref> Male cubs are excluded frae thair maternal pride whan thay reach maturity at aroond 2–3 years o age.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The seicont organisational behaviour is labeled ''nomads'', wha range widely an muive aboot sporadically, aither singularly or in pairs.<ref name="Schaller33"/> Pairs is mair frequent amang sib males that haes been excludit frae thair birth pride. Note that a lion mey switch lifestyles; nomads mey become indwallers an vice versa. Males, as a rule, live at least some portion o thair lifes as nomads, an some can neir jyne anither pride. A female wha becomes a nomad haes a fair feck greater difficulty jynin a new pride, as the females in a pride is sib, an thay reject maist attempts bi an unrelated female tae jyne thair faimily group. The area a pride occupies is cried a ''pride area'', whauras that bi a nomad is a ''range''.<ref name="Schaller33"/> The males associated wi a pride tend tae stay on the fringes, patrollin thair [[Territory (ainimal)|territory]]. Why [[Social behaviour|sociality]] – the maist pronoonced in ony cat species – haes developed in lionesses is the subject o much debate. Increased huntin success appears an obvious reason, but this is less nor sure upon examination: coordinated huntin daes allou for mair successfu predation but an aa ensurs that non-huntin memmers reduce per capita calorific intake; housomiver, some tak a role raisin cubs, wha mey be left alane for extendit periods o time. Memmers o the pride regularly tend tae play the same role in hunts an hone thair skills. The heal o the hunters is the primary need for the survival o the pride, an thay are the first tae consume the prey at the site it is taen. Ither benefits include possible [[kin selection]] (better tae share fuid wi a relatit lion than wi a stranger), pertection o the young, maintenance o territory, an individual insurance against injury an hunger.<ref name=CAP/> [[File:Lion.ogv|thumb|right|Video o a wild lioness]] Lionesses dae maist o the huntin for thair pride. Thay are mair effective hunters, as thay are smawer, swither, an mair agile than the males an unencumbered bi the hivy an conspicuous mane, that causes owerheatin during exertion. Thay act as a coordinatit group wi members wha perform the same role consistently fur tae stalk an bring doun the prey sonsie-like. Smawer prey is eaten at the location o the hunt, tharebi bein shared amang the hunters; whan the kill is muckler it eften is dragged tae the pride area. Thare is mair sharin o muckler kills,<ref name="Schaller133">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 133.</ref> awbesit pride members aften behave aggressively toward ane anither as ilkane ettles at consumin sae muckle a hantle o fuid as possible. Naur the conclusion o the hunt, males hae a tendency tae dominate the kill ance the lionesses hae succeeded. Thay are mair lik tae share this wi the cubs as wi the lionesses, but males rarely share fuid thay hae killt bi thairsels. Baith males an females can defend the pride agin intruders, but the male lion is better-suitit for this purpose due tae its stockier, mair powerful big.<ref>[http://www.lionconservationfund.org/lion_adopt.html Join the Pride]. Lion Conservation Fund. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref> Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders, while ithers lag behind.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinsohn|first= R. |author2=C. Packer |year=1995 |title=Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1260|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1260–62 |doi=10.1126/science.7652573 |pmid=7652573}}</ref> Lions tend tae assume speceefic roles in the pride. Those laggin behind mey provide ither valuable services tae the group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morell|first= V. |year=1995 |title=Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1216|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1216–17|doi=10.1126/science.7652566 |pmid=7652566}}</ref> An alternative hypothesis is that thare is some reward associated wi bein a leader wha fends aff intruders, an the rank o lionesses in the pride is reflectit in thir responses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahn|first= Gary C. |year=1996 |title=Lioness Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-03-01_271_5253/page/1214|journal=Science |volume=271 |issue=5253 |page=1215 |doi=10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a |pmid=17820922 }}</ref> The male or males associatit wi the pride must defend thair relationship tae the pride frae ootside males wha attempt tae tak ower thair relationship wi the pride. ===Huntin an diet=== [[File:Female Lion.JPG|thumb|Lion teeth are teepical o a carnivore.]] Lions prefer tae [[Scavenger|scavenge]] whan the opportunity presents itsel<ref name = "Schaller213" /> wi [[carrion]] providin mair nor 50% o thair diet.<ref name=AWF>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | accessdate =6 June 2014}}</ref> Thay scavenge ainimals aither deid frae [[naitural causes]] (disease) or killt bi ither predators, an keep a constant lookout for circlin vultures, bein keenly aware that thay indicate an ainimal dead or in distress.<ref name = "Schaller213">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 213.</ref> In fact, maist deid prey on whilk baith hyenas an lions feed upon are killt bi the hyenas insteid o the lions.<ref name="nowak" /> The lionesses daes maist o the huntin for the pride. The male lion associatit wi the pride uisually stays an watches ower young cubs till the lionesses return frae the hunt. Teepically, several wirk thegither an encircle the herd frae different pynts. Ance thay hae closed in on the herd, thay uisually target the ainimal closest tae them. The attack is short an pouerfu; thay attempt tae catch the victim wi a fast rush an feenal leap. The prey uisually is killt bi [[strangulation]],<ref>{{cite web | title = About lions—Ecology and behaviour | first = Gus | last = Mills | publisher = African Lion Working Group | url = http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | accessdate = 20 July 2007 | archive-date = 2014-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331141011/http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> that can cause [[cerebral ischemia]] or [[asphyxia]] (that results in [[hypoxemia|hypoxemic]], or "general", [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]). The prey an aa mey be killt bi the lion enclosin the ainimal's mooth an nostrils in its jaws (that wad result in asphyxia an aa).<ref name="nowak" /> Lions uisually hunts in coordinatit groups an stalk thair chosen prey. Housomiver, thay arnae parteecularly kent fur thair stamina – fur instance, a lioness' hert maks up anly 0.57% o her body wecht (a male's is aboot 0.45% o his body wecht), whauras a hyena's hert is close tae 1% o its body wecht.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 248.</ref> Sicweys, thay anly run fast in short bursts,<ref name="Schaller2478">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 247–48.</ref> an need tae be close tae thair prey afore stairtin the attack. Thay tak advantage o factors that reduce veesibility; mony kills tak place naur some form o civer or at nicht.<ref name="Schaller237">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 237.</ref> Thay sneak up tae the victim till thay reach a distance o approximately {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off}} or less. [[File:Serengeti Lion Running saturated.jpg|thumb|left|Lioness in a burst o speed while huntin.]] The [[Predation|prey]] consists mainly o medium-sized mammals, wi a preference fur [[wildebeest]], [[zebra]]s, [[African Buffalo|buffalo]], an [[warthog]]s in Africae an [[nilgai]], [[Boar|wild boar]], an several [[deer]] species in Indie. Mony ither species are huntit, based on availability, mainly [[ungulate]]s wichin atween {{convert|50|and|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}} lik [[kudu]], [[hartebeest]], [[gemsbok]], an [[Taurotragus|eland]].<ref name="nowak" /> Occasionally, thay tak relatively smaw species lik [[Thomson's gazelle]] or [[Springbok (antelope)|springbok]]. Lions huntin in groups is capable o takkin doun maist ainimals, even adults in guid heal, but in maist pairts o thair range thay rarely attack verra lairge prey lik fully grown male [[giraffe]]s due tae the danger o injury. Giraffes an buffaloes are awmaist invulnerable tae a solitary lion as well.<ref name="Schaller259">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 259.</ref> Extensive studies shaws that lionesses normally preys on mammals wi an average wecht o {{convert|126|kg|abbr=on}}, while kills made bi male lions average {{convert|399|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author1=Radloff, Frans G. T.|author2=Du Toit, Johan T. |year= 2004 |title= Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-ecology_2004-05_73_3/page/410|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=73 |pages=410–423 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x}}</ref> In Africae, wildebeest rank at the tap o preferred prey (makin nearly hauf o the lion prey in the [[Serengeti]]) follaed bi zebra.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn=88-8095-752-X| title = The Art of Being a Lion |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni| page = [https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni/page/186 186] | first1 = Christine | last1 = Denis-Huot | first2 = Michel | last2 = Denis-Huot | publisher = Friedman/Fairfax | year = 2002}}</ref> Lions dinnae prey on fou grown adult [[elephant]]s; maist adult [[hippopotamus]]es, [[rhinoceros]]es, an smawer [[gazelle]]s, [[impala]], an ither agile antelopes are generally excludiy. Houiver, giraffes an buffaloes are eften taken in certaint regions. For instance, in Kruger Naitional Pairk, giraffes is regularly huntit.<ref name=Pienaar1969>{{Cite journal |last1=Pienaar|first1=U. de V.|title=Predator-prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park|journal=Koedoe|date=1969|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753|url=http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/view/753}}</ref> In Manyara Pairk, Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62% o the lion's diet,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Among the Elephants | url = https://archive.org/details/amongelephants00iain | first1 = Iain | last1 = Douglas-Hamilton | first2 = Oria | last2 = Douglas-Hamilton | year = 1975 }}</ref> due tae the heich nummer density o buffaloes. Occasionally hippopotamus is an aa taken, but adult rhinoceroses are generally avoidit. Warthogs are eften taken dependin on availability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 =Hayward|first1 = Matt W. | last2 = Kerley | first2 = Graham | year = 2005 | title= Prey preferences of the lion (''Panthera leo'') | journal= Journal of Zoology | volume = 267 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–22 |doi= 10.1017/S0952836905007508}}</ref> The lions o [[Chobe Naitional Pairk#Geografie an ecoseestems|Savuti]], Botswana, hae adaptit tae huntin young elephants during the dry saison, an a pride o 30 lions haes been recordit killin individuals atween the ages o fower an eleven years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Power |first=R. J. |last2=Shem Compion |first2=R. X.|year=2009|title=Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana|journal=African Zoology|volume=44|issue=1|pages=36–44|doi=10.3377/004.044.0104}}</ref> In the [[Kalahari desert]] in [[Sooth Africae]], black-maned lions mey chase baboons up a tree, wait patiently, then attack them whan thay try tae escape: [[File:Lion and baboon 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Baboons trapped up a tree bi lions.]] Lions forby attack domestic livestock an in Indie cattle contribute signeeficantly tae thair diet.<ref name = "Menon" /> Lions is capable o killin ither predators lik [[leopard]]s, [[cheetah]]s, [[hyena]]s, an [[African Wild Dug|wild dugs]], awbesit (unlik maist felids) thay seldom devour the competitors efter killin them. A lion mey gorge itsel an eat up tae {{convert|30|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in ane sittin;<ref name="simba">{{Cite book | last= Guggisberg|first= Charles Albert Walter| title = Simba: the life of the lion. |year=1961 |publisher=Howard Timmins |location=Cape Town}}</ref> if it is unable tae consume aw the kill it will rest for a few oors afore consumin mair. On a het day, the pride mey retreat tae shade leavin a male or twa tae staund guard.<ref name="Schaller2706">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 270–76.</ref> An adult lioness requires an average o aboot {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o meat per day, a male aboot {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 276.</ref> [[File:Lions taking down cape buffalo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Four lionesses catch a cape buffalo.]] Acause lionesses hunt in open spaces whaur thay are easy seen bi thair prey, cooperative huntin increases the likelihood o a sonsie hunt; this is especially true wi lairger species. Teamwork an aa enables them tae defend thair kills easier against ither lairge predators lik hyenas, that mey be attractit bi [[vulture]]s frae kilometres away in open savannas. Lionesses dae maist o the huntin; males attacht tae prides dae nae uisually pairteecipate in huntin, except in the case o lairger quarry lik giraffe an buffalo. In teepical hunts, ilka lioness haes a favored poseetion in the group, aither stalkin prey on the "weeng" then attackin, or muivin a smawer distance in the centre o the group an capturin prey in flicht frae ither lionesses.<ref name=hunt>{{Cite journal | last = Stander | first = PE | title= Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=29|issue=6|pages=445–54|year=1992|doi = 10.1007/BF00170175}}</ref> Thare is evidence that male lions are juist as successfu at huntin as females; thay are solo hunters wha ambush prey in smaw bush.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott R. Loariea |author2=Craig J. Tamblingb |author3=Gregory P. Asnera|year=2013|title=Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=85|issue=5|pages=899–906|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018}}</ref> Young lions first display stalkin behaviour aboot three month o age, awbesit thay dae nae pairteecipate in huntin till thay are awmaist a year auld. Thay begin tae hunt effectively whan thay are naur twa yeir auld.<ref name="Schaller153">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 153.</ref> ====Predator competeetion==== [[File:Panthera leo & Crocuta crocuta.jpg|thumb|250px|Subadult male lion an [[spotted hyena]]]] Lions an [[spottit hyena]]s occupy the same [[ecological niche]], meanin thay compete for prey an carrion in the areas whaur thay coexist. A review o data across several studies indicates a dietary owerlap o 58.6%.<ref name="prey">{{Cite journal | url = http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf | format = PDF | title = Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (''Crocuta crocuta'') and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (''Panthera leo'') | last = Hayward | first = Matt W. | journal = Journal of Zoology | year = 2006 | volume = 270 | pages = 606–14 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183 | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033155/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf%20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions teepically ignore spottit hyenas unless the lions are on a kill or are bein harassed bi the hyenas, while the latter tend tae visibly react tae the presence o lions whether thare is fuid or nae. Lions seize the kills o spottit hyenas: in the [[Ngorongoro crater]], it is common for lions tae subsist largely on kills stolen frae hyenas, causin the hyenas tae increase thair kill rate.<ref name="Kruuk21">{{Cite book |chapter = Interactions between Hyenas and other Carnivorous Animals | first = Hans | last = Kruuk | title = The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |url = https://archive.org/details/spottedhyenastud0000kruu | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | place = Chicago | year = 1972|isbn=0-226-45508-4 }}</ref> On the ither haund, in Northren Botswana's Chobe Naitional Pairk, the situation is reversed: hyenas frequently challenge lions an steal thair kills: thay obtain fuid frae 63% o aw lion kills.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite book | title = Carnivore Conservation | url = https://archive.org/details/carnivoreconserv0000unse |edition=1 |editor1-first=John L. |editor1-last=Gittleman |editor2-first=Stephan M. |editor2-last=Funk |editor3-first=David W. |editor3-last=Macdonald |editor4-first=Robert K. |editor4-last=Wayne| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001|isbn=978-0-521-66232-1|displayeditors=4}}</ref> whan confrontit on a kill bi lions, spottit hyenas mey aither leave or wait patiently at a distance o {{convert|30|–|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} till the lions hae finished,<ref name="schaller272">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 272.</ref> but thay are forby bauld eneuch tae feed alangside lions, an even force the lions aff a kill. The twa species mey attack ane anither even whan thare is nae fuid involved for nae apparent reason.<ref name="schaller273">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 273–274.</ref><ref name="enemies">{{cite video|people=Joubert, Dereck and Joubert, Beverley|title= Eternal Enemies: Lions and Hyenas |medium=[[DVD]] | publisher = [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]|year= 1992}}</ref> Lion predation can accoont for up tae 71% o hyena daiths in [[Etosha]]. Spottit hyenas hae adaptit bi frequently mobbin lions that enter thair territories.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia| last1 =Trinkel | first1 = Martina | last2 = Kastberger | first2 = Gerald |journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=43|issue=3|year=2005|pages=220–24|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x}}</ref> Experiments on captive spottit hyenas revealed that specimens wi no prior experience wi lions act indifferently tae the sicht o them, but will react fearfully tae the scent.<ref name="Kruuk21" /> The size o male lions allows them occasionally tae confront hyenas in itherwise evenly matched brawls an sae tae tip the balance in favour o the lions. Lions tend tae dominate smawer felines lik [[cheetah]]s an [[leopard]]s whaur thay co-occur, stealin thair kills an killin thair cubs an even adults whan gien the chance. The cheetah haes a 50% chance o losin its kill tae lions or ither predators.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = O'Brien | first1 = Stephen J | last2 = Wildt | first2 = David E | last3 = Bush | first3 = Mitchell | year = 1986 | title = The Cheetah in Genetic Peril | format = PDF | journal = Scientific American | issue = 254 | pages = 68–76 | url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-09-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180930022126/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions are major killers o cheetah cubs, up tae 90% o thaim are lost in thair first weeks o life due tae attacks bi ither predators. Cheetahs evit competeetion bi huntin at different times o the day an hide thair cubs in thick brush. Leopards forby uise siclike tactics, but hae the advantage that thay can tae subsist a fair bit better on smaw prey nor on aither lions or cheetahs. Wanlik cheetahs, leopards can clim trees an uise them tae haud thair cubs an kills awa frae lions; housomiver, lionesses will occasionally be sonsie in climmin tae retrieve leopard kills.<ref name = "Schaller293">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 293.</ref> Seemilarly, lions dominate [[African Wild Dug|African wild dugs]]; thay nae juist tak thair kills but preying on young an (rarely) adult dugs an aa. Population densities o wild dugs are laich in areas whaur lions are mair abundant.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Conserving the African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus''. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline | last1 =Woodroffe | first1 = Rosie | last2 = Ginsberg | first2 = Joshua R |year=1999| journal =Oryx | volume = 33| pages =132–42|doi= 10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x |issue=2}}</ref><!-- cites twa previous refs --> Houiver, thare are a few reportit cases o auld an woondit lions fawin prey tae wild dugs.<ref name=Pienaar1969/><ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 188.</ref> The [[Nile crocodile]] is the anly [[Sympatry|sympatric]] predator (aside humans) that can singly threaten the lion. Dependin on the size o the crocodile an the lion, aither can lose kills or carrion tae the ither. Lions haes been kent tae kill crocodiles venturin ontae laund,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2509crocs.html |title=Crocodiles! | publisher = PBS | work = Nova | type = transcript |date= 28 April 1998 |accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> while the reverse is true for lions enterin watterways, as evidenced bi the occasional lion claw foond in crocodile stomachs.<ref name="Guggisberg">{{Cite book | last = Guggisberg | first = Charles Albert Walter |url =http://books.google.com/?id=92NuQgAACAAJ| title = Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation| year = 1972 | page = 195 | isbn = 0-7153-5272-5 | publisher = David & Charles | location = Newton Abbot}}</ref> ====Man-eatin==== {{Main|Man-eater}} While lions disnae uisually hunt fowk, some (uisually males) seem tae seek oot human prey; ane well-publicised case includes the [[Tsavo maneaters]], whaur 28 offeecially recordit railwey wirkers biggin the [[Uganda Railway|Kenyae-Uganda Railway]] war taken bi lions ower nine month during the construction o a brig ower the [[Tsavo River]] in [[Kenyae]] in 1898.<ref name=Patterson>{{cite book | last = Patterson |first=Bruce D. | year = 2004 | title = The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters | url = https://archive.org/details/lionsoftsavoexpl0000patt | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 0-07-136333-5}}</ref> The hunter wha kill the lions wrote a beuk detailin the ainimals' predatory behaviour. The lions war lairger than normal, lacked manes, an ane seemed tae suffer frae tuith decay. The infirmity theory, includin tuith decay, is nae favored bi aw researchers; an analysis o teeth an jaws o man-eatin lions in museum collections suggests that while tuith decay mey expleen some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominatit areas is a mair likely cause o lion predation on humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Bruce D. |author2=Neiburger, Ellis J.|author3=Kasiki, Samuel M. |date=February 2003 |title=Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2003-02_84_1/page/190 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=190–96|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> In thair analysis o Tsavo an general man-eatin, Kerbis Peterhans an Gnoske acknowledge that sick or injurt ainimals mey be mair prone tae man-eatin, but that the behaviour is "nae unuisual, nor necessarily 'aberrant'" whaur the opportunity exists; if inducements lik access tae livestock or human corpse are present, lions will regularly prey upon human beins. The authors note that the relationship is well-attestit amang ither pantherines an primates in the paleontological record.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031426/http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archivedate=2007-10-30 |accessdate=7 July 2007 |last=Peterhans |first=Julian C. Kerbis |author2=Thomas Patrick Gnoske |title=The Science of Man-eating |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=90 |issue=1&2 |year=2001 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lion's proclivity fur man-eatin haes been seestematically examined. American an Tanzanian scientists report that man-eatin behaviour in rural areas o Tanzanie increased a fair bit frae 1990 tae 2005. At least 563 veelagers war attacked an mony eaten ower this period – a nummer far exceedin the mair famed "Tsavo" incidents o a century earlier. The incidents occurred naur aboots [[Selous Gemme Reserve|Selous Naitional Pairk]] in [[Rufiji River|Rufiji Destrict]] an in [[Lindi Region|Lindi Province]] near the [[Mozambique|Mozambican]] border. While the expansion o villagers intae bush kintra is ane concern, the authors argues that conservation policy maun mitigate the danger acause, in this case, conservation contreibutes directly tae human daiths. Cases in Lindi hae been documentit whaur lions seize humans frae the centre o substantial veelages.<ref name="Packer05">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |author2=Ikanda, D. |author3=Kissui, B. |author4= Kushnir, H. |date=August 2005 |title=Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-08-18_436_7053/page/926 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=436 |issue=7053 |pages=927–28 |doi=10.1038/436927a| pmid=16107828}}</ref> Anither study o 1,000 fowk attacked bi lions in soothren Tanzanie atween 1988 an 2009 foond that the weeks follaein the [[full muin]] (whan thare wis less muinlight) war a strang indicator o increased nicht attacks on fowk.<ref name="fullmoon">{{cite journal | title=Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions | last=Packer |first=C | journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |date=July 2011 | volume=6 | issue=7 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 |author2=Swanson A |author3=Ikanda D |author4=Kushnir H | editor1-last=Rands | editor1-first=Sean A. | pages=e22285}}</ref> [[File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg|thumb|The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the [[Field Museum o Naitural History]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] ]] Author Robert R. Frump wrote in ''The Man-eaters of Eden'' that Mozambican refugees regularly crossin Kruger Naitional Pairk at nicht in [[Sooth Africae]] is attacked an eaten bi the lions; pairk offeecials hae concedit that man-eatin is a problem thare. Frump believes thoosands mey hae been killt in the decades efter [[Sooth Africae unner apartheid|apartheid]] sealed the pairk an forced the refugees tae cross the pairk at nicht. Fur naur a century afore the mairch wis sealed, Mozambicans haed regularly walked athort the pairk in daytime wi little harm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frump |first=RR |title=The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park |url=https://archive.org/details/maneatersofedenl0000frum |year=2006 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=1-59228-892-8}}</ref> Packer estimates mair nor 200 Tanzanians is killt ilka year bi lions, [[crocodile]]s, elephants, hippos, an [[snake]]s, an that the nummers coud be dooble that amount, wi lions thocht tae kill at least 70 o thaim. Packer haes documented that atween 1990 an 2004, lions attacked 815 fowk in Tanzanie, killin 563. Packer an Ikanda are amang the few [[conservation movement|conservationists]] wha believe wastren conservation efforts maun tak accoont o thir matters nae juist acause o ethical concerns aboot human life, but fur the lang term success o conservation efforts an lion preservation an aw.<ref name="Packer05"/> A man-eatin lion wis killt bi gemme scouts in Soothren Tanzanie in Aprile 2004. It is believed tae hae killt an eaten at least 35&nbsp;fowk in a series o incidents coverin several veelages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Toothache 'made lion eat humans' |last=Dickinson |first=Daniel |date=19 October 2004 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3756180.stm |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> Dr Rolf D. Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, commentit that it wis likely that the lion preyed on humans acause it haed a lairge [[abscess]] unnerneath a [[molar (tuith)|molar]] that wis cracked in several places. He faur commentit that "This lion probably experienced a lot o pain, pairteecularly whan it wis chewin."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldus |first=R |date=March 2006 |title=A man-eating lion (''Panthera leo'') from Tanzania with a toothache |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=52 |issue= 1 |pages= 59–62|doi=10.1007/s10344-005-0008-0}}</ref> GTZ is the German development cooperation agency an haes been wirkin wi the Tanzanian govrenment on wildlife conservation for nearly twa decades. As in ither cases this lion wis lairge, lacked a mane, an haed a tuith problem. The "Aw-Africae" record o man-eatin generally is conseidert no tae be Tsavo, but incidents in the early 1930s throu the late 1940s in whit wis then [[Tanganyika]] (nou Tanzanie). [[George Gilman Rushby|George Rushby]], gemme warden an professional hunter, eventually dispatched the pride, that ower three generations is thocht tae hae killt an eaten 1,500 tae 2,000 fowk in what is nou [[Njombe]] destrict.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rushby |first=George G. |title= No More the Tusker |year= 1965 |publisher=W. H. Allen |location=London}}</ref> ===Reproduction an life cycle=== {{commons category|Mating lions}} Maist lionesses will hae reproduced bi the time thay are fower years o age.<ref name="Schaller29">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 29.</ref> Lions dae nae [[matein|mate]] at ony speceific time o year, an the females are [[polyestrous]].<ref name="Schaller174">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 174.</ref> As wi ither [[Cat's penis|cats' penises]], the male lion's penis haes [[penile spines|spines that pyntin backward]]. During penis widrawal, the spines rake the waws o the female's [[vagina]], that mey cause ovulation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asdell |first=Sydney A. |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=yQzSe71g2AcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Patterns of mammalian reproduction] |year=1993|origyear= 1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca |isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5}}</ref> A lioness mey mate wi mair nor ane male whan she is [[Estrous cycle|in heat]].<ref name="Schaller142">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 142.</ref> [[File:Panthera leo -Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania -mating-8.jpg|thumb|left|Matin lions.]] The average gestation period is aroond 110&nbsp;days,<ref name="Schaller174"/> the female giein birth tae a litter o ane tae fower cubs in a secluded den (that mey be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some ither sheltered area) uisually awa frae the rest o the pride. She will eften hunt bi hersel while the cubs is still helpless, stayin relatively close tae the thicket or den whaur the cubs are kept.<ref name="Scott45">[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 45.</ref> The cubs themsels is born blind – thair een dae nae open till roughly a week efter birth. Thay wecht {{convert|1.2|–|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at birth an is awmaist helpless, beginnin tae crawl a day or twa efter birth an walkin aroond three weeks o age.<ref name="Schaller143">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 143.</ref> The lioness muives her cubs tae a new den steid several times a month, carrying them ane bi ane bi the nape o the neck, tae prevent scent frae biggin up at a single den steid an sicweys avoidin the attention o predators that mey harm the cubs.<ref name="Scott45"/> Uisually, the mither daes nae integrate hersel an her cubs back intae the pride until the cubs are sax tae aicht weeks auld.<ref name="Scott45"/> Whiles this introduction tae pride life occurs earlier, houiver, parteecularly if ither lionesses hae gien birth at aboot the same time. For instance, lionesses in a pride eften synchronise thair reproductive cycles sae that thay cooperate in the raisin an souklin o the young (ance the cubs are past the initial stage o isolation wi thair mither), wha suckle indiscriminately frae ony or aw o the nouricin females in the pride. In addition tae greater pertection, the synchronization o births an aa haes an advantage in that the cubs end up bein roughly the same size, an sicweys hae an equal chance o survival. If ane lioness gies birth tae a litter o cubs a couple o months efter anither lioness, for instance, then the younger cubs, bein much smawer than thair aulder brethren, uisually are dominatit bi lairger cubs at mealtimes – consequently, daith bi starvation is mair common amang the younger cubs. [[File:PregnantLioness.jpg|thumb|A pregnant lioness (richt).]] In addition tae stairvation, cubs an aa face mony ither dangers, lik predation bi jackals, hyenas, leopards, mairtial eagles, an snakes. Even buffaloes, should thay catch the scent o lion cubs, eften stampede toward the thicket or den whaur thay are bein kept, daein thair best tae trample the cubs tae daith while wardin ff the lioness. Furthermair, whan ane or mair new males oust the previous male(s) associatit wi a pride, the conqueror(s) eften kill ony existin young cubs,<ref name="Packpus83">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |last2=Pusey |first2=A. E. |date=May 1983 |title= Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1983-05_121_5/page/716 |journal= American Naturalist |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=716–28 |doi= 10.1086/284097}}</ref> aiblins acause females dinnae become fertile an receptive till thair cubs mature or dee. Aw in aw, as mony as 80% o the cubs will dee afore the age o twa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=David |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/31 31]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}</ref> <gallery> File:Black-maned lion and cub 1.jpg|1 o 4: A tolerant black-<br/>maned male File:Black-maned lion and cub 2.jpg|<centre>2 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 3.jpg|<centre>3 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 4.jpg|<centre>4 o 4</centre> </gallery> whan first introduced tae the rest o the pride, the cubs initially lack confidence whan confrontit wi adult lions ither than thair mither. Thay suin begin tae immerse thairsels in the pride life, houiver, playin amang thairsels or attemptin tae initiate play wi the adults. Lionesses wi cubs o thair ain are mair likely tae be tolerant o anither lioness's cubs than lionesses wioot cubs. The tolerance o the male lions toward the cubs varies – whiles, a male will patiently let the cubs play wi his tail or his mane, whauras anither mey snarl an bat the cubs away.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 46.</ref> [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG|thumb|Male lions are generally mair likely tae share fuid caught bi the pride wi cubs than wi lionesses, but rarely share thair ain catches wi ithers.]] Weanin occurs efter sax tae seeven month. Male lions reach maturity at aboot 3 years o age an, at 4–5 years o age, are capable o challengin an displacing the adult male(s) associatit wi anither pride. Thay begin tae age an waiken atween 10 an 15 years o age at the latest,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crandall |first=Lee S. |title=The management of wild animals in captivity |year=1964 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=557916}}</ref> if thay hae nae already been creetically injured while defendin the pride (ance ousted frae a pride bi rival males, male lions rarely manage a seicont tak-ower). This leaves a short windae for thair ain affspring tae be born an matur. If thay are able tae procreate as suin as thay tak ower a pride, potentially, thay mey hae mair affspring reachin maturity afore thay an aa are displaced. A lioness will eften attempt tae defend her cubs fiercely frae a usurpin male, but sic actions are rarely successfu. He uisually kills aw o the existin cubs wha are less nor twa year auld. A lioness is waiker an much lichter than a male; success is mair likely whan a group o three or fower mithers within a pride jyn forces agin ane male.<ref name="Packpus83"/> Contrary tae popular belief, it isnae anly males that is oostit frae thair pride tae become nomads, awbesit maist females certainly dae remain wi thair birth pride. Houiver, whan the pride becomes ower muckle, the next generation o female cubs mey be forced tae leave tae eke oot thair ain territory. Furthermair, whan a new male lion taks ower the pride, subadult lions, baith male an female, mey be evictit.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 68.</ref> Life is harsh for a female nomad. Nomadic lionesses rarely manage tae raise thair cubs tae maturity, wioot the pertection o ither pride members. ===Heal=== Awbesit adult lions haes nae naitural predators, evidence suggests that the majority dee violently frae humans or ither lions.<ref name="Schaller183">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 183.</ref> Lions eften inflict serious injuries on ilka ither, aither members o different prides encoonterin ilka ither in territorial disputes, or members o the same pride fechtin at a kill.<ref name="Schaller1889">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 188–89.</ref> Crippled lions an lion cubs mey faw victim tae hyenas, leopards, or be trampled bi buffalo or elephants, an careless lions mey be maimed whan huntin prey.<ref name="Schaller1890">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 189–90.</ref> [[File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG|thumb|Lions seekin refuge frae flies bi climbin a tree.]] Various species o [[tick]] commonly infest the lugs, neck an groin regions o maist lions.<ref name="Schaller184">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 184.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yeoman |first=Guy Henry|author2=Walker, Jane Brotherton |title=The ixodid ticks of Tanzania|year=1967 |publisher=Commonwealth Institute of Entomology |location=London |oclc=955970}}</ref> Adult forms o several species o the tapeworm genus ''[[Taenia (tapeworm)|Taenia]]'' hae been isolatit frae thairms, the lions haein ingestit larval forms frae antelope meat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sachs |first=R |year=1969|title=Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere [Differentiation and species determination of muscle-cysticerci in East African game animals] |journal=Zeitschrift für tropenmedizin und Parasitologie |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |pmid=5393325|language=de}}</ref> Lions in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Ngorongoro Crater]] war afflictit bi an ootbreak o stable flee (''[[stable flee|Stomoxys calcitrans]]'') in 1962; this resultit in lions becomin covered in bluidy bare patches an emaciatit. Lions soucht unsuccessfully tae evade the bitin flees bi climbin trees or crawlin intae hyena burrows; mony perished or emigratit as the population dropped frae 70 tae 15 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fosbrooke |first=Henry |year=1963 |title=The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro |journal=East African Wildlife Journal |volume=1 |issue=6|pages=124–26 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x}}</ref> A mair recent ootbreak in 2001 killt sax lions.<ref name="Nkwame06">{{Cite news | last=Nkwame | first=Valentine M | title=King of the jungle in jeopardy | publisher=The Arusha Times | date=9 September 2006 | url=http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | accessdate=4 September 2007 | archive-date=2018-12-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033132/http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lions, especially in captivity, are vulnerable tae the [[canine distemper]] virus (CDV), [[feline immunodeficiency virus]] (FIV), an [[feline infectious peritonitis]] (FIP).<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> CDV is spread throu domestic dugs an ither [[carnivora|carnivores]]; a 1994 outbreak in [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] resultit in mony lions developin neurological seemptoms lik seizurs. During the ootbreak, several lions dee'd frae pneumonia an [[encephalitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roelke-Parker |first=M. E. |date=February 1996 |title=A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (''Panthera leo'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1996-02-01_379_6564/page/440 |journal= Nature|volume=379 |issue= 6564|pages=441–45 |doi=10.1038/379441a0|pmid=8559247|last2=Munson|first2=Linda|last3=Packer|first3=Craig|last4=Kock|first4=Richard|last5=Cleaveland|first5=Sarah|last6=Carpenter|first6=Margaret|last7=O'Brien|first7=Stephen J.|last8=Pospischil|first8=Andreas|last9=Hofmann-Lehmann|first9=Regina |displayauthors=9|first10=Hans|last10=Lutz|first11=George L. M.|last11=Mwanengele|first12=M. N.|last12=Mgasa|first13=G. A.|last13=Machange|first14=Brian A.|last14=Summers|first15=Max J. G.|last15=Appel}}</ref> FIV, that is seemilar tae [[HIV]] while nae kent tae adversely affect lions, is worrisome eneuch in its effect in domestic cats that the Species Survival Plan recommends systematic testin in captive lions. It occurs wi heich tae endemic frequency in several wild lion populations, but is maistly absent frae Asiatic an Namibian lions. ===Communication=== [[File:Lion cub with mother.jpg|thumb|right|Heid rubbin an lickin are common social behaviours athin a pride]] whan restin, lion socialization occurs throu a nummer o behaviours, an the ainimal's expressive movements are heichly developed. The maist common peacefu tactile gestures are heid rubbin an [[social lickin]],<ref name="Schaller85">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 85.</ref> that hae been compared wi gruimin in primates.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Desmond Morris|last=Sparks |first=J |title=Primate Ethology |chapter=Allogrooming in primates:a review |year=1967 |publisher=Aldine |location=Chicago |isbn=0-297-74828-9}} (2007 edition: 0-202-30826-X)</ref> Heid rubbin – nuzzlin ane's foreheid, face an neck against anither lion – appears tae be a form o greetin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leyhausen |first=Paul |title=Verhaltensstudien an Katzen|edition= 2nd |year=1960 |publisher=Paul Parey |location=Berlin |isbn=3-489-71836-4 |language=de}}</ref> as it is seen eften efter an ainimal haes been apart frae others, or efter a fecht or confrontation. Males tend tae rub ither males, while cubs an females rub females.<ref name="Schaller858">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 85–88.</ref> Social lickin eften occurs in tandem wi heid rubbin; it is generally mutual an the recipient appears tae express pleasure. The heid an neck are the maist common pairts o the body licked, that mey hae arisen oot o utility, as a lion canna lick thir airts individually.<ref name="Schaller8891">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 88–91.</ref> {{sound|filename=Lion raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg|title=Lion roar|description=A lion in captivity roaring}} Lions hae an array o facial expressions an body posturs that serve as veesual gesturs.<ref name="Schaller92102">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 92–102.</ref> Thair repertoire o vocalisations is an aa lairge; variations in intensity an pitch, rather than discrete signals, appear central tae communication. Lion soonds include snarlin, hissin, coughin, miaowin, woofin, an roarin. Lions tend tae [[roar (ainimal)|roar]] in a verra characteristic manner, stairtin wi a few deep, lang roars that trail off intae a series o shorter anes.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics |last=Ananthakrishnan |first=G. |last2=Eklund |first2=Robert |last3=Peters |first3=Gustav |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=5 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060746/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses |last=Eklund |first=Robert |last2=Peters |first2=Gustav; |last3=Ananthakrishnan |first3=G |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=1 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060941/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thay maist eften roar at nicht; the soond, that can be heard frae a distance o {{convert|8|km}}, is uised tae advertise the ainimal's presence.<ref name="Schaller10313">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 103–113.</ref> Lions hae the loudest roar o ony big cat. ==Distribution an habitat== [[File:India Animals.jpg|thumb|Twa male [[Asiatic lions]]. The wild population o the endangered Asiatic lions is restrictit tae the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Miller |first = Brian |title = Endangered animals: a reference guide to conflicting issues |url = https://archive.org/details/endangeredanimal0000unse_m4q9 |publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 2000 |isbn = 0-313-30816-0}}</ref>]] In Africae, lions can be foond in savanna grasslands wi scattert ''[[Acacia]]'' trees, that serve as shade;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rudnai|first= Judith A. |title=The social life of the lion |year=1973 |publisher=s.n. |location=Wallingford |isbn=0-85200-053-7 }}</ref> thair habitat in Indie is a mixtur o dry savanna wid an verra dry deciduous scrub wid.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Gir—Floristic | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | accessdate=14 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzrEcoS?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The habitat o lions oreeginally spanned the soothren pairts o [[Eurasie]], rangin frae [[Greece]] tae Indie, an maist o [[Africae]] except the central [[rainwid]]-zone an the [[Sahara]] desert. [[Herodotus]] reportit that lions haed been common in Greece in 480 BC; thay attacked the baggage camels o the Persie keeng [[Xerxes I o Persie|Xerxes]] on his march throu the kintra. [[Aristotle]] considered them rare bi 300 BC. Bi 100 AD thay war extirpated.<ref name="Schaller5">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 5.</ref> A population o [[Asiatic lion]]s survived till the tent century in the [[Caucasus]], thair last European ootpost.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Heptner| first= V. G.|author2=A. A. Sludskii | year=1989| title=Mammals of the Soviet Union: Volume 1, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)|publisher=Amerind| location=New York| isbn=90-04-08876-8}}</ref> The species wis eradicatit frae [[Palestine]] bi the [[Middle Ages]] an frae maist o the rest o Asie efter the arrival o readily available firearms in the aichteent century. Atween the late nineteent an early twentiet century, thay became extinct in [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]]. Bi the late nineteent century, the lion haed disappeart frae [[Turkey]] an maist o northren Indie,<ref name=zoos_encyclopedia /><ref>{{cite web |title=Past and present distribution of the lion in North Africa and Southwest Asia. |year=2001 |publisher=Asiatic Lion Information Centre |url=http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |accessdate=1 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510060942/http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |archivedate=2008-05-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while the last sichtin o a live Asiatic lion in [[Iran]] wis in 1941 (atween [[Shiraz]] an Jahrom, [[Fars Province]]), awbesit the corpse o a lioness wis foond on the banks o the [[Karun]] river, [[Khūzestān Province]] in 1944. Thare are no subsequent reliable reports frae [[Iran]].<ref name="simba"/> The subspecies nou survives anly in an aroond the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk|Gir Wid]] o northwastren Indie.<ref name="Asiaticweb">{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—History | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzLUsTo?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Approximately 500 lions live in the area o the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} sanctuary in the state o [[Gujarat]], that covers maist o the wid. Thair nummers haes waxt frae 180 tae 523 ainimals mainly acause the naitural prey species haes rekivert.<ref name="Singh, Gibson">{{Cite journal |author1=Singh, H. S.|author2=Gibson, L.|title=A conservation success story in the itherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir Wid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2011-05_144_5/page/1753|journal= Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=5|pages=1753–1757|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—Population | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzriYLb?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Population an conservation status== {{Main|Lion huntin}} [[File:Lion Gir.jpg|thumb|The Asiatic lion, whase habitat ance ranged frae the Mediterranean tae north-wast Indian subcontinent, is thir days foond anly in the [[Gir Wid]] o [[Gujarat]], Indie. It wis estimatit that anly 523 Asiatic lions survives in the wild.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220509 |title=The Mane Don't Fit |last=Desai |first=Darshan |work=Outlook India Magazine |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=23 June 2003 |accessdate=21 November 2010 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110190202/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220509 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]] Maist lions nou lives in eastren an soothren Africae, an thair nummers thare is swith decreasin, wi an estimatit 30–50% decline per 20 years in the late hauf o the 20t century.<ref name=IUCN/> Estimates o the African lion population range atween 16,500 an 47,000 livin in the wild in 2002–2004,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |year= 2002|title=The African lion database |journal=Cat news |volume=36 |pages=41–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chardonnet|first=P.|year=2002|title=Conservation of African lion|url=http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|publisher=International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife|location=Paris, France|access-date=2015-06-02|archive-date=2013-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184540/http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> doun frae early 1990s estimates that ranged as heich as 100,000 an aiblins 400,000 in 1950. Primary causes o the decline include disease an human interference.<ref name=IUCN/> Habitat loss an conflicts wi humans are considered the maist signeeficant threats tae the species.<ref name="awf">{{cite web |title=AWF Wildlife: Lion|url=http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/lion|publisher=[[African Wildlife Foundation]]|accessdate=29 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NATURE. The Vanishing Lions |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-vanishing-lions/introduction/545/ |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> The remainin populations are aften geografically isolatit frae ane anither, that can lead tae [[inbreedin]], an consequently, reduced [[genetic diversity]]. Tharefore the lion is considered a [[vulnerable species]] bi the [[Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur]], while the Asiatic subspecies is [[endangered]].<ref>{{IUCN2010.4|assessors=Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C.|year=2008|id=15952|title=Panthera leo ssp. persica|downloaded=13 December 2010}}</ref> The lion population in the region o Wast Africae is isolatit frae lion populations o Central Africae, wi nae or naur nae exchynge o breedin individuals. The nummer o matur individuals in Wast Africae is estimatit bi twa separate recent surveys at 850–1,160 (2002/2004). Thare is disagreement ower the size o the lairgest individual population in Wast Africae: the estimates range frae 100 tae 400 lions in [[Burkina Faso]]'s [[Arly-Singou]] ecoseestem.<ref name=IUCN/> Anither population in northwastren Africae is foond in [[Waza Naitional Pairk]], whaur approximately 14–21 ainimals persist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tumenta |first=P. N. |last2=Kok |first2=J. S. |last3=van Rijssel |first3=J. C. |last4=Buij |first4=R. |last5=Croes |first5=B. M. |last6=Funston |first6=P. J. |last7=de Iongh |first7=H. H. |last8=de Haes |first8=H. A. Udo |year= 2009|title=Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (''Panthera leo leo'') in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x |pages=1–7|volume=48|issue=4}}</ref> [[File:The Big Game of Africa (1910) - Male lion Sotik Plains May 1909.png|left|thumb|Black maned male lion, shot in the Sotik Plains, Kenyae (Mey 1909)]] Conservation o baith African an Asian lions haes required the setup an maintenance o naitional parks an gemme reserves; amang the best kent are [[Etosha Naitional Pairk]] in [[Namibie]], [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] in Tanzanie, an [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] in eastren [[Sooth Africae]]. The [[Ewaso Lions]] Project protects lions in the [[Samburu Naitional Reserve]], [[Buffalo Springs Naitional Reserve]] an [[Shaba Naitional Reserve]] o the [[Ewaso Ng'iro]] ecoseestem in Northren [[Kenyae]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html |title = Winning with lions |publisher = The East African Magazine |access-date = 2015-06-02 |archive-date = 2018-12-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033317/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html%0A%20 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ootside thir areas, the issues arising frae lions' interaction wi livestock an fowk uisually results in the elimination o the umwhile.<ref>{{cite web | last=Roach | first=John | title=Lions Vs. Farmers: Peace Possible? | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=16 July 2003 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0716_030716_lions.html | accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> In Indie, the last refuge o the Asiatic lion is the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie, that haed thareaboot 180&nbsp;lions in 1974 an aboot 400 in 2010.<ref name="Singh, Gibson"/> As in Africae, numerous human habitations is naurhaun wi the eftercomin problems atween lions, livestock, locals an wildlife offeecials.<ref name="C4WDefault-10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x">{{cite journal |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x/abstract;jsessionid=FF3227E78A0339404CEBBA045818D361.f04t04 |title=Lion‐Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India |date=1 June 1994 |publisher=Blackwell Science Inc |issn=1523-1739 |accessdate=1 May 2014 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x |issue=2 |volume=8 |pages=501–7 |journal=Conservation Biology |first1=Vasant K. |last1=Saberwal |first2=James P. |last2=Gibbs |first3=Ravi |last3=Chellam |first4=A. J. T. |last4=Johnsingh}}</ref> The [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]] plans tae establish a seicont independent population o [[Asiatic lion]]s at the [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the Indian state o [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnsingh |first=A. J. T. |year=2004 |title=WII in the Field: Is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary ready to play second home to Asiatic lions? |journal=Wildlife Institute of India Newsletter |volume=11 |issue=4 |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii%20in%20field.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222341/http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii+in+field.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 |accessdate=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is important tae stairt a seicont population tae serve as a [[gene puil]] for the last survivin Asiatic lions an tae help develop an mainteen [[genetic diversity]] enablin the species tae survive. The umwhile popularity o the Barbary lion as a zoo ainimal haes meant that scattered lions in captivity is as lik tae be descendit frae Barbary lion stock. This includes lions at [[Port Lympne Zoo|Port Lympne Wild Ainimal Pairk]] in [[Kent]], Ingland that is descendit frae ainimals awned bi the [[Keeng o Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217091555/http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archivedate=2005-12-17 |title=Barbary Lion News |accessdate=24 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither eleven ainimals believed tae be Barbary lions war foond in [[Addis Ababa]] zoo, descendants o ainimals ained bi [[Haile Selassie I o Ethiopie|Emperor Haile Selassie]]. WildLink Internaitional, in collaboration wi [[Oxford Varsity]], launched thair ambeetious Internaitional [[Barbary Lion#The Barbary Lion Project|Barbary Lion Project]] wi the aim o identifyin an breedin Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction intae a naitional pairk in the [[Atlas Moontains]] o [[Morocco]].<ref name="yamaguchi-haddane"/> Follaein the discovery o the decline o lion population in Africae, several coordinatit efforts involvin lion [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] haes been organised in an attempt tae stem this decline. Lions is ane species included in the [[Species Survival Plan]], a coordinatit attempt bi the [[Association o Zoos an Aquariums]] tae increase its chances o survival. The plan wis oreeginally stairtit in 1982 fur the Asiatic lion, but wis suspendit whan it wis foond that maist Asiatic lions in North American zoos war nae [[genetic pollution|genetically pure]], haein been hybridised wi African lions. The African lion plan stairtit in 1993, focusin especially on the Sooth African subspecies, awbesit thare are difficulties in assessin the genetic diversity o captive lions, syne maist individuals is o unkent origin, makkin maintenance o genetic diversity a problem.<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> ===In captivity=== Lions is pairt o a group o exotic ainimals that is the core o [[zoo]] exhibits syne the late aichteent century; memmers o this group is invariably lairge vertebrates an include elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, lairge primates, an ither big cats; zoos socht tae gather as mony o thir species as possible.<ref name="dc81">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 81</ref> awbesit mony modren zoos is mair selective aboot thair exhibits,<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 82</ref> thare is mair nor 1,000 African an 100 Asiatic lions in zoos an wildlife pairks aroond the warld. Thay are considered an ambassador species an are kept for tourism, eddication an conservation purposes.<ref name="WAZA">{{cite web |last1= Dollinger |first1= P |last2= Geser |first2= S |title= Lion: In the Zoo (subpage) |work= Visit the Zoo |publisher= WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums) |url= http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |accessdate= 5 April 2011 |archive-date= 2018-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033251/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |url-status= dead }}</ref> Lions can reach an age o ower 20 years in captivity; Apollo, a resident lion o [[Honolulu Zoo]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], dee'd at age 22 in August 2007. His twa sisters, born in 1986, war still alive in August 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aguiar|first=Eloise|date=August 2007|title=Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|accessdate=4 September 2007|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033236/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Breedin programs need tae note origins tae avoid breedin different subspecies an sicweys reducing conservation value.<ref>{{Cite book | url= http://books.google.com/?id=vLZKnsCk89wC&pg=PA437|accessdate=12 September 2010| last1= Frankham |first1= Richard |last2= Ballou |first2= Jonathan |last3= Briscoe |first3= David |title= Introduction to Conservation Genetics |page=437|publisher=Cambridge University Press| year= 2009| isbn= 0-521-70271-2| location= Cambridge, England}}</ref> Houiver, several Asiatic-African lion crosses hae been bred.<ref name="AviseHamrick1996">{{Cite book |last1=Avise|first1=J. C.|last2=Hamrick|first2=J. L.|title=Conservation Genetics|url=https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse|date=31 January 1996|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780412055812|page=[https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse/page/67 67]|quote=Furthermore, whan Asiatic lions were inadvertently bred to African lion subspecies in North America, the fecundity, reproductive success, and spermatozoal development improved dramatically (Box 3.3; O'Brien et al., 1987b).}}</ref> [[File:MP-panthera leo krugeri 8.jpg|thumb|Male African lion o the Transvaal subspecies (''P. l. krugeri'')]] At the ancient Egyptian ceeties o [[Taremu]] an [[Per-Bast]] war temples tae the lioness goddesses o Egyp, [[Sekhmet]] an [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]] an at Taremu thare wis a temple tae the son o the deity, [[Maahes]] the lion prince, whaur live lions war kept an allaed tae roam within his temple. The Greeks cried the ceety Leontopolis, the "Ceety o Lions" an documentit that practice. Lions war kept an bred bi [[Assirie]] keengs as early as 850 BC,<ref name="Schaller5"/> an [[Alexander the Great]] wis said tae hae been presentit wi tame lions bi the [[Malhi]] o northren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|title= The Early History of India|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154 |year=1924|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154/page/n117 97]|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=}}</ref> Later in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, lions war kept bi emperors tae tak pairt in the gladiator arenas or for executions (see [[bestiarii]], [[damnatio ad bestias]], an [[venatio]]). Roman notables, includin [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Pompey]], an [[Julius Caesar]], eften ordered the mass slaughter o hunders o lions at a time.<ref>{{Cite book | first= Thomas |last= Wiedemann | title= Emperors and Gladiators |publisher= Routledge |year= 1995 |page= 60 | isbn= 0-415-12164-7 }}</ref> In the East, lions wis tamed bi Indian princes, an [[Marco Polo]] reportit that [[Kublai Khan]] kept lions inside.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 17.</ref> The first European "zoos" spread amang noble an ryal faimilies in the thirteent century, an till the seiventeent century war cried [[seraglio]]s; at that time, thay came tae be cried [[menagerie]]s, an extension o the [[cabinet o curiosities]]. Thay spread frae Fraunce an Italy durin the [[Renaissance]] tae the rest o Europe.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 19–21, 42.</ref> In England, awbesit the seraglio tradeetion wis less developed, Lions war [[Touer o Lunnon#Menagerie|kept at the Touer o Lunnon]] in a seraglio established bi [[John o Ingland|Keeng John]] in the thirteent century,<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Owen|first=James|title=Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"|work=National Geographic Magazine|publisher=National Geographic|date=3 November 2005|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html|accessdate=5 September 2007|archive-date=2005-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105025912/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> probably stocked wi ainimals frae an earlier menagerie stairtit in 1125 bi [[Henry I o Ingland|Henry I]] at his huntin lodge in [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire|Woodstock]], near [[Oxford]]; whaur lions haed reportedly been stocked bi [[William o Malmesbury]].<ref name="Blunt15">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 15.</ref> Seraglios served as expressions o the nobility's pouer an wealth. Ainimals lik big cats an [[elephant]]s, in parteecular, seembolised pouer, an wad be pittit in fechts against ilka ither or domesticatit ainimals. Bi extension, menageries an seraglios served as demonstrations o the dominance o humanity ower naitur. Consequently, the defeat o sic naitural "lairds" bi a cou in 1682 astonished the spectators, an the fecht o an elephant afore a rhinoceros drew jeers. Sic fechts wad slowly fade oot in the seiventeent century wi the spread o the menagerie an thair appropriation bi the commoners. The tradeetion o keepin big cats as pets wad last intae the nineteent century; at that time it wis seen as heich eccentric.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 24–28.</ref> [[File:Albrecht Dürer - Two seated lions - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Albrecht Dürer]], Lions sketch. (circa 1520)]] The presence o lions at the Touer o Lunnon wis intermittent, bein restocked whan a monarch or his consort, lik [[Margaret o Anjou]] the wife o [[Henry VI o Ingland|Henry VI]], aither soucht or war gien ainimals. Records indicate thay war kept in puir condeetions thare in the seiventeent century, in contrast tae mair open condeetions in [[Florence]] at the time.<ref name="Blunt16">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 16.</ref> The menagerie wis appen tae the public bi the aichteent century; admission wis a sum o three hauf-pence or the supply o a cat or dug for feedin tae the lions.<ref name="Blunt17">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 17.</ref> A rival menagerie at the [[Exeter Exchynge]] an aa exhibitit lions till the early nineteent century.<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], pp. 8–9.</ref> The Touer menagerie wis closed doun bi [[William IV o the Unitit Kinrick|William IV]],<ref name="Blunt17"/> an ainimals transferred tae the [[Lunnon Zoo]], that opened its gates tae the public on 27 Aprile 1828.<ref name="Blunt32">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 32.</ref> The wild ainimals tred flourished alangside improved colonial tred o the nineteent century. Lions wis conseidered fair common an wanpricey. Awbesit thay wad barter heicher nor teegers, thay war less costly than lairger, or mair difficult tae transport ainimals lik the giraffe an hippopotamus, an much less nor [[giant panda]]s.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 122.</ref> Lik ither ainimals, lions war seen as little mair nor a naitural, boundless commodity that wis mercilessly exploited wi terrible losses in captur an transportation.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 114, 117.</ref> The widely reproduced imagery o the heroic hunter chasin lions wad dominate a lairge pairt o the century.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 113.</ref> Splorers an hunters exploitit a popular [[Manichaeism|Manichean]] division o ainimals intae "guid" an "evil" tae add thrillin value tae thair adventurs, castin thairsels as heroic figurs. This resultit in big cats, ayeweys suspectit o bein man-eaters, representin "baith the fear o naitur an the satisfaction o havin owercome it."<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 173, 180–83.</ref> [[File:Lion - melbourne zoo.jpg|thumb|Lion at [[Melbourne Zoo]] enjoyin an elevatit gressy area wi some tree shelter]] Lions wis kept in cramped an squalid condeetions at Lunnon Zoo till a lairger lion hoose wi roomier cages wis biggit in the 1870s.<ref name="Blunt208">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 208.</ref> Faur changes teuk place in the early twentiet century, whan [[Carl Hagenbeck]] designed enclosurs mair closely resemblin a naitural habitat, wi concrete 'rocks', mair appen space an a moat insteid o bars. He designed lion enclosurs for baith [[Melbourne Zoo]] an Sydney's [[Taronga Zoo]], amang ithers, in the early twentiet century. awbesit his designs war popular, the auld bars an cage enclosurs prevailed till the 1960s in mony zoos.<ref name="dc69">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 69.</ref> In the later decades o the twentiet century, lairger, mair naitural enclosurs an the uise o [[mesh|wire mesh]] or [[laminatit glass]] insteid o lawered dens allaed veesitors tae come closer nor ever tae the ainimals, wi some attractions even placin the den on grund heicher than visitors, lik the Cat Wid/Lion Owerleuk o [[Oklahoma City Zoo an Botanical Gairden|Oklahoma City Zoological Pairk]].<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> Lions is nou placed in gey muckler naturalistic areas; modren recommendit guidelines mair closely approximate condeetions in the wild wi closer attention tae the lions' needs, heichlichtin the need fur dens in separate areas, elevatit poseetions in baith sun an shade whaur lions can sit an adequate grund civer an drainage as weel as sufficient space tae roam. Thare hae an aa been instances whaur a lion wis kept bi a private individual, lik the lioness [[Elsa the Lioness|Elsa]], wha wis raised bi [[George Adamson]] an his guidwife [[Joy Adamson]] an came tae develop a strang bond wi them, parteecularly the latter. The lioness later achieved fame, her life bein documentit in a series o beuks an films. ===Baitin an tamin=== {{Main|Lion-baitin|Lion tamin}} [[File:Lion tamer (LOC pga.03749).jpg|left|thumb|Nineteent century [[etchin]] o a lion tamer in a cage o lions]] Lion-baitin is a [[bluid sport]] involvin the [[ainimal-baitin|baitin]] o lions in combat wi ither ainimals, uisually dugs. Records o it exists in auncient times throu till the seiventeent century. It wis feenally banned in [[Vienna]] bi 1800 an Ingland in 1835.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hone |first=William |editor=Kyle Grimes |title=The Every-Day Book |origyear=1825–1826 |url=http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |accessdate=25 January 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Alabama at Birmingham |page=26 |chapter=July |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624080642/http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |archivedate=2008-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blaisdell |first=Warren H. |date=November 1997 |title=How A Lion Fight Caused England To Stop The Breeding Of Both Ring And Pit Bulldogs |journal=American Bulldog Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |url=http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424001716/http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archivedate=2008-04-24 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lion tamin refers tae the practice o tamin lions fur enterteenment, aither as pairt o an established [[circus]] or as an indiveedual act, lik [[Siegfried & Roy]]. The term is forby eften uised fur the tamin an display o ither big cats lik teegers, leopards, an [[cougar]]s. The practice wis pioneered in the first hauf o the nineteent century bi Frenchman Henri Martin an American [[Isaac A. Van Amburgh|Isaac Van Amburgh]] wha baith toured widely, an whase techniques war copied bi a nummer o follaers.<ref name = "baratay187"/> Van Amburgh performed afore [[Queen Victoria]] in 1838 whan he toured Great Breetain. Martin componed a [[pantomime]] titled ''Les Lions de Mysore'' ("the lions o Mysore"), an idea that Amburgh quickly borraed. Thir acts eclipsed [[equestrianism]] acts as the central display o circus shaws, but truly entered public consciousness in the early twentiet century wi cinema. In demonstratin the superiority o human ower ainimal, lion tamin served a purpose seemilar tae ainimal fichts o previous centuries.<ref name="baratay187">[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 187.</ref> The ultimate pruif o a tamer's dominance an control ower a lion is demonstratit bi placin his heid in the lion's gab. The nou iconic lion tamer's chair wis possibly first uised bi American [[Clyde Beatty]] (1903–1965).<ref>{{Cite book | first=David | last=Feldman | authorlink=David Feldman (author) | year=1993 | title=How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? | url=https://archive.org/details/howdoesaspirinfi00davi | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn= 0-06-016923-0 }}</ref> ==Notes==<!-- ContribZool76:87. --> {{reflist|30em}} ===Citit texts=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last1 = Baratay |first1 = Eric | first2 = Elisabeth | last2 = Hardouin-Fugier |title= Zoo: a history of zoological gardens in the West | url = https://archive.org/details/zoohistoryofzool0000bara |year=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn = 1-86189-111-3|ref=Baratay}} * {{cite book |last=Blunt |first= Wilfred |title= The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313 |year = 1975 | publisher =Hamish Hamilton |location=London |isbn=0-241-89331-3|ref=Blunt}} * {{cite book |last=de Courcy |first=Catherine |title= The Zoo Story |year= 1995 |publisher= Penguin Books | location = Ringwood, Victoria |isbn=0-14-023919-7|ref=Courcy}} * {{cite book | last= Schaller |first= George B. |authorlink= George Schaller|year= 1972 |title= The Serengeti lion: A study of predator-prey relations| url= https://archive.org/details/serengetilionstu0000scha |publisher= University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago |isbn = 0-226-73639-3 | ref =Schaller}} * {{cite book | last= Scott |first=Jonathon |last2=Scott |first2=Angela |year=2002 |title=Big Cat Diary: Lion | url= https://archive.org/details/lion0000scot_g1p0 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-00-714666-3 |ref=Scott}} {{refend}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Greek loanwirds]] [[Category:Mammals o Africae]] [[Category:Mammals o Indie]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Burundi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Chad]] [[Category:Fauna o Wast Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o the Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Kenyae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Malawi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Morocco]] [[Category:Fauna o East Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Singapore]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Swaziland]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Togo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Tunisie]] [[Category:Predators]] [[Category:Felids o Indie]] nel3nqnsxkkob4tpec4rd1qvg2mn4e3 0 51736 923609 923278 2026-09-27T22:29:49Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Seli-Nurme |settlement_type = Veelage |pushpin_map = Estonia |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Estonie}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Coonties o Estonie|Coonty]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Rapla Coonty]] |subdivision_type2 = Pairish |subdivision_name2 = [[Rapla Pairish]] |timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|59|3|47|N|24|44|23|E|region:EE|display=inline}} }} '''Seli-Nurme''' is a veelage in [[Rapla Pairish]], [[Rapla Coonty]] in northwastren [[Estonie]]. {{Stub}}{{Rapla Pairish}} [[Category:Veelages in Rapla Coonty]] htbua3kiyesmbi1mjt6w0quabails39 0 56886 923610 923272 2026-09-27T22:30:59Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korean name|[[Yun (Korean name)|Yun]]}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Yun Chi-ho |native_name = 윤치호<br />尹致昊 |image = Yun Tchi-ho.png |imagesize = |caption = |order = |office = |birth_date = {{birth date|1864|12|26|df=y}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|12|9|1864|12|26|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Ahsan]], [[Chungcheongnam-do]], [[Sooth Korea]] |religion = [[Protestant]] |death_place = [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]] |nationality = [[Sooth Korea]]n |party = |spouse = Lady Kang<br />Ma Ae-bang<br />Baik Mae-ryo |signature = |footnotes= }} {{Korean text}} {{Infobox Korean name |title = [[Korean name]] |hangul = 윤치호 |hanja = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|尹|致|昊}}}} |rr = Yun Chi-ho |mr = Yun Chi-ho |hangulho=좌옹 |hanjaho=佐翁 |rrho=Jwaong |mrho=Jwaong |text = [[Japanese name]]:<br />{{Nihongo|Ito Chiko|{{linktext|伊|東|致|昊}}}} }} '''Yun Chi-ho'''(윤치호, 26 December 1864 - 9 December 1945) wis politeecian, unthirldom activists o [[Sooth Korea|Republic o Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bu.edu/missiology/yun-tchi-ho/|title=Yun, Tchi-Ho [Chi'-ho] (1865-1945)|publisher=Boston University}}</ref> uncle o [[Yun Bo-seon]], 4t [[Preses o Sooth Korea]]. ==References== {{Reflist|33em}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://openlibrary.org/books/OL2903362M/The_collected_letters_of_Yun_Tchi_Ho The collected letters of Yun Tchi Ho] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140116111353/http://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/yun754/ Yun Ch‘i-ho papers, 1883-1943] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140108053118/http://mtcha.com.ne.kr/koreaman/sosun/man103-yunchiho.htm Yun Chi-ho] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203454/http://bluecabin.com.ne.kr/split99/ych.htm Yun Chi-ho] [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1945 daiths]] [[Category:Korean fowk]] [[Category:Attemptit assassination survivors]] [[Category:Korean independence activists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sooth Chungcheong Province]] 4bhhzqkkgcfw2vbeyj4nue9ne52zmpr 923611 923610 2026-09-27T22:31:34Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korean name|[[Yun (Korean name)|Yun]]}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Yun Chi-ho |native_name = 윤치호<br />尹致昊 |image = Yun Tchi-ho.png |birth_date = {{birth date|1864|12|26|df=y}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|12|9|1864|12|26|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Ahsan]], [[Chungcheongnam-do]], [[Sooth Korea]] |religion = [[Protestant]] |death_place = [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]] |nationality = [[Sooth Korea]] |spouse = Lady Kang<br />Ma Ae-bang<br />Baik Mae-ryo }} {{Korean text}} {{Infobox Korean name |title = [[Korean name]] |hangul = 윤치호 |hanja = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|尹|致|昊}}}} |rr = Yun Chi-ho |mr = Yun Chi-ho |hangulho=좌옹 |hanjaho=佐翁 |rrho=Jwaong |mrho=Jwaong |text = [[Japanese name]]:<br />{{Nihongo|Ito Chiko|{{linktext|伊|東|致|昊}}}} }} '''Yun Chi-ho''' (윤치호, 26 December 1864 - 9 December 1945) wis politeecian, unthirldom activists o [[Sooth Korea|Republic o Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bu.edu/missiology/yun-tchi-ho/|title=Yun, Tchi-Ho [Chi'-ho] (1865-1945)|publisher=Boston University}}</ref> uncle o [[Yun Bo-seon]], 4t [[Preses o Sooth Korea]]. ==References== {{Reflist|33em}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://openlibrary.org/books/OL2903362M/The_collected_letters_of_Yun_Tchi_Ho The collected letters of Yun Tchi Ho] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140116111353/http://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/yun754/ Yun Ch‘i-ho papers, 1883-1943] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140108053118/http://mtcha.com.ne.kr/koreaman/sosun/man103-yunchiho.htm Yun Chi-ho] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203454/http://bluecabin.com.ne.kr/split99/ych.htm Yun Chi-ho] [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1945 daiths]] [[Category:Korean fowk]] [[Category:Attemptit assassination survivors]] [[Category:Korean independence activists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sooth Chungcheong Province]] akmhjlnmzbd6dff24g9uv9vo6wzmge7 0 61195 923607 923536 2026-09-27T22:27:52Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |name = Sarkand |settlement_type = Destrict |official_name = Сарқан ауданы |image_map = Sarkand District Kazakhstan.png |mapsize = 300px |mapsize1 = 150px |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces o Kazakhstan|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Almaty Province]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Admeenistrative centre]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Sarkand]] |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1928 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_total_km2 = 24400 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total = 41089 | timezone = +6 | utc_offset = +6 }} '''Sarkand Destrict''' or '''Sarkant Destrict''' ({{lang-kz|Сарқан ауданы}}) is a [[Destricts o Kazakhstan|destrict]] o [[Almaty Province]] in [[Kazakhstan]]. The admeenistrative centre o the destrict is the toun o [[Sarkand]].<ref>[http://www.geonames.de/coukz-sub.html www.geonames.de Subdivisions of Kazakhstan in local languages]</ref> Population: {{Kz-census2009|41,016|punct=;}} {{Kz-census1999|47,808|punct=.}} ==References== {{reflist}}{{Stub}}{{Almaty Province}} {{coord|45|29|24|N|79|55|48|E|type:adm2nd_source:itwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Destricts o Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Almaty Region]] sm3sf9v3mqr7q1n4gzpuqjbc4ojaa6b 0 76785 923603 923593 2026-09-27T22:24:15Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Sevilla | fullname = Sevilla Fútbol Club [[Sociedad Anónima Deportiva|SAD]] | nickname = ''Sevillistas''<br>''Los Rojiblancos'' (The Red and Whites)<br>''Los Nervionenses'' (The Anes frae [[Nervión, Seville|Nervión]]) <br> ''Los Palanganas'' (The Bathtubs)<br> '' | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1890|01|25}} | ground = [[Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán|Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán]],<br>[[Seville]], [[Andalusie]], Spain | capacity = 45,500<ref name="datos">{{cite web |url=http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=78&IDParam=18 |title=Datos del Sevilla F. C. S. A. D. |publisher=lfp.es |accessdate=1 August 2010 }}spanish</ref> | chairman = José Castro Carmona | manager = [[José Luis Mendilibar]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Sevilla}} | season = 2025-26 | position = 13th | website = https://www.sevillafc.es/ | pattern_la1 = _sevilla2223H | pattern_b1 = _sevilla2223H | pattern_ra1 = _sevilla2223H | pattern_sh1 = _sevilla2223H | pattern_so1 = _sevilla2223h | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _sevilla2223A | pattern_b2 = _sevilla2223A | pattern_ra2 = _sevilla2223A | pattern_sh2 = _sevilla2223A | pattern_so2 = _sevilla2223a | socks2 = DC0000 | pattern_la3 = _sevilla2223T | pattern_b3 = _sevilla2223T | pattern_ra3 = _sevilla2223T | pattern_sh3 = _sevilla2223T | pattern_so3 = _sevilla2223t | socks3 = 252525 }} '''Sevilla Fútbol Club, S.A.D.''' ({{IPA-es|seˈβiʎa ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ}}), or simply '''Sevilla''', is a Spaingie fitbaw team (registered bi Spaingie law as a Sportin Limitit Association) locatit in [[Seville]]. It currently plays in Spain's top flicht, [[La Liga]]. The club wis foondit on 25 Januar 1890 an played its first [[La Liga]] saison in [[1934–35 La Liga|1934–35]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xerezcd.com/rival.php?id=13 |title=Sevilla Fútbol Club |publisher=Xerez Club Deportivo S. A. D. |accessdate=11 November 2010 |language=Spanish |archive-date=2011-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816015149/http://www.xerezcd.com/rival.php?id=13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The team plays at the 45,500-capacity [[Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán]] in the [[Destricts an neebourheids o Seville|Sevillian destrict]] o [[Nervión, Seville|Nervión]]. Sevilla is the seicont auldest fitbaw club in Spain<ref>{{cite web |url =http://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/your-bna-stories-sevilla-football-club-the-oldest-football-club-in-spain-founded-in-1890-by-british-residents/ |title = The British Newspaper Archive |publisher = The British Newspaper Archive |accessdate = October 5, 2012 }}</ref> an the maist successful club in Andalusie, winnin a naitional league title in [[1945–46 La Liga|1945–46]], an five [[Copa del Rey|Copas del Rey]]. On the European level, it haes wan a record seiven [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cups]] (2006, 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2023) an the [[2006 UEFA Super Cup]]. Sevilla hae competit 67 saisons in the [[La Liga|First Diveesion]] an 13 in [[Segunda División|Seicont]], a record which places as the seivent-best team in the history o [[Spaingie fitbaw league seestem|Spaingie league fitbaw]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.alsolano.com/Estudios/cha.htm |title = Clasificación histórica de la Liga Española |publisher = alsolano.com |accessdate = 1 August 2010 |archive-date = 2012-04-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120409001156/http://www.alsolano.com/Estudios/cha.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> They were designatit bi the [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]] as the best club in the Warld in 2006 an 2007, currently the anerly team that haes achieved this distinction in consecutive years. Sevilla's main rivalry is wi their cross-ceety rivals [[Real Betis]] in the [[Seville derby]]. Its reserve side [[Sevilla Atlético]], foondit in 1958, currently play in the [[Segunda B]], an the club are affiliatit tae a side in [[Puerto Rico]] [[Sevilla FC Puerto Rico|o the same name]]. Ither clubs relatit tae Sevilla include their weemen's team, [[futsal]] team an umwhile [[Superleague Formula]] [[team]]. In 2005 the centennial o Sevilla's foundation wis celebratit wi a variety o events athort the ceety. == Honours == [[File:Trofeomejorequipodelmundo2006.JPG|thumb|2006 [[IFFHS]] trophy as best fitbaw team in the warld.]] Throuoot its history, Sevilla haes wan trophies at regional, naitional an European levels, an is the maist successful club in [[Andalusie]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sevillafc.es/_www/club.php |title = Palmarés de títulos oficiales |publisher = sevillafc.es/club |accessdate = 24 August 2010 |archive-date = 2010-08-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100823041441/http://www.sevillafc.es/_www/club.php |url-status = dead }}</ref> Sevilla wis gien permanent possession o the [[Copa del Rey]] efter its 2010 victory, tae celebrate Spain winnin the [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.marca.com/2010/12/22/futbol/equipos/sevilla/1293024353.html?a=BRU637e19da926ac1e9774b08b38f20333c&t=1293603736|title= El Sevilla se queda en propiedad con la Copa del Rey gracias a España|date= 22 December 2010|work= Marca|location=Spain|accessdate=2010-12-29}}</ref> === Naitional toornaments === * '''[[La Liga]]''': : '''Winners (1)''': 1945–46 : Runners-up (4): 1939-40, 1942–43, 1950–51, 1956–57 * '''[[Copa del Rey]] ''': : '''Winners (5)''': 1935, 1939, 1947–48, 2006–07, 2009–10 : Runners-up (2): 1955, 1961–62 * '''[[Supercopa de España]]''': : '''Winners (1)''': 2007 : Runners-up (1): 2010 * '''[[Copa Eva Duarte]]''' (the forerunner tae the '''[[Supercopa de España]]''') : Runners-up (1): 1948 * '''[[Segunda División]]''': : '''Winners (4)''': 1929, 1933–34, 1968–69, 2000–01 * '''Copa Andalucía''' ''(defunct)'': : '''Winners (17)''': 1916–17, 1918–19, 1919–20, 1920–21, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1926–27, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1935–36, 1938–39, 1939–40 : Runners-up (3): 1915–16, 1917-18, 1927–28 === Internaitional tournaments === * '''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League]]''': : '''Winners (7)''': [[2006 UEFA Cup Feenal|2005–06]], [[2007 UEFA Cup Feenal|2006–07]], [[2014 UEFA Europa League Feenal|2013–14]], [[2015 UEFA Europa League Feenal|2014–15]], [[2016 UEFA Europa League Feenal|2015–16]], 2019-2020, 2022-2023 * '''[[UEFA Super Cup]]''': : '''Winners (1)''': [[2006 UEFA Super Cup|2006]] : Runners-up (2): [[2007 UEFA Super Cup|2007]], [[2014 UEFA Super Cup|2014]] === Friendly toornaments === * '''[[Antonio Puerta Trophy]]''': : '''Winners (4)''': [[Antonio Puerta Trophy#2008|2008]], [[Antonio Puerta Trophy#2009|2009]], [[Antonio Puerta Trophy#2011|2011]], [[Antonio Puerta Trophy#2012|2012]]. : Runners-up (1): [[Antonio Puerta Trophy#2010|2010]] * '''[[Ramón de Carranza Trophy]]''': : '''Winners (6)''': 1955, 1956, 1957, 2004, 2008, 2009. : Runners-up (3): 1958, 1981, 1994. * '''[[Trofeo Costa del Sol|Costa del Sol Trophy]]''': : '''Winners (2)''': 1964, 2004. : Runners-up (2): 1961, 1979. * '''Achille & Cesare Bortolotti Trophy''': : '''Winners (1)''': 2010 * '''Ciudad de la Línea Trophy''' : '''Winners (3)''': 2001, 2002, 2003. * '''[[Teresa Herrera Trophy]]''' : '''Winners (4)''':1946, 1954, 1960, 2011. * '''[[Trofeo Colombino|Colombino Trophy]]:''' : '''Winners (4)''':1975, 1985, 1996, 2005. : Runners-up (3): 1967, 1991, 1997. * '''City of Seville Trophy''': : '''Champions (7)''': 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1984, 1994. * '''[[Russian Railways Cup]]''': : '''Champions (1)''': 2008. * '''Trofeo de la Sal''': : '''Winners (1)''': 2010. * '''Antonio Camacho Memorial''': : '''Winners (1)''': 2012. * '''Costa Brava Trophy''': : '''Winners (1)''': 2012. === Ither awairds an recognitions === * Medal o Andalusie (2005),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/28f2009/medallas/historico.html |title = Histórico de Medallas de Andalucía |publisher = juntadeandalucia.es |accessdate = 29 July 2010 |archive-date = 2010-09-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100914084051/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/28f2009/medallas/historico.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> issued bi the [[Junta de Andalucía]]. * Best team o the warld in 2006 an 2007 accordin tae the International Federation of Football History and Statistics ([[IFFHS]]). * Best team as votit bi the Federation o Sports Joornalists o Andalucía (2006). * Prize for the best team o 2006 accordin tae the Spanish Sports Press Association.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eldesmarque.es/content/view/3844/40/ |title = El Sevilla, premiado por la Asociación Nacional de la Prensa Deportiva |publisher = eldesmarque.es |accessdate = 29 July 2010 |archive-date = 2007-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071220033543/http://www.eldesmarque.es/content/view/3844/40/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> * In Januar 2007 Sevilla wur awairdit wi the 15t Communication Awaird grantit bi the Seville Press Association.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sevillafc.es/www0506/noticias.php?len=esp&id=7079 |title = XV Premio de Comunicación de la Asociación de la Prensa Sevillana |publisher = sevillafc.es |accessdate = 29 July 2010 |archive-date = 2008-10-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081002091717/http://www.sevillafc.es/www0506/noticias.php?len=esp&id=7079 |url-status = dead }}</ref> * [[Ryal Order o Sports Merit]], grantit bi the Superior Cooncil o Sports.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eldesmarque.es/content/view/5360/40/ |title = Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo otorgada al Sevilla F. C. |publisher = eldesmarque.es |accessdate = 29 July 2010 |archive-date = 2007-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071220033558/http://www.eldesmarque.es/content/view/5360/40/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> * Gowd medal o the Ryal Chamber o Commerce for economic-admeenistrative management. <center> '''Gallery''' <gallery> File: Trofeosramondecarranza.JPG|First Ramón de Carranza trophies (6) File: Trofeocolombino.JPG |[[Colombino Trophy]] (4) File: Trofeo Costa del Sol 1964.jpg|[[Trofeo Costa del Sol|Costa del Sol Trophy]] (2) File: Trofeociudaddesevilla2.JPG|[[Seville City Trophy]] (7) </gallery> </center> === Individual trophies === *'''[[Pichichi Trophy]] (1)''': :{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Juan Arza]] (1955) *'''[[Zarra Trophy]] (2)''': : {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Negredo]] (2011), (2013) == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Sevilla FC}} * [http://www.sevillafc.es/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} {{en icon}} {{ja icon}} *{{es icon}} {{en icon}} [http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=78&IDParam=18&language=en-GB Sevilla at La Liga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614062950/http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=78&IDParam=18&language=en-GB |date=2012-06-14 }} *{{es icon}} [http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=478 Futbolme team profile] *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e33.html BDFutbol team profile] *{{es icon}} [http://www.sevillacf.com/competicionescontinentales.htm Complete European record] *[http://www.laligablog.com/tag/sevilla/ Latest Sevilla FC news] * {{facebook|SevillaFutbolClubSAD}} * {{twitter|SevillaFC}} {{Primera División de España}} {{UEFA Europa League winners}} {{UEFA Super Cup winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sevilla}} [[Category:Sevilla FC| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1905]] [[Category:Copa del Rey winners]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:1905 establishments in Spain]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Spain]] 74u4ceo6cj1unnqtr5e55grtbrfi2kd 0 79095 923604 923592 2026-09-27T22:25:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Elche | fullname = Elche Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Los Franjiverdes'' (The Green-stripit anes)<br> ''Los Ilicitanos'' (The Anes frae Elche) | founded = {{Start date and age|1923}} | ground = [[Estadio Manuel Martínez Valero|Martínez Valero]], [[Elche]],<br> [[Valencie Commonty|Valencie]], [[Spain]] | capacity = 33,732 | chairman = José Sepulcre | manager = out | league = [[La Liga]] | website = http://www.elchecf.es/ | pattern_la1 = _elche2223h | pattern_b1 = _elche2223h | pattern_ra1 = _elche2223h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_b2 = _niketrophy5pggg | pattern_so2 = _nikematchfit2021gl | leftarm2 = 004300 | body2 = 008000 | rightarm2 = 004300 | shorts2 = 008000 | socks2 = 008000 | pattern_la3 = _nikeacademy22bw | pattern_b3 = _nikeacademy22bw | pattern_ra3 = _nikeacademy22bw | pattern_sh3 = _nikeacademy22bw | pattern_so3 = _nikeacademy22bw | leftarm3 = 000000 | body3 = 000000 | rightarm3 = 000000 | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = 000000 }} '''Elche Club de Fútbol, S.A.D.''' ({{lang-va|Elx Club de Futbol, S.A.D.}}), is a [[:en:List of football clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw team]] based in [[Elche]], [[Province o Alicante]], in the [[Valencie Commonty]]. Foondit in 1923 it currently plays in {{Spanish football updater|Elche}}, hauldin hame matches at ''[[Estadio Manuel Martínez Valero]]'', wi a capacity o 38,750 seats. Founded in 1923 as the result o a merger atween aw o the toun's clubs, Elche entered the league seestem in 1929, reachin [[Segunda División]] in 1934 an [[La Liga]] in 1959, feenishin fift in the latter toornament in [[:en:1963–64 La Liga|1963–64]]. It wis runner-up in the [[Copa del Rey]] in [[:en:1969 Copa del Generalísimo|1969]]. ==Honours== *'''[[Segunda División]]''': [[:en:1958–59 Segunda División|1958–59]], [[:en:2012–13 Segunda División|2012–13]] *'''[[Copa del Rey]]''': Runner-up [[:en:1969 Copa del Generalísimo|1969]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.elchecf.es/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=419 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e42.html BDFutbol team profile] * {{facebook|elchecf}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Valencie Commonty]] [[Category:Elche CF| ]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1923]] [[Category:1923 establishments in Spain]] 1ud7mc207pqg4rc8tk3xzfn0xusav0n 0 89003 923613 923252 2026-09-27T22:36:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Guaymas de Zaragoza |name = Guaymas |other_name = Heróica Ciudad de Guaymas |settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline = Guaymas-Sonora.jpg |image_caption = Aerial view o Guaymas |image_shield = Escudo de Guaymas, Sonora.png |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position = above |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mexico |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[States o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sonora]] |leader_title = Municipal&nbsp;Preses |leader_name = Otto Claussen Iberri (2012-2015) |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 1769 |established_title2 = Municipal Status |established_date2 = 1825 |area_total_km2 = 12206.18 |population_as_of = 2005 |population_footnotes = &nbsp;Municipality |population_total = 134,153 |population_blank1_title = Seat |population_blank1 = 101,507 |timezone = [[Time in Mexico|CST]] |utc_offset = -6 |coordinates = {{coord|27|55|06|N|110|53|56|W|region:MX|display=inline,title}} |elevation_point = of seat |elevation_m = 10 |postal_code = 85400 |blank1_name = [[Demonym]] |website = {{es icon}} [http://www.guaymas.gob.mx/ /Offeecial steid] }} '''Guaymas''' ({{IPA-es|ˈɡwajmas}}) is a ceety an [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] locatit in the [[Guaymas Municipality]] in the soothwast pairt o the state o [[Sonora]] in northwastren Mexico.<ref name="encmuc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sonora/ |title=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Sonora Guaymas de Zaragoza |publisher=INAFED |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |accessdate=December 15, 2009 |archive-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201232501/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_sonora |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ceety is locatit 117&nbsp;km sooth o the state caipital o [[Hermosillo]], an 242 mile frae the [[Mexico – Unitit States border|U.S. border]], an is the principal port for the state.<ref name="encmuc"/><ref name="vismex">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitmexico.com/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_guaymas_san_carlos |title=Guaymas San Carlos |publisher=Visit Mexico (Secretary of Tourism) |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |accessdate=December 16, 2009 |archive-date=2010-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102022346/http://visitmexico.com/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_guaymas_san_carlos |url-status=dead }}</ref> The municipality is locatit in the Sonora Desert<ref name="usairways">{{cite web |url=http://www.usairwaysvacations.com/destinations/mexico/guaymas.html |title=GUAYMAS / SAN CARLOS |publisher=U S Airways |accessdate=December 16, 2009 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301181028/http://www.usairwaysvacations.com/destinations/mexico/guaymas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an haes a hot, dry climate an 117&nbsp;km o beaches.<ref name="encmuc"/> The municipality’s formal name is Guaymas de Zaragoza an the ceety’s formal name is the Heróica Ciudad de Guaymas.<ref name="encmuc"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Mexico}} *http://guaymas.gob.mx Guaymas municipal authority *http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/guaymas-mayor.html CityMayors feature *[http://www.planetizen.com/node/17375 Mexico's Guaymas Port May Pick Up California's Slack, 16 September, 2005] [[Category:Populatit places in Sonora]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Mexican Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Gulf o Californie]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Sonoran Desert o Mexico]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1769]] 75pmvryz969ey0wqxzjxigczks5ieb0 0 139490 923605 923587 2026-09-27T22:25:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Aulnay-sur-Marne |image coat of arms = Blason ville FR Aulnay-sur-Marne (Marne).svg |region = Champagne-Ardenne |department = Marne |arrondissement = Châlons-en-Champagne |canton = Écury-sur-Coole |INSEE = 51023 |postal code = 51150 |mayor = Philippe Desgrouas |term = 2014&ndash;2020 |intercommunality = Jâlons |coordinates = {{coord|49.0083|4.205|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 78 |area km2 = 9.07 |population = 224 |population date = 2009 }} '''Aulnay-sur-Marne ''' is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Marne]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in northeastren [[Fraunce]]. ==Population== {{Historical populations |align=left | 1962 | 171 | 1968 | 183 | 1975 | 182 | 1982 | 197 | 1990 | 230 | 1999 | 214 | 2006 | 225 | 2009 | 224 }} {{clear-left}} ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Marne depairtment]] [[image:Église AUlnay 09861.JPG|thumb|left]] ==References== *[http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=COM-51023 INSEE statistics] {{reflist}} {{commonscat|Aulnay-sur-Marne}} {{Marne communes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aulnaysurmarne}} [[Category:Communes o Marne]] g8th1uzdk4k8tl92gibwf6hda4l6ec8 4 223455 923641 923229 2026-09-28T08:07:08Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 923641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . } |links=red_only |thumb=100 |columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Name ! ! eemage ! date o birth ! date o daith ! place o birth |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Nigel Don]] | | [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-16 | | [[London Borough of Sutton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Ian McKee]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-04-02 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Margaret Curran]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Elaine Smith]] | | [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-07 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Nicol Stephen]] | | [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Andrew Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-19 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06-17 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Wendy Alexander]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Andy Kerr]] | | [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-17 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Rhona Brankin]] | | [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-01-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Sarah Boyack]] | | [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-16 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Johann Lamont]] | | [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-11 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Cathie Craigie]] | | [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-14 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-09-10 | [[Stirlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Jackie Baillie]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-15 | | [[Hong Kong]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Annabel Goldie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Fergus Ewing]] | | [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Alex Fergusson]] | | [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-04-08 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-07-31 | [[Leswalt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Stewart Stevenson]] | | [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-10-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Rob Gibson]] | | [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Liz Smith]] | | [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Alasdair Morgan]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-21 | | [[Aiberfeldy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Cathy Jamieson]] | | [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-03 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Claire Baker]] | | [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-04 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Rhoda Grant]] | | [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-26 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Helen Eadie]] | | [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-07 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-09 | [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Iain Gray]] | | [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-06-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[Mike Rumbles]] | | [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-06-10 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Frank McAveety]] | | [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Gavin Brown]] | | [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-04 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | | [[Oswestry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[James Kelly]] | | [[File:JamesKellyMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Hugh O'Donnell]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Iain Smith]] | | [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-01 | | [[Gateside]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Irene Oldfather]] | | [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[Jamie McGrigor]] | | [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-10-19 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-20 | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[Jeremy Purvis]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-15 | | [[Berrick|Berik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[Jim Hume]] | | [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-04 | | [[Peebles]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[John Lamont]] | | [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-04-15 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[John Park]] | | [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-14 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[John Scott]] | | [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-06-07 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[John Wilson]] | | [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-28 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Karen Gillon]] | | [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-18 | | [[Jethart]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[Lewis Macdonald]] | | [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-01-01 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[Malcolm Chisholm]] | | [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-03-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Margaret Mitchell]] | | [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-15 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[Margaret Smith]] | | [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-02-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[Mary Scanlon]] | | [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-05-25 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Michael Russell]] | | [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-09 | | [[Bromley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Mike Pringle]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-25 | | [[Northern Rhodesia]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Murdo Fraser]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Patricia Ferguson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Trish Godman]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-31 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-07-21 | [[Gouan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Paul Martin]] | | [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Pauline McNeill]] | | [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-12 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Peter Peacock]] | | [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Richard Baker]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Richard Simpson]] | | [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-22 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Robert Brown]] | | [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-25 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Ross Finnie]] | | [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-02-11 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Stefan Tymkewycz]] | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-09-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Ted Brocklebank]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-24 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Michael McMahon]] | | [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-18 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[Alex Johnstone]] | | [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-07-31 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-12-07 | [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Alison McInnes]] | | [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-17 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Hugh Henry]] | | [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[Nanette Milne]] | | [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Tommy Sheridan]] | | [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-07 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[Angus MacKay]] | | [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Susan Deacon]] | | [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-02 | | [[Musselburrae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Ian Jenkins]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-18 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-29 | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Janis Hughes]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Bill Butler]] | | [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-03-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Brian Fitzpatrick]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Scott Barrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-10 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[Brian Monteith]] | | [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[Bristow Muldoon]] | | [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[John Young]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-21 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-03 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[George Lyon]] | | [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-16 | | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Campbell Martin]] | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-10 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Cathy Peattie]] | | [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-11-24 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[Charlie Gordon]] | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-28 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Chris Ballance]] | | [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-07 | | [[Worcester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[Christine May]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-23 | | [[Dublin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[Shiona Baird]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-14 | | [[Hereford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[David Davidson]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-25 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-06-14 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[David McLetchie]] | | [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-06 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-08-12 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Dave Petrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-10 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-08-31 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Dennis Canavan]] | | [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | | [[Coudenbeith]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[Derek Brownlee]] | | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-10 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[Des McNulty]] | | [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-28 | | [[Stockport]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[John Farquhar Munro]] | | [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-08-26 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-26 | [[Glen Shiel]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Duncan McNeil]] | | [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-07 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Mary Mulligan]] | | [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-12 | | [[Liverpuil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[Marilyn Livingstone]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-09-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Marlyn Glen]] | | [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Maureen Macmillan]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-09 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[Elaine Murray]] | | [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-22 | | [[Hitchin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[Tavish Scott]] | | [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-06 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[Karen Whitefield]] | | [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-08 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[Euan Robson]] | | [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-02-17 | | [[Northren Ingland]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Gordon Jackson]] | | [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-05 | | [[Ardrussan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[Rosemary Byrne]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-03 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[Mark Ballard]] | | [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-27 | | [[Leeds]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[Alasdair Morrison]] | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-18 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Jean Turner]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-12-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[John Home Robertson]] | | [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-12-05 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Kate Maclean]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-16 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Keith Raffan]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-06-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Margaret Jamieson]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Mark Ruskell]] | | [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-14 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-01 | | [[Cammuslang]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Murray Tosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-01 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Tom McCabe]] | | [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-28 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-04-19 | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-31 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-11-28 | [[Sooth Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[Phil Gallie]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-03 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-01-24 | [[Portsmouth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-25 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-29 | [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Donald Gorrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-02 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-25 | [[Breetish Raj]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[George Reid]] | | [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-04 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-08-12 | [[Tullibody]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[Andrew Arbuckle]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-12-25 | [[Fife]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[Eleanor Scott]] | | [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-07-23 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[John Swinburne]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-07-04 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-01 | [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[Bruce McFee]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-09 | [[Johnstoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[Christopher Harvie]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[David Stewart]] | | [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[Dave Thompson]] | | [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-20 | | [[Lossiemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[David Whitton]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-22 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[Jim Tolson]] | | [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-26 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[Nora Radcliffe]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-04 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[Sylvia Jackson]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-03 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-07-27 | [[Lincolnshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Allan Wilson]] | | [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-05 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[Ben Wallace]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-05-15 | | [[Farnborough]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Henry McLeish]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-06-15 | | [[Methul]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Colin Campbell]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-08-31 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-11 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[Duncan Hamilton]] | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Elaine Thomson]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[John McAllion]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-13 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[Lyndsay McIntosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[Fiona McLeod]] | | [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-12-03 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[Ian Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11-23 | | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[Lloyd Quinan]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[Irene McGugan]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | [[Angus]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[Kay Ullrich]] | | [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-05-05 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-01-04 | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[Keith Harding]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-11-21 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-11-15 | [[Chipping Norton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[Nick Johnston]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-01-05 | | [[Filey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[Sam Galbraith]] | | [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-18 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-08-18 | [[Clitheroe]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Andrew Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Lanrik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[Bashir Ahmad]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-02-12 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-06 | [[Amritsar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[Bill Kidd]] | | [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Bill Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-12-11 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Bob Doris]] | | [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-11 | | [[Vale of Leven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Chic Brodie]] | | [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-08 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-24 | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Claudia Beamish]] | | [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-09 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Colin Beattie]] | | [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-17 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Dennis Robertson]] | | [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-08-14 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[Drew Smith]] | | [[File:DrewSmithMSP20110614.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 20th century | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[Graeme Dey]] | | [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-10-29 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[Gordon MacDonald]] | | [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-01-02 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[Graeme Pearson]] | | [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-04-01 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[Neil Bibby]] | | [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Hanzala Malik]] | | [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-26 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-12-14 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[Margaret McCulloch]] | | [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-09 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[Jean Urquhart]] | | [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-17 | | [[Wast Lowden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[Jenny Marra]] | | [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-06 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[Jim Eadie]] | | [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[John Pentland]] | | [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[Siobhan McMahon]] | | [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-04 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Marco Biagi]] | | [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-31 | | [[The Vale]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Margaret McDougall]] | | [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[Mark Griffin]] | | [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Mary Fee]] | | [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-03-23 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Mike MacKenzie]] | | [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-18 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[Paul Wheelhouse]] | | [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | [[Bilfawst|Belfast]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[Alison Johnstone]] | | [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-10-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Cara Hilton]] | | [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[Cameron Buchanan]] | | [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-06-24 | [[Woking]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[Alex Rowley]] | | [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-30 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[Lesley Brennan]] | | [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Margaret Burgess]] | | [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-12-07 | | [[Ayrshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[James Dornan]] | | [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[Joan McAlpine]] | | [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-28 | | [[Gourock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[Angus MacDonald]] | | [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-11 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Anne McTaggart]] | | [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-30 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[Bill Walker]] | | [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-31 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[Neil Findlay]] | | [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-06 | | [[Brocksburn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[Roderick Campbell]] | | [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-06-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Colin Keir]] | | [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-12-09 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[Jayne Baxter]] | | [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-11-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Sue Webber]] | | [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Paul O'Kane]] | | [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-21 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Karen Adam]] | | [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-07 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Sharon Dowey]] | | [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<br/>1970 | | [[Girvan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Davy Russell]] | | [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s<br/>1962 | | [[Quarter]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Brian Whittle]] | | [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-26 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Rachael Hamilton]] | | [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-09 | | [[Herefordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Oliver Mundell]] | | [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-01 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Finlay Carson]] | | [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-10-18 | | [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Gordon Lindhurst]] | | [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Ross Greer]] | | [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-01 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Alexander Burnett]] | | [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-30 | | [[Banchry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Ross Thomson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-09-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Colin Smyth]] | | [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Kate Forbes]] | | [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-06 | | [[Dingwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Edward Mountain]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-19 | | [[Moray]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[Jamie Greene]] | | [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-19 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Maurice Golden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Maurice Golden MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-12 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[Maurice Corry]] | | [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Monica Lennon]] | | [[File:Monica Lennon MSP 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Alison Harris]] | | [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Graham Simpson]] | | [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]] | | [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-22 | | [[Hertfordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[Ash Regan]] | | [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[Ben Macpherson]] | | [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1980s | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Ivan McKee]] | | [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09 | | [[Milligs Mill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Annie Wells]] | | [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-02-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[Daniel Johnson]] | | [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-09-03 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[Peter Chapman]] | | [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-13 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Miles Briggs]] | | [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Preston]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[Donald Cameron]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-11-26 | | [[St Mary's Hospital]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[Liam Kerr]] | | [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-23 | | [[Chester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[Jeremy Balfour]] | | [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Bill Bowman]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Michelle Ballantyne]] | | [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-28 | | [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]] | | [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-10-08 | | [[Oxford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Tom Mason]] | | [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-31 | | [[Bishop's Stortford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Beatrice Wishart]] | | [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Lerook]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[Jackie Dunbar]] | | [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | [[Peterheid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[Marie McNair]] | | [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1976 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[Paul McLennan]] | | [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[Collette Stevenson]] | | [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-15 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Evelyn Tweed]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[Natalie Don]] | | [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[Katy Clark]] | | [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-03 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[Calum Kerr]] | | | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-05 | | [[Gallae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[Heather Anderson]] | | [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-31 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Gillian Mackay]] | | [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[Ariane Burgess]] | | [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-11-20 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[Meghan Gallacher]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-17 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[Craig Hoy]] | | [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[Douglas Lumsden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Lumsden MP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Carol Mochan]] | | [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[Màiri McAllan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Jim Fairlie]] | | [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[Emma Roddick]] | | [[File:Emma Roddick 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[Michael Marra]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michael Marra (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Malcolm Offord]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-09-05 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[David Smith]] | | | | | [[Cardiff–South Wales Valleys metropolitan area]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[Jenny Young]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[James Adams]] | | [[File:Official portrait of James Adams MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | [[Fraserburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[Foysol Choudhury]] | | [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-01-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[Michelle Thomson]] | | [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-11 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Martin Whitfield]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Jenni Minto]] | | [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11 | | [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Audrey Nicoll]] | | [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Stephanie Callaghan]] | | [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[Elena Whitham]] | | [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[Kaukab Stewart]] | | [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967<br/>1968 | | [[Pakistan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[Sandesh Gulhane]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[Mercedes Villalba]] | | [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | [[Bristol]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Alex Kerr]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Laura Mitchell]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[Kate Nevens]] | | [[File:Kate Nevens, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[Roz McCall]] | | [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] | | [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Pam Gosal]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Tess White]] | | [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-02-18 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Thomas Kerr]] | | [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[Mark Simpson]] | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[Laura Moodie]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[Colm Merrick]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[Julie MacDougall]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[Katherine Sangster]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[Tim Eagle]] | | [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[David Kirkwood]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Holly Bruce]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[Irshad Ahmed]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Michelle Campbell]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[Adam Harley]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[Simita Kumar]] | | [[File:Equalities & International Development Minister - 55282125442.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[Iris Duane]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[Duncan Dunlop]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[Cara McKee]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[Helen McDade]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[Q Manivannan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Q Manivannan MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<br/>1997 | | [[Tamil Nadu]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[Katie Hagmann]] | | [[File:Katie Hagmann, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-04 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[Jack Middleton]] | | [[File:Jack Middleton, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[Zen Ghani]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[Duncan Massey]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]] | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]] | | [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-01 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[Angela Ross]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Amanda Bland]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]] | | [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Jamie Langan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[Kim Schmulian]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Lloyd Melville]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[Senga Beresford]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Mandy Lindsay]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[Max Bannerman]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[Kristopher Leask]] | | [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[Vic Currie]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[Morven-May MacCallum]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[Dawn Black]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[Kate Campbell]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[David Barratt]] | | [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[Gary Bouse]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[Andrew Baxter]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[Donald MacKinnon]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[Joe Fagan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Joe Fagan (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | [[Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[David Green]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[Joe Long]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[Pauline Stafford]] | | | | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} mod4x5iw2odfwqclq4pzqgfbt662qmv 3 234063 923601 2026-09-27T22:23:03Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 923601 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Leaderboard, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:23, 27 September 2026 (UTC) f2wzyxgt8c17374piqk21oi39kds0kh 3 234064 923602 2026-09-27T22:23:26Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 923602 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Everton15Eve, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Everton15Eve|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:23, 27 September 2026 (UTC) l73aw2x9apb0mfpvjzvlnudl4jjet7d 3 234065 923612 2026-09-27T22:34:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 923612 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Lentokonefani, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Lentokonefani|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:33, 27 September 2026 (UTC) bf8nicx3rgypqukogr7wv0ppgov0rxy 0 234066 923614 2026-09-27T23:12:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "'''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{langx|nl|Mabuse}} or {{langx|nl|Malbode}}; {{langx|pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden''..." 923614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{langx|nl|Mabuse}} or {{langx|nl|Malbode}}; {{langx|pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae Maubeuge Aibbey, a dooble monastery, fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi Saint Aldego, the relics o wham are hained in the kirk. It efter belanged tae the territory o Hainaut. The toun wis pairt o the Spainish Netherlands an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 Treatie o Nijmegen. As pairt o Vauban's ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi Louis XIV o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish Gairds Diveesion wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General Torquhil Matheson is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] Besiegit in 1793 bi Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it wis relieved bi the victory o Wattignies, that is minded bi a moniment in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the Hunder Days. 2z0xb9aje3xfk7zuu8n6eo65i3si2mg 923615 923614 2026-09-27T23:36:57Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{langx|nl|Mabuse}} or {{langx|nl|Malbode}}; {{langx|pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae Maubeuge Aibbey, a dooble monastery, fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi Saint Aldego, the relics o wham are hained in the kirk. It efter belanged tae the territory o Hainaut. The toun wis pairt o the Spainish Netherlands an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 Treatie o Nijmegen. As pairt o Vauban's ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi Louis XIV o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish Gairds Diveesion wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General Torquhil Matheson is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] Besiegit in 1793 bi Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it wis relieved bi the victory o Wattignies, that is minded bi a moniment in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the Hunder Days. As a fortress, Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the War o 1870 but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis besiegit in Warld War I bi the German Empire. Maubeuge suffert hivily in Warld War II: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion durin the American push tae Belgium. Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new Hôtel de Ville that wis completit in 1970. [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} nsz8l755a0vodutx666d5srhhn4ytpy 923617 923615 2026-09-27T23:45:15Z CiphriusKane 74958 923617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsoorced}} '''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{lang-nl|Mabuse}} or {{lang-nl|Malbode}}; {{lang-pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae Maubeuge Aibbey, a dooble monastery, fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi Saint Aldego, the relics o wham are hained in the kirk. It efter belanged tae the territory o Hainaut. The toun wis pairt o the Spainish Netherlands an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 Treatie o Nijmegen. As pairt o Vauban's ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi Louis XIV o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish Gairds Diveesion wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General Torquhil Matheson is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] Besiegit in 1793 bi Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it wis relieved bi the victory o Wattignies, that is minded bi a moniment in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the Hunder Days. As a fortress, Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the War o 1870 but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis besiegit in Warld War I bi the German Empire. Maubeuge suffert hivily in Warld War II: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion durin the American push tae Belgium. Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new Hôtel de Ville that wis completit in 1970. [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} sgmfsbe8yuvpadxxo34snnx21z84xbu 923619 923617 2026-09-27T23:48:26Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{langx|nl|Mabuse}} or {{langx|nl|Malbode}}; {{langx|pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae Maubeuge Aibbey, a dooble monastery, fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi Saint Aldego, the relics o wham are hained in the kirk. It efter belanged tae the territory o Hainaut. The toun wis pairt o the Spainish Netherlands an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 Treatie o Nijmegen. As pairt o Vauban's ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi Louis XIV o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish Gairds Diveesion wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General Torquhil Matheson is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] Besiegit in 1793 bi Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it wis relieved bi the victory o Wattignies, that is minded bi a moniment in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the Hunder Days. As a fortress, Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the War o 1870 but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis besiegit in Warld War I bi the German Empire. Maubeuge suffert hivily in Warld War II: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion durin the American push tae Belgium. Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new Hôtel de Ville that wis completit in 1970. [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} ==Geography== ===Climate=== Maubeuge haes an oceanic climate (Köppen climate clessification ''Cfb''). The average annual temperatur in Maubeuge is {{cvt|10.6|C}}. The average annual rainfaw is {{cvt|880.8|mm}} wi December as the weetest month. The temperaturs are heichest on average in Julie, at aroond {{cvt|18.5|C}}, an laichest in Januar, at aroond {{cvt|3.2|C}}. The heichest temperatur iver recordit in Maubeuge wis {{cvt|37.5|C}} on 7 August 2003; the cauldest temperatur iver recordit wis {{cvt|-17.5|C}} on 16 Januar 1985. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Maubeuge (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1961−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 15.0 |Feb record high C = 18.2 |Mar record high C = 24.9 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 32.0 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 37.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 25.6 |Nov record high C = 19.5 |Dec record high C = 17.0 |Jan record low C = -17.5 |Feb record low C = -13.7 |Mar record low C = -12.5 |Apr record low C = -6.0 |May record low C = -2.0 |Jun record low C = -1.5 |Jul record low C = 3.3 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -5.0 |Nov record low C = -11.5 |Dec record low C = -13.5 |Jan high C = 5.8 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 14.2 |May high C = 18.7 |Jun high C = 21.3 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Sep high C = 19.8 |Oct high C = 15.5 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = 14.7 |Jan mean C = 3.2 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 6.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 18.5 |Aug mean C = 18.4 |Sep mean C = 15.1 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.5 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = 0.6 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 2.8 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.6 |Jun low C = 11.1 |Jul low C = 13.4 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 7.6 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.7 |year low C = 6.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 81.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.7 |May precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 71.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 78.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.1 |year precipitation mm = 880.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.0 |Feb precipitation days = 11.0 |Mar precipitation days = 13.4 |Apr precipitation days = 10.0 |May precipitation days = 12.2 |Jun precipitation days = 11.0 |Jul precipitation days = 10.2 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 10.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.9 |Nov precipitation days = 13.0 |Dec precipitation days = 13.2 |year precipitation days = 140.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59392001.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = 28 September 2026}}</ref>}} ==Population== {{Historical populations | align = none | cols = 2 | percentages = pagr | source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|21595|Maubeuge}}</ref> an INSEE (1968-2023)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59392#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> | graph-pos = bottom |1793 |4841 |1800 |4726 |1806 |5020 |1821 |5736 |1831 |6240 |1836 |6363 |1841 |7431 |1846 |7328 |1851 |7719 |1856 |8663 |1861 |10557 |1866 |10877 |1872 |13234 |1876 |14398 |1881 |17221 |1886 |18329 |1891 |18863 |1896 |19799 |1901 |20826 |1906 |21520 |1911 |23209 |1921 |21173 |1926 |23338 |1931 |24221 |1936 |23622 |1946 |20859 |1954 |24215 |1962 |27214 |1968 |32028 |1975 |35399 |1982 |36061 |1990 |34989 |1999 |33546 |2007 |32667 |2012 |30994 |2017 |29944 |2023 |28767 }} hilj443ic9ecfmrrde1ir5qfl64c27h 923620 923619 2026-09-27T23:48:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{langx|nl|Mabuse}} or {{langx|nl|Malbode}}; {{langx|pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae Maubeuge Aibbey, a dooble monastery, fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi Saint Aldego, the relics o wham are hained in the kirk. It efter belanged tae the territory o Hainaut. The toun wis pairt o the Spainish Netherlands an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 Treatie o Nijmegen. As pairt o Vauban's ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi Louis XIV o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish Gairds Diveesion wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General Torquhil Matheson is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] Besiegit in 1793 bi Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it wis relieved bi the victory o Wattignies, that is minded bi a moniment in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the Hunder Days. As a fortress, Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the War o 1870 but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis besiegit in Warld War I bi the German Empire. Maubeuge suffert hivily in Warld War II: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion durin the American push tae Belgium. Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new Hôtel de Ville that wis completit in 1970. [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} ==Geography== ===Climate=== Maubeuge haes an oceanic climate (Köppen climate clessification ''Cfb''). The average annual temperatur in Maubeuge is {{cvt|10.6|C}}. The average annual rainfaw is {{cvt|880.8|mm}} wi December as the weetest month. The temperaturs are heichest on average in Julie, at aroond {{cvt|18.5|C}}, an laichest in Januar, at aroond {{cvt|3.2|C}}. The heichest temperatur iver recordit in Maubeuge wis {{cvt|37.5|C}} on 7 August 2003; the cauldest temperatur iver recordit wis {{cvt|-17.5|C}} on 16 Januar 1985. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Maubeuge (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1961−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 15.0 |Feb record high C = 18.2 |Mar record high C = 24.9 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 32.0 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 37.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 25.6 |Nov record high C = 19.5 |Dec record high C = 17.0 |Jan record low C = -17.5 |Feb record low C = -13.7 |Mar record low C = -12.5 |Apr record low C = -6.0 |May record low C = -2.0 |Jun record low C = -1.5 |Jul record low C = 3.3 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -5.0 |Nov record low C = -11.5 |Dec record low C = -13.5 |Jan high C = 5.8 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 14.2 |May high C = 18.7 |Jun high C = 21.3 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Sep high C = 19.8 |Oct high C = 15.5 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = 14.7 |Jan mean C = 3.2 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 6.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 18.5 |Aug mean C = 18.4 |Sep mean C = 15.1 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.5 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = 0.6 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 2.8 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.6 |Jun low C = 11.1 |Jul low C = 13.4 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 7.6 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.7 |year low C = 6.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 81.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.7 |May precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 71.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 78.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.1 |year precipitation mm = 880.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.0 |Feb precipitation days = 11.0 |Mar precipitation days = 13.4 |Apr precipitation days = 10.0 |May precipitation days = 12.2 |Jun precipitation days = 11.0 |Jul precipitation days = 10.2 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 10.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.9 |Nov precipitation days = 13.0 |Dec precipitation days = 13.2 |year precipitation days = 140.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59392001.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = 28 September 2026}}</ref>}} ==Population== {{Historical populations | align = none | cols = 2 | percentages = pagr | source = INSEE (1968-2023)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59392#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> | graph-pos = bottom |1793 |4841 |1800 |4726 |1806 |5020 |1821 |5736 |1831 |6240 |1836 |6363 |1841 |7431 |1846 |7328 |1851 |7719 |1856 |8663 |1861 |10557 |1866 |10877 |1872 |13234 |1876 |14398 |1881 |17221 |1886 |18329 |1891 |18863 |1896 |19799 |1901 |20826 |1906 |21520 |1911 |23209 |1921 |21173 |1926 |23338 |1931 |24221 |1936 |23622 |1946 |20859 |1954 |24215 |1962 |27214 |1968 |32028 |1975 |35399 |1982 |36061 |1990 |34989 |1999 |33546 |2007 |32667 |2012 |30994 |2017 |29944 |2023 |28767 }} oh50fy863ur23i537og8893ejk55fcc 923621 923620 2026-09-28T00:08:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{langx|nl|Mabuse}} or {{langx|nl|Malbode}}; {{langx|pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae Maubeuge Aibbey, a dooble monastery, fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi Saint Aldego, the relics o wham are hained in the kirk. It efter belanged tae the territory o Hainaut. The toun wis pairt o the Spainish Netherlands an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 Treatie o Nijmegen. As pairt o Vauban's ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi Louis XIV o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish Gairds Diveesion wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General Torquhil Matheson is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] Besiegit in 1793 bi Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it wis relieved bi the victory o Wattignies, that is minded bi a moniment in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the Hunder Days. As a fortress, Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the War o 1870 but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis besiegit in Warld War I bi the German Empire. Maubeuge suffert hivily in Warld War II: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion durin the American push tae Belgium. Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new Hôtel de Ville that wis completit in 1970. [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} ==Geography== ===Climate=== Maubeuge haes an oceanic climate (Köppen climate clessification ''Cfb''). The average annual temperatur in Maubeuge is {{cvt|10.6|C}}. The average annual rainfaw is {{cvt|880.8|mm}} wi December as the weetest month. The temperaturs are heichest on average in Julie, at aroond {{cvt|18.5|C}}, an laichest in Januar, at aroond {{cvt|3.2|C}}. The heichest temperatur iver recordit in Maubeuge wis {{cvt|37.5|C}} on 7 August 2003; the cauldest temperatur iver recordit wis {{cvt|-17.5|C}} on 16 Januar 1985. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Maubeuge (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1961−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 15.0 |Feb record high C = 18.2 |Mar record high C = 24.9 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 32.0 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 37.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 25.6 |Nov record high C = 19.5 |Dec record high C = 17.0 |Jan record low C = -17.5 |Feb record low C = -13.7 |Mar record low C = -12.5 |Apr record low C = -6.0 |May record low C = -2.0 |Jun record low C = -1.5 |Jul record low C = 3.3 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -5.0 |Nov record low C = -11.5 |Dec record low C = -13.5 |Jan high C = 5.8 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 14.2 |May high C = 18.7 |Jun high C = 21.3 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Sep high C = 19.8 |Oct high C = 15.5 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = 14.7 |Jan mean C = 3.2 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 6.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 18.5 |Aug mean C = 18.4 |Sep mean C = 15.1 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.5 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = 0.6 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 2.8 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.6 |Jun low C = 11.1 |Jul low C = 13.4 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 7.6 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.7 |year low C = 6.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 81.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.7 |May precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 71.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 78.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.1 |year precipitation mm = 880.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.0 |Feb precipitation days = 11.0 |Mar precipitation days = 13.4 |Apr precipitation days = 10.0 |May precipitation days = 12.2 |Jun precipitation days = 11.0 |Jul precipitation days = 10.2 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 10.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.9 |Nov precipitation days = 13.0 |Dec precipitation days = 13.2 |year precipitation days = 140.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59392001.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = 28 September 2026}}</ref>}} ==Population== {{Historical populations | align = none | cols = 2 | percentages = pagr | source = INSEE (1968-2023)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59392#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> | graph-pos = bottom |1793 |4841 |1800 |4726 |1806 |5020 |1821 |5736 |1831 |6240 |1836 |6363 |1841 |7431 |1846 |7328 |1851 |7719 |1856 |8663 |1861 |10557 |1866 |10877 |1872 |13234 |1876 |14398 |1881 |17221 |1886 |18329 |1891 |18863 |1896 |19799 |1901 |20826 |1906 |21520 |1911 |23209 |1921 |21173 |1926 |23338 |1931 |24221 |1936 |23622 |1946 |20859 |1954 |24215 |1962 |27214 |1968 |32028 |1975 |35399 |1982 |36061 |1990 |34989 |1999 |33546 |2007 |32667 |2012 |30994 |2017 |29944 |2023 |28767 }} == Economy == Thare are important foondries, forges an blast furnaces, thegither wi manufacturs o machine tuils an wallie. The toun haes a buird o tred arbiter, a communal college, a commercial an industrial schuil. == Transport == Bein close tae the Belgian mairch, Maubeuge station haes twa lines tae Belgium: ane leadin North tae Mons, the ither Eastwart tae Charleroi. Naither hae seen passenger service fur seevral years; houiver, frae December 2018 a limitit service tae Namur throu Charleroi wis annoonced. Trains tae the Sooth-Wast are frequent. The nearest airports are Charleroi Airport, locatit {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east, Lille Airport, locatit {{convert|83|km|mi|abbr=on}} north wast an Brussels Airport, locatit {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}} north o Maubeuge. == Tour de France == Maurice Garin, the winner o the furst 1903 Tour de France, begoud his cyclin career in 1892 wi the local Maubeuge cyclin club, whan he finisht fift in the {{Convert|200|km|mi|0|adj=on}} Maubeuge-Hirson-Maubeuge race. In 2003, on the 100t anniversar o his win, he wis mindit wi a street named efter him. == See an aw == * Siege o Maubeuge (24 August - 7 September 1914) * Fortifee'd Sector o Maubeuge * Communes o the Nord depairtment * ''Un clair de lune à Maubeuge'' 86455lbf6a5k9oo3zqrvzd0agn8i2n3 923622 923621 2026-09-28T00:14:09Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Maubeuge |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image coat of arms = Blason Maubeuge.svg |image = Porte de mons maubeuge.JPG |caption = Porte de Mons |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Maubeuge |INSEE = 59392 |postal code = 59600 |mayor = Arnaud Decagny<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|CA Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2775|03.9734|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |area km2 = 18.85 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{langx|nl|Mabuse}} or {{langx|nl|Malbode}}; {{langx|pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae Maubeuge Aibbey, a dooble monastery, fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi Saint Aldego, the relics o wham are hained in the kirk. It efter belanged tae the territory o Hainaut. The toun wis pairt o the Spainish Netherlands an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 Treatie o Nijmegen. As pairt o Vauban's ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi Louis XIV o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish Gairds Diveesion wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General Torquhil Matheson is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] Besiegit in 1793 bi Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it wis relieved bi the victory o Wattignies, that is minded bi a moniment in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the Hunder Days. As a fortress, Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the War o 1870 but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis besiegit in Warld War I bi the German Empire. Maubeuge suffert hivily in Warld War II: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion durin the American push tae Belgium. Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new Hôtel de Ville that wis completit in 1970. [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} ==Geography== ===Climate=== Maubeuge haes an oceanic climate (Köppen climate clessification ''Cfb''). The average annual temperatur in Maubeuge is {{cvt|10.6|C}}. The average annual rainfaw is {{cvt|880.8|mm}} wi December as the weetest month. The temperaturs are heichest on average in Julie, at aroond {{cvt|18.5|C}}, an laichest in Januar, at aroond {{cvt|3.2|C}}. The heichest temperatur iver recordit in Maubeuge wis {{cvt|37.5|C}} on 7 August 2003; the cauldest temperatur iver recordit wis {{cvt|-17.5|C}} on 16 Januar 1985. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Maubeuge (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1961−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 15.0 |Feb record high C = 18.2 |Mar record high C = 24.9 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 32.0 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 37.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 25.6 |Nov record high C = 19.5 |Dec record high C = 17.0 |Jan record low C = -17.5 |Feb record low C = -13.7 |Mar record low C = -12.5 |Apr record low C = -6.0 |May record low C = -2.0 |Jun record low C = -1.5 |Jul record low C = 3.3 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -5.0 |Nov record low C = -11.5 |Dec record low C = -13.5 |Jan high C = 5.8 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 14.2 |May high C = 18.7 |Jun high C = 21.3 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Sep high C = 19.8 |Oct high C = 15.5 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = 14.7 |Jan mean C = 3.2 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 6.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 18.5 |Aug mean C = 18.4 |Sep mean C = 15.1 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.5 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = 0.6 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 2.8 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.6 |Jun low C = 11.1 |Jul low C = 13.4 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 7.6 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.7 |year low C = 6.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 81.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.7 |May precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 71.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 78.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.1 |year precipitation mm = 880.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.0 |Feb precipitation days = 11.0 |Mar precipitation days = 13.4 |Apr precipitation days = 10.0 |May precipitation days = 12.2 |Jun precipitation days = 11.0 |Jul precipitation days = 10.2 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 10.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.9 |Nov precipitation days = 13.0 |Dec precipitation days = 13.2 |year precipitation days = 140.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59392001.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = 28 September 2026}}</ref>}} ==Population== {{Historical populations | align = none | cols = 2 | percentages = pagr | source = INSEE (1968-2023)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59392#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> | graph-pos = bottom |1793 |4841 |1800 |4726 |1806 |5020 |1821 |5736 |1831 |6240 |1836 |6363 |1841 |7431 |1846 |7328 |1851 |7719 |1856 |8663 |1861 |10557 |1866 |10877 |1872 |13234 |1876 |14398 |1881 |17221 |1886 |18329 |1891 |18863 |1896 |19799 |1901 |20826 |1906 |21520 |1911 |23209 |1921 |21173 |1926 |23338 |1931 |24221 |1936 |23622 |1946 |20859 |1954 |24215 |1962 |27214 |1968 |32028 |1975 |35399 |1982 |36061 |1990 |34989 |1999 |33546 |2007 |32667 |2012 |30994 |2017 |29944 |2023 |28767 }} == Economy == Thare are important foondries, forges an blast furnaces, thegither wi manufacturs o machine tuils an wallie. The toun haes a buird o tred arbiter, a communal college, a commercial an industrial schuil. == Transport == Bein close tae the Belgian mairch, Maubeuge station haes twa lines tae Belgium: ane leadin North tae Mons, the ither Eastwart tae Charleroi. Naither hae seen passenger service fur seevral years; houiver, frae December 2018 a limitit service tae Namur throu Charleroi wis annoonced. Trains tae the Sooth-Wast are frequent. The nearest airports are Charleroi Airport, locatit {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east, Lille Airport, locatit {{convert|83|km|mi|abbr=on}} north wast an Brussels Airport, locatit {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}} north o Maubeuge. == Tour de France == Maurice Garin, the winner o the furst 1903 Tour de France, begoud his cyclin career in 1892 wi the local Maubeuge cyclin club, whan he finisht fift in the {{Convert|200|km|mi|0|adj=on}} Maubeuge-Hirson-Maubeuge race. In 2003, on the 100t anniversar o his win, he wis mindit wi a street named efter him. == See an aw == * Siege o Maubeuge (24 August - 7 September 1914) * Fortifee'd Sector o Maubeuge * Communes o the Nord depairtment * ''Un clair de lune à Maubeuge'' ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * [http://www.ville-maubeuge.fr/ Offeecial wabsteid] (in French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060311015630/http://www.fortified-places.com/maubeuge.html Wabpage anent the fortifications] {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] pcy4n34ie8csmgeryj92odiqn08uyyd 923623 923622 2026-09-28T00:23:13Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Maubeuge |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image coat of arms = Blason Maubeuge.svg |image = Porte de mons maubeuge.JPG |caption = Porte de Mons |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Maubeuge |INSEE = 59392 |postal code = 59600 |mayor = Arnaud Decagny<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|CA Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2775|03.9734|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |area km2 = 18.85 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Maubeuge''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;mobøʒ&#x5D;; historical {{langx|nl|Mabuse}} or {{langx|nl|Malbode}}; {{langx|pcd|Maubeuche}}) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is situatit on baith baunks o the Sambre (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o Valenciennes an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the Belgian mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae Laitin, derived frae the Auld Frankish name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae Maubeuge Aibbey, a dooble monastery, fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi Saint Aldego, the relics o wham are hained in the kirk. It efter belanged tae the territory o Hainaut. The toun wis pairt o the Spainish Netherlands an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 Treatie o Nijmegen. As pairt o Vauban's ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi Louis XIV o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish Gairds Diveesion wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General Torquhil Matheson is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] Besiegit in 1793 bi Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it wis relieved bi the victory o Wattignies, that is minded bi a moniment in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the Hunder Days. As a fortress, Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the War o 1870 but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis besiegit in Warld War I bi the German Empire. Maubeuge suffert hivily in Warld War II: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion durin the American push tae Belgium. Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new Hôtel de Ville that wis completit in 1970. [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} ==Geography== ===Climate=== Maubeuge haes an oceanic climate (Köppen climate clessification ''Cfb''). The average annual temperatur in Maubeuge is {{cvt|10.6|C}}. The average annual rainfaw is {{cvt|880.8|mm}} wi December as the weetest month. The temperaturs are heichest on average in Julie, at aroond {{cvt|18.5|C}}, an laichest in Januar, at aroond {{cvt|3.2|C}}. The heichest temperatur iver recordit in Maubeuge wis {{cvt|37.5|C}} on 7 August 2003; the cauldest temperatur iver recordit wis {{cvt|-17.5|C}} on 16 Januar 1985. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Maubeuge (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1961−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 15.0 |Feb record high C = 18.2 |Mar record high C = 24.9 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 32.0 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 37.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 25.6 |Nov record high C = 19.5 |Dec record high C = 17.0 |Jan record low C = -17.5 |Feb record low C = -13.7 |Mar record low C = -12.5 |Apr record low C = -6.0 |May record low C = -2.0 |Jun record low C = -1.5 |Jul record low C = 3.3 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -5.0 |Nov record low C = -11.5 |Dec record low C = -13.5 |Jan high C = 5.8 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 14.2 |May high C = 18.7 |Jun high C = 21.3 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Sep high C = 19.8 |Oct high C = 15.5 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = 14.7 |Jan mean C = 3.2 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 6.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 18.5 |Aug mean C = 18.4 |Sep mean C = 15.1 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.5 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = 0.6 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 2.8 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.6 |Jun low C = 11.1 |Jul low C = 13.4 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 7.6 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.7 |year low C = 6.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 81.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.7 |May precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 71.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 78.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.1 |year precipitation mm = 880.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.0 |Feb precipitation days = 11.0 |Mar precipitation days = 13.4 |Apr precipitation days = 10.0 |May precipitation days = 12.2 |Jun precipitation days = 11.0 |Jul precipitation days = 10.2 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 10.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.9 |Nov precipitation days = 13.0 |Dec precipitation days = 13.2 |year precipitation days = 140.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59392001.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = 28 September 2026}}</ref>}} ==Population== {{Historical populations | align = none | cols = 2 | percentages = pagr | source = INSEE (1968-2023)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59392#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> | graph-pos = bottom |1793 |4841 |1800 |4726 |1806 |5020 |1821 |5736 |1831 |6240 |1836 |6363 |1841 |7431 |1846 |7328 |1851 |7719 |1856 |8663 |1861 |10557 |1866 |10877 |1872 |13234 |1876 |14398 |1881 |17221 |1886 |18329 |1891 |18863 |1896 |19799 |1901 |20826 |1906 |21520 |1911 |23209 |1921 |21173 |1926 |23338 |1931 |24221 |1936 |23622 |1946 |20859 |1954 |24215 |1962 |27214 |1968 |32028 |1975 |35399 |1982 |36061 |1990 |34989 |1999 |33546 |2007 |32667 |2012 |30994 |2017 |29944 |2023 |28767 }} == Economy == Thare are important foondries, forges an blast furnaces, thegither wi manufacturs o machine tuils an wallie. The toun haes a buird o tred arbiter, a communal college, a commercial an industrial schuil. == Transport == Bein close tae the Belgian mairch, Maubeuge station haes twa lines tae Belgium: ane leadin North tae Mons, the ither Eastwart tae Charleroi. Naither hae seen passenger service fur seevral years; houiver, frae December 2018 a limitit service tae Namur throu Charleroi wis annoonced. Trains tae the Sooth-Wast are frequent. The nearest airports are Charleroi Airport, locatit {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east, Lille Airport, locatit {{convert|83|km|mi|abbr=on}} north wast an Brussels Airport, locatit {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}} north o Maubeuge. == Tour de France == Maurice Garin, the winner o the furst 1903 Tour de France, begoud his cyclin career in 1892 wi the local Maubeuge cyclin club, whan he finisht fift in the {{Convert|200|km|mi|0|adj=on}} Maubeuge-Hirson-Maubeuge race. In 2003, on the 100t anniversar o his win, he wis mindit wi a street named efter him. == Kenspeckle fowk == * [[Camille Lou]], sangster an actress == See an aw == * Siege o Maubeuge (24 August - 7 September 1914) * Fortifee'd Sector o Maubeuge * Communes o the Nord depairtment * ''Un clair de lune à Maubeuge'' ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * [http://www.ville-maubeuge.fr/ Offeecial wabsteid] (in French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060311015630/http://www.fortified-places.com/maubeuge.html Wabpage anent the fortifications] {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] 3a1gyo2fxcngoju1c7yki7sk2gm22on 923625 923623 2026-09-28T00:44:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Maubeuge |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image coat of arms = Blason Maubeuge.svg |image = Porte de mons maubeuge.JPG |caption = Porte de Mons |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Maubeuge |INSEE = 59392 |postal code = 59600 |mayor = Arnaud Decagny<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|CA Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2775|03.9734|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |area km2 = 18.85 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Maubeuge''' ({{IPA-fr|mobøʒ}}; historical [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]: ''Mabuse'' or [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]: ''Malbode''; [[Picard leid|Picard]]: ''Maubeuche'') is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord depairtment]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. It is situatit on baith baunks o the [[Sambre]] (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o [[Valenciennes]] an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the [[Belgium|Belgian]] mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae [[Laitin]], derived frae the [[Frankish leid|Auld Frankish]] name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae [[Maubeuge Aibbey]], a dooble [[monastery]], fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi [[Aldegund|Saint Aldego]], the [[Relic|relics]] o wham are hained in the [[kirk]]. It efter belanged tae the territory o [[Coonty o Hainaut|Hainaut]]. The toun wis pairt o the [[Spainish Netherlands]] an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 [[Treaties o Nijmegen|Treatie o Nijmegen]]. As pairt o [[Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis o Vauban|Vauban]]'s ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi [[Louis XIV o Fraunce|Louis XIV]] o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish [[Gairds Diveesion (Unitit Kinrick)|Gairds Diveesion]] wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General [[Torquhil Matheson]] is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] [[Siege|Besiegit]] in 1793 bi Prince [[Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Josias]] o [[Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]], it wis relieved bi the [[Battle o Wattignies|victory o Wattignies]], that is minded bi a [[Monument|moniment]] in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the [[Hunder Days]]. As a [[Fortification|fortress]], Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the [[Franco-Prussian War|War o 1870]] but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis [[Siege o Maubeuge|besiegit]] in [[Warld War I]] bi the [[German Empire]]. Maubeuge suffert hivily in [[Warld War II]]: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the [[U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion (Unitit States)|U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion]] durin the American push tae [[Belgium]]. Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new [[Hôtel de Ville, Maubeuge|Hôtel de Ville]] that wis completit in 1970. [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} ==Geography== ===Climate=== Maubeuge haes an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate clessification]] ''Cfb''). The average annual temperatur in Maubeuge is {{cvt|10.6|C}}. The average annual rainfaw is {{cvt|880.8|mm}} wi December as the weetest month. The temperaturs are heichest on average in Julie, at aroond {{cvt|18.5|C}}, an laichest in Januar, at aroond {{cvt|3.2|C}}. The heichest temperatur iver recordit in Maubeuge wis {{cvt|37.5|C}} on 7 August 2003; the cauldest temperatur iver recordit wis {{cvt|-17.5|C}} on 16 Januar 1985. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Maubeuge (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1961−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 15.0 |Feb record high C = 18.2 |Mar record high C = 24.9 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 32.0 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 37.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 25.6 |Nov record high C = 19.5 |Dec record high C = 17.0 |Jan record low C = -17.5 |Feb record low C = -13.7 |Mar record low C = -12.5 |Apr record low C = -6.0 |May record low C = -2.0 |Jun record low C = -1.5 |Jul record low C = 3.3 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -5.0 |Nov record low C = -11.5 |Dec record low C = -13.5 |Jan high C = 5.8 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 14.2 |May high C = 18.7 |Jun high C = 21.3 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Sep high C = 19.8 |Oct high C = 15.5 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = 14.7 |Jan mean C = 3.2 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 6.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 18.5 |Aug mean C = 18.4 |Sep mean C = 15.1 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.5 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = 0.6 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 2.8 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.6 |Jun low C = 11.1 |Jul low C = 13.4 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 7.6 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.7 |year low C = 6.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 81.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.7 |May precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 71.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 78.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.1 |year precipitation mm = 880.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.0 |Feb precipitation days = 11.0 |Mar precipitation days = 13.4 |Apr precipitation days = 10.0 |May precipitation days = 12.2 |Jun precipitation days = 11.0 |Jul precipitation days = 10.2 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 10.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.9 |Nov precipitation days = 13.0 |Dec precipitation days = 13.2 |year precipitation days = 140.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59392001.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = 28 September 2026}}</ref>}} ==Population== {{Historical populations | align = none | cols = 2 | percentages = pagr | source = INSEE (1968-2023)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59392#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> | graph-pos = bottom |1793 |4841 |1800 |4726 |1806 |5020 |1821 |5736 |1831 |6240 |1836 |6363 |1841 |7431 |1846 |7328 |1851 |7719 |1856 |8663 |1861 |10557 |1866 |10877 |1872 |13234 |1876 |14398 |1881 |17221 |1886 |18329 |1891 |18863 |1896 |19799 |1901 |20826 |1906 |21520 |1911 |23209 |1921 |21173 |1926 |23338 |1931 |24221 |1936 |23622 |1946 |20859 |1954 |24215 |1962 |27214 |1968 |32028 |1975 |35399 |1982 |36061 |1990 |34989 |1999 |33546 |2007 |32667 |2012 |30994 |2017 |29944 |2023 |28767 }} == Economy == Thare are important [[Foondrie|foondries]], [[Forge|forges]] an [[Blast furnace|blast furnaces]], thegither wi manufacturs o [[Machine tuil|machine tuils]] an [[wallie]]. The toun haes a buird o tred arbiter, a communal [[college]], a commercial an industrial [[schuil]]. == Transport == Bein close tae the Belgian mairch, [[Maubeuge station]] haes twa lines tae Belgium: ane leadin North tae [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]], the ither Eastwart tae [[Charleroi]]. Naither hae seen passenger service fur seevral years; houiver, frae December 2018 a limitit service tae [[Namur]] throu Charleroi wis annoonced. Trains tae the Sooth-Wast are frequent. The nearest airports are [[Brussels Sooth Charleroi Airport|Charleroi Airport]], locatit {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east, [[Lille Airport]], locatit {{convert|83|km|mi|abbr=on}} north wast an [[Brussels Airport]], locatit {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}} north o Maubeuge. == Tour de France == [[Maurice Garin]], the winner o the furst [[1903 Tour de France]], begoud his cyclin career in 1892 wi the local Maubeuge cyclin club, whan he finisht fift in the {{Convert|200|km|mi|0|adj=on}} Maubeuge-Hirson-Maubeuge race. In 2003, on the 100t anniversar o his win, he wis mindit wi a street named efter him. == Kenspeckle fowk == * [[Camille Lou]], sangster an actress == See an aw == * [[Siege o Maubeuge]] (24 August - 7 September 1914) * [[Fortifee'd Sector o Maubeuge]] * [[Communes o the Nord depairtment]] * ''[[Muinlicht in Maubeuge|Un clair de lune à Maubeuge]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * [http://www.ville-maubeuge.fr/ Offeecial wabsteid] (in French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060311015630/http://www.fortified-places.com/maubeuge.html Wabpage anent the fortifications] {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] k7glsx6fug45s0pf07e005hxyggv1oh 923627 923625 2026-09-28T00:54:43Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Maubeuge |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image coat of arms = Blason Maubeuge.svg |image = Porte de mons maubeuge.JPG |caption = Porte de Mons |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Maubeuge |INSEE = 59392 |postal code = 59600 |mayor = Arnaud Decagny<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|CA Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2775|03.9734|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |area km2 = 18.85 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Maubeuge''' ({{IPA-fr|mobøʒ}}; historical [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]: ''Mabuse'' or [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]: ''Malbode''; [[Picard leid|Picard]]: ''Maubeuche'') is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord depairtment]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. It is situatit on baith baunks o the [[Sambre]] (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o [[Valenciennes]] an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the [[Belgium|Belgian]] mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae [[Laitin]], derived frae the [[Frankish leid|Auld Frankish]] name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae [[Maubeuge Aibbey]], a dooble [[monastery]], fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi [[Aldegund|Saint Aldego]], the [[Relic|relics]] o wham are hained in the [[kirk]]. It efter belanged tae the territory o [[Coonty o Hainaut|Hainaut]]. The toun wis pairt o the [[Spainish Netherlands]] an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 [[Treaties o Nijmegen|Treatie o Nijmegen]]. As pairt o [[Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis o Vauban|Vauban]]'s ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi [[Louis XIV o Fraunce|Louis XIV]] o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish [[Gairds Diveesion (Unitit Kinrick)|Gairds Diveesion]] wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General [[Torquhil Matheson]] is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] [[Siege|Besiegit]] in 1793 bi Prince [[Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Josias]] o [[Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]], it wis relieved bi the [[Battle o Wattignies|victory o Wattignies]], that is minded bi a [[Monument|moniment]] in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the [[Hunder Days]]. As a [[Fortification|fortress]], Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the [[Franco-Prussian War|War o 1870]] but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis [[Siege o Maubeuge|besiegit]] in [[Warld War I]] bi the [[German Empire]]. Maubeuge suffert hivily in [[Warld War II]]: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the [[U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion (Unitit States)|U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion]] durin the American push tae [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The First! The Story of the 1st Infantry Division: WWII G.I. Stories Booklet|url=http://www.lonesentry.com/gi_stories_booklets/1stinfantry/|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=Lone Sentry|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Offeecial wabsteid o the toun o Maubeuge|url=http://www.ville-maubeuge.fr/php/decouvrir/histoire_1940_1944.php|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=Ville de Maubeuge|language=fr}}</ref> Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new [[Hôtel de Ville, Maubeuge|Hôtel de Ville]] that wis completit in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hôtel de ville de Maubeuge|url=https://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-59392-2676.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=PSS Architecture|language=fr}}</ref> [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} ==Geography== ===Climate=== Maubeuge haes an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate clessification]] ''Cfb''). The average annual temperatur in Maubeuge is {{cvt|10.6|C}}. The average annual rainfaw is {{cvt|880.8|mm}} wi December as the weetest month. The temperaturs are heichest on average in Julie, at aroond {{cvt|18.5|C}}, an laichest in Januar, at aroond {{cvt|3.2|C}}. The heichest temperatur iver recordit in Maubeuge wis {{cvt|37.5|C}} on 7 August 2003; the cauldest temperatur iver recordit wis {{cvt|-17.5|C}} on 16 Januar 1985. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Maubeuge (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1961−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 15.0 |Feb record high C = 18.2 |Mar record high C = 24.9 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 32.0 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 37.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 25.6 |Nov record high C = 19.5 |Dec record high C = 17.0 |Jan record low C = -17.5 |Feb record low C = -13.7 |Mar record low C = -12.5 |Apr record low C = -6.0 |May record low C = -2.0 |Jun record low C = -1.5 |Jul record low C = 3.3 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -5.0 |Nov record low C = -11.5 |Dec record low C = -13.5 |Jan high C = 5.8 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 14.2 |May high C = 18.7 |Jun high C = 21.3 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Sep high C = 19.8 |Oct high C = 15.5 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = 14.7 |Jan mean C = 3.2 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 6.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 18.5 |Aug mean C = 18.4 |Sep mean C = 15.1 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.5 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = 0.6 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 2.8 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.6 |Jun low C = 11.1 |Jul low C = 13.4 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 7.6 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.7 |year low C = 6.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 81.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.7 |May precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 71.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 78.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.1 |year precipitation mm = 880.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.0 |Feb precipitation days = 11.0 |Mar precipitation days = 13.4 |Apr precipitation days = 10.0 |May precipitation days = 12.2 |Jun precipitation days = 11.0 |Jul precipitation days = 10.2 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 10.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.9 |Nov precipitation days = 13.0 |Dec precipitation days = 13.2 |year precipitation days = 140.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59392001.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = 28 September 2026}}</ref>}} ==Population== {{Historical populations | align = none | cols = 2 | percentages = pagr | source = INSEE (1968-2023)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59392#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> | graph-pos = bottom |1793 |4841 |1800 |4726 |1806 |5020 |1821 |5736 |1831 |6240 |1836 |6363 |1841 |7431 |1846 |7328 |1851 |7719 |1856 |8663 |1861 |10557 |1866 |10877 |1872 |13234 |1876 |14398 |1881 |17221 |1886 |18329 |1891 |18863 |1896 |19799 |1901 |20826 |1906 |21520 |1911 |23209 |1921 |21173 |1926 |23338 |1931 |24221 |1936 |23622 |1946 |20859 |1954 |24215 |1962 |27214 |1968 |32028 |1975 |35399 |1982 |36061 |1990 |34989 |1999 |33546 |2007 |32667 |2012 |30994 |2017 |29944 |2023 |28767 }} == Economy == Thare are important [[Foondrie|foondries]], [[Forge|forges]] an [[Blast furnace|blast furnaces]], thegither wi manufacturs o [[Machine tuil|machine tuils]] an [[wallie]]. The toun haes a buird o tred arbiter, a communal [[college]], a commercial an industrial [[schuil]]. == Transport == Bein close tae the Belgian mairch, [[Maubeuge station]] haes twa lines tae Belgium: ane leadin North tae [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]], the ither Eastwart tae [[Charleroi]]. Naither hae seen passenger service fur seevral years; houiver, frae December 2018 a limitit service tae [[Namur]] throu Charleroi wis annoonced. Trains tae the Sooth-Wast are frequent. The nearest airports are [[Brussels Sooth Charleroi Airport|Charleroi Airport]], locatit {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east, [[Lille Airport]], locatit {{convert|83|km|mi|abbr=on}} north wast an [[Brussels Airport]], locatit {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}} north o Maubeuge. == Tour de France == [[Maurice Garin]], the winner o the furst [[1903 Tour de France]], begoud his cyclin career in 1892 wi the local Maubeuge cyclin club, whan he finisht fift in the {{Convert|200|km|mi|0|adj=on}} Maubeuge-Hirson-Maubeuge race.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 Februar 2001|title=Profile o Maurice Garin|url=http://www.lepays.net/jdj/01/02/20/MA/1/article_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=L'Alsace|language=fr}}</ref> In 2003, on the 100t anniversar o his win, he wis mindit wi a street named efter him. == Kenspeckle fowk == * [[Camille Lou]], sangster an actress == See an aw == * [[Siege o Maubeuge]] (24 August - 7 September 1914) * [[Fortifee'd Sector o Maubeuge]] * [[Communes o the Nord depairtment]] * ''[[Muinlicht in Maubeuge|Un clair de lune à Maubeuge]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * [http://www.ville-maubeuge.fr/ Offeecial wabsteid] (in French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060311015630/http://www.fortified-places.com/maubeuge.html Wabpage anent the fortifications] {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] rt2rsf8txlwawmajfd9i14hhtftgwcl 923628 923627 2026-09-28T01:12:46Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* See an aw */ Nae valid airtins 923628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Maubeuge |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image coat of arms = Blason Maubeuge.svg |image = Porte de mons maubeuge.JPG |caption = Porte de Mons |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Maubeuge |INSEE = 59392 |postal code = 59600 |mayor = Arnaud Decagny<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|CA Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2775|03.9734|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |area km2 = 18.85 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Maubeuge''' ({{IPA-fr|mobøʒ}}; historical [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]: ''Mabuse'' or [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]: ''Malbode''; [[Picard leid|Picard]]: ''Maubeuche'') is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord depairtment]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. It is situatit on baith baunks o the [[Sambre]] (here canalised), {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o [[Valenciennes]] an aboot {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} frae the [[Belgium|Belgian]] mairch. ==History== Maubeuge (auncient ''Malbodium'', frae [[Laitin]], derived frae the [[Frankish leid|Auld Frankish]] name ''Malboden'', meanin "assize o Boden") awes its oreegin tae [[Maubeuge Aibbey]], a dooble [[monastery]], fur men an wummen, foondit in the 7t yearhunder bi [[Aldegund|Saint Aldego]], the [[Relic|relics]] o wham are hained in the [[kirk]]. It efter belanged tae the territory o [[Coonty o Hainaut|Hainaut]]. The toun wis pairt o the [[Spainish Netherlands]] an chynged haunds a nummer o times afore it wis finally ceded tae Fraunce in the 1678 [[Treaties o Nijmegen|Treatie o Nijmegen]]. As pairt o [[Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis o Vauban|Vauban]]'s ''pré carré'' plan that pertectit Fraunce's northren mairchs wi a dooble line o fortresses, it wis muckle fortifee'd as directit bi [[Louis XIV o Fraunce|Louis XIV]] o Fraunce. [[File:The Hundred Days Offensive, August-november 1918 Q7446.jpg|thumb|left|Mayor o Maubeuge presentin the Breetish [[Gairds Diveesion (Unitit Kinrick)|Gairds Diveesion]] wi a banner as an appreciation frae the toun whilk wis taen bi the diveesion on 9 November 1918. Major-General [[Torquhil Matheson]] is seen receivin the banner, 14 November 1918.]] [[Siege|Besiegit]] in 1793 bi Prince [[Prince Josias o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Josias]] o [[Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]], it wis relieved bi the [[Battle o Wattignies|victory o Wattignies]], that is minded bi a [[Monument|moniment]] in the toun. It wis for nocht besiegit in 1814, but wis gar tae owergie, efter a feckfu resistance, in the [[Hunder Days]]. As a [[Fortification|fortress]], Maubeuge haes an auld enceinte o bastion trace which serves as the centre o an important entrenched camp o 18 mile perimeter. The fortress wis constructit efter the [[Franco-Prussian War|War o 1870]] but wis later modrenised an augmentit. The forts wis [[Siege o Maubeuge|besiegit]] in [[Warld War I]] bi the [[German Empire]]. Maubeuge suffert hivily in [[Warld War II]]: 90% o the toun centre wis destroyed bi bombardments in Mey 1940. Fechtin again happent in early September 1944, in an aroond the ootby o Maubeuge, involvin units o the [[U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion (Unitit States)|U.S. 1st Infantry Diveesion]] durin the American push tae [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The First! The Story of the 1st Infantry Division: WWII G.I. Stories Booklet|url=http://www.lonesentry.com/gi_stories_booklets/1stinfantry/|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=Lone Sentry|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Offeecial wabsteid o the toun o Maubeuge|url=http://www.ville-maubeuge.fr/php/decouvrir/histoire_1940_1944.php|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=Ville de Maubeuge|language=fr}}</ref> Efter the war the toun wis rebiggit: the new biggins endit up in the new [[Hôtel de Ville, Maubeuge|Hôtel de Ville]] that wis completit in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hôtel de ville de Maubeuge|url=https://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-59392-2676.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=PSS Architecture|language=fr}}</ref> [[File:Maubeuge Hotel de ville.jpg|thumb|The Hôtel de Ville]] ===Heraldry=== {{Blazon-arms | img1=Blason Maubeuge.svg | legend1=Arms of Maubeuge | text=The airms o Maubeuge are blazont : ''Gowd, fower lions, twa in bend sable airmt an langueit gules, twa in bend sinister gules airmt an langueit azure, in chief an eagle sable beakit langueit membrit an airmt gules, oweraw a crozier gowd bendwise. }} ==Geography== ===Climate=== Maubeuge haes an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate clessification]] ''Cfb''). The average annual temperatur in Maubeuge is {{cvt|10.6|C}}. The average annual rainfaw is {{cvt|880.8|mm}} wi December as the weetest month. The temperaturs are heichest on average in Julie, at aroond {{cvt|18.5|C}}, an laichest in Januar, at aroond {{cvt|3.2|C}}. The heichest temperatur iver recordit in Maubeuge wis {{cvt|37.5|C}} on 7 August 2003; the cauldest temperatur iver recordit wis {{cvt|-17.5|C}} on 16 Januar 1985. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Maubeuge (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1961−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 15.0 |Feb record high C = 18.2 |Mar record high C = 24.9 |Apr record high C = 29.5 |May record high C = 32.0 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 37.5 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 25.6 |Nov record high C = 19.5 |Dec record high C = 17.0 |Jan record low C = -17.5 |Feb record low C = -13.7 |Mar record low C = -12.5 |Apr record low C = -6.0 |May record low C = -2.0 |Jun record low C = -1.5 |Jul record low C = 3.3 |Aug record low C = 4.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -5.0 |Nov record low C = -11.5 |Dec record low C = -13.5 |Jan high C = 5.8 |Feb high C = 6.9 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 14.2 |May high C = 18.7 |Jun high C = 21.3 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.7 |Sep high C = 19.8 |Oct high C = 15.5 |Nov high C = 9.5 |Dec high C = 6.6 |year high C = 14.7 |Jan mean C = 3.2 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 6.7 |Apr mean C = 9.4 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 16.2 |Jul mean C = 18.5 |Aug mean C = 18.4 |Sep mean C = 15.1 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.5 |Dec mean C = 4.2 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = 0.6 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 2.8 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.6 |Jun low C = 11.1 |Jul low C = 13.4 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 7.6 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.7 |year low C = 6.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 81.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.7 |May precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 71.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 61.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 78.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.1 |year precipitation mm = 880.8 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 14.0 |Feb precipitation days = 11.0 |Mar precipitation days = 13.4 |Apr precipitation days = 10.0 |May precipitation days = 12.2 |Jun precipitation days = 11.0 |Jul precipitation days = 10.2 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 10.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.9 |Nov precipitation days = 13.0 |Dec precipitation days = 13.2 |year precipitation days = 140.1 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59392001.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = 28 September 2026}}</ref>}} ==Population== {{Historical populations | align = none | cols = 2 | percentages = pagr | source = INSEE (1968-2023)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59392#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> | graph-pos = bottom |1793 |4841 |1800 |4726 |1806 |5020 |1821 |5736 |1831 |6240 |1836 |6363 |1841 |7431 |1846 |7328 |1851 |7719 |1856 |8663 |1861 |10557 |1866 |10877 |1872 |13234 |1876 |14398 |1881 |17221 |1886 |18329 |1891 |18863 |1896 |19799 |1901 |20826 |1906 |21520 |1911 |23209 |1921 |21173 |1926 |23338 |1931 |24221 |1936 |23622 |1946 |20859 |1954 |24215 |1962 |27214 |1968 |32028 |1975 |35399 |1982 |36061 |1990 |34989 |1999 |33546 |2007 |32667 |2012 |30994 |2017 |29944 |2023 |28767 }} == Economy == Thare are important [[Foondrie|foondries]], [[Forge|forges]] an [[Blast furnace|blast furnaces]], thegither wi manufacturs o [[Machine tuil|machine tuils]] an [[wallie]]. The toun haes a buird o tred arbiter, a communal [[college]], a commercial an industrial [[schuil]]. == Transport == Bein close tae the Belgian mairch, [[Maubeuge station]] haes twa lines tae Belgium: ane leadin North tae [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]], the ither Eastwart tae [[Charleroi]]. Naither hae seen passenger service fur seevral years; houiver, frae December 2018 a limitit service tae [[Namur]] throu Charleroi wis annoonced. Trains tae the Sooth-Wast are frequent. The nearest airports are [[Brussels Sooth Charleroi Airport|Charleroi Airport]], locatit {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east, [[Lille Airport]], locatit {{convert|83|km|mi|abbr=on}} north wast an [[Brussels Airport]], locatit {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}} north o Maubeuge. == Tour de France == [[Maurice Garin]], the winner o the furst [[1903 Tour de France]], begoud his cyclin career in 1892 wi the local Maubeuge cyclin club, whan he finisht fift in the {{Convert|200|km|mi|0|adj=on}} Maubeuge-Hirson-Maubeuge race.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 Februar 2001|title=Profile o Maurice Garin|url=http://www.lepays.net/jdj/01/02/20/MA/1/article_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=L'Alsace|language=fr}}</ref> In 2003, on the 100t anniversar o his win, he wis mindit wi a street named efter him. == Kenspeckle fowk == * [[Camille Lou]], sangster an actress ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * [http://www.ville-maubeuge.fr/ Offeecial wabsteid] (in French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060311015630/http://www.fortified-places.com/maubeuge.html Wabpage anent the fortifications] {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] 4qb75iztrnwilfj3jinc6j5vxk16rko 3 234067 923624 2026-09-28T00:24:13Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 923624 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Marcelo Bless, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Marcelo Bless|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:24, 28 September 2026 (UTC) kv34m8nig7q1rfm1rzdix8uk0n6nyk5 1 234068 923626 2026-09-28T00:44:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{Tauk header}}" 923626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tauk header}} 6o6wr3r4uysq5k54n6xqu0hv37rvxk3 0 234069 923629 2026-09-28T01:15:36Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "'''Hautmont''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;omɔ̃&#x5D;) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is {{cvt|5|km|mi|0}} soothwast o the centre o Maubeuge, an haes 14,500 residenters. On 3 August 2008 a nairae but strang F4 spirewind soopit throu the toun, as weel as Maubeuge, Neuf-Mesnil an Boussières-sur-Sambre hairmfu hunders o biggins, forty o whilk cowpit. The spirewind killt three fowk an hurtit seiventeen ithers. The spirewind wis pairt o an ootbr..." 923629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hautmont''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;omɔ̃&#x5D;) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is {{cvt|5|km|mi|0}} soothwast o the centre o Maubeuge, an haes 14,500 residenters. On 3 August 2008 a nairae but strang F4 spirewind soopit throu the toun, as weel as Maubeuge, Neuf-Mesnil an Boussières-sur-Sambre hairmfu hunders o biggins, forty o whilk cowpit. The spirewind killt three fowk an hurtit seiventeen ithers. The spirewind wis pairt o an ootbrak that produced nine ither spirewinds. ==Population== {{Historical populations |source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59291#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> |percentages = pagr |align = none |graph-pos = right |1968 |17870 |1975 |19175 |1982 |18461 |1990 |17475 |1999 |16029 |2007 |15015 |2012 |14115 |2017 |14574 |2023 |14152 }} ==Heraldry== {{Blazon-arms |img1=Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |legend1=Arms of Hautmont |text=The airms o Hautmont are [[blazon]]t:<br />{{SharedArms|Or.3chev.sa}} }} == Twin touns an sister ceeties == Hautmont is twinned wi Kalisz in Poland <small>''(syne 1958)''.</small> ==See an aw== *Communes o the Nord depairtment 7i5jbrvaigxpjp1k8dc5hl2vx9yrf1y 923630 923629 2026-09-28T01:20:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Hautmont |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image = Hautmont mairie 1.JPG |caption = The toun-hoose in Hautmont |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |INSEE = 59291 |postal code = 59330 |mayor = Stéphane Wilmotte<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2486|3.9253|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 132 |elevation min m = 123 |elevation max m = 184 |area km2 = 12.27 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Hautmont''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;omɔ̃&#x5D;) is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce. It is {{cvt|5|km|mi|0}} soothwast o the centre o Maubeuge, an haes 14,500 residenters. On 3 August 2008 a nairae but strang F4 spirewind soopit throu the toun, as weel as Maubeuge, Neuf-Mesnil an Boussières-sur-Sambre hairmfu hunders o biggins, forty o whilk cowpit. The spirewind killt three fowk an hurtit seiventeen ithers. The spirewind wis pairt o an ootbrak that produced nine ither spirewinds. ==Population== {{Historical populations |source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59291#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> |percentages = pagr |align = none |graph-pos = right |1968 |17870 |1975 |19175 |1982 |18461 |1990 |17475 |1999 |16029 |2007 |15015 |2012 |14115 |2017 |14574 |2023 |14152 }} ==Heraldry== {{Blazon-arms |img1=Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |legend1=Arms of Hautmont |text=The airms o Hautmont are [[blazon]]t:<br />{{SharedArms|Or.3chev.sa}} }} == Twin touns an sister ceeties == Hautmont is twinned wi Kalisz in Poland <small>''(syne 1958)''.</small> ==See an aw== *Communes o the Nord depairtment ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] ltvlbbs0oqs2lrk11yck1z969ijrpdy 923631 923630 2026-09-28T01:25:06Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Hautmont |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image = Hautmont mairie 1.JPG |caption = The toun-hoose in Hautmont |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |INSEE = 59291 |postal code = 59330 |mayor = Stéphane Wilmotte<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2486|3.9253|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 132 |elevation min m = 123 |elevation max m = 184 |area km2 = 12.27 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Hautmont''' ({{IPA-fr|omɔ̃}}) is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord depairtment]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. It is {{cvt|5|km|mi|0}} soothwast o the centre o [[Maubeuge]], an haes 14,500 residenters. On [[August 2008 European spirewind ootbrak|3 August 2008]] a nairae but strang F4 [[spirewind]] soopit throu the toun, as weel as [[Maubeuge]], [[Neuf-Mesnil]] an [[Boussières-sur-Sambre]] hairmfu hunders o biggins, forty o whilk cowpit. The spirewind killt three fowk an hurtit seiventeen ithers. The spirewind wis pairt o an ootbrak that produced nine ither spirewinds. ==Population== {{Historical populations |source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59291#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> |percentages = pagr |align = none |graph-pos = right |1968 |17870 |1975 |19175 |1982 |18461 |1990 |17475 |1999 |16029 |2007 |15015 |2012 |14115 |2017 |14574 |2023 |14152 }} ==Heraldry== {{Blazon-arms |img1=Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |legend1=Arms of Hautmont |text=The airms o Hautmont are [[blazon]]t:<br />{{SharedArms|Or.3chev.sa}} }} == Twin touns an sister ceeties == Hautmont is [[Sister ceety|twinned]] wi [[Kalisz]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1958)''.</small> ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Nord depairtment]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] 1ntnrrjduofdhi2tiep902ld0807csu 923633 923631 2026-09-28T01:32:23Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Hautmont |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image = Hautmont mairie 1.JPG |caption = The toun-hoose in Hautmont |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |INSEE = 59291 |postal code = 59330 |mayor = Stéphane Wilmotte<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2486|3.9253|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 132 |elevation min m = 123 |elevation max m = 184 |area km2 = 12.27 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Hautmont''' ({{IPA-fr|omɔ̃}}) is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord depairtment]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. It is {{cvt|5|km|mi|0}} soothwast o the centre o [[Maubeuge]], an haes 14,500 residenters. On [[August 2008 European spirewind ootbrak|3 August 2008]] a nairae but strang F4 [[spirewind]] soopit throu the toun, as weel as [[Maubeuge]], [[Neuf-Mesnil]] an [[Boussières-sur-Sambre]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 August 2008|title=North France tornado kills three|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7540484.stm|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026}}</ref> hairmfu hunders o biggins, forty o whilk cowpit. The spirewind killt three fowk an hurtit seiventeen ithers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=European Severe Weather Database|url=https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi?lang=en_0&lastquery=2012199392&force_dynamic_map=true;|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=eswd.eu|language=en}}</ref> The spirewind wis pairt o an ootbrak that produced nine ither spirewinds. ==Population== {{Historical populations |source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59291#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> |percentages = pagr |align = none |graph-pos = right |1968 |17870 |1975 |19175 |1982 |18461 |1990 |17475 |1999 |16029 |2007 |15015 |2012 |14115 |2017 |14574 |2023 |14152 }} ==Heraldry== {{Blazon-arms |img1=Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |legend1=Arms of Hautmont |text=The airms o Hautmont are [[blazon]]t:<br />{{SharedArms|Or.3chev.sa}} }} == Twin touns an sister ceeties == Hautmont is [[Sister ceety|twinned]] wi [[Kalisz]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1958)''.</small><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Kalisz Offeecial Wabsteid - Twin Touns|url=http://www.kalisz.pl/_portal/118951340446e688bcd9fee/Miasta_partnerskie.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=www.kalisz.pl|language=pl}}</ref> ==See an aw== *[[Communes o the Nord depairtment]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] g5eoevp74f87n00dyk6d5n30jiounry 923634 923633 2026-09-28T01:39:37Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* See an aw */ 923634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Hautmont |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image = Hautmont mairie 1.JPG |caption = The toun-hoose in Hautmont |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |INSEE = 59291 |postal code = 59330 |mayor = Stéphane Wilmotte<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2486|3.9253|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 132 |elevation min m = 123 |elevation max m = 184 |area km2 = 12.27 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Hautmont''' ({{IPA-fr|omɔ̃}}) is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord depairtment]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. It is {{cvt|5|km|mi|0}} soothwast o the centre o [[Maubeuge]], an haes 14,500 residenters. On [[August 2008 European spirewind ootbrak|3 August 2008]] a nairae but strang F4 [[spirewind]] soopit throu the toun, as weel as [[Maubeuge]], [[Neuf-Mesnil]] an [[Boussières-sur-Sambre]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 August 2008|title=North France tornado kills three|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7540484.stm|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026}}</ref> hairmfu hunders o biggins, forty o whilk cowpit. The spirewind killt three fowk an hurtit seiventeen ithers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=European Severe Weather Database|url=https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi?lang=en_0&lastquery=2012199392&force_dynamic_map=true;|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=eswd.eu|language=en}}</ref> The spirewind wis pairt o an ootbrak that produced nine ither spirewinds. ==Population== {{Historical populations |source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59291#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> |percentages = pagr |align = none |graph-pos = right |1968 |17870 |1975 |19175 |1982 |18461 |1990 |17475 |1999 |16029 |2007 |15015 |2012 |14115 |2017 |14574 |2023 |14152 }} ==Heraldry== {{Blazon-arms |img1=Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |legend1=Arms of Hautmont |text=The airms o Hautmont are [[blazon]]t:<br />{{SharedArms|Or.3chev.sa}} }} == Twin touns an sister ceeties == Hautmont is [[Sister ceety|twinned]] wi [[Kalisz]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1958)''.</small><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Kalisz Offeecial Wabsteid - Twin Touns|url=http://www.kalisz.pl/_portal/118951340446e688bcd9fee/Miasta_partnerskie.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=www.kalisz.pl|language=pl}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] qricx12b60xj010t45t4e7jdr4wz6x0 1 234070 923632 2026-09-28T01:25:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{Tauk header}}" 923632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tauk header}} 6o6wr3r4uysq5k54n6xqu0hv37rvxk3 0 234071 923635 2026-09-28T01:48:09Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 New airticle aboot a Canadian muisicker 923635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Béatrice Mireille Martin''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;beatʁis maʁtɛ̃&#x5D;; born 22 September 1989), kent professionally as '''Cœur de pirate''' ({{IPA|fr|kœʁ də piʁat|}}; French fur ''Pirate's hert''), is a Canadian muisicker. A French-speakin frae Montreal, she sings maistly in French an haes been creditit in ''Montreal Mirror'' wi "bringin ''la chanson française'' tae a hale new generation o Quebec youth." == Career == === Early beginnins === Born in the province o Quebec, Martin stairtit pleyin the piano whan she wis anerly three years auld. She entert the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal at age nine an studiet thair fur five years. She is the niece o actor Alexis Martin. At age 15, she pleyed as a keybuirdist in the post-haurdcore baund December Strikes First, whilk starned her best freend, Francis, wha wad later become the subjeck o the sang "Francis" on her debut album. Martin haed a wee spell as keybuirdist fur Bonjour Brumaire frae late 2007 tae Aprile 2008. 7esydrqy5n8wix9ec3yi0now22gh43f