Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Chennai 0 3227 923680 835274 2026-09-29T04:59:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Chennai |other_name = Madras |settlement_type = [[Megaceety]]<ref name="citypop-Aggs">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=The Principal Agglomerations of the World|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=8 December 2017}}{{Better source|reason=urban agglomeration only, not metro area population|date=December 2017}}</ref> |image_skyline = Chennai Montage.jpg |image_caption = Clockwise frae tap richt: [[Chennai Central]], [[Marina Beach]], [[Madras Heich Coort]], [[TIDEL Park]], [[Ripon Biggin]], [[San Thome Basilica]], [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]], [[Bharata Natyam|Classical dance Bharata Natyam]] an [[Valluvar Kottam]] |nickname = Detroit o Indie<ref name="USDept1997">{{cite book|title=Business America|date=1997|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|page=14|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref><br />Gatewey o Sooth Indie<br />Indie's Heal Caipital, Ceety o fleeower |pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu |pushpin_label_position = left |pushpin_map_caption = Location o Chennai in Tamil Nadu |coordinates = {{coord|13|5|N|80|16|E|region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Indie}} |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o Tamil Nadu|Destrict]] |subdivision_type3 = Umwhile name |subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai destrict|Chennai]], [[Kanchipuram Destrict|Kanchipuram]] [[Tiruvallur Destrict|Tiruvallur]]{{refn|The Chennai metropolitan aurie an aw includes portions o [[Kanchipuram Destrict|Kanchipuram]] an [[Tiruvallur Destrict|Tiruvallur]] destricts adjynin the [[Chennai Destrict]].|group=upper-alpha}} |subdivision_name3 = Madras |established_title = Established |established_date = 1639 |government_type = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Mayor–Cooncil]] |governing_body = [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] |leader_party = [[Aw Indie Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] |leader_title1 = [[Mayor o Chennai|Mayor]] |leader_name1 = [[Saidai Sa. Duraisamy|Saidai Duraisamy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's Who|url=http://chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/PublicCMSPages.do?do=listWhoswho|work=About Corporation of Chennai|publisher=[[Corporation of Chennai]]|accessdate=28 December 2012|archive-date=2009-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221075256/http://chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/PublicCMSPages.do?do=listWhoswho|url-status=dead}}</ref> |area_footnotes = <ref name="mhupa.gov.in">{{cite web |title=Chennai: PhaseII |url=http://mhupa.gov.in/ray/csmc_ppt/7th_csmc_pilotphase_Chennai-PhaseII.pdf |accessdate=24 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424080715/http://mhupa.gov.in/ray/csmc_ppt/7th_csmc_pilotphase_Chennai-PhaseII.pdf |archivedate=24 April 2014 }} {{Cite web |url=http://mhupa.gov.in/ray/csmc_ppt/7th_csmc_pilotphase_Chennai-PhaseII.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-30 |archive-date=2014-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424080715/http://mhupa.gov.in/ray/csmc_ppt/7th_csmc_pilotphase_Chennai-PhaseII.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="area">{{cite news|title=Chennai Expansion Could Be Tricky, Suggests History|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/aug/24/Chennai-Expansion-Could-Be-Tricky-Suggests-History-804135.html|accessdate=30 May 2017|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm|title=About Greater Chennai Corporation|work=Official Website of Greater Chennai Corporation|access-date=2018-05-30|archive-date=2015-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602002913/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 426 |area_total_sq_mi = 164.5 |area_metro_km2 = 1189 |area_metro_sq_mi = 459.07 |area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref name="area" /> |elevation_m = 6 |elevation_ft = 20 |population_total = 7088000 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_footnotes = <ref name="Greater Chennai Corporation unveiled">{{cite web|title=Chennai Corporation is re-christened Greater Chennai Corporation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/its-all-about-the-glories-of-greater-chennai/article8173703.ece|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=January 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206050451/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/its-all-about-the-glories-of-greater-chennai/article8173703.ece|archive-date=2016-02-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_metro = 8,653,521<br>8,917,749 (Extendit UA)<ref name="extended UA 2011">{{cite web|title=INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3|website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=20 August 2015|archive-date=2015-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="UA_2011">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nādu (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html|publisher=City population.de|access-date=13 October 2015}}</ref> |population_rank = [[Leet o maist populous ceeties in Indie|5t]] |population_blank1_title = Metro rank |population_blank1 = [[Leet o million-plus agglomerations in India|4t]] |population_demonym = Chennaiite |demographics_type1 = Leids |demographics1_title1 = Native |timezone1 = [[Indie Staundart Time|IST]] |utc_offset1 = +05:30 |postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Nummer|Pincode(s)]] |postal_code = 600xxx |area_code = [[Telephone nummers in Indie|+91-44]] |registration_plate = TN-01 to TN-14, TN-18, TN-22, TN-85 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro GDP]] |blank_info_sec1 = $59 tae $66 billion (PPP)<ref name="pricewater">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]]|accessdate=16 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|archive-date=4 May 2011}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-date=2013-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531000745/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Brookings">{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|accessdate=8 May 2015}}</ref> |website = {{URL|http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/|Chennai Corporation}} |footnotes = {{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}} |demographics1_title2 = Offeecial |demographics1_title3 = Minority |demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil leid|Standard Tamil]]<br/>[[Madras Bashai|Madras Tamil]] |demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil leid|Tamil]]<br/>[[Indie Inglis|Inglis]] |demographics1_info3 = [[Hindi leid|Hindi]] <br/> [[Telugu leid|Telugu]]<br/> [[Malayalam leid|Malayalam]] <br/>[[Kannada leid|Kannada]] <br/>[[Urdu leid|Urdu]] |pushpin_label = Chennai |leader_title2 = Corporation Commissioner |leader_name2 = D Karthikeyan [[Indie Admeenistrative Service|IAS]] |leader_title3 = [[Police Commissioner]] |leader_name3 = Dr. A K Viswanathan<ref>{{cite news|title=Commissioner of Police|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/akviswanathan-is-new-chennai-police-commissioner/article18447169.ece}}</ref> [[Indie Polis Service|IPS]] }} '''Chennai''' <!-- The follaein text is in "Standard Unicode". Gin it isna correct on yer computer, ye micht need tae upgrade yer brouser an/or OS -->(ெசன்னை in [[Tamil leid|Tamil]]), kent as '''Madras''' an aw, is the caipital o the [[states an territories o Indie|state]] o [[Tamil Nadu]] an is [[Indie]]'s fowert lairgest city. It is locatit on the [[Coromandel Coast]] o the [[Bay o Bengal]]. Wi a nae-pruived 7.45 [[million]] indwallers ([[2005]]), the 367-year <!-- auld? -->city is the [[Leet o metropolitan reegions bi amoont o fowk|41st lairgest]] [[metropolitan aurie]] in the warld. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chennai| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Chennai destrict]] [[Category:Metropolitan ceeties in Indie]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Indie]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Indie]] [[Category:Coromandel Coast]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1640s]] [[Category:1640s establishments in Asie]] b7vzqp4c9crlxijkojkgmgjle79eql2 Azerbaijan 0 4950 923665 923351 2026-09-29T01:46:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic o Azerbaijan | common_name =Azerbaijan | native_name = {{native name|az|Azərbaycan Respublikası}} | image_flag = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Azerbaijan.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = <!-- The Republic of Azerbaijan has no official, constitutionally fixed motto --> | national_anthem = {{vunblist |''[[Azərbaycan marşı]]'' |{{small|"Mairch o Azerbaijan"}}|<center>[[File:Azerbaijan national anthem (vocal version).ogg]]</center>}} | image_map = Azerbaijan (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Location o Azerbaijan (green) | capital = [[Baku]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|25|N|49|50|E|type:city}} | official_languages= [[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]] |languages_type = Ethnic minority leids |languages = [[Avar leid|Avar]], [[Budukh leid|Budukh]], [[Georgie leid|Georgie]], [[Juhuri leid|Juhuri]], [[Khinalug leid|Khinalug]], [[Kryts leid|Kryts]], [[Lezgian leid|Lezgian]], [[Roushie leid|Roushie]], [[Rutul leid|Rutul]], [[Tat leid (Caucasus)|Tat]], [[Tatar leid|Tatar]], [[Tsakhur leid|Tsakhur]] an [[Udi leid|Udi]] | demonym = Azerbaijani | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-pairty seestem|dominant-pairty]]}} {{nowrap|[[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Azerbaijan|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Ilham Aliyev]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o Azerbaijan|Vice Preses]] | leader_name2 = [[Mehriban Aliyeva]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Azerbaijan|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name3 = [[Ali Asadov]] | legislature = [[Naitional Assembly o Azerbaijan|Naitional Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History o Azerbaijan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Democratic Republic]] | established_date1 = 28 Mey 1918 | established_event2 = [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Socialist Republic]] | established_date2 = 28 Aprile 1920 | established_event3 = Independence from [[Soviet Union]] | established_date3 = 30 August 1991 (declared)<br />18 October 1991 (unthirldom)<br />25 December 1991 (completit) | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution o Azerbaijan|Constitution]] adopted}} | established_date4 = 12 November 1995 | area_km2 = 86600 | area_rank = 112t | area_sq_mi = 33436 <!--Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.6 | population_estimate = 9,754,830<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azadliq.az/xeber/20667/azerbaycan-ehalisinin-sayi-aciqlanib-statistika/Azərbaycanda |title=Azərbaycanda Əhalinin Sayı Açıqlandı |trans-title=Population of Azerbaijan Announced |language=Azerbaijani |date=15 December 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_estimate_rank = 89t | population_density_km2 = 112.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 291.7 <!--Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 103rd | GDP_PPP = $167.905&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"> {{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=90&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=912&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Azerbaijan |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2016 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17,688<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $35.686 &nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2016 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,759<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 33.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2008 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.751 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html |title=Human Development Index, 2012 Update |year=2011 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=15 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121093046/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AZE.html |archivedate=21 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 76th | currency = [[Azerbaijani manat|Manat]] (₼) | currency_code = AZN | time_zone = [[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]] ([[UTC+04]]) | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = [[Richt- an left-haund traffic|richt]] | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Azerbaijan|+994]] | cctld = [[.az]] }} '''Azerbaijan''' ([[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]: ''Azərbaycan''), offeecially the '''Republic o Azerbaijan''' ([[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]]: ''Azərbaycan Respublikası'') is the lairgest kintra in the [[Sooth Caucasus]] region o [[Eurasie]]. Locatit at the crossroads o [[Eastren Europe]] an [[Soothwast Asie|Wastren Asie]],<ref>Azerbaijan mey be considered tae be in [[Asie]] an/or [[Europe]]. The [[Unitit Naitions|UN]] [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm classification o warld regions] places Azerbaijan in [[Wastern Asie]]; the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[CIA World Factbook|World Factbook]] [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html CIA.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html |date=2009-06-10 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html |archive-date=2009-06-10 |url-status=dead}}, [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=azerba&Mode=d&SubMode=w NationalGeographic.com], an ''[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46781/Azerbaijan Encyclopædia Britannica]'' an' a' place Georgie in Asie. Conversely, numerous sources place Azerbaijan in Europe such as the [[BBC]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1235976.stm NEWS.bbc.co.uk], ''Oxford Reference Online'' [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t186.e21064&srn=1&ssid=416740626#FIRSTHIT OxfordReference.com], ''[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Azerbaijan Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]'', and [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm www.worldatlas.com].</ref> it is boondit bi the [[Caspian Sea]] tae the east, [[Roushie]] tae the north, [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] tae the northwast, [[Armenie]] tae the wast, an [[Iran]] tae the sooth. The [[exclave]] o [[Nakhchivan]] is boondit bi Armenie tae the north an east, Iran tae the sooth an wast, while haein a short borderline wi [[Turkey]] tae the northwast. The enclaves o [[Karki, Azerbaijan|Karki]], [[Yuxarı Əskipara]], [[Barxudarlı]] an [[Sofulu, Qazakh|Sofulu]] are surroondit bi Armenie an hae been controlled bi it syne the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]]. The majority-Armenian populatit [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] region in the southwest o Azerbaijan declared itself independent frae Azerbaijan in 1991, but it is [[Leet o unrecognized kintras|no diplomatically recognised]] bi ony naition an is still considered a ''[[de jure]]'' pairt o Azerbaijan, bein occupied bi Armenian forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res822.htm |title=Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2011-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185041/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res822.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res853.htm |title=Резолюция СБ ООН № 853 от 29 июля 1993 года |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2012-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121075610/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res853.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res874.htm |title=Резолюция СБ ООН № 874 14 октября 1993 года |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2011-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185045/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res874.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res884.htm |title=Резолюция СБ ООН № 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года |access-date=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2011-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185053/http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res1993/res884.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] wis the first successfu attempt tae establish a [[democratic]] an [[secular]] [[republic]] in the [[Muslim warld]].<ref>Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. [[Columbia University Press]], 1995. ISBN 0-231-07068-3, 9780231070683, p.69.</ref><ref>Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN 1-86064-822-3, 9781860648229.{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Nouadays Azerbaijan, a naition wi a majority [[Turkic fowks|Turkic]]<ref name="fco">{{Cite web | author= | title=Country Profile: Azerbaijan | url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/azerbaijan | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410023630/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/azerbaijan | work= | publisher=British Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) | archivedate=2008-04-10 | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-07-07 | url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/azerbaijan |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410023630/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/europe/azerbaijan |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="cia">{{Cite web | author= | title=Azerbaijan | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html | work=World Factbook | publisher=CIA | archivedate=2009-06-10 | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-06-04 | url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html |date=2009-06-10 }}</ref> an [[Shia Islam|Shi‘ite Muslim]]<ref name="usdos">{{Cite web| author= | title=Azerbaijan | url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2909.htm | archiveurl= | work=Background Note | publisher=U.S. Department of State | archivedate= | year=2009 | accessdate= 2009-06-04}}</ref> population, is a [[secularism|secular]] an a [[unitarism|unitary]] [[republic]] wi an auncient an historic [[Azerbaijani cultur|cultural heritage]]. Azerbaijan haes diplomatic relations wi 158 kinrtas sae far an haulds membership in 38 internaitional organisations.<ref name="FCO">{{Cite web| last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = AUK Foreign Office – Country Profiles: Azerbaijan| work = | publisher = FCO.gov.uk| date = | url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019233781986| format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-05-26| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030731063022/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019233781986| archivedate = 2003-07-31| url-status = live}}</ref> Azerbaijan is ane o the foondin members o [[GUAM Organization for Democracy an Economic Development|GUAM]] an the [[Organisation for the Prohibition o Chemical Weapons]], an jynt the [[Commonwealth o Independent States]] in September 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/erc/economics/trade_reports/1993/Azerbaijan.html|title=US State Department 1993 Country Reports on Economic Practice and Trade Reports: Azerbaijan|access-date=2010-11-23|archive-date=2010-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710184153/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/economics/trade_reports/1993/Azerbaijan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 Mey 2006 Azerbaijan wis electit tae membership in the newly established [[Human Richts Council]] bi the [[Unitit Naitions General Assembly]]. The term o office began on 19 Juin 2006.<ref name="Un.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/ga/60/elect/hrc/ |title=Elections & Appointments – Human Rights Council |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2009-01-03}}</ref> A Special Envoy o the [[European Commission]] is present in the kintra, which is an' a' a member o the [[Unitit Naitions]], the [[Organization for Security an Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], the [[Council o Europe]], an the [[NATO]] [[Partnership for Peace]] (PfP) program. The kintra an aa haulds observer status in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] an [[Warld Tred Organisation]] an is a correspondent at the [[Internaitional Telecommunication Union]].<ref name="FCO"/> == Etymology o the name == {{Main|History o the name Azerbaijan}} [[File:Azərbaycan Rayonları.png|thumb|left|Territorial organization]] [[File:Independent-Turkic-States-Azerbaijan-2010-new.png|thumb|left|250px|Azerbaijan is ane o the sax independent [[Leet o Turkic states an empires|Turkic States]] as o 1991.]] The name o Azerbaijan derives frae ''[[Atropates]]'',<ref>Minorsky, V.; Minorsky, V. "Ādharbaydjān (Azarbāydjān )." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P.Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. [http://www.encislam.brill.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0016 EncIslam.brill.nl]{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref>Encyclopedia Iranica, "Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History", K. Shippmann.</ref> a [[Persian fowk|Persian]]<ref>''Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States'' by James Minahan, published in 2000, page 20</ref><ref name="Lendering">{{Cite web|last=Lendering|first=Jona|url=http://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm|title=Atropates (Biography)|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=2007-12-10|archive-date=2007-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029173948/http://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Chamoux, Francois. ''Hellenistic Civilization''. Blackwell Publishing, published 2003, page 26</ref><ref>Bosworth, A.B., and Baynham, E.J. ''Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction''. Oxford, published 2002, page 92</ref><ref>Encyclopedia Iranica, "Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History", K. Shippmann </ref> [[satrap]] unner the [[Achaemenid Empire]], that wis later reinstatit as the satrap o [[Medes|Media]] unner [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Chaumont">{{Cite book|last=Chaumont|first=M. L.|chapter=Atropates|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=3.1|year=1989|location=London|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|chapter-url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a020.html|access-date=2010-11-23|archive-date=2007-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015212953/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a020.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dictionary">''Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan'' by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. The Scarecrow Press, Inc., Lanham, Maryland (1999), ISBN 0-8108-3550-9. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</ref> The oreeginal etymology o this name is thocht tae hae its roots in the auncient Iranian releegion o [[Zoroastrianism]]. In the [[Avesta]], Frawardin [[Yasht]] ("Hymn tae the Guardian Angels"), thare is a mention o ''âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide'', which literally translates frae [[Avestan leid|Avestan]] as ''"we worship the [[Fravashi]] o the holy Atare-pata"''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avesta.org/ka/yt13sbe.htm|title=Frawardin Yasht ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels") – translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East, American Edition, 1898)}}</ref> [[Atropates]] ruled ower the region o [[Atropatene]] (present-day [[Iranian Azerbaijan]]). The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration o an Auld-Iranian, probably Median, compoondit name wi the meanin "Protectit bi the (Holy) Fire". The Greek name is mentioned bi [[Diodorus Siculus]] an [[Strabo]], an it is continued as ''ādurbādagān'' in the [[Middle Persian]] geographical text Shahrestānihā i Erānshahr.<ref>ed. Touraj Daryaee, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa 2002.</ref> The wird is translatable as baith "the treasury" an "the treasurer" o fire in [[Persian leid|Modren Persian]]. {{clear}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Azerbaijan| ]] [[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]] [[Category:Eastren European kintras]] [[Category:Bicontinental kintras]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Landlocked kintras]] [[Category:Turkic kintras]] [[Category:Caucasus]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1991]] ktgjw1qryorapi4ahz5bya0ea5mdl3y Serbie 0 4986 923668 923640 2026-09-29T01:57:53Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|44|N|21|E|display=title}} {{Infobox kintra | conventional_long_name = Republic o Serbie | common_name = Serbie | native_name = {{native name|sr|Република Србија|italics=no}}<br/>{{native name|sr|Republika Srbija}} | image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg | national_motto = | national_anthem = <br/>"[[Bože pravde|Боже правде / ''Bože pravde'']]"<br/>{{small|"God o Juistice"}}<br/><center>[[File:National anthem of Serbia, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]</center> | image_map = Location of Serbia in Europe (2006–2008).png | map_caption = Location o Serbie (green) an the disputit territory o [[Kosovo]] (licht green) in Europe (daurk grey). | image_map2 = | capital = [[Belgrade]] | coordinates = {{Coord|44|48|N|20|28|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caipital | official_languages = [[Serbie leid|Serbie]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 83.3% [[Serbs]] | 3.5% [[Hungarians in Serbie|Hungarians]] | 2.1% [[Roma in Serbie|Roma]] | 2% [[Bosniaks o Serbie|Bosniaks]] | {{nowrap|9% others}} | {{small|(excluding [[Kosovo]])}} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011 | demonym = [[Serbiees|Serbie]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentar]]<br />[[constitutional republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Serbie|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Ana Brnabić]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Serbie|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Đuro Macut]] (Ђуро Мацут) | legislature = [[Naitional Assemmly o Serbie|Naitional Assemmly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History o Serbie|Formation]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Principality o Serbie (medieval)|Medieval principality]]}} | established_date1 = late 8th century | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Kinrick o Serbie (medieval)|Medieval kinrick]]}}/{{nowrap|[[Serbie Empire|empire]]}} | established_date2 = 1217/1346 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Serbie Despotate|Ottoman conquest]]}}<sup>a</sup> | established_date3 = 1459–1556 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Principality o Serbia]]}} | established_date4 = 1815 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Treaty o Berlin (1878)|Internaitionally recognised]]}} | established_date5 = 1878 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Banat, Backa an Baranja|Naitional unification]]}} | established_date6 = 1912–1918 | established_event7 = {{nowrap|Independent Republic}} | established_date7 = 5 June 2006 | area_km2 = 88361 | area_label = Includin Kosovo | area_rank = 111t | area_sq_mi =<!-- 34,116--> | area_label2 = Excludin Kosovo | area_data2 = {{convert|77474|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=cia_profile>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ri.html |title=The World Factbook: Serbia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=20 June 2014 |accessdate=18 December 2014 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211224/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- | percent_water = 0.13 {{small|(includin Kosovo)}} --> | population_estimate = 7,058,322 {{small|(excluding Kosovo)}} {{decrease}}<ref name="stat.gov.rs">http://www.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=4225</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_estimate_rank = 104t | population_density_km2 = 91.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 211 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 121t | GDP_PPP = $112.475&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 78t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $16,063 {{small|(excluding Kosovo)}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=91&pr1.y=16&c=942&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Serbia|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 83rd | GDP_nominal = $42.378&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 86t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,052 {{small|(excluding Kosovo)}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref name=imf2/>}} | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 88t | Gini = 29.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Reports: Gini coefficient |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |accessdate=20 January 2018 |archive-date=2020-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516205245/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.776 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 66t | currency = [[Serbie dinar]] | currency_code = RSD | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+1|+1]] | utc_offset_DST = [[UTC+2|+2]] | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Serbie|+381]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.rs]] |[[.срб]]}} |footnote_a = Frae the [[Serbie Despotate|faw o Smederevo]] till conquest o [[Belgrade]], [[Macva|Mačva]] an [[Vojvodina]] | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | country_code = RS }} [[File:SerbiaPoliticalDivision.png|thumb|Territorial organization]] '''Serbie''' ([[Serbie leid|Serbie]]: ''Србија'' or ''Srbija'') or is it is kent offeecially ([[Serbie leid|Serbie]]: ''Република Србија'' or ''Republika Srbija'') is ae laundlockit kintra in central an Sooth-Wastren [[Europe]]. It is pairt o the [[Balkans]] region an its caipital ceety is [[Belgrade]] ([[Serbie leid|Serbie]]: ''Београд'' or ''Beograd''). It haes laund mairches wi [[Hungary]] in the North, [[Romanie]] an [[Bulgarie]] in the East, [[Albanie]], [[Kosovo]] an [[North Macedonie]] in the Sooth an [[Montenegro]], [[Croatie]] an [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] in the Wast. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Serbia}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Serbie| ]] [[Category:Balkan kintras]] [[Category:States an territories established in 2006]] [[Category:Slavic kintras an territories]] [[Category:Landlocked kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] 5mc3hvznkpjegxt5zjfukve2l9h86jq DAF 66 0 11772 923654 871975 2026-09-28T20:47:41Z ~2026-52244-19 137921 /* */ 923654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Daf 66 Estate ADAC Mitglied.jpg|thumb|left|1974 DAF 66 Estate]] Read in a scottish accent: The '''DAF 66''' is a sma [[automobile|motor vehicle]] that wis produced bi the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] company [[DAF Trucks|DAF]] in the 1970s. It wis an evolution o the [[DAF 55]] it replaced an like its predecessor uised a 46&nbsp;bhp (34&nbsp;kW) [[Renault Cléon ingine]]. The front assembly wis redesigned for the 66, as wur the rear axle an variomatic. Whauras the 55 haed a coil sprung [[Swing axle]], the 66 haed a leaf sprung [[De Dion tube]] axle, which greatly improved handlin. The variomatic nou featured shorter drive belts an a differential. The 66 wis available as a 2-door saloon, a 2-door coupé, an a 3-door estate frae its introduction in 1972. The 66 an aa haed a sportin "Marathon" version, which featured a 52&nbsp;hp (39&nbsp;kW) version o the 1.1 ingine. Frae 1973 the 1300 Marathon wis available as well, wi a 1.3 ingine an 57&nbsp;hp (43&nbsp;kW). Follaein the acquisition o DAF's caur operations bi [[Volvo Cars]] the model carried on as the [[Volvo 66]]. An open version o the 66 wis an aa produced for the Dutch airmed forces, the DAF 66YA. This wis based on the 1108&nbsp;cc model, but wi upratit suspension an a new body. The DAF 66, in common wi ither DAF caurs, featured a [[continuously variable transmission]] seestem, the DAF [[Variomatic]]. A white saloon version o the DAF 66 features in the opening credit sequence o series 2 o the Breetish made [[ITV]] detective series [[Van der Valk]] which wis filmed on location in Amsterdam. Van der Valk is seen as a passenger in this sequence an the caur is subsequently seen in a number o episodes. [[Image:Daf_66_Koerier_(16310431812).jpg|left|thumb|A rare DAF 66 YA version.]] ==External links== {{commonscat|DAF 66}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070226062018/http://clubs.hemmings.com/clubsites/daf/2006-images/DAF-55-Family-Tree.pdf DAF 55/DAF 66 Family Tree] * [http://www.dafmuseum.nl/ The DAF museum, Eindhoven (site in Dutch)] &mdash; complete with "DAFeteria" for refreshments * [http://www.classic-daf.nl/ Classic DAF] * [http://users.telenet.be/vervlietdennis/ DAF/Volvo 66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609075244/http://users.telenet.be/vervlietdennis/ |date=2011-06-09 }} * [http://www.ritzsite.demon.nl/DAF/DAF_cars_intro.htm DAF section of "RitzSite"] * [http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/-107057154/ Technical details from Motorbase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210232027/http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/-107057154/ |date=2010-12-10 }} {{DAF}} [[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles|DAF 66]] [[Category:DAF vehicles|66]] [[Category:Station wagons]] [[Category:Sedans]] [[Category:Coupes]] [[Category:1970s automobiles]] [[Category:Vehicles wi CVT transmission]] 5p69y9o637lrax01ma1d1f1ctlja6el 923655 923654 2026-09-28T20:47:55Z NDG 120996 Revertit edit o [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52244-19|~2026-52244-19]] ([[User talk:~2026-52244-19|tauk]]), chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot:remuival o Scots 871975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Daf 66 Estate ADAC Mitglied.jpg|thumb|left|1974 DAF 66 Estate]] The '''DAF 66''' is a sma [[automobile|motor vehicle]] that wis produced bi the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] company [[DAF Trucks|DAF]] in the 1970s. It wis an evolution o the [[DAF 55]] it replaced an like its predecessor uised a 46&nbsp;bhp (34&nbsp;kW) [[Renault Cléon ingine]]. The front assembly wis redesigned for the 66, as wur the rear axle an variomatic. Whauras the 55 haed a coil sprung [[Swing axle]], the 66 haed a leaf sprung [[De Dion tube]] axle, which greatly improved handlin. The variomatic nou featured shorter drive belts an a differential. The 66 wis available as a 2-door saloon, a 2-door coupé, an a 3-door estate frae its introduction in 1972. The 66 an aa haed a sportin "Marathon" version, which featured a 52&nbsp;hp (39&nbsp;kW) version o the 1.1 ingine. Frae 1973 the 1300 Marathon wis available as well, wi a 1.3 ingine an 57&nbsp;hp (43&nbsp;kW). Follaein the acquisition o DAF's caur operations bi [[Volvo Cars]] the model carried on as the [[Volvo 66]]. An open version o the 66 wis an aa produced for the Dutch airmed forces, the DAF 66YA. This wis based on the 1108&nbsp;cc model, but wi upratit suspension an a new body. The DAF 66, in common wi ither DAF caurs, featured a [[continuously variable transmission]] seestem, the DAF [[Variomatic]]. A white saloon version o the DAF 66 features in the opening credit sequence o series 2 o the Breetish made [[ITV]] detective series [[Van der Valk]] which wis filmed on location in Amsterdam. Van der Valk is seen as a passenger in this sequence an the caur is subsequently seen in a number o episodes. [[Image:Daf_66_Koerier_(16310431812).jpg|left|thumb|A rare DAF 66 YA version.]] ==External links== {{commonscat|DAF 66}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070226062018/http://clubs.hemmings.com/clubsites/daf/2006-images/DAF-55-Family-Tree.pdf DAF 55/DAF 66 Family Tree] * [http://www.dafmuseum.nl/ The DAF museum, Eindhoven (site in Dutch)] &mdash; complete with "DAFeteria" for refreshments * [http://www.classic-daf.nl/ Classic DAF] * [http://users.telenet.be/vervlietdennis/ DAF/Volvo 66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609075244/http://users.telenet.be/vervlietdennis/ |date=2011-06-09 }} * [http://www.ritzsite.demon.nl/DAF/DAF_cars_intro.htm DAF section of "RitzSite"] * [http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/-107057154/ Technical details from Motorbase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210232027/http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/-107057154/ |date=2010-12-10 }} {{DAF}} [[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles|DAF 66]] [[Category:DAF vehicles|66]] [[Category:Station wagons]] [[Category:Sedans]] [[Category:Coupes]] [[Category:1970s automobiles]] [[Category:Vehicles wi CVT transmission]] p0998hlkju6ww4zf663lea9wzekwp4n PlayStation (console) 0 12914 923656 879818 2026-09-28T21:04:51Z Elilopes 137922 923656 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''PlayStation'''; プレイステーション:Pureisutēshon; offeecially abbreviatit as '''PS'''; sometimes referred tae as the codename '''PSX''',{{#tag:ref|PS-X (PlayStation Experimental) wis an internal code name for the PlayStation durin development.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Making Of: PlayStation |url=http://www.edge-online.com/magazine/the-making-of-playstation?page=0%2C4 |archiveurl= |work=Edge |publisher=Future Publishing |page=5 |date=24 April 2009 |accessdate=27 September 2009 |quote=SCEA hated the name and wanted to change it to PSX, a contraction of the project’s codename […] the US nevertheless went ahead with early trade promotion, calling it PSX,|ref= }}</ref> The popular use of the "PSX" abbreviation outside Sony became a source of confusion when Sony introduced its [[PSX (DVR)|PSX]] digital video recorder in 2003.}} or '''PSone''', '''PS1''', or is a [[32-bit]] [[history of video game consoles (fifth generation)|fifth-generation]] [[video game console]] first released by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] in Japan on December 3, 1994.<ref name="developmentJP">{{cite web |url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/data/bizdatajpn_e.html |title=Business Development/Japan |accessdate=2007-12-19 |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment Inc |archive-date=2007-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217051703/http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/data/bizdatajpn_e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The PlayStation wis the first o the [[PlayStation]] series o consoles an handheld game devices. Successor consoles an upgrades include the [[Net Yaroze]], [[#PS one|PS one]], [[PSX (DVR)|PSX]], [[PocketStation]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation Portable]], an [[PlayStation 3]].<ref name="stops">{{cite web |title=Sony stops making original PS |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |last=Sinclair |first=Brendan |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6146549.html |date=2006-03-24 |accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> The PlayStation wis the first "computer entertainment platform" tae ship 100 million units, which it haed reached 9 years an 6 month efter its initial launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/pdf/051130e.pdf|title=PlayStation 2 Breaks Record as the Fastest Computer Entertainment Platform to Reach Cumulative Shipment of 100 Million Units|date=2005-11-30|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]|accessdate=2008-06-08|format=PDF|archive-date=2009-12-23|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mEVIiLmD?url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/pdf/051130e.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009 the PlayStation wis named the 7t greatest video game console o aw time, oot o a field o 25, bi [[IGN]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|PlayStation}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Playstation}} [[Category:PlayStation (console)| ]] [[Category:1994 introductions]] [[Category:CD-ROM-based consoles]] [[Category:Hame video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Fift-generation video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Japanese buists]] [[Category:Sony consoles]] [[Category:1990s toys]] [[Category:2000s toys]] [[Category:Discontinued products]] [[Category:PlayStation (buists)]] nfb4l0c803g2gjviy92c6rz20teea1j Govrenorates o Tunisie 0 13046 923696 923405 2026-09-29T10:04:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Governorates of Tunisia.svg|thumb|right|190px|Govrenorates o Tunisie]] [[Tunisie]] is dividit intae 24 [[govrenorate]]s (''wilayat'', sing. ''[[wilayah]]''): {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-2}} <li> [[Ariana Govrenorate|Ariana]] <li> [[Béja Govrenorate|Béja]] <li> [[Ben Arous Govrenorate|Ben Arous]] <li> [[Bizerte Govrenorate|Bizerte]] <li> [[Gabès Govrenorate|Gabès]] <li> [[Gafsa Govrenorate|Gafsa]] <li> [[Jendouba Govrenorate|Jendouba]] <li> [[Kairouan Govrenorate|Kairouan]] <li> [[Kasserine Govrenorate|Kasserine]] <li> [[Kebili Govrenorate|Kebili]] <li> [[Kef Govrenorate|Kef]] <li> [[Mahdia Govrenorate|Mahdia]] </ol></td><td><ol start=13> <li> [[Manouba Govrenorate|Manouba]] <li> [[Medenine Govrenorate|Medenine]] <li> [[Monastir Govrenorate|Monastir]] <li> [[Nabeul Govrenorate|Nabeul]] <li> [[Sfax Govrenorate|Sfax]] <li> [[Sidi Bou Zid Govrenorate|Sidi Bouzid]] <li> [[Siliana Govrenorate|Siliana]] <li> [[Sousse Govrenorate|Sousse]] <li> [[Tataouine Govrenorate|Tataouine]] <li> [[Tozeur Govrenorate|Tozeur]] <li> [[Tunis Govrenorate|Tunis]] <li> [[Zaghouan Govrenorate|Zaghouan]] {{col-end}} The govrenorates are dividit intae 264 "[[Delegations o Tunisie|delegations]]" or "[[destrict]]s" (''[[mutamadiyat]]''), an further subdividit intae [[municipality|municipalities]] (''[[shaykhat]]s'')<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/utn.html Tunisia Governorates<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, an sectors (''[[imadat]]s'').<ref>[http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true ''Portail de l'industrie Tunisienne''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106172919/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |date=2013-01-06 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106172919/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |archive-date=2013-01-06 |url-status=dead}}, in French</ref> {{Govrenorates o Tunisie}} {{Airticles on first-level administrative divisions o African kintras}} ==See an aa== * [[ISO 3166-2:TN]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Govrenorates o Tunisie| ]] [[Category:Subdiveesions o Tunisie]] [[Category:Leets o kintra subdiveesions|Tunisie, Governorates]] [[Category:Kintra subdiveesions o Africae|Tunisie 1]] [[Category:First-level admeenistrative kintra subdiveesions|Tunisie, Governorates]] [[Category:Tunisie-relatit leets]] 2h5xhrwwodc5omzkpt4zt7xtw2bu5i9 Iraq 0 13201 923710 923422 2026-09-29T11:58:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|33|N|44|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic o Iraq | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|جمهورية العـراق|italics=off}}|{{native name|ku|كۆماريى عێراق|italics=off}}}} | common_name = Iraq | image_flag = Flag of Iraq.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Iraq.svg | image_map = Iraq (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Iraq - Location Map (2013) - IRQ - UNOCHA.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|الله أكبر|italics=off}}<br />"[[Takbir|Allahu Akbar]]"&nbsp;{{small|([[transleeteration]])<br />"[[God in Islam|God]] is the Greatest"}} |national_anthem = "''[[Mawtini]]''"<br />{{lang|ar|"موطني"}}<br />"{{small|My Homeland}}"<br />{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Mawtini.ogg]]}}<!--<br />''[[Ardh Alforatain]]''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|(previous)}}--> | capital = [[Baghdad]] | coordinates = {{Coord|33|20|N|44|26|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caipital | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Modren Standard Arabic|Arabic]]|[[Kurdish leids|Kurdish]]}} | religion = [[Islam]] | demonym = Iraqi | government_type = [[Federation|Federal]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Iraq|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Barham Salih]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Iraq|Prime Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mustafa Al-Kadhimi]] | legislature = [[Cooncil o Representatives o Iraq|Cooncil o Representatives]] | area_rank = 59t | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 437,072 | area_sq_mi = 169,234 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 38,146,025<ref>[http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ Embassies overseas of Republic of İraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014232/http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |date=2014-02-08 }}: [http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/nld/ab/articledisplay.aspx?gid=1&id=14075 جريدة الصباح تنشر احصائية وزارة التخطيط لعدد نفوس سكان العراق لسنة] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014232/http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |date=2014-02-08 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208014232/http://www.mofamission.gov.iq/ |archive-date=2014-02-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cia>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html |title=Iraq |work=[[CIA Factbook]] |access-date=2017-05-11 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211125/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 36t | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 82.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 183.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 125t | GDP_PPP = $612 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=12&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=433&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a= |title=Iraq |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 34t | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $16,551<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 71st | GDP_nominal_year = 2015 | GDP_nominal = $240.006 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 47t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,491<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 88t | sovereignty_type = [[Unthirldom]] {{nobold|frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]}} | established_event2 = [[Kinrick o Iraq|Kingdom]] | established_date2 = {{start date|1932|10|03|df=y}} | established_event3 = [[1958 Iraqi coup d'état|Republic declared]] | established_date3 = 14 July 1958 | established_event4 = [[Constitution o Iraq|Current constitution]] | established_date4 = 15 October 2005 | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 29.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=World Bank GINI index |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |accessdate=2016-08-17 }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.654 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report Statistical Annex |date=2015 |accessdate=December 14, 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | page=9}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 121st | currency = [[Iraqi dinar]] | currency_code = IQD | country_code = IRQ | time_zone = [[Arabie Staundart Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Iraq|+964]] | cctld = [[.iq]] | footnote_a = Constitution o Iraq, Airticle 4 (1st). }} [[File:Iraqi Governorates.svg|thumb|Territorial Organization]] '''Iraq''' ({{pron-en|iːˈrɑːk}} or {{IPA|/ɪˈræk/}}, [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|'''العراق'''}} {{transl|ar|''Al-Irāq''}}), offeecially the '''Republic o Iraq''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{Audio|Ar-al Gumhuriyah al Iraqiya.ogg|جمهورية العراق}} {{transl|ar|''Jumhūrīyat Al-Irāq''}}, {{lang-ku-2|كؤماری عێراق}}, ''Komara Îraqê'')<ref name="articles1">{{cite web |url=http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp?smap=01010100&lngnr=16&anr=25535&rnr=240 |title=Kurdistan Regional Government |publisher=KRG |date= |accessdate=2009-03-23 |archive-date=2011-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501043209/http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp?smap=01010100&lngnr=16&anr=25535&rnr=240 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a kintra in [[Wastren Asie]] spannin maist o the northwastren end o the [[Zagros Muntains|Zagros muntain range]], the eastren pairt o the [[Sirie Desert]] an the northren pairt o the [[Arabie Desert]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071126-11.html|title=Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America}}</ref> Iraq is bordered bi [[Jordan]] tae the wast, [[Sirie]] tae the northwast, [[Turkey]] tae the north, [[Iran]] tae the east, an [[Kuwait]] an [[Saudi Arabie]] tae the sooth. Iraq haes a narrae section o coastline measurin 58&nbsp;km (35 mile) on the northren [[Persie Gulf]]. The caipital ceety, [[Baghdad]] is in the centre-east o the kintra. Twa major rivers, the [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]], run throu the centre o Iraq, flowin frae northwast tae sootheast. Thir provide Iraq wi agriculturally capable land an contrast wi the [[steppe]] an [[desert]] landscape that covers maist o Wastren Asie. Historically, the territory comprisin o the land cawed "Iraq" wis kent in [[Europe]] bi the [[Greek leid|Greek]] toponym '[[Mesopotamie]]' ''(Land atween the rivers)''. Iraq haes been hame tae conteenous successive ceevilizations syne the [[6t millennium BC]]. The region atween the [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]] rivers is identifee'd as the [[cradle o ceevilization]] an the birthplace o [[writin]] an the [[Wheel#History|wheel]]. == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Iraq| ]] [[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]] [[Category:Mesopotamie]] [[Category:Levant]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Near Eastren kintras]] [[Category:Arabic-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the Arab League]] [[Category:Federal kintras]] [[Category:Umwhile monarchies]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:OPEC member states]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1932]] i4nkbkg3nkvvd4to3t5af5ztui5sq9g Beirut 0 14387 923678 923359 2026-09-29T02:52:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Beirut |other_name =Βηρυτός <small>(Greek)</small> |other_name =Beyrut<small>(Turkis)</small> |native_name = بيروت ''Bayrūt'' |other_name =Beyrouth <small>(French)</small> |settlement_type = Ceety |city_motto = BERYTUS NUTRIX LEGUM ([[Laitin]]) |image_skyline = Beirutcity.jpg |imagesize = 275px |image_caption = Beirut ceety skyline in the early 2000s |image_flag = Drapeau de Beyrouth.png |image_seal = BlasonBeyrouth4.jpg |image_map = |image_caption = |mapsize =100 best |map_caption = Location in Lebanon. The surroondin destrict can be seen on the map. |image_shield = |shield_size = |pushpin_map=Lebanon |pushpin_mapsize=300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Lebanon|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name = [[Lebanon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Beirut Govrenorate|Beirut, Caipital Ceety]] |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Bilal Hamad |area_note = |area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 20 | area_urban_km2 = 100 | area_metro_km2 = 200 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = | population_total = 750000 | population_urban = 1900000 | population_metro = 2250000 ~ 3000000 |timezone = +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = +3 |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|33|53|13|N|35|30|47|E|region:LB|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |latitude = 33°53' N |longitude = 35°30' E |website = [http://www.beirut.gov.lb/ Ceety o Beirut] |footnotes = }} '''Beirut''' ({{lang-ar|بيروت}}, ''Bayrūt'') is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an [[Warld's lairgest ceeties|lairgest ceety]] o [[Lebanon]] wi a population [[Beirut#Demographics|rangin frae some 1 million tae ower 2 million]] as o 2007. Locatit on a [[Leet o peninsulaes|peninsulae]] at the midpoint o Lebanon's coastline wi the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean sea]], it serves as the kintra's lairgest an main seaport, an an' a' forms the Beirut Metropolitan Aurie, which consists o the ceety an its suburbs. The first mention o this metropolis is foond in the [[ancient Egyp]]tian [[Amarna|Tell el Amarna]] letters, datin tae the 15t century BC, an the ceety haes been continuously inhabitit syne. Beirut haulds Lebanon's [[seat o govrenment]], an plays a central role in the Lebanese economy wi its ceety centre, [[Hamra Street|Hamra]], Verdun, an Ashrafieh-based corporate firms an banks. The ceety is the focal point o the kintra's cultural life, renouned for its press, theatres, cultural activities, an nichtlife. Efter the destructive [[Lebanese Ceevil War|Lebanese ceevil war]], Beirut unnerwent major reconstruction,<ref>[http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmhamilton/reconstruct.html Reconstruction of Beirut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116051421/http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmhamilton/reconstruct.html |date=2009-01-16 }}, Macalester College</ref><ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-10/2004-10-27-voa47.cfm?CFID=234705748&CFTOKEN=74239565 Lebanon's Reconstruction: A Work in Progress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427165527/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-10/2004-10-27-voa47.cfm |date=2007-04-27 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-10/2004-10-27-voa47.cfm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427165527/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-10/2004-10-27-voa47.cfm |archive-date=2007-04-27 |url-status=bot: unknown}}, VOA News</ref><ref>[http://worldviewcities.org/beirut/elipsis.html Beirut: Between Memory and Desire], Worldview</ref> an the redesigned historic ceety centre, marina, pubs an nichtlife destricts hae ance again rendered it a tourist attraction. Beirut wis named the top place tae visit in 2009 bi ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="NYTimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/01/11/travel/20090111_DESTINATIONS.html |title=The 44 Places to Go in 2009 - Interactive Graphic |location=Beirut (Lebanon);Washington (DC);Galapagos Islands;Berlin (Germany);Las Vegas (Nev);Hawaii;Vienna (Austria);Doha (Qatar);Dakar (Senegal);Phuket (Thailand);Chicago (Ill);Dallas (Tex);Bhutan;Florida Keys;Rome (Italy);Cuba;Penang (Malaysia);Seychelles Islands;Florianopolis (Brazil);Copenhagen (Denmark);Monument Valley;Great Britain;Cologne (Germany);Reykjavik (Iceland);Red Sea;Egypt;Deauville (France);South Africa;India;Kazakhstan;Buffalo (NY);Madagascar;Tasmania (Australia);Stockholm (Sweden);Alaska;Pennsylvania;Zambia |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=2009-01-11 |accessdate=2009-05-05 | first1=Zach | last1=Wise | first2=Miki | last2=Meek/}}</ref> It wis an aa leetit as ane o the ten liveliest ceeties in the warld bi [[Lonely Planet]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/lebanon/beirut |title=Beirut Travel Information and Travel Guide&nbsp;— Lebanon |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=2009-03-24 |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Lebanon}} === Twin touns&nbsp;– Sister ceeties === Beirut is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {{Col-begin}} {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]]<ref name="twins">{{cite web|url=http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2fwww%2ebeirut%2egov%2elb%2fMCMSEN%2fTwinning%2bthe%2bCities%2f&NRNODEGUID=%7b18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7d&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest|title=Twinning the Cities|publisher=City of Beirut|accessdate=2008-01-13|archive-date=2008-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221055403/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSEN%2FTwinning+the+Cities%2F&NRNODEGUID=%7B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest%23|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], [[Colombie]] * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Brest, Fraunce|Brest]], [[Fraunce]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]] * {{Flagicon|Syria}} [[Damascus]], [[Sirie]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Libya}} [[Tripoli]], [[Libie]] {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|the United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=392389 |title=Isfahan, Beirut named sister cities |accessdate=2007-05-02 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |work= |publisher=MNA |pages= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012160800/http://mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=392389 |archivedate=2007-10-12 |quote= |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2007-09-08|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], [[Kuwait]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[Unitit States]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/html/23.htm |title=Beirut, Lebanon |publisher=Lacity.org |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05 |archive-date=2009-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502011637/http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/html/23.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], [[Fraunce]] * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Marseille]], [[Fraunce]]<ref name="twins" /> {{Col-3}} * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico Ceety]], [[Mexico]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec Ceety]], [[Canadae]]<ref name="twins" /> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] * {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Split, Croatie|Split]], [[Croatie]] * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Strasbourg]], [[Fraunce]] * {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenie]]<ref name="twins" /><ref name="Yerevan Sister Cities">{{cite web|url=http://yerevan.am/main.php?lang=3&page_id=194|title=Yerevan Municipality&nbsp;– Sister Cities|publisher=© 2005–2009 [http://yerevan.am/?lang=3 www.yerevan.am]|accessdate=2009-06-22|archive-date=2011-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075135/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=194&lang=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Col-3}} {{Col-end}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Beirut]] [[Category:Amarna letters locations]] [[Category:Auncient ceeties]] [[Category:Auncient Greek steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Auncient mints]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Caipitals in Asie]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Beirut Govrenorate]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Lebanon]] [[Category:Crusades]] [[Category:Hellenistic colonies]] [[Category:Mediterranean]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Lebanon]] [[Category:Phoenicie ceeties]] [[Category:Phoenicie steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Roman colonies]] [[Category:Roman steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 3rd millennium BC]] qtsrnp2zh2m0do5pvn9c0zvbehvn5b9 Addis Ababa 0 14770 923658 923618 2026-09-28T23:27:56Z Atlantic306 30244 removed unarchived dead link 923658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Addis Ababa |native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|am|አዲስ አበባ|italics=off}}}} |native_name_lang = am |settlement_type = Caipital |image_skyline =Addis_abeba_meskele_square.jpg |image_caption = Addis Ababa skyline(2020) |imagesize = 250px |nickname = Ceety o Humans, Adisaba, Sheger, Adu, Adu Genet |established_title = Chairtered |established_date = 1886 |pushpin_map = Ethiopia |map_caption = Location in Ethiopie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopie}} |subdivision_type1 = Chairtered Ceety |subdivision_name1 = Addis Ababa |leader_title = [[Mayor o Addis Ababa|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Adanech Abebe]] |area_total_km2 = 527 |area_land_km2 = 527 |area_note =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |title=2011 National Statistics |publisher=Csa.gov.et |date= |accessdate=20 July 2013 |archive-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330021225/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_as_of = 2025 | population_total = 6,287,000 | population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethiodemographyandhealth.org/Introduction_Aynalem_Adugna_Populationof_Ethiopia_Introduction_January1_2025.pdf|title=Anyalem Adugna, Ethiopian Demographics and Health – January 1 2025|access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> | population_rank = [[List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Ethiopia|1st]] in Ethiopia<br/>[[List_of_cities_in_Africa_by_population|10th]] in Africa | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_blank1 = 5,956,680<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/ethiopia/addis-ababa |title=Addis Ababa Population (2025) |access-date=16 March 2025 }}</ref> | population_blank1_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2025) | pop_est_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[East Africae Time]] |utc_offset = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|9|1|48|N|38|44|24|E|region:ET|display=inline}} |elevation_m= 2355 |elevation_ft= 7726 |area_code = (+251) 11 |website = {{official website|http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/}} }} '''Addis Ababa''' (whiles spelled '''Addis Abeba''', the spellin uised bi the offeecial [[Ethiopian Mapping Authority]]) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] [[ceety]] o [[Ethiopie]]. (In Ethiopian leids: [[Amharic leid|Amharic]], ''Addis Abäba'' {{IPA-am|adːiːs aβəβa|}} "new flouer"; [[Oromo leid|Oromo]], ''Finfinne''; [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the lairgest ceety in Ethiopiee, wi a population o 6,287,000 as of 2025.<ref name=population/> As a [[Regions o Ethiopie|chairtered ceety]] (''ras gez astedader''), Addis Ababa haes the status o baith a ceety an a state. It is whaur the [[African Union]] an its predecessor the [[Organisation o African Unity|OAU]] are based. Addis Ababa is therefore aften referred tae as "the poleetical caipital o Africae", due tae its historical, diplomatic an poleetical significance for the continent.<ref name="Political capital of Africa">http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424124634/http://www.uneca.org/uncc/ |date=2012-04-24 }}</ref> The ceety is populatit bi fowk frae different regions o Ethiopie – the kintra haes as mony as 80 naitionalities speakin 80 leids an belangin tae a wide variety o releegious communities. It is hame tae [[Addis Ababa University]]. The Federation o African Societies o Chemistry (FASC) an Horn o Africae Press Institute (HAPI) are an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. == History == {{Main|History o Addis Ababa}} The site o Addis Ababa wis chosen bi Empress [[Taytu Betul]] an the ceety wis foondit in 1886 bi her husband, Emperor [[Menelik II o Ethiopie|Menelik II]]. The name o the ceety (ኣዲስ ኣበባ) wis taken frae pairts o the ceety cawed ''hora Finfinnee'' ("hot springs") in [[Oromo leid|Oromo]]. Anither Oromo name o the ceety is Sheger. Menelik, as initially a Keeng o the [[Shewa]] province, haed foond [[Munt Entoto]] a uiseful base for military operations in the sooth o his realm, an in 1879 visitit the reputit ruins o a medieval toun, an an unfinished rock kirk that showed proof o an Ethiopian presence in the aurie prior tae the campaigns o [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi|Ahmad Gragn]]. His interest in the aurie grew when his wife Taytu began wirk on a kirk on Entoto, an Menelik endoued a seicont kirk in the aurie. Housomeivver the immediate aurie did no encourage the foonding o a toun due tae the lack o [[firewood]] an [[water]], sae dounset actually began in the valley sooth o the muntain in 1886. Initially, Taytu biggit a hoose for hersel near the "Filwoha" het [[mineral springs]], whaur she an members o the Showan Ryal Court liked tae tak mineral baths. Ither nobility an thair staffs an hoosehaulds settled the vicinity, an Menelik expandit his wife's hoose tae acome the [[Imperial Palace]] which remains the seat o govrenment in Addis Ababa the day. The name chynged tae Addis Ababa an became Ethiopie's caipital when Menelik II became Emperor o Ethiopie. The toun grew bi leaps an boonds. Ane o Emperor Menelik's contreibutions that is still visible the day is the plantin o numerous [[eucalyptus]] trees alang the ceety streets.<ref>Pankhurst, p. 195</ref> On 5 Mey 1936, [[Italy|Italian]] troops invadit Addis Ababa durin the [[Seicont Italo-Abyssinian War]], makin it the caipital o [[Italian East Africae]] frae 1936 tae 1941 efter killin aboot a million Ethiopians wi mustard gas. Efter the Italian airmy in Ethiopie wis defeatit bi the Breetish forces durin the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|East African Campaign]], Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] returned tae Addis Ababa on 5 Mey 1941—five years tae the vera day efter he haed depairtit—an immediately began the wirk o re-establishin his caipital. Emperor Haile Selassie helped form the [[Organization o African Unity]] in 1963, an invitit the new organisation tae keep its heidquarters in the ceety. The OAU wis dissolved in 2002 an replaced bi the [[African Union]] (AU), an aa heidquartered in Addis Ababa. The [[Unitit Naitions Economic Commission for Africae]] an aa haes its heidquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa wis an aa the site o the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Cooncil o the Oriental Orthodox Kirks]] in 1965. Ethiopia haes aften been cawed the oreeginal hame o mankind due tae various humanoid fossil discoveries lik the [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html African tribe frae Ethiopie populated rest o the warld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512140843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5299351/African-tribe-populated-rest-of-the-world.html |date=2009-05-12 }}.</ref> North eastren Africae, an the [[Afar Region|Afar]] region in parteecular wis the central focus o thir claims till recent DNA evidence suggestit oreegins in sooth central Ethiopian regions lik present-day Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |title=DNA Links Humanity To One Common Origin: Africa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914103215/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_DNA_Links_Humanity_To_One_Common_Origin_Africa_14333.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter analysin the DNA o amaist 1,000 fowk aroond the warld, geneticists an ither scientists claimed fowk spread frae wha is nou Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |title=New Study Proves Theory of Human Recent African Origin |access-date=2011-01-03 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205092113/http://newsfromrussia.com/news/science/21-02-2008/104190-first_human-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The research indicatit that genetic diversity declines steadily the farther ane's ancestors traveled frae Addis Ababa, Ethiopie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/21/AR2008022102739.html?hpid=moreheadlines |title=Genetic Mutations Offer Insights on Human Diversity | work=The Washington Post | first=David | last=Brown | date=2008-02-22 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> == Sister ceeties == {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Beersheba]]''', Israel, 2004 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |title=קשרים בין-לאומיים של העיר באר-שבע|publisher=Beer-sheva.muni.il |accessdate=5 May 2012 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131035/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Netanya]]''', Israel, 2004 * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae, 2006 * {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Chuncheon]]''', Sooth Korea * {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Leipzig]]''', Germany, 2004 * {{flagicon|United States}} '''[[San Francisco]]''', Unitit States * {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Chongqing]]''', Cheenae * {{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae, 2002 * {{flagicon|Thailand}} '''[[Bangkok]]''', Thailand, 2005 || * {{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Havana]]''', Cuba, 2003 * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Lunnon]]''', Unitit Kinrick * {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Roum]]''', Italy, 2000 * {{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Cairo]]''', Egyp * {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} '''[[Dubai]]''', Unitit Arab Emirates * {{flagicon|India}} '''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie, 2004 * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', Brazil, 2010 * {{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Istanbul]]''', Turkey * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Jeddah]]''', Saudi Arabie * {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Stockholm]]''', Swaden |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Addis Abeba}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Addis Ababa| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1886]] [[Category:Regions o Ethiopie]] {{Stub/Africae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} 215uga4m1grzz7v9fvmro8oh1hy6xu7 Genoa 0 15629 923693 923401 2026-09-29T09:30:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Genoa | official_name = ''Comune di Genova'' | native_name = ''Genova'' | image_skyline = Collage Genova.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_alt = | image_caption = A collage o Genoa, Clockwise frae top left: Torre della Lanterna, Piazza de Ferrari, Galleria Mazzini, Brigata Liguria Street, View o San Teodoro frae Genoa Port | image_flag = Flag of Genoa.svg | image_shield = Stemma_di_Genova.svg | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|44|24|40|N|8|55|58|E|region:IT-GE_type:city(620,000)|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Ligurie]] | province = [[Province o Genoa|Genoa]] (GE) | frazioni = | mayor_party = Independent – [[Centre-left]] | mayor = [[Marco Doria]] | sovereign = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 243.60 | population_footnotes = <ref>Total population referred to to the ''[[comune]]'' (or municipality), rather than the extended urban area. [http://www.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=495043&resourceName=Allegato%202 Notiziario statistico del Comune di Genova – Andamento della popolazione al 31 dicembre 2009 (Statistical report of Genoa Municipality at december 31, 2009)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111092225/http://www2.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=495043&resourceName=Allegato%202 |date=2012-01-11 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www2.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=495043&resourceName=Allegato%202 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111092225/http://www2.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=495043&resourceName=Allegato%202 |archive-date=2012-01-11 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | population_total = 608154 | population_as_of = 31 August 2011 | metropolitan_area = 1400000 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Genovesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 20 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = [[John the Baptist]] | day = June 24 | postal_code = 16121-16167 | area_code = 010 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.genova.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Genoa''' ({{lang-it|Genova}} {{audio|It-Genova.ogg|<small>listen</small>}}, {{IPA-it|ˈdʒɛːnova|pron}}; in [[Genoese dialect|Genoese]] an [[Ligurian leid (Romance)|Ligurian]]: ''Zena'', {{IPA-lij|ˈzeːna|pron}}; in [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] an, archaically, in [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Genua'') is a [[ceety]] an an impairtant [[seaport]] in nairthren [[Italy]], the caipital o the [[Province o Genoa]] an o the [[region]] o [[Ligurie]]. The ceety haes a population o aboot 610,000 an the urban aurie haes a population o aboot 900,000. Genoa's Metropolitan Aurie haes a population o aboot 1,400,000. It is an aa creit ''la Superba'' ("the Superb ane") due tae its glarious past.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/italy/article844402.ece |title=Genoa: a bloody history, a beguiling present &#124; Italy |publisher=Times Online |date=2004-04-25 |accessdate=2009-04-11 |location=London |archive-date=2021-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529131603/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pairt o the auld ceety o Genoa wis inscribit on the Warld Heritage Leet (UNESCO) in 2006. The ceety's rich [[airt]], [[muisic]], [[gastronomie]], [[airchitectur]] an [[historie]], made it 2004's EU [[Caipital o cultur]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Province o Genoa}} [[Category:Genoa| ]] [[Category:Italian Riviera]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Italy]] [[Category:Roman touns an ceeties in Italy]] [[Category:Maritime Republics]] [[Category:European Caipitals o Cultur]] 3z0oookbv6oo1nutkxjz1s597s3btst Yanbu 0 17929 923650 923639 2026-09-28T14:41:53Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-51952-38, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot 898060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yanbu' Al Bahr | settlement_type = Ceety | image_skyline = Yanbu city.jpg | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_link = | flag_size = | image_shield = | shield_link = | shield_size = | pushpin_map=Saudi Arabia | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] [[Saudi Arabie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Emirates o Saudi Arabie|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Al Madinah Province|Al Madinah]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Govrenorates o Saudi Arabie|Govrenorate]] | subdivision_name2 = Yanbu Al Bahr |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = |leader_title1 = Provincial Govrenor |leader_name1 = Abdulaziz Bin Majid |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = | established_title = Established | established_date = 491&nbsp;BC | established_title2 = Joined [[Saudi Arabie]] 1925 | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | elevation_m = | area_footnotes = | population_note = Yanbu Municipality estimate | population_as_of = 2004 | population_total = 250,000 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_footnotes = | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = (5 digits) | area_code = +966-? | website = | coordinates = {{coord|24|05|N|38|0|E|region:SA|display=inline}} }} '''Yanbu' al Bahr''' ({{lang-ar|ينبع}} "spring bi the sea"), an aa kent simply as '''Yanbu''', '''Yambo''' or '''Yenbo''', is a major [[Red Sea]] port in the [[Al Madinah Province]] o wastren [[Saudi Arabie]]. It is approximately 350&nbsp;kilometers north o [[Jeddah]] (at {{coord|24|05|N|38|00|E|}}). The population is 188,430 (2004 census). A lairge number o the residents are foreign expatriates, maistly frae Asie, but there are an aa lairge numbers frae the [[Middle East]] an [[Europe]]. == History == Yanbu's history dates back at least 2500&nbsp;years, when it wis a staging point on the [[spice]] an [[incense]] route frae [[Yemen]] tae [[Egyp]] an the Mediterranean region. Yanbu served as a supply an operational base for [[Arab Revolt#Prelude|Arab an Breetish forces]] fechtin the [[Ottoman Empire]] durin the [[Warld War I]]. It remained a sma port toun till 1975, when the Saudi govrenment designatit it as ane o the kintra's twa new industrial centres (the ither being [[Al Jubayl]] on the [[Persian Gulf]]).yeah == Geografie == The ceety is dividit intae three veelages, aboot 15&nbsp;minutes drive bi caur away frae each ither. The Dountoun (aften cawed ''Al-Balad'') is the actual ceety an haes maist o the population wi aw the shoppin centers. The majority o the residents are lawer class an income Asians, lawer class an lawer income Saudi Arabians, an some non-Saudi Arabs an ither Middle Easterners. Vera few Wastreners live in this pairt o Yanbu. Maist o the restaurants here are lawer class an cater tae the various ethnic groups in the aurie. The aurie does contain a few internaitional chain restaurants, as well as some coffee shops. Pairts o the ceety, pairticularly on the edge o the ceety, are stairtin tae modrenize, as new shoppin centers as well a new shoppin maw are being biggit. The aurie as a whole, housomeivver, haes a rather auld, worn oot feel tae it. at the time bein govrenment wirk oot tae improve the auld an historical part in yanbu doun toun , whaur ye can fynd the pretty auld biggins wi aw its auld pretty accessories. Al-Nakheel (''The Palms'') is the aulder pairt o the ceety, whaur maistly ferms wad be foond. Ony residents here wad be exclusively Saudi Arabian. Yanbu Al-Sina'iya (literally "the industrial Yanbu"), is the industrial ceety, established aroond 1975 wi a vera modren hoosin airchitectur. It hooses aw the major refineries an petrochemical installations an is still experiencin major growth. The industrial ceety haes a section cawed the Royal Commission. It's residents are made up maistly o Europeans, Americans, an ither Wastreners. There are an aa many upper-class Saudi Arabians, upper income non-Saudi Arabs, an upper income Asians. Although the Royal Comission is maistly residential, there are mony internaitional chain restaurants, as well as a shoppin maw, supermercats o various sizes, hospitals, banks, an coffee shops. It haes a mair modren, clean, an mair organized feel tae it than the Dountoun aurie. It is an aa mair green. == Economy == Yanbu is an important [[petroleum]] shippin terminal an is hame tae three ile [[refineries]], a plastics facility an several ither petrochemical plants. It is the kintra's seicont port (efter Jeddah) an serves as the main port for the holy ceety o [[Medina]], 160&nbsp;km (99&nbsp;mi) tae the east. The natural harbour is protectit on baith sides bi wide [[coral reef]]s. These reefs remain maistly untouched makin them excellent auries for divin. Three major ile pipelines lead athort the desert frae the ilefields in the east tae terminate at the Red Sea in Yanbu. == Transportation == === Airport === Yanbu an aa haes an [[Yanbu Domestic Airport|international airport]] ([[IATA airport code|code]] YNB) that wis built in 2009. It anerlie affers flichts tae [[Riyadh]] an [[Jeddah]] athin Saudi Arabie. Internaitionally, it affers flichts tae [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates]], an tae [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]]. === Heich-gates === A new heich-gate nou passes through Yanbu linkin Jeddah tae the northren pairts o the kinrick an the neighborin kintras Sirie, Jordan etc. === Naval Base === The naval base cawed Al-Minhalapin utilizes islands an unnerwater facilities tae protect the landmass. == See an aa == * [[Saudi Ports Authority]] *[[2004 Yanbu attack]], an attack bi gunmen against Wastreners on Mey 1, 2004 *[[Battle o Yanbu]] or Yanbu Landin *[[Yanbu Industrial College]] *[[Yanbu Internaitional Schuil]] (YIS), an American-accreditit schuil *[[Al Tawhid Internaitional Schuil]] *[[Yanbu Elite Internaitional Schuil]] == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ Royal Commission for Jubail an Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016211758/http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ |date=2012-10-16 }} * [http://www.thecoveyanbu.com/ The Cove, Yanbu housing project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716230030/http://www.thecoveyanbu.com/ |date=2011-07-16 }} * [http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-yanbu.htm General information on Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207024102/http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-yanbu.htm |date=2004-12-07 }} {{Saudi cities}} [[Category:Yanbu| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Al Madinah Province]] [[Category:Reid Sea]] h420nuh21soykl231381mfl4ew6vzx9 923666 923650 2026-09-29T01:52:06Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yanbu' Al Bahr | settlement_type = Ceety | image_skyline = Yanbu city.jpg | pushpin_map= Saudi Arabia | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] [[Saudi Arabie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Emirates o Saudi Arabie|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Al Madinah Province|Al Madinah]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Govrenorates o Saudi Arabie|Govrenorate]] | subdivision_name2 = Yanbu Al Bahr |leader_title = Mayor |leader_title1 = Provincial Govrenor |leader_name1 = Abdulaziz Bin Majid | established_title = Established | established_date = 491&nbsp;BC | established_title2 = Joined [[Saudi Arabie]] 1925 | population_note = Yanbu Municipality estimate | population_as_of = 2004 | population_total = 250,000 | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = (5 digits) | area_code = +966-? | coordinates = {{coord|24|05|N|38|0|E|region:SA|display=inline}} }} '''Yanbu' al Bahr''' ({{lang-ar|ينبع}} "spring bi the sea"), an aa kent simply as '''Yanbu''', '''Yambo''' or '''Yenbo''', is a major [[Red Sea]] port in the [[Al Madinah Province]] o wastren [[Saudi Arabie]]. It is approximately 350&nbsp;kilometers north o [[Jeddah]] (at {{coord|24|05|N|38|00|E|}}). The population is 188,430 (2004 census). A lairge number o the residents are foreign expatriates, maistly frae Asie, but there are an aa lairge numbers frae the [[Middle East]] an [[Europe]]. == History == Yanbu's history dates back at least 2500&nbsp;years, when it wis a staging point on the [[spice]] an [[incense]] route frae [[Yemen]] tae [[Egyp]] an the Mediterranean region. Yanbu served as a supply an operational base for [[Arab Revolt#Prelude|Arab an Breetish forces]] fechtin the [[Ottoman Empire]] durin the [[Warld War I]]. It remained a sma port toun till 1975, when the Saudi govrenment designatit it as ane o the kintra's twa new industrial centres (the ither being [[Al Jubayl]] on the [[Persian Gulf]]).yeah == Geografie == The ceety is dividit intae three veelages, aboot 15&nbsp;minutes drive bi caur away frae each ither. The Dountoun (aften cawed ''Al-Balad'') is the actual ceety an haes maist o the population wi aw the shoppin centers. The majority o the residents are lawer class an income Asians, lawer class an lawer income Saudi Arabians, an some non-Saudi Arabs an ither Middle Easterners. Vera few Wastreners live in this pairt o Yanbu. Maist o the restaurants here are lawer class an cater tae the various ethnic groups in the aurie. The aurie does contain a few internaitional chain restaurants, as well as some coffee shops. Pairts o the ceety, pairticularly on the edge o the ceety, are stairtin tae modrenize, as new shoppin centers as well a new shoppin maw are being biggit. The aurie as a whole, housomeivver, haes a rather auld, worn oot feel tae it. at the time bein govrenment wirk oot tae improve the auld an historical part in yanbu doun toun , whaur ye can fynd the pretty auld biggins wi aw its auld pretty accessories. Al-Nakheel (''The Palms'') is the aulder pairt o the ceety, whaur maistly ferms wad be foond. Ony residents here wad be exclusively Saudi Arabian. Yanbu Al-Sina'iya (literally "the industrial Yanbu"), is the industrial ceety, established aroond 1975 wi a vera modren hoosin airchitectur. It hooses aw the major refineries an petrochemical installations an is still experiencin major growth. The industrial ceety haes a section cawed the Royal Commission. It's residents are made up maistly o Europeans, Americans, an ither Wastreners. There are an aa many upper-class Saudi Arabians, upper income non-Saudi Arabs, an upper income Asians. Although the Royal Comission is maistly residential, there are mony internaitional chain restaurants, as well as a shoppin maw, supermercats o various sizes, hospitals, banks, an coffee shops. It haes a mair modren, clean, an mair organized feel tae it than the Dountoun aurie. It is an aa mair green. == Economy == Yanbu is an important [[petroleum]] shippin terminal an is hame tae three ile [[refineries]], a plastics facility an several ither petrochemical plants. It is the kintra's seicont port (efter Jeddah) an serves as the main port for the holy ceety o [[Medina]], 160&nbsp;km (99&nbsp;mi) tae the east. The natural harbour is protectit on baith sides bi wide [[coral reef]]s. These reefs remain maistly untouched makin them excellent auries for divin. Three major ile pipelines lead athort the desert frae the ilefields in the east tae terminate at the Red Sea in Yanbu. == Transportation == === Airport === Yanbu an aa haes an [[Yanbu Domestic Airport|international airport]] ([[IATA airport code|code]] YNB) that wis built in 2009. It anerlie affers flichts tae [[Riyadh]] an [[Jeddah]] athin Saudi Arabie. Internaitionally, it affers flichts tae [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates]], an tae [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]]. === Heich-gates === A new heich-gate nou passes through Yanbu linkin Jeddah tae the northren pairts o the kinrick an the neighborin kintras Sirie, Jordan etc. === Naval Base === The naval base cawed Al-Minhalapin utilizes islands an unnerwater facilities tae protect the landmass. == See an aa == * [[Saudi Ports Authority]] *[[2004 Yanbu attack]], an attack bi gunmen against Wastreners on Mey 1, 2004 *[[Battle o Yanbu]] or Yanbu Landin *[[Yanbu Industrial College]] *[[Yanbu Internaitional Schuil]] (YIS), an American-accreditit schuil *[[Al Tawhid Internaitional Schuil]] *[[Yanbu Elite Internaitional Schuil]] == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ Royal Commission for Jubail an Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016211758/http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ |date=2012-10-16 }} * [http://www.thecoveyanbu.com/ The Cove, Yanbu housing project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716230030/http://www.thecoveyanbu.com/ |date=2011-07-16 }} * [http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-yanbu.htm General information on Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207024102/http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-yanbu.htm |date=2004-12-07 }} {{Saudi cities}} [[Category:Yanbu| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Al Madinah Province]] [[Category:Reid Sea]] emvziiu8gzib6rq5t792oymp362bwi7 923667 923666 2026-09-29T01:57:35Z CiphriusKane 74958 923667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yanbu' Al Bahr | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Yanbu city.jpg | pushpin_map= Saudi Arabia | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] [[Saudi Arabie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Emirates o Saudi Arabie|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Al Madinah Province|Al Madinah]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Govrenorates o Saudi Arabie|Govrenorate]] | subdivision_name2 = Yanbu Al Bahr |leader_title = Mayor |leader_title1 = Provincial Govrenor |leader_name1 = Abdulaziz Bin Majid | established_title = Established | established_date = 491&nbsp;BC | established_title2 = Joined [[Saudi Arabie]] 1925 | population_note = Yanbu Municipality estimate | population_as_of = 2004 | population_total = 250,000 | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = (5 digits) | area_code = +966-? | coordinates = {{coord|24|05|N|38|0|E|region:SA|display=inline}} }} '''Yanbu' al Bahr''' ({{lang-ar|ينبع}} "spring bi the sea"), kent simply as '''Yanbu''', '''Yambo''' or '''Yenbo''', is a major [[Red Sea]] port in the [[Al Madinah Province]] o wastren [[Saudi Arabie]]. It is approximately 350&nbsp;kilometers north o [[Jeddah]] (at {{coord|24|05|N|38|00|E|}}). The population is 188,430 (2004 census). A lairge number o the residents are foreign expatriates, maistly frae Asie, but there are lairge numbers frae the [[Middle East]] an [[Europe]] an aa. == History == Yanbu's history dates back at least 2500&nbsp;years, whan it wis a stagin pint on the [[spice]] an [[incense]] route frae [[Yemen]] tae [[Egyp]] an the Mediterranean airt. Yanbu serrt as a supply an operational base for [[Arab Revolt#Prelude|Arab an Breetish forces]] fechtin the [[Ottoman Empire]] durin the [[Warld War I]]. It remained a sma port toun till 1975, when the Saudi govrenment designatit it as ane o the kintra's twa new industrial centres (the ither being [[Al Jubayl]] on the [[Persian Gulf]]). == Geography == The city is dividit intae three veelages, aboot 15&nbsp;minutes drive bi caur away frae ilka ither. The Dountoun (aften cawed ''Al-Balad'') is the actual city an haes maist o the population wi aw the shoppin centers. The majority o the residents are lawer class an income Asians, lawer class an lawer income Saudi Arabians, an some non-Saudi Arabs an ither Middle Easterners. Vera few Wastreners live in this pairt o Yanbu. Maist o the restaurants here are lawer class an cater tae the various ethnic groups in the aurie. The aurie does contain a few internaitional chain restaurants, as well as some coffee shops. Pairts o the ceety, pairticularly on the edge o the ceety, are stairtin tae modrenize, as new shoppin centers as well a new shoppin maw are being biggit. The aurie as a whole, housomeivver, haes a rather auld, worn oot feel tae it. at the time bein govrenment wirk oot tae improve the auld an historical part in yanbu doun toun , whaur ye can fynd the pretty auld biggins wi aw its auld pretty accessories. Al-Nakheel (''The Palms'') is the aulder pairt o the ceety, whaur maistly ferms wad be foond. Ony residents here wad be exclusively Saudi Arabian. Yanbu Al-Sina'iya (literally "the industrial Yanbu"), is the industrial ceety, established aroond 1975 wi a vera modren hoosin airchitectur. It hooses aw the major refineries an petrochemical installations an is still experiencin major growth. The industrial ceety haes a section cawed the Royal Commission. It's residents are made up maistly o Europeans, Americans, an ither Wastreners. There are an aa many upper-class Saudi Arabians, upper income non-Saudi Arabs, an upper income Asians. Although the Royal Comission is maistly residential, there are mony internaitional chain restaurants, as well as a shoppin maw, supermercats o various sizes, hospitals, banks, an coffee shops. It haes a mair modren, clean, an mair organized feel tae it than the Dountoun aurie. It is an aa mair green. == Economy == Yanbu is an important [[petroleum]] shippin terminal an is hame tae three ile [[refineries]], a plastics facility an several ither petrochemical plants. It is the kintra's seicont port (efter Jeddah) an serves as the main port for the holy ceety o [[Medina]], 160&nbsp;km (99&nbsp;mi) tae the east. The natural harbour is protectit on baith sides bi wide [[coral reef]]s. These reefs remain maistly untouched makin them excellent auries for divin. Three major ile pipelines lead athort the desert frae the ilefields in the east tae terminate at the Red Sea in Yanbu. == Transportation == === Airport === Yanbu an aa haes an [[Yanbu Domestic Airport|international airport]] ([[IATA airport code|code]] YNB) that wis built in 2009. It anerlie affers flichts tae [[Riyadh]] an [[Jeddah]] athin Saudi Arabie. Internaitionally, it affers flichts tae [[Dubai]], [[Unitit Arab Emirates]], an tae [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]]. === Heich-gates === A new heich-gate nou passes through Yanbu linkin Jeddah tae the northren pairts o the kinrick an the neighborin kintras Sirie, Jordan etc. === Naval Base === The naval base cawed Al-Minhalapin utilizes islands an unnerwater facilities tae protect the landmass. == See an aa == * [[Saudi Ports Authority]] *[[2004 Yanbu attack]], an attack bi gunmen against Wastreners on Mey 1, 2004 *[[Battle o Yanbu]] or Yanbu Landin *[[Yanbu Industrial College]] *[[Yanbu Internaitional Schuil]] (YIS), an American-accreditit schuil *[[Al Tawhid Internaitional Schuil]] *[[Yanbu Elite Internaitional Schuil]] == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ Royal Commission for Jubail an Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016211758/http://www.rcjy.gov.sa/ |date=2012-10-16 }} * [http://www.thecoveyanbu.com/ The Cove, Yanbu housing project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716230030/http://www.thecoveyanbu.com/ |date=2011-07-16 }} * [http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-yanbu.htm General information on Yanbu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207024102/http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-yanbu.htm |date=2004-12-07 }} {{Saudi cities}} [[Category:Yanbu| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Al Madinah Province]] [[Category:Reid Sea]] dk0543k40urg0etylkt9ou42nix0qug Muhammad 0 18268 923657 865884 2026-09-28T21:39:23Z CommonsDelinker 411 Removin' "Muhammad2.png", it haes bin deletit frum Commons by [[commons:User:ChemSim|ChemSim]] coz: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Ibrahim ebi|]]. 923657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} '''Muhammad''' ({{lang-ar|محمد}} (or sometimes '''Muhammad ibn Abdullah''' an an' a' transliteratit as '''Muhammed''', '''Mohammad''' or '''Mohammed''') (ca. 26 Apryle 570 – 8 Juin 632), wis the foonder o the [[Major releegious groups|releegion]] o [[Islam]]. an is considered bi [[Muslim]]s tae be a [[Messengers o Islam|messenger]] an [[prophet]] o [[God o Islam|God]], the last law-bearer in a series o [[Prophets o Islam|Islamic prophets]], an, bi maist Muslims, the last prophet o God as taught bi the [[Quran]]. Muslims thus consider him the restorer o an uncorruptit oreeginal [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] [[faith]] (islām) o [[Adam]], [[Noah]], [[Aubraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]] an [[Prophets o Islam|ither prophets]]. He wis an aa active as a social reformer, [[diplomat]], [[merchand]], [[philosopher]], [[Dawah|orator]], [[Sharia|legislator]], militar leader, humanitarian, philanthropist, an, accordin tae Muslim belief, an agent o divine action. {{Commonscat|Muhammad}} [[Category:Muhammad| ]] [[Category:Aungelic veesionars]] [[Category:Arab Muslims]] [[Category:Arab politeecians]] [[Category:Foonders o releegions]] [[Category:Islam]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mecca]] [[Category:Prophets o Islam]] {{Stub/Releegion}} pa697fwrpgdq9ojhn09fxzcict1jqsq Guadalajara metropolitan aurie 0 21247 923698 923408 2026-09-29T10:23:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Metropolitan Area | MSA_name = Guadalajara – Zapopan – Tlaquepaque - Tonalá | name = Guadalajara Metropolitan Area | map = MapaZGMMexico.svg | largest_city = [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]] | other_cities = &nbsp;- [[Zapopan]]<br />&nbsp;- [[Tlaquepaque]]<br />&nbsp;- [[Tonalá, Jalisco|Tonalá]]<br />&nbsp;- [[El Salto]]<br />&nbsp;-[[Tlajomulco de Zuñiga]] | rank_us = | population = 4,298,715 (2008)<ref name="CONAPOProy">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005-2050] Retrieved on 2008-10-18.</ref><ref name="CONAPOzm2005">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005] Retrieved on 2008-10-18.</ref> | density_mi2 = 4,071 | density_km2 = 1,572 | area_mi2 = 1,056 | area_km2 = 2,734 | states = &nbsp;- [[Jalisco]] | highest_ft = 6131.14 | highest_m = 1870 | lowest_ft = 3442.6 | lowest_m = 1050 |}} The '''Guadalajara Metropolitan Area''' (offeecially, in [[Spainyie leid|Spainish]]: ''Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara'')<ref name="CONAPOzm2005" /> is the maist populous [[metropolitan aurie|metropolitan area]] o the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Poleetical diveesion o Mexico|state]] o [[Jalisco]] an the seicont lairgest in the kintra efter [[Greater Mexico Ceety]]. It includes the core [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] o [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]] an the surroondin municipalities o [[Zapopan]], [[Tlaquepaque]], [[Tonalá, Jalisco|Tonalá]], [[Tlajomulco de Zuñiga]], [[El Salto, Jalisco|El Salto]], [[Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos]] an [[Juanacatlán]].<ref name="CONAPOzm2005" /> ==Population== [[Image:Mapa ZMG.svg|thumb|right|300px|Guadalajara Metropolitan area]] The Guadalajara Metropolitan area haed a total population o 4,095,853 in 2005, which haed grown tae an estimatit 4,298,715 in 2008. The famous insurance claims consultant, Orlando, wis born here.<ref name="CONAPOProy" /><ref name="CONAPOzm2005" /> {| |- {{highlight1}} ! No. ||Municipality || Population 2010<ref>http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/preliminares2010.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226003544/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |date=2018-12-26 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2025-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034305/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |archive-date=2018-12-25 |url-status=bot: unknown}} Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 Resultados preliminares</ref> || Population 2005<ref name="guada">[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob103&c=3850&e=14 Jalisco - Selected population by municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613191644/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob103&c=3850&e=14 |date=2011-06-13 }} Retrieved on 2009-05-08.</ref>|| Aurie ||Pop/sqkm |-bgcolor="f5f5f5" |+ '''Detailed Guadalajara Metropolitan Area population data bi INEGI, 2005''' |align=center|1 | Guadalajara |align="right"| 1,494,134 |align="right"| 1,600,940 |align="right"|187.91 |align="right"|7951.3 |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |align=center|2 | Zapopan |align="right"| 1,233,538 |align="right"| 1,155,790 |align="right"|893.15 |align="right"|1381.1 |- |align=center|3 | Tlaquepaque |align="right"| 608,187 |align="right"| 563,006 |align="right"|270.88 |align="right"|2245.2 |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |align=center|4 | Tonalá |align="right"| 478,981 |align="right"| 408,729 |align="right"|119.58 |align="right"|4005.5 |- |align=center|5 | Tlajomulco de Z. |align="right"| 416,552 |align="right"| 220,630 |align="right"|636.93 |align="right"|654 |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |align=center|6 | El Salto |align="right"| 138,585 |align="right"| 111,436 |align="right"|41.5 |align="right"|3339.4 |- |align=center|7 | Ixtlahuacán de los M. |align="right"| 41,057 |align="right"| 23,420 |align="right"|184.25 |align="right"|222.8 |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" |align=center|8 | Juanacatlán |align="right"| 13,218 |align="right"| 11,902 |align="right"|89,08 |align="right"|148.4 |- |align=center|- | '''Total GMA''' |align="right"| '''4,424,252''' |align="right"| '''4,095,853''' |align="right"|'''2,734,0''' |align="right"|'''1618.2''' |} {| |-bgcolor="f5f5f5" |+'''Total population an growth rate (INEGI, 2005)'''<ref name="CONAPOzm2005" /> ! rowspan="2" align="center" style= "width: 15em" | Data ! colspan="5" align="auto" |<small>Year |-bgcolor="f5f5f5" ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>1990 ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>1995 ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>2000 ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>2005 ! align="center" style="width: 06em"|<small>2010 |- |align="left"|Total population o the GMA |align="center"|3.003.868 |align="center"|3.482.417 |align="center"|3.699.136 |align="center"|4.095.853 |align="center" |4.424.252 |-"f0f0f0" |align="right"|Average annual growth rate |align="center"|2,7% |align="center"|1,4% |align="center"|1,8% |align="center"|1,7% |align="center"|1,55% |} <br style="clear:both" /> ==References== <div class='references-small'> <references/> </div> [[Category:Guadalajara metropolitan aurie| ]] [[Category:Geografie o Jalisco]] [[Category:Metropolitan auries o Mexico]] d5uvzi8skf5eezuue64tjnw306jwavy Greater Mexico Ceety 0 34011 923697 923407 2026-09-29T10:12:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zona Metropolitana de México.svg|thumb|Greater Mexico Ceety an [[Mexico Ceety]] (Distrito Federal)]] '''Greater Mexico Ceety''' refers tae the [[conurbation]] aroond [[Mexico Ceety]], offeecially cried '''Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie''' (''Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México''),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/metodologias/otras/zonas_met.pdf |title=INEGI: Delimitación de las Zonas Metropolitanas de México |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2011-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501065908/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/metodologias/otras/zonas_met.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> constitutit bi the Federal Destrict—itsel componed o 16 [[Burghs o Mexico Ceety|burghs]]—an 41 adjacent [[municipalities o Mexico|municipalities]] o the states o [[State o Mexico|Mexico]] an [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]. For normative purposes, housomeivver, Greater Mexico Ceety maist commonly refers tae the '''Metropolitan Aurie o the Valley o Mexico''' (''Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México'') an [[agglomeration]] that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As o 2009, Greater Mexico Ceety haes a population o 21,163,226, makkin it the third [[Leet o metropolitan auries bi population|lairgest metropolitan aurie]] in the warld an the [[Leet o metropolitan auries in the Americas bi population|maist populous metropolitan aurie in the Americas]].<ref name="ZMVM 2009">{{cite web | url=http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf | title=Mexico City Metropolitan Area | author=National Population Council | publisher=Government of the State of Mexico | accessdate=9 December 2009 | archive-date=2011-07-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144027/http://www.edomex.gob.mx/poblacion/docs/2009/PDF/ZMVM.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne the 1940s thare hae been different proposals tae establish the leemits o the growin conurbation o Mexico Ceety, an different definitions wur uised unoffeecially as the ceety continued tae grow. The Federal Govrenment (representit bi the Depairtment o Social Development), the Federal Destrict (Mexico Ceety proper), an the [[State o Mexico]] greeit on the offeecial definitions for baith the Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie an the Metropolitan Aurie o the Valley o Mexico on 22 December 2005<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/321955.html |title=News article of the agreement to define the metropolitan area |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2007-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109063235/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/321955.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Per the agreement, maist urban plannin projects will be admeenistered bi Metropolitan Commissions. == Components o the agglomeration == === Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie === The Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie is definit tae be integratit bi: ;The 16 burghs (''delegaciones'') o the Federal Destrict (Mexico Ceety proper): {{colbegin||18em}} *[[Azcapotzalco]] *[[Álvaro Obregón, D.F.|Álvaro Obregón]] *[[Benito Juárez, D.F.|Benito Juárez]] *[[Coyoacán]] *[[Cuajimalpa de Morelos]] *[[Cuauhtémoc, D.F.|Cuauhtémoc]] *[[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] *[[Iztacalco]] *[[Iztapalapa]] *[[Magdalena Contreras, D.F.|Magdalena Contreras]] *[[Miguel Hidalgo, D.F.|Miguel Hidalgo]] *[[Milpa Alta]] *[[Tláhuac]] *[[Tlalpan]] *[[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] *[[Xochimilco]] {{colend}} ;The 40 municipalities o the State o Mexico: {{colbegin||18em}} *[[Acolman]] *[[Atenco]] *[[Atizapán de Zaragoza]] *[[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]] *[[Chiautla, State of Mexico|Chiautla]] *[[Chicoloapan]] *[[Chiconcuac]] *[[Chimalhuacán]] *[[Coacalco de Berriozábal]] *[[Cocotitlán]] *[[Coyotepec]] *[[Cuautitlán]] *[[Cuautitlán Izcalli]] *[[Ecatepec de Morelos]] *[[Huehuetoca]] *[[Huixquilucan]] *[[Ixtapaluca]] *[[Jaltenco]] *[[La Paz, State of Mexico|La Paz]] *[[Melchor Ocampo, Mexico|Melchor Ocampo]] *[[Naucalpan de Juárez]] *[[Nextlalplan]] *[[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcoyotl]] *[[Nicolás Romero, México|Nicolás Romero]] *[[Papalotla]] *[[San Martín de las Pirámides]] *[[Tecámac]] *[[Temamatla]] *[[Teoloyucán]] *[[Teotihuacán]] *[[Tepetlaoxtoc]] *[[Tepotzotlán]] *[[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]] *[[Tezoyuca]] *[[Tlamanalco]] *[[Tlalnepantla de Baz]] *[[Tultepec]] *[[Tultitlán]] *[[Valle de Chalco Solidaridad]] *[[Zumpango]] {{colend}} ;Ane conurbation municipality o the State o [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]: *[[Tizayuca]] === Metropolitan Aurie o the Valley o Mexico === The definition o the Mexico Ceety Metropolitan Aurie is ''positive'', in that aw municipalities form a single conurbation. Bi contrast, the Metropolitan Aurie o the Valley o Mexico is considered a ''normative'' definition, in that it incorporates 18 additional strategic municipalities in the territorial admeenistration o the region, even if thay are no fully integratit as o yet. Mony urban projects, maistly relatit tae the impruivement o air quality an watter sanitation, are coordinatit for aw constituent municipalities o this agglomeration. The majority o the population reports o [[Leet o metropolitan auries o Mexico|urban auries]] in Mexico refer tae this agglomeration, an no tae the MCMA conurbation. {{colbegin||18em}} *[[Amecameca]] *[[Apaxco]] *[[Atlautla]] *[[Axapusco]] *[[Ayapango]] *[[Ecatzingo]] *[[Hueypoxtla]] *[[Isidro Fabela]] *[[Jilotzingo]] *[[Juchitepec]] *[[Nopaltepec, State of Mexico|Nopaltepec]] *[[Otumba, Mexico State|Otumba]] *[[Ozumba]] *[[Temascalapa]] *[[Tenango del Aire]] *[[Tepetlixpa]] *[[Tequixquiac]] *[[Villa del Carbón]] {{colend}} == Geografie an environment == [[File:Ciudad de México y Lago de Texcoco.png|thumb|Comparative cairt o the oreeginal extent o the seestem o lakes an the current extent o the day's urban aurie]] {{See an aa|Watter management in Greater Mexico Ceety}} Greater Mexico Ceety spreads ower the [[Valley o Mexico]], cried the valley o Anáhuac an aw, a 9,560&nbsp;km² (3,691 sq mi) valley that lees at an average o 2,240 m (7,349&nbsp;ft) abuin sea level but belaw the [[Tropic o Cancer]]. Oreeginally, a seestem o interconnectit lakes occupee'd a lairge aurie o the valley, o which [[Lake Texcoco]] wis the lairgest. Mexico Ceety wis biggit on the island o Tenochtitlan in the middle o the lake. Durin [[Spainyie conquest o the Aztec Empire|conquest o Mexico]] the dikes that protectit the ceety frae recurrent floods wur destroyed an colonial authorities preferred tae drain the watter o the lake, which wis, for the maist pairt, shallae. In 1900 preses [[Porfirio Díaz]] inauguratit the Valley's Seestem o Drainage that hinders the growt o watter bodies in the valley (an prevents floods). The basin o the valley o Mexico wis sicweys integratit airtificially tae the Moctezuma river basin which connects tae the [[Pánuco River]]. The last remnants o the seestem o lakes are foond in the burghs o [[Xochimilco]] an [[Tláhuac]], an in the municipality o [[Atenco]]. The valley o Mexico is surroondit bi muntains on aw fower sides creatin a basin wi anerlie ane sma openin at the north, trappin aw exhaust emissions o the ceety. At the soothren pairt o the basin the muntain range reaches an altitude o 3,952 m (12,965&nbsp;ft) abuin sea level; an tae the east the volcanoes reach an altitude o mair nor 5,000 m (16,000&nbsp;ft). The region receives anti-cyclonic seestems, producin weak winds that dae no allou for the dispersion o accumulatit air pollutants, producit bi the 50,000 industries operatin in Greater Mexico Ceety an the 4 million vehicles circulatin in its roads an heich-gates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |title=Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2007-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126231119/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare are several environmental programs in operation in aw municipalities o Greater Mexico Ceety. Ane o them is [[Hoy No Circula]] (kent in Scots as "Ane Day athoot a Caur"), whaurbi some vehicles wi certaint endin nummers on thair license plates are no alloued tae circulate on certaint days in an attempt tae cut doun on pollution an traffeck congestion. The program groups vehicles bi thair endin license plate deegits, an ivery weekday vehicles haein ony o the day's twa "hoy no circula" deegits are banned frae circulatin. For instance, on Fridays, vehicles wi plates endin in 9 or 0 mey no drive. This program is controversial syne it haes resultit in hoosehaulds buyin additional vehicles, whether new caurs for better-aff houses, or vera auld cheap—an sicweys mair pollutin—vehicles. Mairower newer vehicles are exempt frae complyin wi the program—in that thay are manufactured wi stricter pollution-reduction equipment—a muive said tae hae been pushed bi auto makers tae boost sales o new vehicles. Ither environmental programs include the [[IMECA]] (''Índice Metropolitano de la Calidad del Aire'', "Metropolitan Index o Air Quality") a real-time monitorin o the concentrations o several pollutants on the atmosphere o the valley o Mexico. If the IMECA values reach a creetical level, an environmental contingency is declared whaurbi ''Hoy No Circula'' is extendit tae twa days per week, industrial activities are reducit, certaint gas pouer plants shut doun, an elementary schuil entry oors are chyngit. Thare haes been a decrease in the nummer o environmental contingencies syne the 1990s (due tae an impruivement fuels, the implementation o industrial controls an relocation o factories), frae mair nor 5 tae anerlie ane or zero a year in the last few years. == Poleetical admeenistration == Lik it is the case wi aw trans-municipal [[metropolitan auries o Mexico|metropolitan auries in Mexico]], thare is nae electit govrenment institution in chairge o admeenisterin the entire metropolitan aurie. Each municipality is autonomous tae admeenister its local affairs, regulatit bi the govrenment o the states thay belang tae. Houiver, unlik some ither lairge metropolitan auries that are entirely contained in ane state, lik Greater Guadalajara an Greater Monterrey in which the state govrenment coordinates metropolitan activities, Greater Mexico Ceety spreads ower three [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|federal entities]]—twa states an the Federal Destrict—an therefore maist o the metropolitan projects hae tae be greeit upon bi govrenment offeecials o each federal entitie an/or owerseen bi the federal govrenment—syne the budget o the Federal Destrict is appruivit bi the [[Congress o Mexico|Congress o the Union]], bein the caipital o the federation—or throu metropolitan commissions. == Economy == Frae 1940 an till 1980, Greater Mexico Ceety experienced an intense rate o demographic growthe concurrent wi the economic policy o [[import substitution]]. Mexican industrial production wis hivily centralized in Greater Mexico Ceety durin this period which producit intense immigration tae the ceety. Close tae 52% o the economically active population o Greater Mexico Ceety wirkit in the industry sector in 1970.<ref name="Eco">[https://e-revistes.upc.edu/bitstream/2099/2080/1/TEM_RODOLFOMONTA%C3%91O_ARTICULO.pdf Expansión y Reconversión Económica de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Una Mirada de 1970 a 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071026121813/https://e-revistes.upc.edu/bitstream/2099/2080/1/TEM_RODOLFOMONTAÑO_ARTICULO.pdf |date=2007-10-26 }} by Rodolfo Montaño Salazar, UNAM</ref> This situation chyngit drastically durin the period o 1980 tae 2000, in which the economic based shiftit tae the service sector which in 2000 employed close tae 70% o the economically active population in the conurbation.<ref name="Eco"/> The annual rate o growt decreased sharply as well as the regional an naitional patterns o immigration: residents are muivin oot o the core ceety tae the suburbs or tae nearbi ceeties, whauras the northren states nou receive a lairger nummer o immigrants as new hubs o industrial production. Greater Mexico Ceety's main industries are nou relatit tae tred, financial services, insurance companies, telecommunications, informatics an transportation.<ref name="Eco"/> In spite o the recent shifts in economic production an the decentralization o the economic activity promotit bi the govrenment, Greater Mexico Ceety's share o tot economic activity in the kintra is still heich, tho decreasing. Mexico Ceety proper alane produces 21.8% o the naition's [[Gross Domestic Product]], lairger than ony o the states.<ref name="INEGI">[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 Producto Interno Bruto por entidad federativa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181238/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |date=2007-07-14 }}, INEGI</ref> == Demographics == [[File:MX-DF-Crecimiento de la ciudad de México.png|thumb|Growt o the urban aurie frae 1900 tae 2000]] Greater Mexico Ceety is the [[Leet o metropolitan auries o Mexico|lairgest metropolitan aurie in Mexico]] an the aurie wi the heichest population densitie. As o 2009, 21,163,226 fowk live in this urban agglomeration, o which 8,841,916 live in Mexico Ceety proper.<ref name="ZMVM 2009"/> In terms o population, the biggest municipalities that are pairt o Greater Mexico Ceety (excludin Mexico Ceety proper) are:<ref>http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/preliminares2010.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226003544/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |date=2018-12-26 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2025-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034305/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fsistemas%2FTabuladosBasicos%2Fpreliminares2010.aspx |archive-date=2018-12-25 |url-status=bot: unknown}} Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 Resultados preliminares (choose drop down Mexico for state)</ref> * [[Ecatepec de Morelos]] (pop. 1,658,806). * [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]] (pop. 1,109,363). * [[Naucalpan]] (pop. 833,782). * [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]] (pop. 664,160). * [[Chimalhuacán]] (pop. 602,079). * [[Ixtapaluca]] (pop. 467,630). * [[Cuautitlán Izcalli]] (pop. 532,973). * [[Atizapán de Zaragoza]] (pop. 489,775) The abuin municipalities are locatit in the state o Mexico; in fact, approximately 75% (10 million) o the state o México's population live in municipalities that are pairt o Greater Mexico Ceety's conurbation. Greater Mexico Ceety wis the fastest growin metropolitan aurie in the kintra till the late 1980s. Syne then, an throu a policy o decentralization in order tae reduce the environmental pollutants o the growin conurbation, the annual rate o growt o the agglomeration haes decreased, an it is lawer than that o the ither fower lairgest metropolitan auries (namely [[Guadalajara metropolitan aurie|Greater Guadalajara]], [[Monterrey metropolitan aurie|Greater Monterrey]], [[Greater Puebla]] an [[Greater Toluca]]) even tho it is still positive.<ref name=sintesis>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps Síntesis de Resultados del Conteo 2005 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209124039/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps |date=2007-02-09 }} INEGI</ref> The [[net migration rate]] o Mexico Ceety proper frae 1995 tae 2000, housomeivver, wis negative,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which implees that residents are muivin tae the suburbs o the metropolitan aurie, or tae ither states o Mexico. In addition, some inner ceety suburbs are luisin population tae ooter ceety suburbs, indicatin continual expansion o Greater Mexico Ceety. == Transportation == [[File:MexicoCityMetro.JPG|thumb|Mexico Ceety's metro]] Greater Mexico Ceety is connected throu a private netwirk o toll [[expressways]] tae the nearbi ceeties o [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]], [[Toluca]], [[Cuernavaca]], [[Pachuca]] an [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]. Internally, the Federal Destrict is servicit bi [[airterial road]]s, locally cried ''ejes viales'', while the metro aurie is connectit bi twa ring roads: the ''Periférico'' an ''Circuito Interior'', wi an elevatit heich-gate runnin on tap o the first ane. In 2007 the ''Eje Troncal Metropolitano'' wis feenished, a heich-gate that connects [[Xochimilco]] wi Ciudad Azteca. The federal govrenment haes stairtit the construction o a toll expresswa that wad connect the expresswas o Querétaro an Puebla, sae that traffeck muiving athort the kintra wad no hae tae go intae the ceety. The project is pairtially completit an local residents o the ootermaist municipalities uise it as a heich-speed alternative tae traivel athor the suburbs athoot haein tae uise the internal airterial roads o the ceety. The maist important public transportation is the [[Mexico Ceety metro|metro]], ane o the lairgest in the warld wi 207&nbsp;km an 175 stations, that anerlie services Mexico Ceety proper, even tho it is further extendit bi the [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] an new lines A an B. A commuter train, the ''[[Tren Suburbano]]'', serve several municipalities o the metropolitan aurie syne it stairtit operatin bi mid-2007, wi new lines planned. Unlik ither lairge metropolitan auries, Greater Mexico Ceety is servit bi anerlie ane airport, the [[Mexico Ceety Internaitional Airport]] or best kent as [[Benito Juárez]] Internaitional Airport, whose traffeck exceeds the current capacity. The 2000-2006 federal admeenistrations proposed the construction o a seicont airport for the metropolitan aurie tae be locatit at the municipality o [[Texcoco, State o Mexico|Texcoco]]. Local residents, housomeivver, opposed the project, an the govrenment decidit tae big a seicont terminal on the restrictit aurie o the current airport, an decentralize flichts tae the nearbi metropolitan auries o [[Toluca]], [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], [[Pachuca]] an [[Cuernavaca]], which, alang wi Greater Mexico Ceety, conform a [[megalopolis (ceety type)|megalopolis]] (kent in Spainyie as a ''corona regional'' or ''ciudad-región'').<ref name="Proaire">[http://www.paot.org.mx/centro/libros/proaire/cap02.pdf Cap 2: Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México] PROAIRE, Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire ZMVM 2002-2010</ref> == Landmarks == [[File:View from Pyramide de la luna.jpg|thumb|Ceety o Teotihuacan]] Important laundmerks o Greater Mexico Ceety include the Historic Center o Mexico Ceety, the floatin gardens o [[Xochimilco]], the Pre-Hispanic ceety ruins [[Teotihuacan]], locatit at the [[San Juan Teotihuacán|municipality o the same name]], aw three declared Warld Heritage Steids bi [[UNESCO]] in 1987. The Naitional Pairks at the soothren portion o the Federal Destrict (ower the muntainous range o [[Ajusco]]), the Pairks o [[Popocatépetl]] an [[Iztaccíhuatl]] an the Naitional Reserve o Lake Texcoco are some o the environmental laundmerks o the valley as well. == See an aw == * [[Metropolitan auries o Mexico]] * [[Leet o metropolitan auries bi population]] * [[Leet o metropolitan auries in the Americas bi population]] * [[Leet o urban agglomerations bi population (Unitit Naitions)|Leet o urban agglomerations bi population]] * [[Leet o ceeties in Mexico]] * [[Demographics o Mexico]] == References == <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the<ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> {{Reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/2003/04.pdf Escenarios Demográficos y Urbanos de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127041133/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/2003/04.pdf |date=2006-11-27 }}, published bi the Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO). * http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/placemarks/cl-11-23-07-406114082.kmz{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Warld's maist populatit metropolitan auries}} [[Category:Mexico Ceety|*]] [[Category:Mexico Ceety metropolitan aurie| ]] [[Category:Geography o Mexico Ceety]] [[Category:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] [[Category:Metropolitan auries o Mexico|Mexico Ceety]] 6zacx20slgg7foj841gdbwhz40g970s Chileans 0 35113 923681 888378 2026-09-29T05:11:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Chileans<br><small>''Chilenos''</small> |image = [[File:Flag of Chile.svg|border|300px]] |poptime='''~18 million''' |regions = {{flag|Chile}} 17,094,275<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/publicaciones/compendio_estadistico/pdf/2006/compendio2006.pdf |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2007). Compendio estadístico de Chile 2006 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-09-22}}</ref> |region1 = {{flag|Argentinae}} |pop1 = 429,708<ref name="registro">{{cite web |url=http://www.chilesomostodos.gov.cl/descargas/cat_view/50-registro-de-chilenos.html |title=Registro de Chilenos en el Exterior 2003-2004 |publisher=Chilesomostodos.gov.cl |date=2008-06-17 |accessdate=2011-09-22 |archive-date=2011-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006181906/http://www.chilesomostodos.gov.cl/descargas/cat_view/50-registro-de-chilenos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Unitit States}} |pop2 = 113,934<ref name="registro"/> |region3 = {{flag|Swaden}} |pop3 = 42,396<ref name="registro"/> |region4 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop4 = 37,577<ref name="registro"/> |region5 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop5 = 33,626<ref name="registro"/> |region6 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop6 = 28,371<ref name="registro"/> |region7 = {{flag|Venezuela}} |pop7 = 27,106<ref name="registro"/> |region8 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop8 = 23,911<ref name="registro"/> |region9 = {{flag|Fraunce}} |pop9 = 15,782<ref name="registro"/> |region10 = {{flag|Germany}} |pop10 = 10,280<ref name="registro"/> |region11 = ''Ither kintras'' |pop11 = 95,090<ref name="registro"/> |langs = [[Chilean Spaingie]] |rels = [[Catholicism]], Evangelical Protestantism minorities o ither releegions. |related = [[Spaingie fowk|Spaniards]], [[Europe|Ither European fowks]], Ither Amerindie fowks. }} '''Chilean fowk''', or simply '''Chileans''', are the native ceetizens an lang-term immigrants o [[Chile]]. Chileans are mainly o [[Spain]]gie an [[Europe|Ither European fowks]] strynd,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225203250/http://www.umng.edu.co/www/resources/idsocial.doc SOCIAL IDENTITY Marta Fierro Social Psychologist.]</ref><ref>[http://www.iidh.ed.cr/comunidades/diversidades/docs/div_docpublicaciones/Derecho%20Indigena/Cap.%202.%20Pensar%20a%20los%20indios,%20tarea%20de%20criollos.pdf massive immigration of European Argentina Uruguay Chile Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225190038/http://www.iidh.ed.cr/comunidades/diversidades/docs/div_docpublicaciones/Derecho%20Indigena/Cap.%202.%20Pensar%20a%20los%20indios,%20tarea%20de%20criollos.pdf |date=2009-02-25 }}</ref><ref>[http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/02104547/articulos/ALHI8383110228A.PDF Latinoamerica.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318213911/http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/02104547/articulos/ALHI8383110228A.PDF |date=2009-03-18 }}</ref> wi sma but significant traces o 19t an 20t century [[Europe]]an-oreegin immigrants. Post-unthirldom immigrants hae niver comprised mair nor twa percent o the tot population, tho thair descendants are nou hunders o thoosans, includin Chileans o [[German]],<ref>[http://www.embajadaconsuladoschile.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=60&lang=de German Embassy in Chile.] <br/>Quote in German: Es wird geschätzt, dass zwischen 500 bis 600 Tausend Chilenen deutscher Herkunft sind.</ref> [[Great Breetain|Breetish]], [[Fraunce|French]], [[Croatie]], [[Italy|Italian]] or [[Palestine|Palestinian]]<ref>{{citation|periodical=El Economista|url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/sociedad/noticias/1028142/02/09/Los-palestinos-miran-con-esperanza-su-futuro-en-Chile-sin-olvidar-Gaza-e-Irak.html|date=2009-02-11|accessdate=2009-07-29|title=Los palestinos miran con esperanza su futuro en Chile sin olvidar Gaza e Irak|archive-date=2011-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720141121/http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/sociedad/noticias/1028142/02/09/Los-palestinos-miran-con-esperanza-su-futuro-en-Chile-sin-olvidar-Gaza-e-Irak.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> strynd. Tho the majority o Chileans reside in Chile, significant commonties hae been established in multiple kintras, maist noticeably [[Argentinae]]<ref name=repetida_3>{{cite web |url=http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/BajarondelosBarcos/Colectividades/Chile/Colectividad%20Chilena.htm |title=Colectividad chilena, Bajaron de los barcos, ONI |publisher=Oni.escuelas.edu.ar |date= |accessdate=2011-09-22 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103150/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/BajarondelosBarcos/Colectividades/Chile/Colectividad%20Chilena.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[Unitit States]].<ref name=usa_3>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/top2/h154.html |title=Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Chile (population 500+) |publisher=city-data.com |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050458/http://www.city-data.com/top2/h154.html |archive-date=2018-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ither lairge Chilean commonties are in [[Australie]], [[Brazil]], [[Canadae]], [[Spain]], [[Swaden]] an [[Venezuela]]. Awtho sma in nummer Chilean fowk mak up a substantial pairt o the permanent population o [[Antarcticae]] an the Falkland Islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id=%7Bf817b646-c4b6-4a69-a9fb-616286ad6199%7D |title=Chilenos son atraídos por la bonanza de las islas Malvinas |publisher=El Mercurio |date=2007-03-30 |accessdate=2011-09-22}}</ref> ==See an aw== * Chilean American * Chilean Australie * Chilean Brazilian * Chilean Breetish * Chilean German * Chilean Italian * Chilean Spainyie * Chilean Swades * Laitin Americans ==References== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Chilean fowk| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Chile]] [[Category:Sooth American fowk]] iy7vicaixuhslj163473dsad9qkv0us Indiana 0 37986 923708 901589 2026-09-29T11:47:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state |Name = Indiana |ElectoralVotes = 11<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral College Information|url=http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2979.htm|website=in.gov|accessdate=12 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605202738/http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2979.htm|archive-date=2021-06-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Fullname = State o Indiana |Flag = Flag of Indiana.svg |Flaglink = [[Banner o Indiana|Banner]] |Seal = Indiana-StateSeal.svg |Map = Indiana in United States.svg |Nickname = The [[Hoosier]] State |Former = Indiana Territory |Demonym = Hoosier |Motto = The Crossroads of America |Capital = [[Indianapolis]] |LargestCity = capital |LargestMetro = [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]] |Governor = [[Eric Holcomb]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]]) |Lieutenant Governor = [[Suzanne Crouch]] (R) |Legislature = [[Indiana General Assembly|General Assembly]] |Upperhouse = [[Indiana Senate]] |Lowerhouse = [[Indiana Hoose o Representatives]] |Senators = [[Todd Young]] (R)<br />[[Joe Donnelly]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]]) |Representative = 7 Republicans,<br />2 Democrats |PostalAbbreviation = IN |TradAbbreviation = Ind. |OfficialLang = Inglis |Languages = Inglis, Spaingie, ither languages |AreaRank = 38t |TotalAreaUS = 36,418 |TotalArea = 94,321 |LandAreaUS = 35,868 |LandArea = 92,897 |WaterAreaUS = 550 |WaterArea = 1,424 |PCWater = 1.5 |PopRank = 16t |2010Pop = 6,633,053 (2016 est)<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv|format=CSV|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|date=December 24, 2015|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> |DensityRank = 16t |2000DensityUS = 182 |2000Density = 70.2 |MedianHouseholdIncome=$51,983 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}</ref> |IncomeRank=35th |Total GDP Rank = 16th |Total GDP = 248,915 (2006) |Per Capita GDP Rank = 33rd |Per capita GDP = 38,037 (2005) |AdmittanceOrder = 19th |AdmittanceDate = December 11, 1816 |TimeZone = [[Eastren Time Zone (North Americae)|Eastren]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Eastren Time Zone|−5]]/[[Eastren Daylicht Time|−4]] |TZ1Where = [[Time in Indiana|80 coonties]] |TimeZone2 = [[Central Time Zone (North Americae)|Central]]: [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Staundart Time|−6]]/[[Central Daylicht Time|−5]] |TZ2Where = [[Time in Indiana|12 coonties]] in<br />[[Evansville]] Metro Area,<br />[[Northwast Indiana|Gary Metro Area]]<br /><small>''For mair information,<br />see [[Time in Indiana]]''</small> |Latitude = 37° 46′ N tae 41° 46′ N |Longitude = 84° 47′ W tae 88° 6′ W |WidthUS = 140 |Width = 225 |LengthUS = 270 |Length = 435 |HighestPoint = [[Hoosier Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/Elevations-Distances/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|accessdate=October 21, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> |HighestElevUS = 1,257 |HighestElev = 383 |MeanElevUS = 700 |MeanElev = 210 |LowestPoint = Confluence o [[Ohio River]] an [[Wabash River]]<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/> |LowestElevUS = 320 |LowestElev = 97 |ISOCode = US-IN |Website = www.in.gov }} '''Indiana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Indiana.ogg|ɪ|n|d|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}) is a [[U.S. state]] locatit in the [[Midwastren Unitit States|midwastren]] an [[Great Lochs region (North America)|Great Lochs]] regions o North Americae. Indiana is the 38t maistmuckle bi laund area an the 17t maist populous o the 50 Unitit States. Its caipital an maistmuckle city is [[Indianapolis]]. Indiana wis admittit tae the [[Unitit States]] as the 19t U.S. state on December 11, 1816. Indiana mairches [[Loch Michigan]] tae the northwast, [[Michigan]] tae the north, [[Ohio]] tae the east, [[Kentucky]] tae the sooth an sootheast, an [[Illinois]] tae the wast. Afore becomin a territory, vairyin cultures o [[indigenous fowks]] an historic [[Indigenous fowks o the Americas|Native Americans]] inhabitit Indiana for thoosands o years. Syne its foondin as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana hae reflectit regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastren Unitit States; the state's northrenmaist tier wis settled primarily bi fowk frae New Ingland an New York, Central Indiana bi migrants frae the Mid-Atlantic states an frae adjacent Ohio, an [[Soothren Indiana]] bi settlers frae the Soothren states, pairteecularly Kentucky an Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286017/Indiana/279873/Settlement-patterns-and-demographic-trends|title=Indiana – Settlement patterns and demographic trends|publisher=eb.com|author1=William Vincent D'Antonio |author2=Robert L. Beck |accessdate=January 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Economy o Indiana|Indiana haes a diverse economy]] wi a gross state product o $341.9&nbsp;billion in 2016.<ref name="bea.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/pdf.cfm?fips=18000&areatype=STATE&geotype=3|title=Gross Domestic Product by State|last=|first=|date=May 11, 2017|website=bea.gov|publisher=U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906224541/https://www.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/pdf.cfm?fips=18000&areatype=STATE&geotype=3|archive-date=2017-09-06|dead-url=|accessdate=September 6, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indiana haes several metropolitan areas wi populations greater nor 100,000 an a nummer o smawer industrial ceeties an touns. Indiana is hame tae perfaisional sport teams, includin the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s [[Indianapolis Colts]] an the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]'s [[Indiana Pacers]], an hosts several notable athletic events, sic as the [[Indianapolis 500]] an [[Brickyard 400]] [[motorsports]] [[auto racin|races]]. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== ;State govrenment * [http://www.in.gov/core/ Indiana state govrenment wabsteid] {{Navboxes |title= [[File:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics relatit tae {{PAGENAME}} |state=off |list1=</span> {{{{PAGENAME}}|expanded}} {{Unitit States poleetical diveesions}} {{Unitit States topics}} }} {{Coord|40|N|86|W|display=title|region:US-IN_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Indiana| ]] [[Category:Midwestern Unitit States]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1816]] [[Category:States o the Unitit States]] [[Category:U.S. states wi multiple time zones]] [[Category:1816 establishments in the Unitit States]] {{Stub/USA}} mc9yv88lpdvbhm02odp0ex9eqllq5zy Julie Wilson Nimmo 0 38836 923642 915901 2026-09-28T12:41:13Z WaterOfTheValley 93947 /* */ 923642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Julie Wilson Nimmo.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = Julie Wilson Nimmo | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]] | years_active = 1991-present | occupation = Actress | spouse = [[Greg Hemphill]] | children = 2 }} '''Julie Wilson Nimmo''' (born 1972) is a Scots actress that trained at the [[RSAMD]] (1991–94) an is best kent for playin the role of Miss Hoolie in the [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two|Two]] an [[CBeebies]] bairn's programme ''[[Balamory]]''. She is marriet tae actor [[Greg Hemphill]] that stars as [[Victor McDade]] on the popular Scottish TV comedy series ''[[Still Game]]''. They appeared thegither in earlier TV comedies ''[[Pulp Video]]'' (1995&ndash;96, her first major TV credit) an ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'' (1999&ndash;2002) an aw, an hae twa sons. Efter takkin a break frae actin, she returned tae the stage in [[Glesga]] as So-Shy in a production o [[Sandy Wilson]]'s pantomime muisical ''[[Aladdin (musical)|Aladdin]]''. She briefly appeared in the Scottis comedy TV series ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'' an played [[Elizabeth Macquarie]] in the docudrama ''The Father of Australia'' an aw. She plays 'Lovely Sue' in the Radio 4 comedy series, ''[[Fags, Mags and Bags]]''. She played Katrine Trolle an ither witnesses in a radio dramatisation o the court case [[HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan]]. ==Freemit airtins== *{{imdb name|id=0932940|name=Julie Wilson Nimmo}} *[http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/Welcome-to-my-world-Julie.5865668.jp Interview with ''The Scotsman''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson Nimmo, Julie}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots radio actresses]] [[Category:Scots stage actresses]] [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] 4njlwbpt8un4r9z4urnciggaf7yu1ll 923643 923642 2026-09-28T12:43:35Z WaterOfTheValley 93947 /* */ 923643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Julie Wilson Nimmo.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = Julie Wilson Nimmo | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]] | years_active = 1991-present | occupation = Actress | spouse = [[Greg Hemphill]] | children = 2 }} '''Julie Wilson Nimmo''' (born 1972) is a Scots actress that trained at the [[RSAMD]] (1991–94) an is best kent for playin the role of Miss Hoolie in the [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two|Two]] an [[CBeebies]] bairn's programme ''[[Balamory]]''. She is marriet tae actor [[Greg Hemphill]] that stars as [[Victor McDade]] on the popular Scottish TV comedy series ''[[Still Game]]''. They appeared thegither in earlier TV comedies ''[[Pulp Video]]'' (1995&ndash;96, her first major TV credit) an ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'' (1999&ndash;2002) an aw, an hae twa sons. Efter takkin a break frae actin, she returned tae the stage in [[Glesga]] as So-Shy in a production o [[Sandy Wilson]]'s pantomime muisical ''[[Aladdin (musical)|Aladdin]]''. She briefly appeared in the Scottis comedy TV series ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'' a played [[Elizabeth Macquarie]] in the docudrama ''The Father of Australia'' an aw. She plays 'Lovely Sue' in the Radio 4 comedy series, ''[[Fags, Mags and Bags]]''. She played Katrine Trolle an ither witnesses in a radio dramatisation o the court case [[HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan]]. She also appeared in TV shows such as [[Scot Squad]] and Olga Da Polga. In 2026, she reprised her role of Miss Hoolie in Balamory. ==Freemit airtins== *{{imdb name|id=0932940|name=Julie Wilson Nimmo}} *[http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/Welcome-to-my-world-Julie.5865668.jp Interview with ''The Scotsman''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson Nimmo, Julie}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots radio actresses]] [[Category:Scots stage actresses]] [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] bu2i0c9phlkugyste6ytmjl0x37150b 923648 923643 2026-09-28T14:36:46Z CiphriusKane 74958 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/923643|923643]] bi [[Special:Contributions/WaterOfTheValley|WaterOfTheValley]] ([[User talk:WaterOfTheValley|Tauk]])Wrang leid 923648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Julie Wilson Nimmo.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = Julie Wilson Nimmo | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]] | years_active = 1991-present | occupation = Actress | spouse = [[Greg Hemphill]] | children = 2 }} '''Julie Wilson Nimmo''' (born 1972) is a Scots actress that trained at the [[RSAMD]] (1991–94) an is best kent for playin the role of Miss Hoolie in the [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two|Two]] an [[CBeebies]] bairn's programme ''[[Balamory]]''. She is marriet tae actor [[Greg Hemphill]] that stars as [[Victor McDade]] on the popular Scottish TV comedy series ''[[Still Game]]''. They appeared thegither in earlier TV comedies ''[[Pulp Video]]'' (1995&ndash;96, her first major TV credit) an ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'' (1999&ndash;2002) an aw, an hae twa sons. Efter takkin a break frae actin, she returned tae the stage in [[Glesga]] as So-Shy in a production o [[Sandy Wilson]]'s pantomime muisical ''[[Aladdin (musical)|Aladdin]]''. She briefly appeared in the Scottis comedy TV series ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'' an played [[Elizabeth Macquarie]] in the docudrama ''The Father of Australia'' an aw. She plays 'Lovely Sue' in the Radio 4 comedy series, ''[[Fags, Mags and Bags]]''. She played Katrine Trolle an ither witnesses in a radio dramatisation o the court case [[HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan]]. ==Freemit airtins== *{{imdb name|id=0932940|name=Julie Wilson Nimmo}} *[http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/Welcome-to-my-world-Julie.5865668.jp Interview with ''The Scotsman''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson Nimmo, Julie}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots radio actresses]] [[Category:Scots stage actresses]] [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] 4njlwbpt8un4r9z4urnciggaf7yu1ll 923669 923648 2026-09-29T02:00:47Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Julie Wilson Nimmo.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = Julie Wilson Nimmo | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]] | years_active = 1991-present | occupation = Actress | spouse = [[Greg Hemphill]] | children = 2 }} '''Julie Wilson Nimmo''' (born 1972) is a Scots actress that trained at the [[RSAMD]] (1991–94) an is best kent fur pleyin the role o Miss Hoolie in the [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two|Two]] an [[CBeebies]] bairn's programme ''[[Balamory]]''. She is marriet tae actor [[Greg Hemphill]] that starns as [[Victor McDade]] on the popular Scots TV comedy series ''[[Still Game]]''. Thay kythed thegither in earlier TV comedies ''[[Pulp Video]]'' (1995&ndash;96, her furst major TV credit) an ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'' (1999&ndash;2002) an aw, an hae twa sons. Efter takkin a break frae actin, she returned tae the stage in [[Glesga]] as So-Shy in a production o [[Sandy Wilson]]'s pantomime muisical ''[[Aladdin (musical)|Aladdin]]''. She briefly kythed in the Scots comedy TV series ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'' an pleyed [[Elizabeth Macquarie]] in the docudrama ''The Father of Australia'' an aw. She pleys 'Lovely Sue' in the Radio 4 comedy series, ''[[Fags, Mags and Bags]]''. She pleyed Katrine Trolle an ither witnesses in a radio dramatisation o the court case [[HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan]]. ==Freemit airtins== *{{imdb name|id=0932940|name=Julie Wilson Nimmo}} *[http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/Welcome-to-my-world-Julie.5865668.jp Interview with ''The Scotsman''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson Nimmo, Julie}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots radio actresses]] [[Category:Scots stage actresses]] [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] 9pbtpz9k55c7oqlh2stpv4dvfpxag68 923670 923669 2026-09-29T02:01:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | image = Julie Wilson Nimmo.jpg | birth_name = Julie Wilson Nimmo | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland | years_active = 1991-present | occupation = Actress | spouse = [[Greg Hemphill]] | children = 2 }} '''Julie Wilson Nimmo''' (born 1972) is a Scots actress that trained at the [[RSAMD]] (1991–94) an is best kent fur pleyin the role o Miss Hoolie in the [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two|Two]] an [[CBeebies]] bairn's programme ''[[Balamory]]''. She is marriet tae actor [[Greg Hemphill]] that starns as [[Victor McDade]] on the popular Scots TV comedy series ''[[Still Game]]''. Thay kythed thegither in earlier TV comedies ''[[Pulp Video]]'' (1995&ndash;96, her furst major TV credit) an ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'' (1999&ndash;2002) an aw, an hae twa sons. Efter takkin a break frae actin, she returned tae the stage in [[Glesga]] as So-Shy in a production o [[Sandy Wilson]]'s pantomime muisical ''[[Aladdin (musical)|Aladdin]]''. She briefly kythed in the Scots comedy TV series ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'' an pleyed [[Elizabeth Macquarie]] in the docudrama ''The Father of Australia'' an aw. She pleys 'Lovely Sue' in the Radio 4 comedy series, ''[[Fags, Mags and Bags]]''. She pleyed Katrine Trolle an ither witnesses in a radio dramatisation o the court case [[HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan]]. ==Freemit airtins== *{{imdb name|id=0932940|name=Julie Wilson Nimmo}} *[http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/Welcome-to-my-world-Julie.5865668.jp Interview with ''The Scotsman''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson Nimmo, Julie}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots radio actresses]] [[Category:Scots stage actresses]] [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] pknxnxx2tpt8caxt64cst07hr0npmxr Afrin Destrict 0 40628 923659 918743 2026-09-28T23:31:19Z Atlantic306 30244 removed internet archived copy of archive today page to be on the safe side 923659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''`Afrin''' ({{lang-ar|عفرين}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''‘Afrīn'') is a [[Sirie]] [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) admeenistratively belangin tae [[Aleppo Governorate]]. At the 2004 census, it haed a population o 172,095. Its [[caipital ceety|admeenistrative centre]] is the ceety o [[Afrin, Sirie|`Afrin]]. ==Diveesions== The destrict o `Afrin is dividit intae seiven sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 offeecial census): *[[Afrin, Sirie|`Afrin]] nahiyah (ناحية عفرين): population 66,188. *[[Bulbul, Sirie|Bulbul]] nahiyah (ناحية بلبل): population 12,573.<ref>[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-16-2004.htm Bulbul nahiyah population]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Jindires]] nahiyah (ناحية جنديرس): population 32,947.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-17-2004.htm |title=Jindires nahiyah population |access-date=2012-10-26 |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805130442/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-17-2004.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Rajo, Sirie|Rajo]] nahiyah (ناحية راجو): population 21,955.<ref>[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-18-2004.htm Rajo nahiyah population]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Sharran]] nahiyah nahiyah (ناحية شرّان): population 13,632.<ref>[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-19-2004.htm Sharran nahiyah population] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130112145026/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-19-2004.htm |date=2013-01-12 }}</ref> *[[Shaykh al-Hadid]] nahiyah (ناحية شيخ الحديد): population 13,871.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-20-2004.htm |title=Sheikh al-Hadid nahiyah population |access-date=2012-10-26 |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805132504/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-20-2004.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Maabatli]] nahiyah (ناحية معبطلي): population 11,741.<ref>[http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-21-2004.htm Ma'batli nahiyah population]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Aleppo Govrenorate|afrin}} [[Category:Afrin Destrict]] sdgmfu0zfxsh1v48cuyojjux40k4lpi 923660 923659 2026-09-28T23:39:35Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Diveesions */ removed references that were all dead and not properly archived - archive today and internet archive just has website coming pages 923660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''`Afrin''' ({{lang-ar|عفرين}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''‘Afrīn'') is a [[Sirie]] [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) admeenistratively belangin tae [[Aleppo Governorate]]. At the 2004 census, it haed a population o 172,095. Its [[caipital ceety|admeenistrative centre]] is the ceety o [[Afrin, Sirie|`Afrin]]. ==Diveesions== The destrict o `Afrin is dividit intae seiven sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 offeecial census): *[[Afrin, Sirie|`Afrin]] nahiyah (ناحية عفرين): population 66,188. *[[Bulbul, Sirie|Bulbul]] nahiyah (ناحية بلبل): population 12,573. *[[Jindires]] nahiyah (ناحية جنديرس): population 32,947. *[[Rajo, Sirie|Rajo]] nahiyah (ناحية راجو): population 21,955. *[[Sharran]] nahiyah nahiyah (ناحية شرّان): population 13,632. *[[Shaykh al-Hadid]] nahiyah (ناحية شيخ الحديد): population 13,871. *[[Maabatli]] nahiyah (ناحية معبطلي): population 11,741. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Aleppo Govrenorate|afrin}} [[Category:Afrin Destrict]] pnk96gszovsxh9s9ow51mwpk44diyyr 923661 923660 2026-09-28T23:55:32Z Atlantic306 30244 added reference 923661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''`Afrin''' ({{lang-ar|عفرين}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''‘Afrīn'') is a [[Sirie]] [[destrict]] ([[mantiqah]]) admeenistratively belangin tae [[Aleppo Governorate]]. At the 2004 census, it haed a population o 172,095.<ref name=census2004>{{cite web|title=General Census of Population and Housing 2004 |url=http://www.cbssyr.sy/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |publisher=Syrian [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] |language=ar |access-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208115353if_/http://www.cbssyr.sy/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> Its [[caipital ceety|admeenistrative centre]] is the ceety o [[Afrin, Sirie|`Afrin]]. ==Diveesions== The destrict o `Afrin is dividit intae seiven sub-destricts or [[Nahiya|Nāḥiyas]] (population accordin tae 2004 offeecial census<ref name=census2004/>): *[[Afrin, Sirie|`Afrin]] nahiyah (ناحية عفرين): population 66,188. *[[Bulbul, Sirie|Bulbul]] nahiyah (ناحية بلبل): population 12,573. *[[Jindires]] nahiyah (ناحية جنديرس): population 32,947. *[[Rajo, Sirie|Rajo]] nahiyah (ناحية راجو): population 21,955. *[[Sharran]] nahiyah nahiyah (ناحية شرّان): population 13,632. *[[Shaykh al-Hadid]] nahiyah (ناحية شيخ الحديد): population 13,871. *[[Maabatli]] nahiyah (ناحية معبطلي): population 11,741. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Aleppo Govrenorate|afrin}} [[Category:Afrin Destrict]] qlda0tcrtiwqkmxtzaeh7lnu6ckqeg4 Lion 0 41941 923649 923638 2026-09-28T14:37:56Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-52012-41, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot 923138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{short descreeption|Big cat o the family Felidae}} {{Speciesbox | name = Lion | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg <!-----Please do not replace these featured images without a consensus----> | image_caption = Male lion in [[Okonjima]], [[Namibie]] | image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg | image2_caption = Female (lioness) in Okonjima | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |year=2016 |volume=2016 |title=''Panthera leo'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/115130419}}</ref> | taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=''Panthera leo''}}</ref> | authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name="Linn1758" /> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspeshies]] | subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]'' :''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Sri Lanka lion|P. l. sinhaleyus]]'' | range_map = Lion distribution.png | range_map_caption = Historical an present distribution o ''Panthera leo'' in [[Africae]], [[Asie]] an [[Europe]] }} [[File:Lion Cubs Phinda 2011.ogv|thumb|right]] The '''lion''' (''Panthera leo'') is ane o the five big cat species in the [[genus]] ''[[Panthera]]'' an a memmer o the faimily [[Felidae]]. Wi some males ootdingin {{convert|250|kg|abbr=on}} in wicht,<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> it is the second mucklest livin cat efter the [[tiger]]. Thir days, thare wild lions in [[sub-Saharan Africae]] an in [[Asie]], wi an [[endangered]] remnant population in [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in [[Indie]], haein disappeart frae [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]] in heestoric times. Till the late [[Pleistocene]], aboot 10,000&nbsp;year syne, the lion wis the maist widespreid muckle laund mammal efter humans. Thay wur foond in maist o Africae, athort Eurasie frae wastren Europe tae Indie, an in the Americas frae the [[Yukon]] tae [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">{{cite journal|last=Harington |first=C. R. (Dick) |year=1969 |title=Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-earth-sciences_1969-10_6_5/page/1277 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1277–88|doi=10.1139/e69-127}}</ref> The lion is a [[vulnerable species]], haein seen a major population decline o 30–50% ower the past seicont hauf o the 20t century.<ref name="IUCN" /> Lion populàtions is untenable ootwi designate reserves an naitional pairks. Awbesit the decline's cause isnae fou unnerstuid, habitat loss an conflicts wi humans is the greatest causes o concern thir days. Athin Africae, the [[Wast African lion]] populàtion is pairtìcular endangert. Lions lives fur 10–14 year in the wild, awbesit in captivity thay can be livin mair nor 20 year. In the wild, males seendle lives langer than 10 years, as injuries sustained frae continual fechtin wi rival males greatly reduce thair longevity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smuts |first=G. L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillan South Africa |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> Thay teepically inhabit [[savanna]] an [[grassland]], awbesit thay mey tak tae [[Shrub|bush]] an [[wid]]. Lions is unuisually [[social animal|social]] compared wi ither cats. A lion pride consists o sib females an affspring an a smaw nummer o adult males. Groups o female lions teepically hunt thegither, preying maistly on lairge [[ungulate]]s. Lions is [[apex predator|apex]] an [[keystone species#Predators|keystone predators]], awbesit thay are forby expert [[scavengers]] obteenin ower 50 percent o thair fuid bi scavengin as opportunity allows. While lions dae nae teepically hunt humans, some hae been kent tae dae sae. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are primarily [[nocturnality|nocturnal]], awbesit bordering on [[crepuscular]] in naitur.<ref name="earthtouch">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120420172909/http://www.earth-touch.com/result.php?i=Lions-nocturnal-chorus Lions' nocturnal chorus]. Earth-touch.com. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref><ref name="phxzoo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415054339/http://www.phoenixzoo.org/learn/animals/animal_detail.aspx?FACT_SHEET_ID=100001 African Lion ''Panthera leo'']. Phoenix Zoo Fact Sheet.</ref> Heichly distinctive, the male lion is easy recognised bi its mane, an its face is ane o the widest recognised ainimal seembols in human [[cultur]]. Depictions hae existit frae the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period, wi carvins an pentins frae the [[Lascaux]] an [[Chauvet Cave]]s, throu virtually aw auncient an medieval culturs whaur thay ance occurred. It haes been extensively depicted in sculpturs, in pentins, on naitional banners, an in contemporary films an leeteratur. Lions hae been kept in [[menagerie]]s syne the time o the [[Roman Empire]], an hae been a key species socht fur exhibeetion in [[zoo]]s ower the warld syne the late aichteent century. Zoos is cooperatin warldwide in breedin programs fur the endangered [[Asiatic lion|Asiatic subspecies]]. ==Etymology== The lion's name, seemilar in mony [[Romance leids]], is derived frae the [[Laitin]] ''{{lang|la|leo}}'',<ref>{{Cite book | last=Simpson |first=D. P. | title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary | url=https://archive.org/details/cassellslatineng0000unse_w6a1 | publisher=Cassell Ltd. | year=1979 | edition=5th | location=London | page=342 | isbn=0-304-52257-0}}</ref> an the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|λέων}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|leon}}'').<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{Cite book | authorlink=Henry George Liddell |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |authorlink2=Robert Scott (philologist) |last2=Scott |first2=Robert | year=1980 | title=[[A Greek-English Lexicon]] (Abridged Edition)|page=[https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd/page/411 411] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=United Kingdom | isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref> The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] wird {{lang|he|לָבִיא}} ({{lang|he-Latn|''lavi''}}) mey be sib an aw.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title=Lion|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|editor=Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund| year=1989 |edition= 2nd| location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press| isbn=0-19-861186-2}}</ref> It wis ane o the species oreeginally describit bi [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], wha gae it the name ''Felis leo'', in his aichteent-century wirk, ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linn1758">{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. |publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) |year=1758 |page=41 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726936 |accessdate=8 September 2008 |language=Latin |volume=1 |edition=10th}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Lion and eland.jpg|thumb|right|A skeletal moont o an African Lion attackin a [[Common Eland]] on display at [[The Museum o Osteology]], [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]]] Ahind anerly the trrger, the lion is the seicont mucklemaist livin felid in lenth an wecht. Its harnpan is verra seemilar tae that o the teeger, awbesit the frontal region is uisually mair depressed an flattened, wi a slichtly shorter postorbital region. The lion's skull haes braider nasal appenins than the tiger, housamiver, due tae the amoont o skull variation in the twa species, uisually, anly the lawer jaw structur can be uised as a moleskin indicator o species.<ref name="USSR">{{Cite book | last = Heptner |first=V. G. |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A.| title = Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 | year = 1992| isbn = 90-04-08876-8 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden u.a.}}</ref> Lion colouration varies frae licht buff tae yellowish, reiddish, or dark ochraceous broun. The unnerpairts are generally lichter an the tail tuft is black. Lion cubs is born wi broun [[Rosette (zoology)|rosettes]] (spots) on thair body, rather lik thaim o a leopard. awbesit thir spots fade as lions reak adultheid, faint spots eften mey still be seen on the shanks an unnerpairts, parteecularly on lionesses. Lions is the anerly memmers o the cat faimily tae be displayin obvious [[sexual dimorphism]] – that is, males an females leuk distinctly different. Thay forby hae specialised roles that ilka gender plays in the pride. Fur instance, the lioness, the hunter, lacks the male's thick mane. The colour o the male's mane varies frae blond tae black, generally becomin darker as the lion grows aulder. The maist distinctive characteristic skared bi baith females an males is that the tail ends in a hairy tuft. In some lions, the tuft conceals a haurd "spine" or "spur", thareaboot 5&nbsp;mm lang, formed o the feenal sections o tail bane fused thegither. The lion is the anly felid tae hae a tufted tail – the function o the tuft an spine are unkent. Absent at birth, the tuft develops aroond 5½&nbsp;months o age an is readily identifiable at 7&nbsp;months.<ref name="Schaller28">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 28.</ref> Adult lion size varies athort thair range wi thaim frae the soothren African populations in Zimbabwe, the Kalahari an Kruger Pairk averagin aroond {{convert|189.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|126.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males an females respectively compared tae {{convert|174.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|119.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o male an female lions frae [[East Africae]].<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980>{{Cite journal |last=Smuts|first=G. L.|author2=Robinson, G.A.|author3=Whyte, I.J.|title=Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (Panthera leo)|journal=Journal of Zoology|year=1980|volume=190|issue=3|pages=365–373|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x/abstract|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x}}</ref> Reportit body measurements in males are heid-body lenths rangin frae {{convert|170|to|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|90|–|105|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}. In females reportit heid-body lenths range frae {{convert|140|to|175|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|70|–|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}},<ref name="nowak"/> houiver, the aften citit maximum heid an body lenth o {{convert|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} fits rather tae extinct Pleistocene forms, lik the [[American lion]], wi even lairge modren lions meisurin several centimetres less in lenth.<ref>[[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák, Vratislav]] (April 2004) ''Der Tiger'', Westarp Wissenschaften, 5th ed., pp. 178 ff., ISBN 3-89432-759-6.</ref> Record measurements frae huntin records are supposedly a tot lenth o naur {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} for a male shot naur Mucsso, soothren [[Angolae]] in October 1973 an a wecht o {{convert|313|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for a male shot ootside [[Hectorspruit]] in eastren [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[Sooth Africae]] in 1936.<ref>Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9</ref> Anither notably outsized male lion, that wis shot naur [[Moont Kenyae]], wiched in at {{convert|272|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |last=Nowell |first=Kristin |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |title= Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |format=PDF |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location= Gland, Switzerland |isbn=2-8317-0045-0 |pages= 17–21, 37–41|chapter= Panthera Leo}}</ref> ===Mane=== [[File:HansomeLion 002.jpg|thumb|right|During agonistic confrontations wi ither lions, the mane maks the lion appear lairger.]] The adult male lion's mane, unique amang cats, is ane o the maist distinctive characteristics o the species. It mey provide an excellent intimidation display; aidin the lion durin confrontations wi ither lions.<ref>{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first=Bijal P. | title=Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness? | publisher=National Geographic | year=2005 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html | accessdate=7 July 2007 | archive-date=2002-06-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605184139/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html | url-status=dead}}</ref> The presence, absence, colour, an size o the mane is associatit wi genetic precondeetion, sexual maturity, climate, an [[testosterone]] production; the rule o thumb is the darker an fouer the mane, the healthier the lion. Sexual selection o mates bi lionesses favors males wi the densest, darkest mane.<ref name="Trivedi02">{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first =Bijal P. | title=Female Lions Prefer Dark-Maned Males, Study Finds | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=22 August 2002 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0822_020822_TVlion.html| accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> Research in [[Tanzanie]] an aa suggests mane lenth signals fechtin success in male–male relationships. Darker-maned individuals mey hae langer reproductive lives an higher affspring survival, awbesit thay suffer in the hettest months o the year.<ref name=West>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Peyton M. |author2=Packer, Craig |date=August 2002 |title=Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-08-23_297_5585/page/1338 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=297 |issue=5585 |pages= 1339–43 |doi=10.1126/science.1073257 |pmid=12193785}}</ref> [[File:Maneless lion from Tsavo East National Park.png|thumb|A maneless lion.]] Scientists ance believed that the distinct status o some subspecies coud be juistified bi [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], includin the mane size. Morphology wis uised tae identifee subspecies lik the [[Barbary lion]] an [[Cape lion]]. Research haes suggestit, houiver, that environmental factors influences the colour an size o a lion's mane, lik the [[Ruim temperatur|ambient temperatur]].<ref name=West/> The cuiler ambient temperatur in European an North American [[zoo]]s, fur ensaumple, mey result in a hivier mane. Sicweys, the mane isnae an appropriate merker for identifyin subspecies.<ref name="CG">{{cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Ross |author2=Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki |author3=Barnes, Ian|author4=Cooper, Alan |date=August 2006 |title=Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion ''Panthera leo'': Implications for its ''ex situ'' conservation |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–14 |doi=10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0}}</ref><ref name="yamaguchi-haddane">{{cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=Nobuyuki |author2=Haddane, B. |year=2002 |title=The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project |journal=International Zoo News |volume=49 |pages=465–81}}</ref> The males o the Asiatic subspecies, housomiver, is characterised bi sparser manes nor average African lions.<ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Vivek |year=2003 |title=A Field Guide to Indian Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoindi0000meno |location=Delhi |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=0-14-302998-3| pages=}}</ref> In the [[Pendjari Naitional Pairk]] area, awmaist aw males is maneless or hae verra waik manes.<ref>Schoe, Marjolein; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Kaandorp, Jacques and de Iongh, Hans (2010) ''Progress Report – collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin.'' Funded by the Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund.</ref> Maneless male lions haes forby been reportit frae [[Senegal]], frae Sudan ([[Dinder Naitional Pairk]]), an frae [[Tsavo East Naitional Pairk]] in Kenyae, an the oreeginal male white lion frae Timbavati wis maneless an aa. The testosterone hormone haes been linked tae mane growthe, therefore [[castration|castratit]] lions eften hae minimal tae no mane, as the removal o the gonads inhibits testosterone production.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Linda | last = Munson| date = 3 March 2006 | title = Contraception in felids | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_theriogenology_2006-07-01_66_1/page/126 | journal = Theriogenology| pmid = 16626799 | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 126–34 | doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.06 }}</ref> [[Cave pentin]]s o extinct European [[Panthera leo spelaea|cave lion]]s awmaist exclusively shaw ainimals wi no manes, suggestin that thay war aither athoot manes,<ref name="Koenigswald02">{{cite book |last=Koenigswald |first=Wighart von |year=2002 |title=Lebendige Eiszeit: Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Theiss |isbn=3-8062-1734-3| pages=|language=de}}</ref> or that the pentins depict lionesses as seen huntin in a group. ===White lions=== [[File:White Lion.jpg|thumb|right|[[White lion]]s owe thair colourin tae a recessive allele; thay are rare forms o the subspecies ''Panthera leo krugeri'']] The [[white lion]] is nae a distinct subspecies, but a special [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] wi a genetic condeetion, [[leucism]],<ref name = "zoos_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Grisham | first= Jack | editor-first = Catherine E | editor-last = Bell |title=Lion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos |volume=2: G–P |year=2001 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn |location=Chofago |isbn=1-57958-174-9 |pages=733–39}}</ref>> that causes paler colouration akin tae that o the [[white teeger]]; the condeetion is seemilar tae [[melanism]], that causes [[black panther]]s. Thay are nae albinos, haein normal pigmentation in the een an skin. White Transvaal lion (''Panthera leo krugeri'') individuals occasionally hae been encountered in an aroond [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] an the adjacent [[Timbavati Private Game Reserve]] in eastren Sooth Africae, but are mair commonly foond in [[captivity (ainimal)|captivity]], whaur breeders deliberately select them. The unuisual cream colour o thair coats is due tae a [[recessive allele]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McBride |first=Chris |title=The White Lions of Timbavati |url=https://archive.org/details/whitelionsoftimb00mcbr |year=1977 |publisher=E. Stanton |location=Johannesburg |isbn= 0-949997-32-3 }}</ref> Reportedly, thay hae been bred in camps in South Africae fur uiss as trophies tae be killt during [[canned hunt]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker|first=Linda |title=Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God|year=2003 |publisher=Npenvu Press|location=Mapumulanga |isbn= 0-620-31409-5}}</ref> ==Behaviour== [[File:Panthera leo stretching (Etosha, 2012).jpg|thumbnail|left|Adult male lion stretching.]] Lions spends a feck o thair time restin an is inactive fur aboot 20&nbsp;oor per day.<ref name="Schaller122">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 122.</ref> awbesit lions can be active at ony time, thair activity generally peaks efter dusk wi a period o socialisin, gruimin, an defecatin. Intermittent bursts o activity follae throu the nicht oors till dawn, whan huntin maist eften taks place. Thay spend an average o twa oors a day walkin an 50&nbsp;minutes eatin.<ref name="Schaller120">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 120–21.</ref> ===Group organization=== [[File:pride leader.jpg|thumb|right|Twa lionesses an a matur male o a pride.]] [[File:Lions Family Portrait Masai Mara.jpg|thumb|right|Twa males an a female lion.]] Lions is the maist socially inclined o aw wild [[felid]]s, maist o thaim remainin quite solitar in naitur. The lion is a predatory [[carnivore]] wi twa teeps o social organisation. Some lions is ''indwallers,'' livin in groups centerin aroond relatit lionesses, cried ''prides''.<ref name="Schaller33">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 33.</ref> Females form the stable [[social unit]] in a pride an dinnae tolerate ootside females.<ref name="Schaller37">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 37.</ref> Membership anly chynges wi the births an daiths o lionesses,<ref name="Schaller39">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 39.</ref> awbesit some females dae leave an become nomadic.<ref name="Schaller44">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 44.</ref> awbesit extremely lairge prides, consistin o up tae 30 individuals, hae been observed, the average pride consists o five or sax females, thair cubs o baith sexes, an ane or twa males (kent as a ''coaleetion'' if mair nor ane) wha mate wi the adult females. The nummer o adult males in a coaleetion is uisually twa but mey increase tae as mony as fower afore decreasin again ower time.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The sole exception tae this pattern is the [[Tsavo lion]] pride that aye haes juist ane adult male.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Milius |first=Susan |date=April 2002 |title= Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-news-us_2002-04-20_161_16/page/253 |journal=Society for Science & the Public |volume=161 |issue=16 |pages=253 |doi=10.1002/scin.5591611614}}</ref> Male cubs are excluded frae thair maternal pride whan thay reach maturity at aroond 2–3 years o age.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The seicont organisational behaviour is labeled ''nomads'', wha range widely an muive aboot sporadically, aither singularly or in pairs.<ref name="Schaller33"/> Pairs is mair frequent amang sib males that haes been excludit frae thair birth pride. Note that a lion mey switch lifestyles; nomads mey become indwallers an vice versa. Males, as a rule, live at least some portion o thair lifes as nomads, an some can neir jyne anither pride. A female wha becomes a nomad haes a fair feck greater difficulty jynin a new pride, as the females in a pride is sib, an thay reject maist attempts bi an unrelated female tae jyne thair faimily group. The area a pride occupies is cried a ''pride area'', whauras that bi a nomad is a ''range''.<ref name="Schaller33"/> The males associated wi a pride tend tae stay on the fringes, patrollin thair [[Territory (ainimal)|territory]]. Why [[Social behaviour|sociality]] – the maist pronoonced in ony cat species – haes developed in lionesses is the subject o much debate. Increased huntin success appears an obvious reason, but this is less nor sure upon examination: coordinated huntin daes allou for mair successfu predation but an aa ensurs that non-huntin memmers reduce per capita calorific intake; housomiver, some tak a role raisin cubs, wha mey be left alane for extendit periods o time. Memmers o the pride regularly tend tae play the same role in hunts an hone thair skills. The heal o the hunters is the primary need for the survival o the pride, an thay are the first tae consume the prey at the site it is taen. Ither benefits include possible [[kin selection]] (better tae share fuid wi a relatit lion than wi a stranger), pertection o the young, maintenance o territory, an individual insurance against injury an hunger.<ref name=CAP/> [[File:Lion.ogv|thumb|right|Video o a wild lioness]] Lionesses dae maist o the huntin for thair pride. Thay are mair effective hunters, as thay are smawer, swither, an mair agile than the males an unencumbered bi the hivy an conspicuous mane, that causes owerheatin during exertion. Thay act as a coordinatit group wi members wha perform the same role consistently fur tae stalk an bring doun the prey sonsie-like. Smawer prey is eaten at the location o the hunt, tharebi bein shared amang the hunters; whan the kill is muckler it eften is dragged tae the pride area. Thare is mair sharin o muckler kills,<ref name="Schaller133">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 133.</ref> awbesit pride members aften behave aggressively toward ane anither as ilkane ettles at consumin sae muckle a hantle o fuid as possible. Naur the conclusion o the hunt, males hae a tendency tae dominate the kill ance the lionesses hae succeeded. Thay are mair lik tae share this wi the cubs as wi the lionesses, but males rarely share fuid thay hae killt bi thairsels. Baith males an females can defend the pride agin intruders, but the male lion is better-suitit for this purpose due tae its stockier, mair powerful big.<ref>[http://www.lionconservationfund.org/lion_adopt.html Join the Pride]. Lion Conservation Fund. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref> Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders, while ithers lag behind.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinsohn|first= R. |author2=C. Packer |year=1995 |title=Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1260|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1260–62 |doi=10.1126/science.7652573 |pmid=7652573}}</ref> Lions tend tae assume speceefic roles in the pride. Those laggin behind mey provide ither valuable services tae the group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morell|first= V. |year=1995 |title=Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1216|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1216–17|doi=10.1126/science.7652566 |pmid=7652566}}</ref> An alternative hypothesis is that thare is some reward associated wi bein a leader wha fends aff intruders, an the rank o lionesses in the pride is reflectit in thir responses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahn|first= Gary C. |year=1996 |title=Lioness Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-03-01_271_5253/page/1214|journal=Science |volume=271 |issue=5253 |page=1215 |doi=10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a |pmid=17820922 }}</ref> The male or males associatit wi the pride must defend thair relationship tae the pride frae ootside males wha attempt tae tak ower thair relationship wi the pride. ===Huntin an diet=== [[File:Female Lion.JPG|thumb|Lion teeth are teepical o a carnivore.]] Lions prefer tae [[Scavenger|scavenge]] whan the opportunity presents itsel<ref name = "Schaller213" /> wi [[carrion]] providin mair nor 50% o thair diet.<ref name=AWF>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | accessdate =6 June 2014}}</ref> Thay scavenge ainimals aither deid frae [[naitural causes]] (disease) or killt bi ither predators, an keep a constant lookout for circlin vultures, bein keenly aware that thay indicate an ainimal dead or in distress.<ref name = "Schaller213">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 213.</ref> In fact, maist deid prey on whilk baith hyenas an lions feed upon are killt bi the hyenas insteid o the lions.<ref name="nowak" /> The lionesses daes maist o the huntin for the pride. The male lion associatit wi the pride uisually stays an watches ower young cubs till the lionesses return frae the hunt. Teepically, several wirk thegither an encircle the herd frae different pynts. Ance thay hae closed in on the herd, thay uisually target the ainimal closest tae them. The attack is short an pouerfu; thay attempt tae catch the victim wi a fast rush an feenal leap. The prey uisually is killt bi [[strangulation]],<ref>{{cite web | title = About lions—Ecology and behaviour | first = Gus | last = Mills | publisher = African Lion Working Group | url = http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | accessdate = 20 July 2007 | archive-date = 2014-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331141011/http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> that can cause [[cerebral ischemia]] or [[asphyxia]] (that results in [[hypoxemia|hypoxemic]], or "general", [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]). The prey an aa mey be killt bi the lion enclosin the ainimal's mooth an nostrils in its jaws (that wad result in asphyxia an aa).<ref name="nowak" /> Lions uisually hunts in coordinatit groups an stalk thair chosen prey. Housomiver, thay arnae parteecularly kent fur thair stamina – fur instance, a lioness' hert maks up anly 0.57% o her body wecht (a male's is aboot 0.45% o his body wecht), whauras a hyena's hert is close tae 1% o its body wecht.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 248.</ref> Sicweys, thay anly run fast in short bursts,<ref name="Schaller2478">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 247–48.</ref> an need tae be close tae thair prey afore stairtin the attack. Thay tak advantage o factors that reduce veesibility; mony kills tak place naur some form o civer or at nicht.<ref name="Schaller237">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 237.</ref> Thay sneak up tae the victim till thay reach a distance o approximately {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off}} or less. [[File:Serengeti Lion Running saturated.jpg|thumb|left|Lioness in a burst o speed while huntin.]] The [[Predation|prey]] consists mainly o medium-sized mammals, wi a preference fur [[wildebeest]], [[zebra]]s, [[African Buffalo|buffalo]], an [[warthog]]s in Africae an [[nilgai]], [[Boar|wild boar]], an several [[deer]] species in Indie. Mony ither species are huntit, based on availability, mainly [[ungulate]]s wichin atween {{convert|50|and|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}} lik [[kudu]], [[hartebeest]], [[gemsbok]], an [[Taurotragus|eland]].<ref name="nowak" /> Occasionally, thay tak relatively smaw species lik [[Thomson's gazelle]] or [[Springbok (antelope)|springbok]]. Lions huntin in groups is capable o takkin doun maist ainimals, even adults in guid heal, but in maist pairts o thair range thay rarely attack verra lairge prey lik fully grown male [[giraffe]]s due tae the danger o injury. Giraffes an buffaloes are awmaist invulnerable tae a solitary lion as well.<ref name="Schaller259">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 259.</ref> Extensive studies shaws that lionesses normally preys on mammals wi an average wecht o {{convert|126|kg|abbr=on}}, while kills made bi male lions average {{convert|399|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author1=Radloff, Frans G. T.|author2=Du Toit, Johan T. |year= 2004 |title= Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-ecology_2004-05_73_3/page/410|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=73 |pages=410–423 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x}}</ref> In Africae, wildebeest rank at the tap o preferred prey (makin nearly hauf o the lion prey in the [[Serengeti]]) follaed bi zebra.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn=88-8095-752-X| title = The Art of Being a Lion |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni| page = [https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni/page/186 186] | first1 = Christine | last1 = Denis-Huot | first2 = Michel | last2 = Denis-Huot | publisher = Friedman/Fairfax | year = 2002}}</ref> Lions dinnae prey on fou grown adult [[elephant]]s; maist adult [[hippopotamus]]es, [[rhinoceros]]es, an smawer [[gazelle]]s, [[impala]], an ither agile antelopes are generally excludiy. Houiver, giraffes an buffaloes are eften taken in certaint regions. For instance, in Kruger Naitional Pairk, giraffes is regularly huntit.<ref name=Pienaar1969>{{Cite journal |last1=Pienaar|first1=U. de V.|title=Predator-prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park|journal=Koedoe|date=1969|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753|url=http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/view/753}}</ref> In Manyara Pairk, Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62% o the lion's diet,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Among the Elephants | url = https://archive.org/details/amongelephants00iain | first1 = Iain | last1 = Douglas-Hamilton | first2 = Oria | last2 = Douglas-Hamilton | year = 1975 }}</ref> due tae the heich nummer density o buffaloes. Occasionally hippopotamus is an aa taken, but adult rhinoceroses are generally avoidit. Warthogs are eften taken dependin on availability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 =Hayward|first1 = Matt W. | last2 = Kerley | first2 = Graham | year = 2005 | title= Prey preferences of the lion (''Panthera leo'') | journal= Journal of Zoology | volume = 267 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–22 |doi= 10.1017/S0952836905007508}}</ref> The lions o [[Chobe Naitional Pairk#Geografie an ecoseestems|Savuti]], Botswana, hae adaptit tae huntin young elephants during the dry saison, an a pride o 30 lions haes been recordit killin individuals atween the ages o fower an eleven years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Power |first=R. J. |last2=Shem Compion |first2=R. X.|year=2009|title=Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana|journal=African Zoology|volume=44|issue=1|pages=36–44|doi=10.3377/004.044.0104}}</ref> In the [[Kalahari desert]] in [[Sooth Africae]], black-maned lions mey chase baboons up a tree, wait patiently, then attack them whan thay try tae escape: [[File:Lion and baboon 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Baboons trapped up a tree bi lions.]] Lions forby attack domestic livestock an in Indie cattle contribute signeeficantly tae thair diet.<ref name = "Menon" /> Lions is capable o killin ither predators lik [[leopard]]s, [[cheetah]]s, [[hyena]]s, an [[African Wild Dug|wild dugs]], awbesit (unlik maist felids) thay seldom devour the competitors efter killin them. A lion mey gorge itsel an eat up tae {{convert|30|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in ane sittin;<ref name="simba">{{Cite book | last= Guggisberg|first= Charles Albert Walter| title = Simba: the life of the lion. |year=1961 |publisher=Howard Timmins |location=Cape Town}}</ref> if it is unable tae consume aw the kill it will rest for a few oors afore consumin mair. On a het day, the pride mey retreat tae shade leavin a male or twa tae staund guard.<ref name="Schaller2706">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 270–76.</ref> An adult lioness requires an average o aboot {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o meat per day, a male aboot {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 276.</ref> [[File:Lions taking down cape buffalo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Four lionesses catch a cape buffalo.]] Acause lionesses hunt in open spaces whaur thay are easy seen bi thair prey, cooperative huntin increases the likelihood o a sonsie hunt; this is especially true wi lairger species. Teamwork an aa enables them tae defend thair kills easier against ither lairge predators lik hyenas, that mey be attractit bi [[vulture]]s frae kilometres away in open savannas. Lionesses dae maist o the huntin; males attacht tae prides dae nae uisually pairteecipate in huntin, except in the case o lairger quarry lik giraffe an buffalo. In teepical hunts, ilka lioness haes a favored poseetion in the group, aither stalkin prey on the "weeng" then attackin, or muivin a smawer distance in the centre o the group an capturin prey in flicht frae ither lionesses.<ref name=hunt>{{Cite journal | last = Stander | first = PE | title= Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=29|issue=6|pages=445–54|year=1992|doi = 10.1007/BF00170175}}</ref> Thare is evidence that male lions are juist as successfu at huntin as females; thay are solo hunters wha ambush prey in smaw bush.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott R. Loariea |author2=Craig J. Tamblingb |author3=Gregory P. Asnera|year=2013|title=Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=85|issue=5|pages=899–906|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018}}</ref> Young lions first display stalkin behaviour aboot three month o age, awbesit thay dae nae pairteecipate in huntin till thay are awmaist a year auld. Thay begin tae hunt effectively whan thay are naur twa yeir auld.<ref name="Schaller153">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 153.</ref> ====Predator competeetion==== [[File:Panthera leo & Crocuta crocuta.jpg|thumb|250px|Subadult male lion an [[spotted hyena]]]] Lions an [[spottit hyena]]s occupy the same [[ecological niche]], meanin thay compete for prey an carrion in the areas whaur thay coexist. A review o data across several studies indicates a dietary owerlap o 58.6%.<ref name="prey">{{Cite journal | url = http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf | format = PDF | title = Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (''Crocuta crocuta'') and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (''Panthera leo'') | last = Hayward | first = Matt W. | journal = Journal of Zoology | year = 2006 | volume = 270 | pages = 606–14 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183 | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033155/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf%20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions teepically ignore spottit hyenas unless the lions are on a kill or are bein harassed bi the hyenas, while the latter tend tae visibly react tae the presence o lions whether thare is fuid or nae. Lions seize the kills o spottit hyenas: in the [[Ngorongoro crater]], it is common for lions tae subsist largely on kills stolen frae hyenas, causin the hyenas tae increase thair kill rate.<ref name="Kruuk21">{{Cite book |chapter = Interactions between Hyenas and other Carnivorous Animals | first = Hans | last = Kruuk | title = The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |url = https://archive.org/details/spottedhyenastud0000kruu | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | place = Chicago | year = 1972|isbn=0-226-45508-4 }}</ref> On the ither haund, in Northren Botswana's Chobe Naitional Pairk, the situation is reversed: hyenas frequently challenge lions an steal thair kills: thay obtain fuid frae 63% o aw lion kills.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite book | title = Carnivore Conservation | url = https://archive.org/details/carnivoreconserv0000unse |edition=1 |editor1-first=John L. |editor1-last=Gittleman |editor2-first=Stephan M. |editor2-last=Funk |editor3-first=David W. |editor3-last=Macdonald |editor4-first=Robert K. |editor4-last=Wayne| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001|isbn=978-0-521-66232-1|displayeditors=4}}</ref> whan confrontit on a kill bi lions, spottit hyenas mey aither leave or wait patiently at a distance o {{convert|30|–|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} till the lions hae finished,<ref name="schaller272">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 272.</ref> but thay are forby bauld eneuch tae feed alangside lions, an even force the lions aff a kill. The twa species mey attack ane anither even whan thare is nae fuid involved for nae apparent reason.<ref name="schaller273">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 273–274.</ref><ref name="enemies">{{cite video|people=Joubert, Dereck and Joubert, Beverley|title= Eternal Enemies: Lions and Hyenas |medium=[[DVD]] | publisher = [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]|year= 1992}}</ref> Lion predation can accoont for up tae 71% o hyena daiths in [[Etosha]]. Spottit hyenas hae adaptit bi frequently mobbin lions that enter thair territories.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia| last1 =Trinkel | first1 = Martina | last2 = Kastberger | first2 = Gerald |journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=43|issue=3|year=2005|pages=220–24|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x}}</ref> Experiments on captive spottit hyenas revealed that specimens wi no prior experience wi lions act indifferently tae the sicht o them, but will react fearfully tae the scent.<ref name="Kruuk21" /> The size o male lions allows them occasionally tae confront hyenas in itherwise evenly matched brawls an sae tae tip the balance in favour o the lions. Lions tend tae dominate smawer felines lik [[cheetah]]s an [[leopard]]s whaur thay co-occur, stealin thair kills an killin thair cubs an even adults whan gien the chance. The cheetah haes a 50% chance o losin its kill tae lions or ither predators.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = O'Brien | first1 = Stephen J | last2 = Wildt | first2 = David E | last3 = Bush | first3 = Mitchell | year = 1986 | title = The Cheetah in Genetic Peril | format = PDF | journal = Scientific American | issue = 254 | pages = 68–76 | url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-09-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180930022126/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions are major killers o cheetah cubs, up tae 90% o thaim are lost in thair first weeks o life due tae attacks bi ither predators. Cheetahs evit competeetion bi huntin at different times o the day an hide thair cubs in thick brush. Leopards forby uise siclike tactics, but hae the advantage that thay can tae subsist a fair bit better on smaw prey nor on aither lions or cheetahs. Wanlik cheetahs, leopards can clim trees an uise them tae haud thair cubs an kills awa frae lions; housomiver, lionesses will occasionally be sonsie in climmin tae retrieve leopard kills.<ref name = "Schaller293">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 293.</ref> Seemilarly, lions dominate [[African Wild Dug|African wild dugs]]; thay nae juist tak thair kills but preying on young an (rarely) adult dugs an aa. Population densities o wild dugs are laich in areas whaur lions are mair abundant.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Conserving the African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus''. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline | last1 =Woodroffe | first1 = Rosie | last2 = Ginsberg | first2 = Joshua R |year=1999| journal =Oryx | volume = 33| pages =132–42|doi= 10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x |issue=2}}</ref><!-- cites twa previous refs --> Houiver, thare are a few reportit cases o auld an woondit lions fawin prey tae wild dugs.<ref name=Pienaar1969/><ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 188.</ref> The [[Nile crocodile]] is the anly [[Sympatry|sympatric]] predator (aside humans) that can singly threaten the lion. Dependin on the size o the crocodile an the lion, aither can lose kills or carrion tae the ither. Lions haes been kent tae kill crocodiles venturin ontae laund,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2509crocs.html |title=Crocodiles! | publisher = PBS | work = Nova | type = transcript |date= 28 April 1998 |accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> while the reverse is true for lions enterin watterways, as evidenced bi the occasional lion claw foond in crocodile stomachs.<ref name="Guggisberg">{{Cite book | last = Guggisberg | first = Charles Albert Walter |url =http://books.google.com/?id=92NuQgAACAAJ| title = Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation| year = 1972 | page = 195 | isbn = 0-7153-5272-5 | publisher = David & Charles | location = Newton Abbot}}</ref> ====Man-eatin==== {{Main|Man-eater}} While lions disnae uisually hunt fowk, some (uisually males) seem tae seek oot human prey; ane well-publicised case includes the [[Tsavo maneaters]], whaur 28 offeecially recordit railwey wirkers biggin the [[Uganda Railway|Kenyae-Uganda Railway]] war taken bi lions ower nine month during the construction o a brig ower the [[Tsavo River]] in [[Kenyae]] in 1898.<ref name=Patterson>{{cite book | last = Patterson |first=Bruce D. | year = 2004 | title = The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters | url = https://archive.org/details/lionsoftsavoexpl0000patt | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 0-07-136333-5}}</ref> The hunter wha kill the lions wrote a beuk detailin the ainimals' predatory behaviour. The lions war lairger than normal, lacked manes, an ane seemed tae suffer frae tuith decay. The infirmity theory, includin tuith decay, is nae favored bi aw researchers; an analysis o teeth an jaws o man-eatin lions in museum collections suggests that while tuith decay mey expleen some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominatit areas is a mair likely cause o lion predation on humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Bruce D. |author2=Neiburger, Ellis J.|author3=Kasiki, Samuel M. |date=February 2003 |title=Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2003-02_84_1/page/190 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=190–96|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> In thair analysis o Tsavo an general man-eatin, Kerbis Peterhans an Gnoske acknowledge that sick or injurt ainimals mey be mair prone tae man-eatin, but that the behaviour is "nae unuisual, nor necessarily 'aberrant'" whaur the opportunity exists; if inducements lik access tae livestock or human corpse are present, lions will regularly prey upon human beins. The authors note that the relationship is well-attestit amang ither pantherines an primates in the paleontological record.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031426/http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archivedate=2007-10-30 |accessdate=7 July 2007 |last=Peterhans |first=Julian C. Kerbis |author2=Thomas Patrick Gnoske |title=The Science of Man-eating |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=90 |issue=1&2 |year=2001 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lion's proclivity fur man-eatin haes been seestematically examined. American an Tanzanian scientists report that man-eatin behaviour in rural areas o Tanzanie increased a fair bit frae 1990 tae 2005. At least 563 veelagers war attacked an mony eaten ower this period – a nummer far exceedin the mair famed "Tsavo" incidents o a century earlier. The incidents occurred naur aboots [[Selous Gemme Reserve|Selous Naitional Pairk]] in [[Rufiji River|Rufiji Destrict]] an in [[Lindi Region|Lindi Province]] near the [[Mozambique|Mozambican]] border. While the expansion o villagers intae bush kintra is ane concern, the authors argues that conservation policy maun mitigate the danger acause, in this case, conservation contreibutes directly tae human daiths. Cases in Lindi hae been documentit whaur lions seize humans frae the centre o substantial veelages.<ref name="Packer05">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |author2=Ikanda, D. |author3=Kissui, B. |author4= Kushnir, H. |date=August 2005 |title=Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-08-18_436_7053/page/926 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=436 |issue=7053 |pages=927–28 |doi=10.1038/436927a| pmid=16107828}}</ref> Anither study o 1,000 fowk attacked bi lions in soothren Tanzanie atween 1988 an 2009 foond that the weeks follaein the [[full muin]] (whan thare wis less muinlight) war a strang indicator o increased nicht attacks on fowk.<ref name="fullmoon">{{cite journal | title=Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions | last=Packer |first=C | journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |date=July 2011 | volume=6 | issue=7 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 |author2=Swanson A |author3=Ikanda D |author4=Kushnir H | editor1-last=Rands | editor1-first=Sean A. | pages=e22285}}</ref> [[File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg|thumb|The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the [[Field Museum o Naitural History]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] ]] Author Robert R. Frump wrote in ''The Man-eaters of Eden'' that Mozambican refugees regularly crossin Kruger Naitional Pairk at nicht in [[Sooth Africae]] is attacked an eaten bi the lions; pairk offeecials hae concedit that man-eatin is a problem thare. Frump believes thoosands mey hae been killt in the decades efter [[Sooth Africae unner apartheid|apartheid]] sealed the pairk an forced the refugees tae cross the pairk at nicht. Fur naur a century afore the mairch wis sealed, Mozambicans haed regularly walked athort the pairk in daytime wi little harm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frump |first=RR |title=The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park |url=https://archive.org/details/maneatersofedenl0000frum |year=2006 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=1-59228-892-8}}</ref> Packer estimates mair nor 200 Tanzanians is killt ilka year bi lions, [[crocodile]]s, elephants, hippos, an [[snake]]s, an that the nummers coud be dooble that amount, wi lions thocht tae kill at least 70 o thaim. Packer haes documented that atween 1990 an 2004, lions attacked 815 fowk in Tanzanie, killin 563. Packer an Ikanda are amang the few [[conservation movement|conservationists]] wha believe wastren conservation efforts maun tak accoont o thir matters nae juist acause o ethical concerns aboot human life, but fur the lang term success o conservation efforts an lion preservation an aw.<ref name="Packer05"/> A man-eatin lion wis killt bi gemme scouts in Soothren Tanzanie in Aprile 2004. It is believed tae hae killt an eaten at least 35&nbsp;fowk in a series o incidents coverin several veelages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Toothache 'made lion eat humans' |last=Dickinson |first=Daniel |date=19 October 2004 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3756180.stm |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> Dr Rolf D. Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, commentit that it wis likely that the lion preyed on humans acause it haed a lairge [[abscess]] unnerneath a [[molar (tuith)|molar]] that wis cracked in several places. He faur commentit that "This lion probably experienced a lot o pain, pairteecularly whan it wis chewin."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldus |first=R |date=March 2006 |title=A man-eating lion (''Panthera leo'') from Tanzania with a toothache |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=52 |issue= 1 |pages= 59–62|doi=10.1007/s10344-005-0008-0}}</ref> GTZ is the German development cooperation agency an haes been wirkin wi the Tanzanian govrenment on wildlife conservation for nearly twa decades. As in ither cases this lion wis lairge, lacked a mane, an haed a tuith problem. The "Aw-Africae" record o man-eatin generally is conseidert no tae be Tsavo, but incidents in the early 1930s throu the late 1940s in whit wis then [[Tanganyika]] (nou Tanzanie). [[George Gilman Rushby|George Rushby]], gemme warden an professional hunter, eventually dispatched the pride, that ower three generations is thocht tae hae killt an eaten 1,500 tae 2,000 fowk in what is nou [[Njombe]] destrict.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rushby |first=George G. |title= No More the Tusker |year= 1965 |publisher=W. H. Allen |location=London}}</ref> ===Reproduction an life cycle=== {{commons category|Mating lions}} Maist lionesses will hae reproduced bi the time thay are fower years o age.<ref name="Schaller29">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 29.</ref> Lions dae nae [[matein|mate]] at ony speceific time o year, an the females are [[polyestrous]].<ref name="Schaller174">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 174.</ref> As wi ither [[Cat's penis|cats' penises]], the male lion's penis haes [[penile spines|spines that pyntin backward]]. During penis widrawal, the spines rake the waws o the female's [[vagina]], that mey cause ovulation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asdell |first=Sydney A. |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=yQzSe71g2AcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Patterns of mammalian reproduction] |year=1993|origyear= 1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca |isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5}}</ref> A lioness mey mate wi mair nor ane male whan she is [[Estrous cycle|in heat]].<ref name="Schaller142">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 142.</ref> [[File:Panthera leo -Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania -mating-8.jpg|thumb|left|Matin lions.]] The average gestation period is aroond 110&nbsp;days,<ref name="Schaller174"/> the female giein birth tae a litter o ane tae fower cubs in a secluded den (that mey be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some ither sheltered area) uisually awa frae the rest o the pride. She will eften hunt bi hersel while the cubs is still helpless, stayin relatively close tae the thicket or den whaur the cubs are kept.<ref name="Scott45">[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 45.</ref> The cubs themsels is born blind – thair een dae nae open till roughly a week efter birth. Thay wecht {{convert|1.2|–|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at birth an is awmaist helpless, beginnin tae crawl a day or twa efter birth an walkin aroond three weeks o age.<ref name="Schaller143">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 143.</ref> The lioness muives her cubs tae a new den steid several times a month, carrying them ane bi ane bi the nape o the neck, tae prevent scent frae biggin up at a single den steid an sicweys avoidin the attention o predators that mey harm the cubs.<ref name="Scott45"/> Uisually, the mither daes nae integrate hersel an her cubs back intae the pride until the cubs are sax tae aicht weeks auld.<ref name="Scott45"/> Whiles this introduction tae pride life occurs earlier, houiver, parteecularly if ither lionesses hae gien birth at aboot the same time. For instance, lionesses in a pride eften synchronise thair reproductive cycles sae that thay cooperate in the raisin an souklin o the young (ance the cubs are past the initial stage o isolation wi thair mither), wha suckle indiscriminately frae ony or aw o the nouricin females in the pride. In addition tae greater pertection, the synchronization o births an aa haes an advantage in that the cubs end up bein roughly the same size, an sicweys hae an equal chance o survival. If ane lioness gies birth tae a litter o cubs a couple o months efter anither lioness, for instance, then the younger cubs, bein much smawer than thair aulder brethren, uisually are dominatit bi lairger cubs at mealtimes – consequently, daith bi starvation is mair common amang the younger cubs. [[File:PregnantLioness.jpg|thumb|A pregnant lioness (richt).]] In addition tae stairvation, cubs an aa face mony ither dangers, lik predation bi jackals, hyenas, leopards, mairtial eagles, an snakes. Even buffaloes, should thay catch the scent o lion cubs, eften stampede toward the thicket or den whaur thay are bein kept, daein thair best tae trample the cubs tae daith while wardin ff the lioness. Furthermair, whan ane or mair new males oust the previous male(s) associatit wi a pride, the conqueror(s) eften kill ony existin young cubs,<ref name="Packpus83">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |last2=Pusey |first2=A. E. |date=May 1983 |title= Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1983-05_121_5/page/716 |journal= American Naturalist |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=716–28 |doi= 10.1086/284097}}</ref> aiblins acause females dinnae become fertile an receptive till thair cubs mature or dee. Aw in aw, as mony as 80% o the cubs will dee afore the age o twa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=David |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/31 31]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}</ref> <gallery> File:Black-maned lion and cub 1.jpg|1 o 4: A tolerant black-<br/>maned male File:Black-maned lion and cub 2.jpg|<centre>2 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 3.jpg|<centre>3 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 4.jpg|<centre>4 o 4</centre> </gallery> whan first introduced tae the rest o the pride, the cubs initially lack confidence whan confrontit wi adult lions ither than thair mither. Thay suin begin tae immerse thairsels in the pride life, houiver, playin amang thairsels or attemptin tae initiate play wi the adults. Lionesses wi cubs o thair ain are mair likely tae be tolerant o anither lioness's cubs than lionesses wioot cubs. The tolerance o the male lions toward the cubs varies – whiles, a male will patiently let the cubs play wi his tail or his mane, whauras anither mey snarl an bat the cubs away.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 46.</ref> [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG|thumb|Male lions are generally mair likely tae share fuid caught bi the pride wi cubs than wi lionesses, but rarely share thair ain catches wi ithers.]] Weanin occurs efter sax tae seeven month. Male lions reach maturity at aboot 3 years o age an, at 4–5 years o age, are capable o challengin an displacing the adult male(s) associatit wi anither pride. Thay begin tae age an waiken atween 10 an 15 years o age at the latest,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crandall |first=Lee S. |title=The management of wild animals in captivity |year=1964 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=557916}}</ref> if thay hae nae already been creetically injured while defendin the pride (ance ousted frae a pride bi rival males, male lions rarely manage a seicont tak-ower). This leaves a short windae for thair ain affspring tae be born an matur. If thay are able tae procreate as suin as thay tak ower a pride, potentially, thay mey hae mair affspring reachin maturity afore thay an aa are displaced. A lioness will eften attempt tae defend her cubs fiercely frae a usurpin male, but sic actions are rarely successfu. He uisually kills aw o the existin cubs wha are less nor twa year auld. A lioness is waiker an much lichter than a male; success is mair likely whan a group o three or fower mithers within a pride jyn forces agin ane male.<ref name="Packpus83"/> Contrary tae popular belief, it isnae anly males that is oostit frae thair pride tae become nomads, awbesit maist females certainly dae remain wi thair birth pride. Houiver, whan the pride becomes ower muckle, the next generation o female cubs mey be forced tae leave tae eke oot thair ain territory. Furthermair, whan a new male lion taks ower the pride, subadult lions, baith male an female, mey be evictit.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 68.</ref> Life is harsh for a female nomad. Nomadic lionesses rarely manage tae raise thair cubs tae maturity, wioot the pertection o ither pride members. ===Heal=== Awbesit adult lions haes nae naitural predators, evidence suggests that the majority dee violently frae humans or ither lions.<ref name="Schaller183">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 183.</ref> Lions eften inflict serious injuries on ilka ither, aither members o different prides encoonterin ilka ither in territorial disputes, or members o the same pride fechtin at a kill.<ref name="Schaller1889">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 188–89.</ref> Crippled lions an lion cubs mey faw victim tae hyenas, leopards, or be trampled bi buffalo or elephants, an careless lions mey be maimed whan huntin prey.<ref name="Schaller1890">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 189–90.</ref> [[File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG|thumb|Lions seekin refuge frae flies bi climbin a tree.]] Various species o [[tick]] commonly infest the lugs, neck an groin regions o maist lions.<ref name="Schaller184">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 184.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yeoman |first=Guy Henry|author2=Walker, Jane Brotherton |title=The ixodid ticks of Tanzania|year=1967 |publisher=Commonwealth Institute of Entomology |location=London |oclc=955970}}</ref> Adult forms o several species o the tapeworm genus ''[[Taenia (tapeworm)|Taenia]]'' hae been isolatit frae thairms, the lions haein ingestit larval forms frae antelope meat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sachs |first=R |year=1969|title=Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere [Differentiation and species determination of muscle-cysticerci in East African game animals] |journal=Zeitschrift für tropenmedizin und Parasitologie |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |pmid=5393325|language=de}}</ref> Lions in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Ngorongoro Crater]] war afflictit bi an ootbreak o stable flee (''[[stable flee|Stomoxys calcitrans]]'') in 1962; this resultit in lions becomin covered in bluidy bare patches an emaciatit. Lions soucht unsuccessfully tae evade the bitin flees bi climbin trees or crawlin intae hyena burrows; mony perished or emigratit as the population dropped frae 70 tae 15 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fosbrooke |first=Henry |year=1963 |title=The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro |journal=East African Wildlife Journal |volume=1 |issue=6|pages=124–26 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x}}</ref> A mair recent ootbreak in 2001 killt sax lions.<ref name="Nkwame06">{{Cite news | last=Nkwame | first=Valentine M | title=King of the jungle in jeopardy | publisher=The Arusha Times | date=9 September 2006 | url=http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | accessdate=4 September 2007 | archive-date=2018-12-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033132/http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lions, especially in captivity, are vulnerable tae the [[canine distemper]] virus (CDV), [[feline immunodeficiency virus]] (FIV), an [[feline infectious peritonitis]] (FIP).<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> CDV is spread throu domestic dugs an ither [[carnivora|carnivores]]; a 1994 outbreak in [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] resultit in mony lions developin neurological seemptoms lik seizurs. During the ootbreak, several lions dee'd frae pneumonia an [[encephalitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roelke-Parker |first=M. E. |date=February 1996 |title=A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (''Panthera leo'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1996-02-01_379_6564/page/440 |journal= Nature|volume=379 |issue= 6564|pages=441–45 |doi=10.1038/379441a0|pmid=8559247|last2=Munson|first2=Linda|last3=Packer|first3=Craig|last4=Kock|first4=Richard|last5=Cleaveland|first5=Sarah|last6=Carpenter|first6=Margaret|last7=O'Brien|first7=Stephen J.|last8=Pospischil|first8=Andreas|last9=Hofmann-Lehmann|first9=Regina |displayauthors=9|first10=Hans|last10=Lutz|first11=George L. M.|last11=Mwanengele|first12=M. N.|last12=Mgasa|first13=G. A.|last13=Machange|first14=Brian A.|last14=Summers|first15=Max J. G.|last15=Appel}}</ref> FIV, that is seemilar tae [[HIV]] while nae kent tae adversely affect lions, is worrisome eneuch in its effect in domestic cats that the Species Survival Plan recommends systematic testin in captive lions. It occurs wi heich tae endemic frequency in several wild lion populations, but is maistly absent frae Asiatic an Namibian lions. ===Communication=== [[File:Lion cub with mother.jpg|thumb|right|Heid rubbin an lickin are common social behaviours athin a pride]] whan restin, lion socialization occurs throu a nummer o behaviours, an the ainimal's expressive movements are heichly developed. The maist common peacefu tactile gestures are heid rubbin an [[social lickin]],<ref name="Schaller85">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 85.</ref> that hae been compared wi gruimin in primates.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Desmond Morris|last=Sparks |first=J |title=Primate Ethology |chapter=Allogrooming in primates:a review |year=1967 |publisher=Aldine |location=Chicago |isbn=0-297-74828-9}} (2007 edition: 0-202-30826-X)</ref> Heid rubbin – nuzzlin ane's foreheid, face an neck against anither lion – appears tae be a form o greetin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leyhausen |first=Paul |title=Verhaltensstudien an Katzen|edition= 2nd |year=1960 |publisher=Paul Parey |location=Berlin |isbn=3-489-71836-4 |language=de}}</ref> as it is seen eften efter an ainimal haes been apart frae others, or efter a fecht or confrontation. Males tend tae rub ither males, while cubs an females rub females.<ref name="Schaller858">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 85–88.</ref> Social lickin eften occurs in tandem wi heid rubbin; it is generally mutual an the recipient appears tae express pleasure. The heid an neck are the maist common pairts o the body licked, that mey hae arisen oot o utility, as a lion canna lick thir airts individually.<ref name="Schaller8891">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 88–91.</ref> {{sound|filename=Lion raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg|title=Lion roar|description=A lion in captivity roaring}} Lions hae an array o facial expressions an body posturs that serve as veesual gesturs.<ref name="Schaller92102">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 92–102.</ref> Thair repertoire o vocalisations is an aa lairge; variations in intensity an pitch, rather than discrete signals, appear central tae communication. Lion soonds include snarlin, hissin, coughin, miaowin, woofin, an roarin. Lions tend tae [[roar (ainimal)|roar]] in a verra characteristic manner, stairtin wi a few deep, lang roars that trail off intae a series o shorter anes.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics |last=Ananthakrishnan |first=G. |last2=Eklund |first2=Robert |last3=Peters |first3=Gustav |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=5 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060746/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses |last=Eklund |first=Robert |last2=Peters |first2=Gustav; |last3=Ananthakrishnan |first3=G |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=1 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060941/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thay maist eften roar at nicht; the soond, that can be heard frae a distance o {{convert|8|km}}, is uised tae advertise the ainimal's presence.<ref name="Schaller10313">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 103–113.</ref> Lions hae the loudest roar o ony big cat. ==Distribution an habitat== [[File:India Animals.jpg|thumb|Twa male [[Asiatic lions]]. The wild population o the endangered Asiatic lions is restrictit tae the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Miller |first = Brian |title = Endangered animals: a reference guide to conflicting issues |url = https://archive.org/details/endangeredanimal0000unse_m4q9 |publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 2000 |isbn = 0-313-30816-0}}</ref>]] In Africae, lions can be foond in savanna grasslands wi scattert ''[[Acacia]]'' trees, that serve as shade;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rudnai|first= Judith A. |title=The social life of the lion |year=1973 |publisher=s.n. |location=Wallingford |isbn=0-85200-053-7 }}</ref> thair habitat in Indie is a mixtur o dry savanna wid an verra dry deciduous scrub wid.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Gir—Floristic | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | accessdate=14 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzrEcoS?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The habitat o lions oreeginally spanned the soothren pairts o [[Eurasie]], rangin frae [[Greece]] tae Indie, an maist o [[Africae]] except the central [[rainwid]]-zone an the [[Sahara]] desert. [[Herodotus]] reportit that lions haed been common in Greece in 480 BC; thay attacked the baggage camels o the Persie keeng [[Xerxes I o Persie|Xerxes]] on his march throu the kintra. [[Aristotle]] considered them rare bi 300 BC. Bi 100 AD thay war extirpated.<ref name="Schaller5">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 5.</ref> A population o [[Asiatic lion]]s survived till the tent century in the [[Caucasus]], thair last European ootpost.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Heptner| first= V. G.|author2=A. A. Sludskii | year=1989| title=Mammals of the Soviet Union: Volume 1, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)|publisher=Amerind| location=New York| isbn=90-04-08876-8}}</ref> The species wis eradicatit frae [[Palestine]] bi the [[Middle Ages]] an frae maist o the rest o Asie efter the arrival o readily available firearms in the aichteent century. Atween the late nineteent an early twentiet century, thay became extinct in [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]]. Bi the late nineteent century, the lion haed disappeart frae [[Turkey]] an maist o northren Indie,<ref name=zoos_encyclopedia /><ref>{{cite web |title=Past and present distribution of the lion in North Africa and Southwest Asia. |year=2001 |publisher=Asiatic Lion Information Centre |url=http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |accessdate=1 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510060942/http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |archivedate=2008-05-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while the last sichtin o a live Asiatic lion in [[Iran]] wis in 1941 (atween [[Shiraz]] an Jahrom, [[Fars Province]]), awbesit the corpse o a lioness wis foond on the banks o the [[Karun]] river, [[Khūzestān Province]] in 1944. Thare are no subsequent reliable reports frae [[Iran]].<ref name="simba"/> The subspecies nou survives anly in an aroond the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk|Gir Wid]] o northwastren Indie.<ref name="Asiaticweb">{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—History | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzLUsTo?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Approximately 500 lions live in the area o the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} sanctuary in the state o [[Gujarat]], that covers maist o the wid. Thair nummers haes waxt frae 180 tae 523 ainimals mainly acause the naitural prey species haes rekivert.<ref name="Singh, Gibson">{{Cite journal |author1=Singh, H. S.|author2=Gibson, L.|title=A conservation success story in the itherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir Wid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2011-05_144_5/page/1753|journal= Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=5|pages=1753–1757|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—Population | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzriYLb?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Population an conservation status== {{Main|Lion huntin}} [[File:Lion Gir.jpg|thumb|The Asiatic lion, whase habitat ance ranged frae the Mediterranean tae north-wast Indian subcontinent, is thir days foond anly in the [[Gir Wid]] o [[Gujarat]], Indie. It wis estimatit that anly 523 Asiatic lions survives in the wild.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220509 |title=The Mane Don't Fit |last=Desai |first=Darshan |work=Outlook India Magazine |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=23 June 2003 |accessdate=21 November 2010 |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110190202/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220509 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]] Maist lions nou lives in eastren an soothren Africae, an thair nummers thare is swith decreasin, wi an estimatit 30–50% decline per 20 years in the late hauf o the 20t century.<ref name=IUCN/> Estimates o the African lion population range atween 16,500 an 47,000 livin in the wild in 2002–2004,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |year= 2002|title=The African lion database |journal=Cat news |volume=36 |pages=41–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chardonnet|first=P.|year=2002|title=Conservation of African lion|url=http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|publisher=International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife|location=Paris, France|access-date=2015-06-02|archive-date=2013-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184540/http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> doun frae early 1990s estimates that ranged as heich as 100,000 an aiblins 400,000 in 1950. Primary causes o the decline include disease an human interference.<ref name=IUCN/> Habitat loss an conflicts wi humans are considered the maist signeeficant threats tae the species.<ref name="awf">{{cite web |title=AWF Wildlife: Lion|url=http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/lion|publisher=[[African Wildlife Foundation]]|accessdate=29 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NATURE. The Vanishing Lions |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-vanishing-lions/introduction/545/ |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> The remainin populations are aften geografically isolatit frae ane anither, that can lead tae [[inbreedin]], an consequently, reduced [[genetic diversity]]. Tharefore the lion is considered a [[vulnerable species]] bi the [[Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur]], while the Asiatic subspecies is [[endangered]].<ref>{{IUCN2010.4|assessors=Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C.|year=2008|id=15952|title=Panthera leo ssp. persica|downloaded=13 December 2010}}</ref> The lion population in the region o Wast Africae is isolatit frae lion populations o Central Africae, wi nae or naur nae exchynge o breedin individuals. The nummer o matur individuals in Wast Africae is estimatit bi twa separate recent surveys at 850–1,160 (2002/2004). Thare is disagreement ower the size o the lairgest individual population in Wast Africae: the estimates range frae 100 tae 400 lions in [[Burkina Faso]]'s [[Arly-Singou]] ecoseestem.<ref name=IUCN/> Anither population in northwastren Africae is foond in [[Waza Naitional Pairk]], whaur approximately 14–21 ainimals persist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tumenta |first=P. N. |last2=Kok |first2=J. S. |last3=van Rijssel |first3=J. C. |last4=Buij |first4=R. |last5=Croes |first5=B. M. |last6=Funston |first6=P. J. |last7=de Iongh |first7=H. H. |last8=de Haes |first8=H. A. Udo |year= 2009|title=Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (''Panthera leo leo'') in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x |pages=1–7|volume=48|issue=4}}</ref> [[File:The Big Game of Africa (1910) - Male lion Sotik Plains May 1909.png|left|thumb|Black maned male lion, shot in the Sotik Plains, Kenyae (Mey 1909)]] Conservation o baith African an Asian lions haes required the setup an maintenance o naitional parks an gemme reserves; amang the best kent are [[Etosha Naitional Pairk]] in [[Namibie]], [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] in Tanzanie, an [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] in eastren [[Sooth Africae]]. The [[Ewaso Lions]] Project protects lions in the [[Samburu Naitional Reserve]], [[Buffalo Springs Naitional Reserve]] an [[Shaba Naitional Reserve]] o the [[Ewaso Ng'iro]] ecoseestem in Northren [[Kenyae]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html |title = Winning with lions |publisher = The East African Magazine |access-date = 2015-06-02 |archive-date = 2018-12-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033317/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html%0A%20 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ootside thir areas, the issues arising frae lions' interaction wi livestock an fowk uisually results in the elimination o the umwhile.<ref>{{cite web | last=Roach | first=John | title=Lions Vs. Farmers: Peace Possible? | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=16 July 2003 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0716_030716_lions.html | accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> In Indie, the last refuge o the Asiatic lion is the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie, that haed thareaboot 180&nbsp;lions in 1974 an aboot 400 in 2010.<ref name="Singh, Gibson"/> As in Africae, numerous human habitations is naurhaun wi the eftercomin problems atween lions, livestock, locals an wildlife offeecials.<ref name="C4WDefault-10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x">{{cite journal |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x/abstract;jsessionid=FF3227E78A0339404CEBBA045818D361.f04t04 |title=Lion‐Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India |date=1 June 1994 |publisher=Blackwell Science Inc |issn=1523-1739 |accessdate=1 May 2014 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x |issue=2 |volume=8 |pages=501–7 |journal=Conservation Biology |first1=Vasant K. |last1=Saberwal |first2=James P. |last2=Gibbs |first3=Ravi |last3=Chellam |first4=A. J. T. |last4=Johnsingh}}</ref> The [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]] plans tae establish a seicont independent population o [[Asiatic lion]]s at the [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the Indian state o [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnsingh |first=A. J. T. |year=2004 |title=WII in the Field: Is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary ready to play second home to Asiatic lions? |journal=Wildlife Institute of India Newsletter |volume=11 |issue=4 |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii%20in%20field.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222341/http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii+in+field.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 |accessdate=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is important tae stairt a seicont population tae serve as a [[gene puil]] for the last survivin Asiatic lions an tae help develop an mainteen [[genetic diversity]] enablin the species tae survive. The umwhile popularity o the Barbary lion as a zoo ainimal haes meant that scattered lions in captivity is as lik tae be descendit frae Barbary lion stock. This includes lions at [[Port Lympne Zoo|Port Lympne Wild Ainimal Pairk]] in [[Kent]], Ingland that is descendit frae ainimals awned bi the [[Keeng o Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217091555/http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archivedate=2005-12-17 |title=Barbary Lion News |accessdate=24 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither eleven ainimals believed tae be Barbary lions war foond in [[Addis Ababa]] zoo, descendants o ainimals ained bi [[Haile Selassie I o Ethiopie|Emperor Haile Selassie]]. WildLink Internaitional, in collaboration wi [[Oxford Varsity]], launched thair ambeetious Internaitional [[Barbary Lion#The Barbary Lion Project|Barbary Lion Project]] wi the aim o identifyin an breedin Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction intae a naitional pairk in the [[Atlas Moontains]] o [[Morocco]].<ref name="yamaguchi-haddane"/> Follaein the discovery o the decline o lion population in Africae, several coordinatit efforts involvin lion [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] haes been organised in an attempt tae stem this decline. Lions is ane species included in the [[Species Survival Plan]], a coordinatit attempt bi the [[Association o Zoos an Aquariums]] tae increase its chances o survival. The plan wis oreeginally stairtit in 1982 fur the Asiatic lion, but wis suspendit whan it wis foond that maist Asiatic lions in North American zoos war nae [[genetic pollution|genetically pure]], haein been hybridised wi African lions. The African lion plan stairtit in 1993, focusin especially on the Sooth African subspecies, awbesit thare are difficulties in assessin the genetic diversity o captive lions, syne maist individuals is o unkent origin, makkin maintenance o genetic diversity a problem.<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> ===In captivity=== Lions is pairt o a group o exotic ainimals that is the core o [[zoo]] exhibits syne the late aichteent century; memmers o this group is invariably lairge vertebrates an include elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, lairge primates, an ither big cats; zoos socht tae gather as mony o thir species as possible.<ref name="dc81">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 81</ref> awbesit mony modren zoos is mair selective aboot thair exhibits,<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 82</ref> thare is mair nor 1,000 African an 100 Asiatic lions in zoos an wildlife pairks aroond the warld. Thay are considered an ambassador species an are kept for tourism, eddication an conservation purposes.<ref name="WAZA">{{cite web |last1= Dollinger |first1= P |last2= Geser |first2= S |title= Lion: In the Zoo (subpage) |work= Visit the Zoo |publisher= WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums) |url= http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |accessdate= 5 April 2011 |archive-date= 2018-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033251/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |url-status= dead }}</ref> Lions can reach an age o ower 20 years in captivity; Apollo, a resident lion o [[Honolulu Zoo]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], dee'd at age 22 in August 2007. His twa sisters, born in 1986, war still alive in August 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aguiar|first=Eloise|date=August 2007|title=Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|accessdate=4 September 2007|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033236/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Breedin programs need tae note origins tae avoid breedin different subspecies an sicweys reducing conservation value.<ref>{{Cite book | url= http://books.google.com/?id=vLZKnsCk89wC&pg=PA437|accessdate=12 September 2010| last1= Frankham |first1= Richard |last2= Ballou |first2= Jonathan |last3= Briscoe |first3= David |title= Introduction to Conservation Genetics |page=437|publisher=Cambridge University Press| year= 2009| isbn= 0-521-70271-2| location= Cambridge, England}}</ref> Houiver, several Asiatic-African lion crosses hae been bred.<ref name="AviseHamrick1996">{{Cite book |last1=Avise|first1=J. C.|last2=Hamrick|first2=J. L.|title=Conservation Genetics|url=https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse|date=31 January 1996|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780412055812|page=[https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse/page/67 67]|quote=Furthermore, whan Asiatic lions were inadvertently bred to African lion subspecies in North America, the fecundity, reproductive success, and spermatozoal development improved dramatically (Box 3.3; O'Brien et al., 1987b).}}</ref> [[File:MP-panthera leo krugeri 8.jpg|thumb|Male African lion o the Transvaal subspecies (''P. l. krugeri'')]] At the ancient Egyptian ceeties o [[Taremu]] an [[Per-Bast]] war temples tae the lioness goddesses o Egyp, [[Sekhmet]] an [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]] an at Taremu thare wis a temple tae the son o the deity, [[Maahes]] the lion prince, whaur live lions war kept an allaed tae roam within his temple. The Greeks cried the ceety Leontopolis, the "Ceety o Lions" an documentit that practice. Lions war kept an bred bi [[Assirie]] keengs as early as 850 BC,<ref name="Schaller5"/> an [[Alexander the Great]] wis said tae hae been presentit wi tame lions bi the [[Malhi]] o northren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|title= The Early History of India|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154 |year=1924|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154/page/n117 97]|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=}}</ref> Later in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, lions war kept bi emperors tae tak pairt in the gladiator arenas or for executions (see [[bestiarii]], [[damnatio ad bestias]], an [[venatio]]). Roman notables, includin [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Pompey]], an [[Julius Caesar]], eften ordered the mass slaughter o hunders o lions at a time.<ref>{{Cite book | first= Thomas |last= Wiedemann | title= Emperors and Gladiators |publisher= Routledge |year= 1995 |page= 60 | isbn= 0-415-12164-7 }}</ref> In the East, lions wis tamed bi Indian princes, an [[Marco Polo]] reportit that [[Kublai Khan]] kept lions inside.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 17.</ref> The first European "zoos" spread amang noble an ryal faimilies in the thirteent century, an till the seiventeent century war cried [[seraglio]]s; at that time, thay came tae be cried [[menagerie]]s, an extension o the [[cabinet o curiosities]]. Thay spread frae Fraunce an Italy durin the [[Renaissance]] tae the rest o Europe.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 19–21, 42.</ref> In England, awbesit the seraglio tradeetion wis less developed, Lions war [[Touer o Lunnon#Menagerie|kept at the Touer o Lunnon]] in a seraglio established bi [[John o Ingland|Keeng John]] in the thirteent century,<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Owen|first=James|title=Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"|work=National Geographic Magazine|publisher=National Geographic|date=3 November 2005|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html|accessdate=5 September 2007|archive-date=2005-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105025912/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> probably stocked wi ainimals frae an earlier menagerie stairtit in 1125 bi [[Henry I o Ingland|Henry I]] at his huntin lodge in [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire|Woodstock]], near [[Oxford]]; whaur lions haed reportedly been stocked bi [[William o Malmesbury]].<ref name="Blunt15">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 15.</ref> Seraglios served as expressions o the nobility's pouer an wealth. Ainimals lik big cats an [[elephant]]s, in parteecular, seembolised pouer, an wad be pittit in fechts against ilka ither or domesticatit ainimals. Bi extension, menageries an seraglios served as demonstrations o the dominance o humanity ower naitur. Consequently, the defeat o sic naitural "lairds" bi a cou in 1682 astonished the spectators, an the fecht o an elephant afore a rhinoceros drew jeers. Sic fechts wad slowly fade oot in the seiventeent century wi the spread o the menagerie an thair appropriation bi the commoners. The tradeetion o keepin big cats as pets wad last intae the nineteent century; at that time it wis seen as heich eccentric.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 24–28.</ref> [[File:Albrecht Dürer - Two seated lions - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Albrecht Dürer]], Lions sketch. (circa 1520)]] The presence o lions at the Touer o Lunnon wis intermittent, bein restocked whan a monarch or his consort, lik [[Margaret o Anjou]] the wife o [[Henry VI o Ingland|Henry VI]], aither soucht or war gien ainimals. Records indicate thay war kept in puir condeetions thare in the seiventeent century, in contrast tae mair open condeetions in [[Florence]] at the time.<ref name="Blunt16">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 16.</ref> The menagerie wis appen tae the public bi the aichteent century; admission wis a sum o three hauf-pence or the supply o a cat or dug for feedin tae the lions.<ref name="Blunt17">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 17.</ref> A rival menagerie at the [[Exeter Exchynge]] an aa exhibitit lions till the early nineteent century.<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], pp. 8–9.</ref> The Touer menagerie wis closed doun bi [[William IV o the Unitit Kinrick|William IV]],<ref name="Blunt17"/> an ainimals transferred tae the [[Lunnon Zoo]], that opened its gates tae the public on 27 Aprile 1828.<ref name="Blunt32">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 32.</ref> The wild ainimals tred flourished alangside improved colonial tred o the nineteent century. Lions wis conseidered fair common an wanpricey. Awbesit thay wad barter heicher nor teegers, thay war less costly than lairger, or mair difficult tae transport ainimals lik the giraffe an hippopotamus, an much less nor [[giant panda]]s.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 122.</ref> Lik ither ainimals, lions war seen as little mair nor a naitural, boundless commodity that wis mercilessly exploited wi terrible losses in captur an transportation.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 114, 117.</ref> The widely reproduced imagery o the heroic hunter chasin lions wad dominate a lairge pairt o the century.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 113.</ref> Splorers an hunters exploitit a popular [[Manichaeism|Manichean]] division o ainimals intae "guid" an "evil" tae add thrillin value tae thair adventurs, castin thairsels as heroic figurs. This resultit in big cats, ayeweys suspectit o bein man-eaters, representin "baith the fear o naitur an the satisfaction o havin owercome it."<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 173, 180–83.</ref> [[File:Lion - melbourne zoo.jpg|thumb|Lion at [[Melbourne Zoo]] enjoyin an elevatit gressy area wi some tree shelter]] Lions wis kept in cramped an squalid condeetions at Lunnon Zoo till a lairger lion hoose wi roomier cages wis biggit in the 1870s.<ref name="Blunt208">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 208.</ref> Faur changes teuk place in the early twentiet century, whan [[Carl Hagenbeck]] designed enclosurs mair closely resemblin a naitural habitat, wi concrete 'rocks', mair appen space an a moat insteid o bars. He designed lion enclosurs for baith [[Melbourne Zoo]] an Sydney's [[Taronga Zoo]], amang ithers, in the early twentiet century. awbesit his designs war popular, the auld bars an cage enclosurs prevailed till the 1960s in mony zoos.<ref name="dc69">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 69.</ref> In the later decades o the twentiet century, lairger, mair naitural enclosurs an the uise o [[mesh|wire mesh]] or [[laminatit glass]] insteid o lawered dens allaed veesitors tae come closer nor ever tae the ainimals, wi some attractions even placin the den on grund heicher than visitors, lik the Cat Wid/Lion Owerleuk o [[Oklahoma City Zoo an Botanical Gairden|Oklahoma City Zoological Pairk]].<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> Lions is nou placed in gey muckler naturalistic areas; modren recommendit guidelines mair closely approximate condeetions in the wild wi closer attention tae the lions' needs, heichlichtin the need fur dens in separate areas, elevatit poseetions in baith sun an shade whaur lions can sit an adequate grund civer an drainage as weel as sufficient space tae roam. Thare hae an aa been instances whaur a lion wis kept bi a private individual, lik the lioness [[Elsa the Lioness|Elsa]], wha wis raised bi [[George Adamson]] an his guidwife [[Joy Adamson]] an came tae develop a strang bond wi them, parteecularly the latter. The lioness later achieved fame, her life bein documentit in a series o beuks an films. ===Baitin an tamin=== {{Main|Lion-baitin|Lion tamin}} [[File:Lion tamer (LOC pga.03749).jpg|left|thumb|Nineteent century [[etchin]] o a lion tamer in a cage o lions]] Lion-baitin is a [[bluid sport]] involvin the [[ainimal-baitin|baitin]] o lions in combat wi ither ainimals, uisually dugs. Records o it exists in auncient times throu till the seiventeent century. It wis feenally banned in [[Vienna]] bi 1800 an Ingland in 1835.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hone |first=William |editor=Kyle Grimes |title=The Every-Day Book |origyear=1825–1826 |url=http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |accessdate=25 January 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Alabama at Birmingham |page=26 |chapter=July |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624080642/http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |archivedate=2008-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blaisdell |first=Warren H. |date=November 1997 |title=How A Lion Fight Caused England To Stop The Breeding Of Both Ring And Pit Bulldogs |journal=American Bulldog Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |url=http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424001716/http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archivedate=2008-04-24 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lion tamin refers tae the practice o tamin lions fur enterteenment, aither as pairt o an established [[circus]] or as an indiveedual act, lik [[Siegfried & Roy]]. The term is forby eften uised fur the tamin an display o ither big cats lik teegers, leopards, an [[cougar]]s. The practice wis pioneered in the first hauf o the nineteent century bi Frenchman Henri Martin an American [[Isaac A. Van Amburgh|Isaac Van Amburgh]] wha baith toured widely, an whase techniques war copied bi a nummer o follaers.<ref name = "baratay187"/> Van Amburgh performed afore [[Queen Victoria]] in 1838 whan he toured Great Breetain. Martin componed a [[pantomime]] titled ''Les Lions de Mysore'' ("the lions o Mysore"), an idea that Amburgh quickly borraed. Thir acts eclipsed [[equestrianism]] acts as the central display o circus shaws, but truly entered public consciousness in the early twentiet century wi cinema. In demonstratin the superiority o human ower ainimal, lion tamin served a purpose seemilar tae ainimal fichts o previous centuries.<ref name="baratay187">[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 187.</ref> The ultimate pruif o a tamer's dominance an control ower a lion is demonstratit bi placin his heid in the lion's gab. The nou iconic lion tamer's chair wis possibly first uised bi American [[Clyde Beatty]] (1903–1965).<ref>{{Cite book | first=David | last=Feldman | authorlink=David Feldman (author) | year=1993 | title=How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? | url=https://archive.org/details/howdoesaspirinfi00davi | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn= 0-06-016923-0 }}</ref> ==Notes==<!-- ContribZool76:87. --> {{reflist|30em}} ===Citit texts=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last1 = Baratay |first1 = Eric | first2 = Elisabeth | last2 = Hardouin-Fugier |title= Zoo: a history of zoological gardens in the West | url = https://archive.org/details/zoohistoryofzool0000bara |year=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn = 1-86189-111-3|ref=Baratay}} * {{cite book |last=Blunt |first= Wilfred |title= The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313 |year = 1975 | publisher =Hamish Hamilton |location=London |isbn=0-241-89331-3|ref=Blunt}} * {{cite book |last=de Courcy |first=Catherine |title= The Zoo Story |year= 1995 |publisher= Penguin Books | location = Ringwood, Victoria |isbn=0-14-023919-7|ref=Courcy}} * {{cite book | last= Schaller |first= George B. |authorlink= George Schaller|year= 1972 |title= The Serengeti lion: A study of predator-prey relations| url= https://archive.org/details/serengetilionstu0000scha |publisher= University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago |isbn = 0-226-73639-3 | ref =Schaller}} * {{cite book | last= Scott |first=Jonathon |last2=Scott |first2=Angela |year=2002 |title=Big Cat Diary: Lion | url= https://archive.org/details/lion0000scot_g1p0 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-00-714666-3 |ref=Scott}} {{refend}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Greek loanwirds]] [[Category:Mammals o Africae]] [[Category:Mammals o Indie]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Burundi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Chad]] [[Category:Fauna o Wast Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o the Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Kenyae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Malawi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Morocco]] [[Category:Fauna o East Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Singapore]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Swaziland]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Togo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Tunisie]] [[Category:Predators]] [[Category:Felids o Indie]] 9n247tupn9xtrxm6egcd1snjzl43m5g Anuchinsky Destrict 0 45212 923663 923338 2026-09-29T00:59:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roushie destrict |en_name=Anuchinsky Destrict |ru_name=Анучинский район |image_map=Prim-Kray-Anuchinsky.png |map_caption=Location o Anuchinsky Destrict on the map o Primorsky Krai |coordinates = {{coord|43|59|N|133|07|E|type:adm2nd_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |lats |longs |image_flag |flag_caption |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Anuchinsky rayon (Primorye krai).png |coa_caption=Coat o airms o Anuchinsky Municipal Destrict |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |federal_subject=[[Primorsky Krai]] |federal_subject_ref=<ref name="ATSLaw">Law #161-KZ, Appendix</ref> |adm_data_as_of=2009 |adm_ctr_type=''[[veelage#Roushie|selo]]'' |adm_ctr_name=[[Anuchino, Primorsky Krai|Anuchino]] |adm_ctr_ref |no_of_rural_localities=29 |counts_ref=<ref name="ATSLaw" /> |mun_data_as_of=February 2006 |mun_formation1=Anuchinsky Municipal Destrict |mun_formation1_ref=<ref name="Mun">Law #177-KZ</ref> |mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=4 |mun_formation1_counts_ref=<ref name="Mun" /> |mun_formation1_leader_title |mun_formation1_leader_title_ref |mun_formation1_leader_name |mun_formation1_leader_name_ref |mun_formation1_representative_body |mun_formation1_representative_body_ref |area_of_what |area_as_of |area_km2=3796.4 |area_km2_ref=<ref name="Area">{{lang|ru|Официальный сайт Законодательного Собрания Приморского края.}} [http://www.zspk.gov.ru/municipal/info/sbornik.html {{lang|ru|Сборник "Муниципальные образования Приморского края"}}] (Official website of the Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai. ''Municipal Formations of Primorsky Krai'') {{ru icon}}</ref> |pop_2010census=14615 |urban_pop_2010census |rural_pop_2010census |pop_2010_census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_2002census=16010 |urban_pop_2002census=0% |rural_pop_2002census=100% |pop_2002_census_ref=<ref name="PopCensus" /> |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=23 Mairch 1935 |established_date_ref=<ref name="OffSiteHist">Official website of Anuchinsky District. [http://mo.primorsky.ru/anuchinsky/viewart.php?id=19 History] {{ru icon}}</ref> |newspaper=''Anuchinskiye Zori'' |newspaper_ref=<ref name="OffSiteStat">Official website of Anuchinsky District. [http://mo.primorsky.ru/anuchinsky/viewart.php?id=21 District statistics] {{ru icon}}</ref> |website=http://mo.primorsky.ru/anuchinsky/ |website_ref |date=January 2011 }} '''Anuchinsky Destrict''' ({{lang-ru|Ану́чинский райо́н}}) is an admeenistrative<ref name="ATSLaw" /> an municipal<ref name="Mun" /> destrict ([[raion]]) o [[Primorsky Krai]], [[Roushie]]; ane o the twinty-twa in the [[krai]]. It is locatit in the soothren portion o the krai an borders wi [[Spassky Destrict, Primorsky Krai|Spassky Destrict]] in the north, [[Yakovlevsky Destrict, Primorsky Krai|Yakovlevsky Destrict]] an the territory o the toun o [[Arsenyev]] in the northeast, [[Chuguyevsky Destrict]] in the east, [[Partizansky Destrict, Primorsky Krai|Partizansky Destrict]] in the sootheast, the territory o the toun o [[Partizansk]] in the sooth an sootheast, [[Shkotovsky Destrict]] in the sooth an soothwast, an wi [[Mikhaylovsky Destrict, Primorsky Krai|Mikhaylovsky]] an [[Chernigovsky Destrict]]s in the wast. The aurie o the destrict is {{convert|3769.4|km2|sp=us}}.<ref name="Area" /> Its [[admeenistrative centre]] is the [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|landwart locality]] (a ''[[veelage#Roushie|selo]]'') o [[Anuchino, Primorsky Krai|Anuchino]]. Destrict's population: {{ru-census|p2010_prelim=14,615|p2002=16,010|p1989=18,187}} Population o Anuchino accoonts for 29.8% o the destrict's population.<ref name="PopCensus" /> [[Subdivisions o Roushie#Municipal diveesions|Municipally]], the destrict is incorporatit as '''Anuchinsky Municipal Destrict''' which is dividit intae fower landwart dounsets comprisin twinty-nine landwart localities.<ref name="Mun" /> The destrict is locatit in [[humid continental climate]] zone whaur the [[Sikhote-Alin]] muntains an [[plain]]s o [[Khanka lawlands]] come thegither. As a result, the aurie haes rich [[flora]] an [[fauna]]. [[Agricultur]] is characterisit bi [[potato]], [[vegetables]], [[rice]], [[cereals]], an [[panax]] growthe. Milk an meat [[cattle breedin]] is vera developit in destrict.<ref name="Cattle">Far Eastern Geological Institute. [http://www.fegi.ru/PRIMORYE/GEOGR/anuchino.htm Information about Anuchinsky District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123413/http://www.fegi.ru/primorye/geogr/anuchino.htm |date=2012-05-05 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.fegi.ru/primorye/geogr/anuchino.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2025-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123413/http://www.fegi.ru/primorye/geogr/anuchino.htm |archive-date=2012-05-05 |url-status=bot: unknown}} {{ru icon}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|adm|law}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|mun|list|anuchinsky}} {{Primorsky Krai}} [[Category:Destricts o Primorsky Krai]] [[Category:States an territories establisht in 1935]] bzwb597uzp4p16tl68stv67erwj2zri Dens fowk 0 45398 923683 923381 2026-09-29T06:45:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Dens<br />''danskere'' |image = <!-- We really have no good estimate. 7 million is the sum of the significant populations listed below, rounded up to the nearest million. USA should have far the majority of emigrants. --> |caption= |population = [[Circa|c.]] '''7 million''' |popplace = {{flag|Denmark}} 4,996,980<!--This table only lists people defined as being "of Danish origin" by the Danish Institute of Statistics, not all holders of Danish citizenship. Read p. 2, table 1 in the Danmarks Statistik publication - http://www.dst.dk/nytudg/11817 - before changing this figure-->{{lower|<ref name="Denmark">[http://www.dst.dk/HomeUK/Statistics/focus_on/focus_on_show.aspx?sci=565 Danmarks Statistik] ([[pdf]], written in [[Inglis leid|English]]) reports that metropolitan Denmark, per 1 April 2011, has 4.996.980 inhabitants of Danish origin.</ref>}} |region1 = {{flag|Unitit States}} |pop1 = 1,430,897 |ref1 = {{lower|<ref>The [http://www.euroamericans.net/dane.htm# 2000 American census] reports that the United States, in the 2000 census, has 1,430,897 inhabitants of Danish ancestry.</ref>}} |region3 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop3 = 200,035 |ref3 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=Statistics Canada |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2009-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101151108/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region4 = {{flag|Brazil}} |pop4 = 140,000 |region5 = {{flag|Norawa}} |pop5 = 52,510 |ref5 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|author=Statistics Norway|title=Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex. 1 January 2009 (Immigrants and Norwegian-norn to immigrant parents + Other immigrant background)|url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html|accessdate=2009-08-27|archive-date=2011-11-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20111112103850/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |region6 = {{flagcountry|Australie}} |pop6 = 50,413 |ref6 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry& |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census Table |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2008-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722065340/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry& |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region7 = {{flag|Germany}} |pop7 = 50,000 |ref7 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/federal-states/content/background-1/national-minorities.html National minorities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624232929/http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/federal-states/content/background-1/national-minorities.html |date=2008-06-24 }} at the [[Federal Foreign Minister (Germany)|Federal Foreign Office of Germany]]</ref>}} |region8 = {{flagcountry|Swaden}} |pop8 = 42,602 |ref8 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2005A01_BR_BE0106TAB.pdf Statistics Sweden]</ref>}} |region9 = {{flag|Argentinae}} |pop9 = 13,000 |ref9 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.danes-in-argentina.dk/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2010-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116073332/http://www.danes-in-argentina.dk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region10 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |pop10 = 18,493 <small>(Dens born anerlie)</small> |ref10 = {{lower|<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/denmark.stm Danish Immigrants to the UK (2001)]</ref>}} |region11 = {{flag|Spain}} |pop11 = 8,944 |ref11 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf |title=Spanish National Statistics Institute |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2020-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509141449/https://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region13 = {{flag|Fraunce}} |pop13 = 7,000 |ref13 = <ref>http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/688507Reference {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201045/http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/688507Reference |date=2015-04-02 }} Danes in France</ref> |region14 = {{flag|Swisserland}} |pop14 = 4.251 |ref14 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statsborger.dk/danskere_i_udlandet.htm |title=Danes in foreign countries |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2015-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223222545/http://www.statsborger.dk/danskere_i_udlandet.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region15 = {{flag|New Zealand}} |pop15 = 3,507 |ref15 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/868341F6-C705-4738-9792-EDE1F79AE9B2/0/MoreCensus96CountsPeople.doc |title=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2009-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324212932/http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/868341F6-C705-4738-9792-EDE1F79AE9B2/0/MoreCensus96CountsPeople.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |region16 = {{flag|Faroe Islands}} |pop16 = 2,956 |region17 = {{flag|Iceland}} |pop17 = 2,802 |ref17 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statice.is/?PageID=1174&src=/temp_en/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=MAN12100%26ti=Population+by+country+of+birth+1981%2D2006+%26path=../Database/mannfjoldi/Faedingarland/%26lang=1%26units=Fj%F6ldi |title=Population by country of birth 1981-2006 by country and year: Denmark, 2006 |date=31 December 2006 |publisher=Statistics Iceland (English version) |accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>}} |region22 = {{flag|Ireland}} |pop22 = 809 |ref22 = <ref>[http://www.cso.ie/statistics/placebirthagegroup.htm CSO Ireland - 2006 Census]</ref> |region23 = {{flag|Austrick}} |pop23 = 806 |ref23 = <ref>[http://www.ambwien.um.dk/de/menu/Daenemark/Bande+zwischen+Dänemark+und+Österreich Ties between Austria and Denmark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113043525/http://www.ambwien.um.dk/de/menu/Daenemark/Bande%2Bzwischen%2BD%C3%A4nemark%2Bund%2B%C3%96sterreich |date=2011-11-13 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.ambwien.um.dk/de/menu/Daenemark/Bande%2Bzwischen%2BD%C3%A4nemark%2Bund%2B%C3%96sterreich |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113043525/http://www.ambwien.um.dk/de/menu/Daenemark/Bande%2Bzwischen%2BD%C3%A4nemark%2Bund%2B%C3%96sterreich |archive-date=2011-11-13 |url-status=bot: unknown}} Laut den letzten Zählungen sind 806 Dänen in Österreich (2001)</ref> |region25 = {{flag|Japan}} |pop25 = 500 |ref25 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/2427595Reference |title=Danish immigrants in Tokyo |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122144/http://www.udvandrerne.dk/JLKM/Udvandre.nsf/Uniq/2427595Reference |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region26 = {{flag|Lebanon}} |pop26 = 400 |ref26 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ambbeirut.um.dk/en/menu/AboutUs/Interviews+and+articles/InterviewWithAmbassadorOfDenmarkJanTopChristensen.htm |title=History of Denmark and Lebanon |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2011-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123232428/http://www.ambbeirut.um.dk/en/menu/AboutUs/Interviews+and+articles/InterviewWithAmbassadorOfDenmarkJanTopChristensen.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region27 = {{flag|Serbie}} |pop27 = 32 |ref27 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Etnicke_zajednice_sa_manje_od_2000_pripadnika_i_dvojako_izjasnjeni.pdf |title=Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности - „Остали“ етничке заједнице са мање од 2000 припадника и двојако изјашњени |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175637/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Etnicke_zajednice_sa_manje_od_2000_pripadnika_i_dvojako_izjasnjeni.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region28 = {{flag|Turkey}} |pop28 = 5,000 |ref28 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region29 = {{flag|Netherlands}} |pop29 = 4,000 |ref29 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region30 = {{flag|Belgium}} |pop30 = 3,000 |ref30 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region31 = {{flag|Luxembourg}} |pop31 = 2,000 |ref31 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region32 = {{flag|Poland}} |pop32 = 1,000 |ref32 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region33 = {{flag|Hungary}} |pop33 = 1,000 |ref33 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region34 = {{flag|Finland}} |pop34 = 1,000 |ref34 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region35 = {{flag|Ukraine}} |pop35 = 200 |ref35 = |region36 = {{flag|Israel}} |pop36 = 1,000 |ref36 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region37 = {{flag|Portugal}} |pop37 = 879 |ref37 = |region38 = {{flag|Czech Republic}} |pop38 = 1,000 |ref38 = {{Citation needed}} |region39 = {{flag|Romanie}} |pop39 = 1,000 |ref39 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |region40 = {{flag|Greece}} |pop40 = 1,000 |ref40 = <ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination]</ref> |langs=[[Dens leid|Dens]]<br> Relatit leids include [[Norse leid|Norse]], [[Swadish leid|Swadish]], [[Faroese leid|Faroese]], [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]], an tae a lesser extent, aw [[Germanic leids]]. | religions=Predominantly [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] <br />See [[Releegion in Denmark]] |}} The terms '''Dens''' ({{lang-da|danskere}}) an '''Dens fowk''' refer tae the [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] that is native tae [[Denmark]], an who speak [[Dens leid|Dens]]. The first mention o Danes athin the Den territory is on the Jelling Rune Stane which mentions hou [[Harald Bluetooth]] convertit the Dens tae Christianity in the 10t century.<ref name="denstoredanske.dk">http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_f%C3%B8r_Reformationen/daner?highlight=Daner</ref> Denmark haes been continuously inhabitit syne this period an awtho hintle cultural an ethnic influence an immigration frae aw ower the warld haes entered Denmark syne then, Denss tend tae see thairsels as ethnic stryndants o the early Dens mentioned in the soorces. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} <!--Templates--> {{Denmark topics}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Dens fowk|*]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Denmark]] [[Category:North Germanic fowks]] <!--Other languages--> 07snyfnwzbyw549lkwflszz7u8gc3v1 Fanny Lú 0 46163 923688 887577 2026-09-29T08:03:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | image = | name = Fanny Lú |caption = Fanny Lú performing on [[Universal CityWalk#Universal CityWalk Hollywood|Universal CityWalk]] in August 2009 |alt = Portrait o Fanny Lú | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Fanny Lucía Martínez Buenaventura | alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1973|02|08|df=yes}} | origin = [[Cali|Santiago de Cali]], [[Valle del Cauca]], [[Colombie]] | genre = [[Latin Pop]], [[Tropipop]] | occupation = [[Sangster]], [[sangwriter]], [[actress]] | years_active = 1994–present (actress)<br />2005–present (sangster) | label = [[Universal Music Latin Entertainment|Universal Music Latino]] | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.fannylu.com/ fannylu.com] | notable_instruments = }} '''Fanny Lucía Martínez Buenaventura''' (born 8 Februar 1973), better kent profeesionally as '''Fanny Lú''', is a [[Colombie]] [[sangster-sangwriter]] an [[actress]] frae [[Cali|Santiago de Cali]], [[Colombie]]. She studiet at the [[:en:University of the Andes (Colombia)|University o the Andes]] an receivit a degree in [[industrial ingineerin]]. She is the mither o twa childer, Mateo an Valentina, an is currently divorcit.<ref name=divorce /> She signed wi [[Universal Music Latin Entertainment|Universal Music Latino]] record label. She began in the entertainment on Colombie when she pairticipatit as presenter on a muisic magazine cried "Siempre Música. Efter like an annooncer in the principal radio stations frae her kintra. Housomeivver, she wisna recognisit till 1998, whan she made pairt o the cast frae the Colombie soap opera ''[[Perro Amor]]''. In 2006 she released [[Lágrimas Cálidas]], winnin fame in Colombie an some kintras frae Laitin Americae, wi her twa singles that reached the top on the Laitin chairts. Her 2008 album ''[[Dos (Fanny Lú album)|Dos]]'' consolidatit her muisical career, givin credibility like famous airtist. Wi her hit single "[[Tú No Eres Para Mi]]", wis nummer ane in several kintras. She released her third album [[Felicidad y Perpetua]] on November 2011. Her humanitarian wirk grantit her tae be namit "Goodwill Ambassador" frae the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]].<ref name=fao /> ==Early an personal life== Fanny Lú wis born in [[Cali|Santiago de Cali]], [[Colombie]] tae [[Colombie fowk|Colombie]] parents. She attendit [[:en:List of schools in Colombia#Bolivar|Colegio Bolivar]] afore moving tae [[Fraunce]] tae feenish her primar education. After returnin tae [[Laitin Americae]], she studiet at the [[:en:University of the Andes (Colombia)|University o the Andes]], whaur she graduatit wi a degree in [[industrial ingineerin]]. She is the mither o twa childer, Mateo an Valentina. In 2009 she filed for divorce.<ref name=divorce>{{cite web|url=http://www.enelbrasero.com/2010/12/21/fanny-lu-de-camino-hacia-el-divorcio/|title=Fanny Lu de camino hacia el divorcio|publisher=enelbrasero.com|date=December 21, 2010|accessdate=September 17, 2012|archive-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930203357/http://www.enelbrasero.com/2010/12/21/fanny-lu-de-camino-hacia-el-divorcio/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Actin career== In 1994, Fanny Lú became a TV presenter on the popular show ''Locomotora''. Efterwaird, she went intae the muisic industrie.<ref>Evan C. Gutierrez, [http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/lu__fanny/bio.jhtml Fanny Lu | View the Music Artists Biography Online]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} VH1.com Retrieved 09-21-10</ref> She haes appeared in mony [[televeesion series]] such as, ''[[Perro Amor]]'' an ''[[Mas Vale Tarde|Más Vale Tarde]]''. She voices Beth in the [[Sony Pictures]] [[animatit film]] Spainyie version o ''[[Open Season]] (Amigos Salvajes)'' an aw. In 2012, the seicont saison o [[Pequeños Gigantes (Mexican TV series)|Pequeños Gigantes]] reality, wis chosen like judge in replacement o [[Noel Schajris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tv.univision.com/pequenos-gigantes/encuestas/poll/2012-06-03/fanny-lu-la-nueva-juez-pequenos-gigantes-2|title=Fanny Lu la nueva juez en Pequeños Gigantes 2|publisher=[[Univision]]|date=March 6, 2012|accessdate=September 17, 2012|archive-date=2015-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711032127/http://tv.univision.com/pequenos-gigantes/encuestas/poll/2012-06-03/fanny-lu-la-nueva-juez-pequenos-gigantes-2|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Muisic career== ===2006: Lágrimas Cálidas=== Lú's debut album, ''[[Lágrimas Cálidas]]'', wis released in 2006. The album spent five weeks at #1. The lead single "[[No Te Pido Flores]]" spent seiven weeks at #1 on the Hot 100 Billboard Charts in Laitin Americae, [[Colombie]], [[Peru]], [[Venezuela]], an [[Mexico]] an aw. In the U.S., the sang peakit at #16 on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' Hot Latin Songs an #1 on ''Billboard'' Tropical Songs chairt. The seicont single frae her debut album is the sang cried "[[Y Si Te Digo]]" an it peaked at #1 on the Billboard [[Hot Latin Tracks]]. ===2008-2011: Dos an Felicidad y Perpetua=== Lú released her seicont album ''[[Dos (Fanny Lu Album)|Dos]]'' in Colombie whaur it wis nummer ane in its first week. ''Dos'' wis released the follaein week in the Unitit States an Puerto Rico on 16 Dizember. The lead single [[Tú No Eres Para Mi]] wis the #1 sang played on radio for 12 weeks. This single peakit at #1 on the Billboard [[Hot Latin Tracks]] in Aprile 2009. On 16 October 2009, Lú wis nominatit [[FAO Goodwill Ambassador|Goodwill Ambassador]] o the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations.<ref name=fao>[http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-fannylu/en/ Get Involved: Fanny Lu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023072129/http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-fannylu/en/ |date=2013-10-23 }} ''FAO.org'' Retrieved 09-21-10</ref> In 2010, Fanny Lú wis chosen tae record the Spainyie version o the theme sang ''"Something That I Want"'' (''"Algo Quiero"'') for the [[Disney]] film [[Tangled]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/agenda/cine/articulo-234407-fanny-lu-canta-walt-disney |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113164308/http://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/agenda/cine/articulo-234407-fanny-lu-canta-walt-disney |archive-date=2010-11-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fanny Lú released the single "[[Fanfarrón]]" an is the offeecial sang o her third studio album [[Felicidad y Perpetua]]. Recently she released her seicont single "[[Ni Loca]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news-lite/news/22802-pop-artist-fanny-lu-releases-new-single-ni-loca.html|title=Pop artist Fanny Lu releases new single, 'Ni Loca'|publisher=Colombia Reports|accessdate=2012-03-13|archive-date=2020-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308172453/https://colombiareports.com/colombia-news-lite/news/22802-pop-artist-fanny-lu-releases-new-single-ni-loca.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Filmografie== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Film ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2006 || ''[[Open Season|Amigos Salvajes]]'' || Beth || Voice |- | 2008 || ''Sopa Norteña'' || Unkent role || Minor role |- | 2010 || ''Paulina and Friends'' || Hersel || Television film |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Telly ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 1998 || ''Hermosa niña'' || Bianca || Lead Role |- | 1998 || ''[[Perro Amor]]'' || Ana María Brando || Lead Role |- | 2000 || ''Pobre Pablo'' || Silvanna || Lead Role |- | 2000 || ''La Caponera'' || Unkent role || Lead Role |- | 2008 || ''[[Mas Vale Tarde|Más Vale Tarde]]'' || Hersel || (1 episode) |- | 2012 || [[Pequeños Gigantes (Mexican TV series)|Pequeños Gigantes]] || Hersel ||Judge |- | 2012 || [[La Voz Colombia]] || Hersel ||Coach |} ==Discografie== {{Main|Fanny Lú discografie}} *2006 - ''[[Lágrimas Cálidas]]'' *2008 - ''[[Dos (Fanny Lú album)|Dos]]'' *2011 - ''[[Felicidad y Perpetua]]'' ==Awairds an nominations== Fanny Lú wis nominatit for twa [[Lo Nuestro]] Awairds. The ceremony teuk place on 21 Februar 2008 an aired on [[Univisión]]. She wis nominatit for ''Female Airtist o the Year'' an ''Airtist o the Year'' unner the Tropical-genre categories. In 2009, she wis ance again nominatit for ''Female Airtist o the Year'' unner the Tropical-genre category. Lú receivit sax Latin Billboard Music Award nominations in 2008, includin Tropical Album o the Year an Tropical New Artist Album of the Year for her album "Lagrimas Calidas" as well as Tropical Airplay Song of the Year an Tropical Airplay New Artist Song of the Year - categories that her singles "No Te Pido Flores" an "Y Si Te Digo" share thegither. The awairds aired in [[Telemundo]] on Aprile 2007. She went on tae win the awaird for Tropical Airplay New Artist Song of the Year for her sang "Y Si Te Digo". ==See an aw== *[[Muisic o Colombie]] ==References== {{Reflist|33em}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.fannylu.com/ Offeecial Steid] {{es icon}} *{{myspace|fannylu}} *{{twitter|Fanny_Lu}} *{{IMDb name|id=0555091|name=Fanny Lú}} *{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p821418|label=Fanny Lú}} {{Fanny Lú}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lu, Fanny}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Colombie female sangsters]] [[Category:Colombie actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Colombie pop sangsters]] [[Category:Tropipop muisickers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Cali]] [[Category:Colombie sanger-sangwriters]] [[Category:Colombie philanthropists]] [[Category:Latin pop sangsters]] [[Category:The Voice judges]] tf3dzq8fbtwll85rr9e6qs8kip37b0l Gaza Strip 0 50374 923691 923399 2026-09-29T09:22:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Gaza Strip |native_name ={{nobold|{{lang|ar|قطاع غزة}}}}<br>''{{Transl|ar|DIN|Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah}}'' |linking_name = the Gaza Strip |status = {{*}}Unner the Palestinian Authority accordin tae the Oslo Accords<ref name=nyt_mideast-accord>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/05/world/mideast-accord-overview-rabin-arafat-sign-accord-ending-israel-s-27-year-hold.html?pagewanted=all "Mideast accord: the overview; Rabin and Arafat sign accord ending Israel's 27-year hold on Jericho and the Gaza Strip"]. Chris Hedges, ''New York Times'', 5 Mey 1994.</ref><br> {{*}}''De facto'' [[Govrenance o the Gaza Strip|Admeenistratit]] bi [[Hamas]] syne Julie 2007. {{*}}Claimed bi the [[State o Palestine]]<sup>a</sup> |image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg |flag_caption = Palestinian flag |image_map = Gz-map2.png |ethnic_groups = {{Plainlist| * [[Arabs|Arab]] * &nbsp;'''∟''' Palestinian * &nbsp;'''∟''' Palestinian bedouin }} |demonym = Gazan<br>Palestinian |national_motto = |national_anthem = |capital = [[Gaza Ceety|Gaza City]] |coordinates = {{coord|31|31|N|34|27|E|type:city}} |largest_city=[[Gaza Ceety|Gaza City]] |membership_type = |membership = |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |official_languages = [[Arabic]] |area_km2 = 365 |area_sq_mi = |area_footnote = <ref name=ocha_factsheet_july_2015>[http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_July_2015_english.pdf ''The Gaza Strip: The Humanitarian Impact of the Blockade''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717234752/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |date=2015-07-17 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717234752/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_july_2015_english.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-17 |url-status=dead}}. UN OCHA, July 2015. "1.8 million Palestinians in Gaza are ‘locked in’, denied free access to the remainder of the occupied Palestinian territory and the outside world." Available at [http://www.ochaopt.org/reports.aspx?id=103&page=1 ''Fact Sheets''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329054638/http://www.ochaopt.org/reports.aspx?id=103&page=1 |date=2016-03-29 }}.</ref> |population_estimate = 1.85 million<ref name=pcbs_end_2015>[http://pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2176.pdf ''Table 3: Projected Population in the State of Palestine by Governorate, End Year 2015''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508050718/http://pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2176.pdf |date=2020-05-08 }}. PCBS, ''Palestinians at the End of 2015'', p. 36. [http://pcbs.gov.ps/PCBS_2012/Publications.aspx Source:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126195450/http://pcbs.gov.ps/PCBS_2012/Publications.aspx |date=2019-01-26 }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = End&nbsp;2015 |population_estimate_rank = |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 5046 |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = – |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = – |HDI = |HDI_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_category = |currency = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|Israeli new shekel<sup>b</sup> (ILS)}}|(see an aw Palestinian siller)}} |country_code = PS |time_zone = Palestine Staundart Time |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = Palestine Simmer Time |utc_offset_DST = +3 |calling_code = +970 |footnote_a = The [[State o Palestine]] is recognised bi 137 members o the Unitit Naitions. |footnote_b = Uised syne 1986; as in Israel, replaced the auld Israeli shekel (1980–1985) an the Israeli lira (1967–1980). }} The '''Gaza Strip''' ({{Lang-ar|قطاع غزة}} ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah}}'', {{IPA-ar|qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣazza|IPA}}) is a territory on the eastren coast o the [[Mediterranean Sea]] that mairches [[Egyp]] on the soothwast (11&nbsp;km) an [[Israel]] on the east an north ({{convert|51|km|mi|abbr=on}}). It is {{convert|41|km|mi}} lang, an frae {{convert|6|to|12|km|mi}} wide, wi a tot area o {{convert|365|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=Arnon>Arie Arnon, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130630142150/http://www.econ.bgu.ac.il/facultym/arnona/Israeli_Policy_towards_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territories_The_Economic_Dimension_1967-2007.pdf ''Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967-2007'']. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL, Volume 61, No. 4, AUTUMN 2007 (p. 575)</ref> The population o the Gaza Strip is aboot 1.7 million fowk.<ref name="Gaza Strip">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916035900/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |date=2019-09-16 }} Entry at the CIA World Factbook</ref> The population is maistly [[Sunni Muslim]]. Wi a yeirly growth rate o aboot 3.2%, the Gaza Strip haes the 7t heichest population growth rate in the warld.<ref name="Gaza Strip"/> The Gaza Strip acquired its current northren an eastren mairches efter the cessation o fechtin in the 1948 war, confirmt bi the Israel-Egypt Armistice Agreement on 24 Februar 1949.<ref>[http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6 Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525024736/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6 |date=2014-05-25 }} UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949</ref> Airticle V o the Agreement declarit that the demarcation line wis tae nae be an internaitional mairch. The Gaza Strip continued tae be occupied bi Egyp. At first Gaza Strip wis offeecially admeenistered bi the Aw-Palestine Govrenment, estaiblisht bi the Arab League in September 1948. Frae the dissolution o the Aw-Palestine Govrenment in 1959 til 1967, the Gaza Strip wis directly admeenistered bi an Egyptian militar govrenor. Israel capturt the Gaza Strip frae Egyp in the [[Sax-Day War]] in 1967. Pursuant tae the Oslo Accords signt in 1993, the Palestinian Authority becam the admeenistrative body that govrened Palestinian population centres. Israel maintainit control o the airspace, territorial watters an mairch crossins apairt frae the laund mairch wi Egyp. Israel widrew frae Gaza in 2005. Syne Julie 2007, follaein the 2006 Palestinian legislative election an follaein the Hamas takeover in 2007, Hamas haes functioned as the ''de facto'' ruler in the Gaza Strip, formin an alternative Hamas Govrenment in Gaza. The Gaza Strip forms pairt o the [[Palestinian territories]],<ref name="PalestinianTerritories-U.S.DeptofState">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm|title=Palestinian Territories|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="EU-OccupiedPalestinianTerritory">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/occupied_palestinian_territory/index_en.htm|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=2009-04-06|archive-date=2009-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228212035/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/occupied_palestinian_territory/index_en.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ICRC-map">{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument|title=Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories&nbsp;— ICRC maps|publisher=ICRC|accessdate=2009-04-06|archive-date=2010-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807074348/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Countryprofile">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/803257.stm|title=Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-04-06 | date=15 December 2009 | location=London}}</ref> nou claimit bi the [[State o Palestine]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Gaza Strip}} *[http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp Statistical Atlas of Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514171248/http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp |date=2010-05-14 }} at the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]. *[http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm Palestinian Territories] at the [[United States Department of State]]. *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/palestine.htm Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085405/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/palestine.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. *{{Dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Palestinian_Territory|Gaza Strip}} *[http://www.gaza.net/ Gaza.net], a directory of Palestinian-related websites. *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg Map of Palestinian Refugee Camps 1993] (UNRWA / CIA / University of Texas, Austin). *[http://www.ustream.tv/channel/gaza-attack Ramattan Live Stream of Gaza City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403054753/http://www.ustream.tv/channel/gaza-attack |date=2013-04-03 }} via UStream. *[http://gazasiege.org/ GazaSiege.org - Background, News and Analysis on the siege of Gaza] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm Hamas In Control of Gaza Strip] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6760975.stm New Palestinian Cabinet Sworn In] *{{PDFlink|[http://www.careusa.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2003/jan/01032003_study.pdf Nutritional Assessment of the West Bank and Gaza Strip]|72.0&nbsp;bytes}} *[http://www.ynetnews.com/home/0,7340,L-4244,00.html ''Special: Gaza kidnapping'' Israeli News]&nbsp;– Ynetnews English version of [[Yedioth Ahronoth]] *[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36439 War Enters the Classrooms: the consequences of the Mideast conflict for children of the Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212155248/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36439 |date=2012-02-12 }}, by [[Inter Press Service]] (February 2007). *[http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=31.4,34.4&z=10 Gaza Strip at Google Maps] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip91.jpg 1991 Map of the Gaza Strip], shawin roads an Israeli touns. *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gaza_strip_1999.jpg 1999 Map of the Gaza Strip] (annotated photo). *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gaza_strip_may_2005.jpg 2005 Map of the Gaza Strip] (CIA / University of Texas, Austin). *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20415675 Life in the Gaza Strip] at [[BBC News]]. {{Geographic location | Northwest = ''[[Mediterranean Sea]]'' | North = {{flag|Cyprus}}<br/>''[[Mediterranean Sea]]'' | Northeast = {{flag|Israel}} | West = {{flag|Egypt}}{{·}}''[[Mediterranean Sea]]'' | Centre = {{flagicon|Palestine}} Gaza Strip | East = {{flag|Israel}} | Southwest = {{flag|Egypt}} | South = {{flag|Egypt}} | Southeast = {{flag|Israel}}}} [[Category:Gaza Strip|*]] [[Category:Geografie o the Gaza Strip|*]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Levant]] [[Category:States an territories established in 2007]] 8szdg6lv73aueolravpperrooqx0kwq Diego Maradona 0 58946 923684 923384 2026-09-29T06:53:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish name|Maradona|Franco}} {{Infobox fitbaw biography | name = Diego Maradona | image = Argentina celebrando copa (cropped).jpg | image_size = 250px | image_size = | caption = | fullname = Diego Armando Maradona Franco | birth_date = {{Birth date|1960|10|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Lanús]], [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | death_date = {{Death date|2020|11|25}} | death_place = [[Tigre]], [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Argentinae]] | height = {{height|m=1.65}} | position = [[Attackin midfielder]]<br>[[Seicont striker]]<ref name="football-tricks.com">[http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html Maradona tricks and skills videos of the best soccer, football players ever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615014521/http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html |date=2012-06-15 }}. Football-tricks.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html Diego Maradona dominated 1986 World Cup after position switch – Jonathan Wilson – SI.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014162353/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html |date=2013-10-14 }}. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com (27 May 2010). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ Diego Maradona: ‘The Soccer Guru’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222239/http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ |date=2013-12-02 }}. The Viewspaper (25 June 2010). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm Diego Maradona – Profile of Soccer Player Diego Maradona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119054631/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm |date=2012-11-19 }}. Worldsoccer.about.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><!--Do not delete second striker, it's well referenced--> | youthyears1 = 1968–1969 | youthyears2 = 1970–1974 | youthyears3 = 1975–1976 | youthclubs1 = ''Estrella Roja'' | youthclubs2 = ''Los Cebollitas'' | youthclubs3 = [[Argentinos Juniors]] | years1 = 1976–1981 | years2 = 1981–1982 | years3 = 1982–1984 | years4 = 1984–1991 | years5 = 1992–1993 | years6 = 1993–1994 | years7 = 1995–1997 | years8 = 2013- | clubs1 = [[Argentinos Juniors]] | clubs2 = [[Boca Juniors]] | clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | clubs4 = [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] | clubs5 = [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] | clubs6 = [[Newell's Old Boys]] | clubs7 = [[Boca Juniors]] | caps1 = 193 | goals1 = 147 | caps2 = 31 | goals2 = 13 | caps3 = 29 | goals3 = 11 | caps4 = 112 | goals4 = 45 | caps5 = 13 | goals5 = 1 | caps6 = 9 | goals6 = 1 | caps7 = 37 | goals7 = 3 | totalcaps = 424 | totalgoals = 221 | nationalyears1 = 1979 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentinae naitional unner-20 fitbaw team|Argentinae U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 11 | nationalgoals1 = 17 | nationalyears2 = 1977–1994 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] | nationalcaps2 = 75 | nationalgoals2 = 55 | manageryears1 = 1994 | manageryears2 = 1995 | manageryears3 = 2008–2010 | manageryears4 = 2011–2012 | manageryears5 = 2013- | managerclubs1 = [[Textil Mandiyú|Mandiyú de Corrientes]] | managerclubs2 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] | managerclubs3 = [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] | managerclubs4 = [[Al Wasl FC|Al Wasl]] | medaltemplates = {{medalSport|Player}} {{medalTeam|[[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px]] [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]]}} {{medalW|[[FIFA Warld Cup]]|[[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]]}} }} '''Diego Armando Maradona Franco''' ({{IPA-es|ˈdjeɣo maɾaˈðona}}, 30 October 1960-25 November 2020) wis a [[Fitbaa in Argentinae|Argentine fitbaw]] coach as well as a manager an umwhile player. Mony experts, fitball creetics, umwhile players, current players an fitbaw fans consider Maradona tae be the greatest fitbaw player o aw time.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/bestbest.html "The Best of The Best"]. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.com (19 June 2009). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://footballpantheon.com/2011/09/the-100-greatest-players-of-all-time/ – "The 100 greatest players of all time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310170230/http://footballpantheon.com/2011/09/the-100-greatest-players-of-all-time/ |date=2012-03-10 }} The Football Pantheon, 20 September 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/2939/castrol-football-zone/2010/10/23/2176900/castrol-debate-pele-versus-maradona-the-stats-which-reveal – "Castrol Debate: Pele Versus Maradona"]. goal.com, 23 October 2010</ref><ref>Other opinions about Maradona as the greatest player can be found at: <br>[http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/3277/la-liga/2012/07/29/3273490/barcelona-must-match-feats-of-milan-to-be-the-best-ever?source=breakingnews – "Ruud Gullit: Diego Maradona is the best ever in my opinion"]. goal.com, 29 July 2012<br>[http://socceranchor.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=852:diego-maradona-is-the-greatest-of-all-time-barcelonas-lionel-messi-hails-argentina-legend&catid=57:latest-news&Itemid=168 – "Lionel Messi: Diego Maradona is the greatest of all-time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210155404/http://socceranchor.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=852:diego-maradona-is-the-greatest-of-all-time-barcelonas-lionel-messi-hails-argentina-legend&catid=57:latest-news&Itemid=168 |date=2013-12-10 }}. SoccerAnchor, 7 September 2011<br>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-12/top-stories/27937248_1_argentine-legend-diego-maradona-pele-argentina – "Rummenigge: Maradona better than Pele"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209030332/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-12/top-stories/27937248_1_argentine-legend-diego-maradona-pele-argentina |date=2013-12-09 }}. The Times of India, 12 November 2008<br>[http://maldini3.blogspot.com/2008/07/maradona-best-ever-ronaldo-close-second.html – "Paolo Maldini: Maradona best ever, Ronaldo close second"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208145803/http://maldini3.blogspot.com/2008/07/maradona-best-ever-ronaldo-close-second.html |date=2011-12-08 }} Paolo Maldini fan page, 21 July 2008<br>[http://www.soccerblog.com/2006/03/gary-lineker-messis-no-maradon.htm – "Gary Lineker: Diego has been the best player without a doubt, better than Pele"] SoccerBlog, 25 March 2006<br>[http://www.soccerbible.com/news/general/archive/2010/07/22/glenn-hoddle-exclusive-interview-hummel-football-boots.aspx – "Glenn Hoddle: Diego Maradona is the greatest player of all time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002084826/http://www.soccerbible.com/news/general/archive/2010/07/22/glenn-hoddle-exclusive-interview-hummel-football-boots.aspx |date=2013-10-02 }}. SoccerBible, 22 July 2010.<br>[http://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/man-utd-icon-giggs-maradona-greatest-1935301 – "Ryan Giggs: Maradona is the best of all time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016110139/http://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/man-utd-icon-giggs-maradona-greatest-1935301 |date=2011-10-16 }}. tribalfootball, 11 October 2011.<br>[http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=940839.html – "Rio Ferdinand: In my eyes Maradona is the best footballer ever"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208190311/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=940839.html |date=2013-12-08 }}. fifa.com, 7 November 2008<br>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=331214&root=global&cc=5901 – "Mario Kempes: Maradona is absolutely the best"]{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ESPN soccernet, 18 April 2005.<br>[http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Manchester-City-striker-Sergio-Aguero-says-Diego-Maradona-comparisons-are-embarrassing-article788051.html – "Aguero: It is disrespectful to compare me to Maradona"]. Mirro Football, 20 November 2011.<br>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/10/30/all-time-greatest-86908-20853123/ – "Frank McGarvey: Diego Maradona was world's best player"]. Daily Record, 30 October 2008.<br>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/2008/10/30/i-hope-diego-can-lure-messi-to-hampden-86908-20853116/ – "Gordon Smith: Maradona was the best player I ever saw play the game"]. Daily Record, 30 October 2008.<br>[http://www.centraltelegraph.com.au/story/2012/04/11/maradona-is-best-says-ex-welsh-star/ – "Trevor Edwards: Maradona is best"]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Central Telegraph, 11 April 2012<br>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/3554196/Is-Messi-the-best-footballer-EVER.html – "Maradona’s still number one"]. The Sun, 29 April 2011.<br>[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/teams/team=43922/coach.html – "Considered by many as the greatest football player to have ever walked the face of the earth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208100142/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/teams/team=43922/coach.html |date=2013-12-08 }}. FIFA.com</ref> He wis jynt [[FIFA Player o the Century|FIFA Player o the 20t Century]] wi [[Pelé]].<ref>[http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf FIFA Player of the Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005029/http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf |date=2012-04-26 }}. touri.com</ref><ref name="SI">[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ "Maradona or Pele?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218160740/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ |date=2014-02-18 }}. CNN Sports Illustrated, 10 December 2000. Retrieved 13 March 2013</ref> On 25 November 2020, Maradona deet o [[cardiac arrest]] at a hame in [[Tigre, Buenos Aires]], Argentina.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diego Maradona: Argentina legend dies aged 60 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54810392 |access-date=25 November 2020 |agency=BBC News}}</ref> ==Club career== ===Argentinos Juniors an Boca Juniors=== On 20 October 1976, Maradona made his profeesional debut wi Argentinos Juniors, ten days afore his saxteent birthday.<ref Name=vivadiego>[http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html A SUMMARY OF MARADONA's LIFE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211202737/http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html |date=2013-12-11 }} www.vivadiego.com. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> He played thare atween 1976 an 1981, scorin 115 goals in 167 appearances afore his £1m transfer tae [[Boca Juniors]]. Haein jynt the Boca squad midwey throu the 1981 saison, Maradona played throu 1982 earnin his first league championship medal. Whilst playin for Argentinos Juniors, Inglis club [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] negotiatit a fee o £600,000 for the 17-year auld but then realised thay coudna afford it.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/if-only-the-transfer-deals-that-failed-to-materialise-1728989.html?action=gallery&ino=8 "If only... the transfer deals that failed to materialise"]. The Independent. Retrieved 1 April 2013</ref> ===Barcelona=== Efter the [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup|1982 Warld Cup]], in Juin, Maradona wis transferred tae [[FC Barcelona]] in Spain for a then warld record fee o [[£]]5m ($7.6m).<ref Name=vivadiego/> In 1983, unner coach [[César Luis Menotti]], Barcelona an Maradona wan the [[Copa del Rey]] (Spain's annual naitional cup competeetion), beatin [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], an the [[Spaingie Super Cup]], beatin [[Athletic Bilbao]]. Housomeivver, Maradona haed a difficult tenur in Barcelona.<ref Name=Guardian>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1677834,00.html That's one hell of a diet, Diego] 8 January 2006. Guardian Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 13 August 2006.</ref> First a bout wi [[hepatitis]], then a breuken ankle caused bi an ill-timit tackle bi Athletic's [[Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga|Andoni Goikoetxea]] threatened wi jeopardizin Maradona's career,<ref Name=vivadiego/> but efter treatment an therapy it wis possible for him tae suin be back on the pitch. Durin his twa injury-hit saisons at Barcelona, Maradona scored 38 goals in 58 gemmes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040511193905/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/indepth/maradona_indepth.html "Backgrounder: Diego Maradona"]. CBC Sports. Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> At Barcelona, Maradona got intae frequent disputes wi the team's directors, especially club preses [[Josep Lluís Núñez]], culminatin wi a demand tae be transferred oot o [[Camp Nou]] in 1984. He wis transferred tae [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] in Italy's [[Serie A]] for anither warld record fee, [[£]]6.9m ($10.48m).<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/football/europe/article3325254.ece "Snapshot: Maradona is toast of the town after signing for Napoli"]. The Times. Retrieved 30 March 2013</ref> ===Napoli=== At Napoli, Maradona reached the peak o his profeesional career. He quickly became an adored starn amang the club's fans, an in his time thare he elevatit the team tae the maist successfu era in its history. Led bi Maradona, Napoli wan thair anerly [[Serie A|Serie A Italian Championships]] in 1986/87 an 1989/1990, placin seicont in the league twice, in 1987/88 an 1988/89. Ither honors durin the Maradona era at Napoli includit the [[Coppa Italia]] in 1987, (seicont place in the [[Coppa Italia]] in 1989), the [[UEFA Cup]] in 1989 an the [[SuperCoppa Italiana|Italian Supercup]] in 1990. Maradona wis the top scorer in [[Serie A]] in 1987/88. Durin his time in Italy, Maradona's personal problems increased. His [[cocaine]] uise continued, an he receivit US $70,000 in fines frae his club for missin gemmes an practices, ostensibly acause o 'stress'.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D6153EF930A25752C0A967958260 | work=The New York Times | title=SPORTS PEOPLE; Maradona Fined | date=13 January 1991 | accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> He faced a scandal thare regardin an illegitimate [[Diego Sinagra|son]]; an he wis the object o some suspicion ower an allegit friendship wi the [[Camorra]] an aw.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Maradona's fall from grace | date=19 April 2004 | accessdate=1 April 2010 | first=John | last=May}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/after-the-fall-the-world-cup-dream-is-over-for-diego-maradona-but-there-may-be-worse-to-come--a-little-matter-of-pounds-500000worth-of-smuggled-cocaine-and-the-naples-mafia-paul-greengrass-and-toby-follett-report-1411755.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=After the fall: The World Cup dream is over for Diego Maradona, but there may be worse to come – a little matter of pounds 500,000-worth of smuggled cocaine, and the Naples mafia. Paul Greengrass and Toby Follett report | date=5 July 1994 | accessdate=1 April 2010 | archive-date=2010-06-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604041835/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/after-the-fall-the-world-cup-dream-is-over-for-diego-maradona-but-there-may-be-worse-to-come--a-little-matter-of-pounds-500000worth-of-smuggled-cocaine-and-the-naples-mafia-paul-greengrass-and-toby-follett-report-1411755.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://biography.jrank.org/pages/3138/Maradona-Diego-1961-Athlete-Infamous-Hand-God-Goal.html |title=Diego Maradona: 1961(?)—: Athlete – The Infamous "hand Of God" Goal |publisher=Biography.jrank.org |accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/gennaio/02/Camorra_arrestato_boss_amico_Maradona_co_0_9901021353.shtml |title=Camorra, arrestato il boss amico di Maradona |work=Corriere della Sera |date=24 December 2009 |accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/ |publisher=CNN |date=14 January 2002 |author=Telander, Rick |title=At his best, Diego Maradona can be as graceful as Michael Jordan. At his worst, he can be as disgraceful as John McEnroe. The question is, which Maradona will show for the World Cup? |access-date=2013-09-12 |archive-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094208/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later on, in honour o Maradona an his achievements durin his career at Napoli, the No. 10 jersey o Napoli wis offeecially retired.<ref>Landolina, Salvatore. (14 January 2011) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2011/01/14/2305148/diego-maradona-backs-ezequiel-lavezzi-to-earn-napoli-numberl Diego Maradona Backs Ezequiel Lavezzi To Earn Napoli Number 10 Shirt]. Goal.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> ===Sevilla, Newell's Old Boys an Boca Juniors=== Efter servin a 15-month ban for failin a [[drog test]] for [[cocaine]], Maradona left Napoli in disgrace in 1992. Despite interest frae [[Real Madrid]] o Spain an [[Olympique Marseille]] o Fraunce, he signed for [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] o Spain, whaur he stayed for ane year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sport-in-short-football-1533258.html |title=Sport in Short: Football – Sport |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=15 July 1992 |accessdate=6 May 2011 |archive-date=2012-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111052620/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sport-in-short-football-1533258.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1993 he played for [[Newell's Old Boys]] an in 1995 he returned tae [[Boca Juniors]] for twa years.<ref Name=vivadiego/> Maradona appeared for [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] in a friendly match against [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]] an aw, shortly afore the [[1986 Warld Cup]]. The match wis [[Osvaldo Ardiles]]' testimonial, who insistit his friend Maradona played, which Tottenham wan 2–1. He played alongside [[Glenn Hoddle]], who gae up his nummer ten sark for the Argentine. {{-}} ==International career== Durin his time wi the Argentine naitional team, Maradona scored 34 goals in 91 appearances. He made his full internaitional debut at age 16, against [[Hungary]] on 27 Februar 1977. At age 18, he played the [[1979 FIFA Warld Youth Championship|Warld Youth Championship]] for Argentinae, an wis the starn o the tournament, shinin in thair 3–1 feenal win ower the [[Soviet Union naitional fitbaw team|Soviet Union]]. On 2 Juin 1979, Maradona scored his first senior internaitional goal in a 3–1 win against [[Scotland naitional fitbaw team|Scotland]] at [[Hampden Park]].<ref>MacPherson, Graeme (30 October 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207131534/http://www.theherald.co.uk/sport/headlines/display.var.2464361.0.Maradona_to_receive_Hampden_welcome.php Maradona to receive Hampden welcome], ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''.</ref> He is the anerly player tae win the Golden Ball at baith the [[FIFA U-20 Warld Cup]] an [[FIFA Warld Cup]], in [[1979 FIFA Warld Youth Championship|1979]] an [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]]. ===1982 Warld Cup=== Maradona played his first [[1982 FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cup]] tournament in 1982. Argentinae played Belgium in the openin gemme o the 1982 Cup in Barcelona. The Catalan croud wis eager tae see thair new warld-record signin Diego Maradona in action, but he did no perform tae expectations.<ref>[http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1982/wc82story.html 1982 – Story of Spain '82]. Planet World Cup. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> Argentinae, the defendin champions, lost tae [[Belgium naitional fitbaw team|Belgium]] 1–0. Awtho the team convincingly beat [[Hungary naitional fitbaw team|Hungary]] an [[El Salvador naitional fitbaw team|El Salvador]] tae progress tae the seicont roond, thay wur defeatit in the seicont roond bi [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] an bi eventual winners [[Italy naitional fitbaw team|Italy]]. The Italian match is renouned for Maradona bein aggressively man-markit bi [[Claudio Gentile]], as Italy beat Argentinae in Maradona's new hame ceety o Barcelona.<ref>Brewin, John (9 June 2010) [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&cc=5739&ver=global "Diego Maradona: God's gift"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108213751/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&cc=5739&ver=global |date=2012-11-08 }}. ESPN Soccernet.</ref> Maradona played in aw five matches athoot bein substitutit, scorin twice against Hungary. Efter bein fouled repeatitly in aw gemmes an in pairticularly the last ane against Brazil, Maradona's temper eventually got the better o him an he wis sent aff wi 5 minutes remainin for a serious retaliatory foul against Joao Batista da Silva.<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2943/castrol-debates/2010/06/10/1968569/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986 "Castrol World Cup Legends: Diego Maradona – 1986"]. Goal.com (10 June 2010). Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> ===1986 Warld Cup=== Maradona captained the Argentine naitional team tae veectory in the [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup]], winnin the feenal in Mexico against [[Germany naitional fitbaw team|West Germany]]. Throuoot the 1986 Warld Cup Maradona assertit his dominance an wis the maist dynamic player o the tournament. He played ivery minute o ivery Argentinae gemme, scored 5 goals an made 5 assists, three o those in the openin match against Sooth Korea. His first goal o the tournament came against Italy in the seicont group gemme.<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=68/results/matches/match=394/report.html "1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico: Italy – Argentina"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219112642/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=68/results/matches/match=394/report.html |date=2013-12-19 }}. FIFA. Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> Efter scorin twa goals in the 2–1 quairter-feenal win against [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland]] his legend wis cementit. This match wis played wi the backgrund o the [[Falklands War]] atween Argentinae an the Unitit Kinrick. Replays showed that the first [[Goal (sport)|goal]] wis scored bi strikin the baw wi his haund. Maradona wis coyly evasive, describin it as "a little wi the heid o Maradona an a little wi the haund o God." It became kent as the "Haund o God". Ultimately, on 22 August 2005 Maradona acknawledgit on his telly show that he haed hit the baw wi his haund purposely, an nae contact wi his heid wis made, an that he immediately ken the goal wis illegitimate. This became kent as a internaitional fiasco in Warld Cup history. The goal stuid, hintle tae the wrath o the Inglis players.<ref>McCarthy, David (18 November 2008). [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/11/18/terry-butcher-maradona-robbed-england-of-world-cup-glory-86908-20904447/ Terry Butcher: Maradona robbed England of World Cup glory]. [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]].</ref> Maradona's seicont goal, juist fower minutes efter the hotly disputit haund-goal, wis later votit bi FIFA as the greatest goal in the history o the World Cup. He receivit the baw in his awn hauf, swivelled aroond, an wi 11 touches ran mair nor hauf the lenth o the field, dribblin past five Inglis ootfield players ([[Peter Beardsley]], [[Steve Hodge]], [[Peter Reid]], [[Terry Butcher]], an [[Terry Fenwick]]) an goalkeeper [[Peter Shilton]]. This goal wis votit "[[Goal of the Century]]" in a 2002 online poll conductit bi [[FIFA]].<ref name=voted/> Maradona later commentit that the goal wad no hae been possible haed it no been for the fairness o the Inglis style o play.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/football/2002/may/30mara.htm|title=Maradona's strike is goal of century|publisher=Rediff.com|date=30 May 2002}}</ref> Maradona follaeed this wi twa mair goals in the semi-feenal against [[Belgium naitional fitbaw team|Belgium]], includin anither virtuoso dribblin display for the seicont goal. In the feenal, the opposin [[Germany naitional fitbaw team|Wast German]] side attemptit tae conteen him bi dooble-markin, but he nivertheless foond the space tae gie the feenal pass tae [[Jorge Burruchaga]] for the winnin goal. [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup Feenal|Argentina beat Wast Germany 3–2]] in front o 115,000 spectators at the [[Azteca Stadium]]. Durin the course o the tournament, Maradona attemptit or creatit mair nor hauf o Argentinae's shots, embarkit on 90 dribbles some three times mair nor ony ither player an wis fouled 53 times winnin his team twice as mony free kicks as ony player.<ref>[http://www.castrolfootball.com/legends/tournament/index.php?year=1986l Castrol Worldcup Statistics – Diego Maradona]. Castrolfootball.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">Darby, James. (10 June 2010) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2010/06/10/1968349/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986l WorldCup Legends: Maradona]. Goal.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> Maradona scored or assistit 10 o Argentinae's 14 goals includin the assist for the winnin goal in the feenal, ensurin that he wad be remembered as ane o the greatest names in fitbaw history.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Bi the end o the tournament, Maradona went on tae winnin the Golden Ball as the best player o the tournament bi unanimous vote an wis widely regardit tae hae wan the World Cup virtually single-haunditly.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>[http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf Argentina's Road to the World Title] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712084556/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc%5fmexico%5f1986%5fen%5fpart4%5f279.pdf |date=2018-07-12 }} FIFA. page 43</ref><ref>[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/awards/goldenball/previouswinners.html "Adidas Golden Ball Winners" from] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517021852/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/awards/goldenball/previouswinners.html |date=2012-05-17 }}. FIFA.com (14 November 2012). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html Pelé and Maradona – two very different number tens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208075925/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html |date=2014-02-08 }}. FIFA.com (25 January 2001). Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref> In a tribute tae him, the [[Azteca Stadium]] authorities biggit a statue o him scorin the "goal o the century" an placit it at the entrance o the stadium an aw.<ref>[http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century Messi’s Goal Better Than Maradona's Goal of the Century?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609185309/http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century |date=2010-06-09 }} worldrec.info. Retrieved 29–01–09.</ref> ===1990 Warld Cup=== Maradona captained Argentinae again in the [[1990 FIFA Warld Cup]] tae yet anither World Cup Final. An ankle injury affectit his oweraw performance, an he wis hintle less dominant than fower years earlier. Argentinae wur amaist eliminatit in the first roond, anerly qualifyin in third poseetion frae thair group. In the roond o 16 match against [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]], [[Claudio Caniggia]] scored the anerly goal efter bein set up bi Maradona. In the quairter feenal, Argentinae facit [[Yugoslavie naitional fitbaw team|Yugoslavie]], the match endin 0–0 efter 120 minutes, an Argentinae advancin on penalty kicks, despite Maradona missin ane o the penalties in the shuitoot wi a waik shot tae the goalkeeper's richt. The semifeenal against the host naition Italy wis resolvit on penalties efter a 1–1 draw an aw; this time, Maradona wis successfu wi his effort, darinly rollin the ball intae the net wi a amaist exact replica o his missed shot in the previous roond. In the [[1990 FIFA Warld Cup Feenal|feenal]], Argentinae lost 1–0 tae Wast Germany, the anerly goal bein a penalty bi [[Andreas Brehme]] in the 85t minute efter a controversial foul on [[Rudi Völler]]. ===1994 Warld Cup=== At the [[1994 FIFA Warld Cup]] Maradona played in anerly twa gemmes, scorin ane goal against [[Greece naitional fitbaw team|Greece]], afore bein sent hame efter failin a [[drog test]] for [[ephedrine]] [[dopin (sport)|dopin]]. In his autobiografie, Maradona argued that the test result wis due tae his personal trainer giein him the pouer drink Rip Fuel. His claim wis that the U.S. version, unlik the Argentine ane, conteened the chemical an that, haein run oot o his Argentine dosage, his trainer unwittingly bocht the U.S. formula. FIFA expelled him frae USA '94 an Argentinae wur subsequently eliminatit in the seicont roond. Maradona haes separately claimit that he haed an greement wi FIFA an aw, on which the organisation renegit, tae allou him tae uise the drog for wicht loss afore the competeetion in order tae be able tae play.<ref>Hylands, Alan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330155023/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/soccerhistory/p/diegomaradona.htm Diego Maradona], about.com.</ref> His failed drogs test at the 1994 World Cup signaled the end o his internaitional career, which haed lastit 17 years an yieldit 34 goals frae 91 gemmes. ==Personal life== ===Faimily=== His parents are Diego Maradona Senior an Dalma Salvadora Franco. His faither is o [[Italian Argentine|Italian]] an [[Indigenous fowks in Argentinae|Native American]] oreegin<ref name="time" /><ref name="thog" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYmJaXXj-7c&t=7m10s |title=True Stories - Maradona 1/7 |date=12 January 2009 |work=1995 UK TV Documentary on Diego Maradona |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=4 July 2010 |quote=his father of Native Indian extraction}}</ref> an his mither is o [[Croats|Croatie]] oreegin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hrsvijet.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6084:maradona-hrvat-qmaradona-je-iz-praputnjaka-a-ne-s-koruleq&catid=30:ostalo&Itemid=24 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-07 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105738/http://www.hrsvijet.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6084:maradona-hrvat-qmaradona-je-iz-praputnjaka-a-ne-s-koruleq&catid=30:ostalo&Itemid=24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maradona marriet lang-time fiancée Claudia Villafañe on 7 November 1984 in Buenos Aires, an thay haed twa dochters, Dalma Nerea (born 2 Apryle 1987) an Giannina Dinorah (born 16 Mey 1989), bi whom he became a grandfaither in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=La Liga |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2009/02/19/1117562/diego-maradona-becomes-a-grandfather-as-sergio-aguero-junior-is-b |title=Diego Maradona Becomes A Grandfather As Sergio Aguero Junior Is Born |publisher=Goal.com |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref> In his autobiografie, Maradona admits he wis no aye faithful tae Claudia, even tho he refers tae her as the luve o his life. Maradona an Villafañe divorcit in 2004. Dochter Dalma haes syne asserted that the divorce wis the best solution for aw, as her parents remained on friendly terms. Thay travelled thegither tae Napoli for a series o homages in Juin 2005<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334497 ESPN Deportes – "Llega en son de paz"]. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> an wur seen thegither on mony ither occasions, includin the Argentinae matches durin [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. Durin the divorce proceedins, Maradona admittit he wis the faither o [[Diego Sinagra]] (born in Naples on 20 September 1986). The Italian courts haed awready sae ruled in 1993, efter Maradona refused tae unnergo DNA tests for pruivin or dispruivin his paternity. Diego Jr. met Maradona for the first time in Mey 2003 efter trickin his wey ontae a gowf course in Italy whaur Maradona wis playin.<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334523 ESPN Deportes – "El amor al ídolo"]. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> [[Diego Sinagra]] is nou a fitbawer playin in Italy.<ref name="Diego Siagra">{{cite web |url=http://www.resport.it/leggi.asp?id=11196&idcat=5&t=n |title=Diego Sinagra |publisher=Resport.it |accessdate=12 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006193326/http://www.resport.it/leggi.asp?id=11196&idcat=5&t=n |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter the divorce, Claudia embarkit on a career as a theatre producer, an Dalma wis seekin a actin career; she haed expressed her desire tae attend the Actor's Studio in Los Angeles.<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/03/espectaculos/c-00811.htm Clarin.com – "Había una vez... un elenco para la selección"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410074620/https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/vez-elenco-seleccion_0_S1mz6T_1RFe.html |date=2022-04-10 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/vez-elenco-seleccion_0_S1mz6T_1RFe.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410074620/https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/vez-elenco-seleccion_0_S1mz6T_1RFe.html |archive-date=2022-04-10 |url-status=bot: unknown}}. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/19/sociedad/s-998340.htm Clarin.com – "Dalma Maradona: diario de una princesa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430011837/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/19/sociedad/s-998340.htm |date=2010-04-30 }}. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> His younger dochter, Giannina, marriet [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] striker [[Sergio Agüero]], wi whom she haes a son, Benjamin, born in Madrid on 19 Februar 2009. In Januar 2013, Agüero an Giannina separatit.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2480410/Diego-Maradona-calls-Sergio-Aguero-wimp-split-daughter.html "Aguero is a wimp! Maradona blasts City star after split from his daughter turns nasty"]. Daily Mail. Retrieved 28 November 2013</ref> His mither, Dalma, dee'd on 19 November 2011. Diego wis in Dubai at the time, an desperately treed tae flee back in time tae see her, but wis too late. She wis 81 year auld. His son Diego Fernando, whom he haed wi his ex lang term pairtner Veronica Ojeda, wis born 13 Februar 2013. ==Career statistics== :''Source'': Club Statistics, at expertfootball.com<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091646/http://expertfootball.com/players/maradona/stats.php Club Statistics]. expertfootball.com (archived)</ref> ===Club=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Saison !rowspan="2" width="125"|Club !rowspan="2" width="125"|League !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Ither !colspan="2"|Tot |- !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals |- |[[1976 Argentine Primera División|1976]]||rowspan="5"|[[Argentinos Juniors]]||rowspan="5"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] ||0+11||0+2||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||11||2 |- |[[1977 Argentine Primera División|1977]] ||37+12||13+6||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||49||19 |- |[[1978 Argentine Primera División|1978]] ||31+4||22+4||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||35||26 |- |[[1979 Argentine Primera División|1979]] ||14+12||14+12||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||26||26 |- |[[1980 Argentine Primera División|1980]] ||32+13||25+18||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||45||43 |- ! rowspan=1 | Tot ! colspan=2 | [[Argentinos Juniors]] !166||116||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||166||116 |- |[[1981 Argentine Primera División|1981]]||[[Boca Juniors]]||rowspan="1"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] ||28+12||17+11||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||40||28 |- |[[1982–83 La Liga|1982–83]]||rowspan="2"|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]||rowspan="2"|[[La Liga]] ||20||11||5||3||4||5||6||4||35||23 |- |[[1983–84 La Liga|1983–84]] ||16||11||4||1||3||3||colspan="2"|–||23||15 |- ! rowspan=1 | Tot ! colspan=2 | [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] !36||22||9||4||7||8||6||4||58||38 |- |[[1984–85 Serie A|1984–85]]||rowspan="7"|[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]||rowspan="7"|[[Serie A]] ||30||14||6||3||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||36||17 |- |[[1985–86 Serie A|1985–86]] ||29||11||2||2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||31||13 |- |[[1986–87 Serie A|1986–87]] ||29||10||10||7||2||0||colspan="2"|–||41||17 |- |[[1987–88 Serie A|1987–88]] ||28||15||9||6||2||0||colspan="2"|–||39||21 |- |[[1988–89 Serie A|1988–89]] ||26||9||12||7||12||3||colspan="2"|–||50||19 |- |[[1989–90 Serie A|1989–90]] ||28||16||3||2||5||0||colspan="2"|–||36||18 |- |[[1990–91 Serie A|1990–91]] ||18||6||3||2||4||2||1||0||26||10 |- ! rowspan=1 | Tot ! colspan=2 | [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] !188||81||45||29||25||5||1||0||259||115 |- |[[1992–93 La Liga|1992–93]] ||[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]||[[La Liga]] ||26||5||3||3||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||29||8 |- |[[1993–94 Argentine Primera División|1993–94]]||[[Newell's Old Boys]]||rowspan="4"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] ||5||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||5||0 |- |[[1995–96 Argentine Primera División|1995–96]]||rowspan="3"|[[Boca Juniors]] ||11+13||3+2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||24||5 |- |[[1996–97 Argentine Primera División|1996–97]] ||0+1||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||1||0||2||0 |- |[[1997–98 Argentine Primera División|1997–98]] ||5||2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||5||2 |- ! rowspan=1 | Tot ! colspan=2 | [[Boca Juniors]] !70||35||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||1||0||71||35 |- ! rowspan=3 | Tot ! colspan=2 | Argentinae !191||151||0||0||0||0||1||0||242||151 |- ! colspan=2 | Spain !62||27||12||7||7||8||6||4||87||56 |- ! colspan=2 | Italy !188||81||45||29||25||5||1||0||259||115 |- ! colspan=3 | Career tot !491||259||57||36||32||13||8||4||588||312 |} *Ither – League Cup (Spain) an Super Cup (Italy)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html |title=Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> *His oweraw average o goals scored per match in domestic club competitions is 0.526.<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2010/04/07/1867738/goalcom-special-debate-lionel-messi-vs-diego-maradona-so-who "Special Debate: Lionel Messi vs Diego Maradona – So Who Is Better?"]. Goal.com. Retrieved 19 November 2013</ref> ===Internaitional=== *Stairtit in 21 consecutive matches for Argentinae in fower [[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cup]]s (1982, 1986, 1990, 1994) *Appeared 16 times as caiptain o the naitional team, a [[FIFA Warld Cup records|Warld Cup-record]]. *Scored 8 goals an providit 8 assists in 21 Warld Cup appearances, includin 5 goals an 5 assists in [[FIFA Warld Cup 1986|1986]] *Tee'd for heichest goal-scr frae Argentinae in Warld Cup feenals (equaled [[Guillermo Stábile]]'s merk in 1994; surpassed bi [[Gabriel Batistuta]] in 1998) *Wis fouled 23 times in the match Argentinae v Italy in the [[1982 Warld Cup]], a single-match Warld Cup-record; *Wis fouled 50 times durin [[1990 Warld Cup]], a single-tournament Warld-Cup record. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! colspan=3 | [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae naitional team]] |- !Year !width="40"|Apps !width="40"|Goals |- |1977 ||3||0 |- |1978 ||1||0 |- |1979 ||8||3 |- |1980 ||10||7 |- |1981 ||2||1 |- |1982 ||10||2 |- |1983 ||-||- |- |1984 ||-||- |- |1985 ||10||6 |- |1986 ||10||7 |- |1987 ||6||4 |- |1988 ||3||1 |- |1989 ||7||0 |- |1990 ||10||1 |- |1991 ||-||- |- |1992 ||-||- |- |1993 ||4||0 |- |1994 ||7||2 |- !Tot||91||34 |} ===Manager=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="2" width="150"|Team !rowspan="2" |Nat !rowspan="2" width="125"|Frae !rowspan="2" width="125"|Tae !colspan="5"|Record |- !width="35"|G !width="35"|W !width="35"|D !width="35"|L !width="50"|Win % |- |align=center|[[Textil Mandiyú|Mandiyú de Corrientes]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=center|Januar 1994 |align=center|Juin 1994 |12||1||5||6||8.33 |- |align=center|[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|Argentinae}} |align=center|Mey 1995 |align=center|November 1995 |11||2||3||6||18.18 |- |align=center|[[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|Argentina}} |align=center|November 2008 |align=center|Julie 2010 |19||14||0||5||73.68 |- |align=center|[[Al Wasl FC]] |align=center|{{Flagicon|UAE}} |align=center|Mey 2011 |align=center|Julie 2012 |22||7||5||10||31.82 |} ==Honours== ===Club=== {{Flagicon|Argentinae}} '''[[Argentinos Juniors]]''' Runner-up *[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[1980 Argentine Primera División|1980 Metropolitano]] {{Flagicon|Argentinae}} '''[[Boca Juniors]]''' ;Winners *[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[1981 Argentine Primera División|1981 Metropolitano]] Runner-up *[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[1997-98 Argentine Primera División|1997 Apertura]] {{Flagicon|Spain}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' ;Winners *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[1982–83 Copa del Rey|1983]] *[[Copa de la Liga]]: [[Copa de la Liga|1983]] *[[Supercopa de España]]: [[1983 Supercopa de España|1983]] {{Flagicon|Italy}} '''[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]''' ;Winners *[[Serie A]] (2): [[1986–87 Serie A|1987]], [[1989–90 Serie A|1990]] *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[1986–87 Coppa Italia|1987]] *[[UEFA Cup]]: [[1989 UEFA Cup Final|1989]] *[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[1990 Supercoppa Italiana|1990]] Runner-up *[[Serie A]] (2): [[1987–88 Serie A|1988]], [[1988–89 Serie A|1989]] *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[1988–89 Coppa Italia|1989]] ===Kintra=== '''{{Flagicon|Argentinae}} [[Argentinae naitional fitbaw team|Argentinae]]''' ;Winners *[[FIFA Warld Youth Championship]]: [[1979 FIFA Warld Youth Championship|1979]] *75t anniversar FIFA Cup: 1979 *[[FIFA Warld Cup]]: [[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]] *[[Artemio Franchi Trophy]]: [[Artemio Franchi Trophy#1993|1993]] Runner-up *[[Sooth American U-20 Championship|Sooth American Youth Championship]]: 1979 *[[FIFA Warld Cup]]: [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] ===Manager=== ===Club=== {{Flagicon|Unitit Arab Emirates}} '''[[Al-Wasl]]''' Runner-up *[[GCC Champions League|Gulf Club Champions League]]: 2012 ===Individual=== *Argentine Primera División top scorers (5): [[1978 Argentine Primera División|1978 Metropolitano]], [[1979 Argentine Primera División|1979 Metropolitano]], [[1979 Argentine Primera División|1979 Nacional]], [[1980 Argentine Primera División|1980 Metropolitano]], [[1980 Argentine Primera División|1980 Nacional]] *[[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Awards|FIFA World Youth Championship Golden Ball]]: [[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship#Awards|1979]] *[[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Golden Shoe|FIFA World Youth Championship Siller Shoe]]: [[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship|1979]] *World Player of the Year ([[Guerin Sportivo]]): 1979 *Argentine Fitbaa Writers' Fitbawer o the Year (4): 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986 *[[Sooth American Fotbawer o the Year]] (2): (offeecial awaird) 1979, 1980 *Olimpia de Oro (2): 1979, 1986 *[[Guerin d'Oro]] (Serie A Fitbawer o the Year): 1985 *Onze de Bronze (2): 1985, 1988 *FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 1986 *FIFA World Cup Siller Shoe: 1986 *[[FIFA World Cup]] Maist Assists: [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] *FIFA World Cup All-Star Team (2): [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], [[1990 FIFA World Cup#All-star team|1990]] *[[Onze d'Or]] (2): 1986, 1987 *Argentine Sports Writers' Sportsman o the Year: 1986 *L'Équipe Champion of Champions: 1986 *[[United Press International Athlete of the Year Award]]: 1986 *World Soccer Awards Player o the Year:1986 *Sooth American Player o the Year (4): (unoffeecial awaird) 1986, 1989, 1990, 1992 *[[Capocannoniere]] (Serie A top scorer): 1987–88 *[[Coppa Italia]] top scorer: 1987-88 *FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball: [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] *[[Onze d'Or]] (top player o the year for the Onze Mondial French newspaper): 1994 *[[FIFA World Cup All-Time Team]]: 1994 *Golden Ball for services tae fitbaw ([[France Football]]): 1996 *[[World Team of the 20th Century]]: 1998 *World Soccer The Greatest Players of the 20th century: (#2) 1999 *Argentine Sports Writers' Sportsman o the Century: 1999 *[[Marca Leyenda]]: 1999 *Number '''10''' retired bi [[SSC Napoli|Napoli]] fitbaw team as a recognition tae his contreibution tae the club: 2000 *[[FIFA Player o the Century]]: 2000 *[[FIFA Warld Cup]] [[Goal o the Century]] (1986 (2–1) v. Ingland; seicont goal): 2002 *[[FIFA Warld Cup Dream Team]]: 2002 *[[FIFA 100|FIFA 100 Greatest Livin Footballers]]: 2004 *[[Argentine Senate]] ''"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento"'' recognition for lifetime achievement: 2005 * World Soccer ''Greatest XI of all time'': 2013 *[[S.S.C. Napoli#Statistics an records|Napoli aw-time Top Scorer]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Diego Maradona}} *{{Official website|http://www.diegomaradona.com/}} {{Navboxes colour |title= Awairds an achievements |bg= gold |list1= {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|FRG}} [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[FIFA Warld Cup awairds|FIFA Warld Cup Siller Buit]]|years=[[1986 FIFA Warld Cup|1986]]}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tomáš Skuhravý]]}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Preben Elkjær]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Gowden Baw (FIFA)|FIFA Warld Cup Bronze Ball]]|years=[[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990]]}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|BUL}} [[Hristo Stoichkov]]}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Steve Cram]]}} {{s-ttl|title=United Press International<br>Athlete of the Year|years=1986}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Ben Johnson (athlete)|Ben Johnson]]}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Hugo Porta]]}} {{s-ttl|title=''[[Olimpia Award|Olimpia de Oro]]''|years=1986}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Gabriela Sabatini]]}} {{s-bef|before={{flagicon|URS}} [[Sergey Bubka]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[L'Équipe Champion o Champions]]|years=1986}} {{s-aft|after=<del>''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Ben Johnson (sprinter)|Ben Johnson]]''</del>}} {{S-sports}} {{s-bef|before={{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Paolo Rossi]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Warld fitbaw transfer record]]|years=1982–1987}} {{s-aft|after={{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Ruud Gullit]]}} {{S-end}} {{FIFA 100}} {{Argentina Primera Division top scorers}} {{Serie A top scorers}} {{Sooth American Fitbawer o the Year}} {{Argentine Fitbawer o the Year}} {{FIFA U-20 World Cup awards}} {{World Soccer Fitbawer o the Year}} {{FIFA World Cup Winning Captain}} {{FIFA World Cup Golden Ball}} {{Warld Team o the 20t century}} {{1986 FIFA Warld Cup Team o the Toornament}} {{1990 FIFA Warld Cup Team o the Toornament}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title=Argentinae squads |bg=#74ACDF |fg=white |bordercolor=black |list1= {{Argentinae squad 1979 Copa América}} {{Argentinae squad 1982 FIFA Warld Cup}} {{Argentinae squad 1986 FIFA Warld Cup}} {{Argentinae squad 1987 Copa América}} {{Argentinae squad 1989 Copa América}} {{Argentinae squad 1990 FIFA Warld Cup}} {{Argentinae squad 1994 FIFA Warld Cup}} {{Argentinae squad 2010 FIFA Warld Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Diego Maradona managerial Positions |list1= {{Argentinae naitional fitbaw team managers}} {{Racing Club managers}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maradona, Diego}} [[Category:1982 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1986 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1990 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1994 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:1979 Copa América players]] [[Category:1987 Copa América players]] [[Category:1989 Copa América players]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate sportsfowk in Italy]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate sportsfowk in Spain]] [[Category:Argentinae youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentinae naitional fitbaw team managers]] [[Category:Argentine fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Argentine fitbawers]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o indigenous fowks strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Croatie strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Galicie strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Argentine fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Argentine sportsfowk in dopin cases]] [[Category:Argentinos Juniors fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:Boca Juniors fitbawers]] [[Category:Deifee'd fowk]] [[Category:Dopin cases in association fitbaw]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbaw managers in the Unitit Arab Emirates]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:FIFA 100]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin caiptains]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup managers]] [[Category:Al Wasl FC fitbaw managers]] [[Category:Indigenous sportsfowk o the Americas]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Native American sportsfowk]] [[Category:Newell's Old Boys fitbawers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lanús]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lomas de Zamora]] [[Category:Racing Club de Avellaneda managers]] [[Category:S.S.C. Napoli players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Serie A tap scorers]] [[Category:Sevilla FC players]] [[Category:Textil Mandiyú managers]] [[Category:Televeesion talk show hosts]] [[Category:World Soccer Magazine Warld Player o the Year winners]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Sooth American Fitbawer o the Year winners]] [[Category:Fowk convictit o drog affenses]] r87wmwt18ca2y88kao39mhmpc16uhu9 Real Valladolid 0 59432 923644 883226 2026-09-28T13:52:58Z Makenzis 43742 923644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Real Valladolid | image = | fullname = Real Valladolid<br>Club de Fútbol, [[Sociedad Anónima Deportiva|SAD]] | nickname = ''Pucela'' | foonded = 1928 | ground = [[Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla|José Zorrilla]], [[Valladolid]],<br> [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]] | capacity = 26,512 | chairman = [[Ronaldo (Brazilian fitbawer)|Ronaldo]] | manager = [[Paulo Pezzolano]] | league = Segunda División | season = 2025-26 | position = 17. | website = http://www.realvalladolid.es | pattern_la1 = _valladolid2324h | pattern_b1 = _valladolid2324h | pattern_ra1 = _valladolid2324h | pattern_sh1 = _valladolid2324h | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _valladolid2223a | pattern_b2 = _valladolid2223a | pattern_ra2 = _valladolid2223a | pattern_sh2 = _valladolid2223a | pattern_so2 = _valladolid2223a | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = _valladolid2223t | pattern_b3 = _valladolid2223t | pattern_ra3 = _valladolid2223t | pattern_sh3 = _valladolid2223t | pattern_so3 = _valladolid2223t | leftarm3 = FFFFFF | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = FFFFFF | shorts3 = 75348E | socks3 = 75348E }} '''Real Valladolid Club de Fútbol, S.A.D.''' ({{IPA-es|reˈal βaʎaðoˈlið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol}}), or simply '''Real Valladolid''', is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Valladolid]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Castile an León]], frae whaur the eikname ''Pucela'' is derived. Foondit on 20 Juin 1928, it plays in {{Spanish football updater|Valladolid}}, haein its hame gemmes at ''[[Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla]]'', that seats 26,512 spectators. It currently ranks 14t on the [[La Liga#Aw-time La Liga table|Aw-Time La Liga table]]. {{Stub/Sport}}{{Stub/Spain}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Spain]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Real Valladolid| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1928]] [[Category:Organisations based in Spain wi ryal patronage]] [[Category:1928 establishments in Spain]] lj9hu1ghelaud8h2ggcx00h8xiypn6f 923671 923644 2026-09-29T02:05:01Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Real Valladolid | fullname = Real Valladolid<br>Club de Fútbol, [[Sociedad Anónima Deportiva|SAD]] | nickname = ''Pucela'' | foonded = 1928 | ground = [[Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla|José Zorrilla]], [[Valladolid]],<br> [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]] | capacity = 26,512 | chairman = [[Ronaldo (Brazilian fitbawer)|Ronaldo]] | manager = [[Paulo Pezzolano]] | league = Segunda División | season = 2025-26 | position = 17. | website = http://www.realvalladolid.es | pattern_la1 = _valladolid2324h | pattern_b1 = _valladolid2324h | pattern_ra1 = _valladolid2324h | pattern_sh1 = _valladolid2324h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _valladolid2223a | pattern_b2 = _valladolid2223a | pattern_ra2 = _valladolid2223a | pattern_sh2 = _valladolid2223a | pattern_so2 = _valladolid2223a | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = _valladolid2223t | pattern_b3 = _valladolid2223t | pattern_ra3 = _valladolid2223t | pattern_sh3 = _valladolid2223t | pattern_so3 = _valladolid2223t | leftarm3 = FFFFFF | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = FFFFFF | shorts3 = 75348E | socks3 = 75348E }} '''Real Valladolid Club de Fútbol, S.A.D.''' ({{IPA-es|reˈal βaʎaðoˈlið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol}}), or simply '''Real Valladolid''', is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Valladolid]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Castile an León]], frae whaur the eikname ''Pucela'' is derived. Foondit on 20 Juin 1928, it plays in {{Spanish football updater|Valladolid}}, haein its hame gemmes at ''[[Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla]]'', that seats 26,512 spectators. It currently ranks 14t on the [[La Liga#Aw-time La Liga table|Aw-Time La Liga table]]. {{Stub/Sport}}{{Stub/Spain}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Spain]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Real Valladolid| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1928]] [[Category:Organisations based in Spain wi ryal patronage]] [[Category:1928 establishments in Spain]] iaucwqxvzod2un25x7xnboob5n3weq7 UD Almería 0 59437 923694 902178 2026-09-29T09:38:50Z Makenzis 43742 923694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Almería | image = | fullname = Unión Deportiva Almería, S.A.D. | nickname = Cowboys | foundit = 1989 | grund = [[Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos|Juegos Mediterráneos]],<br> [[Almería]], [[Andalusie]],<br> [[Spain]] | capacity = 22,000 | chairman = [[Turki Al-Sheikh]] | manager = [[Vicente Moreno]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Almería}} | season = 2025–26 | position = 2rd | pattern_la1 = _almeria2324h | pattern_b1 = _almeria2324h | pattern_ra1 = _almeria2324h | pattern_sh1 = _almeria2324h | pattern_so1 = _whitetop | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = FF0000 | socks1 = FF0000 | pattern_la2 = _almeria2223a | pattern_b2 = _almeria2223a | pattern_ra2 = _almeria2223a | pattern_sh2 = _almeria2223a | pattern_so2 = _almeria2223a | leftarm2 = dcc5a3 | body2 = dcc5a3 | rightarm2 = dcc5a3 | shorts2 = d5c590 | socks2 = d5c590 | pattern_la3 = _almeria2223t | pattern_b3 = _almeria2223t | pattern_ra3 = _almeria2223t | pattern_sh3 = _almeria2223t | pattern_so3 = _almeria2223t | leftarm3 = 000000 | body3 = 000000 | rightarm3 = 000000 | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = 000000 | website = http://www.udalmeriasad.com/ }} '''Unión Deportiva Almería, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Almería]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Andalusie]]. Foondit in 1989 as ''Almería Club de Fútbol'' it currently plays in {{Spanish football updater|Almería}}, hauldin hame gemmes at ''[[Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos]]'', wi a 22,000-seat capacity. [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:Segunda División]] [[Category:UD Almería| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1989]] [[Category:1989 establishments in Spain]] 2ivn7e7jpxno802934qvvtsulwxk5id 923695 923694 2026-09-29T09:39:07Z Makenzis 43742 923695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club | clubname = Almería | image = | fullname = Unión Deportiva Almería, S.A.D. | nickname = Cowboys | foundit = 1989 | grund = [[Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos|Juegos Mediterráneos]],<br> [[Almería]], [[Andalusie]],<br> [[Spain]] | capacity = 22,000 | chairman = [[Turki Al-Sheikh]] | manager = [[Vicente Moreno]] | league = Segunda División | season = 2025–26 | position = 2rd | pattern_la1 = _almeria2324h | pattern_b1 = _almeria2324h | pattern_ra1 = _almeria2324h | pattern_sh1 = _almeria2324h | pattern_so1 = _whitetop | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = FF0000 | socks1 = FF0000 | pattern_la2 = _almeria2223a | pattern_b2 = _almeria2223a | pattern_ra2 = _almeria2223a | pattern_sh2 = _almeria2223a | pattern_so2 = _almeria2223a | leftarm2 = dcc5a3 | body2 = dcc5a3 | rightarm2 = dcc5a3 | shorts2 = d5c590 | socks2 = d5c590 | pattern_la3 = _almeria2223t | pattern_b3 = _almeria2223t | pattern_ra3 = _almeria2223t | pattern_sh3 = _almeria2223t | pattern_so3 = _almeria2223t | leftarm3 = 000000 | body3 = 000000 | rightarm3 = 000000 | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = 000000 | website = http://www.udalmeriasad.com/ }} '''Unión Deportiva Almería, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Almería]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Andalusie]]. Foondit in 1989 as ''Almería Club de Fútbol'' it currently plays in {{Spanish football updater|Almería}}, hauldin hame gemmes at ''[[Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos]]'', wi a 22,000-seat capacity. [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:Segunda División]] [[Category:UD Almería| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1989]] [[Category:1989 establishments in Spain]] r9b75p8pj8ezovvq0fv10z4gi74waur Assam 0 61230 923664 830998 2026-09-29T01:27:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox state <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Assam | native_name = অসম |native_name_lang = as | type =[[States an territories o Indie|State]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_seal = Seal of Assam.png | seal_alt = | image_map = India Assam locator map.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o Assam in [[Indie]] | image_map1 = Assam locator map.svg | map_caption1 = Map o Assam | coordinates = {{coord|26.14|91.77|region:IN-AS_type:adm1st|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = Dispur | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indie}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Indie|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast Indie]] | established_title = Established | established_date = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1947|8|15}} | parts_type = [[Leet o Indie destricts|Districts]] | parts_style = para | p1 = 27 | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Dispur]] | seat1_type = Lairgest ceety | seat1 = [[Guwahati]] | government_footnotes = {{ref|leg|[*]}} | leader_title = [[Govrenors o Assam|Govrenor]] | leader_name = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|J B Patnaik]] | leader_title1 = [[Chief Meenisters o Assam|Chief&nbsp;Meenister]] | leader_name1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]] ([[Indie Naitional Congress|INC]]) | leader_title2 = [[Legislatur o Assam|Legislature]] | leader_name2 = [[Unicameral]] (126 seats) | leader_title3 = [[14t Lok Sabha|Pairlamentar constituency]] | leader_name3 = 14 | leader_title4 = [[Heich Courts o Indie|Heich Court]] | leader_name4 = [[Gauhati Heich Court]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 78550 | area_note = | area_rank = 16th | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 31169272 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = 14t | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Indie Staundart Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.534 (middlin) | blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank | blank1_info_sec1 = 22nd (2005) | blank_name_sec2 = [[Leeteracy in Indie|Leeteracy]] | blank_info_sec2 = 73.18% (26t)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/assam.html |title=Assam Population Sex Ratio in Assam Literacy rate data |publisher=Census2011.co.in |date= |accessdate=2012-09-22}}</ref> | blank1_name_sec2 = Offeecial leids | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Assamese leid|Assamese]],<br/> [[Bengali leid|Bengali]] ''{{nowrap|(in [[Barak Glen]])}}'',<br/> [[Bodo leid|Bodo]] ''{{nowrap|(in [[Bodoland Territorial Aurie Destricts|Bodoland]])}}'' | website = [http://assam.gov.in/ assam.gov.in] | footnotes = {{note|leg|[*]}} Assam haes haed a legislatur syne 1937 {{note|leg|[*]}} Assam is ane o the oreeginal provinces o Breetish Indie }} '''Assam''' ([æˈsæm], {{Audio|Assam.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lang-as|অসম}} ''Ôxôm'', {{IPA|/ɔxɔm/|}}) is a [[Northeast Indie|northeastren state o Indie]]. Its caipital is [[Dispur]], locatit athin the municipal aurie o [[Guwahati]] ceety. Locatit sooth o the eastren [[Himalayas]], Assam comprises the [[Brahmaputra Glen|Brahmaputra]] an the [[Barak Glen|Barak]] river glens alang wi the [[Karbi Anglong destrict|Karbi Anglong]] an the [[North Cachar]] Hills wi a aurie o 30,285 square miles (78,438&nbsp;km²). Assam is surroondit bi sax o the ither ''[[Seiven Sister States]]'': [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]] an [[Meghalaya]]. Geografically Assam an these states are connectit tae the rest o Indie via a narrae strip o laund in [[Wast Bengal]] cried the [[Siliguri Corridor]] or "Chicken's Neck".<ref>{{cite web| last = Dixit| first = K. M.| title = Chicken's Neck (Editorial)| publisher = Himal South Asian| date = August 2002| url = http://www.himalmag.com/2002/august/lastpage.htm| format = – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ADixit+intitle%3AChicken%27s+Neck+%28Editorial%29&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>| access-date = 2013-10-29| archive-date = 2006-10-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061030033551/http://www.himalmag.com/2002/august/lastpage.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> Assam shares internaitional borders wi [[Bhutan]] an [[Bangladesh]]; an culturs, fowks an climate wi Sooth-East Asie – important elements in Indie’s [[Leuk East policy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam has lead role in Look East effort: PM |author=Sushanta Talukdar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3336069.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 April 2012 |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707205633/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3336069.ece |archive-date=2014-07-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Assam became a pairt o the Breetish Indie efter the Breetish occupee'd the region follaein the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] o 1824–1826. Assam is rich in cultur, ethnic groups, leids/dialacts spoken an leeteratur. It is kent for [[Assam tea]], lairge an auld petroleum resoorces (the first ile reserves o Indie wur discovered in Assam in the late 19t century), [[Assam silk]] an for its rich [[Biodiversity o Assam|biodiversity]]. Assam haes successfully conservit the ane-horned [[Indie Rhinoceros|Indie rhinoceros]] frae near extinction, alang wi the teeger an numerous species o birds, an it provides ane o the last wild habitats for the [[Asie elephant]]. It is becomin an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, an [[Kaziranga]] an [[Manas Naitional Pairk|Manas]] are baith [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s.<ref>{{cite web | last = World Heritage Centre | first = UNESCO | title = World Heritage List | url = http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31 }}</ref> Assam wis kent for its [[Shorea robusta|Sal tree]] forests an forest products an aw, hintle depletit nou. A laund o heich rainfaw, Assam is endowed wi lush greenery an the michty river [[Brahmaputra]], whose tributars an [[oxbow loc]]s provide the region wi a unique hydro-[[geomorphic]] an aesthetic environs. ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} [[File:SevenSisterStates.png|thumb|left|Seiven Sister States]] == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Assam}} * {{Official website|http://assamgovt.nic.in/}} * [http://assamtourism.org/ Assam Tourism] (Offeecial) * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Assam}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} * {{Cite NIE|year=1905|Assam}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Assam |North ={{flagicon|Bhutan}}[[Dzongdey#Zone Statistics|Eastren Zone]] |Northeast = [[Arunachal Pradesh]] |East = [[Nagaland]] |Sootheast = [[Manipur]] |Sooth = [[Mizoram]] |Soothwast = [[Meghalaya]]<br>{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}[[Sylhet Diveesion]]<br>[[Tripura]] |Wast = [[Wast Bengal]]<br>{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}[[Rangpur Diveesion]] |Northwast = {{flagicon|Bhutan}}[[Dzongdey#Zone Statistics|Soothren Zone]] }} {{States an territories o Indie}} [[Category:Assam| ]] [[Category:States an territories o Indie]] [[Category:Seiven Sister States]] [[Category:Northeast Indie]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1947]] s7o4nx86oa7woiobageb30gv6lzl95a Baryte 0 63588 923677 923354 2026-09-29T02:42:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mineral | name = Baryte (barite) | category = [[Sulfate meeneral]], barite group | boxwidth = | boxbgcolor = | image = 6158M-barite2.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Baryte crystals frae Cerro Huarihuyn, Mirafneelores, Huamalíes, Huánuco, Peru <br>(size 56 x 53 mm, 74 g) | formula = BaSO<sub>4</sub> | strunz = 07.AD.35 | dana = 28.03.01.01 | symmetry = Orthorhombic (2/m 2/m 2/m) dipyramidal | unit cell = a = 8.884(2) Å, b = 5.457(3) Å, c = 7.157(2) Å; A = 4 | molweight = | color = Colourless, white, licht shades o blae, yellae, grey, broun | habit = Tabular parallel tae base, fibrous, nodular tae massive | system = [[Orthorhombic]] | twinning = | cleavage = Perfect cleavage parallel tae base an prism faces: {001} Perfect, {210} Perfect, {010} Imperfect | fracture = Irregular/uneven | tenacity = Brickle | mohs = 3-3.5 | luster = Vitreous, pearly | refractive = n<sub>α</sub> = 1.634–1.637 <br/>n<sub>β</sub> = 1.636–1.638 <br/> n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.646–1.648 | opticalprop = biaxial positive | birefringence =0.012 | pleochroism = | streak = White | gravity = 4.3–5 | density = 4.48 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name="RiM-2000">{{cite journal |last= Hanor |first= J. |year=2000 |title=Barite-celestine geochemistry and environments of formation |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy |volume=40 |pages=193–275 |isbn=0-939950-52-9 |publisher= Mineralogical Society of America |location= Washington, DC}}</ref> | melt = | fusibility = 4, yellaeish green ''barium flame'' | diagnostic = white colour, heich specific gravity, characteristic cleavage an crystals | solubility = law | diaphaneity = skyre tae opaque | other = | references = <ref name="Dana">{{cite book |last1= Dana |first1= James Dwight |author1-link=James Dwight Dana |last2= Ford |first2= William Ebenezer |title= Dana's Manual of Mineralogy for the Student of Elementary Mineralogy, the Mining Engineer, the Geologist, the Prospector, the Collector, Etc. |year= 1915 |edition= 13 |url= http://www.archive.org/details/danasmanualmine00fordgoog |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |pages=299–300}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/min-549.html Barite at Mindat]</ref><ref name=Webmin>[http://webmineral.com/data/Barite.shtml Webmineral data for barite]</ref><ref name=Handbook>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/baryte.pdf Baryte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615020755/http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/baryte.pdf |date=2020-06-15 }} {{Cite web |url=https://rruff.info/doclib/hom/baryte.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2025-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615020755/https://rruff.info/doclib/hom/baryte.pdf |archive-date=2020-06-15 |url-status=bot: unknown}}, Handbook of Mineralogy</ref> }} '''Baryte''', or '''barite''', ([[Barium|Ba]][[Sulfur|S]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>) is a [[meeneral]] consistin o [[barium sulfate]].<ref name="Dana"/> The ''baryte group'' consists o baryte, [[Celestine (mineral)|celestine]], [[anglesite]] an [[anhydrite]]. Baryte itsel is generally white or [[colour]]less, an is the main soorce o [[barium]]. Baryte an celestine furm a [[solid solution]] (Ba,Sr)SO<sub>4</sub>.<ref name="RiM-2000"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Barium meenerals]] [[Category:Sulphate meenerals]] [[Category:Orthorhombic meenerals]] b0xtv4k72cr7zm4ez4hv0e1661kfrol Iraq War 0 65035 923711 923423 2026-09-29T11:58:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = Iraq War |partof = the [[War on Terror]] |image = [[File:Iraq War montage.png|border|300px]] |caption = '''Clockwise frae tap''': Delta Force o Task Force 20 alangside truips o 3rd Battalion, 327t Infantry Regiment, at Uday Hussain an Qusay Hussein's hideoot.; Insurgents in northren Iraq; an Iraqi insurgent firin a MANPADS; the topplin o the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square. |date = {{start date|df=yes|2003|3|20}}&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|2011|12|15}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=20|year1=2003|month2=12|day2=15|year2=2011}})<ref> {{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-17/iraq-us-troops/52032854/1?csp=ip |title=Last U.S.&nbsp;troops leave Iraq, ending war |accessdate=18 December 2011 | work=USA Today |date=17 December 2011}}</ref>{{dubious|date=December 2013}} |place=[[Iraq]] |result = Coalition victory * [[2003 invasion o Iraq|Invasion]] an [[History o Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation]] o Iraq * Owerthrow o [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Pairty]] govrenment an [[execution o Saddam Hussein]] * [[Iraqi insurgency|Insurgency]], [[al-Qaeda in Iraq|foreign terrorist operations]], an [[ceevil war in Iraq|sectarian violence]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Sectarian divisions change Baghdad’s image|publisher=MSNBC|date=3 July 2006|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13684759/|accessdate=18 February 2007|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110601/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13684759/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Subsequent depletion o Iraqi insurgency,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40257752|title=U.S.&nbsp;says Iraq pullout won't cause dramatic violence|date=18 November 2010|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=26 November 2010|archive-date=2011-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501142902/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40257752|url-status=dead}}</ref> improvements in public security<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11816974|title=UK 'to continue deporting failed Iraqi asylum seekers'|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 November 2010|date=22 November 2010}}</ref> * Establishment o [[Iraqi parliamentary election, Januar 2005|democratic elections]] an furmation o new govrenment * [[U.S.-Iraq Status o Forces Agreement]] * [[Widrawal o U.S. truips frae Iraq|Widrawal]] o [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|U.S. forces]] frae Iraq * [[Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. widrawal)|Ongangin insurgency]] |combatant1 = '''Invasion phase (2003)'''<br /> {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States o Americae}}}}<br /> {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}<br /> {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> {{flag|Australie}}<br /> {{flag|Poland}}<br /> {{Flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Peshmerga]] |combatant1a = '''Post-invasion (2003–11)'''<br /> {{flag|Iraq}}<br /> *{{flagicon image|Coat of arms (emblem) of Iraq 2008.svg}} [[Iraqi Airmed Forces]] *{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Peshmerga]] * [[Awakening Council]] {{nowrap|[[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Multi-National&nbsp;Force{{spaced ndash}}Iraq]]}} * {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit States}} <small>(03–11)</small>}} * {{nowrap|{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} <small>(03–11)</small>}} * {{flag|Sooth Korea}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Italy}} <small>(03–06)</small> * {{flag|Poland}} <small>(03-08)</small> * {{flag|Australie}} <small>(03–09)</small> * {{flag|Georgie}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Ukraine}} <small>(03–08)</small> * {{flag|Netherlands}} <small>(03–05)</small> * {{flag|Spain}} <small>(03–04)</small> * {{flag|Estonie}} <!-- Only countries fielded more than 1,000 troops each rotation are listed here; the rest are at the MNF-I page linked below --> :[[Multi-National Force&nbsp;– Iraq|''30 ither kintras'']] Supported By:<br> '''{{Flag|Saudi Arabie}}<br> '''{{Flag|Egyp}}<br> '''{{Flag|Kuwait}} |combatant2 = '''Invasion phase (2003)'''<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[History o Iraq unner Ba'athist rule|Ba'athist Iraq]] |combatant2a = '''Post-invasion (2003–11)'''<br /> [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|'''Ba'ath Pairty lyalists''']] * [[Supreme Command for Jihad an Liberation]] * [[Airmy o the Men o the Naqshbandi Order]] Supportit Bi:<br> '''{{Flag|Sirie}} ---- [[Iraqi insurgency#Sunni Islamist|'''Sunni insurgents''']] * [[Islamic State o Iraq]] * [[Islamic Airmy o Iraq]] * [[Ansar al-Sunnah]] ---- [[Iraqi insurgency#Shia Islamist|'''Shia insurgents''']] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} [[Mahdi Airmy]] * {{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Special Groups (Iraq)|Special Groups]] * [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]] * [[Combatants o the Iraq War|Ithers]] Supportit Bi:<br> '''{{Flag|Iran}}<br> '''{{Flag|Sirie}} ---- <small>For fichtin atween insurgent groups, see [[Ceevil war in Iraq]].</small> ---- |commander1 = {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ayad Allawi]] <br /> {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Ibrahim al-Jaafari]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Iraq}} [[Nouri al-Maliki]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Ricardo Sanchez]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[George W. Casey, Jr.]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[David Petraeus]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Raymond T. Odierno]]<br /> [[File:MultinationalForce-IraqDUI.svg|24px]] [[Lloyd Austin]]<br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[George W. Bush]]<br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} General [[Tommy Franks]]<br /> {{Flagicon|US}} [[Barack Obama]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Tony Blair]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Gordon Brown]]<br /> {{Flagicon|UK}} [[David Cameron]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Soeren Gade]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Australie}} [[John Howard]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Australie}} [[Kevin Rudd]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Lech Kaczyński]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Yevhen Marchuk]]<br /> {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Kuzmuk]] |commander2 = '''Ba'ath Pairty'''<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Saddam Hussein]] {{POW}} [[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|14px|link=Execution o Saddam Hussein]]}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Qusay Hussein]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Uday Hussein]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg}} [[Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri]]<br /> ---- '''Sunni insurgency'''<br /> [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Abu Suleiman al-Naser|Al-Nasser Lideen Allah Abu Suleiman]]{{KIA}}<br /> [[Abu Dua]]<br /> [[Ishmael Jubouri]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg}} [[Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i]] {{POW}} ---- '''Shia insurgency'''<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} [[Muqtada al-Sadr]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Abu Deraa]]<br />[[Qais al-Khazali]]<br />[[Akram al-Kabi]] |strength1 = '''[[2003 Invasion o Iraq|Invasion Forces]]''' <small>(2003–2004)</small><br />~300,000<br /> ---- '''[[Multinaitional Force Iraq|Coalition forces]]''' <small>(2004–2009)</small><br />176,000 at peak<br /> '''[[United States Forces&nbsp;– Iraq]]''' <small>(2010–2011)</small><br />112,000 at activation<br /> '''Security contractors''' 6,000–7,000 <small>(estimate)</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rm/143420.htm |title=Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Programs Charlene Lamb's Remarks on Private Contractors in Iraq |publisher=State.gov |date=17 July 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |archive-date=2017-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619163623/https://www.state.gov/m/ds/rls/rm/143420.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> '''[[Iraqi Security Forces]]'''<br /> 805,269 <small>(militar an [[paramilitar]]: 578,269,<ref>{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2010| url=https://archive.org/details/militarybalance0000inte_f0f9| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| authorlink1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author2=Hackett, James (ed.)| date=3 February 2010| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=London| isbn=1-85743-557-5| ref=IISS2010}}</ref> polis: 227,000)</small><br /> '''[[Awakenin movements in Iraq|Awakenin militias]]'''<br />~103,000 (2008)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/world/middleeast/29iraq.html?hpw | work=The New York Times | title=Troops Arrest an Awakening Council Leader in Iraq, Setting Off Fighting | first1=Alissa J. | last1=Rubin | authorlink1= Alissa J. Rubin | first2=Rod | last2=Nordland | date=29 March 2009 | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> <br /> '''[[Iraqi Kurdistan]]'''<br /> ~400,000 <small>(Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3441.htm |title=The Kurdish peshmerga forces will not be integrated into the Iraqi army: Mahmoud Sangawi&nbsp;— Interview |publisher=Ekurd.net |date=22 January 2010 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402235805/https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/1/independentstate3441.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''[[Peshmerga]]''' 375,000)</small> |strength2 = '''[[Iraqi Airmy]]''': 375,000 <small>(disbaundit in 2003)</small> ---- '''[[Iraqi insurgency#Sunni Islamist|Sunni Insurgents]]'''<br />~70,000 <small>(2007)</small><ref name=brookings>The Brookings Institution [http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019170433/http://www3.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }} 1 October 2007</ref><br />'''[[Mahdi Airmy]]'''<br />~60,000 <small>(2007)</small><ref>{{cite news|last=Ricks|first=Thomas E.|coauthors=Ann Scott Tyson|title=Intensified Combat on Streets Likely|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002581_pf.html|publisher=Washington Post|date=11 January 2007|page=A01}}</ref> <br />'''[[al-Qaeda]]'''<br />~1,300 <small>(2006)</small><ref>Pincus, Walter. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111601509.html "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex"]. ''[[Washington Post]],'' 17 November 2006.</ref><br /> '''[[Islamic State o Iraq]]'''<br />~1,000 <small>(2008)</small> <br />'''[[Airmy o the Men o the Naqshbandi Order]]'''<br />~500–1,000 <small>(2007)</small> |casualties1 = '''[[Leet o Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq|Iraqi Security Forces]]''' (post-Saddam)<br /> '''Killed:''' 16,623<ref>260 killed in 2003,[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/19/1013869.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628233817/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/19/1013869.htm |date=2011-06-28 }} 15,196 killed frae 2004 through 2009 (wi the exceptions o Mey 2004 an Mairch 2009),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 67 killed in Mairch 2009,[http://hello.news352.lu/edito-4036-march-violence-claims-252-iraqi-lives.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226181744/http://hello.news352.lu/edito-4036-march-violence-claims-252-iraqi-lives.html |date=2012-02-26 }} an 1,100 killed in 2010,[http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-02/world/iraq.casualty.figures_1_iraqi-police-mosul-police-iraqi-troops?_s=PM:WORLD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116094430/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-02/world/iraq.casualty.figures_1_iraqi-police-mosul-police-iraqi-troops?_s=PM:WORLD |date=2013-01-16 }} thus givin a tot o 16,623 dead</ref><br /> '''Woondit:''' 40,000+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/77707.pdf |title=Iraq War |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref><br /><br /> '''[[Multi-Naitional Force&nbsp;– Iraq|Coalition Forces]]'''<br /> '''Killed:''' 4,805<ref name="icas">{{cite web |url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |title=Operation Iraqi Freedom |publisher=iCasualties |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archive-date=2018-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025180952/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/casualties/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=30 March 2010 | title=Home and Away: Iraq and Afghanistan War Casualties}}</ref> <small>(4,487 U.S.,<ref name="defenselink.mil">{{Cite web |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2009-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706234900/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 179 UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishFatalities.htm |title=Ministry of Defence &#124; Fact Sheets &#124; Operations Factsheets &#124; Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities |publisher=Mod.uk |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archive-date=2009-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011220157/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishFatalities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 139 ither)</small><br /> '''Missin/captured''' (U.S.): 8 (aw rescued)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/pow.mia/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=22 February 2011 | title=Forces: U.S. & Coalition/POW/MIA}}; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq", ''[[New York Times]]'', 22 May 2011, p. 6.</ref> '''Woondit''': 32,753+ <small>(32,226 U.S.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/NEWS/casualty.pdf |title=Casualty |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-11-18}}</ref> 315 UK, 212+ ither<ref>33 Ukrainians [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808232343/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6K9H5Y?OpenDocument |date=2009-08-08 }}, 31+ Italians [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629050836/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/13/MNGJ730QPA1.DTL |date=2011-06-29 }} [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428195925/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9524 |date=2011-04-28 }}, 30 Bulgarians [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3355749.stm] [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=33103], 20 Salvadorans [http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2009-02-07-salvador-iraq_N.htm], 19 Georgians [http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18470] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513160916/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18470 |date=2011-05-13 }}, 18 Estonians [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/02/mil-090209-rianovosti06.htm], 16+ Poles [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=33116] [http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612101918/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/JuraTomasz/print |date=2007-06-12 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501084237/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16186603.html] [http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?19484-Two-Polish-Soldiers-Dead-Five-Injured-in-Iraq-PAP] [http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/25148], 15 Spaniards [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429012705/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104369,00.html |date=2011-04-29 }} [http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402233014/https://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/17607/soldier-dead-after-attack-on-spanish-convoy-in-afghanistan |date=2019-04-02 }} [http://www1.albawaba.com/news/five-spanish-soldiers-four-us-troops-injured-iraq-bomb-attacks] [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200404/09/eng20040409_139905.shtml], 10 Romanians [http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6708832.html], 6 Australians [http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428201646/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/combat-troops-pull-out-of-iraq/780839.aspx |date=2011-04-28 }}, 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs [http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130025416/http://iraq.pigstye.net/article.php/20050112090041443/print |date=2012-01-30 }}, 3 Filipinos [http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174014/http://asianjournalusa.com/rp-troops-to-stay-in-iraq-despite-ambush-p929-67.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} and 2 Thais [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123050230/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/12/23/1015519.htm |date=2010-11-23 }} [http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513184802/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2003/12/28/iraqi-insurgency-2-thai-soldiers-killed-1-injured-br-0 |date=2013-05-13 }} for a total of 212+</ref>)</small><ref name=mil>Mony offeecial U.S.&nbsp;tables at [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm "Military Casualty Information"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303054755/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm |date=2011-03-03 }}. See [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OIF-Total.pdf latest totals for injury, disease/other medical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |date=2011-06-02 }}</ref><ref name=antiwarcasualties>[http://www.antiwar.com/casualties/ "Casualties in Iraq"].</ref><ref name=icasualties>iCasualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, ''et al.'', [http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx "Iraq Coalition Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025180952/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx |date=2018-10-25 }}</ref><ref name=ukcasualties>[http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114214203/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm |date=2006-11-14 }}. UK Meenistry o Defense. [http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm Latest combined casualty and fatality tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004051608/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/DoctrineOperationsandDiplomacyPublications/OperationsInIraq/OpTelicCasualtyAndFatalityTables.htm |date=2012-10-04 }}.</ref> '''Injured/diseased/ither medical'''*: 51,139 <small>(47,541 U.S.,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2011-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602035127/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-total.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 3,598 UK)</small><ref name=mil/><ref name=icasualties/><ref name=ukcasualties/><br /><br /> '''[[Private militar company|Contractors]]'''<br /> '''[[Leet o private contractor daiths in Iraq|Killed]]''': 1,554<ref name="dol.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |title=U.S.&nbsp;Department of Labor&nbsp;— Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) - Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation |publisher=Dol.gov |accessdate=15 December 2011 |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515203323/https://www.dol.gov/owcp/dlhwc/dbaallnation.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="projects.propublica.org">{{cite web|author=T. Christian Miller |url=http://projects.propublica.org/tables/contractor_casualties |title=U.S.&nbsp;Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries|publisher=Projects.propublica.org |date=23 September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010}}</ref><br /> '''Woondit & injured''': 43,880<ref name="dol.gov"/><ref name="projects.propublica.org"/><br /> '''[[Sons o Iraq|Awakenin Cooncils]]'''<br /> '''Killed:''' 1,002+<ref>185 in Diyala frae Juin 2007 tae December 2007,[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/middleeast/24sunni.html?pagewanted=print] 4 in assassination o [[Abdul Sattar Abu Risha|Abu Risha]], 25 on 12 November 2007,[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/15/iraq/main3504599.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3504599] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514132150/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/15/iraq/main3504599.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3504599 |date=2013-05-14 }} 528 in 2008,[http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210152350/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |date=2016-12-10 }} 27 on 2 Januar 2009,[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/03/world/middleeast/03iraq.html] 53 Frae 6 tae 12 Aprile 2009,[http://www.alternet.org/world/136476/sunni_iraqis_fear_a_bloodbath_of_reprisal_after_possible_u.s._exit/?page=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513130112/http://www.alternet.org/world/136476/sunni_iraqis_fear_a_bloodbath_of_reprisal_after_possible_u.s._exit/?page=1 |date=2011-05-13 }} 13 on 16 November 2009,[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429002216/http://www.france24.com/en/node/4926131] 15 in December 2009,[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?_r=1] 100+ frae Aprile tae Juin 2010,[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/06/20106653940383435.html#] [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128084675] 52 on 18 Julie 2010 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/18/iraq-suicide-bombings-kill-militia] [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-18/bombs-targeting-sons-of-iraq-leave-at-least-44-dead.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718205535/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-18/bombs-targeting-sons-of-iraq-leave-at-least-44-dead.html |date=2010-07-18 }}, tot o 1,002+ dead</ref><br />'''Woondit:''' 500+ (2007),<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/world/middleeast/24sunni.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print | work=The New York Times | first1=Solomon | last1=Moore | first2=RICHARD A. | last2=OPPEL Jr | title=Attacks Imperil U.S.-Backed Militias in Iraq | date=24 January 2008}}</ref> 828 (2008)<ref>{{cite web |author=Greg Bruno |url=http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |title=Finding a Place for the ‘Sons of Iraq’ - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |accessdate=26 December 2011 |archive-date=2016-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210152350/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/finding-place-sons-iraq/p16088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Tot dead: 24,219''' <br />'''Tot woondit: 117,961''' |casualties2 = '''Iraqi combatant deid''' (invasion period): 7,600–11,000<ref>[[Press release]] (28 October 2003). [http://www.commondreams.org/news2003/1028-01.htm "New Study Finds: 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War; 30 Percent are Non-Combatants; Death Toll Hurts Postwar Stability Efforts, Damages US Image Abroad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017165045/http://www.commondreams.org/news2003/1028-01.htm |date=2006-10-17 }}. ''[[Project on Defense Alternatives]]'' (''via'' [[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]). Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref><ref>Conetta, Carl (23 October 2003). [http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict&nbsp;— Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902070831/http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html |date=2009-09-02 }}. ''[[Project on Defense Alternatives]]'' (''via'' ''[[Commonwealth Institute (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Commonwealth Institute]]''). Retrieved 2 September 2010.</ref> '''Insurgents''' (post-Saddam)<br /> '''Killed:''' 21,221–26,405 (2003-2011)<ref>597 killed in 2003,[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-09-26-insurgents_N.htm], 23,984 killed frae 2004 through 2009 (wi the exceptions o Mey 2004 an Mairch 2009),[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 652 killed in May 2004,[http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/] 45 killed in Mairch 2009,[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903190008/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument |date=2009-09-03 }} 676 killed in 2010,[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-30/iraq-civilian-deaths-drop-for-third-year-as-toll-eases-after-u-s-drawdown.html] 451 killed in 2011 (wi the exception o Februar),[http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/jan-iraq-death-toll-highest-in-four-months-20110201-1ac9m.html] [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/03/Two-US-troops-killed-in-Iraq/UPI-84151301845983/] [http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Iraq_monthly_death_toll_falls_in_April_999.html] [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209184820/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442 |date=2015-02-09 }} [http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111145441/http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html |date=2012-01-11 }} [http://www.arabia.msn.com/News/MiddleEast/AFP/2011/August/7991554.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208174352/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |date=2011-12-08 }} {{Cite web |url=http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208174352/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middleeast/afp/2011/august/7991554.aspx |archive-date=2011-12-08 |url-status=dead}} [http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513134427/http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military |date=2012-05-13 }} [http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118211828/http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17 |date=2012-11-18 }} [http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111064434/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html |date=2011-11-11 }} thus giving a total of 26,405 dead</ref><br /> '''[[Detainee]]s:''' 12,000 (Iraqi-held)<ref name="cnn1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-13/world/iraq.detainees_1_detainees-iraqi-authorities-moussawi?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Amnesty: Iraq holds up to 30,000 detainees without trial|publisher=CNN|date=13 September 2010|accessdate=6 January 2011|archive-date=2010-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023155150/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-09-13/world/iraq.detainees_1_detainees-iraqi-authorities-moussawi?_s=PM%3AWORLD|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> '''Tot dead: 28,821–37,405''' |casualties3 = '''Documented civilian daiths frae violence, [[Iraq Body Coont project|Iraq Body Coont]] '''(2003 – 14 December 2011): '''103,160–113,728''' recordit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/ |title=Iraq Body Count |publisher=Iraq Body Count |accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> an '''12,438''' new daiths addit frae the Iraq War Logs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/ |title=Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal |publisher=Iraq Body Count |accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref> '''Estimatit violent daiths:'''<br /> '''[[Lancet surveys o Iraq War casualties|''Lancet'' survey]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Julie 2006): '''601,027''' (95% CI: 426,369–793,663)<ref name="lancetOct2006">{{PDFlink|[http://brusselstribunal.org/pdf/lancet111006.pdf "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"]|242&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. ''[[The Lancet]],'' 11 October 2006</ref><ref name="Lancet supplement">{{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006"]|603&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the October 2006 Lancet study. It is also found here: [http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/research/iraq/Human_Cost_of_WarFORMATTED.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515142928/http://www.jhsph.edu/refugee/research/iraq/Human_Cost_of_WarFORMATTED.pdf |date=2016-05-15 }} [http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf]</ref><br /> '''[[Associated Press]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Aprile 2009): '''110,600'''<ref>Associated Press, 14 October 2009</ref><br /> '''[[Iraq Faimily Health Survey]] '''(Mairch 2003&nbsp;– Julie 2006): '''151,000''' (95% CI: 104,000–223,000)<ref>[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0707782 "Iraq Family Health Survey"] [[New England Journal of Medicine]] 31 January 2008</ref> <br /> For mair information see: [[Casualties o the Iraq War]] |notes='''*''' "injured, diseased, or ither medical": required medical air transport. UK nummer includes "aeromed evacuations"<br />'''**''' '''Tot daiths''' include aw addeetional daiths due tae increased lawlessness, degradit infrastructur, puirer healthcare, etc. |campaignbox = }} The '''Iraq War'''<ref group="nb">The conflict is an aa known as the '''War in Iraq''', the '''Occupation o Iraq''', an the '''Seicont Gulf War (Gulf War II)'''. It wis referred tae as '''Operation Iraqi Freedom''' bi the Unitit States militar, frae 2003 tae 2010.</ref> wis an airmed conflict in [[Iraq]] that consisted o twa phases.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|title=Iraq War|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/870845/Iraq-War|work=Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> The first wis an invasion o Iraq stairtin on 20 Mairch 2003 bi an invasion force led bi the [[Unitit States]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm Iraq war illegal, says Annan] BBC 16 September 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/mar2007/iraq-m20.shtml |title=The US invasion has caused nearly three-quarter million Iraqi deaths |publisher=Wsws.org |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref name = "PBS-20040226">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/cron/ |title=A chronology of the six-week invasion of Iraq | date=26 February 2004 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] | accessdate=19 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Baker">[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_17.shtml Kevin Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820002323/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_17.shtml |date=2008-08-20 }} "The Quietest War: We've Kept Fallujah, but Have We Lost Our Souls?" ''American Heritage'', Oct. 2006.</ref> It wis follaed bi a langer phase o fichtin, in which an insurgency emerged tae oppone [[Multi-Naitional Force&nbsp;– Iraq|the occupyin forces]] an the newly furmed Iraqi govrenment.<ref name=Britannica/> The U.S. completit its widrawal o militar personnel in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-usa-pullout-idUSTRE7BH08E20111218 |title=Timeline: Invasion, surge, withdrawal; U.S. forces in Iraq |date=18 December 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=18 December 2011 |first=David |last=Cutler |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061102/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-usa-pullout-idUSTRE7BH08E20111218 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201112/78464.php |title=Last US troops withdraw from Iraq |date=18 December 2011 |work=BBC |accessdate=11 May 2008 |archive-date=2012-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110090556/http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201112/78464.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, the [[Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. widrawal)|Iraqi insurgency]] continues tae cause thoosands o fatalities. ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Iraq War| ]] [[Category:2003 in Iraq]] [[Category:2004 in Iraq]] [[Category:2005 in Iraq]] [[Category:2006 in Iraq]] [[Category:2007 in Iraq]] [[Category:2008 in Iraq]] [[Category:2009 in Iraq]] [[Category:2010 in Iraq]] [[Category:2011 in Iraq]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2003]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2004]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2005]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2006]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2007]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2008]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2009]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2010]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2011]] [[Category:George W. Bush admeenistration controversies]] [[Category:Modren history o Iraq]] [[Category:Iraq–Unitit States relations]] [[Category:Iraq War legal issues]] [[Category:Occupation o Iraq]] [[Category:Politics o Iraq]] [[Category:War on Terror]] qiznrb7qhxq2k9hshix19p7yte9qgrm Gazprom 0 65482 923692 923400 2026-09-29T09:24:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Gazprom PJSC | native_name = ПАО «Газпром» | native_name_lang = ru | logo = [[File:Gazprom-Logo.svg|frameless]] | image = [[File:Gazprom Headquarters.jpg|frameless]] | image_caption = Gazprom Heidquarters in [[Moscow]] | type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Public Jynt-Stock Company|PAO]]) | traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{MCX|GAZP}}|{{LSE|OGZD}}|{{FWB|GAZ}}|{{OTC Pink|OGZPY}}}} | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{Start date and age|1989|8}} | founder = | defunct = | location_city = [[Moscow]] | location_country = Roushie | locations = | area_served = | key_people = [[Viktor Zubkov]] <small>'''([[Chairman#Corporate govrenance|Chairman]])'''</small><br/>[[Alexey Miller]] <small>'''([[CEO]])'''</small> | industry = [[Ile an petrol industry|Ile an petrol]] | products = Petroleum<br/>Naitural gas<br/>[[Petrochemical]]s | services = Gas pipeline transport | revenue = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}} | revenue_year = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|year}} | operating_income = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}} | income_year = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}} | net_income = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}} | net_income_year = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|year}} | assets = {{wikidata revenue|assets|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|assets|ref}} | assets_year = {{wikidata revenue|assets|year}} | equity = {{wikidata revenue|equity|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|equity|ref}} | equity_year = {{wikidata revenue|equity|year}} | owner = {{nowrap|[[Roushie Govrenment]] (50.23%)}} | num_employees = 462,400 (2015) <ref name="employees">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazprom.com/careers/hr-policy/|title=Gazprom - Personnel management policy|publisher=Gazprom|accessdate=23 April 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421043122/http://www.gazprom.com/careers/hr-policy/|archivedate=21 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | parent = | divisions = | subsid = [[List of Gazprom's subsidiaries|List of subsidiaries]] | homepage = {{url|www.gazprom.com}} | footnotes = | intl = }} Open Jynt Stock Company '''Gazprom''' (Открытое Акционерное Общество «Газпром», '''OAO Gazprom''' {{lang-ru|[[Joint stock company#Russia|ОАО]] «Газпром»}}, {{IPA-ru|ɡɐsˈprom|IPA}}) is the lairgest extractor o [[naitural gas]] an ane o the lairgest companies in the warld. Its heidquarters are in the [[Cheryomushki Destrict]], [[Sooth-Wastren Admeenistrative Okrug]], [[Moscow]].<ref>"[http://gazprom.com/contacts/ Contacts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715011138/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |date=2015-07-15 }}." Gazprom. Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Location: 16 Nametkina St., Moscow, Russian Federation" - [http://gazprom.ru/contacts/ Address in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609114736/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |date=2018-06-09 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609114736/http://www.gazprom.com/contacts/ |archive-date=2018-06-09 |url-status=bot: unknown}}: "ул. Наметкина, 16, Москва, ГСП-7, 117997"</ref> Its name is a contraction o {{lang-rus|'''Газ'''овая '''пром'''ышленность|'''Gaz'''ovaya '''Prom'''yshlennost}}, meanin "gas industry". Gazprom wis creatit in 1989 when the Meenistry o Gas Industry o the [[Soviet Union]] transformed itself intae a corporation, keepin aw its assets intact. The company wis later privatized in pairt, but currently the Roushie govrenment haulds maist o the control in its hands. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Gazprom| ]] [[Category:Ile companies o Roushie]] [[Category:Naitural gas companies o Roushie]] [[Category:Ile companies o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Naitural gas companies o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Companies based in Moscow]] [[Category:Companies established in 1989]] [[Category:Naitural gas pipeline companies]] [[Category:Naitural resoorce conflicts]] [[Category:Multinaitional companies heidquartered in Roushie]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the Moscow Exchynge]] [[Category:Naitional ile an gas companies|Roushie]] g5cgmu12jgow0w7gpkmnnxjgqd965aw Boeing 747 0 78813 923679 923367 2026-09-29T03:25:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {|{{Infobox aircraft begin |name= Boeing 747 |image= Ba b747-400 g-bnle arp.jpg <!-- In flight images are preferable for the Infobox of aircraft. Discuss changes on the Talk page, thanks. --> |caption= [[British Airways]] [[Boeing 747-400]] durin takoff |alt= A British Airways 747-400 in white, blue an reid livery during takoff wi its landin gear retractin. }}{{Infobox aircraft type |type= [[Wide-body aircraft|Wide-body]], lang-range [[jet airliner]] |national origin= Unitit States |manufacturer= [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes]] |designer= <!--only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders--> |first flight= 9 Februar 1969<ref name=ucfc747/> |introduced=22 Januar 1970 wi [[Pan American World Airways]]<ref name=Time_Jumbo-Gremlins>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878184,00.html "Jumbo and the Gremlins."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127015913/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878184,00.html |date=2008-01-27 }} ''TIME'', February 2, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.</ref> |status= In service | primary user = [[British Airways]] <!--Limit one (1) primary user--> | more users = [[Lufthansa]] <br />[[Korean Air]] <br />[[Atlas Air]] <!-- Limit is THREE (3) in 'more users' field, four (4) total users with primary user. Please separate with <br>.--> |produced= 1968–present | number built = 1,548 {{as of|December 2018|lc=on|df=us}}<ref name=747_O_D_summ/> |unit cost= 747-100: US$24&nbsp;million (1967) <br />747-200: US$39&nbsp;million (1976) <br />747-300: US$83&nbsp;million (1982) <br />747-400: US$228–260&nbsp;million (2007)<br />747-8I: US$351.4&nbsp;million<ref name=prices>[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/prices/ "Boeing Commercial Airplanes prices."] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: August 8, 2012.</ref><br />747-8F: US$352&nbsp;million |variants with their own articles= [[Boeing 747SP]] <br />[[Boeing 747-400]] <br />[[Boeing 747-8]] <br />[[Boeing VC-25]] <br />[[Boeing E-4]] |developed into= [[Boeing YAL-1]] <br />[[Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter]] }} |} The '''Boeing 747''' is an American [[wide-bouk aircraft|wide-bouk]] commercial [[jet airliner]] an [[cargae aircraft]], aften referred tae bi its oreeginal nickname, "Jumbo Jet". Its distinctive "hump" upper deck alang the forrit pairt o the aircraft haes made it ane o the maist recognisable aircraft,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/747-worlds-airliner-180951414/?all&no-ist |title=747: The World's Airliner |work=Air & Space Magazine |last=Negroni |first=Christine |date=July 2014 |accessdate=January 2, 2015}}</ref> an it wis the first wide-bouk airplane produced. Manufacturt bi [[Boeing]]'s [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes|Commercial Airplane]] unit in the Unitit States, the 747 wis oreeginally enveesioned tae hae 150 per cent greater capacity than the [[Boeing 707]],<ref>Branson, Richard. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989780-2,00.html "Pilot of the Jet Age."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122601/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989780-2,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} ''Time'', December 7, 1998. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref> a common lairge commercial aircraft o the 1960s. First flewn commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 year.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm "A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney."] ''BBC,'' October 25, 2007. Retrieved: August 3, 2010. Quote: "The superjumbo's advent ends a reign of nearly four decades by the Boeing 747 as the world's biggest airliner."</ref> The fower-ingine 747 uises a [[dooble-deck aircraft|dooble-deck]] confeeguration for pairt o its lenth an is available in passenger, frauchter an ither versions. Boeing designed the 747's hump-lik upper deck tae serve as a first–cless loonge or extra seatin, an tae allou the aircraft tae be easily convertit tae a cargae cairier bi remuivin seats an instawin a front cargae door. Boeing expectit [[Supersonic transport|supersonic airliners]]—the development o that wis annoonced in the early 1960s—tae render the 747 an ither [[subsonic airliner]]s obsolete, while the demand for subsonic cargae aircraft wad remeen robust weel intae the futur.<ref>Orlebar 2002, p. 50.</ref> Tho the 747 wis expectit tae acome obsolete efter 400 war sauld,<ref>Haenggi 2003, pp. 14–15.</ref> it exceedit creetics' expectations wi production surpassin 1,000 in 1993.<ref name=Sutter_p259>Sutter 2006, p. 259.</ref> Bi Januar 2018, 1,543 aircraft haed been biggit, wi 11 o the 747-8 variants remeenin on order.<ref name="747_O_D_summ">[http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=747&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=747&ViewReportF=View+Report "747 Model Orders and Deliveries data."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928195003/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=747&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=747&ViewReportF=View+Report |date=2018-09-28 }} ''The Boeing Company'', November 2017. Retrieved: January 1, 2018.</ref> {{As of|2017|01}}, the 747 haes been involved in 60 [[huil loss]]es, resultin in {{formatnum:{{#expr:2865+857}}}} fatalities.<ref name=ASNstats>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/type/type-stat.php?type=104 |title= Boeing 747 Statistics |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |access-date= 2018-04-22 |archive-date= 2017-08-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170824013435/http://aviation-safety.net/database/type/type-stat.php?type=104 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Boeing 747-400|747-400]], the maist common variant in service, haes a heich-subsonic [[cruise speed]] o [[Mach nummer|Mach]] 0.85–0.855 (up tae {{convert|570|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}}) wi an intercontinental range o 7,260&nbsp;[[nautical mile]] (8,350&nbsp;[[Mile#Statute mile|statute mile]] or 13,450&nbsp;[[kilometre|km]]).<ref>[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_400_prod.html "Technical Characteristics&nbsp;– Boeing 747-400"], ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: April 29, 2006.</ref> The 747-400 can accommodate 416 passengers in a teepical [[Traivel cless|three-cless layoot]], 524 passengers in a teepical twa-cless layoot, or 660 passengers in a heich-density ae-cless confeeguration.<ref name="747sp">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120522123248/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/misc/A20WE-Rev-45.pdf "747."] ''The Boeing Company.'' Retrieved: Januar 9, 2012.</ref> The newest version o the aircraft, the [[Boeing 747-8|747-8]], is in production an received certification in 2011. Deliveries o the 747-8F frauchter version begoud in October 2011; deliveries o the 747-8I passenger version begoud in Mey 2012. ==Development== ===Backgrund=== In 1963, the [[Unitit States Air Force]] stairtit a series o study projects on a verra lairge strategic transport aircraft. Awtho the [[C-141 Starlifter]] wis bein introduced, thay believed that a muckle lairger an mair capable aircraft wis needit, especially the capability tae cairy outsized cargae that wad nae fit in ony existin aircraft. Thir studies led tae ineetial requirements for the CX-Heavy Logistics seestem (CX-HLS) in Mairch 1964 for an aircraft wi a laid capacity o {{convert|180000|lb|kg|sigfig=3}} an a speed o Mach 0.75 ({{convert|500|mph|km/h|sigfig=2|abbr=on|disp=or}}), an an unrefueled range o {{convert|5000|nmi|km|sigfig=2}} wi a peylaid o {{convert|115000|lb|kg|sigfig=3}}. The peylaid bay haed tae be {{convert|17|ft|m|sigfig=3}} wide bi {{convert|13.5|ft|m|sigfig=3}} heich an {{convert|100|ft|m|sigfig=2}} lang wi access throu duirs at the front an rear.<ref name="Norton_C-5">Norton 2003, pp. 5–12.</ref> ===Production=== The 747 wis conceived while air traivel wis increasin in the 1960s.<ref name=Norris_Wagner_p13>Norris and Wagner 1997, p. 13.</ref> The era o commercial jet transportation, led bi the enormous popularity o the [[Boeing 707]] an [[Douglas DC-8]], haed revolutionised lang-distance traivel.<ref name=Norris_Wagner_p13/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/images/commercial/707-03.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124513/http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/images/commercial/707-03.html |archivedate=January 11, 2012 |title=Boeing Multimedia Image Gallery 707|publisher=The Boeing Company |dead-url=yes |accessdate=December 8, 2007}}</ref> Even afore it lost the CX-HLS contract, Boeing wis asked bi [[Juan Trippe]], preses o [[Pan American World Airways]] (Pan Am), ane o thair maist important airline customers, tae big a passenger aircraft mair nor twice the size o the 707. In this time, airport congestion, waurened bi increasin nummers o passengers cairied on relatively smaw aircraft, becam a problem that Trippe thocht coud be addressed bi a lairger new aircraft.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/innovators/jtrippe.html "Innovators: Juan Trippe."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227150315/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/innovators/jtrippe.html |date=2013-12-27 }} ''PBS''. Retrieved: December 17, 2007.</ref> In 1965, [[Joe Sutter]] wis transferred frae Boeing's [[Boeing 737|737]] development team tae manage the design studies for the new airliner, awready assigned the model nummer 747.<ref name="Sutter_p80-4">Sutter 2006, pp. 80–84.</ref> Sutter ineetiatit a design study wi Pan Am an ither airlines, tae better unnerstaund thair requirements. At the time, it wis widely thocht that the 747 wad eventually be supersedit bi [[supersonic transport]] aircraft.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/852087.stm "Air travel, a supersonic future?."] ''BBC News'', July 17, 2001. Retrieved: December 9, 2007.</ref> Boeing respondit bi designin the 747 sae that it coud be adaptit easily tae cairy fraucht an remeen in production even if sales o the passenger version declined. In the frauchter role, the clear need wis tae support the [[Conteenerisation|conteenerised shippin]] methodologies that war bein widely introduced at aboot the same time. Staundart shippin conteeners are {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} squerr at the front (slichtly heicher due tae attachment pynts) an available in {{convert|20|and|40|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} lenths. This meant that it wad be possible tae support a 2-wide 2-heich stack o conteeners twa or three ranks deep wi a fuselage size seemilar tae the earlier CX-HLS project. [[File:Iran Air Boeing 747-200 cockpit Sharifi.jpg|thumb|An [[Iran Air]] 747-200, shawin the early-production 747 cockpit, locatit on the upper deck |alt= A view o an early-production 747 cockpit]] In Apryle 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 747-100 aircraft for US$525&nbsp;million. In the ceremonial 747 contract-signin banquet in Seattle on Boeing's 50t Anniversary, Juan Trippe predictit that the 747 wad be "... a great weapon for peace, competing with [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental missiles]] for mankind's destiny".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfpsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=The Airbus A380: A History|last=Simons|first=Graham|year=2014|page=31|isbn=9781783030415}}</ref> As launch customer,<ref name=ucfc747>Rumerman, Judy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121007143215/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Boeing_747/Aero21.htm "The Boeing 747."] ''U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission,'' 2003. Retrieved: April 30, 2006.</ref><ref name=infoplease>Noland, David. [http://www.infoplease.com/spot/boeing747.html "Passenger Planes: Boeing 747."] "Info please." (''[[Pearson Education]]''). Retrieved: April 30, 2006.</ref> an acause o its early involvement afore placin a formal order, Pan Am wis able tae influence the design an development o the 747 tae an extent unmatched bi a single airline afore or syne.<ref name=Irving_p359>Irving 1994, p. 359.</ref> ===Entry intae service=== On 15 Januar 1970, [[First Leddy o the United States]] [[Pat Nixon]] christened Pan Am's first 747, at [[Washington Dulles Internaitional Airport|Dulles Internaitional Airport]] (later Washington Dulles Internaitional Airport) in the presence o Pan Am chairman [[Najeeb Halaby]]. The 747 enjoyed a fairly smuith introduction intae service, owercomin concerns that some airports wad nae be able tae accommodate an aircraft that lairge.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html "Breaking the Ground Barrier."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122523/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} {{Cite web |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122523/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899789,00.html |archive-date=2016-08-09 |url-status=bot: unknown}} ''TIME'', September 8, 1967. Retrieved: December 19, 2007.</ref> Awtho technical problems occurred, thay war relatively minor an quickly solved.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html "Jumbo Beats the Gremlins."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008023207/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html |date=2016-10-08 }} {{Cite web |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008023207/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909472,00.html |archive-date=2016-10-08 |url-status=bot: unknown}} ''TIME'', July 13, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.</ref> Efter the aircraft's introduction wi Pan Am, ither airlines that haed bocht the 747 tae stay competitive begoud tae put thair awn 747s intae service.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html "Ready or Not, Here Comes Jumbo."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008021608/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html |date=2016-10-08 }} {{Cite web |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008021608/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878679-1,00.html |archive-date=2016-10-08 |url-status=bot: unknown}} ''TIME'', January 19, 1970. Retrieved: December 19, 2007.</ref> Boeing estimatit that hauf o the early 747 sales war tae airlines desirin the aircraft's lang range raither nor its peylaid capacity.<ref>Smith, Bruce A. "Boeing Shuns Very Large Jets While Aiming for Longer Range." ''Aviation Week and Space Technology'', January 1, 2001, pp. 28–29.</ref><ref>[http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/A380Buescher.pdf 747X vs A380 "How to Reduce Congestion (PDF)."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216064540/http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/A380Buescher.pdf |date=February 16, 2008 }} ''Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering'', Virginia Tech. Retrieved: December 10, 2007.</ref> While the 747 haed the lawest potential operatin cost per seat, this coud anerly be achieved whan the aircraft wis fully laidit; costs per seat increased rapidly as occupancy declined. A moderately laidit 747, ane wi anly 70 percent o its seats occupied, uised mair nor 95 percent o the fuel needit bi a fully occupied 747.<ref>[http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2003/87-7972-489-2/html/kap09_eng.htm "Airline reporting on fuel consumption."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220020946/http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mst.dk%2Fudgiv%2FPublications%2F2003%2F87-7972-489-2%2Fhtml%2Fkap09_eng.htm |date=December 20, 2007 }} ''Miljominsteriet (Danish Environmental Protection Agency)''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref> Nanetheless, mony banner-carriers purchased the 747 due tae its prestige "even if it made na sense economically" tae operate. In the 1970s an 1980s, thare wis eften ower 30 regularly scheduled 747s at [[John F. Kennedy Internaitional Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/boeing-747-deathwatch-how-boeings-new-777x-will-kill-its-jumbo-jet-predecessor-once-queen-skies|title=Boeing 747 On Deathwatch: How Boeing's New 777X Will Kill Its Jumbo Jet Predecessor, Once The Queen Of The Skies|date=May 4, 2013|publisher=}}</ref> The [[recession o 1969-1970]] greatly affectit Boeing. For the year an a hauf efter September 1970 it anerly sauld twa 747s in the warld, an did nae sell ony tae an American carrier for awmaist three years.<ref name="heppenheimer1998">{{cite book |title=The Space Shuttle Decision |publisher=NASA |author=Heppenheimer, T. A. |year=1998 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/contents.htm | pages=302=303}}</ref> Whan economic problems in the US an ither kintras efter the [[1973 ile creesis]] led tae reduced passenger traffeck, several airlines foond thay did nae hae eneuch passengers tae flee the 747 economically, an thay replaced them wi the smawer an recently introduced [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] an [[Lockheed L-1011|Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] [[trijet]] wide bouks<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html "Planes for Rough Weather."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122847/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html |date=2016-08-09 }} {{Cite web |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122847/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876705,00.html |archive-date=2016-08-09 |url-status=bot: unknown}} ''TIME'', August 3, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.</ref> (an later the [[Boeing 767|767]] an [[Airbus A300|A300]]/[[Airbus A310|A310]] [[twinjet]]s). Haein tried replacin coach seats on its 747s wi pianae baurs in an attempt tae attract mair customers, American Airlines eventually relegatit its 747s tae cargo service an in 1983 exchynged them wi Pan Am for smawer aircraft;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120521041124/http://www.aa.com/i18n/amrcorp/corporateInformation/facts/history.jsp "American Airlines History."] ''American Airlines''. Retrieved: June 3, 2011.</ref> [[Delta Air Lines]] an aw remuived its 747s frae service efter several years.<ref>Davies 1990, p. 96.</ref> Later, Delta acquired 747s again in 2008 as pairt o its merger wi [[Northwest Airlines]], awtho it reteert the 747-400 fleet in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.delta.com/final-747-flight-now-scheduled-monday|title=Final 747 flight now scheduled for Monday|website=Delta News Hub|language=en|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref> [[File:UpperdeckcabinDLB744.jpg|thumb|Later 747 models featurt a stretched upper deck.]] Internaitional flichts bipassin tradeetional hub airports an laundin at smawer ceeties becam mair common ootthrou the 1980s, sicweys erodin the 747's oreeginal mercat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040211224743/http://www.boeing.com/news/speeches/2003/piasecki_030324.html "Turning Today's Challenges into Opportunities for Tomorrow."] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 10, 2007.</ref> Mony internaitional cairiers conteena'd tae uise the 747 on [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]] routes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aboulafia |first=Richard |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/2004sb05.xml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112160220/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F2004sb05.xml |archivedate=January 12, 2012 |title=Commercial Transport Market Still in Rough Shape |date=March 1, 2004 |work=Aviation Week and Space Technology |dead-url=yes |accessdate=December 10, 2007 |df= }}</ref> In Japan, 747s on domestic routes war confeegurt tae cairy nearly the maximum passenger capacity.<ref>Wallace, James. [http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/A380-buyer-keeps-mum-about-possible-luxuries-1164814.php "A380 buyer keeps mum about possible luxuries aboard cruise ship of the skies."] ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', January 24, 2005. Retrieved: June 3, 2011.</ref> ==Design== [[File:Boeing 747 cutaway.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Boeing 747-200 cutawey]] The Boeing 747 is a lairge, wide-bouk (twa-aisle) airliner wi fower weeng-mounted engines. Its weengs hae a heich [[swept weeng|sweep]] angle o 37.5 degrees for a fest, efficient cruise<ref name=Sutter_p93>Sutter 2006, p. 93.</ref> o Mach&nbsp;0.84 tae 0.88, dependin on the variant. The sweep an aw reduces the weengspan, allouin the 747 tae uise existin [[hangar]]s.<ref name=ucfc747/><ref>Bowers 1989, p. 508.</ref> Its seatin capacity is ower 366 wi a 3–4–3 seat arrangement (a cross section o 3 seats, an aisle, 4 seats, anither aisle, an 3 seats) in economy cless an a 2–3–2 layout in first cless on the main deck. The upper deck haes a 3–3 seat arrangement in economy cless an a 2–2 layoot in first cless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 19, 2006 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619025715/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |archivedate=June 19, 2006 |df=mdy }} ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 19, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619025715/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7471sec2.pdf |archivedate=June 19, 2006 |df=mdy }}</ref> [[File:Boeing 747-409F Prague airport 2015 3.jpg|left|thumb|[[China Airlines]] 747-400F wi the neb cargae duir appen]] Raised abuin the main deck, the cockpit creauts a hump. This raised cockpit allous front laidin o cargo on fraucht variants.<ref name=Sutter_p93/> The upper deck ahint the cockpit provides space for a lounge an/or extra seatin. The "stretched upper deck" becam available as an alternative on the 747-100B variant an later as staundart beginnin on the 747-300. The upper deck wis stretched mair on the 747-8. The 747 cockpit ruif section an aw haes an escape hatch frae that crew can exit in the events o an emergency if thay canna dae sae throu the cabin. The 747's maximum takaff wecht ranges frae 333,400&nbsp;kg (735,000&nbsp;poonds) for the 439,985&nbsp;kg (-100 tae 970,000&nbsp;lb) for the -8. Its range haes increased frae 5,300&nbsp;nautical miles (6,100&nbsp;mi, 9,800&nbsp;km) on the -100 tae 8,000&nbsp;nmi (9,200&nbsp;mi, 14,815&nbsp;km) on the -8I.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071210173616/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_classics.html "Boeing 747-100/200/300 Technical Specifications."] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/747-8_fact_sheet.html "Boeing 747-8 Technical Specifications."] ''The Boeing Company''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref> The 747 haes redundant structurs alang wi fower redundant hydraulic seestems an fower main laundin gears ilk wi fower wheels; thir provide a guid spreid o support on the grund an safety in case o tyre blaw-oots. The main gear are redundant sae that laundin can be performed on twa opponin laundin gears if the ithers are nae functionin properly.<ref name="Sutter_p128-31">Sutter 2006, pp.&nbsp;128–131.</ref> The 747 an aw haes split control surfaces an wis designed wi sophisticatit treeple-slottit [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] that minimise laundin speeds an allou the 747 tae uise staundart-lenth runweys.<ref name="Sutter_p121-2">Sutter 2006, pp. 121–122.</ref> For transportation o spare ingines, the 747 can accommodate a non-functionin fift-pod ingine unner the aircraft's port weeng atween the inner functionin ingine an the fuselage.<ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ai182.shtml "Special Report:Air India Flight 182."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007035356/http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ai182.shtml |date=October 7, 2009 }} ''airdisaster.com''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/Jdb-txt/SC/05/03/2005BCSC0350.htm "Her Majesty the Queen Against Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri."] ''Supreme Court of British Columbia''. Retrieved: December 13, 2007.</ref> This fift ingine munt pynt is an aw uised bi [[Virgin Orbit]]'s [[LauncherOne]] programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Virgin Orbit performs LauncherOne aircraft flight tests - SpaceNews.com |url=https://spacenews.com/virgin-orbit-performs-launcherone-aircraft-flight-tests/ |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=SpaceNews.com |date=28 August 2018}}</ref> Virgin Orbit's 747-400, dubbed Cosmic Girl, cairies the orbital-cless racket tae cruise altitude, whaur the racket is deployed an then cairies its smaw satellite peylaid the rest o the wey tae space.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bergin |first1=Chris |title=Cosmic Girl takes LauncherOne on its first captive carry flight test – NASASpaceFlight.com |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/11/cosmic-girl-launcherone-first-captive-carry-test/ |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=NASASpaceflight.com}}</ref> ==Accidents an incidents== The 747 haes been involved in 146 [[aviation accidents an incidents]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Type=104 |title= Boeing 747 occurrences |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |date= August 30, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017 |archive-date= 2017-08-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170824020547/http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Type=104 |url-status= dead }}</ref> includin 61 accidents an [[huil loss]]es<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?field=typecode&var=104%&cat=%1&sorteer=datekey&page=1 |title= Boeing 747 hull-loss occurrences |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |date= August 29, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017 |archive-date= 2017-08-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170824020018/http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?field=typecode&var=104%&cat=%1&sorteer=datekey&page=1 |url-status= dead }}</ref> that resultit in {{#expr:2865+857}} fatalities.<ref name=ASNstats/> The last crash wis [[Turkish Airlines Flicht 6491]] in Januar 2017. Thare war an aw 24 daiths in 32 [[aircraft hijackin]]s,<ref name=ASNstats/> sic as [[Pan Am Flight 73]] whaur a Boeing 747-121 wis hijacked bi fower terrorists an resultit in 20 daiths.<ref name=ASN_Pan_Am>{{cite web |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860905-0 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-121 N656PA Karachi-Quaid-E-Azam International Airport |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |date= August 30, 2017 |accessdate= August 30, 2017}}</ref> Few crashes hae been attributit tae design flaws o the 747. The [[Tenerife airport disaster]] resultit frae pilot error an communications failyie, while the [[Japan Airlines Flight 123]] an [[China Airlines Flight 611]] crashes stemmed frae improper aircraft repair. [[United Airlines Flight 811]], that suffered an [[uncontrolled decompression|explosive decompression]] mid-flicht on 24 Februar 1989, led the [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) tae issue a recommendation that 747-200 cargo duirs seemilar tae thae on the Flicht 811 aircraft be modifee'd. [[Korean Air Lines Flicht 007]] wis shot doun bi a Soviet fechter aircraft in 1983 efter it haed strayed intae Soviet territory, causin U.S. Preses Ronald Reagan tae authorise the then-strictly militar [[global poseetionin seestem]] (GPS) for ceevilian uise.<ref name=KAL007>[http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/02/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html#axzz3z8AmijAm "United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009161500/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/02/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html#axzz3z8AmijAm |date=2013-10-09 }} ''america.gov,'' February 3, 2006. Retrieved: January 9, 2012.</ref> Accidents due tae design deficiencies includit [[TWA Flight 800]], whaur a 747-100 explodit in mid-air on 17 Julie 1996, probably due tae sparkin electricity weirs inside the fuel tank;<ref name=TWA_800_final>{{cite journal|title=Aircraft Accident Report: In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 |journal=Ntsb/aar-00/03 |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf |format=PDF |date=August 23, 2000 |pages= |accessdate=June 24, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615201201/http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2000/AAR0003.pdf |archivedate=June 15, 2013 }}</ref> this findin led the FAA tae propone a rule requirin installation o an [[inertin seestem]] in the centre fuel tank o maist lairge aircraft that wis adoptit in Julie 2008, efter years o resairch intae solutions. At the time, the new saufty seestem wis expectit tae cost US$100,000 tae $450,000 per aircraft an wecht approximately {{convert|200|lb|kg}}.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121621918865158639 "Airlines Ordered to Cut Fuel-Tank Explosion Risk."] ''Wall Street Journal'', July 17, 2008, p. B5. Note: Cargo aircraft and smaller regional jets and commuter aircraft are not subject to this rule.</ref> [[El Al Flicht 1862]] crashed efter the fuse pins for an ingine breuk aff shortly efter tak-aff due tae metal fatigue. Insteid o drappin awey frae the wing, the ingine knocked aff the adjacent ingine an damaged the weeng.<ref name=ASN_Bijlmer>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19921004-2 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-258F 4X-AXG Amsterdam |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |date= |accessdate=December 9, 2013 |archive-date=2011-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015203725/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19921004-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Specifications== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! Model ! [[Boeing 747SP|747SP]]<ref name="100/200/300startup">{{cite web |title= 747-100/-200/-300/-SP |publisher= Boeing |work= Startup |date= 2007 |url= http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/747-100_-200_-300_-SP_passenger.pdf}}</ref> ! 747-100<ref name="100/200/300startup"/> ! 747-200B<ref name="100/200/300startup"/> ! 747-300<ref name="100/200/300startup"/> ! [[747-400]]ER<ref name=400startup>{{cite web |title= 747-400 |publisher= Boeing |work= Startup |date= May 2010 |url= http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/747-400-passenger.pdf}}</ref> ! [[Boeing 747-8|747-8]]<ref name="acaps747-8">{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/acaps/747_8.pdf |title= 747-8 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning |date= December 2012 |publisher= Boeing}}</ref> |- | Cockpit crew | colspan=4 | Three | colspan=2 | Twa |- | Teepical seats | 276 (25F 57J 194Y) | colspan=2 | 366 (32F 74J 260Y) | 400 (34F 76J 290Y) | 416 (23F 78J 315Y) | 467 (24F {{#expr:50+37}}J 356Y) |- | Exit leemit<ref name="TypeCert">{{cite web |title= Type Certificate Data Sheet NO. A20WE |publisher= FAA |date= February 27, 2015 |url= http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/75d4c3215c58345386257df9007c3763/$FILE/A20WE_Rev_57.pdf |access-date= 2019-02-07 |archive-date= 2016-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161225060633/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/75d4c3215c58345386257df9007c3763/$FILE/A20WE_Rev_57.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>{{efn|split nummers denote different leemits dependin on exit teeps instawed}} | 400 | colspan=2 | 440/550 | colspan=2 | 550/660 | colspan=2 | 495/605 |- | Cargae | {{Convert|{{#expr:3500+400}}|ft3|m3}} | colspan="3" | {{convert|6,190|ft3|m3|abbr=on}}, 30×LD1 | 5,655&nbsp;ft³ (160.1 m³) | {{Convert|{{#expr:5705+640}}|ft3|m3|abbr=on}} |- <!--Dimensions--> | Lenth | 184&nbsp;ft 9 in (56.3 m) | colspan="4" | 231&nbsp;ft 10 in (70.66 m) | 250&nbsp;ft 2 in (76.25 m) |- | Cabin weenth | colspan="6" | {{convert|{{#expr:(54+24.75)*2+82}}|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name=400startup/> |- | Weengspan | colspan="4" | 195&nbsp;ft 8&nbsp;in (59.6&nbsp;m) | 211&nbsp;ft 5&nbsp;in (64.4&nbsp;m) | 224&nbsp;ft 7&nbsp;in (68.4&nbsp;m) |- | Weeng aurie | colspan="4" | 5,500&nbsp;ft² (511&nbsp;m²) | {{convert|525|m2|ft2|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121230173833/http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |dead-url= yes |archive-date= December 30, 2012 |publisher= Lufthansa |title= Premiere of Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental |date= February 13, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230173833/http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/themen/boeing-747-8-roll-out.html |date=2012-12-30 }}</ref> | {{convert|554|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="FlightDesc747-8">{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/in-focus-boeing-747-8-technical-description-and-cutaway/107801.article/ |title= Boeing 747-8 technical description & cutaway |work= Flight Global |date= November 13, 2012}}</ref> |- | Weeng sweep | colspan=6 | 37.5°<ref name=Centennial>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej0RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT670 |title= Boeing 747: A History |author= Martin Bowman |publisher= Pen and Sword |date= 2014|isbn= 9781473838239 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar04-44.pdf |title= Statistical Data for the Boeing-747-400 Aircraft in Commercial Operations |date= January 2005 |publisher= FAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1991/1991%20-%202350.PDF |title= Commercial aircraft of the world |work= Flight International |date= September 4, 1991}}</ref> |- | Aspect ratio | colspan=4 | {{#expr:59.6/(511/59.6)round1}} | {{#expr:64.4/(525/64.4)round1}} | {{#expr:68.5/(554/68.5)round1}} |- | Tail hicht | 65&nbsp;ft 5 in (19.9 m) | colspan="3" | 63&nbsp;ft 5&nbsp;in (19.3&nbsp;m) | 63&nbsp;ft 8&nbsp;in (19.4&nbsp;m) | 63&nbsp;ft 6&nbsp;in (19.4&nbsp;m) |- <!--Weights--> | [[Maximum takaff wecht|MTOW]] | {{Convert|700,000|lb|t|abbr=on}} | {{Convert|735,000|lb|t|abbr=on}} | colspan="2" | {{Convert|833,000|lb|t|abbr=on}} | 910,000&nbsp;lb (412.76&nbsp;t) | 987,000&nbsp;lb (447.696&nbsp;t) |- | [[Operatin emptie wecht|OEW]] | {{Convert|337100|lb|t|abbr=on}} | {{Convert|379500|lb|t|abbr=on}} | {{Convert|375100|lb|t|abbr=on}} | {{Convert|384000|lb|t|abbr=on}} | 412,300&nbsp;lb (187.01&nbsp;t) | 485,300&nbsp;lb (220.128&nbsp;t) |- | Fuel<br />capacity | {{convert|50,359|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|48,445|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} | colspan="2" | {{convert|53,985|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|63,705|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|63,034|USgal|m3|abbr=on|disp=br}} |- <!--Engines--> | [[Turbofan]] ×4 | colspan=4 | [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D]]-7 or [[Rolls-Royce RB211]]-524 or [[GE CF6]] | [[Pratt & Whitney PW4000|PW4000]] / [[GE CF6|CF6]] / [[Rolls-Royce RB211|RB211]] | [[General Electric GEnx|GEnx-2B67]] |- | Thrust ×4 | {{convert|46,300|-|56,900|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|43,500|-|51,600|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|46,300|-|54,750|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|46,300|-|56,900|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|62,100|-|63,300|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} | {{convert|66,500|lbf|kN|abbr=on|disp=br}} |- <!--Performance--> | [[V speeds|MMo]]<ref name="TypeCert"/> | colspan=5 | Mach 0.92 | colspan=1 | Mach 0.9 |- | [[Cruise speed|Cruise]] | | colspan=3 | econ. 907&nbsp;km/h (490 kt), max. 939&nbsp;km/h (507kt)<ref name="Airliners100/200specs">{{cite web |url= http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/boeing-747-100-200/97 |title= Boeing 747-100/200 |work= Aircraft Technical Data & Specifications |publisher= Airliners.net}}</ref><ref name=Airliners300specs>{{cite web |url= http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/boeing-747-300/99 |title= Boeing 747-300 |work= Aircraft Technical Data & Specifications |publisher= Airliners.net}}</ref> | colspan=2 | {{convert|0.855|Mach|32,000|knots km/h|0}} |- | Range | {{convert|5830|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|JT9D, 276 passengers}} | {{convert|4620|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=100/200range|JT9D, 366 passengers an baggage}} | {{convert|6560|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=100/200range}} | {{convert|6330|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|400 passengers an baggage}} | {{convert|7670|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|name=400range|PW4000, 416 passengers an baggage}} | {{convert|7730|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=br}}{{efn|410 passengers an baggage}}<ref name=RangeRev>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-revises-obsolete-performance-assumptions-415293/ |title= Boeing revises "obsolete" performance assumptions |work= FlightGlobal |date= August 3, 2015}}</ref> |- | Takaff | {{convert|9,250|ft|m|abbr=on}} | {{convert|10650|ft|m|abbr=on}} | {{convert|10900|ft|m|abbr=on}} | {{convert|10900|ft|m|abbr=on}} | 10,700&nbsp;ft (3,260 m) | {{convert|10200|ft|m|abbr=on}} |} {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Boeing aircraft]] [[Category:Boeing 747]] [[Category:Unitit States airliners 1960–1969]] [[Category:Quadjets]] 9jwoxb7hnjrr3stmmfq3ee3j0ai0elm Córdoba CF 0 79334 923686 906347 2026-09-29T07:47:36Z Makenzis 43742 923686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Córdoba | image = | fullname = Córdoba Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Los Califas'' (The [[Caliph]]s)<br>''Los Blanquiverdes'' (The White an Greens) | founded = 1954 | ground = [[Estadio Nuevo Arcángel|Nuevo Arcángel]], [[Córdoba, Andalusie|Córdoba]],<br> [[Andalusia]], [[Spain]] | capacity = 21,822 | chairman = Abdulla Al-Zain | manager = [[Iván Ania]] | league = Segunda_División | season = 2025–26 | position = 9th | website = http://www.cordobacf.com | pattern_la1 = | pattern_b1 = _cordoba2223h | pattern_ra1 = | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = _greentop | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = | pattern_b2 = _cordoba2223a | pattern_ra2 = | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 000099 | body2 = 004466 | rightarm2 = 000099 | shorts2 = 000099 | socks2 = 000099 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = _cordoba2223t | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = fefefe | body3 = A0A0A0 | rightarm3 = fefefe | shorts3 = fefefe | socks3 = fefefe }} '''Córdoba Club de Fútbol, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw team]] based in [[Córdoba, Andalusie|Córdoba]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Andalusie]]. Foondit in 1951 as Club Deportivo San Álvaro it plays in {{Spanish football updater|Córdoba}}, hauldin hame matches at ''[[Estadio Nuevo Arcángel]]'', wi a capacity o 21,822 seats. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.cordobacf.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=417 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e46.html BDFutbol team profile] {{Primera División de España}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cordoba}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in the 1950s]] [[Category:Córdoba CF| ]] [[Category:1954 establishments in Spain]] [[Category:Sport in Córdoba, Andalusie]] 3l21xf9kq5xls65dxripwju4u16w4yb 923700 923686 2026-09-29T10:42:06Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club |clubname = Córdoba |fullname = Córdoba Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. |nickname = ''Los Califas'' (The [[Caliph]]s)<br>''Los Blanquiverdes'' (The White an Greens) |founded = 1954 |ground = [[Estadio Nuevo Arcángel|Nuevo Arcángel]], [[Córdoba, Andalusie|Córdoba]],<br> [[Andalusia]], [[Spain]] |capacity = 21,822 |chairman = Abdulla Al-Zain | manager = [[Iván Ania]] | league = Segunda_División | season = 2025–26 | position = 9th | website = http://www.cordobacf.com | pattern_b1 = _cordoba2223h | pattern_so1 = _greentop | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_b2 = _cordoba2223a | leftarm2 = 000099 | body2 = 004466 | rightarm2 = 000099 | shorts2 = 000099 | socks2 = 000099 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = _cordoba2223t | leftarm3 = fefefe | body3 = A0A0A0 | rightarm3 = fefefe | shorts3 = fefefe | socks3 = fefefe }} '''Córdoba Club de Fútbol, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw team]] based in [[Córdoba, Andalusie|Córdoba]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Andalusie]]. Foondit in 1951 as Club Deportivo San Álvaro it plays in {{Spanish football updater|Córdoba}}, hauldin hame matches at ''[[Estadio Nuevo Arcángel]]'', wi a capacity o 21,822 seats. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.cordobacf.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=417 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e46.html BDFutbol team profile] {{Primera División de España}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cordoba}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in the 1950s]] [[Category:Córdoba CF| ]] [[Category:1954 establishments in Spain]] [[Category:Sport in Córdoba, Andalusie]] lsxvww5zh839zv2fw4jrbz1q2xav3nl Granada CF 0 79336 923645 883223 2026-09-28T14:35:10Z Makenzis 43742 923645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club| clubname = Granada | image = | fullname = Granada Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Nazaríes'' ([[Nasrids]]), ''El Graná'',<br> ''El 5001'', ''Filipinos'' | founded = {{Start date and age|1931|4|14|df=yes}} | ground = [[Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes|Los Cármenes]], [[Granada]],<br> [[Andalusie]], Spain | capacity = 19,336 | owner = | chairman = {{flagicon|China}} [[Jiang Lizhang]] | manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Diego Martínez Penas]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Granada}} | season = 2025-26 | position = 14th| website = http://www.granadacf.es/ | shirtsupplier = [[Nike]] | pattern_la1 = _gijon1819h | pattern_b1 = _granada2021h | pattern_ra1 = _gijon1819h | pattern_sh1 = _chelsea1718H | pattern_so1 = _nikematchfit2021wr | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = 0000ff | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_b2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_ra2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = _nikematchfit2021b | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000040 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = _niketrophy4tv | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = _socks | leftarm3 = CCFF00 | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = CCFF00 | shorts3 = 08E8DE | socks3 = CCFF00 |}} '''Granada Club de Fútbol''' ({{IPA-es|gɾaˈnaða ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol<!--Standard Spanish pronunciation, the phoneme /t/ in "fútbol" is voicit an weakened tae [ð], see Spainyie phonology-->}}, or simply '''Granada CF''', is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Granada]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Andalusie]]. Foondit on 14 Apryle 1931, it currently plays in [[La Liga]], hauldin hame matches at ''[[Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes]]''. Granada wis the third Andalusie fitbaw team efter [[Real Betis|Betis]] an [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] tae compete in [[La Liga]], in [[:en:1941–42 La Liga|1941–42]]. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat}} *[http://www.granadacf.es/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=625 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e59.html BDFutbol team profile] *[http://www.granadacf.info/ Unoffeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} {{Primera División de España}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1931]] [[Category:Granada CF| ]] [[Category:Sport in Granada]] [[Category:1931 establishments in Spain]] 6l9qtzjm955nradvchx1spab0lzdgab 923646 923645 2026-09-28T14:35:27Z Makenzis 43742 923646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club| clubname = Granada | image = | fullname = Granada Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Nazaríes'' ([[Nasrids]]), ''El Graná'',<br> ''El 5001'', ''Filipinos'' | founded = {{Start date and age|1931|4|14|df=yes}} | ground = [[Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes|Los Cármenes]], [[Granada]],<br> [[Andalusie]], Spain | capacity = 19,336 | owner = | chairman = {{flagicon|China}} [[Jiang Lizhang]] | manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Diego Martínez Penas]] | league = Segunda División | season = 2025-26 | position = 14th| website = http://www.granadacf.es/ | shirtsupplier = [[Nike]] | pattern_la1 = _gijon1819h | pattern_b1 = _granada2021h | pattern_ra1 = _gijon1819h | pattern_sh1 = _chelsea1718H | pattern_so1 = _nikematchfit2021wr | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = 0000ff | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_b2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_ra2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = _nikematchfit2021b | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000040 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = _niketrophy4tv | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = _socks | leftarm3 = CCFF00 | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = CCFF00 | shorts3 = 08E8DE | socks3 = CCFF00 |}} '''Granada Club de Fútbol''' ({{IPA-es|gɾaˈnaða ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol<!--Standard Spanish pronunciation, the phoneme /t/ in "fútbol" is voicit an weakened tae [ð], see Spainyie phonology-->}}, or simply '''Granada CF''', is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Granada]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Andalusie]]. Foondit on 14 Apryle 1931, it currently plays in [[La Liga]], hauldin hame matches at ''[[Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes]]''. Granada wis the third Andalusie fitbaw team efter [[Real Betis|Betis]] an [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] tae compete in [[La Liga]], in [[:en:1941–42 La Liga|1941–42]]. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat}} *[http://www.granadacf.es/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=625 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e59.html BDFutbol team profile] *[http://www.granadacf.info/ Unoffeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} {{Primera División de España}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1931]] [[Category:Granada CF| ]] [[Category:Sport in Granada]] [[Category:1931 establishments in Spain]] my9qjyu3bn1bpb676fkz8nkw32g4vtn 923647 923646 2026-09-28T14:35:40Z Makenzis 43742 923647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club| clubname = Granada | image = | fullname = Granada Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Nazaríes'' ([[Nasrids]]), ''El Graná'',<br> ''El 5001'', ''Filipinos'' | founded = {{Start date and age|1931|4|14|df=yes}} | ground = [[Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes|Los Cármenes]], [[Granada]],<br> [[Andalusie]], Spain | capacity = 19,336 | owner = | chairman = {{flagicon|China}} [[Jiang Lizhang]] | manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} ? | league = Segunda División | season = 2025-26 | position = 14th| website = http://www.granadacf.es/ | shirtsupplier = [[Nike]] | pattern_la1 = _gijon1819h | pattern_b1 = _granada2021h | pattern_ra1 = _gijon1819h | pattern_sh1 = _chelsea1718H | pattern_so1 = _nikematchfit2021wr | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = 0000ff | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_b2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_ra2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = _nikematchfit2021b | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000040 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = _niketrophy4tv | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = _socks | leftarm3 = CCFF00 | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = CCFF00 | shorts3 = 08E8DE | socks3 = CCFF00 |}} '''Granada Club de Fútbol''' ({{IPA-es|gɾaˈnaða ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol<!--Standard Spanish pronunciation, the phoneme /t/ in "fútbol" is voicit an weakened tae [ð], see Spainyie phonology-->}}, or simply '''Granada CF''', is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Granada]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Andalusie]]. Foondit on 14 Apryle 1931, it currently plays in [[La Liga]], hauldin hame matches at ''[[Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes]]''. Granada wis the third Andalusie fitbaw team efter [[Real Betis|Betis]] an [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] tae compete in [[La Liga]], in [[:en:1941–42 La Liga|1941–42]]. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat}} *[http://www.granadacf.es/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=625 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e59.html BDFutbol team profile] *[http://www.granadacf.info/ Unoffeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} {{Primera División de España}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1931]] [[Category:Granada CF| ]] [[Category:Sport in Granada]] [[Category:1931 establishments in Spain]] 5r2agccq404petylf0qny1mep87554k 923672 923647 2026-09-29T02:07:26Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club |clubname = Granada |fullname = Granada Club de Fútbol, S.A.D. |nickname = ''Nazaríes'' ([[Nasrids]]), ''El Graná'',<br> ''El 5001'', ''Filipinos'' |founded = {{Start date and age|1931|4|14|df=yes}} |ground = [[Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes|Los Cármenes]], [[Granada]],<br> [[Andalusie]], Spain |capacity = 19,336 |chairman = {{flagicon|China}} [[Jiang Lizhang]] | manager = {{flagicon|Spain}} ? | league = Segunda División | season = 2025-26 | position = 14th |website = http://www.granadacf.es/ |shirtsupplier = [[Nike]] | pattern_la1 = _gijon1819h | pattern_b1 = _granada2021h | pattern_ra1 = _gijon1819h | pattern_sh1 = _chelsea1718H | pattern_so1 = _nikematchfit2021wr | leftarm1 = FF0000 | body1 = FF0000 | rightarm1 = FF0000 | shorts1 = 0000ff | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_b2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_ra2 = _nikevapor1920bb | pattern_so2 = _nikematchfit2021b | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000040 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_b3 = _niketrophy4tv | pattern_so3 = _socks | leftarm3 = CCFF00 | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = CCFF00 | shorts3 = 08E8DE | socks3 = CCFF00 |}} '''Granada Club de Fútbol''' ({{IPA-es|gɾaˈnaða ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol<!--Standard Spanish pronunciation, the phoneme /t/ in "fútbol" is voicit an weakened tae [ð], see Spainyie phonology-->}}, or simply '''Granada CF''', is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Granada]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Andalusie]]. Foondit on 14 Apryle 1931, it currently plays in [[La Liga]], hauldin hame matches at ''[[Estadio Nuevo Los Cármenes]]''. Granada wis the third Andalusie fitbaw team efter [[Real Betis|Betis]] an [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] tae compete in [[La Liga]], in [[:en:1941–42 La Liga|1941–42]]. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat}} *[http://www.granadacf.es/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/equipo.asp?id_equipo=625 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e59.html BDFutbol team profile] *[http://www.granadacf.info/ Unoffeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} {{Primera División de España}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Andalusie]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1931]] [[Category:Granada CF| ]] [[Category:Sport in Granada]] [[Category:1931 establishments in Spain]] szez0syht9o59hw541y8r9jzrfnkiv8 SD Eibar 0 79473 923687 906348 2026-09-29T07:52:20Z Makenzis 43742 923687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Eibar| image = | fullname = Sociedad Deportiva Eibar, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Armeros''| founded = 1940 | ground = [[Estadio Municipal de Ipurua|Ipurua]], [[Eibar]],<br> [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], [[Spain]] | capacity = 5,250 | chairman = Amaia Gorostiza | manager = [[Joseba Etxeberria]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Eibar}} | season = 2025–26 | position = 8th | website = http://www.sdeibar.com/ | pattern_la1 = _eibar2223H | pattern_b1 = _eibar2223H | pattern_ra1 = _eibar2223H | pattern_sh1 = _eibar2223H | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = 1C2E6C | body1 = 1C2E6C | rightarm1 = 1C2E6C | shorts1 = 1C2E6C | socks1 = 1C2E6C | pattern_la2 = _eibar2223A | pattern_b2 = _eibar2223A | pattern_ra2 = _eibar2223A | pattern_sh2 = _eibar2223A | pattern_so2 = _eibar2223al | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = | body3 = | rightarm3 = | shorts3 = | socks3 = }} '''Sociedad Deportiva Eibar, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Eibar]], [[Gipuzkoa]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]]. Foondit on 30 November 1940, the team currently plays in {{Spanish football updater|Eibar}}. The team plays in [[claret]] an blue shirt wi blue shorts, hauldin hame gemmes at the ''[[Estadio Municipal de Ipurua]]''. It is the anerly fitbaw club who haes the quality certificate [[:en:ISO 9001|UNE-EN-ISO 9001]]. ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.sdeibar.com Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/index_equipo.asp?id_equipo=543 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} {{Primera División de España}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eibar}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Basque Kintra]] [[Category:SD Eibar| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1940]] [[Category:1940 establishments in Spain]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] 2t54syqwu7jcb4ut382njfb6x5bj97c 923701 923687 2026-09-29T10:44:03Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club |clubname = Eibar |fullname = Sociedad Deportiva Eibar, S.A.D. |nickname = ''Armeros'' |founded = 1940 |ground = [[Estadio Municipal de Ipurua|Ipurua]], [[Eibar]],<br> [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]], [[Spain]] |capacity = 5,250 |chairman = Amaia Gorostiza |manager = [[Joseba Etxeberria]] |league = {{Spanish football updater|Eibar}} |season = 2025–26 |position = 8th |website = http://www.sdeibar.com/ | pattern_la1 = _eibar2223H | pattern_b1 = _eibar2223H | pattern_ra1 = _eibar2223H | pattern_sh1 = _eibar2223H | leftarm1 = 1C2E6C | body1 = 1C2E6C | rightarm1 = 1C2E6C | shorts1 = 1C2E6C | socks1 = 1C2E6C | pattern_la2 = _eibar2223A | pattern_b2 = _eibar2223A | pattern_ra2 = _eibar2223A | pattern_sh2 = _eibar2223A | pattern_so2 = _eibar2223al | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF }} '''Sociedad Deportiva Eibar, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw club]] based in [[Eibar]], [[Gipuzkoa]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Basque Kintra (autonomous commonty)|Basque Kintra]]. Foondit on 30 November 1940, the team currently plays in {{Spanish football updater|Eibar}}. The team plays in [[claret]] an blue shirt wi blue shorts, hauldin hame gemmes at the ''[[Estadio Municipal de Ipurua]]''. It is the anerly fitbaw club who haes the quality certificate [[:en:ISO 9001|UNE-EN-ISO 9001]]. ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.sdeibar.com Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.futbolme.com/com/index_equipo.asp?id_equipo=543 Futbolme team profile] {{es icon}} {{Primera División de España}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eibar}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Basque Kintra]] [[Category:SD Eibar| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1940]] [[Category:1940 establishments in Spain]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] 1tjcaj8fi6fej96sgkzzw6i1sfxwqkc Günter Grass 0 91566 923699 881977 2026-09-29T10:37:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer |nobel=yes | name = Günter Grass | image = Günter Grass auf dem Blauen Sofa.jpg | caption = Günter Grass in 2006 | birth_name = Günter Wilhelm Graß<ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/das-s-wort/740810.html Das S-Wort] ''Tagesspiegel''. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|10|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wrzeszcz|Danzig-Langfuhr]],<br />[[Free City of Danzig]] (nou [[Gdansk]], [[Poland]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|04|13|1927|10|16|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lübeck]], [[Germany]] | occupation = Novelist, poet, playwright, sculptor, graphic designer | citizenship = [[Free City of Danzig]]<br/>Germany | ethnicity = German, [[Kashubians|Kashubian]]<ref name="ethn">{{cite news|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75475,17744558,Gunter_Grass_nie_zyje__Noblista_mial_87_lat.html#ixzz3XDIG5oiR|title=Günter Grass nie żyje. Noblista miał 87 lat|work=Gazeta Wyborcza|date=13 April 2015|accessdate=13 April 2014|quote=Pytany o tożsamość narodową, mówił, że jest Kaszubą. (Asking about his ethnicity, he always said that he's Kashubian)}}</ref><ref name="ethnDE">{{cite news|url=http://www.focus.de/tagesthema/literatur-portraet-der-unbequeme-nationaldichter_id_4608522.html|title=Porträt: Der unbequeme Nationaldichter|work=Focus|date=13 April 2015|accessdate=13 April 2014|quote=Aber wenige haben auch soviel einstecken müssen wie der Kaschube aus Danzig. (But, just few people had to take flak like the mustachioed Kashubian from Gdansk)|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924225516/http://www.focus.de/tagesthema/literatur-portraet-der-unbequeme-nationaldichter_id_4608522.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | period = 1956–2013 | genre = | subject = | movement = [[Vergangenheitsbewältigung]] | notableworks = ''[[The Tin Drum|Die Blechtrommel]]''<br />''[[Cat and Mouse (novella)|Katz und Maus]]''<br />''[[Dog Years (novelle)|Hundejahre]]''<br />''[[Crabwalk|Im Krebsgang]]''<br />"[[What Must Be Said|Was gesagt werden muss]]" | awards = {{awd|[[Georg Büchner Prize]]|1965}} {{awd|Honorary Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]|1993}} {{awd|[[Nobel Prize in Leeteratur]]|1999}} {{awd|[[Prince of Asturias Awards]]|1999}} | influences = [[Bocaccio]], [[François Rabelais]], [[Grimmelshausen]], [[Miguel de Cervantes]], [[Voltaire]], [[Denis Diderot]] [[Laurence Sterne]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Georg Trakl]], [[Ivan Goncharov]], [[Theodor Fontane]], [[Rainer Maria Rilke]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Alfred Döblin]], [[Albert Camus]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], the [[Nouveau Roman]] | influenced = [[Gabriel García Márquez]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Haruki Murakami]], [[John Irving]], [[Philip Roth]], [[Michel Tournier]], [[José Saramago]], [[António Lobo Antunes]], [[Patrick Süskind]], [[Graham Swift]], [[Tom Robbins]] | signature = Günter Grass signature new.svg }} '''Günter Wilhelm Grass''' ({{IPA-de|ˈɡʏntɐ ˈɡʀas|lang}}; 16 October 1927&nbsp;– 13 Apryle 2015) wis a [[Germans|German]] novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic airtist, sculptor an recipient o the 1999 [[Nobel Prize in Leeteratur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/gunter-grass-tries-to-hose-down-row-over-israel-20120407-1wi8c.html|title=Gunter Grass tries to hose down row over Israel|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=8 April 2012|accessdate=8 April 2012|first1=Nicholas|last1=Kulish|first2=Ethan|last2=Bronner|quote=GUNTER Grass, Germany's most famous living writer, has tried to quell the growing controversy...|archive-date=2012-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410024422/http://www.smh.com.au/world/gunter-grass-tries-to-hose-down-row-over-israel-20120407-1wi8c.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,825712,00.html|title=Outrage in Germany|work=Der Spiegel|date=4 April 2012|accessdate=4 April 2012|quote=Günter Grass, Germany's most famous living author and the 1999 recipient of the Nobel Prize in literature...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=265259|title=Yishai: Günter Grass not welcome in Israel|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=4 April 2012|accessdate=4 April 2012|quote=Germany’s most famous living writer, the Nobel literature laureate Günter Grass...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3291242.ece|title=Outcry as Gunter Grass poem strongly criticises Israel|work=The Hindu|date=8 April 2012|accessdate=8 April 2012|quote=During his long literary career, Gunter Grass has been many things. Author, playwright, sculptor and, unquestionably, Germany's most famous living writer. There is the 1999 Nobel Prize and Mr. Grass's broader post-war role as the country's moral conscience...|location=Chennai, India|first1=Luke|last1=Harding|first2=Harriet|last2=Sherwood|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128133743/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3291242.ece|archive-date=2016-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grass, Gunter}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:20t-century German novelists]] [[Category:20t-century German poets]] [[Category:21st-century German novelists]] [[Category:21st-century German poets]] [[Category:21st-century male writers]] [[Category:20t-century German sculptors]] [[Category:German male sculptors]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:Georg Büchner Prize winners]] [[Category:German autobiografers]] [[Category:German essayists]] [[Category:German-leid poets]] [[Category:German novelists]] [[Category:German male dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:German memoirists]] [[Category:German Nobel laureates]] [[Category:German preesoners o war in Warld War II held bi the Unitit States]] [[Category:German Roman Catholics]] [[Category:German sculptors]] [[Category:German socialists]] [[Category:Catholic socialists]] [[Category:Kashubian poets]] [[Category:Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni]] [[Category:Magic realism writers]] [[Category:Members o the Academy o the Airts, Berlin]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Leeteratur]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Free Ceety o Danzig]] [[Category:Waffen-SS personnel]] [[Category:Writers that illustratit thair ain writin]] [[Category:20t-century essayists]] [[Category:21st-century essayists]] 3o6ksr0cfd0t3nkpqqoyye9g8r1mk8k Coimbatore 0 92070 923682 896978 2026-09-29T05:49:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | native_name = {{lang|ta|கோயம்புத்தூர் }} | name = Coimbatore | native_name_lang = Tamil | other_name = Kovai | settlement_type = [[Metropolis]] | image_caption = Clockwise frae tap: Avinashi Road, [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple]], Victoria Toun Haw, Ukkadam Periyakulam Lake, [[PSG College o Technology]], [[TIDEL Pairk, Coimbatore|Tidel Pairk]] | nickname = Manchester o [[Sooth Indie]] | map_alt = A map shawin location o Coimbatore in Indie | map_caption = Location o Coimbatore in Indie | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu | coordinates = {{coord|11|1|6|N|76|58|21|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indie]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States an territories o Indie|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o regions o Indie|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]] | established_title = Foondit | government_type = [[Mayor–cooncil govrenment|Mayor–Cooncil]] | governing_body = [[Coimbatore Ceety Municipal Corporation|CCMC]] | leader_title1 = [[Mayor o Coimbatore|Mayor]] | leader_name1 = Ganapathy P Rajkumar | leader_title2 = Corporation Commissioner | leader_name2 = Dr K Vijay Karthikeyan, IAS | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = 246.75 | area_metro_km2 = 642.12 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="ua_2011">{{cite web|author=Thomas Brinkhoff|title=India: Major Agglomerations|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Agglo.html|publisher=citypopulation.de|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> | elevation_m = 411.2 | population_total =1,050,721 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_metro = 2,136,916 | population_metro_footnotes =<ref name="ua_2011" /><ref name=UAcomp>an municipalities o [[Kuniyamuthur]], [[Kurichi]] an [[Goundampalayam]]. {{cite web|title=CONSTITUENTS OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS HAVING POPULATION 1 LAKH & ABOVE, CENSUS 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf|work=Censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 October 2011}}</ref> | population_demonym = Coimbatorean | demographics_type1 = Leids | demographics1_title1 = Offeecial | demographics1_info1 = Tamil | timezone1 = [[Indian Staundart Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 641XXX | area_code_type = STD Code | area_code = [[Telephone nummers in Indie|+91-422]] | registration_plate = TN 37 (Sooth), TN 38 (North), TN 66 (Central), TN 99 (Wast) | website = {{URL|https://www.ccmc.gov.in/}} | footnotes = '''Area Note 1''': The pre expansion area o ceety leemits wis 105.6 sq.km. The 2010 expansion order addit 12 local bodies an increased the tot area tae 265.36 sq.km. Houever in 2011, three o the local bodies wur dropped frae the expansion an twa mair addit instead. Those removed were – [[Vellalore]] (16.64 sq.km), [[Chinniampalayam]] (9.27 sq.km) an [[Perur]] (6.40sq.km). Those addit wur – [[Vellakinar]] (9.20) an Chennavedampatti (4.5). Sae the actual area post expansion is 246.75 sq. km.<ref name=exp2>{{cite news |author=Karthik Madhavan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2249069.ece |title=Slim chances for 3 local bodies to be a part of Corporation |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=2011-07-19 |accessdate=2013-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182815/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2249069.ece |archive-date=2013-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=go1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/gorders/maws_t_219_2010.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu GO N0 219 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-01-31}}</ref><ref name=exp1>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/14/stories/2011021463070500.htm |title=Coimbatore set for expansive development |publisher=Hindu.com |date=2011-02-14 |accessdate=2013-01-31 |archive-date=2013-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216074348/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/14/stories/2011021463070500.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/48602244/Townwise-Area-Population-and-Density---India---2001-%28-Towns-have-been# |title=Area, Population and Density of Cities and Towns of India – 2001 |publisher=Docstoc.com |date=2010-07-30 |accessdate=2013-01-31}}</ref><br /><br /> '''Population Note 1''': The census 2011 data is available anly for pre expansion ceety leemits.<ref name=2011city/> For the expandit ceety leemits only 2001 census data is available. Pre expansion the population wis 930882.<ref name=go1/> After the 2010 expansion GO, the population became 1262122.<ref name=go1/> But efter the smaa changes mentioned in the previous note wur made, the 2001 population figur was 1250446.<ref name=exp2/><ref name="pca2001">{{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract – Census 2001|url=http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx|work=Directorate of Census Operations – Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|accessdate=14 June 2010|archive-date=2011-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217153857/http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houever the 2011 census data for the urban agglomeration is available an haes been providit.<ref name=2011city>This is the population o the ceety limits prior tae 2011 expansion{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 October 2011}}</ref> }} '''Coimbatore''', forby kent as '''Kovai''', {{IPA-ta|koːʋəj|}} is a ceety in [[Indie]]. It is the seicont mucklest ceety an [[urban agglomeration]] in the [[Indie]] [[States an territories o Indie|state]] o [[Tamil Nadu]], efter [[Chennai]]<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html Tamil Nādu (India): State, Major Cities, Towns & Agglomerations - Statistics & Maps on City Population<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> an the saxteent mucklest [[Leet o million-plus urban agglomerations in Indie|urban agglomeration o Indie]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns – Sister ceeties=== Coimbatore haes [[Sister ceeties|sister ceety]] relationships wi the follaein ceeties o the warld. {| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |- ! style="background:#659ec7; color:white; height:17px; width:120px;"| Kintra ! ! style="background:#659ec7; color:white; width:140px;"| Ceety ! ! style="background:#659ec7; color:white; width:150px;"| State / Region ! ! style="background:#659ec7; color:white; width:40px;"| Syne |- style="color:black; background:white;" |! !| {{flagicon|USA}} Unitit States |! !| [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toledoblade.com/article/20110214/NEWS16/102130351/-1/SRMAIN|title=10th sister to join in Toledo's alliances|date=14 February 2011|publisher=Toledo Blade|accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toledosistercities.org/sistercities/coimbatore-india/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-05-09 |archive-date=2015-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423140431/http://www.toledosistercities.org/sistercities/coimbatore-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |! !| [[File:Flag of Ohio.svg|25px]] [[Ohio]] |! !| 2010 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Coimbatore| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Coimbatore destrict]] {{stub/Indie}} bsecmqvm8wzmq8t7gpr4jtn1p8is3i9 Emperor o Japan 0 94568 923685 923389 2026-09-29T07:45:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarchy | border = Imperial | royal_title = Emperor | realm = Japan | native_name = {{lang|ja|天皇}} | coatofarms = Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg | coatofarmscaption = [[Leet o Japanese banners#Imperial banners|Imperial Staundart]] | image = | incumbent = [[Naruhito]] | incumbentsince = May 1, 2019 | his/her = His | heir_apparent = [[Fumihito, Croun Prince o Japan|Croun Prince Fumihito]] | first_monarch = [[Emperor Jimmu]] | date = 660 BC | residence = [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]]<br /><small>as offeecial residence</small> | website = [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html The Imperial Household Agency] }} The '''Emperor o Japan''' is the heid o the [[Imperial Hoose o Japan|Imperial Faimily]] an is the ceremonial [[heid o state]] o [[Japan]]'s seestem o [[constitutional monarchy]]. Accordin tae the [[Constitution o Japan|1947 constitution]], he is "the seembol o the State an o the unity o the fowk." Historically, he is an aa the heichest authority o the [[Shinto]] releegion as he an his faimily are said tae be the direct descendants o the sun-goddess [[Amaterasu]].<ref>[http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/%257egln/77/7750/775004.htm 役員、総代としての基礎知識 全国神社総代会編集発行「改訂神社役員、総代必携」] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627051732/http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~gln/77/7750/775004.htm |date=2016-06-27 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~gln/77/7750/775004.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627051732/http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~gln/77/7750/775004.htm |archive-date=2016-06-27 |url-status=bot: unknown}}{{jp icon}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Deified fowk]] [[Category:History o Japan]] [[Category:Japanese emperors| ]] [[Category:Japanese naitionalism]] [[Category:Japanese Shintoists]] [[Category:Ceremonial heids o state]] emrsfowmlsbdndb8415ssfu40oip2go Blaise Pascal 0 136549 923651 873570 2026-09-28T15:44:08Z ~2026-52086-20 137897 /* */ Я исправил грамматические ошибки, чтобы люди не путались в шотландском языке 923651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[Wastren filosofie]] | era = [[17t-century philosophour]] | image = Blaise Pascal Versailles.JPG | image_size = 250px | caption = Pentin o Blaise Pascal made bi François II Quesnel for Gérard Edelinck in 1691. | name = Blaise Pascal | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1623|6|19}} | birth_place = [[Clermont-Ferrand]],<br />[[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]], [[Early modren Fraunce|Fraunce]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1662|8|19|1623|6|19}} | death_place = Paris, Fraunce | residence = Fraunce | nationality = French | school_tradition = {{vunblist |[[Jansenism]] |Proto-[[existentialism]]}} | main_interests = {{hlist |Theology |Mathematics |Philosofie |[[Pheesics]]}} | influences = {{hlist |[[St. Augustine o Hippo]] |[[Michel de Montaigne]] |[[René Descartes]] |[[Cornelius Jansen]] |[[Epictetus]]}} | influenced = {{hlist |[[Antoine Arnauld]] |[[Pierre Duhem]] |[[William James]] |[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|G. W. Leibniz]] |[[Léon Brunschvicg]] |[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] |[[Henri Bergson]]}} | notable_ideas = {{vunblist |[[Pascal's Wager]] |[[Pascal's triangle]] |[[Pascal's law]] |[[Pascal's theorem]]}} | religion = [[Roman Catholic]] }} ''' Blaise Pascal''' (19 Juin 1623 – 19 August 1662) wis a French [[mathematician]], [[physicist]], inventor, writer an Catholic philosopher. He wis a [[bairn prodigy]] that was educated by his faither, a tax collector in [[Rouen]]. Pascal's earliest wark wis in the natural an applied sciences whaur he made important contreibutions tae the study o [[fluid]]s, an clarified the concepts o [[Pressur|pressure]] an [[vacuum]] bi generalising the wark o [[Evangelista Torricelli]]. Pascal wrote in defence o the [[scienteefic method]] an aw. In 1642, while still a teenager, he stairted some pioneerin wark on calculatin machines. Efter three years o effort an 50 prototeeps,<ref>[http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Machine_d%E2%80%99arithm%C3%A9tique (fr) La Machine d'arithmétique, Blaise Pascal], Wikisource</ref> he biggit 20 feenisht machines (cawed [[Pascal's calculator]]s an later Pascalines) ower the follaein 10 years,<ref>{{cite book |language=fr|title=Les machines arithmétiques de Blaise Pascal|first=Guy|last=Mourlevat|year=1988|publisher=La Française d'Edition et d'Imprimerie|location=Clermont-Ferrand|page=12}}</ref> foondit him as ane o the first twa inventors o the [[mechanical calculator]].<ref>See [http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SchicardvsPascal Schickard versus Pascal: An Empty Debate?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215848/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SchicardvsPascal |date=2014-04-08 }} an {{cite book |language=fr|title=Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642–1942|first=Jean|last=Marguin|year=1994|publisher=Hermann|isbn=978-2-7056-6166-3|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |language=fr|title=Le calcul simplifié|first=Maurice|last=d'Ocagne|year=1893|publisher=Gauthier-Villars et fils|page=245|url=http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?8KU54-2.5/248/150/369/363/369}}</ref> Pascal wis an important mathematician, helpin creaut twa major new auries o resairch: he wrote a signeeficant treatise on the subject o [[projective geometry]] at the age o 16, an later correspondit wi [[Pierre de Fermat]] on [[probability theory]], strangly influencin the development o modren economics an [[social sciences|social science]]. Follaein [[Galileo Galilei]] an Torricelli, in 1647, he rebuttit [[Aristotle]]'s follaers that insistit that [[Horror vacui (pheesics)|naitur abhors a vacuum]]. Pascal's results caused mony disputes afore bein acceptit. In 1646, he an his sister Jacqueline identifeed wi the releegious muivement within [[Catholicism]] kent bi its detractors as [[Jansenism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11511a.htm |title=Blaise Pascal |accessdate=23 February 2009 |work=Catholic Encyclopedia}}</ref> Follaein a releegious experience in late 1654, he begoud writin influential warks on filosofie an theology. His twa maist famous warks date frae this period: the ''[[Lettres provinciales]]'' an the ''[[Pensées]]'', the umwhile set in the conflict atween Jansenists an [[Jesuits]]. In that year, he wrat an important treatise aboot the arithmetical triangle an aw. Atween 1658 an 1659, he wrote aboot the [[cycloid]] an its uise in calculatin the vollum o solits. Ootthrou his life, Pascal wis in fail halth, espeicially efter the age o 18; he dee'd juist twa month efter his 39t birthday.<ref>Hald, Anders ''A History of Probability and Statistics and Its Applications before 1750'', (Wiley Publications, 1990) pp.44</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pascal, Blaise}} [[Category:1623 births]] [[Category:1662 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Clermont-Ferrand]] [[Category:French Roman Catholic writers]] [[Category:Writers frae Auvergne]] [[Category:17t-century French writers]] [[Category:17t-century French mathematicians]] [[Category:17t-century philosophers]] [[Category:Aphorists]] [[Category:Blaise Pascal| ]] [[Category:Christian apologists]] [[Category:Christian humanists]] [[Category:Christian meestics]] [[Category:Christian philosophers]] [[Category:Creetics o atheism]] [[Category:Converts tae Roman Catholicism]] [[Category:Fluid deenamicists]] [[Category:French mathematicians]] [[Category:French philosophers]] [[Category:French pheesicists]] [[Category:French scientists]] [[Category:17t-century French theologians]] [[Category:Hypochondriacs]] [[Category:Jansenists]] [[Category:Probability theorists]] [[Category:Roman Catholic filosofers]] [[Category:17t-century Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Buirials at Saint-Étienne-du-Mont]] mtyh35fhg5auhad6wn9lh03vvtud2ms 923652 923651 2026-09-28T15:56:29Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-52086-20, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 873348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[Wastren filosofie]] | era = [[17t-century philosophour]] | image = Blaise Pascal Versailles.JPG | image_size = 250px | caption = Pentin o Blaise Pascal made bi François II Quesnel for Gérard Edelinck in 1691. | name = Blaise Pascal | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1623|6|19}} | birth_place = [[Clermont-Ferrand]],<br />[[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]], [[Early modren Fraunce|Fraunce]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1662|8|19|1623|6|19}} | death_place = Paris, Fraunce | residence = Fraunce | nationality = French | school_tradition = {{vunblist |[[Jansenism]] |Proto-[[existentialism]]}} | main_interests = {{hlist |Theology |Mathematics |Philosofie |[[Pheesics]]}} | influences = {{hlist |[[St. Augustine o Hippo]] |[[Michel de Montaigne]] |[[René Descartes]] |[[Cornelius Jansen]] |[[Epictetus]]}} | influenced = {{hlist |[[Antoine Arnauld]] |[[Pierre Duhem]] |[[William James]] |[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|G. W. Leibniz]] |[[Léon Brunschvicg]] |[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] |[[Henri Bergson]]}} | notable_ideas = {{vunblist |[[Pascal's Wager]] |[[Pascal's triangle]] |[[Pascal's law]] |[[Pascal's theorem]]}} | religion = [[Roman Catholic]] }} ''' Blaise Pascal''' (19 Juin 1623 – 19 August 1662) wis a French [[mathematician]], [[physicist]], inventor, writer an Catholic philosophour. He wis a [[bairn prodigy]] that wis eddicated bi his faither, a tax collector in [[Rouen]]. Pascal's earliest wark wis in the naitural an applee'd sciences whaur he makkit important contreibutions tae the study o [[fluid]]s, an clarified the concepts o [[pressur]] an [[vacuum]] bi generalisin the wark o [[Evangelista Torricelli]]. Pascal wrote in defence o the [[scienteefic method]] an aw. In 1642, while still a teenager, he stairted some pioneerin wark on calculatin machines. Efter three years o effort an 50 prototeeps,<ref>[http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Machine_d%E2%80%99arithm%C3%A9tique (fr) La Machine d'arithmétique, Blaise Pascal], Wikisource</ref> he biggit 20 feenisht machines (cawed [[Pascal's calculator]]s an later Pascalines) ower the follaein 10 years,<ref>{{cite book |language=fr|title=Les machines arithmétiques de Blaise Pascal|first=Guy|last=Mourlevat|year=1988|publisher=La Française d'Edition et d'Imprimerie|location=Clermont-Ferrand|page=12}}</ref> foondit him as ane o the first twa inventors o the [[mechanical calculator]].<ref>See [http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SchicardvsPascal Schickard versus Pascal: An Empty Debate?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215848/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SchicardvsPascal |date=2014-04-08 }} an {{cite book |language=fr|title=Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642–1942|first=Jean|last=Marguin|year=1994|publisher=Hermann|isbn=978-2-7056-6166-3|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |language=fr|title=Le calcul simplifié|first=Maurice|last=d'Ocagne|year=1893|publisher=Gauthier-Villars et fils|page=245|url=http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?8KU54-2.5/248/150/369/363/369}}</ref> Pascal wis an important mathematician, helpin creaut twa major new auries o resairch: he wrote a signeeficant treatise on the subject o [[projective geometry]] at the age o 16, an later correspondit wi [[Pierre de Fermat]] on [[probability theory]], strangly influencin the development o modren economics an [[social sciences|social science]]. Follaein [[Galileo Galilei]] an Torricelli, in 1647, he rebuttit [[Aristotle]]'s follaers that insistit that [[Horror vacui (pheesics)|naitur abhors a vacuum]]. Pascal's results caused mony disputes afore bein acceptit. In 1646, he an his sister Jacqueline identifeed wi the releegious muivement within [[Catholicism]] kent bi its detractors as [[Jansenism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11511a.htm |title=Blaise Pascal |accessdate=23 February 2009 |work=Catholic Encyclopedia}}</ref> Follaein a releegious experience in late 1654, he begoud writin influential warks on filosofie an theology. His twa maist famous warks date frae this period: the ''[[Lettres provinciales]]'' an the ''[[Pensées]]'', the umwhile set in the conflict atween Jansenists an [[Jesuits]]. In that year, he wrat an important treatise aboot the arithmetical triangle an aw. Atween 1658 an 1659, he wrote aboot the [[cycloid]] an its uise in calculatin the vollum o solits. Ootthrou his life, Pascal wis in fail halth, espeicially efter the age o 18; he dee'd juist twa month efter his 39t birthday.<ref>Hald, Anders ''A History of Probability and Statistics and Its Applications before 1750'', (Wiley Publications, 1990) pp.44</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pascal, Blaise}} [[Category:1623 births]] [[Category:1662 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Clermont-Ferrand]] [[Category:French Roman Catholic writers]] [[Category:Writers frae Auvergne]] [[Category:17t-century French writers]] [[Category:17t-century French mathematicians]] [[Category:17t-century philosophers]] [[Category:Aphorists]] [[Category:Blaise Pascal| ]] [[Category:Christian apologists]] [[Category:Christian humanists]] [[Category:Christian meestics]] [[Category:Christian philosophers]] [[Category:Creetics o atheism]] [[Category:Converts tae Roman Catholicism]] [[Category:Fluid deenamicists]] [[Category:French mathematicians]] [[Category:French philosophers]] [[Category:French pheesicists]] [[Category:French scientists]] [[Category:17t-century French theologians]] [[Category:Hypochondriacs]] [[Category:Jansenists]] [[Category:Probability theorists]] [[Category:Roman Catholic filosofers]] [[Category:17t-century Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Buirials at Saint-Étienne-du-Mont]] 2pe34gku7s4xj6b23c2hsczeda192pj UD Las Palmas 0 142223 923689 883230 2026-09-29T08:48:13Z Makenzis 43742 923689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club| clubname = Las Palmas | image = [[File:UD Las Palmas logo.svg|180px]] | fullname = Unión Deportiva Las Palmas, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Los Amarillos'' (The Yellaes) | founded = 1949 | ground = [[Estadio Gran Canaria]]<br> [[Las Palmas]], [[Canary Islands]] | capacity = 32,150 | chairman = Miguel Ángel Ramírez | manager = [[García Pimienta]] | league = {{Spanish football updater|Las Palmas}} | season = {{Spanish football updater|Las Palmas2}} | position = {{Spanish football updater|Las Palmas3}} | website = http://www.udlaspalmas.es/ | pattern_la1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_b1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_ra1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_sh1 = _laspalmas2223h | pattern_so1 = _laspalmas2324hl | leftarm1 = FFFF00 | body1 = FFFF00 | rightarm1 = FFFF00 | shorts1 = 0000FF | socks1 = 0000FF | pattern_la2 = | pattern_b2 = _whitecross | pattern_ra2 = | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 =000000 | rightarm2 =000000 | shorts2 =000000 | socks2 =000000 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = | body3 = | rightarm3 = | shorts3 = | socks3 = }} '''Unión Deportiva Las Palmas, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw team]] based in [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Canary Islands]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Las Palmas}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in the 1940s]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Canary Islands]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Sport in Las Palmas]] [[Category:UD Las Palmas| ]] [[Category:1949 establishments in Spain]] pcu2rcrxpq2iub8gzq0wfike6jv1xnl 923690 923689 2026-09-29T08:48:39Z Makenzis 43742 923690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club| clubname = Las Palmas | image = [[File:UD Las Palmas logo.svg|180px]] | fullname = Unión Deportiva Las Palmas, S.A.D. | nickname = ''Los Amarillos'' (The Yellaes) | founded = 1949 | ground = [[Estadio Gran Canaria]]<br> [[Las Palmas]], [[Canary Islands]] | capacity = 32,150 | chairman = Miguel Ángel Ramírez | manager = [[García Pimienta]] | league = Segunda División | season = 2025–26 | position = 5th | website = http://www.udlaspalmas.es/ | pattern_la1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_b1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_ra1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_sh1 = _laspalmas2223h | pattern_so1 = _laspalmas2324hl | leftarm1 = FFFF00 | body1 = FFFF00 | rightarm1 = FFFF00 | shorts1 = 0000FF | socks1 = 0000FF | pattern_la2 = | pattern_b2 = _whitecross | pattern_ra2 = | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 =000000 | rightarm2 =000000 | shorts2 =000000 | socks2 =000000 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = | body3 = | rightarm3 = | shorts3 = | socks3 = }} '''Unión Deportiva Las Palmas, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw team]] based in [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Canary Islands]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Las Palmas}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in the 1940s]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Canary Islands]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Sport in Las Palmas]] [[Category:UD Las Palmas| ]] [[Category:1949 establishments in Spain]] 3v6fzau5r0xsdr2ju7d85bte2d671j5 923702 923690 2026-09-29T10:45:39Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fitbaw club |clubname = Las Palmas |image = [[File:UD Las Palmas logo.svg|180px]] |fullname = Unión Deportiva Las Palmas, S.A.D. |nickname = ''Los Amarillos'' (The Yellaes) |founded = 1949 |ground = [[Estadio Gran Canaria]]<br> [[Las Palmas]], [[Canary Islands]] |capacity = 32,150 |chairman = Miguel Ángel Ramírez |manager = [[García Pimienta]] |league = Segunda División |season = 2025–26 |position = 5th |website = http://www.udlaspalmas.es/ | pattern_la1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_b1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_ra1 = _laspalmas2324h | pattern_sh1 = _laspalmas2223h | pattern_so1 = _laspalmas2324hl | leftarm1 = FFFF00 | body1 = FFFF00 | rightarm1 = FFFF00 | shorts1 = 0000FF | socks1 = 0000FF | pattern_la2 = | pattern_b2 = _whitecross | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 =000000 | rightarm2 =000000 | shorts2 =000000 | socks2 =000000 }} '''Unión Deportiva Las Palmas, S.A.D.''' is a [[Leet o fitbaw clubs in Spain|Spaingie fitbaw team]] based in [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], in the autonomous commonty o [[Canary Islands]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Las Palmas}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in the 1940s]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in the Canary Islands]] [[Category:La Liga clubs]] [[Category:Sport in Las Palmas]] [[Category:UD Las Palmas| ]] [[Category:1949 establishments in Spain]] i3onje6rxr1za97ddzlgkfnhxk3clar Constantine II o Scotland 0 156384 923709 799870 2026-09-29T11:58:15Z Celia Homeford 44780 That is Constantine III (3) not Constantine II. 923709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Constantine II | image = | image_size = 200 | succession = [[King o Alba]] | reign = 900–943 | predecessor = [[Donald II o Scotland|Donald II]] | successor = [[Malcolm I o Scotland|Malcolm I]] | issue = [[Indulf]], King o Alba<br />Cellach<br />ane or mair dauchters | house = [[Hoose o Alpin|Alpin]] | father = [[Áed o Scotland|Áed]], King o the Picts | birth_date = c. 874 | death_date = 952 (Aged c.77-78) | death_place = [[St Andrews]] | place of burial= [[Iona]] }} '''Constantine II''' (Caustatin II) wis king o' Pechtland an Scotland fi 900-943. He abdicatit an dee'd in 952. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Constantine 02 O Scotland}} [[Category:Hoose o Alpin]] [[Category:9t-century Scots monarchs]] [[Category:9t-century births]] [[Category:952 daiths]] [[Category:Culdees]] [[Category:Scots abbots]] [[Category:10t-century Scots monarchs]] [[Category:Monarchs that abdicatit]] [[Category:Buirials in Iona]] {{Stub/Ryal}} 0ou4ewqogl00tky8ry82ew8zfebkl2e Hazaras 0 161213 923704 923415 2026-09-29T10:54:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Hazaras<br/><big>هزاره</big> | population = {{circa|'''10–14 million'''}} |region1 = {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} |pop1 = ~7,000,000 , 25% |ref1 = <ref name="aljazeera">{{citation |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/afghanistan-hazaras-160623093601127.html |title=Afghanistan: Who are the Hazaras? Despite their growing political clout, many Hazaras continue to feel discriminated against |date=27 June 2016 |accessdate=5 August 2016 |publisher=Al Jazeera}} Calculatit frae population o Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (Julie 2014 est.) @ 20% (2016)</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} |pop2 = 2,000,000. some ~ 500,000 Afghan citizens of Hazara descent in Iran (2011) |ref2 = <ref name ="Hazara People">http://www.hazarapeople.com/2011/10/05/discrimination-against-hazara-people-in-iran/ Census of Afghans in Iran 2011</ref> |region3 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} |pop3 = 900,000. Some ~ 40,000 Afghan citizens of Hazara descent in Pakistan (2005) |ref3 = {{lower|<ref name="UNHCR">[http://www.unhcr.org/431c7b1a2.pdf Census of Afghans in Pakistan 2005], ''[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] Statistical Summary Report'' (retrieved August 14, 2016)</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Yusuf|first1=Imran|title=Who are the Hazara?|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/267225/who-are-the-hazara/|accessdate=1 September 2016|publisher=Tribune|date=5 October 2011}}</ref>}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |pop4 = 10,000 (2013) |ref4 = {{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} |region5 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |pop5 = 4,300 |ref5 = {{lower|<ref>The population o fowk wi strynd frae Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090. Hazara mak up an estimatit 20% o the population o Afghanistan dependin tae the soorce. The Hazara population in Canadae is estimatit frae these twa figurs. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm |date=2013-07-23 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng.cfm |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> }} |region6 = {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} |pop6 = 3,800 |ref6 = {{lower|<ref>{{citation |title=Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=5 August 2016 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/afghan-hazaras-new-life-indonesia-201436121639956520.html}}</ref> }} |languages = [[Persie leid|Persie]] (predominantly [[Dari leid|Dari]] an [[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]] dialects) |religions = [[Shia Islam]] ([[Twaler]] an [[Ismaili]]), wi a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] minority (see [[Aimaq Hazara]])<ref name="culturalorientation">The Afghans, Their History and Culture, [http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/arelig.html Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228003012/http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/arelig.html |date=2010-12-28 }}</ref> }} The '''Hazaras''' ({{lang-fa|هزاره}}) are a [[Persie leid|Persie-speakin]] fowk wha mainly bide in central [[Afghanistan]], [[Hazara Toun]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]], an [[Karachi]]. Thay are maistlins [[Twaler|Twaler Shia Muslim]]s an mak up the third maist muckle [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|ethnic group in Afghanistan]].<ref name="Iranica2">L. Dupree, ''"Af<u>gh</u>ānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy"'', in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006, ([http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-iv-ethnography LINK]).</ref><ref name="CIA-af">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |title=Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (July 2014 est.) @ 9% (2014) |accessdate=July 17, 2015 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=2017-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072213/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Al-jazeera">{{cite web | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2011/11/2011111284512336838.html | title=Hazara community finds safe haven in Peshawar | publisher=Aljazeer English | date=12 Nov 2011 | accessdate=November 13, 2011 | author=Kamal Hyder reports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0037) |title= Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan |year=1997 |accessdate=2010-09-18}}</ref> The dialect o Persie that thay speak is cried [[Hazaragi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-4|title=HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=theses|title=Attitudes towards Hazaragi|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> that is mair precisely a pairt o the [[Dari leid|Dari]] byleid continuum (ane o the twa main leids o Afghanistan),<ref name="OCLC 401634">[[Franz Schurmann|Schurmann, Franz]] (1962) ''The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan'' Mouton, [[The Hague, Netherlands]], page 17, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/401634 OCLC 401634]</ref> an is mutually intelligible wi Dari.<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi">{{cite web|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=these|title=Attitudes Towards Hazaragi|accessdate=4 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Hazara of Daykundi province.jpg|Hazaras in [[Daykundi Province]] File:Hazara schoolgirls in Bamyan, Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara girl in [[Bamyan Province]] </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hazara Fowk}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] [[Category:Social groups o Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Shia Islam in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Shia commonties]] [[Category:Hazara fowk]] [[Category:Hazara history]] 7jdkqrlpkq3ry0a8wo4lbwm8bq6rosq Amir Sarkhosh 0 221672 923662 923331 2026-09-29T00:42:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox snooker player|name=Amir Sarkhosh|Nickname=|image=TEHRAN (Tasnim) – Amir Sarkhosh from Iran claimed a gold medal at the Snooker Single 15-Red event of ACBS 1st Asian Billiards Sports Championship.jpg|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1991|5|30|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Karaj]]، [[Iran]]|Sport country={{IRN}}|Professional=2017–|High ranking=136 <small>(August 2019)</small>|Prize money=[[Pound sterling|£]] 598<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amir Sarkhosh Player Profile|url=https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.snookerdatabase.co.uk|archive-date=2020-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040|url-status=dead}}</ref>|High break='''124''': <br> <small>2019 Qatar's opening six-ball World Cup (qualifying)</small>|Century break=9|Best finish=''Last 10'' <small>([[2020 Welsh Open (snooker)|2020 Welsh Open]])</small>|Other wins=|World champ=|medals={{MedalCountry | {{IRN}} }} {{MedalSport | Mixed [[snooker]] }} {{MedalCompetition | [[World Games]] }} {{MedalGold | [[World Games 2017|2017 Wrocław]] | [[Snooker at the 2017 World Games – mixed singles|Individual]] }} {{MedalSport | Men's [[snooker]] }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]] }} {{MedalGold | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Team]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Six-red singles]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]] | [[Cue sports at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Singles]] }}}}'''Amir Sarkhosh''' (born May 30, 1991) is a professional [[snooker]] [[Prayer|player]] frae [[Karaj]], [[Iran]].<ref>[https://cuetracker.net/Players/Amir-Sarkhosh/Career-Total-Statistics Profil von Amir Sarkhosh] CueTracker - Snooker Database. Retrieved 4 August 2020. </ref><ref>[https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?playerKey=1040 Amir Sarkhosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040 |date=2020-09-16 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184259/https://www.snookerdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?PlayerKey=1040 |archive-date=2020-09-16 |url-status=dead}} at snookerdatabase.co.uk: Snooker Results and Statistic Database</ref><ref>[http://www.ibsf.info/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=tag&tag=Amir+Sarkhosh Amir Sarkhosh] at ibsf.info</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Snooker players]] 8lxmpxjqrfkmj1g7dga5p76rx1p0jsg Hautmont 0 234069 923703 923634 2026-09-29T10:53:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 923703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Hautmont |commune status = [[Communes o Fraunce|Commune]] |image = Hautmont mairie 1.JPG |caption = The toun-hoose in Hautmont |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |arrondissement = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |canton = Avesnes-sur-Helpe |INSEE = 59291 |postal code = 59330 |mayor = Stéphane Wilmotte<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de Sambre|Maubeuge Val de Sambre]] |coordinates = {{coord|50.2486|3.9253|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 132 |elevation min m = 123 |elevation max m = 184 |area km2 = 12.27 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Hautmont''' ({{IPA-fr|omɔ̃}}) is a [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord depairtment]] in northren [[Fraunce]]. It is {{cvt|5|km|mi|0}} soothwast o the centre o [[Maubeuge]], an haes 14,500 residenters. On [[August 2008 European spirewind ootbrak|3 August 2008]] a nairae but strang F4 [[spirewind]] soopit throu the toun, as weel as [[Maubeuge]], [[Neuf-Mesnil]] an [[Boussières-sur-Sambre]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 August 2008|title=North France tornado kills three|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7540484.stm|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026}}</ref> hairmfu hunders o biggins, forty o whilk cowpit. The spirewind killt three fowk an hurtit seiventeen ithers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=European Severe Weather Database|url=https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi?lang=en_0&lastquery=2012199392&force_dynamic_map=true;|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2026|website=eswd.eu|language=en}}</ref> The spirewind wis pairt o an ootbrak that produced nine ither spirewinds. ==Population== {{Historical populations |source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-59291#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> |percentages = pagr |align = none |graph-pos = right |1968 |17870 |1975 |19175 |1982 |18461 |1990 |17475 |1999 |16029 |2007 |15015 |2012 |14115 |2017 |14574 |2023 |14152 }} ==Heraldry== {{Blazon-arms |img1=Blason ville fr Hautmont (Nord).svg |legend1=Arms of Hautmont |text=The airms o Hautmont are [[blazon]]t:<br />{{SharedArms|Or.3chev.sa}} }} == Twin touns an sister ceeties == Hautmont is [[Sister ceety|twinned]] wi [[Kalisz]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1958)''.</small><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Kalisz Offeecial Wabsteid - Twin Touns|url=http://www.kalisz.pl/_portal/118951340446e688bcd9fee/Miasta_partnerskie.html|url-status=dead|access-date=28 September 2026|website=www.kalisz.pl|language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925020649/http://www.kalisz.pl/_portal/118951340446e688bcd9fee/Miasta_partnerskie.html|archive-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Nord communes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Communes o Nord (French depairtment)]] 8aej748ppyaqr91tlu86d3dk6ho8xrz Cœur de pirate 0 234071 923675 923635 2026-09-29T02:31:06Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Cœur de pirate | image = Festival des Vieilles Charrues 2018 - Cœur de pirate - 004.jpg | landscape = yes | caption = Cœur de pirate performin in 2018 | birth_name = Béatrice Mireille Martin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/910794733 |title=Amoud d'un soir |website=ASCAP |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers |access-date=29 September 2026}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|9|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Outremont]], Quebec, Canadae | occupation = {{hlist|Muisicker|sangster|sangwriter}} | years_active = 2007–present | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Alex Peyrat|26 July 2012|2016|end=divorced}} * ({{abbr|m.|married}} 2017; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 2018) }} |children = 2 | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|piano|[[melodica]]|keybuirds}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Indie pop]]|[[fowk pop]]}} | label = {{hlist|[[Grosse Boîte]]|[[Barclay Records|Barclay]]|[[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]]|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]}} }} | website = {{URL|coeurdepirate.com}} }} '''Béatrice Mireille Martin''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;beatʁis maʁtɛ̃&#x5D;; born 22 September 1989), kent professionally as '''Cœur de pirate''' ({{IPA|fr|kœʁ də piʁat|}}; French fur ''Pirate's hert''), is a Canadian muisicker. A French-speakin frae Montreal, she sings maistly in French an haes been creditit in ''Montreal Mirror'' wi "bringin ''la chanson française'' tae a hale new generation o Quebec youth." == Career == === Early beginnins === Born in the province o Quebec, Martin stairtit pleyin the piano whan she wis anerly three years auld. She entert the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal at age nine an studiet thair fur five years. She is the niece o actor Alexis Martin. At age 15, she pleyed as a keybuirdist in the post-haurdcore baund December Strikes First, whilk starned her best freend, Francis, wha wad later become the subjeck o the sang "Francis" on her debut album. Martin haed a wee spell as keybuirdist fur Bonjour Brumaire frae late 2007 tae Aprile 2008. 5wjy492n5owru78zynqynhxyac0vy3c 923676 923675 2026-09-29T02:38:54Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Cœur de pirate | image = Festival des Vieilles Charrues 2018 - Cœur de pirate - 004.jpg | landscape = yes | caption = Cœur de pirate performin in 2018 | birth_name = Béatrice Mireille Martin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/910794733 |title=Amoud d'un soir |website=ASCAP |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers |access-date=29 September 2026}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|9|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Outremont]], Quebec, Canadae | occupation = {{hlist|Muisicker|sangster|sangwriter}} | years_active = 2007–present | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Alex Peyrat|26 July 2012|2016|end=divorced}} * ({{abbr|m.|married}} 2017; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 2018) }} |children = 2 | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|piano|[[melodica]]|keybuirds}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Indie pop]]|[[fowk pop]]}} | label = {{hlist|[[Grosse Boîte]]|[[Barclay Records|Barclay]]|[[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]]|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]}} }} | website = {{URL|coeurdepirate.com}} }} '''Béatrice Mireille Martin''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;beatʁis maʁtɛ̃&#x5D;; born 22 September 1989), kent professionally as '''Cœur de pirate''' ({{IPA|fr|kœʁ də piʁat|}}; French fur ''Pirate's hert''), is a Canadian muisicker. A French-speakin frae Montreal, she sings maistly in French an haes been creditit in ''Montreal Mirror'' wi "bringin ''la chanson française'' tae a hale new generation o Quebec youth." == Career == === Early beginnins === Born in the province o Quebec, Martin stairtit pleyin the piano whan she wis anerly three years auld. She entert the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal at age nine an studiet thair fur five years. She is the niece o actor Alexis Martin. At age 15, she pleyed as a keybuirdist in the post-haurdcore baund December Strikes First, whilk starned her best freend, Francis, wha wad later become the subjeck o the sang "Francis" on her debut album. Martin haed a wee spell as keybuirdist fur Bonjour Brumaire frae late 2007 tae Aprile 2008. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{offeecial wabsteid|coeurdepirate.com}} {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL5k8LJHWuc Coeur de Pirate interview] on YouTube {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coeur de pirate}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Canadian indie pop muisickers]] [[Category:Canadian LGBTQ sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Canadian pop pianists]] [[Category:Canadian queer muisickers]] [[Category:Canadian queer wummen]] [[Category:Canadian wummen pop sangsters]] [[Category:Canadian wummen sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal alumni]] [[Category:Félix Awaird winners]] [[Category:French-leid Canadian sangsters]] [[Category:Juno Awaird fur French-speakin Album o the Year winners]] [[Category:Queer wummen sangsters]] [[Category:Melodica pleyers]] [[Category:Canadian fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] [[Category:Queer sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Montreal]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian LGBTQ fowk]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian pianists]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian wummen pianists]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian wummen sangsters]] [[Category:Judges in Canadian realty televeesion series]] pmp5ixj3982lt3fwfqmq9c8mrx58t0u 923705 923676 2026-09-29T11:03:27Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 923705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Cœur de pirate | image = Festival des Vieilles Charrues 2018 - Cœur de pirate - 004.jpg | landscape = yes | caption = Cœur de pirate performin in 2018 | birth_name = Béatrice Mireille Martin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/910794733 |title=Amoud d'un soir |website=ASCAP |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers |access-date=29 September 2026}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|9|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Outremont]], Quebec, Canadae | occupation = {{hlist|Muisicker|sangster|sangwriter}} | years_active = 2007–present | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Alex Peyrat|26 July 2012|2016|end=divorced}} * ({{abbr|m.|married}} 2017; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 2018) }} |children = 2 | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|piano|[[melodica]]|keybuirds}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Indie pop]]|[[fowk pop]]}} | label = {{hlist|[[Grosse Boîte]]|[[Barclay Records|Barclay]]|[[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]]|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]}} }} | website = {{URL|coeurdepirate.com}} }} '''Béatrice Mireille Martin''' (French pronunciation: &#x5B;beatʁis maʁtɛ̃&#x5D;; born 22 September 1989), kent professionally as '''Cœur de pirate''' ({{IPA|fr|kœʁ də piʁat|}}; French fur ''Pirate's hert''), is a Canadian muisicker. A French-speakin frae Montreal, she sings maistly in French an haes been creditit in ''Montreal Mirror'' wi "bringin ''la chanson française'' tae a hale new generation o Quebec youth." == Career == === Early beginnins === Born in the province o Quebec, Martin stairtit pleyin the piano whan she wis anerly three years auld. She entert the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal at age nine an studiet thair fur five years. She is the niece o actor Alexis Martin. At age 15, she pleyed as a keybuirdist in the post-haurdcore baund December Strikes First, whilk starned her best freend, Francis, wha wad later become the subjeck o the sang "Francis" on her debut album. Martin haed a wee spell as keybuirdist fur Bonjour Brumaire frae late 2007 tae Aprile 2008. === 2007–2009: Debut album an furst success === In a report braidcast on French telly, Martin exponed that she waled the name "Cœur de pirate" tae kythe nae "as an isolatit muisicker, but tae get a baund identity frae the stairt". She initially cawed hersel Her Pirate Heart, but owerset the name tae French whan she stappit scrievin sangs in Inglis. She lowsed her debut album ''Cœur de pirate'' on 16 September 2008, on Grosse Boîte. Descrieved as "raither semple" muisically, it maistly featurt her vyce an piano pleyin alang wi some minor addeetional instrumentation. In Februar 2009, Martin attractit wider media attention whan a photie-taker frae Quebec Ceety, Francis Vachon, uised the sang "Ensemble" as the soondtrack tae a viral video on YouTube cried "Time lapse of a baby playing with his toys", leadin tae kiverage on ''Good Morning America'', Perez Hilton's wabsteid, ''The Globe and Mail'', an ithergates. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{offeecial wabsteid|coeurdepirate.com}} {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL5k8LJHWuc Coeur de Pirate interview] on YouTube {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coeur de pirate}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Canadian indie pop muisickers]] [[Category:Canadian LGBTQ sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Canadian pop pianists]] [[Category:Canadian queer muisickers]] [[Category:Canadian queer wummen]] [[Category:Canadian wummen pop sangsters]] [[Category:Canadian wummen sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal alumni]] [[Category:Félix Awaird winners]] [[Category:French-leid Canadian sangsters]] [[Category:Juno Awaird fur French-speakin Album o the Year winners]] [[Category:Queer wummen sangsters]] [[Category:Melodica pleyers]] [[Category:Canadian fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] [[Category:Queer sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Montreal]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian LGBTQ fowk]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian pianists]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian wummen pianists]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian wummen sangsters]] [[Category:Judges in Canadian realty televeesion series]] imdasylm2jn74cx7fqqxzkplqbrfsb8 Uiser collogue:Kadı 3 234073 923673 2026-09-29T02:09:13Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 923673 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Kadı, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Kadı|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 02:09, 29 September 2026 (UTC) nqmvfrr4dbwtl0ru4jj5r80gg6pzjmo Uiser collogue:Elilopes 3 234074 923674 2026-09-29T02:09:43Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 923674 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Elilopes, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Elilopes|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 02:09, 29 September 2026 (UTC) 4deo320lvig0qoqkhyka4dywbzitse9