Collogue:Main Page

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="sco">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>scowiki</dbname>
    <base>https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Uiser</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Uiser collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category collogue</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Portal talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="first-letter">Define</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="first-letter">Define talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Collogue:Main Page</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>40</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924748</id>
      <parentid>924714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* (En) Archive.today */ Replie</comment>
      <origin>924748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45611" sha1="rilynda3589l5heptvjz7crtfcfmrd4" xml:space="preserve">{{talkpage}}

This page haes been archived '''fower''' times.

# '''[[/Archive 1|First Edeetion]]'''
# '''[[/Archive 2|Seicont Edeetion]]'''
# '''[[/Archive 3|Third Edeetion]]'''
# '''[[/Archive 4|Fowert Edeetion]]'''

== Inglis ==

Wee is thar nae link tae the Inglis Wikipaedia on the Main Page? [[Uiser:Woshiyiweizhongguoren|Woshiyiweizhongguoren]] ([[Uiser collogue:Woshiyiweizhongguoren|tauk]]) 15:34, 9 Apryle 2019 (UTC)

Cause thare shoudna be ane. English is a deid leid, an naebody cares aboot it ony mair. Ye micht as well link tae the Latin ane.&lt;!-- Template:Unsigned IP --&gt;&lt;small class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—&amp;nbsp;Precedin [[Wikipedia:Seegnaturs|unsigned]] comment addit bi [[Special:Contributions/2001:bc8:4700:2300::11:c07|2001:bc8:4700:2300::11:c07]] ([[User talk:2001:bc8:4700:2300::11:c07#top|talk]]) 06:05, 10 Mey 2019‎ (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!-- Template:Xign --&gt;

Acause Scots isna English.  [[Uiser:KevRobbSCO|KevRobbSCO]] ([[Uiser collogue:KevRobbSCO|tauk]]) 01:38, 20 Mairch 2020 (UTC)

:Depends on who you ask. Many Scots speakers consider it dialect group of English, others as a related Anglic language. [[Uiser:Black Adam|Black Adam]] ([[Uiser collogue:Black Adam|tauk]]) 13:57, 15 Apryle 2025 (UTC)

== (En) New idea: Featurt uiser ==

It'd be nice to be able to highlight the contributions of our users for a change. Instead of doing &quot;On this day&quot; (which almost always is a redlink), we could do a featurt uiser and some articles they contributed to. Anyone have thoughts on this? &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 17:47, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

== (En) Removal ==

Should the &quot;On this day&quot; section be removed? According to [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?sort=create_timestamp_desc&amp;search=intitle%3A%2FOn+this+day%2F&amp;title=Special:Search&amp;profile=advanced&amp;fulltext=1&amp;advancedSearch-current=%7B%7D&amp;ns10=1 this], there really isn't anyone updating (creating) it often enough and the main page is broken because of this.
:In addition, the DYK section has not been created and it's near the end of January. [[Uiser:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Uiser collogue:Minorax|tauk]]) 05:57, 27 Januar 2020 (UTC)
::{{re|Minorax}} I've long contemplated whether or not it's worth it to keep that section around. One of my long shot ideas was to replace it with a &quot;Featurt uiser&quot; section or something to celebrate our many contributors.&lt;br /&gt;What do you think we should replace it with? &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 05:53, 6 Februar 2020 (UTC)
:::{{re|MJL}} That really isn’t going to solve the issue as well. “Elections” has to be made to select the user monthly. [[Uiser:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Uiser collogue:Minorax|tauk]]) 10:39, 6 Februar 2020 (UTC)
::::{{re|Minorax}} True, I suppose. Do you have any alternative ideas? I'm completely open to new and unique things. &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 15:42, 6 Februar 2020 (UTC)
:::::{{re|MJL}} The &quot;On this day&quot; section can be kept if someone is free enough to create templates for the remaining 261 days. 1 suggestion is that someone can translate them from en.wiki, taking from pages [[:en:January 1]], [[:en:January 2]], etc. The &quot;Featured picture&quot; section definitely needs to be taken out as consensus is needed to make an image into a featured one. Also, perhaps the DYK section can stretch across the entire page so it can have a larger image. [[Uiser:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Uiser collogue:Minorax|tauk]]) 07:58, 7 Februar 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{re|Minorax}} Generally, consensus isn't really required in the traditional sense to promote things to the Main Page. What normally happens is an admin (or any other interested party) will just fill up the spot with whatever content they feel is high enough quality. If you wanted to promote a picture right now, you'd be welcomed to do that so long as it was justifiable in some form. &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 15:17, 10 Februar 2020 (UTC)
:::::::As for promoting an image on the main page, we do have thousands of featured pictures on Commons. They can be promoted to Featured images status here too. But we'll need captions in Scots of the images we are promoting. I don't think just posting is enough. We'll have to describe what the image is about in this wiki's language. [[Uiser:Masumrezarock100|Masumrezarock100]] ([[Uiser collogue:Masumrezarock100|tauk]]) 13:36, 11 Februar 2020 (UTC)
:::::::{{re|MJL}} as per above, &quot;copying&quot; images from commons is a good option but probably have a weekly featured images instead of a daily one. Yes, I have some images to promote right now, but my knowledge of Scots is probably a 0.1 [[Uiser:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Uiser collogue:Minorax|tauk]]) 02:58, 12 Februar 2020 (UTC)

:::::::All Scottish speak and understand English. So we could make captions in English and they would understand them. But that would defeat the purpose of having a Scots Wikipedia.  [[Uiser:Masumrezarock100|Masumrezarock100]] ([[Uiser collogue:Masumrezarock100|tauk]]) 03:12, 12 Februar 2020 (UTC)
::::::::{{re|Minorax|Masumrezarock100}} The images are promoted for a month, and the captions aren't really an issue to translate. It just becomes a question of [[Special:Diff/740742|who wants to do it]]? &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 20:08, 13 Februar 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::{{re|MJL}} If you don't mind, I can pop by every month to create the FP for the following month. Just that I need help translating. [[Uiser:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Uiser collogue:Minorax|tauk]]) 12:27, 15 Februar 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::{{re|Minorax}} Please feel free! :D &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 16:05, 15 Februar 2020 (UTC)

== (En) Auditing consultant nominations ==
I intend to use this section to list consulting pro-Scots Scots authorities here, and I ask others to as well.[https://www.reddit.com/r/Scotland/comments/iginnp/ima_an_admin_on_scots_wikipedia_ama/g2xn39b/?context=7] [[Uiser:James Salsman|James Salsman]] ([[Uiser collogue:James Salsman|tauk]]) 20:29, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Has any actual Scot ever visited this site, apart from me right now? Is that meant to be Doric or just some weird imaginary version of modern written Scots, because I don't even see a correct word anywhere I look...  But yeah, needs consultants; I'm willing. [[Uiser:David A McIntee|David A McIntee]] ([[Uiser collogue:David A McIntee|tauk]]) 00:40, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
:{{re|David A McIntee}} I can confidently say that there are Scots who have visited this website, yes.&lt;br /&gt;Also, is [[w:en:David A McIntee|this]] you? &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

If you are fluent in Scots, please [https://www.scotslanguage.com/news/5724 join in the cleanup project.] They are a more reliable authority than I. [[Uiser:James Salsman|James Salsman]] ([[Uiser collogue:James Salsman|tauk]]) 15:48, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

== (En) Seriously? ==

What the hell is that racist wikipedia? Are Scots meant to be portrayed as drunken, blubbering retards unable to speak properly? Is it a troll wiki or something? {{unsigned|‎2a01:cb08:8c6d:1900:8b0:e686:7d71:72bf}}
: This wiki has gotten questions like this dozens of times, but *you're* incredibly special, since you waited until after news broke that basically all the content on this wiki was provided by one dumbass American teenager who didn't speak Scots. [[Special:Contributions/2601:243:C601:5960:1C9E:151D:3C65:D80B|2601:243:C601:5960:1C9E:151D:3C65:D80B]] ([[User talk:2601:243:C601:5960:1C9E:151D:3C65:D80B|talk]]) 00:10, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
: It's been discussed to death elsewhere. Adding another complaint here doesn't help anybody, but you could get spend the effort fixing some articles instead. [[Uiser:My hat stinks|my_hat_stinks]] ([[Uiser collogue:My hat stinks|tauk]]) 00:12, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
Moving the goalposts doesn't answer my question.&lt;!-- Template:Unsigned IP --&gt;&lt;small class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—&amp;nbsp;Precedin [[Wikipedia:Seegnaturs|unsigned]] comment addit bi [[Special:Contributions/2a01:cb08:8c6d:1900:8b0:e686:7d71:72bf|2a01:cb08:8c6d:1900:8b0:e686:7d71:72bf]] ([[User talk:2a01:cb08:8c6d:1900:8b0:e686:7d71:72bf#top|talk]]) 00:30, 27 August 2020‎ (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!-- Template:Xign --&gt;
:The goal was not racism, or even parody or satire, as far as I can tell. Some youthful Wikipedians often see their total edit count as a measure of self-worth, because the community uses such measures to award themselves volunteer service award badges and similar kudos. Sometimes this leads to a limbic and endocrine system feedback loop wherein the editor in question can feel intrinsic rewards for simply making edits, even when they know those edits are inaccurate. Sometimes people will make one or two such edits in jest, and beginning editors will often do so as part of a breaching experiment to see whether the accuracy of the Encyclopedia is accurately maintained. This was not a breaching experiment. It went on for tens of thousands of edits, including deliberately fabricated grammar which the editor, who had sought and obtained sysop permissions, knew was being used by machine learning, language understanding, translation, and similar applications. Requests to help were treated politely but coldly for the most part, as far as I've been able to tell, without any express or implied interest in pro-Scots Scots authority development within the editor corps. The small wiki audit failed to catch this issue, in part because it appears that Scots speakers are too polite to have complained as loudly as when similar things have happened on other small wikis. 
:This is a great opportunity to correct the problem in a semi-automated fashion supported by the [https://www.scotslanguage.com/news/5724 more than 100 pro-Scots Scots speakers who have agreed to help so far.]
:To those, I say, welcome! [[Uiser:James Salsman|James Salsman]] ([[Uiser collogue:James Salsman|tauk]]) 15:36, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
::Maybe it wasn't intended to be racist, but to me, it comes off as such. If I could actually speak Scottish, I'd gladly help, but turns out I'd be more helpful on an encyclopedia ABOUT Scotland than in Scottish, so I'll refrain. I'll still be lurking this wiki from time to time, because I'm curious to check how Scottish differs from other Celtic languages, like Welsh. All the best! (And seriously, quality should beat quantity. There's something really wrong with the wikis, and I hope there aren't any other rotten apples). AND PLEASE FIX THE TOOLTIPS. -- [[Special:Contributions/2A01:CB08:8C6D:1900:D05F:98D5:3311:18A5|2A01:CB08:8C6D:1900:D05F:98D5:3311:18A5]] ([[User talk:2A01:CB08:8C6D:1900:D05F:98D5:3311:18A5|talk]]) 11:36, 27 Apryle 2021 (UTC)
:::Scots is not an Celtic language, it is an Anglo-Frisian language in the West Germanic branch of the Germanic language family. [[Uiser:Black Adam|Black Adam]] ([[Uiser collogue:Black Adam|tauk]]) 13:55, 15 Apryle 2025 (UTC)

== (En) WikiBlame status? ==

One tool which would help is [[en:Wikipedia:WikiBlame]], but I have no idea how to install it. If you are a software developer fluent in Scots, would you please look into the internationalization requirements of that tool? [[Uiser:James Salsman|James Salsman]] ([[Uiser collogue:James Salsman|tauk]]) 16:03, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
:I don't know what you mean by &quot;install&quot;. You can just go to [http://wikipedia.ramselehof.de/wikiblame.php?lang=sco WikiBlame], set the project to sco.wikipedia, and it will work. [[Uiser:PiRSquared17|PiRSquared17]] ([[Uiser collogue:PiRSquared17|tauk]]) 16:27, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
::Great! Thank you. I thought there was a Mediawiki PHP component and interface strings. If there is a [[WP:BACKLOG]] here yet we should include review of the MediaWiki interface strings. [[Uiser:James Salsman|James Salsman]] ([[Uiser collogue:James Salsman|tauk]]) 16:33, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:E Scots Leed Editathon August 2020]] Sunday and Monday, August 30-31 ==
(En) Reposting here and at the Commonty Yett to improve visibility. [[Uiser:James Salsman|James Salsman]] ([[Uiser collogue:James Salsman|tauk]]) 16:44, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

== Newsins ==

Many thanks to [[Uiser:Cobra 3000]] for updating the &quot;Newsins&quot; (for the first time since the last time that was done by AG on Apr 2, 2020!), although they're not able to do it permanently. Are any other native speakers of Scots willing to volunteer? Regards, [[Uiser:Sije|Sije]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sije|tauk]]) 18:24, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

== [En] Scots language on Telegram! ==

Since this week, Telegram has a new platform for translating its app to Scots language. There aren't translators yet, so please join to the platform and translate the Telegram app to Scots. It will be great for this language to be more present in technology. To begin translating Telegram to Scots, go to the Scots Platform Group through this link: https://t.me/translation_scots

== (En) Articles which may not be in Scots ==

Please accept my apologies if this is not the right place to post this. If it is not, please move this section to the correct page and leave a pointer here in its place.

I've recently performed an automated analysis of the ScoWiki articles, and I suggest that the following may not be in correct Scots. I understand that many are false positives because they contain properly included non-Scots, but I was not confident in my ability to remove those by hand. I would appreciate such help from native speakers.

# [[Tomorrowland]]
# [[São Gonçalo]]
# [[São José]]
# [[Bom Jesus]]
# [[Santo Antônio]]
# [[Gralloch]]
# [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
# [[Campestre]]
# [[Antoine de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke o Richelieu]]
# [[São João]]
# [[Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation]]
# [[Bela Vista]]
# [[Aprile]]
# [[Béatrix de Choiseul]]
# [[Modrenism]]
# [[Nine-bawl]]
# [[Friedrich August I o Saxony]]
# [[Paykan]]
# [[Santana]]
# [[Hortense Félicité de Mailly]]
# [[Plurality votin seestem]]
# [[São Luís]]
# [[Magnox Ltd]]
# [[European colonisation o the Americas]]
# [[Carmo]]
# [[São Sebastião]]
# [[Pocahontas (1995 film)]]
# [[Valkyrie]]
# [[Kabul Province]]
# [[Cam Ye O'er Frae France]]
# [[In My Defens God Me Defend]]
# [[São Miguel]]
# [[Dexter and Friends (1996's tv series)]]
# [[Jethart]]
# [[São Domingos]]
# [[Wappen o mass destruction]]
# [[Jatt]]
# [[Gloria Swanson]]
# [[Neil Armstrong]]
# [[Timothy McCarthy]]
# [[Hayes F.C.]]
# [[Smear Campaign (album)]]
# [[Sooth Hamgyong Province]]
# [[Jeju Province]]
# [[São Sebastião do Caí]]
# [[Susan Hayward]]
# [[Fine structur]]
# [[Airmed Forces o Haiti]]
# [[Toluene]]
# [[Tercera División de México]]
# [[Esslingen (destrict)]]
# [[Twin Ring Motegi]]
# [[Scotland the Brave]]
# [[Breitbart News]]
# [[Jerry Springer]]
# [[Friedrich I o Württemberg]]
# [[Anarchist communism]]
# [[Airmed Forces o the Dominican Republic]]
# [[St. Dubtach]]
# [[Hunt the gowk]]
# [[Paul Harvey]]
# [[EGP-6]]
# [[Banteng]]
# [[God Save the Queen]]
# [[Beihai]]
# [[Djemna]]
# [[Upper Sorbian leid]]
# [[RBMK]]
# [[British Energy]]
# [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]
# [[Thales]]
# [[Waldshut (destrict)]]
# [[Numerical integration]]
# [[Bobby Sands]]
# [[Montigny-le-Bretonneux]]
# [[Boys o the Auld Brigade]]
# [[Mon leid]]
# [[Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron o Breteuil]]
# [[Anseba Region]]
# [[Hazaras]]
# [[Marsh frog]]
# [[São Félix]]
# [[Austin-Healey 3000]]
# [[Lishán Didán]]
# [[Vandals]]
# [[Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station]]
# [[Twitch]]
# [[Linkin Park]]
# [[Hankavan]]
# [[Leet o municipalities in Rio Grande do Norte]]
# [[Charlotte Louise de Rohan]]
# [[Heid]]
# [[Kidnappin]]
# [[Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]]
# [[Breed to Breathe]]
# [[The Osterman Weekend]]
# [[Diesel ingine]]
# [[Peter Moore (travel author)]]
# [[Leet o Arab banners]]
# [[São Pedro]]
# [[São Francisco]]
# [[Radar]]
# [[Wylfa Nuclear Pouer Station]]
# [[Arkansas River]]
# [[Sunchang]]
# [[Sizewell C nuclear pouer station]]
# [[Naitional Socialist black metal]]
# [[Sarah McLeod]]
# [[Opeth]]
# [[Hoose o Bonaparte]]
# [[Maekel Region]]
# [[Santa Maria do Cambucá]]
# [[The Ajna Offensive]]
# [[Airchduchess Maria Beatrice o Austrick-Este]]
# [[Anna Vissi]]
# [[Hohenzollern Locomotive Works]]
# [[Sarandi]]
# [[SpongeBob SquarePants]]
# [[São Pedro do Butiá]]
# [[2019 Indie general election]]
# [[Prince Emanuele Filiberto o Savoy, Prince o Venice]]
# [[Save Our Souls]]
# [[Hopelchén]]
# [[Dulce Pontes]]
# [[Province o Salamanca]]
# [[Mary Tyler Moore]]
# [[Chagang Province]]
# [[Prince Anton Ulrich o Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
# [[Daewoo Tico]]
# [[Mercury Meteor]]
# [[Charles d'Albert, Duke o Luynes]]
# [[Sutyagin Hoose]]
# [[Longport, Staffordshire]]
# [[Castelo]]
# [[Bootlegged in Japan]]
# [[30 Seconds to Mars]]
# [[Address to the Haggis]]
# [[Philippe de Courcillon, Marquis o Dangeau]]
# [[Borjomi]]
# [[Taxi Driver]]
# [[Aka-Bo leid]]
# [[Kronstadt]]
# [[Cinderella (1950 film)]]
# [[Tuna]]
# [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke o Tuscany]]
# [[Comarques o Catalonie]]
# [[Ulpia Severina]]
# [[Aquifer]]
# [[Santa Fé do Sul]]
# [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
# [[Hôtel de Montbazon]]
# [[North Gyeongsang Province]]
# [[Olgivdam Jaspdai]]
# [[Peugeot 3008]]
# [[Pretender]]
# [[Kristinehamn Municipality]]
# [[Mascara Province]]
# [[Philippe Jules Mancini, Duke o Nevers]]
# [[Balaton (caur)]]
# [[Solar radius]]
# [[Ciénega de Flores]]
# [[Dana Loesch]]
# [[Marie Émilie de Joly]]
# [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)]]
# [[Santa Rita]]
# [[London Borough of Camden]]
# [[Telangana]]
# [[Rua do Cunha]]
# [[Morro]]
# [[Rob Zombie]]
# [[São Bernardo do Campo]]
# [[Robbie Keane]]
# [[Steen Thychosen]]
# [[Alison Weir]]
# [[Santa Luzia]]
# [[Greer Garson]]
# [[Dungeness Nuclear Pouer Station]]
# [[Philippe de Bourbon, Duke o Vendôme]]
# [[Young Dolph]]
# [[César Chávez]]
# [[Guy Paul Jules de La Porte, Duke o La Meilleraye]]
# [[Odin]]
# [[Madame de Parabère]]
# [[Greenock Central railwey station]]
# [[Confine]]
# [[The Kerry Recruit]]
# [[Beja Destrict]]
# [[Warld Puil Association]]
# [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)]]
# [[Beuk o Ezekiel]]
# [[Omer Šipraga]]
# [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]
# [[The Corbie]]
# [[U.D.O.]]
# [[August, Duke o Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
# [[Hoose o Grimaldi]]
# [[Eleonora di Toledo]]
# [[William Jay Smith]]
# [[Verbenaceae]]
# [[Villa Fiorito]]
# [[Steve Davis]]
# [[2000 UEFA Cup Final riots]]
# [[Christmas Island]]
# [[Ibicuí River]]
# [[Semanteec chynge]]
# [[North Pyongan Province]]
# [[Sooth Jeolla Province]]
# [[Rafael Pereira da Silva (fitbawer, born 1980)]]
# [[Globular cluster]]
# [[São Lourenço]]
# [[Amalie o Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld]]
# [[Maikon Leite]]
# [[Heritage railwey]]
# [[San Nicolas, Manila]]
# [[Joseph, Duke o Parma]]
# [[Provinces o Mongolie]]
# [[Aust-Agder]]
# [[Ben Bhraggie]]
# [[Princess Marie o Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1808–1877)]]
# [[Margaret Osborne duPont]]
# [[Ray Reardon]]
# [[Banner o Burundi]]
# [[Rosa Parks]]
# [[Pape Paul VI]]
# [[North Chungcheong Province]]
# [[Muisicker]]
# [[Michael Jordan]]
# [[Portuguese Brazilians]]
# [[Electric pouer]]
# [[The Heart of Everything]]
# [[Tierra Blanca, Veracruz]]
# [[Hedy Lamarr]]
# [[Autolatina]]
# [[Coonties o Albanie]]
# [[Soriano Calabro]]
# [[James Prescott Joule]]
# [[Al Jawl]]
# [[The Darkness (baund)]]
# [[George R. R. Martin]]
# [[Montese]]
# [[Groningen (disambiguation)]]
# [[Iron Maiden]]
# [[Georges Lemaître]]
# [[Louis Joseph, Dauphin o Fraunce]]
# [[Tuba]]
# [[Lilium]]
# [[Yazz]]
# [[Santa Maria do Salto]]
# [[Hoose o Fitz-James]]
# [[Bernard Cribbins]]

I can create a larger list if this one is useful. Please let me know by replying. [[Special:Contributions/107.242.121.49|107.242.121.49]] ([[User talk:107.242.121.49|talk]]) 14:42, 31 Julie 2021 (UTC)

== (En) How to tag scotched English? ==

I wanted to ask this on [[Wikipedia:Help desk]] but it's protected. What is the right way to tag articles such as [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semanteec_chynge&amp;oldid=693826]? [[Special:Contributions/71.204.166.188|71.204.166.188]] ([[User talk:71.204.166.188|talk]]) 16:27, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

:Use {{t|Fix Scots}} [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:47, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

== (En) Google Translate announces support for Sanskrit, used by about 20,000 people, but not Scots ==

https://blog.google/products/translate/24-new-languages/

It would be great to have a NLP database of actual Scots some day. Any idea when the corrupted articles will ever be deleted or moved to a segregated namespace? [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5737:0:0:0:6|2600:387:F:5737:0:0:0:6]] ([[User talk:2600:387:F:5737:0:0:0:6|talk]]) 17:14, 12 Mey 2022 (UTC)
:Never aye, maist likesome. It be over, lad.--[[Uiser:Sigehelmus|Sigehelmus]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sigehelmus|tauk]]) 22:22, 12 Juin 2022 (UTC)

Same with [https://research.facebook.com/file/585831413174038/No-Language-Left-Behind--Scaling-Human-Centered-Machine-Translation.pdf Facebook Research: 200 new languages, some tiny, but no Scots.] [[Special:Contributions/71.204.166.188|71.204.166.188]] ([[User talk:71.204.166.188|talk]]) 22:57, 10 Julie 2022 (UTC)

== Request articles for deletion? ==
Any method of requesting articles to be deleted for this edition? An example would be this [[Storm (Malagasy baund)|article on an obscure Malagasy metal band from the 2000s]]. There's no value here and I doubt there are many Scottish people who are into Malagasy metal bands, much less Malagasy music in general. It's almost certainly written in bogus Scots. It would be a great way to get this Wiki back up to speed and clear the absolutely irrelevant crap like this. [[Uiser:ManhattanChase|ManhattanChase]] ([[Uiser collogue:ManhattanChase|tauk]]) 23:01, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

:[[Uiser:ManhattanChase|ManhattanChase]], ye can tag for deletion a page by adding '''{{tl|delete}}''' tae the tap. See an aw [[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion]]. [[Uiser:Sije|Sije]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sije|tauk]]) 21:05, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

== (En) So much inconsistency in spelling.  ==

I think it's important that this wiki come to agreement on the correct way to spell in Scots. There is so much variation in how to write simple words, something that's confusing and may present an image to outsiders of it being a fake language. 

Examples: 

the vs. 'E vs. tha

leid vs leed

-y vs -ie

There are many other examples too.  [[Uiser:NorfolkIsland123|NorfolkIsland123]] ([[Uiser collogue:NorfolkIsland123|tauk]]) 00:10, 14 Januar 2023 (UTC)
:Is it color or colour? Theorise or theorize?  Oestrogen or estrogen?  Wow, English must be a fake language with all this inconsistency [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 10:15, 14 Januar 2023 (UTC)
:(en) {{ping|NorfolkIsland123}} What you are suggesting here is dialect suppression, and I'm not going to abide the idea that certain dialects of Scots should be driven off the wiki, especially when you're going to call the language fake for having dialects [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:41, 14 Januar 2023 (UTC)
::I'm not saying that. I'm not suggesting dialect suppression. All languages, such as Italian, Spanish, German, Mandarin, etc. have many dialects. But they all also have a standardized form of their language. I think it would be most helpful if this wiki was in a standardized Scots.  [[Uiser:NorfolkIsland123|NorfolkIsland123]] ([[Uiser collogue:NorfolkIsland123|tauk]]) 15:10, 16 Januar 2023 (UTC)
::No editor on this wiki would call Scots a fake language. It's not. What NorfolkIsland is simply suggesting is that we create some kind of standard for Scots, so we can make translating articles easier. Additionally, there should be some kind of database so that Scots speakers can see how they should translate/write out Scots.
::For example, although I am able to speak Scots, I am from the borders. Therefore, the Scots I know is very different from say, Glaswegian Scots or Highland Scots. A standardized Scots would help make it easier for us to translate, as well as assist in combatting the misconception that Scots is a fake language.
::Without this, there is little that identifies the difference between Scots as a dialect/accent, and Scots as a language. [[Uiser:RazorPantherz|RazorPantherz]] ([[Uiser collogue:RazorPantherz|tauk]]) 11:35, 18 Apryle 2024 (UTC)

== (Scotched En) State of Scots machine translation ==

Here's what happens when you ask ChatGPT-4, which is trained on scowiki dumps including the remaining intermingled Scotched English, to translate English to Scots:

:''Can we hae a blether aboot sortin' oot a clean release o' the Scots Wikipaedia dumps? It's been a guid few year syne the hale stooshie wi' the Scots Wikipaedia (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/26/shock-an-aw-us-teenager-wrote-huge-slice-of-scots-wikipedia), an' though the scowiki folk hae marked maist o' the articles wi' mangled &quot;Scotched English,&quot; they're still sittin' there, muddlin' things up. Nae other wey has been found tae help wi' machine translation an' siclike, leavin' Scots - spoken by a quarter million souls - in the lurch, the maist ignored leid by the big translation firms by a fair mile. Google Translate, Meta, Microsoft an' aw that support languages wi' fewer thun 20,000 speakers, but nae Scots.''

:''The scowiki heid yins dinnae seem tae fash themselves wi' sortin' oot this mess, save for slappin' on article tags. An' them that care for the Scots leid hae gien up on their Wikipaedia, thinkin' it's a goner. So, could the Foundation maybe tak a hand an' whip up an alternative scowiki dump? Y'know, ane that leaves oot aw the articles wi' a tag for bein' Scotched, for the sake o' machine translation an' NLP communities? Richt noo, there's 2,473 articles in need o' bein' set aside (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_that_wis_written_by_a_body_that_haesna_a_guid_grip_on_the_leid) oot o' the 35,199 in scowiki mainspace.''

:''I'm reckonin' this isnae muckle work tae slot intae the dumps generation process, but it's ootwith ma ken tae dae masel, or tae pit it richt on Phabricator. No that it's a matter o' life an' death, mind, since maist Scots speakers ken their English, but for the sake o' keepin' oor leid fae fadin' away, it's the decent thing tae dae.''

Here's the original for reference:

:Is it feasible to create a non-Scotched release of the Scots Wikipedia dumps? It's been three years since the Scots Wikipedia scandal (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/26/shock-an-aw-us-teenager-wrote-huge-slice-of-scots-wikipedia), and while the scowiki community has tagged almost all of the offending &quot;Scotched English&quot; articles, they have never been moved to an alternate namespace; nor has any other solution for machine translation and other dump-downstream NLP users yet been implemented, leaving Scots with 250,000 native speakers as the most widely languge not supported by any of the big machine translation provoders by a huge margin. I.e., Google Translate, Meta, and Microsoft all support automatic translation of at least a handful of languages spoken by 20,000 or fewer people, but not Scots.

:As the scowiki admins have shown no interest in segregating the corruption other than by ambox template article tags, and Scots language preservationists have apparently washed their hands of their Wikipedia as a lost cause, can the Foundation please step in and sinply produce an alternate scowiki dump without any of the articles taged as Scotched, for the benefit of the machine translation and NLP communities? Currently there are 2,473 articles needing segregation (in https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_that_wis_written_by_a_body_that_haesna_a_guid_grip_on_the_leid) out of 35,199 total in scowiki mainspace.

:I am sure that this amounts to no more than a few hours of work to fully implement within the dumps generation process, but I'm not familiar enough to do it myself, or with Phabricator to properly file the request. And while there is no life-or-death urgency to do this, as essentially every Scots speaker can speak English, it is absolutely the right thing for linguistic preservation to help prevent the loss of another endangered language.

Maybe in the future AI will make new languages for us. [[Special:Contributions/2601:647:5701:39B0:80E1:16A2:3865:8937|2601:647:5701:39B0:80E1:16A2:3865:8937]] ([[User talk:2601:647:5701:39B0:80E1:16A2:3865:8937|talk]]) 00:12, 16 November 2023 (UTC)
:James, let me make myself clear: WE ARE NOT MOVING THE ARTICLES! Shoving them into some shitty other corner is not the solution, so stop harping on about it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:14, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

== (En) List of bad and good Scots articles? ==

Does anybody have a list of articles in good and bad scots?

I want to see examples so I know what not to do when translating.

Cheers!  [[Uiser:RazorPantherz|RazorPantherz]] ([[Uiser collogue:RazorPantherz|tauk]]) 19:25, 20 Apryle 2024 (UTC)

== Wiki closure proposal on Meta (EN) (CLOSED) ==

https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Scots_Wikipedia_2 [[Uiser:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[Uiser collogue:Dronebogus|tauk]]) 21:03, 24 Mey 2024 (UTC)

== Top banner ==

Why is december written like that in tha top banner? I've nae seen that spelling onywhere, no in tha DSL or tha Wikipaedia for that matter. [[Uiser:RazorPantherz|RazorPantherz]] ([[Uiser collogue:RazorPantherz|tauk]]) 19:16, 3 December 2024 (UTC)
:https://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/document/?documentid=1374&amp;highlight=dizember [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:30, 3 December 2024 (UTC)
::Is this not jist ane occurence o this? Wouldn't we uise tha type that occurs mair? That seems to be whit we've been daein', as far as I ken. [[Uiser:RazorPantherz|RazorPantherz]] ([[Uiser collogue:RazorPantherz|tauk]]) 20:05, 3 December 2024 (UTC)
:::I jist copied the dates aat {{ping|Cobra 3000}} uised fur the page.  Banner's been taen doon noo onywyes sae there's nae really ony issue [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:49, 3 December 2024 (UTC)
:A'v seen that spellin on the Wiki afore an it represents hou a hear it in real life perfeck, so a went wi it.
:-[[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 11:56, 5 December 2024 (UTC)
::Aye that's completely fair, jist thocht whan I saw it first it wisna richt or wis someane making it up, thats a. [[Uiser:RazorPantherz|RazorPantherz]] ([[Uiser collogue:RazorPantherz|tauk]]) 12:10, 5 December 2024 (UTC)

== Retire OTD ==

{{Template:rfc}}

A'm proponin aat we retire the &quot;On This Day&quot; section o the main page.  Maist o the templates dinna exist an niver will an mony o thaim is fu ae reid airtins, acause thay wis makit bi fowk tryin ti copy enwiki athoot considerin the difference atween enwiki an scowiki. It's ae relic aat we'r really nae able ti deal wi an dinna need [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:12, 13 December 2024 (UTC)

== (EN) I have technical skill ==

I don't know any Scots (I mean I can get the gist of it since it's so close to English) but I do know several programming languages. I can potentially code bots that can, for instance, detect English grammar in articles, external tools, etc. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 18:51, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC)

:(en) You're not the first to make such a proposal, and given how disastrous every previous attempt by non-speakers to do what you're proposing went, I'm frankly opposed [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:59, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC)
::(en) I don't mean I'll be writing any Scots text, but as in I make tools that could detect pages that are obviously English or English with Scottish words, for example. To be clear, I will not ''touch'' article text, and neither will any tools I make. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 19:06, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC)
:::(en) 
:::1) Again, non-speakers have tried that before and it kept ending up as the subject of meta discussions with blocks being handed out.  That last sentence sounds extremely similar to what the last person proposed, only for them to start using a gadget without approval
:::2) You've got 2 edits and have made zero effort to familiarise yourself with the wiki
:::3) You admit to not knowing the language.  That right there is a huge red flag and enough for me to oppose on its own [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:22, 30 Julie 2026 (UTC)
::::(en) I mean, that was an example, not necessarily what I'll do. Seeing the state of this Wiki made me so sad, and I want to offer my skills to help - I will be cautious and make '''what  the community needs'''. Only if someone explicitly authorizes or asks for something will I activate a gadget. I also understand your caution given the history of this wiki, and I will respect it. For now, I won't be doing much besides trying to familiarize myself with the Wiki and maybe basics of Scots. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 00:02, 31 Julie 2026 (UTC)

== (En) Archive.today ==
Haven't contributed in a while, still want to help. On English Wikipedia, archive.today has been deprecated. The operator used the site as a browser-based botnet to do a DDoS attack, and some archives have been altered just as petty revenge on a Finnish security blogger. Keeping it on here is a danger to both editors and our readers. There are hundreds, if not thousands of citations using it on this wiki, you can see here: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:LinkSearch&amp;limit=500&amp;offset=0&amp;target=archive.today]. Should we deprecate it like English Wikipedia? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:10, 13 October 2026 (UTC)

:(en) Oh, looked at @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]'s talk page, appears it's already been agreed that it's no good. Well, I am in the process of converting this tool[https://fixarchive.toolforge.org/] for Swedish Wikipedia (see GitHub repository here[https://github.com/DarthCalvinus/swedish-wikipedia-archive-today-detector/tree/toolforge-deploy]). I can convert it for scowiki too (though it'll have to be in English at first) [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:18, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
:(en) 764 is a far cry from &quot;thousands&quot; and we've slowly been removing them (even set it up as a task [[Wikipedia:Wikiproject The Big Wiki Rewrite/WikiBrounies#Removing bad / unreliable_sources|here]] back in August). If that tool can get rid of the rest, great. From what I've seen enwiki's just been hiding the links rather than removing them, something I'm not exactly keen on [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:32, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
::(en) What the tool does is it'll scan all the citations in an article you give it and then it finds whether or not there's a good regular Internet Archive replacement for it. If there is, it'll give you the link. It can also scan each article in a category you give it as well. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:38, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
::(en) In addition to that tool, I also already have a prototype script (on Swedish Wikipedia) that can scan pages and automatically replace archive.today links when possible. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 14:40, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] I've done a few tests on Swedish Wikipedia of my prototype script, so far, so good, I'll have to make sure it also updates the recorded timestamp as it can change, but besides that it's largely ready. Do you approve of bringing it here and beginning to test it, once I make that one change? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:25, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
:::Just a couple of questions: where does it output the results and does it keep a log?  As [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] can attest, sometimes the source is bad overall so it'd be good to have someplace to see the results [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:45, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
::::(en) The fully automated script or the semi-automated tool? [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 15:57, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
::::(en) OK after rereading you obviously meant the script. It outputs to console.log, but there's no public log it makes yet. I can add that pretty easily. I could also make it flag deprecated sources too when recording its changes, if you want. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:08, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
:::::Okay, both of those sound good.  I'd like to hear from Atlantic first before approving it as they've been doing the majority of the work on removing the links (and would likely benefit the most) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 16:17, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
::::::Alright, I'll bring the script here and start doing some edits - only going to start testing once we hear from Atlantic. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:19, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
:::::::(en) as in edits to the script, not mainspace. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:19, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
::::::Alright, brought it over, beginning to troubleshoot its logging functionality (not testing its ability to fix citations yet, as I said before). [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 17:25, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
: Thanks for the ping. It would be very helpful to have the archive today links either replaced with internet archive or totally removed. I also have reservations about the English Wikipedia bot that only disables the archive today links rather than removing them which leaves them in the edit source so people can cut and paste them and possibly then blame Wikipedia for their devices getting infected. I also agree there should be a public log so that the automated edits can be checked. One of the reasons for checking is that replacement internet archive links can be unusable such as archived 404s, website under construction pages and access forbidden pages. But a bot that removes or replaces archive today has my support, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 21:27, 13 October 2026 (UTC)
::Alright, I'll continue to prepare the script. I will begin doing some tests on pages with archive.today links; if they end up accidentally doing something wrong, I will self-revert. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 11:44, 14 October 2026 (UTC)
::It's coming along pretty well, just added a reliable source scanner, and it works. You can see in [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog|my log]] an unsuccessful and then successful scan of [[Ceety o Wastmeenster]], the second one noting an unreliable source. Now that I've built in the scanning capability, I could leave it as is, merely logging them, or I could delete them, delete only the ones that both are unreliable and have archive.today citations, or whatever else we need. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 12:00, 15 October 2026 (UTC)
::: Could you delete all archive today links that cannot be replaced by internet archive links? [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 23:27, 15 October 2026 (UTC)
::::Sure. I'm running out of time so I'll have to implement that tomorrow during the final preparations, but it won't be too much trouble. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 23:36, 15 October 2026 (UTC)
::::Implemented! I ran a scan over Category:Inglis-leid films and it updated a few articles, and all edits went as expected. Haven't checked the links it replaced themselves yet (I will later if someone else doesn't first) but it does seem to work. The only real change I'll have to make now before running a scan of the whole wiki is making it faster, which shouldn't be too bad. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 16:21, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] It's completely ready now. I made it a lot faster and all the other changes I wanted to make, as well as improved logging including timestamps. You can see it at [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog]]. Whenever you approve I'll happily do it, or if you want to, you can add it to your common.js and do it yourself. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 22:24, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
:::::* '''Note''' tested its full wiki scan functionality, let it run for about 10 seconds before closing the tab as I don't have permission. Confirmed that it's fully ready.
:::::[[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 00:26, 18 October 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] It's complete. Once you give me the green light I'll make final preparations and run the script (probably tomorrow). Might make a couple adjustments until then but it's overall ready. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 23:17, 15 October 2026 (UTC)
:::(en) Sorry, been out for a bit and was just catching up on what's been happening.  What is [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/replacer.js]] meant to be?  It's kinda ringing alarm bells for me [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:35, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
::::I'm not gonna use it, it's for future use (and even then I don't knwo if it'll ever be needed) [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 19:46, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
:::::A'm really nae happy anent iss.  Iss is exactly fit happent the last time sumbidy decidit aat they cid eese a bot ti dae ae hing aat wisna ti dae wi text replacement.  They wint an makkit a gadget aat did text replacement [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:53, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
::::::I personally won't be using it anytime soon. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 19:54, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
::::::Also it's not a bot, it's a script that needs manual activation. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 19:56, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Disable it!  Ye didna spik wi onybody afore makkin iss.  Ye wis gien remit ti replace archive today airtins, nae ti mak a script ti commit the same mess aat's happent ower the past tenyeir [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:00, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
::::::::It's not connected to my archive.js so I can't disable it as it was never enabled in the first place. I could take it off the wiki if you want, then once I'm done you delete it and the doc page. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 20:03, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
:::::::::Ay, aat is fit a wint [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:06, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Alright, it's on my personal google drive, you can delete both pages now. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 20:06, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
::::::::::Sorry about that, it won't happen again. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 20:16, 16 October 2026 (UTC)
::::just made a documentation page for it [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 19:47, 16 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rilynda3589l5heptvjz7crtfcfmrd4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solar System</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924732</id>
      <parentid>912018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T19:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55729-64</username>
        <id>138849</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>924732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1457" sha1="fhkbspxfkv2etje3llro90mjjvdlr89" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Planets2013.svg|frameless|right|upright=1.5]]
The '''solar system''' includes the [[Sun]] and the objects that revolve around it, including planetoids, comets, moons, planets, an droich-planets ([[Mercur (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Yird]], [[Maurs|Mars]], [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]], an [[Neptune]]). [[Pluto]] is not ranked as a planet ony mair.

Ither starns an the objects that revolve roond aboot them is aften referit tae as planetary systems. When speaking aboot a specific starn's planetary system, it is usual tae shorten it tae &quot;the &lt;name&gt; system&quot; (e.g. &quot;the Alpha Centauri system&quot;, &quot;the Barnard system&quot;, or &quot;the Sol system&quot;).

==See anaw==
* [[Astronomie]]

==Fremmit airtins==

* [http://www.solarviews.com Solarviews] (sichts o the solar system - no in Scots, but wi a choice atween 5 ither leids)
* [http://www.astrofiles.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=2 Innin tae the solar seestem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211214053/http://www.astrofiles.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=2 |date=2007-12-11 }} (juist in French)
* [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system The solar system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217011615/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system |date=2016-12-17 }} (NASA/JPL wabsteid, juist in Inglis)
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Planetary science]]
[[Category:Planetary seestems]]
[[Category:Solar Seestem| ]]
[[Category:Space science]]

{{stub}}</text>
      <sha1>fhkbspxfkv2etje3llro90mjjvdlr89</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924733</id>
      <parentid>924732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T20:08:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Revertit edit o ~2026-55729-64, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot</comment>
      <origin>912018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1452" sha1="dr2r01v5jved8wcukq1scoqal9jm9e5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Planets2013.svg|frameless|right|upright=1.5]]
The '''solar system''' includes the [[Sun]] an aw the objects that revolve aroond it, including planetoids, comets, muins, planets, an droich-planets ([[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]], [[Venus]], [[Yird]], [[Maurs]], [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]], an [[Neptune]]). [[Pluto]] isnae ranked as a planet ony mair.

Ither starns an the objects that revolve roond aboot them is aften referit tae as planetary systems. When speaking aboot a specific starn's planetary system, it is usual tae shorten it tae &quot;the &lt;name&gt; system&quot; (e.g. &quot;the Alpha Centauri system&quot;, &quot;the Barnard system&quot;, or &quot;the Sol system&quot;).

==See anaw==
* [[Astronomie]]

==Fremmit airtins==

* [http://www.solarviews.com Solarviews] (sichts o the solar system - no in Scots, but wi a choice atween 5 ither leids)
* [http://www.astrofiles.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=2 Innin tae the solar seestem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211214053/http://www.astrofiles.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=2 |date=2007-12-11 }} (juist in French)
* [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system The solar system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217011615/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system |date=2016-12-17 }} (NASA/JPL wabsteid, juist in Inglis)
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Planetary science]]
[[Category:Planetary seestems]]
[[Category:Solar Seestem| ]]
[[Category:Space science]]

{{stub}}</text>
      <sha1>dr2r01v5jved8wcukq1scoqal9jm9e5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924734</id>
      <parentid>924733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T20:52:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>adding refs for the first paragraph and adding a ref section</comment>
      <origin>924734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1956" sha1="anu3gmbhrc7z1hwuwccwamam00y6m3u" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Planets2013.svg|frameless|right|upright=1.5]]
The '''solar system''' includes the [[Sun]] an aw the objects that revolve aroond it, including planetoids, comets, muins, planets, an droich-planets ([[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]], [[Venus]], [[Yird]], [[Maurs]], [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]], an [[Neptune]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-07-10|title=About the Planets|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planets/|access-date=2026-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pluto]] isnae ranked as a planet ony mair.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IAU Minor Planet Center|url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/dwarf_planets|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261009195417/https://minorplanetcenter.net/dwarf_planets|archive-date=2026-10-09|access-date=2026-10-17|website=IAU Minor Planet Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ither starns an the objects that revolve roond aboot them is aften referit tae as planetary systems. When speaking aboot a specific starn's planetary system, it is usual tae shorten it tae &quot;the &lt;name&gt; system&quot; (e.g. &quot;the Alpha Centauri system&quot;, &quot;the Barnard system&quot;, or &quot;the Sol system&quot;).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See anaw==
* [[Astronomie]]

==Fremmit airtins==

* [http://www.solarviews.com Solarviews] (sichts o the solar system - no in Scots, but wi a choice atween 5 ither leids)
* [http://www.astrofiles.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=2 Innin tae the solar seestem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211214053/http://www.astrofiles.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=2 |date=2007-12-11 }} (juist in French)
* [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system The solar system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217011615/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system |date=2016-12-17 }} (NASA/JPL wabsteid, juist in Inglis)
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Planetary science]]
[[Category:Planetary seestems]]
[[Category:Solar Seestem| ]]
[[Category:Space science]]

{{stub}}</text>
      <sha1>anu3gmbhrc7z1hwuwccwamam00y6m3u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eintracht Frankfurt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924762</id>
      <parentid>918092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T11:12:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>-Lemmy-</username>
        <id>25485</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>924762</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3535" sha1="labrhz724oq40d3arbfoxyr2f4bu7fz" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox fitbaw club
|image= 
|fullname=Eintracht Frankfurt
|nickname=Die Adler (Eagles), &lt;br /&gt; SGE (''Sportgemeinde Eintracht''), &lt;br /&gt; Launische Diva
|clubname=Eintracht Frankfurt
|founded=[[8 March]], [[1899]]
|owner=Eintracht Frankfurt e.V.
|chairman=Mathias Beck
|ground=[[Deutsche Bank Park]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(former Waldstadion)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Frankfurt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Germany]]
|capacity=60,100
| manager        = [[Adi Hütter]]
| league         = {{German football updater|EinFrank}}
| season         = {{German football updater|EinFrank2}}
| position       = {{German football updater|EinFrank3}}
| website        = http://www.eintracht.de/
| pattern_la1 = _frankfurt2627h
| pattern_b1 = _frankfurt2627h
| pattern_ra1 = _frankfurt2627h
| pattern_sh1 = _frankfurt2627h
| pattern_so1 = _frankfurt2627hl
| leftarm1 = 000000
| body1 = 000000
| rightarm1 = 000000
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 = _frankfurt2627a
| pattern_b2 = _frankfurt2627a
| pattern_ra2 = _frankfurt2627a
| pattern_sh2 = _arg26A
| pattern_so2 = _adidasblackl
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la3 = _frankfurt2627t
| pattern_b3 = _frankfurt2627t
| pattern_ra3 = _frankfurt2627t
| pattern_sh3 = _frankfurt2627t
| pattern_so3 = _frankfurt2627tl
| leftarm3 = 
| body3 = 
| rightarm3 = 
| shorts3 = 
| socks3 = 
}}

'''Eintracht Frankfurt''', in [[Frankfurt]] , is ae [[Germany|German]] [[fitbaw]] club, that's competin in the [[Fußball-Bundesliga]] the nou, the heichest form o competeition in Germany. 
The team plays aw thair hame gemmes at [[Deutsche Bank Park]] (whiles kent as Waldstadion).

== Honours ==

===Domestic===
* '''[[Leet o German fitbaw champions|German Champions]]'''
** '''Winner (1):''' 1959
* '''[[German Cup]]
** '''Winner (5):''' 1973–74, 1974–75, 1980–81, 1987–88, 2017–18
**'''Runners-up (4)''':  1963–64, 2005–06, 2016–17, 2022–23

===European===

* '''[[UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League / European Cup]]'''
** '''Runners-up (1):''' [[1959–60 European Cup|1959–60]]
* '''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League]] 
** '''Winner (2):''' 1979–80, 2021–22
* '''[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]] 
** '''Winner (1):''' 1966–67

===Regional===
*'''[[Soothren German fitbaw championship]]'''
**'''Champions (2)''': 1929–30, 1931–32, 
**'''Runners-up (4)''': 1912–13, 1913–14, 1927-28, 1930–31, 
*'''[[Oberliga Süd]]''' (I)
**'''Champions (2)''': 1952–53, 1958–59
**'''Runners-up (3)''': 1953–54, 1960–61, 1961–62
*'''[[Nordkreis-Liga]]''' (I)
**'''Champions (3)''': 1911–12, 1912–13, 1913–14
*'''[[Kreisliga Nordmain]]''' (I)
**'''Champions (2)''': 1919–20, 1920–21
**'''Runners-up (1)''': 1921–22
*'''[[Bezirksliga Main-Hessen]]''' (I)
**'''Champions (5)''': 1927–28, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32
**'''Runners-up (1)''': 1932–33
*'''[[Gauliga Südwest/Mainhessen]]''' (I)
**'''Champions (1)''': 1937–38
**'''Runners-up (1)''': 1936–37

== Fremmit Airtins ==
* [http://www.eintracht.de Eintracht Frankfurt's - offeecial wabsteid] ([[German leid|German]] or [[Inglis leid|Inglis]])
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Eintracht Frankfurt| ]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Germany|Frankfurt, Eintracht]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Hesse|Frankfurt, Eintracht]]
[[Category:Sport in Frankfurt]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1899|Frankfurt, Eintracht]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Germany|Frankfurt, Eintracht]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in Germany]]</text>
      <sha1>labrhz724oq40d3arbfoxyr2f4bu7fz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Portugal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924736</id>
      <parentid>922321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T21:10:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins</comment>
      <origin>924736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18281" sha1="pfmzawq74qjf2nag36n72e0kjb6jakk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}} [http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831 Público. &quot;Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto...&quot;]. Retrieved 2 July 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831 |date=5 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
|population_estimate = 10,309,573&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_destaques&amp;DESTAQUESdest_boui=281137261&amp;DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=Statistics Portugal|website=Ine.pt|accessdate=2 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census = 10,562,178&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121127184227/http://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2016
|population_estimate_rank = 83rd
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density_km2 = 115
|population_density_sq_mi = 298
|population_density_rank = 97t
|GDP_PPP = $310.651&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=50&amp;pr.y=13&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2017&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=182&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title=Portugal |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=8 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_year = 2017
|GDP_PPP_rank = 50t
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,193&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 40t
|GDP_nominal = $202.770&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year = 2017
|GDP_nominal_rank = 43t
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $19,707&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 36t
|Gini = 34.0 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
|Gini_year = 2015
|Gini_change =  decrease &lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
|Gini_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=24 June 2017|location=Luxembourg|date=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rank =
|HDI = 0.843 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
|HDI_year = 2015 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
|HDI_change = increase &lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
|HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI |title=2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank = 41st
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:* {{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{citation needed}} In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>pfmzawq74qjf2nag36n72e0kjb6jakk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924738</id>
      <parentid>924736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T21:15:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>924738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18262" sha1="kxodcp20o6fentupkhwzpe7klmj9x6v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}} [http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831 Público. &quot;Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto...&quot;]. Retrieved 2 July 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831 |date=5 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
|population_estimate = 10,309,573&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_destaques&amp;DESTAQUESdest_boui=281137261&amp;DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=Statistics Portugal|website=Ine.pt|accessdate=2 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census = 10,562,178&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121127184227/http://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2016
|population_estimate_rank = 83rd
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density_km2 = 115
|population_density_sq_mi = 298
|population_density_rank = 97t
|GDP_PPP = $310.651&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=50&amp;pr.y=13&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2017&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=182&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title=Portugal |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=8 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_year = 2017
|GDP_PPP_rank = 50t
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,193&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 40t
|GDP_nominal = $202.770&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year = 2017
|GDP_nominal_rank = 43t
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $19,707&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 36t
|Gini = 34.0 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
|Gini_year = 2015
|Gini_change =  decrease &lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
|Gini_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=24 June 2017|location=Luxembourg|date=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rank =
|HDI = 0.843 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
|HDI_year = 2015 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
|HDI_change = increase &lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
|HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI |title=2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank = 41st
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>kxodcp20o6fentupkhwzpe7klmj9x6v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924740</id>
      <parentid>924738</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:22:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixed reference</comment>
      <origin>924740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18255" sha1="7cacbf70mn15osc2072na9vxk5w875n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
|population_estimate = 10,309,573&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_destaques&amp;DESTAQUESdest_boui=281137261&amp;DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=Statistics Portugal|website=Ine.pt|accessdate=2 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census = 10,562,178&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121127184227/http://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2016
|population_estimate_rank = 83rd
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density_km2 = 115
|population_density_sq_mi = 298
|population_density_rank = 97t
|GDP_PPP = $310.651&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=50&amp;pr.y=13&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2017&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=182&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title=Portugal |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=8 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_year = 2017
|GDP_PPP_rank = 50t
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,193&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 40t
|GDP_nominal = $202.770&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year = 2017
|GDP_nominal_rank = 43t
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $19,707&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 36t
|Gini = 34.0 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
|Gini_year = 2015
|Gini_change =  decrease &lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
|Gini_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=24 June 2017|location=Luxembourg|date=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rank =
|HDI = 0.843 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
|HDI_year = 2015 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
|HDI_change = increase &lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
|HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI |title=2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|HDI_rank = 41st
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>7cacbf70mn15osc2072na9vxk5w875n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924741</id>
      <parentid>924740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>updated using the infobox and references of the English Wikipedia article on Portugal</comment>
      <origin>924741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18182" sha1="bzr9ffgybh45hpttjdpah2izlwboadi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>bzr9ffgybh45hpttjdpah2izlwboadi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924742</id>
      <parentid>924741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixed error</comment>
      <origin>924742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18162" sha1="ry6kx2lnl6lqsycbwiqmqvyv8athzhe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>ry6kx2lnl6lqsycbwiqmqvyv8athzhe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924744</id>
      <parentid>924742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixing reference</comment>
      <origin>924744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19024" sha1="kk63yi9hoge28njxwkbjjpl1davvh6f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022}} |type=Census |isbn=978-989-25-0619-7 |issn=0872-6493 |publication-place=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |title=Censos 2021 - XVI recenseamento geral da população. VI recenseamento geral da habitação: resultados definitivos |trans-title=Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |publication-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185549/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=586659861&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_publicacoes&amp;PUBLICACOESpub_boui=65586079&amp;PUBLICACOESmodo=2&amp;xlang=en |access-date=20 May 2026|oclc=1380689122}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>kk63yi9hoge28njxwkbjjpl1davvh6f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924745</id>
      <parentid>924744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sources */ fixing reference</comment>
      <origin>924745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19027" sha1="08lfuxojauldpgdepdxkcj0n7bbokim" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022}} |type=Census |isbn=978-989-25-0619-7 |issn=0872-6493 |publication-place=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |title=Censos 2021 - XVI recenseamento geral da população. VI recenseamento geral da habitação: resultados definitivos |trans-title=Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |publication-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185549if_/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=586659861&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_publicacoes&amp;PUBLICACOESpub_boui=65586079&amp;PUBLICACOESmodo=2&amp;xlang=en |access-date=20 May 2026|oclc=1380689122}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>08lfuxojauldpgdepdxkcj0n7bbokim</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924746</id>
      <parentid>924745</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:16:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sources */ fixing reference</comment>
      <origin>924746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19716" sha1="0k4quk1gkjc5wqlxjmobf3c8i4lnpc5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022}} |type=Census |isbn=978-989-25-0619-7 |issn=0872-6493 |publication-place=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |title=Censos 2021 - XVI recenseamento geral da população. VI recenseamento geral da habitação: resultados definitivos |trans-title=Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |publication-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185549if_/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=586659861&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_publicacoes&amp;PUBLICACOESpub_boui=65586079&amp;PUBLICACOESmodo=2&amp;xlang=en |access-date=20 May 2026|oclc=1380689122}}
* {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=22 June 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_destaques&amp;DESTAQUESdest_boui=770295679&amp;DESTAQUESmodo=2&amp;tblci=GiB_bg21TjyJXVgz5nryvn4SEQCWsMLL6k098ZCCQyT0qiCvuUgoq8GTj6_O0_dYMPn7Xw&amp;xlang=en|location=Lisbon |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |access-date=22 June 2026 |title=Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025|eissn=2184-4534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625205521/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=799790042&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y|archive-date=25 June 2026|url-status=live}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>0k4quk1gkjc5wqlxjmobf3c8i4lnpc5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924749</id>
      <parentid>924746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:33:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sources */ fixed reference</comment>
      <origin>924749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20328" sha1="lr4k0jucljodatwru4m12e7dmwg8hv0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 April 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022}} |type=Census |isbn=978-989-25-0619-7 |issn=0872-6493 |publication-place=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |title=Censos 2021 - XVI recenseamento geral da população. VI recenseamento geral da habitação: resultados definitivos |trans-title=Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |publication-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185549if_/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=586659861&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_publicacoes&amp;PUBLICACOESpub_boui=65586079&amp;PUBLICACOESmodo=2&amp;xlang=en |access-date=20 May 2026|oclc=1380689122}}
* {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=22 June 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_destaques&amp;DESTAQUESdest_boui=770295679&amp;DESTAQUESmodo=2&amp;tblci=GiB_bg21TjyJXVgz5nryvn4SEQCWsMLL6k098ZCCQyT0qiCvuUgoq8GTj6_O0_dYMPn7Xw&amp;xlang=en|location=Lisbon |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |access-date=22 June 2026 |title=Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025|eissn=2184-4534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625205521/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=799790042&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y|archive-date=25 June 2026|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite report |doi=10.18356/9789211542639 |doi-access=free |author=United Nations Development Programme |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human development report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-154263-9 |issn=0969-4501 |eissn=2412-3129 |series=Human Development Report |publication-place=New York City}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>lr4k0jucljodatwru4m12e7dmwg8hv0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924750</id>
      <parentid>924749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixed reference</comment>
      <origin>924750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20374" sha1="bf073k3o29pzexvyap33fu0iujbxbw2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045if_/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=World Economic Outlook April 2014|work=International Monetary Fund|date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022}} |type=Census |isbn=978-989-25-0619-7 |issn=0872-6493 |publication-place=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |title=Censos 2021 - XVI recenseamento geral da população. VI recenseamento geral da habitação: resultados definitivos |trans-title=Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |publication-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185549if_/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=586659861&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_publicacoes&amp;PUBLICACOESpub_boui=65586079&amp;PUBLICACOESmodo=2&amp;xlang=en |access-date=20 May 2026|oclc=1380689122}}
* {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=22 June 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_destaques&amp;DESTAQUESdest_boui=770295679&amp;DESTAQUESmodo=2&amp;tblci=GiB_bg21TjyJXVgz5nryvn4SEQCWsMLL6k098ZCCQyT0qiCvuUgoq8GTj6_O0_dYMPn7Xw&amp;xlang=en|location=Lisbon |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |access-date=22 June 2026 |title=Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025|eissn=2184-4534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625205521/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=799790042&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y|archive-date=25 June 2026|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite report |doi=10.18356/9789211542639 |doi-access=free |author=United Nations Development Programme |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human development report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-154263-9 |issn=0969-4501 |eissn=2412-3129 |series=Human Development Report |publication-place=New York City}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>bf073k3o29pzexvyap33fu0iujbxbw2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924751</id>
      <parentid>924750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:41:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixed reference</comment>
      <origin>924751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20377" sha1="1ow0okhjd4k64xc07h7d1gwyo3913bc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045if_/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=World Economic Outlook April 2014|work=International Monetary Fund|date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217if_/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022}} |type=Census |isbn=978-989-25-0619-7 |issn=0872-6493 |publication-place=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |title=Censos 2021 - XVI recenseamento geral da população. VI recenseamento geral da habitação: resultados definitivos |trans-title=Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |publication-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185549if_/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=586659861&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_publicacoes&amp;PUBLICACOESpub_boui=65586079&amp;PUBLICACOESmodo=2&amp;xlang=en |access-date=20 May 2026|oclc=1380689122}}
* {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=22 June 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_destaques&amp;DESTAQUESdest_boui=770295679&amp;DESTAQUESmodo=2&amp;tblci=GiB_bg21TjyJXVgz5nryvn4SEQCWsMLL6k098ZCCQyT0qiCvuUgoq8GTj6_O0_dYMPn7Xw&amp;xlang=en|location=Lisbon |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |access-date=22 June 2026 |title=Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025|eissn=2184-4534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625205521/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=799790042&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y|archive-date=25 June 2026|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite report |doi=10.18356/9789211542639 |doi-access=free |author=United Nations Development Programme |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human development report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-154263-9 |issn=0969-4501 |eissn=2412-3129 |series=Human Development Report |publication-place=New York City}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>1ow0okhjd4k64xc07h7d1gwyo3913bc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924752</id>
      <parentid>924751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T01:02:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sources */ soorces</comment>
      <origin>924752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20377" sha1="80zpxbgdxjtd381b8lj9ix6yria8cbx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|common_name = Portugal 
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}}
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
|symbol_width = 100px
|motto =
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt; {{smaller|&quot;The Portuguese Fowk&quot;}}&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
|capital = [[Lisbon]] 
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|largest_city = caipital
|official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]
|regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em&lt;!--Note: Fix for mobile--&gt;; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]]
|leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]]
|leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
|legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note = 
|established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]]
|established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128
|established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]]
|established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139
|established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]]
|established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179
|established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]]
|established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974
|established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976
|established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] 
|established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212
|area_rank = 111t
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|area_footnote = &lt;ref&gt;{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|percent_water = 0.5
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census      = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $570.956&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $52,980&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $375.197&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.PT&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini                   = 30.9 &lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2025
| Gini_change            = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.890
| HDI_rank               = 40th
| HDI_year               = 2023&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase
| HDI_ref                = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
|currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]])
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --&gt;
|DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;br/&gt; [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]]
|antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = richt
|calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]]
|cctld = [[.pt]]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|&lt;ref&gt;[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&amp;SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&amp;CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&amp;nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
}}
[[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]]
'''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]:

:*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}}
&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments.

Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]&lt;ref&gt;Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&amp;lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.&lt;ref&gt;Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]].

Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045if_/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=World Economic Outlook April 2014|work=International Monetary Fund|date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217if_/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt; hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Soorces==
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022}} |type=Census |isbn=978-989-25-0619-7 |issn=0872-6493 |publication-place=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |title=Censos 2021 - XVI recenseamento geral da população. VI recenseamento geral da habitação: resultados definitivos |trans-title=Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |publication-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185549if_/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=586659861&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_publicacoes&amp;PUBLICACOESpub_boui=65586079&amp;PUBLICACOESmodo=2&amp;xlang=en |access-date=20 May 2026|oclc=1380689122}}
* {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=22 June 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&amp;xpgid=ine_destaques&amp;DESTAQUESdest_boui=770295679&amp;DESTAQUESmodo=2&amp;tblci=GiB_bg21TjyJXVgz5nryvn4SEQCWsMLL6k098ZCCQyT0qiCvuUgoq8GTj6_O0_dYMPn7Xw&amp;xlang=en|location=Lisbon |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |access-date=22 June 2026 |title=Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025|eissn=2184-4534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625205521/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=799790042&amp;att_display=n&amp;att_download=y|archive-date=25 June 2026|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite report |doi=10.18356/9789211542639 |doi-access=free |author=United Nations Development Programme |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human development report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-154263-9 |issn=0969-4501 |eissn=2412-3129 |series=Human Development Report |publication-place=New York City}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}}

[[Category:Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Soothren European kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o NATO]]
[[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]
[[Category:Member states o the European Union]]
[[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]]
[[Category:Republics]]


{{Stub/Portugal}}</text>
      <sha1>80zpxbgdxjtd381b8lj9ix6yria8cbx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Washington, D.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924747</id>
      <parentid>905635</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:25:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replace archive.today airtins wi Wayback Machine airtins</comment>
      <origin>924747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9119" sha1="cv8n8atm3o0u4wtxxz0draoidw0fqou" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name = Washington, D.C.
|official_name = Destrict o Columbia
|settlement_type = [[Federal destrict]]
|motto = ''Justitia Omnibus''{{spaces|2}}(Juistice for Aw)
|image_skyline = DCmontage4.jpg
|image_caption = Tap left: [[Healy Haw]] at [[Georgetoun Varsity]]; tap richt: [[Unitit States Caipitol]]; mids: [[Washington Monument]]; bottom left: [[Frederick Douglass Naitional Historic Site]]; bottom richt: [[African American Ceevil War Memorial]]
|image_flag = Flag of Washington, D.C.svg
|image_seal = Seal of the District of Columbia.svg
|image_map = Washington,_D.C._locator_map.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location o Washington, D.C., in the Unitit States an in relation tae the states o [[Maryland]] an [[Virginie]].
|subdivision_type = Kintra
|subdivision_name = [[Unitit States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Federal destrict]]
|subdivision_name1 = Destrict o Columbie
|established_title = [[Residence Act|Appruivit]]
|established_date = 16 Julie 1790
|established_title1 = [[Destrict o Columbie Organic Act o 1801|Organisit]]
|established_date1 = 1801
|established_title2 = [[Destrict o Columbie Organic Act o 1871|Consolidatit]]
|established_date2 = 1871
|established_title3 = [[Destrict oe Columbie Hame Rule Act|Grantit limitit sel-govrenment]]
|established_date3 = 1973
|leader_title = [[Mayor o the Destrict o Columbie|Mayor]]
|leader_title1 = [[Cooncil o the Destrict o Columbie|D.C. Council]]
|leader_name = [[Muriel Bowser]]&amp;nbsp;([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])
|leader_name1 = [[Phil Mendelson]]&amp;nbsp;(D), Convener
|established = Foondit
|named_for = [[George Washington]]
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_km2 = 177.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 68.3
|area_land_km2 = 159.0
|area_land_sq_mi = 61.4
|area_water_km2 = 18.0
|area_water_sq_mi = 6.9
|population_as_of         = 2015 estimate
|population_total         = 672,228
|population_rank          = [[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|22nt, U.S.]] {{As of|2014|lc=y}} incorporatit places estimate
|population_metro         = 6,033,737 ([[Leet o Metropolitan Statistical Auries|7t, U.S.]])
|population_blank1_title  = [[Unitit States combined stateestical aurie|CSA]]
|population_blank1        = 9,546,579 ([[Combined Stateestical Aurie|4t, U.S.]])
|population_blank2_title  = [[Demonym]]
|population_blank2        = Washingtonian
|population_footnotes     = &lt;ref name=PopEstUS&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv|format=CSV|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|date=December 22, 2015|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=December 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MetroPop&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico |accessdate=January 12, 2016 |year=2015 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=2015-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521091454/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density_sq_mi = 11,011
|timezone = [[Eastren Staundart Time|EST]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastren Daylicht Time|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code|ZIP code(s)]]
|postal_code              = 20001-20098, 20201-20599
|area_code                = [[Aurie code 202|202]]
|coordinates              = {{coord|38|53|42.4|N|77|02|12.0|W|region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_ft = 0–409
|elevation_m = 0–125
|website = [http://www.dc.gov/ www.dc.gov]
}}
'''Washington, D.C.''' ({{IPA-endia|ˈwɒʃɪŋtən ˌdiː ˈsiː|pronooncit}}), formally the '''Destrict o Columbie''' an commonly referrt tae as '''Washington''', or '''The Destrict''', or simply '''D.C.''', is the caipital o the [[Unitit States|Unitit States o Americae]], foondit on Julie 16, 1790. [[Article Ane o the Unitit States Constitution]] provides for a [[Caipital destricts an territories|federal destrict]], clear frae the states, tae serve as the permanent naitional caipital. The Ceety o Washington wis oreeginally a separate municipality wi'in the federal territory till an [[Destrict o Columbie Organic Act o 1871|act o Congress in 1871]] establisht a single, unifeed municipal govrenment for the hale Destrict. It is for this raison that the ceety, while legally namit the Destrict o Columbie, is kent as Washington, D.C. Namit in honour o [[George Washington]], the ceety skares its name wi the American state o [[Washington (state)|Washington]] locatit on the kintra's Paceefic coast.

The Destrict is locatit on the north bank o the [[Potomac River]] an is surroondit bi the states o [[Virginia]] tae the soothwast an [[Maryland]] tae the ither sides. The ceety haes a resident population o 599,657; acause o commuters frae the surroondin suburbs, its population rises tae ower ane&amp;nbsp;million durin the wirkweek. The [[Washington Metropolitan Aurie]], o whilk the Destrict is a pairt, haes a population o 5.4&amp;nbsp;million, the [[Table o Unitit States Metropolitan Statistical Auries|aicht-lairgest]] [[Unitit States metropolitan aurie|metropolitan aurie]] in the kintra.

The centres o aw three brainches o the [[federal govrenment o the Unitit States]] are locatit in the Destrict, as are mony o the naition's moniments an museums. Washington, D.C. is hame tae 174 [[Leet o diplomatic missions in the Unitit States|foreign embassies]] as weel as the heidquarters o the [[Warld Bank Group|Warld Bank]], the [[Internaitional Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS), the [[Inter-American Development Bank]], an the [[Pan American Healt Organisation]] (PAHO). The heidquarters o ither institutions sic as tred unions, [[lobbyin]] groups, an perfaisional associes are locatit in the Destrict forby.

Washington, D.C., is govrenit bi a [[Leet o mayors o Washington, D.C.|mayor]] an a 13-memmer [[Cooncil o the Destrict o Columbie|ceety cooncil]]. Housomiver, the [[Unitit States Congress]] haes supreme authority ower the ceety an mey owerturn local laws. Residents o the Destrict tharefore hae less sel-govrenance than residents o the states. The Destrict haes a nane-votin, at-muckle Congressional [[Delegate (Unitit States Congress)|delegate]], but nae senators. D.C. residents coud no vote in [[Unitit States presidential election|presidential elections]] till the ratification o the [[Twintie-third Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution]] in 1961.

== Sister ceeties ==
Washington, D.C. haes ten offeecial [[sister ceeties|sister ceety]] greements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view,a,1206,q,522336.asp|title=Protocol and International Affairs|publisher=DC Office of the Secretary|accessdate=2008-12-09|archive-date=2008-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185356/http://os.dc.gov/os/cwp/view%2Ca%2C1206%2Cq%2C522336.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paris is a &quot;Pairtner Ceety&quot; due tae the ane Sister Ceety policy o that [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]].{{citation needed}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%; background:#FFFFEF; float:left;&quot;
|-
! Ceety
! Kintra
! Year
|-
| [[Bangkok]]
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} Thailand
| 1962, renewed 2002
|-
| [[Dakar]]
| {{flagicon|Senegal}} Senegal
| 1980, renewed 2006
|-
| [[Beijing]]
| {{flagicon|China}} Cheenae
| 1984, renewed 2004
|-
| [[Brussels]]
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} Belgium
| 1985, renewed 2002
|-
| [[Athens]]
| {{flagicon|Greece}} Greece
| 2000
|-
| [[Paris]]
| {{flagicon|France}} Fraunce
| 2000, renewed 2005
|-
| [[Pretoria]]
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} Sooth Africae
| 2002, renewed 2008
|-
| [[Seoul]]
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} Sooth Korea
| 2006
|-
| [[Accra]]
| {{flagicon|Ghana}} Ghana
| 2006
|-
| [[Sunderland]]
| {{flagicon|UK}} Unitit Kinrick
| 2006
|-
| [[Roum]]
| {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
| 2011
|-
| [[Ankara]]
| {{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey
| 2011
|}

&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commonscat}}
* {{official|http://www.dc.gov/}}
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/dc/home.html Guide tae Washington, D.C.], materials frae the [[Library of Congress]]
* [[wikivoyage:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C. traivel guide]] frae Wikivoyage
* {{osmrelation-inline|162069}}

{{Unitit States poleetical diveesions|state=collapsed}}
{{Unitit States topics}}
{{Leet o North American caipitals}}

[[Category:Washington, D.C.| ]]
[[Category:Washington metropolitan aurie]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1790]]
[[Category:Caipitals in North Americae]]
[[Category:Caipital destricts an territories]]
[[Category:Populatit places on the Potomac River]]
[[Category:Planned ceeties in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Unitit States communities wi African American majority populations]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1790]]
[[Category:Proposed states an territories o the Unitit States]]


{{Stub/USA}}</text>
      <sha1>cv8n8atm3o0u4wtxxz0draoidw0fqou</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ranunculus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924724</id>
      <parentid>924609</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T16:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wearsred</username>
        <id>138840</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Internal Wikipedia Link Added</comment>
      <origin>924724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6370" sha1="1rc57hveuc8cahg99t8hxd6x9yxcjt9" xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Buttercup}}
{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Ranunculus''
| image = Creeping butercup close 800.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Creepin buttercup]] (''Ranunculus repens'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
| genus = '''''Ranunculus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = 
250-400+; see text
}}
[[File:Ranunculus glacialis 3 RF.jpg|thumb|Glacier butercup (''Ranunculus glacialis'')]]
'''''Ranunculus''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|r|æ|ˈ|n|ʌ|ŋ|k|j|ʊ|l|ə|s}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607&lt;/ref&gt; is a lairge [[genus]] o aboot 600 [[species]] o [[plant]]s in the [[Ranunculaceae]]. Memmers o the genus include the '''buttercups''', '''spearworts''', '''watter crowfits''' an the  [[lesser celandine]].

Thay are maistly [[yerbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]]s wi bricht yellae or white [[flouer]]s (if white, still wi a yellae centre); some are [[Annual plant|annuals]] or [[Biennial plant|biennial]]s. A few species hae orange or reid flouers. Thare are uisually five petals, but whiles sax, numerous, or none, as in ''R. auricomus''. The petals are eften heichly [[Wiktionary:luster|lustrous]], especially in yellae species. Buttercups uisually flouer in the ware, but flouers mey be foond throughoot the simmer, especially whaur the plants are growin as opportunistic colonisers, as in the case o gairden weeds.

==Selectit species leet==
* ''[[Ranunculus abortivus]]'' - Littleleaf buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus aconitifolius]]'' - Aconite-leaf buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus acraeus]]'' - a newly describit species frae [[Otago]], New Zealand
* ''[[Ranunculus acris]]'' - Meadow buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus alismifolius]]'' - Plantainleaf buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus andersonii]]'' - Anderson's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus aquatilis]]'' - Common watter crowfit
* ''[[Ranunculus arvensis]]'' - Corn buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus asiaticus]]'' - Persian buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus auricomus]]'' - Gowdilocks buttercup (teep species)
* ''[[Ranunculus biternatus]]'' - Antairctic buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus bonariensis]]'' - Carter's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus bulbosus]]'' - Bulbous buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus calandrinioides]]'' - haich alpine buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus californicus]]'' - Californie buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus canus]]'' - Sacramento Valley buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus cassubicus]]'' - Kashubian buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus crassipes]]'' - Subantairctic buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus cymbalaria]]'' - Marsh buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus eschscholtzii]]'' - Alpine buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus ficaria]]'' - Lesser celandine
* ''[[Ranunculus flabellaris]]'' - Yellae watter buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus flammula]]'' - Lesser spearwort
* ''[[Ranunculus fluitans]]'' - River watter crowit
* ''[[Ranunculus glaberrimus]]'' - Sagebrush buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus glacialis]]'' - Glacier buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus gormanii]]'' - Gorman's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus hebecarpus]]'' - Delicate buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus hispidus]]'' - Bristly buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus hydrocharoides]]'' - Frogbit buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus jovis]]'' - Utah buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus kadzusensis]]'' Makino - Maehwamarum (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganghwa_Maehwamarum_Habitat&amp;gesuggestededit=1 Ganghwa Maehwamarum Habitat])
* ''[[Ranunculus lapponicus]]'' - Lapland buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus lingua]]'' - Greater spearwort
* ''[[Ranunculus lobbii]]'' - Lobb's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus longirostris]]'' - Watter buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus lyallii]]'' - Munt Cook Lily - reputedly the lairgest buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus macounii]]'' - Macoun's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus micranthus]]'' - Smaa-flouered crowfit
* ''[[Ranunculus moseleyi]]'' - Moseley's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus muricatus]]'' - Spinyfruit buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus occidentalis]]'' - Wastren buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus orthorhynchus]]'' - Straightbeak buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus papulentus]]'' - Lairge River buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus parviflorus]]'' - Smawflouer buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus pedatifidus]]'' - birdfit buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus peltatus]]'' - Pond watter crowfit
* ''[[Ranunculus pensylvanicus]]'' - Pennsylvania buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus platanifolius]]'' - Lairge white buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus populago]]'' - Popular buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus pusillus]]'' - Laich spearwort
* ''[[Ranunculus pygmaeus]]'' - Pygmy buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus recurvatus]]'' - Hooked Crowfoot
* ''[[Ranunculus repens]]'' - Creepin buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus rionii]]''
* ''[[Ranunculus sardous]]'' - Hairy buttercup, Sardinian buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus sceleratus]]'' - Celery-leaved buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus septentrionalis]]'' - Swamp buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus sieboldii]]''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16395649&amp;query_hl=46&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum pubmed]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Ranunculus testiculatus]]'' - Bur buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus thora]]'' - Thora buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus uncinatus]]'' - Widlaund buttercup

See [[Leet o Ranunculus species|Leet o ''Ranunculus'' species]] for a mair complete leet wi native ranges.

==See also==
* [[Leet o plants poisonous tae equines]]

==References==
{{commons|Ranunculus}}

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite web | url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10248| title=GRIN Species Records of ''Ranunculus'' | accessdate=2008-01-08 | format= | work=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{wikispecies|Ranunculus}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100725055711/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6527 Jepson Manual Treatment]
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RANUN USDA Plants Profile: North American Species] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017083503/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RANUN |date=2010-10-17 }}
*[http://www.andrewspink.nl/ranunculus/ The Ranunculus home page]
* [http://www.theflowerfields.com/ The Flower (Ranunculus) Fields of Carlsbad, CA]

[[Category:Ranunculus| ]]
[[Category:Ranunculaceae genera]]
[[Category:Flouers]]</text>
      <sha1>1rc57hveuc8cahg99t8hxd6x9yxcjt9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924725</id>
      <parentid>924724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T16:07:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undae revision [[Special:Diff/924724|924724]] bi [[Special:Contributions/Wearsred|Wearsred]] ([[User talk:Wearsred|Tauk]])</comment>
      <origin>924725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6081" sha1="dcxxqonhq0dbwdibc34vwvwtmrnu4we" xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Buttercup}}
{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Ranunculus''
| image = Creeping butercup close 800.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Creepin buttercup]] (''Ranunculus repens'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
| genus = '''''Ranunculus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = 
250-400+; see text
}}
[[File:Ranunculus glacialis 3 RF.jpg|thumb|Glacier butercup (''Ranunculus glacialis'')]]
'''''Ranunculus''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|r|æ|ˈ|n|ʌ|ŋ|k|j|ʊ|l|ə|s}})&lt;ref&gt;''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607&lt;/ref&gt; is a lairge [[genus]] o aboot 600 [[species]] o [[plant]]s in the [[Ranunculaceae]]. Memmers o the genus include the '''buttercups''', '''spearworts''', '''watter crowfits''' an the  [[lesser celandine]].

Thay are maistly [[yerbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]]s wi bricht yellae or white [[flouer]]s (if white, still wi a yellae centre); some are [[Annual plant|annuals]] or [[Biennial plant|biennial]]s. A few species hae orange or reid flouers. Thare are uisually five petals, but whiles sax, numerous, or none, as in ''R. auricomus''. The petals are eften heichly [[Wiktionary:luster|lustrous]], especially in yellae species. Buttercups uisually flouer in the ware, but flouers mey be foond throughoot the simmer, especially whaur the plants are growin as opportunistic colonisers, as in the case o gairden weeds.

==Selectit species leet==
* ''[[Ranunculus abortivus]]'' - Littleleaf buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus aconitifolius]]'' - Aconite-leaf buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus acraeus]]'' - a newly describit species frae [[Otago]], New Zealand
* ''[[Ranunculus acris]]'' - Meadow buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus alismifolius]]'' - Plantainleaf buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus andersonii]]'' - Anderson's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus aquatilis]]'' - Common watter crowfit
* ''[[Ranunculus arvensis]]'' - Corn buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus asiaticus]]'' - Persian buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus auricomus]]'' - Gowdilocks buttercup (teep species)
* ''[[Ranunculus biternatus]]'' - Antairctic buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus bonariensis]]'' - Carter's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus bulbosus]]'' - Bulbous buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus calandrinioides]]'' - haich alpine buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus californicus]]'' - Californie buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus canus]]'' - Sacramento Valley buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus cassubicus]]'' - Kashubian buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus crassipes]]'' - Subantairctic buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus cymbalaria]]'' - Marsh buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus eschscholtzii]]'' - Alpine buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus ficaria]]'' - Lesser celandine
* ''[[Ranunculus flabellaris]]'' - Yellae watter buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus flammula]]'' - Lesser spearwort
* ''[[Ranunculus fluitans]]'' - River watter crowit
* ''[[Ranunculus glaberrimus]]'' - Sagebrush buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus glacialis]]'' - Glacier buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus gormanii]]'' - Gorman's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus hebecarpus]]'' - Delicate buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus hispidus]]'' - Bristly buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus hydrocharoides]]'' - Frogbit buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus jovis]]'' - Utah buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus kadzusensis]]'' Makino - Maehwamarum
* ''[[Ranunculus lapponicus]]'' - Lapland buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus lingua]]'' - Greater spearwort
* ''[[Ranunculus lobbii]]'' - Lobb's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus longirostris]]'' - Watter buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus lyallii]]'' - Munt Cook Lily - reputedly the lairgest buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus macounii]]'' - Macoun's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus micranthus]]'' - Smaa-flouered crowfit
* ''[[Ranunculus moseleyi]]'' - Moseley's buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus muricatus]]'' - Spinyfruit buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus occidentalis]]'' - Wastren buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus orthorhynchus]]'' - Straightbeak buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus papulentus]]'' - Lairge River buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus parviflorus]]'' - Smawflouer buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus pedatifidus]]'' - birdfit buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus peltatus]]'' - Pond watter crowfit
* ''[[Ranunculus pensylvanicus]]'' - Pennsylvania buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus platanifolius]]'' - Lairge white buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus populago]]'' - Popular buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus pusillus]]'' - Laich spearwort
* ''[[Ranunculus pygmaeus]]'' - Pygmy buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus recurvatus]]'' - Hooked Crowfoot
* ''[[Ranunculus repens]]'' - Creepin buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus rionii]]''
* ''[[Ranunculus sardous]]'' - Hairy buttercup, Sardinian buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus sceleratus]]'' - Celery-leaved buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus septentrionalis]]'' - Swamp buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus sieboldii]]''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16395649&amp;query_hl=46&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum pubmed]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Ranunculus testiculatus]]'' - Bur buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus thora]]'' - Thora buttercup
* ''[[Ranunculus uncinatus]]'' - Widlaund buttercup

==References==
{{commons|Ranunculus}}

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite web | url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10248| title=GRIN Species Records of ''Ranunculus'' | accessdate=2008-01-08 | format= | work=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{wikispecies|Ranunculus}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100725055711/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6527 Jepson Manual Treatment]
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RANUN USDA Plants Profile: North American Species] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017083503/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RANUN |date=2010-10-17 }}
*[http://www.andrewspink.nl/ranunculus/ The Ranunculus home page]
* [http://www.theflowerfields.com/ The Flower (Ranunculus) Fields of Carlsbad, CA]

[[Category:Ranunculus| ]]
[[Category:Ranunculaceae genera]]
[[Category:Flouers]]</text>
      <sha1>dcxxqonhq0dbwdibc34vwvwtmrnu4we</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Featurt airticle review</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>71363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924731</id>
      <parentid>405712</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T18:24:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Add requests ablo this line */</comment>
      <origin>924731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="493" sha1="lm6nl8wysuvdzg2tzrd510ymz2qfxr0" xml:space="preserve">This page is fer requestin featurt airticles tae be reviewed tae determin whether thay should remain [[Wikipedia:Featurt airticles|featurt airticles]].

==Add requests ablo this line==
* [[Findhorn]] - gien aa the unreferenced content, iss prolly shidna be a featurt airticle, especial gien foo a jis teuk oot a passage aat wisna encyclopaedic avaa [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:24, 17 October 2026 (UTC)

[[Category:Wikipaedia featurt content]]</text>
      <sha1>lm6nl8wysuvdzg2tzrd510ymz2qfxr0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kodyma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924735</id>
      <parentid>437977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T21:06:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>924735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1055" sha1="528ten2nj7afizfbagzy8m8q78bfbml" xml:space="preserve">{{for|a river|Kodyma River}}
[[File:Kodyma church.jpg|thumb|Kirk]]

'''Kodyma''' ({{lang-uk|Кодима, Кодыма}}, {{lang-ro|Codâma}}) is a ceety o aboot 9,600 indwallers in the [[Odessa Oblast]] ([[Oblast|province]]) o central [[Ukraine]]. It is the [[Caipital ceety|admeenistrative center]] o the [[Kodyma Raion]] ([[Raion|destrict]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Кодымская городская громада - Одесская область,|url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/kodimska-miska/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215202320/https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/kodimska-miska/|archive-date=2026-10-15|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Портал об'єднаних громад України|language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; an is locatit at aroond {{coord|48|6|0|N|29|7|0|E}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
*[http://kodyma-city.narod.ru/ Unoffeecial steid]
*[http://kodyma.od.ua/ Information portal]
  
{{Odessa Oblast}}

[[Category:Ceeties in Odessa Oblast]]
[[Category:Podolie Govrenorate]]</text>
      <sha1>528ten2nj7afizfbagzy8m8q78bfbml</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Findhorn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>224839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924726</id>
      <parentid>911429</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T16:21:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munci</username>
        <id>6841</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redd up Scots, {{fixscots}}</comment>
      <origin>924726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19989" sha1="fffxb2pvzm78lb68teuk8obgqm1xga7" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Featurt airticle|date=October 2020}}
{{infobox UK place
 |static_image_name=Findhorn.jpg
 |static_image_caption= Findhorn Ryal Yacht Club an The Crown an Anchor Inn
|country = Scotland
 |english_name= Findhorn
 |gaelic_name= Inbhir Èir&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|title=Findhorn|website=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162338/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |scots_name= Findhorn
 |os_grid_reference= NJ043643
 |map_type= Scotland
 |coordinates = {{coord|57.6573171|-3.6155305|display=inline,title}}
| population = 930
| population_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fid%2Fstatistical-geography%2FS19001521|title=statistics.gov.scot Findhorn|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2025-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414031022/https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/id/statistical-geography/S19001521|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  |unitary_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |post_town= FORRES
 |postcode_district = IV36
 |postcode_area= IV
 |dial_code= 01309
 |constituency_westminster= [[Moray (UK Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Moray (Scots Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 }}
The village o '''Findhorn''' is fund on the north-east shore o the Findhorn Bay an mouth o the River Findhorn, 30 mile east frae [[Innerness]].

== Etymology ==
Watson (1926) kens the name is frae ''Fionn Èire'', meanin ''White Ireland'' an &quot;nae dout it refers tae the white saunds o the firth&quot;. The dative ''Èireann'' gied rise tae the uiss o the Inglis ''erne'' in ither local names sic as Invererne, Cullerne an Earnhill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |title=The Celtic Place-names of Scotland |date=1926 |publisher=John Donald |isbn=978-1-906566-35-7 |page=229}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pont 9 Findhorn.jpg|thumb|Timothy Pont's map kiverin Findhorn]]It is mair likely that the name is frae the Pictish spoken in the airt. The Pict-Scot union o 843 broucht in Gaelic, Maxwell (1896)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=Herbert |title=Scottish land-names; their origin and meaning |date=1894 |publisher=W. Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishlandname00maxwuoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; kens the ''Fin'' is frae the Pictish ''Pit'', as in ''Pitlochery''. The ''orn'' is semply 'river', frae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''abhainn'', an [[Welsh leid|Auld Welsh]] ''afon''. The Gaelic influence wis suin cowped bi the sons o [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] thit brocht in an ancestor o modren [[Scots leid|Scots tung]] frae the [[Northumbrian]] byleid. Ken the lack o places stairtin wi ''Fin-'' an ''Pit-'' in the Gaelic speakin regions o the wast coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Richar A. V. |title=Modern Scottish Gaelic reflexes of two Pictish words: *pett and *lannerc |journal=Nomina |date=1997 |volume=20 |page=50 |url=http://www.snsbi.org.uk/Nomina_articles/Nomina_20_Cox.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Timothy Pont's map o 1593 the name o the village wittin ''Findorn'', an naurby ''The Barr o Findorne''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pont |first1=Timothy |title=Moray and Nairn – Pont 9 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |website=maps.nls.uk |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518013407/https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== History ==
=== Bronze Age ===
Fowk hae bed aroond Findhorn frae mair nor three thoosan year. In 1986 biggin wark kythed a cley burial urn&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Ian AG |title=A Cordoned Urn burial with faience from 102 Findhorn, Moray |journal=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=2001 |pages=101-128 |url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9551/9518/ |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; containin the remains o a quine o twinty five year an her bairn.

Lith beads an starn-shapit beads war fund in the urn an aw, these resemmle seemilar beads fund in soothren inle. Caurbon-datin reckons the beads, quine an bairn war frae aboot 1880 BC tae 1520 BC.

=== Three Villages ===
Athort the millennia the River Findhorn haes changed coorse monie time, the village o Findhorn haes haed tae muive wi it. Pont's cairt clear shaws the auld saund barr, whaur the river coorse went north an than wast juist north o Elvin pynt frae five mile tae whaur the Buckie Loch is nou.

Thare is an unnerwatter subterranean peat bed thit stends a distance intae the firth frae Burghhead Bay tae the east o Findhorn indicatin that thare wis yinst growthie forest vegetation. In the 19t yearhunner trunks o trees an ruits war dreggit up bi the anchors o ships lyin aff thare. E'en the day, muckle rafts o compactit peat come up on the North Shore o the Findhorn.

Aboot this forest steid an impressive man-makkit hill, 200 fit heich, cawed Douff hillock, this war airn-age in oreegin. It is in this region, a few mile north east o the praisent village, an nou unner the [[Moray Firth]] that some historians hiv placed the Findhorn o the [[Middle Ages]].

Wi nae stane available fur biggin atween the rivers Findhorn an Nairn, an nae roads tae help thaim, the tenants an cottars o the airt biggit thair hooses o feal an turve. The renewal o roofs an walls teuk up a considerable amoont o time ilk year an the feal dykes roond the infields hae tae be mainteened. Traditionally the feal frae the roch scuffin or carse war uised frae this purpose, an in the case o the Culbin airt the turf cappin the auld dunes on the shinle ridges war tirrt nakit, an bent gress pullt frae thatch. This exposed the saund ablo tae the wind. Turf wis needit fur mixin intae the middens tae mak compost, an while auld roofs an waws war dumpit thare, muckle mair
war dug up. The amoont o turf uised up bi a ferm toun fur these purposes wis surprisinly large, an in the case o the Culbin led tae extensive sandblowin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Ross |title=The Culbin Sands – Fact and Fiction |date=1 April 1989 |publisher=University of Aberdeen Centre for Scottish Studies |location=Aberdeen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:James Giles (1801 - 1870) - Findhorn - ABDAG002428 - Aberdeen City Council (Archives, Gallery and Museums Collection).jpg|thumb|Findhorn (1874) by James Giles (1801-1870) in Aiberdeen Art Gallery]]
Invasion o this airt bi blown saund war recordit as early as the year 1100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Steven |title=Buried past: The communities lost to sand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-28295928 |website=BBC |publisher=The British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; an at some time the first Findhorn is said tae hiv been inundatit an lost furiver under the Culbin Sands.

The village hae bed on the sooth bank o the river three or fower mile upstream frae its mooth at the Auld Bar, aboot the pynt whaur the river turnt wastwart on its journey parallel tae the edge o the firth an separated frae it bi sand banks. The attractiveness o the shelter affordit bi the river tae mariners wis tempert bi the problem o wind blown sand siltin up the herbour. In 1660 the villagers wis forced tae start the construction o new warehooses on the conter bank whaur the water wis deeper. The second village o Findhorn developpit aroond the warehouses athort the water frae the original village whilk wis kent as the 'Altoun' or auld toun.

This village is weel kent in the maps an writins o the 17th yearhunner. It wis regairdit as the principal port on the Moray Coast, providin sauf herbour fur vessels tradin wi the Baltic, Norway an the Laich Kintras as weel as ports aroond Scotland an England an servicin the touns frae Elgin tae Inverness. It wis made a Burgh o Barony in 1661.

In ten year prior tae 1702, the blown sand, whilk hed been causin sic devastation in Culbin, slawly chokit the River Findhorn. In the wirds o J.B. Ritchie (1938)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ritchie |first1=J. B. |title=The Pageant of Morayland |date=1932 |publisher=Elgin |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 'The water wis dammed back bi the sand into a huge lake frae which it began tae escape bi a mair direct route tae the sea. than came unusually high floods tae which the barriers yielded. The pent up waters rushed along the new course, carryin wi them every vestige o the aulder Findhorn'.

[[File:Beach at Findhorn - geograph.org.uk - 1278415.jpg|thumb|Dunes tae the east o Findhorn]]The date gien frae this disaster varies but the consensus opinion gies it as 11th October 1702. Tho the final devastation came at nicht, thare wis nae loss o life due tae the astuteness o the villagers who had anticipated sic an ootcome frae some time an had already startit biggin noo hames aboot a mile south-east on the Muirtown Estate.

On returnin efter the flood, the fowk wis spellbound. Nae trace o thair hooses wis seen. Awthin haed disappeared aneth the sand. Frae that time tae this, the estate o Culbin hae been hailly buried bi the sand. A portion o the auld manse house kythet aboot a hunner year efter, like a ghostly spectre amidst the sand, an becam an objeck o superstitious interest tae the fowk o the neibourheid, inspecially as ane man wha hed cawed doon the chimley, haurd a vyce distinctly repone tae his caw. It hinderly disappeart sae suddently as it cam on the scene. The dovecote an chapel reappearet an aw, an thair ruins supplied stanes fur neibourin ferm biggins.

The remains o the dwellins o the second village (nou under the sea, aboot half mile north-west o the present mouth o the river) became an ideal habitat frae mussels, an large mussel scaups developed thare. This is confirmed in the account o a court case in 1762 which states '...the present principal mussel scalp stands upon the very spot whaur Sir James Calder's cellars stood in the auld town o Findhorn'. The harvestin o these mussels wis an important industry frae the fishermen o the new village.

[[File:Findhorn Bay from Piers - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lookin sooth frae the piers]]
The village built on the Muirtown Estate frae 1700 onwards is the present village o Findhorn. The stabilisation o the Culbin Sands bi the plantin o trees prevented further sand blows, tho the village suffered great sandstorms an it is recorded that sometimes the villagers had tae dig as muckle as twa feet o sand oot o thair gardens followin a westerly gale.

[[File:Findhorn Beach - geograph.org.uk - 884282.jpg|thumb|Groynes o Greenhart wood tae stap the saund frae blowin ]]
The erosion o the sand dunes on the North Shore bi winter storms had gien concern fur many years. The final breachin o the sand dunes teuk place in the winter o 1983 an the influx o a considerable amoont o seawater endangered the fabric o many houses in that area. This prompted the Local Authority tae resolve the problem fur once an frae aw. The sea defenses which are nou hidden bi marram grass on the shore side an sea deposited shinle on the ither, comprise a line o massive rocks risin some 20ft abuin beach level an extendin the length o the danger zone. This is supplemented bi groynes o Greenhart wood placed strategically tae arrest the migration o westward drift sand. So far these measures appear tae hiv been effective.

=== Fishin at Findhorn ===
In the 12t yearhunner, the monks o Kinloss Abbey haudit the saumon rights o the bay, an war credited wi buildin the Sturdy, a stone isle uised as a fishin pynt, strategically placed tae catch the run o fish tae an frae the River Findhorn an the Moray Firth. The Sturdy is still visible at low tide, as are some o the remains o one o the earliest kent methods o catchin saumon, the Yaars, which consisted o erectin wicker fences at low tide an as the tide came in the fish swam ower the fence tae be trapped as the tide ebbed.

In the 17t yearhunner Findhorn wis the principal seaport o Moray an Forres an cargo vessels regularly sailed tae an fraw aw pairts o the [[North Sea]] an as far as the Baltic Ports an involved in the export o saumon, grain, an ither goods, an in the import o coals. Tidal changes tae the narrow an shallow entrance tae the bay created obstacles tae navigation an as the size o tradin vessels increased so the volume o trade tae the village declined. Durin the nineteenth yearhunner fishin predominated.

Tho considered a secondary industry tae coastal tradin, fishin wis o major importance tae the village economy, employin up tae 160 men. Because o the natural safe anchorage, unique along the north-east coast, herrin drifters, yawls an zulu sailboats uised Findhorn as a base frae both net an line fishin in the Moray Firth. Catches o herrin an whitefish war landed on the shore, equally divided atween the crews, than peddled aroond the immediate area bi the fishwives, or alternately, as most fisher cottages had a tarred curin shed, converted tae kippers in the case o herrins, or a famous local delicacy, speldins, dried haddock.

At the ootset o the 1914–18 war, many zulus o the herrin fleet wis beached at Elvin pynt when the crews war cawed up frae active service, an the day, the skeletal remains o yon boats can still be seen on the foreshore. ithers war beached aroond the harbour area tae be broken up fur firewood, an frae Findhorn it wis the stairt o the end. The slow decline o the whitefish industry began due tae several unavoidable contributory factors, chiefly the unstoppable siltin up o the bay bi sand-drift frae the Culbins, an the increasin difficulty o negotiatin the sand bar at the estuary entrance caused bi long-shore drift. The last locally awnt yawls sailed in the early thirties bi which steam pouer an engines had taken ower frae sail.

fur some years after that boats, generally Scaffies an Fifies, frae Burghhead, Hopeman an as far as Buckie, continued tae call in tae glean the huge mussel scaups in the bay. It wis a tough job undertaken bi men an women, the mussels bein gaithered bi haund an carried in creels tae the waitin boats, o when under water, a trawl wis uised tae raise the mussels, a hard an difficult task. Later the mussels would be shelled an baited on the hundreds o hooks ready fur the next day's expeditions.

Gradually, ancillary jobs in the village associated wi fishin – boat buildin, sail-makin, net barkin, guttin an curin – waned, an apairt frae coble buildin, eventually disappeared.

=== Railwey ===
Frae 1860 tae 1869 a branch o railwey ran frae Kinloss tae the harbour at Findhorn frae the salmon fishermen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Findhorn Railway |url=https://www.railscot.co.uk/companies/F/Findhorn_Railway/ |website=RailScot |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It wis scunnert financially an wir closed frae passengers in 1869, an anley carried salmon an freight frae anither ten year before closin fur guid. The route o the wey can be made oot on fields durin dry spells, an it follaed the coast whaur the B9011 road is nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Old-Maps |url=https://www.old-maps.co.uk/#/Map/304500/864500/12/100163 |website=Old-Maps.co.uk |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saumon fishin ===
However, thare remained the commercial saumon fishin an in its hey-day Findhorn in the 1920's wis the control centre o the Moray Firth Salmon Fishin Company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Graham-Stewart |first1=Andrew |title=River Conon History |url=http://www.cononfishing.com/river-conon-history.asp |website=Conon Fishing |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; which operated 22 nettin stations dotted at intervals alang the coast frae Burghhead tae Balintore, wi crews o four or five men mannin the bothies. A series o leader nets on upright poles projected seawards whaur a maze o nettin made escape nearly impossible fur the unwary fish. Flat-bottomed, shallow-draught, 24 foot long cobles war uised tae collect the saumon frae the off-shore nets at suitable states o the tide, an records shaw that this method o fishin wis very successful, tho predatory seals war a constant maraudin enemy. Eventually the industry closed doun in 1987.

Inside the bay a different system kent locally as bangin wi uised, wi the fishin rights frae early last yearhunner tae the closure awnt bi C.R.Sellar an Company, an the buildins occupied bi Moray Water Sports war the bothies frae the crews nou. Bangin consisted o feedin oot nets frae the beach in a circular fashion in a smawer teep o coble frae ''stells'', as the fishin points war kent, an thare war several aroond the bay but most uised war the Glory Hole at the estuary mouth an the Sturdy. The sweep o the encirclin nets trapped the passin saumon on thair wey up or doun stream, an again record shaw some amazin 'hauls'. A keen rivalry developed atween boat crews fur the muckle catches durin the saumon fishin season, thit lastit frae the icy waters an sleety winds o Februar tae the sunny balmy days o August. Holiday makers teuk a great interest in watchin the bangers at wirk an anticipatin the catches an aw.

Saumon catches diminished durin the late 20t yearhunner, an that wey o life ended in 1987.

=== Findhorn X class yacht ===
The interest in pleasure sailin wis probably kindled when the country wis rekiverin frae the First World War. Records are vague but in the early 1920s thare war at least five local yawls.

Aw saumon fishers worked on a bonus system ower thair wages, which wis paid oot at the season's finish, the back-end as it wis kent, in August an in that month an aw, the annual regatta wis haudit. The regatta wis a family fun day haudit atween the piers wi a series o coble races, boat tug-o-wars an ither aquatic sports.

The first pleasure orientated boats tae appear at Findhorn in any significant numbers war the Lymington scows, which war purchased in the sooth. They war sturdy centre-board dinghies, 11ft.3in. long, wi a 60sq.ft. single lug sail rig. A class o these scows wis soon estaiblisht at Findhorn an it wis the competitive element derived frae regular Saturday sailin o these vessels that wis perhaps responsible mair than any ither sinle factor frae the formation o a yacht club.

In 1929 James Chadwick (the first Commodore) alang wi ither dinhy sailors, foondit the Findhorn Yacht Club. His home wis uised as the club meetin place an this buildin wis eventually tae end up as the clubhouse we keek the day. 1930 saw the first o the Findhorn class boats, an 18.ft. boat built wi local help, bi James Chadwick frae aboot £80. The actual prototype wis constructed in the premises (kent in latter days as Frankie's boat-shed) an a number o such boats war built an kent as the Findhorn X class. This X class is reputed tae be the forerunner tae the 18ft boat class. This fleet expanded tae ower twinty boats before the Second World War when pleasure sailin largely ceased. After the war the sailin slowly recovered an the club began tae flourish wi the membership expandin quite dramatically in the late fifties an sixties wi a resultant increase in cruisers an dinhies. In 1971 the Findhorn Yacht Club wis awardit the Royal title

== Suenos Stane ==
The proud Suenos Stane is steid juist ootside o Forres, owerlookin Findhorn Bay. It is the tallest in Scotland at seven metre tall, biggit in later 9t or 10t centuries, durin the time o [[Malcolm II o Scotland|kin Malcolm]]. It can be keeked juist north ae Forres on Timothy Pont's map as one o twa pillars, the secont stane is lost.

== Employment ==
In 2011 thare war 463 fowk in employment. The main wirk in the community included:

* Manufacturin: 6.9%
* Construction: 3.7%
* Wholesale an Retail: 8.9%
* Accommodation an Food: 8.2%
* Scientific: 7.6%
* Admin an Defense: 12.5%
* Education: 18.6%
* Health an Social: 13.8%

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Touns in Moray]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]</text>
      <sha1>fffxb2pvzm78lb68teuk8obgqm1xga7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924727</id>
      <parentid>924726</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T16:35:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>924727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19976" sha1="mfcg8fdm6fxk83dpcrpkrqfpi8jvupl" xml:space="preserve">{{Featurt airticle|date=October 2020}}
{{infobox UK place
 |static_image_name=Findhorn.jpg
 |static_image_caption= Findhorn Ryal Yacht Club an The Crown an Anchor Inn
|country = Scotland
 |english_name= Findhorn
 |gaelic_name= Inbhir Èir&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|title=Findhorn|website=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162338/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |scots_name= Findhorn
 |os_grid_reference= NJ043643
 |map_type= Scotland
 |coordinates = {{coord|57.6573171|-3.6155305|display=inline,title}}
| population = 930
| population_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fid%2Fstatistical-geography%2FS19001521|title=statistics.gov.scot Findhorn|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2025-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414031022/https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/id/statistical-geography/S19001521|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  |unitary_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |post_town= FORRES
 |postcode_district = IV36
 |postcode_area= IV
 |dial_code= 01309
 |constituency_westminster= [[Moray (UK Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Moray (Scots Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 }}
The village o '''Findhorn''' is fund on the north-east shore o the Findhorn Bay an mouth o the River Findhorn, 30 mile east frae [[Innerness]].

== Etymology ==
Watson (1926) kens the name is frae ''Fionn Èire'', meanin ''White Ireland'' an &quot;nae dout it refers tae the white saunds o the firth&quot;. The dative ''Èireann'' gied rise tae the uiss o the Inglis ''erne'' in ither local names sic as Invererne, Cullerne an Earnhill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |title=The Celtic Place-names of Scotland |date=1926 |publisher=John Donald |isbn=978-1-906566-35-7 |page=229}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pont 9 Findhorn.jpg|thumb|Timothy Pont's map kiverin Findhorn]]It is mair likely that the name is frae the Pictish spoken in the airt. The Pict-Scot union o 843 broucht in Gaelic, Maxwell (1896)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=Herbert |title=Scottish land-names; their origin and meaning |date=1894 |publisher=W. Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishlandname00maxwuoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; kens the ''Fin'' is frae the Pictish ''Pit'', as in ''Pitlochery''. The ''orn'' is semply 'river', frae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''abhainn'', an [[Welsh leid|Auld Welsh]] ''afon''. The Gaelic influence wis suin cowped bi the sons o [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] thit brocht in an ancestor o modren [[Scots leid|Scots tung]] frae the [[Northumbrian]] byleid. Ken the lack o places stairtin wi ''Fin-'' an ''Pit-'' in the Gaelic speakin regions o the wast coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Richar A. V. |title=Modern Scottish Gaelic reflexes of two Pictish words: *pett and *lannerc |journal=Nomina |date=1997 |volume=20 |page=50 |url=http://www.snsbi.org.uk/Nomina_articles/Nomina_20_Cox.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Timothy Pont's map o 1593 the name o the village wittin ''Findorn'', an naurby ''The Barr o Findorne''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pont |first1=Timothy |title=Moray and Nairn – Pont 9 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |website=maps.nls.uk |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518013407/https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== History ==
=== Bronze Age ===
Fowk hae bed aroond Findhorn frae mair nor three thoosan year. In 1986 biggin wark kythed a cley burial urn&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Ian AG |title=A Cordoned Urn burial with faience from 102 Findhorn, Moray |journal=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=2001 |pages=101-128 |url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9551/9518/ |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; containin the remains o a quine o twinty five year an her bairn.

Lith beads an starn-shapit beads war fund in the urn an aw, these resemmle seemilar beads fund in soothren inle. Caurbon-datin reckons the beads, quine an bairn war frae aboot 1880 BC tae 1520 BC.

=== Three Villages ===
Athort the millennia the River Findhorn haes changed coorse monie time, the village o Findhorn haes haed tae muive wi it. Pont's cairt clear shaws the auld saund barr, whaur the river coorse went north an than wast juist north o Elvin pynt frae five mile tae whaur the Buckie Loch is nou.

Thare is an unnerwatter subterranean peat bed thit stends a distance intae the firth frae Burghhead Bay tae the east o Findhorn indicatin that thare wis yinst growthie forest vegetation. In the 19t yearhunner trunks o trees an ruits war dreggit up bi the anchors o ships lyin aff thare. E'en the day, muckle rafts o compactit peat come up on the North Shore o the Findhorn.

Aboot this forest steid an impressive man-makkit hill, 200 fit heich, cawed Douff hillock, this war airn-age in oreegin. It is in this region, a few mile north east o the praisent village, an nou unner the [[Moray Firth]] that some historians hiv placed the Findhorn o the [[Middle Ages]].

Wi nae stane available fur biggin atween the rivers Findhorn an Nairn, an nae roads tae help thaim, the tenants an cottars o the airt biggit thair hooses o feal an turve. The renewal o roofs an walls teuk up a considerable amoont o time ilk year an the feal dykes roond the infields hae tae be mainteened. Traditionally the feal frae the roch scuffin or carse war uised frae this purpose, an in the case o the Culbin airt the turf cappin the auld dunes on the shinle ridges war tirrt nakit, an bent gress pullt frae thatch. This exposed the saund ablo tae the wind. Turf wis needit fur mixin intae the middens tae mak compost, an while auld roofs an waws war dumpit thare, muckle mair
war dug up. The amoont o turf uised up bi a ferm toun fur these purposes wis surprisinly large, an in the case o the Culbin led tae extensive sandblowin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Ross |title=The Culbin Sands – Fact and Fiction |date=1 April 1989 |publisher=University of Aberdeen Centre for Scottish Studies |location=Aberdeen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:James Giles (1801 - 1870) - Findhorn - ABDAG002428 - Aberdeen City Council (Archives, Gallery and Museums Collection).jpg|thumb|Findhorn (1874) by James Giles (1801-1870) in Aiberdeen Art Gallery]]
Invasion o this airt bi blown saund war recordit as early as the year 1100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Steven |title=Buried past: The communities lost to sand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-28295928 |website=BBC |publisher=The British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; an at some time the first Findhorn is said tae hiv been inundatit an lost furiver under the Culbin Sands.

The village hae bed on the sooth bank o the river three or fower mile upstream frae its mooth at the Auld Bar, aboot the pynt whaur the river turnt wastwart on its journey parallel tae the edge o the firth an separated frae it bi sand banks. The attractiveness o the shelter affordit bi the river tae mariners wis tempert bi the problem o wind blown sand siltin up the herbour. In 1660 the villagers wis forced tae start the construction o new warehooses on the conter bank whaur the water wis deeper. The second village o Findhorn developpit aroond the warehouses athort the water frae the original village whilk wis kent as the 'Altoun' or auld toun.

This village is weel kent in the maps an writins o the 17th yearhunner. It wis regairdit as the principal port on the Moray Coast, providin sauf herbour fur vessels tradin wi the Baltic, Norway an the Laich Kintras as weel as ports aroond Scotland an England an servicin the touns frae Elgin tae Inverness. It wis made a Burgh o Barony in 1661.

In ten year prior tae 1702, the blown sand, whilk hed been causin sic devastation in Culbin, slawly chokit the River Findhorn. In the wirds o J.B. Ritchie (1938)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ritchie |first1=J. B. |title=The Pageant of Morayland |date=1932 |publisher=Elgin |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 'The water wis dammed back bi the sand into a huge lake frae which it began tae escape bi a mair direct route tae the sea. than came unusually high floods tae which the barriers yielded. The pent up waters rushed along the new course, carryin wi them every vestige o the aulder Findhorn'.

[[File:Beach at Findhorn - geograph.org.uk - 1278415.jpg|thumb|Dunes tae the east o Findhorn]]The date gien frae this disaster varies but the consensus opinion gies it as 11th October 1702. Tho the final devastation came at nicht, thare wis nae loss o life due tae the astuteness o the villagers who had anticipated sic an ootcome frae some time an had already startit biggin noo hames aboot a mile south-east on the Muirtown Estate.

On returnin efter the flood, the fowk wis spellbound. Nae trace o thair hooses wis seen. Awthin haed disappeared aneth the sand. Frae that time tae this, the estate o Culbin hae been hailly buried bi the sand. A portion o the auld manse house kythet aboot a hunner year efter, like a ghostly spectre amidst the sand, an becam an objeck o superstitious interest tae the fowk o the neibourheid, inspecially as ane man wha hed cawed doon the chimley, haurd a vyce distinctly repone tae his caw. It hinderly disappeart sae suddently as it cam on the scene. The dovecote an chapel reappearet an aw, an thair ruins supplied stanes fur neibourin ferm biggins.

The remains o the dwellins o the second village (nou under the sea, aboot half mile north-west o the present mouth o the river) became an ideal habitat frae mussels, an large mussel scaups developed thare. This is confirmed in the account o a court case in 1762 which states '...the present principal mussel scalp stands upon the very spot whaur Sir James Calder's cellars stood in the auld town o Findhorn'. The harvestin o these mussels wis an important industry frae the fishermen o the new village.

[[File:Findhorn Bay from Piers - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lookin sooth frae the piers]]
The village built on the Muirtown Estate frae 1700 onwards is the present village o Findhorn. The stabilisation o the Culbin Sands bi the plantin o trees prevented further sand blows, tho the village suffered great sandstorms an it is recorded that sometimes the villagers had tae dig as muckle as twa feet o sand oot o thair gardens followin a westerly gale.

[[File:Findhorn Beach - geograph.org.uk - 884282.jpg|thumb|Groynes o Greenhart wood tae stap the saund frae blowin ]]
The erosion o the sand dunes on the North Shore bi winter storms had gien concern fur many years. The final breachin o the sand dunes teuk place in the winter o 1983 an the influx o a considerable amoont o seawater endangered the fabric o many houses in that area. This prompted the Local Authority tae resolve the problem fur once an frae aw. The sea defenses which are nou hidden bi marram grass on the shore side an sea deposited shinle on the ither, comprise a line o massive rocks risin some 20ft abuin beach level an extendin the length o the danger zone. This is supplemented bi groynes o Greenhart wood placed strategically tae arrest the migration o westward drift sand. So far these measures appear tae hiv been effective.

=== Fishin at Findhorn ===
In the 12t yearhunner, the monks o Kinloss Abbey haudit the saumon rights o the bay, an war credited wi buildin the Sturdy, a stone isle uised as a fishin pynt, strategically placed tae catch the run o fish tae an frae the River Findhorn an the Moray Firth. The Sturdy is still visible at low tide, as are some o the remains o one o the earliest kent methods o catchin saumon, the Yaars, which consisted o erectin wicker fences at low tide an as the tide came in the fish swam ower the fence tae be trapped as the tide ebbed.

In the 17t yearhunner Findhorn wis the principal seaport o Moray an Forres an cargo vessels regularly sailed tae an fraw aw pairts o the [[North Sea]] an as far as the Baltic Ports an involved in the export o saumon, grain, an ither goods, an in the import o coals. Tidal changes tae the narrow an shallow entrance tae the bay created obstacles tae navigation an as the size o tradin vessels increased so the volume o trade tae the village declined. Durin the nineteenth yearhunner fishin predominated.

Tho considered a secondary industry tae coastal tradin, fishin wis o major importance tae the village economy, employin up tae 160 men. Because o the natural safe anchorage, unique along the north-east coast, herrin drifters, yawls an zulu sailboats uised Findhorn as a base frae both net an line fishin in the Moray Firth. Catches o herrin an whitefish war landed on the shore, equally divided atween the crews, than peddled aroond the immediate area bi the fishwives, or alternately, as most fisher cottages had a tarred curin shed, converted tae kippers in the case o herrins, or a famous local delicacy, speldins, dried haddock.

At the ootset o the 1914–18 war, many zulus o the herrin fleet wis beached at Elvin pynt when the crews war cawed up frae active service, an the day, the skeletal remains o yon boats can still be seen on the foreshore. ithers war beached aroond the harbour area tae be broken up fur firewood, an frae Findhorn it wis the stairt o the end. The slow decline o the whitefish industry began due tae several unavoidable contributory factors, chiefly the unstoppable siltin up o the bay bi sand-drift frae the Culbins, an the increasin difficulty o negotiatin the sand bar at the estuary entrance caused bi long-shore drift. The last locally awnt yawls sailed in the early thirties bi which steam pouer an engines had taken ower frae sail.

fur some years after that boats, generally Scaffies an Fifies, frae Burghhead, Hopeman an as far as Buckie, continued tae call in tae glean the huge mussel scaups in the bay. It wis a tough job undertaken bi men an women, the mussels bein gaithered bi haund an carried in creels tae the waitin boats, o when under water, a trawl wis uised tae raise the mussels, a hard an difficult task. Later the mussels would be shelled an baited on the hundreds o hooks ready fur the next day's expeditions.

Gradually, ancillary jobs in the village associated wi fishin – boat buildin, sail-makin, net barkin, guttin an curin – waned, an apairt frae coble buildin, eventually disappeared.

=== Railwey ===
Frae 1860 tae 1869 a branch o railwey ran frae Kinloss tae the harbour at Findhorn frae the salmon fishermen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Findhorn Railway |url=https://www.railscot.co.uk/companies/F/Findhorn_Railway/ |website=RailScot |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It wis scunnert financially an wir closed frae passengers in 1869, an anley carried salmon an freight frae anither ten year before closin fur guid. The route o the wey can be made oot on fields durin dry spells, an it follaed the coast whaur the B9011 road is nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Old-Maps |url=https://www.old-maps.co.uk/#/Map/304500/864500/12/100163 |website=Old-Maps.co.uk |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saumon fishin ===
However, thare remained the commercial saumon fishin an in its hey-day Findhorn in the 1920's wis the control centre o the Moray Firth Salmon Fishin Company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Graham-Stewart |first1=Andrew |title=River Conon History |url=http://www.cononfishing.com/river-conon-history.asp |website=Conon Fishing |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; which operated 22 nettin stations dotted at intervals alang the coast frae Burghhead tae Balintore, wi crews o four or five men mannin the bothies. A series o leader nets on upright poles projected seawards whaur a maze o nettin made escape nearly impossible fur the unwary fish. Flat-bottomed, shallow-draught, 24 foot long cobles war uised tae collect the saumon frae the off-shore nets at suitable states o the tide, an records shaw that this method o fishin wis very successful, tho predatory seals war a constant maraudin enemy. Eventually the industry closed doun in 1987.

Inside the bay a different system kent locally as bangin wi uised, wi the fishin rights frae early last yearhunner tae the closure awnt bi C.R.Sellar an Company, an the buildins occupied bi Moray Water Sports war the bothies frae the crews nou. Bangin consisted o feedin oot nets frae the beach in a circular fashion in a smawer teep o coble frae ''stells'', as the fishin points war kent, an thare war several aroond the bay but most uised war the Glory Hole at the estuary mouth an the Sturdy. The sweep o the encirclin nets trapped the passin saumon on thair wey up or doun stream, an again record shaw some amazin 'hauls'. A keen rivalry developed atween boat crews fur the muckle catches durin the saumon fishin season, thit lastit frae the icy waters an sleety winds o Februar tae the sunny balmy days o August. Holiday makers teuk a great interest in watchin the bangers at wirk an anticipatin the catches an aw.

Saumon catches diminished durin the late 20t yearhunner, an that wey o life ended in 1987.

=== Findhorn X class yacht ===
The interest in pleasure sailin wis probably kindled when the country wis rekiverin frae the First World War. Records are vague but in the early 1920s thare war at least five local yawls.

Aw saumon fishers worked on a bonus system ower thair wages, which wis paid oot at the season's finish, the back-end as it wis kent, in August an in that month an aw, the annual regatta wis haudit. The regatta wis a family fun day haudit atween the piers wi a series o coble races, boat tug-o-wars an ither aquatic sports.

The first pleasure orientated boats tae appear at Findhorn in any significant numbers war the Lymington scows, which war purchased in the sooth. They war sturdy centre-board dinghies, 11ft.3in. long, wi a 60sq.ft. single lug sail rig. A class o these scows wis soon estaiblisht at Findhorn an it wis the competitive element derived frae regular Saturday sailin o these vessels that wis perhaps responsible mair than any ither sinle factor frae the formation o a yacht club.

In 1929 James Chadwick (the first Commodore) alang wi ither dinhy sailors, foondit the Findhorn Yacht Club. His home wis uised as the club meetin place an this buildin wis eventually tae end up as the clubhouse we keek the day. 1930 saw the first o the Findhorn class boats, an 18.ft. boat built wi local help, bi James Chadwick frae aboot £80. The actual prototype wis constructed in the premises (kent in latter days as Frankie's boat-shed) an a number o such boats war built an kent as the Findhorn X class. This X class is reputed tae be the forerunner tae the 18ft boat class. This fleet expanded tae ower twinty boats before the Second World War when pleasure sailin largely ceased. After the war the sailin slowly recovered an the club began tae flourish wi the membership expandin quite dramatically in the late fifties an sixties wi a resultant increase in cruisers an dinhies. In 1971 the Findhorn Yacht Club wis awardit the Royal title

== Suenos Stane ==
The proud Suenos Stane is steid juist ootside o Forres, owerlookin Findhorn Bay. It is the tallest in Scotland at seven metre tall, biggit in later 9t or 10t centuries, durin the time o [[Malcolm II o Scotland|kin Malcolm]]. It can be keeked juist north ae Forres on Timothy Pont's map as one o twa pillars, the secont stane is lost.

== Employment ==
In 2011 thare war 463 fowk in employment. The main wirk in the community included:

* Manufacturin: 6.9%
* Construction: 3.7%
* Wholesale an Retail: 8.9%
* Accommodation an Food: 8.2%
* Scientific: 7.6%
* Admin an Defense: 12.5%
* Education: 18.6%
* Health an Social: 13.8%

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Touns in Moray]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]</text>
      <sha1>mfcg8fdm6fxk83dpcrpkrqfpi8jvupl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924728</id>
      <parentid>924727</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T17:15:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munci</username>
        <id>6841</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redd up Scots</comment>
      <origin>924728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19953" sha1="8up08pddtyu61jvntwafbvmq4vd8d4a" xml:space="preserve">{{Featurt airticle|date=October 2020}}
{{infobox UK place
 |static_image_name=Findhorn.jpg
 |static_image_caption= Findhorn Ryal Yacht Club an The Crown an Anchor Inn
|country = Scotland
 |english_name= Findhorn
 |gaelic_name= Inbhir Èir&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|title=Findhorn|website=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162338/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |scots_name= Findhorn
 |os_grid_reference= NJ043643
 |map_type= Scotland
 |coordinates = {{coord|57.6573171|-3.6155305|display=inline,title}}
| population = 930
| population_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fid%2Fstatistical-geography%2FS19001521|title=statistics.gov.scot Findhorn|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2025-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414031022/https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/id/statistical-geography/S19001521|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  |unitary_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |post_town= FORRES
 |postcode_district = IV36
 |postcode_area= IV
 |dial_code= 01309
 |constituency_westminster= [[Moray (UK Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Moray (Scots Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 }}
The village o '''Findhorn''' is fund on the north-east shore o the Findhorn Bay an mouth o the River Findhorn, 30 mile east frae [[Innerness]].

== Etymology ==
Watson (1926) kens the name is frae ''Fionn Èire'', meanin ''White Ireland'' an &quot;nae dout it refers tae the white saunds o the firth&quot;. The dative ''Èireann'' gied rise tae the uiss o the Inglis ''erne'' in ither local names sic as Invererne, Cullerne an Earnhill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |title=The Celtic Place-names of Scotland |date=1926 |publisher=John Donald |isbn=978-1-906566-35-7 |page=229}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pont 9 Findhorn.jpg|thumb|Timothy Pont's map kiverin Findhorn]]It is mair likely that the name is frae the Pictish spoken in the airt. The Pict-Scot union o 843 broucht in Gaelic, Maxwell (1896)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=Herbert |title=Scottish land-names; their origin and meaning |date=1894 |publisher=W. Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishlandname00maxwuoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; kens the ''Fin'' is frae the Pictish ''Pit'', as in ''Pitlochery''. The ''orn'' is semply 'river', frae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''abhainn'', an [[Welsh leid|Auld Welsh]] ''afon''. The Gaelic influence wis suin cowped bi the sons o [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] thit brocht in an ancestor o modren [[Scots leid|Scots tung]] frae the [[Northumbrian]] byleid. Ken the lack o places stairtin wi ''Fin-'' an ''Pit-'' in the Gaelic speakin regions o the wast coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Richar A. V. |title=Modern Scottish Gaelic reflexes of two Pictish words: *pett and *lannerc |journal=Nomina |date=1997 |volume=20 |page=50 |url=http://www.snsbi.org.uk/Nomina_articles/Nomina_20_Cox.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Timothy Pont's map o 1593 the name o the village wittin ''Findorn'', an naurby ''The Barr o Findorne''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pont |first1=Timothy |title=Moray and Nairn – Pont 9 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |website=maps.nls.uk |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518013407/https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== History ==
=== Bronze Age ===
Fowk hae bed aroond Findhorn frae mair nor three thoosan year. In 1986 biggin wark kythed a cley burial urn&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Ian AG |title=A Cordoned Urn burial with faience from 102 Findhorn, Moray |journal=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=2001 |pages=101-128 |url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9551/9518/ |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; containin the remains o a quine o twinty five year an her bairn.

Lith beads an starn-shapit beads war fund in the urn an aw, these resemmle seemilar beads fund in soothren inle. Caurbon-datin reckons the beads, quine an bairn war frae aboot 1880 BC tae 1520 BC.

=== Three Villages ===
Athort the millennia the River Findhorn haes changed coorse monie time, the village o Findhorn haes haed tae muive wi it. Pont's cairt clear shaws the auld saund barr, whaur the river coorse went north an than wast juist north o Elvin pynt frae five mile tae whaur the Buckie Loch is nou.

Thare is an unnerwatter subterranean peat bed thit stends a distance intae the firth frae Burghhead Bay tae the east o Findhorn indicatin that thare wis yinst growthie forest vegetation. In the 19t yearhunner trunks o trees an ruits war dreggit up bi the anchors o ships lyin aff thare. E'en the day, muckle rafts o compactit peat come up on the North Shore o the Findhorn.

Aboot this forest steid an impressive man-makkit hill, 200 fit heich, cawed Douff hillock, this war airn-age in oreegin. It is in this region, a few mile north east o the praisent village, an nou unner the [[Moray Firth]] that some historians hiv placed the Findhorn o the [[Middle Ages]].

Wi nae stane available fur biggin atween the rivers Findhorn an Nairn, an nae roads tae help thaim, the tenants an cottars o the airt biggit thair hooses o feal an turve. The renewal o roofs an walls teuk up a considerable amoont o time ilk year an the feal dykes roond the infields hae tae be mainteened. Traditionally the feal frae the roch scuffin or carse war uised frae this purpose, an in the case o the Culbin airt the turf cappin the auld dunes on the shinle ridges war tirrt nakit, an bent gress pullt frae thatch. This exposed the saund ablo tae the wind. Turf wis needit fur mixin intae the middens tae mak compost, an while auld roofs an waws war dumpit thare, muckle mair
war dug up. The amoont o turf uised up bi a ferm toun fur these purposes wis surprisinly large, an in the case o the Culbin led tae extensive sandblowin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Ross |title=The Culbin Sands – Fact and Fiction |date=1 April 1989 |publisher=University of Aberdeen Centre for Scottish Studies |location=Aberdeen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:James Giles (1801 - 1870) - Findhorn - ABDAG002428 - Aberdeen City Council (Archives, Gallery and Museums Collection).jpg|thumb|Findhorn (1874) by James Giles (1801-1870) in Aiberdeen Art Gallery]]
Invasion o this airt bi blown saund war recordit as early as the year 1100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Steven |title=Buried past: The communities lost to sand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-28295928 |website=BBC |publisher=The British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; an at some time the first Findhorn is said tae hiv been inundatit an lost furiver under the Culbin Sands.

The village hae bed on the sooth bank o the river three or fower mile upstream frae its mooth at the Auld Bar, aboot the pynt whaur the river turnt wastwart on its journey parallel tae the edge o the firth an separated frae it bi sand banks. The attractiveness o the shelter affordit bi the river tae mariners wis tempert bi the problem o wind blown sand siltin up the herbour. In 1660 the villagers wis forced tae start the construction o new warehooses on the conter bank whaur the water wis deeper. The second village o Findhorn developpit aroond the warehouses athort the water frae the original village whilk wis kent as the 'Altoun' or auld toun.

This village is weel kent in the maps an writins o the 17th yearhunner. It wis regairdit as the principal port on the Moray Coast, providin sauf herbour fur vessels tradin wi the Baltic, Norway an the Laich Kintras as weel as ports aroond Scotland an England an servicin the touns frae Elgin tae Inverness. It wis made a Burgh o Barony in 1661.

In ten year prior tae 1702, the blown sand, whilk hed been causin sic devastation in Culbin, slawly chokit the River Findhorn. In the wirds o J.B. Ritchie (1938)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ritchie |first1=J. B. |title=The Pageant of Morayland |date=1932 |publisher=Elgin |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 'The water wis dammed back bi the sand into a huge lake frae which it began tae escape bi a mair direct route tae the sea. than came unusually high floods tae which the barriers yielded. The pent up waters rushed along the new course, carryin wi them every vestige o the aulder Findhorn'.

[[File:Beach at Findhorn - geograph.org.uk - 1278415.jpg|thumb|Dunes tae the east o Findhorn]]The date gien frae this disaster varies but the consensus opinion gies it as 11th October 1702. Tho the final devastation came at nicht, thare wis nae loss o life due tae the astuteness o the villagers who had anticipated sic an ootcome frae some time an had already startit biggin noo hames aboot a mile south-east on the Muirtown Estate.

On returnin efter the flood, the fowk wis spellbound. Nae trace o thair hooses wis seen. Awthin haed disappeared aneth the sand. Frae that time tae this, the estate o Culbin hae been hailly buried bi the sand. A portion o the auld manse house kythet aboot a hunner year efter, like a ghostly spectre amidst the sand, an becam an objeck o superstitious interest tae the fowk o the neibourheid, inspecially as ane man wha hed cawed doon the chimley, haurd a vyce distinctly repone tae his caw. It hinderly disappeart sae suddently as it cam on the scene. The dovecote an chapel reappearet an aw, an thair ruins supplied stanes fur neibourin ferm biggins.

The remains o the dwellins o the second village (nou under the sea, aboot half mile north-west o the present mouth o the river) became an ideal habitat frae mussels, an large mussel scaups developed thare. This is confirmed in the account o a court case in 1762 which states '...the present principal mussel scalp stands upon the very spot whaur Sir James Calder's cellars stood in the auld town o Findhorn'. The harvestin o these mussels wis an important industry frae the fishermen o the new village.

[[File:Findhorn Bay from Piers - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lookin sooth frae the piers]]
The village built on the Muirtown Estate frae 1700 onwart is the present village o Findhorn. The stabilisation o the Culbin Sands bi the plantin o trees prevenet faurer sand blaws, tho the village suffert sandstorms an it is recordit that whiles the villagers hed tae howk sae muckle as twa feet o sand oot o thair gardens followin a westerly gale.

[[File:Findhorn Beach - geograph.org.uk - 884282.jpg|thumb|Groynes o Greenhart wood tae stap the saund frae blowin ]]
The erosion o the sand dunes on the North Shore bi winter storms had gien concern fur mony years. The final breachin o the sand dunes teuk place in the winter o 1983 an the influx o a considerable amoont o seawater endangered the fabric o many houses in that area. This prompted the Local Authority tae resolve the problem fur once an frae aw. The sea defenses whilk is nou hidden bi marram gress on the shore side an sea depositit shinle on the ither, comprise a line o massive rocks risin some 20ft abuin beach level an stendin the lenth o the danger zone. This is supplementit bi groynes o Greenhart wid placed strategically tae arrest the migration o wastwart drift sand. Sae faur thir meisurs appear tae hiv been effective.

=== Fishin at Findhorn ===
In the 12t yearhunner, the monks o Kinloss Abbey haudit the saumon richts o the bay, an wis creditit wi buildin the Sturdy, a stane isle uised as a fishin pynt, strategically placet fur tae catch the rin o fish tae an frae the River Findhorn an the Moray Firth. The Sturdy is still visible at laich tide, as is some o the remeens o ane o the airliest kent methods o catchin saumon, the Yaars, whilk consistit o ereckin wicker fences at laich tide an as the tide came in the fish swam ower the fence tae be trappit as the tide ebbed.

In the 17t yearhunner Findhorn wis the principal seaport o Moray an Forres an cargo vessels raiglarly sailt tae an fraw aw pairts o the [[North Sea]] an sae faur as the Baltic Ports an involvet in the export o saumon, grain, an ither goods, an in the import o coals. Tidal cheenges tae the nairrae an shallae ingang tae the bay creautit obstacles tae navigaution an as the size o tradin vessels waxed sae the volume o trade tae the village declinet. Durin the nineteenth yearhunner fishin predominatit.

Tho considered a secondar industry tae coastal tradin, fishin wis o major importance tae the village economy, employin up tae 160 men. Acause o the naitral sauf anchorage, unique alang the north-east coast, herrin drifters, yawls an zulu sailboats uised Findhorn as a base frae baith net an line fishin in the Moray Firth. Catches o herrin an whitefish wis landit on the shore, equally dividit atween the crews, than peddled aroond the immediate area bi the fishwives, or alternately, as maist fisher cottages had a tarred curin shed, convertit tae kippers in the case o herrins, or a famous local delicacy, speldins, dried haddock.

At the ootset o the 1914–18 war, mony zulus o the herrin fleet wis beacht at Elvin pynt whan the crews wis cawed up frae active service, an the day, the skeletal remeens o yon boats can still be seen on the foreshore. Ithers wis beached aroond the herbour aurie tae be broken up fur firewid, an frae Findhorn it wis the stairt o the end. The slaw decline o the whitefish industry begoud due tae several wanevitable contributor factors, chiefly the wanstoppable siltin up o the bay bi sand-drift frae the Culbins, an the waxin difficulty o negotiatin the sand bar at the estuary ingang caused bi lang-shore drift. The lest locally awnt yawls sailt in the airly nineteen-thritties bi which steam pouer an engines hed taen ower frae sail.

Fur some years efter that boats, generally Scaffies an Fifies, frae Burghhead, Hopeman an sae faur as Buckie, conteenad tae caw in tae glean the huge mussel scaups in the bay. It wis a teuch job undertaen bi men an women, the mussels bein gaithert bi haund an cairriet in creels tae the waitin boats, o whan under the watter, a trawl wis uised fur tae raise the mussels, a difficult task. Later, the mussels wad be shelt an baitit on the hunners o heuks ready fur the neist day's expeditions.

Gradually, ancillary jobs in the village associated wi fishin – boat buildin, sail-makin, net barkin, guttin an curin – waned, an apairt frae coble buildin, eventually disappeared.

=== Railwey ===
Frae 1860 tae 1869 a brainch o railwey ran frae Kinloss tae the herbour at Findhorn frae the saumon fishermen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Findhorn Railway |url=https://www.railscot.co.uk/companies/F/Findhorn_Railway/ |website=RailScot |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It wis scunnert financially an wir closed frae passengers in 1869, an anley carried salmon an freight frae anither ten year before closin fur guid. The route o the wey can be made oot on fields durin dry spells, an it follaed the coast whaur the B9011 road is nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Old-Maps |url=https://www.old-maps.co.uk/#/Map/304500/864500/12/100163 |website=Old-Maps.co.uk |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saumon fishin ===
Housomeer, thare remeened the commercial saumon fishin an in its hey-day Findhorn in the 1920's wis the control centre o the Moray Firth Salmon Fishin Company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Graham-Stewart |first1=Andrew |title=River Conon History |url=http://www.cononfishing.com/river-conon-history.asp |website=Conon Fishing |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; whilk operatit 22 nettin stations dottit at intervals alang the coast frae Burghhead tae Balintore, wi crews o fower or five men mannin the bothies. A series o leader nets on upricht poles projeckit seawart whaur a maze o nettin made escape naur impossible fur the wanwary fish. Flat-bottomed, shallow-draught, 24 foot long cobles war uised tae collect the saumon frae the aff-shore nets at suitable states o the tide, an records shaw that this method o fishin wis gey sonsie, tho predator seals wis a constant maraudin enemy. Hinderly the industry closed doun in 1987.

Inside the bay a different seestem kent locally as bangin wi uised, wi the fishin richts frae airly last yearhunner tae the closure awnt bi C.R.Sellar an Company, an the buildins occupeed bi Moray Water Sports wis the bothies frae the crews nou. Bangin consistit o feedin oot nets frae the beach in a circular fashion in a smawer teep o coble frae ''stells'', as the fishin pynts war kent, an thare wis several aroond the bay but maist uised wis the Glory Hole at the estuary mooth an the Sturdy. The sweep o the encirclin nets trapped the passin saumon on thair wey up or doun the stream, an again record shaw some amazin 'hauls'. A keen rivalry developed atween boat crews fur the muckle catches durin the saumon fishin season, thit lastit frae the icy waters an sleety winds o Februar tae the sunny balmy days o August. Hailidaymakers teuk a great interest in watchin the bangers at wirk an anticipatin the catches an aw.

Saumon catches diminisht durin the late 20t yearhunner, an that wey o life endit in 1987.

=== Findhorn X class yacht ===
The interest in pleisur sailin wis likely kindlet whan the kintra wis rekiverin frae the First Warld War. Records is vague but in the airly 1920s thare wis leastweys five local yawls.

Aw saumon fishers wirkit on a bonus seestem ower thair wages, whilk wis paid oot at the saison's feenish, the back-end as it wis kent, in August an in that month an aw, the annual regatta wis haudit. The regatta wis a faimily fun day haudit atween the piers wi a series o coble races, boat tug-o-wars an ither aquatic sports.

The first pleisur orientate boats tae kythe at Findhorn in ony significant nummers wis the Lymington scows, whilk wis purchaset in the sooth. They war sturdy centre-board dinghies, 11ft.3in. long, wi a 60sq.ft. single lug sail rig. A class o these scows wis suin estaiblisht at Findhorn an it wis the competitive element derived frae raiglar Setturday sailin o these vessels that wis aiblins responsible mair nor ony ither sinle factor frae the formation o a yacht club.

In 1929 James Chadwick (the first Commodore) alang wi ither dinhy sailors, foondit the Findhorn Yacht Club. His home wis uised as the club meetin place an this buildin wis eventually tae end up as the clubhouse we keek the day. 1930 saw the first o the Findhorn class boats, an 18.ft. boat built wi local help, bi James Chadwick frae aboot £80. The actual prototype wis constructed in the premises (kent in latter days as Frankie's boat-shed) an a nummer o such boats war built an kent as the Findhorn X class. This X class is reputed tae be the forerunner tae the 18ft boat class. This fleet expandit tae ower twinty boats afore the Second World War whan pleisur sailin lairgely ceased. Efter the war the sailin slawly recovered an the club begoud tae flourish wi the memmership expandin dramatically in the late fifties an sixties wi a resultant waxin in cruisers an dinhies. In 1971 the Findhorn Yacht Club wis awairdit a Royal title.

== Suenos Stane ==
The proud Suenos Stane is steid juist ootside o Forres, owerlookin Findhorn Bay. It is the tallest in Scotland at seven metre tall, biggit in later 9t or 10t centuries, durin the time o [[Malcolm II o Scotland|kin Malcolm]]. It can be keeked juist north ae Forres on Timothy Pont's map as one o twa pillars, the secont stane is lost.

== Employment ==
In 2011 thare war 463 fowk in employment. The main wirk in the community included:

* Manufacturin: 6.9%
* Construction: 3.7%
* Wholesale an Retail: 8.9%
* Accommodation an Food: 8.2%
* Scientific: 7.6%
* Admin an Defense: 12.5%
* Education: 18.6%
* Health an Social: 13.8%

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Touns in Moray]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]</text>
      <sha1>8up08pddtyu61jvntwafbvmq4vd8d4a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924729</id>
      <parentid>924728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T17:44:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munci</username>
        <id>6841</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redd up Scots</comment>
      <origin>924729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19965" sha1="1082vnc6qsrhgytgychk58hk17fjl88" xml:space="preserve">{{Featurt airticle|date=October 2020}}
{{infobox UK place
 |static_image_name=Findhorn.jpg
 |static_image_caption= Findhorn Ryal Yacht Club an The Crown an Anchor Inn
|country = Scotland
 |english_name= Findhorn
 |gaelic_name= Inbhir Èir&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|title=Findhorn|website=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162338/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |scots_name= Findhorn
 |os_grid_reference= NJ043643
 |map_type= Scotland
 |coordinates = {{coord|57.6573171|-3.6155305|display=inline,title}}
| population = 930
| population_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fid%2Fstatistical-geography%2FS19001521|title=statistics.gov.scot Findhorn|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2025-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414031022/https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/id/statistical-geography/S19001521|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  |unitary_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |post_town= FORRES
 |postcode_district = IV36
 |postcode_area= IV
 |dial_code= 01309
 |constituency_westminster= [[Moray (UK Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Moray (Scots Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 }}
The village o '''Findhorn''' is fund on the north-east shore o the Findhorn Bay an mooth o the River Findhorn, 30 mile east frae [[Innerness]].

== Etymology ==
Watson (1926) kens the name is frae ''Fionn Èire'', meanin ''White Ireland'' an &quot;nae dout it refers tae the white saunds o the firth&quot;. The dative ''Èireann'' gied rise tae the uiss o the Inglis ''erne'' in ither local names sic as Invererne, Cullerne an Earnhill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |title=The Celtic Place-names of Scotland |date=1926 |publisher=John Donald |isbn=978-1-906566-35-7 |page=229}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pont 9 Findhorn.jpg|thumb|Timothy Pont's map kiverin Findhorn]]It is mair likely that the name is frae the Pictish spoken in the airt. The Pict-Scot union o 843 broucht in Gaelic, Maxwell (1896)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=Herbert |title=Scottish land-names; their origin and meaning |date=1894 |publisher=W. Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishlandname00maxwuoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; kens the ''Fin'' is frae the Pictish ''Pit'', as in ''Pitlochery''. The ''orn'' is semply 'river', frae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''abhainn'', an [[Welsh leid|Auld Welsh]] ''afon''. The Gaelic influence wis suin cowped bi the sons o [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] thit brocht in an ancestor o modren [[Scots leid|Scots tung]] frae the [[Northumbrian]] byleid. Ken the lack o places stairtin wi ''Fin-'' an ''Pit-'' in the Gaelic speakin regions o the wast coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Richar A. V. |title=Modern Scottish Gaelic reflexes of two Pictish words: *pett and *lannerc |journal=Nomina |date=1997 |volume=20 |page=50 |url=http://www.snsbi.org.uk/Nomina_articles/Nomina_20_Cox.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Timothy Pont's map o 1593 the name o the village wittin ''Findorn'', an naurby ''The Barr o Findorne''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pont |first1=Timothy |title=Moray and Nairn – Pont 9 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |website=maps.nls.uk |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518013407/https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== History ==
=== Bronze Age ===
Fowk hae bed aroond Findhorn frae mair nor three thoosan year. In 1986 biggin wark kythed a cley burial urn&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Ian AG |title=A Cordoned Urn burial with faience from 102 Findhorn, Moray |journal=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=2001 |pages=101-128 |url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9551/9518/ |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; containin the remains o a quine o twinty five year an her bairn.

Lith beads an starn-shapit beads wis fund in the urn an aw, thir resemmle seemilar beads fund in soothren inle. Caurbon-datin reckons the beads, quine an bairn wis frae aboot 1880 BC tae 1520 BC.

=== Three Villages ===
Athort the millennia the River Findhorn haes cheenget coorse monie time, the village o Findhorn haes haed tae muive wi it. Pont's cairt clear shaws the auld saund barr, whaur the river coorse gaed north an than wast juist north o Elvin pynt frae five mile tae whaur the Buckie Loch is nou.

Thare is an unnerwatter subterranean peat bed thit stends a distance intae the firth frae Burghhead Bay tae the east o Findhorn indicatin that thare wis yinst growthie forest vegetation. In the 19t yearhunner trunks o trees an ruits wis dreggit up bi the anchors o ships lyin aff thare. E'en the day, muckle rafts o compactit peat come up on the North Shore o the Findhorn.

Aboot this forest steid an impressive man-makkit hill, 200 fit heich, cawed Douff hillock, this wis airn-age in oreegin. It is in this region, a few mile north east o the praisent village, an nou unner the [[Moray Firth]] that some historians hiv placed the Findhorn o the [[Middle Ages]].

Wi nae stane available fur biggin atween the rivers Findhorn an Nairn, an nae roads tae help thaim, the tenants an cottars o the airt biggit thair hooses o feal an turve. The renewal o ruifs an was teuk up a considerable amoont o time ilk year an the feal dykes roond the infields haes tae be mainteened. Traditionally the feal frae the roch scuffin or carse war uised frae this ettle, an in the case o the Culbin airt the turf cappin the auld dunes on the shinle ridges wis tirrt nakit, an bent gress pout frae thatch. This exposed the saund ablo tae the wind. Turf wis needit fur mixin intae the middens fur tae mak compost, an while auld ruifs an waws wis dumpit thare, muckle mair wis howkit up. The amoont o turf uised up bi a ferm toun fur this ettle wis surpreesinly lairge, an in the case o the Culbin led tae extensive sandblawin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Ross |title=The Culbin Sands – Fact and Fiction |date=1 April 1989 |publisher=University of Aberdeen Centre for Scottish Studies |location=Aberdeen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:James Giles (1801 - 1870) - Findhorn - ABDAG002428 - Aberdeen City Council (Archives, Gallery and Museums Collection).jpg|thumb|Findhorn (1874) by James Giles (1801-1870) in Aiberdeen Art Gallery]]
Invasion o this airt bi blawn saund wis recordit sae airly as the year 1100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Steven |title=Buried past: The communities lost to sand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-28295928 |website=BBC |publisher=The British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; an at some time the first Findhorn is said tae hiv been inundatit an lost furiver under the Culbin Sands.

The village hae bed on the sooth bank o the river three or fower mile up the stream frae its mooth at the Auld Bar, aboot the pynt whaur the river turnt wastwart on its journey parallel tae the edge o the firth an separatit frae it bi sand banks. The attractiveness o the shelter affordit bi the river tae mariners wis tempert bi the problem o wind blown sand siltin up the herbour. In 1660 the villagers wis forced tae stert the construction o new warehooses on the conter bank whaur the water wis deeper. The second village o Findhorn developpit aroond the warehouses athort the water frae the original village whilk wis kent as the 'Altoun' or auld toun.

This village is weel kent in the maps an writins o the 17th yearhunner. It wis regairdit as the principal port on the Moray Coast, providin sauf herbour fur vessels tradin wi the Baltic, Norrowa an the Laich Kintras as weel as ports aroond Scotland an England an servicin the touns frae Elgin tae Innerness. It wis made a Burgh o Barony in 1661.

In the ten year prior tae 1702, the blown sand, whilk hed been causin sic devastation in Culbin, slawly chokit the River Findhorn. In the wirds o J.B. Ritchie (1938)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ritchie |first1=J. B. |title=The Pageant of Morayland |date=1932 |publisher=Elgin |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 'The water wis dammed back bi the sand into a huge lake frae which it began tae escape bi a mair direct route tae the sea. than came unusually high floods tae which the barriers yielded. The pent up waters rushed along the new course, carryin wi them every vestige o the aulder Findhorn'.

[[File:Beach at Findhorn - geograph.org.uk - 1278415.jpg|thumb|Dunes tae the east o Findhorn]]The date gien frae this disaster varies but the consensus opinion gies it as 11th October 1702. Tho the final devastation came at nicht, thare wis nae loss o life due tae the astuteness o the villagers wha hed anticipatit sic an ootcome fur some time an hed awready begoud biggin noo hames aboot a mile south-east on the Muirtown Estate.

On returnin efter the flood, the fowk wis spellbound. Nae trace o thair hooses wis seen. Awthin haed disappeared aneth the sand. Frae that time tae this, the estate o Culbin hae been hailly buried bi the sand. A portion o the auld manse house kythet aboot a hunner year efter, like a ghostly spectre amidst the sand, an becam an objeck o superstitious interest tae the fowk o the neibourheid, inspecially as ane man wha hed cawed doon the chimley, haurd a vyce distinctly repone tae his caw. It hinderly disappeart sae suddently as it cam on the scene. The dovecote an chapel reappearet an aw, an thair ruins supplied stanes fur neibourin ferm biggins.

The remains o the dwellins o the second village (nou under the sea, aboot half mile north-west o the present mouth o the river) became an ideal habitat frae mussels, an large mussel scaups developed thare. This is confirmed in the account o a court case in 1762 which states '...the present principal mussel scalp stands upon the very spot whaur Sir James Calder's cellars stood in the auld town o Findhorn'. The harvestin o these mussels wis an important industry frae the fishermen o the new village.

[[File:Findhorn Bay from Piers - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lookin sooth frae the piers]]
The village built on the Muirtown Estate frae 1700 onwart is the present village o Findhorn. The stabilisation o the Culbin Sands bi the plantin o trees prevenet faurer sand blaws, tho the village suffert sandstorms an it is recordit that whiles the villagers hed tae howk sae muckle as twa feet o sand oot o thair gardens followin a westerly gale.

[[File:Findhorn Beach - geograph.org.uk - 884282.jpg|thumb|Groynes o Greenhart wood tae stap the saund frae blowin ]]
The erosion o the sand dunes on the North Shore bi winter storms hed gien concern fur mony years. The final breachin o the sand dunes teuk place in the winter o 1983 an the influx o a considerable amoont o seawatter endangert the fabric o mony hooses in that area. This prompted the Local Authority tae resolve the problem fur once an frae aw. The sea defenses whilk is nou hidden bi marram gress on the shore side an sea depositit shinle on the ither, compreese a line o massive rocks risin some 20ft abuin beach leevel an stendin the lenth o the danger zone. This is supplementit bi groynes o Greenhart wid placed strategically tae arrest the migration o wastwart drift sand. Sae faur thir meisurs appear tae hiv been effective.

=== Fishin at Findhorn ===
In the 12t yearhunner, the monks o Kinloss Abbey haudit the saumon richts o the bay, an wis creditit wi buildin the Sturdy, a stane isle uised as a fishin pynt, strategically placet fur tae catch the rin o fish tae an frae the River Findhorn an the Moray Firth. The Sturdy is still visible at laich tide, as is some o the remeens o ane o the airliest kent methods o catchin saumon, the Yaars, whilk consistit o ereckin wicker fences at laich tide an as the tide came in the fish swam ower the fence tae be trappit as the tide ebbed.

In the 17t yearhunner Findhorn wis the principal seaport o Moray an Forres an cargo vessels raiglarly sailt tae an fraw aw pairts o the [[North Sea]] an sae faur as the Baltic Ports an involvet in the export o saumon, grain, an ither goods, an in the import o coals. Tidal cheenges tae the nairrae an shallae ingang tae the bay creautit obstacles tae navigaution an as the size o tradin vessels waxed sae the volume o trade tae the village declinet. Durin the nineteenth yearhunner fishin predominatit.

Tho considered a secondar industry tae coastal tradin, fishin wis o major importance tae the village economy, employin up tae 160 men. Acause o the naitral sauf anchorage, unique alang the north-east coast, herrin drifters, yawls an zulu sailboats uised Findhorn as a base frae baith net an line fishin in the Moray Firth. Catches o herrin an whitefish wis landit on the shore, equally dividit atween the crews, than peddled aroond the immediate area bi the fishwives, or alternately, as maist fisher cottages had a tarred curin shed, convertit tae kippers in the case o herrins, or a famous local delicacy, speldins, dried haddock.

At the ootset o the 1914–18 war, mony zulus o the herrin fleet wis beacht at Elvin pynt whan the crews wis cawed up frae active service, an the day, the skeletal remeens o yon boats can still be seen on the foreshore. Ithers wis beached aroond the herbour aurie tae be broken up fur firewid, an frae Findhorn it wis the stairt o the end. The slaw decline o the whitefish industry begoud due tae several wanevitable contributor factors, chiefly the wanstoppable siltin up o the bay bi sand-drift frae the Culbins, an the waxin difficulty o negotiatin the sand bar at the estuary ingang caused bi lang-shore drift. The lest locally awnt yawls sailt in the airly nineteen-thritties bi which steam pouer an engines hed taen ower frae sail.

Fur some years efter that boats, generally Scaffies an Fifies, frae Burghhead, Hopeman an sae faur as Buckie, conteenad tae caw in tae glean the huge mussel scaups in the bay. It wis a teuch job undertaen bi men an women, the mussels bein gaithert bi haund an cairriet in creels tae the waitin boats, o whan under the watter, a trawl wis uised fur tae raise the mussels, a difficult task. Later, the mussels wad be shelt an baitit on the hunners o heuks ready fur the neist day's expeditions.

Gradually, ancillary jobs in the village associated wi fishin – boat buildin, sail-makin, net barkin, guttin an curin – waned, an apairt frae coble buildin, eventually disappeared.

=== Railwey ===
Frae 1860 tae 1869 a brainch o railwey ran frae Kinloss tae the herbour at Findhorn frae the saumon fishermen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Findhorn Railway |url=https://www.railscot.co.uk/companies/F/Findhorn_Railway/ |website=RailScot |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It wis scunnert financially an wir closed frae passengers in 1869, an anley carried salmon an freight frae anither ten year before closin fur guid. The route o the wey can be made oot on fields durin dry spells, an it follaed the coast whaur the B9011 road is nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Old-Maps |url=https://www.old-maps.co.uk/#/Map/304500/864500/12/100163 |website=Old-Maps.co.uk |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saumon fishin ===
Housomeer, thare remeened the commercial saumon fishin an in its hey-day Findhorn in the 1920's wis the control centre o the Moray Firth Salmon Fishin Company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Graham-Stewart |first1=Andrew |title=River Conon History |url=http://www.cononfishing.com/river-conon-history.asp |website=Conon Fishing |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; whilk operatit 22 nettin stations dottit at intervals alang the coast frae Burghhead tae Balintore, wi crews o fower or five men mannin the bothies. A series o leader nets on upricht poles projeckit seawart whaur a maze o nettin made escape naur impossible fur the wanwary fish. Flat-bottomed, shallow-draught, 24 foot long cobles war uised tae collect the saumon frae the aff-shore nets at suitable states o the tide, an records shaw that this method o fishin wis gey sonsie, tho predator seals wis a constant maraudin enemy. Hinderly the industry closed doun in 1987.

Inside the bay a different seestem kent locally as bangin wi uised, wi the fishin richts frae airly last yearhunner tae the closure awnt bi C.R.Sellar an Company, an the buildins occupeed bi Moray Water Sports wis the bothies frae the crews nou. Bangin consistit o feedin oot nets frae the beach in a circular fashion in a smawer teep o coble frae ''stells'', as the fishin pynts war kent, an thare wis several aroond the bay but maist uised wis the Glory Hole at the estuary mooth an the Sturdy. The sweep o the encirclin nets trapped the passin saumon on thair wey up or doun the stream, an again record shaw some amazin 'hauls'. A keen rivalry developed atween boat crews fur the muckle catches durin the saumon fishin season, thit lastit frae the icy waters an sleety winds o Februar tae the sunny balmy days o August. Hailidaymakers teuk a great interest in watchin the bangers at wirk an anticipatin the catches an aw.

Saumon catches diminisht durin the late 20t yearhunner, an that wey o life endit in 1987.

=== Findhorn X class yacht ===
The interest in pleisur sailin wis likely kindlet whan the kintra wis rekiverin frae the First Warld War. Records is vague but in the airly 1920s thare wis leastweys five local yawls.

Aw saumon fishers wirkit on a bonus seestem ower thair wages, whilk wis paid oot at the saison's feenish, the back-end as it wis kent, in August an in that month an aw, the annual regatta wis haudit. The regatta wis a faimily fun day haudit atween the piers wi a series o coble races, boat tug-o-wars an ither aquatic sports.

The first pleisur orientate boats tae kythe at Findhorn in ony significant nummers wis the Lymington scows, whilk wis purchaset in the sooth. They war sturdy centre-board dinghies, 11ft.3in. long, wi a 60sq.ft. single lug sail rig. A class o these scows wis suin estaiblisht at Findhorn an it wis the competitive element derived frae raiglar Setturday sailin o these vessels that wis aiblins responsible mair nor ony ither sinle factor frae the formation o a yacht club.

In 1929 James Chadwick (the first Commodore) alang wi ither dinhy sailors, foondit the Findhorn Yacht Club. His home wis uised as the club meetin place an this buildin wis eventually tae end up as the clubhouse we keek the day. 1930 saw the first o the Findhorn class boats, an 18.ft. boat built wi local help, bi James Chadwick frae aboot £80. The actual prototype wis constructed in the premises (kent in latter days as Frankie's boat-shed) an a nummer o such boats war built an kent as the Findhorn X class. This X class is reputed tae be the forerunner tae the 18ft boat class. This fleet expandit tae ower twinty boats afore the Second World War whan pleisur sailin lairgely ceased. Efter the war the sailin slawly recovered an the club begoud tae flourish wi the memmership expandin dramatically in the late fifties an sixties wi a resultant waxin in cruisers an dinhies. In 1971 the Findhorn Yacht Club wis awairdit a Royal title.

== Suenos Stane ==
The proud Suenos Stane is steid juist ootside o Forres, owerlookin Findhorn Bay. It is the tallest in Scotland at seven metre tall, biggit in later 9t or 10t centuries, durin the time o [[Malcolm II o Scotland|kin Malcolm]]. It can be keeked juist north ae Forres on Timothy Pont's map as one o twa pillars, the secont stane is lost.

== Employment ==
In 2011 thare war 463 fowk in employment. The main wirk in the community included:

* Manufacturin: 6.9%
* Construction: 3.7%
* Wholesale an Retail: 8.9%
* Accommodation an Food: 8.2%
* Scientific: 7.6%
* Admin an Defense: 12.5%
* Education: 18.6%
* Health an Social: 13.8%

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Touns in Moray]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]</text>
      <sha1>1082vnc6qsrhgytgychk58hk17fjl88</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924730</id>
      <parentid>924729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T18:21:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>RV random graimmar change an OSD-level graimmar errors, an remuiv sum non-encyclopaedic content</comment>
      <origin>924730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19216" sha1="8hzfzpib5cqqmwi8jnigau41883achf" xml:space="preserve">{{Featurt airticle|date=October 2020}}
{{infobox UK place
 |static_image_name=Findhorn.jpg
 |static_image_caption= Findhorn Ryal Yacht Club an The Crown an Anchor Inn
|country = Scotland
 |english_name= Findhorn
 |gaelic_name= Inbhir Èir&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|title=Findhorn|website=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162338/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |scots_name= Findhorn
 |os_grid_reference= NJ043643
 |map_type= Scotland
 |coordinates = {{coord|57.6573171|-3.6155305|display=inline,title}}
| population = 930
| population_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fid%2Fstatistical-geography%2FS19001521|title=statistics.gov.scot Findhorn|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2025-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414031022/https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/id/statistical-geography/S19001521|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  |unitary_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |post_town= FORRES
 |postcode_district = IV36
 |postcode_area= IV
 |dial_code= 01309
 |constituency_westminster= [[Moray (UK Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Moray (Scots Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 }}
The village o '''Findhorn''' is fund on the north-east shore o the Findhorn Bay an mooth o the River Findhorn, 30 mile east frae [[Innerness]].

== Etymology ==
Watson (1926) kens the name is frae ''Fionn Èire'', meanin ''White Ireland'' an &quot;nae dout it refers tae the white saunds o the firth&quot;. The dative ''Èireann'' gied rise tae the uiss o the Inglis ''erne'' in ither local names sic as Invererne, Cullerne an Earnhill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |title=The Celtic Place-names of Scotland |date=1926 |publisher=John Donald |isbn=978-1-906566-35-7 |page=229}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pont 9 Findhorn.jpg|thumb|Timothy Pont's map kiverin Findhorn]]It is mair likely that the name is frae the Pictish spoken in the airt. The Pict-Scot union o 843 broucht in Gaelic, Maxwell (1896)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=Herbert |title=Scottish land-names; their origin and meaning |date=1894 |publisher=W. Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishlandname00maxwuoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; kens the ''Fin'' is frae the Pictish ''Pit'', as in ''Pitlochery''. The ''orn'' is semply 'river', frae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''abhainn'', an [[Welsh leid|Auld Welsh]] ''afon''. The Gaelic influence wis suin cowped bi the sons o [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] thit brocht in an ancestor o modren [[Scots leid|Scots tung]] frae the [[Northumbrian]] byleid. Ken the lack o places stairtin wi ''Fin-'' an ''Pit-'' in the Gaelic speakin regions o the wast coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Richar A. V. |title=Modern Scottish Gaelic reflexes of two Pictish words: *pett and *lannerc |journal=Nomina |date=1997 |volume=20 |page=50 |url=http://www.snsbi.org.uk/Nomina_articles/Nomina_20_Cox.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Timothy Pont's map o 1593 the name o the village wittin ''Findorn'', an naurby ''The Barr o Findorne''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pont |first1=Timothy |title=Moray and Nairn – Pont 9 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |website=maps.nls.uk |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518013407/https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== History ==
=== Bronze Age ===
Fowk hae bed aroond Findhorn frae mair nor three thoosan year. In 1986 biggin wark kythed a cley burial urn&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Ian AG |title=A Cordoned Urn burial with faience from 102 Findhorn, Moray |journal=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=2001 |pages=101-128 |url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9551/9518/ |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; containin the remains o a quine o twinty five year an her bairn.

Lith beads an starn-shapit beads wis fund in the urn an aw, that resemmle seemilar beads fund in soothren inle. Caurbon-datin reckons the beads, quine an bairn war frae aboot 1880 BC tae 1520 BC.

=== Three Villages ===
Athort the millennia the River Findhorn haes changed coorse monie time, the village o Findhorn haes haed tae muive wi it. Pont's cairt clear shaws the auld saund barr, whaur the river coorse gaed north an than wast juist north o Elvin pynt frae five mile tae whaur the Buckie Loch is nou.

Thare is an unnerwatter subterranean peat bed thit stends a distance intae the firth frae Burghhead Bay tae the east o Findhorn indicatin that thare wis yinst growthie forest vegetation. In the 19t yearhunner trunks o trees an ruits war dreggit up bi the anchors o ships lyin aff thare. E'en the day, muckle rafts o compactit peat come up on the North Shore o the Findhorn.

Aboot this forest steid an impressive man-makkit hill, 200 fit heich, cawed Douff hillock, this war airn-age in oreegin. It is in this region, a few mile north east o the praisent village, an nou unner the [[Moray Firth]] that some historians hiv placed the Findhorn o the [[Middle Ages]].

Wi nae stane available fur biggin atween the rivers Findhorn an Nairn, an nae roads tae help thaim, the tenants an cottars o the airt biggit thair hooses o feal an turve. The renewal o ruifs an was teuk up a considerable amoont o time ilk year an the feal dykes roond the infields haes tae be mainteened. Traditionally the feal frae the roch scuffin or carse war uised frae this ettle, an in the case o the Culbin airt the turf cappin the auld dunes on the shinle ridges war tirrt nakit, an bent gress pout frae thatch. This exposed the saund ablo tae the wind. Turf wis needit fur mixin intae the middens fur tae mak compost, an while auld ruifs an waws war dumpit thare, muckle mair wis howkit up. The amoont o turf uised up bi a ferm toun fur this ettle wis surpreesinly lairge, an in the case o the Culbin led tae extensive sandblawin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Ross |title=The Culbin Sands – Fact and Fiction |date=1 April 1989 |publisher=University of Aberdeen Centre for Scottish Studies |location=Aberdeen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:James Giles (1801 - 1870) - Findhorn - ABDAG002428 - Aberdeen City Council (Archives, Gallery and Museums Collection).jpg|thumb|Findhorn (1874) by James Giles (1801-1870) in Aiberdeen Art Gallery]]
Invasion o this airt bi blawn saund war recordit sae airly as the year 1100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Steven |title=Buried past: The communities lost to sand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-28295928 |website=BBC |publisher=The British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; an at some time the first Findhorn is said tae hiv been inundatit an lost furiver under the Culbin Sands.

The village hae bed on the sooth bank o the river three or fower mile up the stream frae its mooth at the Auld Bar, aboot the pynt whaur the river turnt wastwart on its journey parallel tae the edge o the firth an separatit frae it bi sand banks. The attractiveness o the shelter affordit bi the river tae mariners wis tempert bi the problem o wind blown sand siltin up the herbour. In 1660 the villagers war forced tae stert the construction o new warehooses on the opposite bank whaur the water wis deeper. The second village o Findhorn developpit aroond the warehouses across the water frae the original village that wis kent as the 'Altoun' or auld toun.

This village is weel kent in the maps an writins o the 17th yearhunner. It wis regairdit as the principal port on the Moray Coast, providin sauf herbour fur vessels tradin wi the Baltic, Norrowa an the Laich Kintras as weel as ports aroond Scotland an England an servicin the touns frae Elgin tae Innerness. It wis made a Burgh o Barony in 1661.

In the ten year prior tae 1702, the blown sand, whilk hed been causin sic devastation in Culbin, slawly chokit the River Findhorn. In the wirds o J.B. Ritchie (1938)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ritchie |first1=J. B. |title=The Pageant of Morayland |date=1932 |publisher=Elgin |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 'The water wis dammed back bi the sand into a huge lake frae which it began tae escape bi a mair direct route tae the sea. than came unusually high floods tae which the barriers yielded. The pent up waters rushed along the new course, carryin wi them every vestige o the aulder Findhorn'.

[[File:Beach at Findhorn - geograph.org.uk - 1278415.jpg|thumb|Dunes tae the east o Findhorn]]The date gien frae this disaster varies but the consensus opinion gies it as 11th October 1702. Tho the final devastation came at nicht, thare wis nae loss o life due tae the astuteness o the villagers wha hed anticipatit sic an ootcome fur some time an hed awready begoud biggin noo hames aboot a mile south-east on the Muirtown Estate.

The remains o the dwellins o the second village (nou under the sea, aboot half mile north-west o the present mouth o the river) became an ideal habitat frae mussels, an large mussel scaups developed thare. This is confirmed in the account o a court case in 1762 which states '...the present principal mussel scalp stands upon the very spot whaur Sir James Calder's cellars stood in the auld town o Findhorn'. The harvestin o these mussels wis an important industry frae the fishermen o the new village.

[[File:Findhorn Bay from Piers - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lookin sooth frae the piers]]
The village built on the Muirtown Estate frae 1700 onwart is the present village o Findhorn. The stabilisation o the Culbin Sands bi the plantin o trees prevenet faurer sand blaws, tho the village suffert sandstorms an it is recordit that whiles the villagers hed tae howk sae muckle as twa feet o sand oot o thair gardens followin a westerly gale.

[[File:Findhorn Beach - geograph.org.uk - 884282.jpg|thumb|Groynes o Greenhart wood tae stap the saund frae blowin ]]
The erosion o the sand dunes on the North Shore bi winter storms hed gien concern fur mony years. The final breachin o the sand dunes teuk place in the winter o 1983 an the influx o a considerable amoont o seawatter endangert the fabric o mony hooses in that area. This prompted the Local Authority tae resolve the problem fur once an frae aw. The sea defenses whilk is nou hidden bi marram gress on the shore side an sea depositit shinle on the ither, compreese a line o massive rocks risin some 20ft abuin beach leevel an stendin the lenth o the danger zone. This is supplementit bi groynes o Greenhart wid placed strategically tae arrest the migration o wastwart drift sand. Sae faur thir meisurs appear tae hiv been effective.

=== Fishin at Findhorn ===
In the 12t yearhunner, the monks o Kinloss Abbey haudit the saumon richts o the bay, an war creditit wi buildin the Sturdy, a stane isle uised as a fishin pynt, strategically placet fur tae catch the rin o fish tae an frae the River Findhorn an the Moray Firth. The Sturdy is still visible at laich tide, as is some o the remeens o ane o the airliest kent methods o catchin saumon, the Yaars, whilk consistit o ereckin wicker fences at laich tide an as the tide came in the fish swam ower the fence tae be trappit as the tide ebbed.

In the 17t yearhunner Findhorn wis the principal seaport o Moray an Forres an cargo vessels raiglarly sailt tae an fraw aw pairts o the [[North Sea]] an sae faur as the Baltic Ports an involvet in the export o saumon, grain, an ither goods, an in the import o coals. Tidal changes tae the nairrae an shallae ingang tae the bay creatit obstacles tae navigaution an as the size o tradin vessels waxed sae the volume o trade tae the village declinet. Durin the nineteenth yearhunner fishin predominatit.

Tho considered a secondar industry tae coastal tradin, fishin wis o major importance tae the village economy, employin up tae 160 men. Acause o the naitral sauf anchorage, unique alang the north-east coast, herrin drifters, yawls an zulu sailboats uised Findhorn as a base frae baith net an line fishin in the Moray Firth. Catches o herrin an whitefish war landit on the shore, equally dividit atween the crews, than peddled aroond the immediate area bi the fishwives, or alternately, as maist fisher cottages had a tarred curin shed, convertit tae kippers in the case o herrins, or a famous local delicacy, speldins, dried haddock.

At the ootset o the 1914–18 war, mony zulus o the herrin fleet war beacht at Elvin pynt whan the crews war cawed up frae active service, an the day, the skeletal remeens o yon boats can still be seen on the foreshore. Ithers war beached aroond the herbour area tae be broken up fur firewid. The slaw decline o the whitefish industry begoud due tae several wanevitable contributor factors, chiefly the wanstoppable siltin up o the bay bi sand-drift frae the Culbins, an the waxin difficulty o negotiatin the sand bar at the estuary ingang caused bi lang-shore drift. The lest locally awnt yawls sailt in the airly nineteen-thritties bi which steam pouer an engines hed taen ower frae sail.

Fur some years efter that boats, generally Scaffies an Fifies, frae Burghhead, Hopeman an sae faur as Buckie, conteenad tae caw in tae glean the huge mussel scaups in the bay. The mussels war bein gaithert bi haund an cairriet in creels tae the waitin boats, o whan under the watter, a trawl wis uised fur tae raise the mussels, a difficult task. Later, the mussels wad be shelt an baitit on the hunners o heuks ready fur the neist day's expeditions.

Gradually, ancillary jobs in the village associated wi fishin – boat buildin, sail-makin, net barkin, guttin an curin – waned, an apairt frae coble buildin, eventually disappeared.

=== Railwey ===
Frae 1860 tae 1869 a brainch o railwey ran frae Kinloss tae the herbour at Findhorn frae the saumon fishermen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Findhorn Railway |url=https://www.railscot.co.uk/companies/F/Findhorn_Railway/ |website=RailScot |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It wis scunnert financially an wis closed frae passengers in 1869, an anley carried salmon an freight frae anither ten year before closin fur guid. The route o the wey can be made oot on fields durin dry spells, an it follaed the coast whaur the B9011 road is nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Old-Maps |url=https://www.old-maps.co.uk/#/Map/304500/864500/12/100163 |website=Old-Maps.co.uk |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saumon fishin ===
Housomeer, thare remeened the commercial saumon fishin an in its hey-day Findhorn in the 1920's wis the control centre o the Moray Firth Salmon Fishin Company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Graham-Stewart |first1=Andrew |title=River Conon History |url=http://www.cononfishing.com/river-conon-history.asp |website=Conon Fishing |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; whilk operatit 22 nettin stations dottit at intervals alang the coast frae Burghhead tae Balintore, wi crews o fower or five men mannin the bothies. A series o leader nets on upricht poles projeckit seawart whaur a maze o nettin made escape naur impossible fur the wanwary fish. Flat-bottomed, shallow-draught, 24 foot long cobles war uised tae collect the saumon frae the aff-shore nets at suitable states o the tide, an records shaw that this method o fishin wis gey sonsie, tho predator seals war a constant maraudin enemy. Hinderly the industry closed doun in 1987.

Inside the bay a different system kent locally as bangin wi uised, wi the fishin richts frae airly last yearhunner tae the closure awnt bi C.R.Sellar an Company, an the buildins occupeed bi Moray Water Sports wis the bothies frae the crews nou. Bangin consistit o feedin oot nets frae the beach in a circular fashion in a smawer teep o coble frae ''stells'', as the fishin pynts war kent, an thare war several aroond the bay but maist uised wis the Glory Hole at the estuary mooth an the Sturdy. The sweep o the encirclin nets trapped the passin saumon on thair wey up or doun the stream, an again record shaw some amazin 'hauls'. A keen rivalry developed atween boat crews fur the muckle catches durin the saumon fishin season, thit lastit frae the icy waters an sleety winds o Februar tae the sunny balmy days o August. Hailidaymakers teuk a great interest in watchin the bangers at wirk an anticipatin the catches an aw.

Saumon catches diminisht durin the late 20t yearhunner, an that wey o life endit in 1987.

=== Findhorn X class yacht ===
The interest in pleisur sailin wis likely kindlet whan the kintra wis rekiverin frae the First Warld War. Records is vague but in the airly 1920s thare wis leastweys five local yawls.

Aw saumon fishers wirkit on a bonus system ower thair wages, whilk wis paid oot at the saison's feenish, the back-end as it wis kent, in August an in that month an aw, the annual regatta wis haudit. The regatta wis a faimily fun day haudit atween the piers wi a series o coble races, boat tug-o-wars an ither aquatic sports.

The first pleisur orientate boats tae kythe at Findhorn in ony significant nummers war the Lymington scows, whilk wis purchaset in the sooth. They war sturdy centre-board dinghies, 11ft.3in. long, wi a 60sq.ft. single lug sail rig. A class o these scows war suin estaiblisht at Findhorn an it wis the competitive element derived frae raiglar Setturday sailin o these vessels that wis aiblins responsible mair nor ony ither sinle factor frae the formation o a yacht club.

In 1929 James Chadwick (the first Commodore) alang wi ither dinhy sailors, foondit the Findhorn Yacht Club. His hame wis uised as the club meetin place an this buildin wis eventually tae end up as the clubhouse uised the day. 1930 saw the first o the Findhorn class boats, an 18.ft. boat built wi local help, bi James Chadwick frae aboot £80. The actual prototype wis constructed in the premises (kent in latter days as Frankie's boat-shed) an a nummer o such boats war built an kent as the Findhorn X class. This X class is reputed tae be the forerunner tae the 18ft boat class. This fleet expandit tae ower twinty boats afore the Second World War whan pleisur sailin lairgely ceased. Efter the war the sailin slawly recovered an the club begoud tae flourish wi the memmership expandin dramatically in the late fifties an sixties wi a resultant waxin in cruisers an dinhies. In 1971 the Findhorn Yacht Club wis awairdit a Royal title.

== Suenos Stane ==
The proud Suenos Stane is steid juist ootside o Forres, owerlookin Findhorn Bay. It is the tallest in Scotland at seven metre tall, biggit in later 9t or 10t centuries, durin the time o [[Malcolm II o Scotland|kin Malcolm]]. It can be keeked juist north ae Forres on Timothy Pont's map as one o twa pillars, the secont stane is lost.

== Employment ==
In 2011 thare war 463 fowk in employment. The main wirk in the community included:

* Manufacturin: 6.9%
* Construction: 3.7%
* Wholesale an Retail: 8.9%
* Accommodation an Food: 8.2%
* Scientific: 7.6%
* Admin an Defense: 12.5%
* Education: 18.6%
* Health an Social: 13.8%

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Touns in Moray]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]</text>
      <sha1>8hzfzpib5cqqmwi8jnigau41883achf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924761</id>
      <parentid>924730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T10:10:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munci</username>
        <id>6841</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redd up Scots, includin 'stone'</comment>
      <origin>924761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19203" sha1="rto6miifj3pc1zi5wqccnihj20a3sbs" xml:space="preserve">{{Featurt airticle|date=October 2020}}
{{infobox UK place
 |static_image_name=Findhorn.jpg
 |static_image_caption= Findhorn Ryal Yacht Club an The Crown an Anchor Inn
|country = Scotland
 |english_name= Findhorn
 |gaelic_name= Inbhir Èir&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|title=Findhorn|website=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162338/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/findhorn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |scots_name= Findhorn
 |os_grid_reference= NJ043643
 |map_type= Scotland
 |coordinates = {{coord|57.6573171|-3.6155305|display=inline,title}}
| population = 930
| population_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fid%2Fstatistical-geography%2FS19001521|title=statistics.gov.scot Findhorn|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=2025-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414031022/https://statistics.gov.scot/atlas/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/id/statistical-geography/S19001521|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  |unitary_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Moray]]
 |post_town= FORRES
 |postcode_district = IV36
 |postcode_area= IV
 |dial_code= 01309
 |constituency_westminster= [[Moray (UK Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Moray (Scots Pairliament constituency)|Moray]]
 }}
The village o '''Findhorn''' is fund on the north-east shore o the Findhorn Bay an mooth o the River Findhorn, 30 mile east frae [[Innerness]].

== Etymology ==
Watson (1926) kens the name is frae ''Fionn Èire'', meanin ''White Ireland'' an &quot;nae dout it refers tae the white saunds o the firth&quot;. The dative ''Èireann'' gied rise tae the uiss o the Inglis ''erne'' in ither local names sic as Invererne, Cullerne an Earnhill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |title=The Celtic Place-names of Scotland |date=1926 |publisher=John Donald |isbn=978-1-906566-35-7 |page=229}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pont 9 Findhorn.jpg|thumb|Timothy Pont's map kiverin Findhorn]]It is mair likely that the name is frae the Pictish spoken in the airt. The Pict-Scot union o 843 broucht in Gaelic, Maxwell (1896)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=Herbert |title=Scottish land-names; their origin and meaning |date=1894 |publisher=W. Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishlandname00maxwuoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; kens the ''Fin'' is frae the Pictish ''Pit'', as in ''Pitlochery''. The ''orn'' is semply 'river', frae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''abhainn'', an [[Welsh leid|Auld Welsh]] ''afon''. The Gaelic influence wis suin cowped bi the sons o [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] thit brocht in an ancestor o modren [[Scots leid|Scots tung]] frae the [[Northumbrian]] byleid. Ken the lack o places stairtin wi ''Fin-'' an ''Pit-'' in the Gaelic speakin regions o the wast coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Richar A. V. |title=Modern Scottish Gaelic reflexes of two Pictish words: *pett and *lannerc |journal=Nomina |date=1997 |volume=20 |page=50 |url=http://www.snsbi.org.uk/Nomina_articles/Nomina_20_Cox.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Timothy Pont's map o 1593 the name o the village wittin ''Findorn'', an naurby ''The Barr o Findorne''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pont |first1=Timothy |title=Moray and Nairn – Pont 9 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |website=maps.nls.uk |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518013407/https://maps.nls.uk/view/00002297 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== History ==
=== Bronze Age ===
Fowk hae bed aroond Findhorn frae mair nor three thoosan year. In 1986 biggin wark kythed a cley burial urn&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=Ian AG |title=A Cordoned Urn burial with faience from 102 Findhorn, Moray |journal=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |date=2001 |pages=101-128 |url=http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9551/9518/ |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; containin the remains o a quine o twinty five year an her bairn.

Lith beads an starn-shapit beads wis fund in the urn an aw, that resemmle seemilar beads fund in soothren inle. Caurbon-datin reckons the beads, quine an bairn war frae aboot 1880 BC tae 1520 BC.

=== Three Villages ===
Athort the millennia the River Findhorn haes changed coorse monie time, the village o Findhorn haes haed tae muive wi it. Pont's cairt clear shaws the auld saund barr, whaur the river coorse gaed north an than wast juist north o Elvin pynt frae five mile tae whaur the Buckie Loch is nou.

Thare is an unnerwatter subterranean peat bed thit stends a distance intae the firth frae Burghhead Bay tae the east o Findhorn indicatin that thare wis yinst growthie forest vegetation. In the 19t yearhunner trunks o trees an ruits war dreggit up bi the anchors o ships lyin aff thare. E'en the day, muckle rafts o compactit peat come up on the North Shore o the Findhorn.

Aboot this forest steid an impressive man-makkit hill, 200 fit heich, cawed Douff hillock, this war airn-age in oreegin. It is in this region, a few mile north east o the praisent village, an nou unner the [[Moray Firth]] that some historians hiv placed the Findhorn o the [[Middle Ages]].

Wi nae stane available fur biggin atween the rivers Findhorn an Nairn, an nae roads tae help thaim, the tenants an cottars o the airt biggit thair hooses o feal an turve. The renewal o ruifs an was teuk up a considerable amoont o time ilk year an the feal dykes roond the infields haes tae be mainteened. Traditionally the feal frae the roch scuffin or carse war uised frae this ettle, an in the case o the Culbin airt the turf cappin the auld dunes on the shinle ridges war tirrt nakit, an bent gress pout frae thatch. This exposed the saund ablo tae the wind. Turf wis needit fur mixin intae the middens fur tae mak compost, an while auld ruifs an waws war dumpit thare, muckle mair wis howkit up. The amoont o turf uised up bi a ferm toun fur this ettle wis surpreesinly lairge, an in the case o the Culbin led tae extensive sandblawin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Ross |title=The Culbin Sands – Fact and Fiction |date=1 April 1989 |publisher=University of Aberdeen Centre for Scottish Studies |location=Aberdeen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:James Giles (1801 - 1870) - Findhorn - ABDAG002428 - Aberdeen City Council (Archives, Gallery and Museums Collection).jpg|thumb|Findhorn (1874) by James Giles (1801-1870) in Aiberdeen Art Gallery]]
Invasion o this airt bi blawn saund war recordit sae airly as the year 1100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Steven |title=Buried past: The communities lost to sand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-28295928 |website=BBC |publisher=The British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; an at some time the first Findhorn is said tae hiv been inundatit an lost furiver under the Culbin Sands.

The village hae bed on the sooth bank o the river three or fower mile up the stream frae its mooth at the Auld Bar, aboot the pynt whaur the river turnt wastwart on its journey parallel tae the edge o the firth an separatit frae it bi sand banks. The attractiveness o the shelter affordit bi the river tae mariners wis tempert bi the problem o wind blown sand siltin up the herbour. In 1660 the villagers war forced tae stert the construction o new warehooses on the opposite bank whaur the water wis deeper. The second village o Findhorn developpit aroond the warehouses across the water frae the original village that wis kent as the 'Altoun' or auld toun.

This village is weel kent in the maps an writins o the 17th yearhunner. It wis regairdit as the principal port on the Moray Coast, providin sauf herbour fur vessels tradin wi the Baltic, Norrowa an the Laich Kintras as weel as ports aroond Scotland an England an servicin the touns frae Elgin tae Innerness. It wis made a Burgh o Barony in 1661.

In the ten year prior tae 1702, the blown sand, whilk hed been causin sic devastation in Culbin, slawly chokit the River Findhorn. In the wirds o J.B. Ritchie (1938)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ritchie |first1=J. B. |title=The Pageant of Morayland |date=1932 |publisher=Elgin |page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 'The water wis dammed back bi the sand into a huge lake frae which it began tae escape bi a mair direct route tae the sea. than came unusually high floods tae which the barriers yielded. The pent up waters rushed along the new course, carryin wi them every vestige o the aulder Findhorn'.

[[File:Beach at Findhorn - geograph.org.uk - 1278415.jpg|thumb|Dunes tae the east o Findhorn]]The date gien frae this disaster varies but the consensus opinion gies it as 11th October 1702. Tho the final devastation came at nicht, thare wis nae loss o life due tae the astuteness o the villagers wha hed anticipatit sic an ootcome fur some time an hed awready begoud biggin noo hames aboot a mile south-east on the Muirtown Estate.

The remains o the dwellins o the second village (nou under the sea, aboot half mile north-west o the present mouth o the river) became an ideal habitat frae mussels, an large mussel scaups developed thare. This is confirmed in the account o a court case in 1762 which states '...the present principal mussel scalp stands upon the very spot whaur Sir James Calder's cellars stood in the auld town o Findhorn'. The harvestin o these mussels wis an important industry frae the fishermen o the new village.

[[File:Findhorn Bay from Piers - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Lookin sooth frae the piers]]
The village built on the Muirtown Estate frae 1700 onwart is the present village o Findhorn. The stabilisation o the Culbin Sands bi the plantin o trees prevenet faurer sand blaws, tho the village suffert sandstorms an it is recordit that whiles the villagers hed tae howk sae muckle as twa feet o sand oot o thair gardens followin a westerly gale.

[[File:Findhorn Beach - geograph.org.uk - 884282.jpg|thumb|Groynes o Greenhart wood tae stap the saund frae blowin ]]
The erosion o the sand dunes on the North Shore bi winter storms hed gien concern fur mony years. The final breachin o the sand dunes teuk place in the winter o 1983 an the influx o a considerable amoont o seawatter endangert the fabric o mony hooses in that area. This prompted the Local Authority tae resolve the problem fur once an frae aw. The sea defenses whilk is nou hidden bi marram gress on the shore side an sea depositit shinle on the ither, compreese a line o massive rocks risin some 20ft abuin beach leevel an stendin the lenth o the danger zone. This is supplementit bi groynes o Greenhart wid placed strategically tae arrest the migration o wastwart drift sand. Sae faur thir meisurs appear tae hiv been effective.

=== Fishin at Findhorn ===
In the 12t yearhunner, the monks o Kinloss Abbey haudit the saumon richts o the bay, an war creditit wi buildin the Sturdy, a stane isle uised as a fishin pynt, strategically placet fur tae catch the rin o fish tae an frae the River Findhorn an the Moray Firth. The Sturdy is still visible at laich tide, as is some o the remeens o ane o the airliest kent methods o catchin saumon, the Yaars, whilk consistit o ereckin wicker fences at laich tide an as the tide came in the fish swam ower the fence tae be trappit as the tide ebbed.

In the 17t yearhunner Findhorn wis the principal seaport o Moray an Forres an cargo vessels raiglarly sailt tae an fraw aw pairts o the [[North Sea]] an sae faur as the Baltic Ports an involvet in the export o saumon, grain, an ither goods, an in the import o coals. Tidal changes tae the nairrae an shallae ingang tae the bay creatit obstacles tae navigaution an as the size o tradin vessels waxed sae the volume o trade tae the village declinet. Durin the nineteenth yearhunner fishin predominatit.

Tho considered a secondar industry tae coastal tradin, fishin wis o major importance tae the village economy, employin up tae 160 men. Acause o the naitral sauf anchorage, unique alang the north-east coast, herrin drifters, yawls an zulu sailboats uised Findhorn as a base frae baith net an line fishin in the Moray Firth. Catches o herrin an whitefish war landit on the shore, equally dividit atween the crews, than peddled aroond the immediate area bi the fishwives, or alternately, as maist fisher cottages had a tarred curin shed, convertit tae kippers in the case o herrins, or a famous local delicacy, speldins, dried haddock.

At the ootset o the 1914–18 war, mony zulus o the herrin fleet war beacht at Elvin pynt whan the crews war cawed up frae active service, an the day, the skeletal remeens o yon boats can still be seen on the foreshore. Ithers war beached aroond the herbour area tae be broken up fur firewid. The slaw decline o the whitefish industry begoud due tae several wanevitable contributor factors, chiefly the wanstoppable siltin up o the bay bi sand-drift frae the Culbins, an the waxin difficulty o negotiatin the sand bar at the estuary ingang caused bi lang-shore drift. The lest locally awnt yawls sailt in the airly nineteen-thritties bi which steam pouer an engines hed taen ower frae sail.

Fur some years efter that boats, generally Scaffies an Fifies, frae Burghhead, Hopeman an sae faur as Buckie, conteenad tae caw in tae glean the huge mussel scaups in the bay. The mussels war bein gaithert bi haund an cairriet in creels tae the waitin boats, o whan under the watter, a trawl wis uised fur tae raise the mussels, a difficult task. Later, the mussels wad be shelt an baitit on the hunners o heuks ready fur the neist day's expeditions.

Gradually, ancillary jobs in the village associated wi fishin – boat buildin, sail-makin, net barkin, guttin an curin – waned, an apairt frae coble buildin, eventually disappeared.

=== Railwey ===
Frae 1860 tae 1869 a brainch o railwey ran frae Kinloss tae the herbour at Findhorn frae the saumon fishermen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Findhorn Railway |url=https://www.railscot.co.uk/companies/F/Findhorn_Railway/ |website=RailScot |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. It wis scunnert financially an wis closed frae passengers in 1869, an anley carried salmon an freight frae anither ten year before closin fur guid. The route o the wey can be made oot on fields durin dry spells, an it follaed the coast whaur the B9011 road is nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Old-Maps |url=https://www.old-maps.co.uk/#/Map/304500/864500/12/100163 |website=Old-Maps.co.uk |access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saumon fishin ===
Housomeer, thare remeened the commercial saumon fishin an in its hey-day Findhorn in the 1920's wis the control centre o the Moray Firth Salmon Fishin Company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Graham-Stewart |first1=Andrew |title=River Conon History |url=http://www.cononfishing.com/river-conon-history.asp |website=Conon Fishing |access-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; whilk operatit 22 nettin stations dottit at intervals alang the coast frae Burghhead tae Balintore, wi crews o fower or five men mannin the bothies. A series o leader nets on upricht poles projeckit seawart whaur a maze o nettin made escape naur impossible fur the wanwary fish. Flat-bottomed, shallow-draught, 24 foot long cobles war uised tae collect the saumon frae the aff-shore nets at suitable states o the tide, an records shaw that this method o fishin wis gey sonsie, tho predator seals war a constant maraudin enemy. Hinderly the industry closed doun in 1987.

Inside the bay a different system kent locally as bangin wi uised, wi the fishin richts frae airly last yearhunner tae the closure awnt bi C.R.Sellar an Company, an the buildins occupeed bi Moray Water Sports wis the bothies frae the crews nou. Bangin consistit o feedin oot nets frae the beach in a circular fashion in a smawer teep o coble frae ''stells'', as the fishin pynts war kent, an thare war several aroond the bay but maist uised wis the Glory Hole at the estuary mooth an the Sturdy. The sweep o the encirclin nets trapped the passin saumon on thair wey up or doun the stream, an again record shaw some amazin 'hauls'. A keen rivalry developed atween boat crews fur the muckle catches durin the saumon fishin season, thit lastit frae the icy waters an sleety winds o Februar tae the sunny balmy days o August. Hailidaymakers teuk a great interest in watchin the bangers at wirk an anticipatin the catches an aw.

Saumon catches diminisht durin the late 20t yearhunner, an that wey o life endit in 1987.

=== Findhorn X class yacht ===
The interest in pleisur sailin wis likely kindlet whan the kintra wis rekiverin frae the First Warld War. Records is vague but in the airly 1920s thare wis leastweys five local yawls.

Aw saumon fishers wirkit on a bonus system ower thair wages, whilk wis paid oot at the saison's feenish, the back-end as it wis kent, in August an in that month an aw, the annual regatta wis haudit. The regatta wis a faimily fun day haudit atween the piers wi a series o coble races, boat tug-o-wars an ither aquatic sports.

The first pleisur orientate boats tae kythe at Findhorn in ony significant nummers war the Lymington scows, whilk wis purchaset in the sooth. They war sturdy centre-board dinghies, 11ft.3in. long, wi a 60sq.ft. single lug sail rig. A class o these scows war suin estaiblisht at Findhorn an it wis the competitive element derived frae raiglar Setturday sailin o these vessels that wis aiblins responsible mair nor ony ither sinle factor frae the formation o a yacht club.

In 1929 James Chadwick (the first Commodore) alang wi ither dinhy sailors, foondit the Findhorn Yacht Club. His hame wis uised as the club meetin place an this buildin wis eventually tae end up as the clubhouse uised the day. 1930 saw the first o the Findhorn class boats, an 18.ft. boat built wi local help, bi James Chadwick frae aboot £80. The actual prototype wis constructed in the premises (kent in latter days as Frankie's boat-shed) an a nummer o such boats war built an kent as the Findhorn X class. This X class is reputed tae be the forerunner tae the 18ft boat class. This fleet expandit tae ower twinty boats afore the Second World War whan pleisur sailin lairgely ceased. Efter the war the sailin slawly recovered an the club begoud tae flourish wi the memmership expandin dramatically in the late fifties an sixties wi a resultant waxin in cruisers an dinhies. In 1971 the Findhorn Yacht Club wis awairdit a Royal title.

== Suenos Stane ==
The prood Suenos Stane is steid juist ootside o Forres, owerlookin Findhorn Bay. It is the tallest in Scotland at seiven metre tall, biggit in the 9t or 10t centuries, durin the time o [[Malcolm II o Scotland]]. It can be keekit juist north ae Forres on Timothy Pont's map as ane o twa pillars, the secont stane is lost.

== Employment ==
In 2011 thare wis 463 fowk in employment. The main wirk in the community includit:

* Manufacturin: 6.9%
* Construction: 3.7%
* Wholesale an Retail: 8.9%
* Accommodation an Food: 8.2%
* Scientific: 7.6%
* Admin an Defense: 12.5%
* Education: 18.6%
* Health an Social: 13.8%

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Touns in Moray]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]</text>
      <sha1>rto6miifj3pc1zi5wqccnihj20a3sbs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Collogue:Findhorn</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>225056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924760</id>
      <parentid>806293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T10:08:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munci</username>
        <id>6841</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Leid Uiss in this airticle */ new section</comment>
      <origin>924760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="521" sha1="4qgg4o5baes3z8ynm83hk5j5sxnevwl" xml:space="preserve">{{talkpage}}

== Leid Uiss in this airticle ==
A bettert the leid uiss in this airticle. A uised the Northern Subject Rule. This isnae a mistak, it's a featur o Scots. A uised the form 'cheenge' at isnae jist attestit on the Online Scots Dictionar but on the DSL an aw. Same is suithfast fur 'athort' an 'conter'. 'Seestem' is attestit in a citaiton. The anerly raison 'aurie' is absent frae DSL is acause the dooble r version is present. [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 10:08, 18 October 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4qgg4o5baes3z8ynm83hk5j5sxnevwl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Silesia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924739</id>
      <parentid>922985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T21:47:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PurpleDinosaur585</username>
        <id>129975</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>924739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="80431" sha1="h1gj4c4cla2dj6og8wxj5lu9u42lcos" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Historical pairt of Mid Europe}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name                     = {{native name|pl|Śląsk}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|szl|Ślōnsk}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|cs|Slezsko}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|de|Schlesien}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|sli|Schläsing}}
| settlement_type                 = [[Historical Region]]
| image_shield                    = [[File:Generic Silesia CoA.svg|150px]]
| image_map                       = {{Switcher|[[File:Ślůnsk 1335-1675.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1335-1675|[[File:Ślůnsk apx 1815 -1945.png|frameless]]|Show Silesia 1815-1939|default=1}}
| mapsize                         = 250px
| map_caption                     = Ducheries &amp; Province of Silesia on kairt of Mid Europe
| coordinates                     = {{coord|51.6|N|17.2|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = Kintra
| subdivision_name                = {{plainlist|
*[[Poland]]
*[[Czech Republic]]
*[[Germany]]}}
| seat_type                       = Mucklest ceity
| seat                            = [[Wrocław]]
| area_total_km2                  = 40400
| population_total                = c. 8000000
| population_density_km2          = 200
| population_demonym              = [[Silesians|Silesian]]
| timezone1                       = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset                      = +1
| timezone_DST                    = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST                  = +2
}}

'''Silesia''' (tak a scance till the names [[#Etymology|below]]) is a historical pairt of Mid Europe that nou liggs maistly within [[Poland]], wi smaw pairts in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Germany]]. Its area is about {{Convert|40000|km2|-2}}, and the population is upcuissen tae be 8,000,000. Silesia is split intae twa main subregions: Nether Silesia tae the wast and Iver Silesia tae the east.

Situat alang the [[Oder]] River, wi the [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] raxin atour the southren mairch, Silesia is a heavily industrialised region rife of mineral and naitural resources. The mucklest toun and Nether Silesia's capital is [[Wrocław]]; the historic capital of Iver Silesia is [[Opole]]. The mucklest metropolitan area is the {{interleid airtin|Katowice metropolitan area|en|Katowice_metropolitan_area}}, the hert of whilk is {{interleid airtin|Katowice|en}}. Pairts of the Czech toun of {{interleid airtin|Ostrava|en|Ostrava}} and the German ceity of Görlitz are situat within Silesia's historical mairches.

Silesia’s culture reflecks its wimpled history and diverse influences, comprisin Polish, Czech, and German elements. The region is weel kent for its unique {{interleid airtin|Silesian langage|en|Silesian_language}} (spoken yet bi a minority in Iver Silesia), brawly decored fowk {{interleid airtin|graith|en|Polish_traditional_clothing}}, hairty regional {{interleid airtin|cuisine|en|Silesian_cuisine}}, and a mixter-maxter of architectur frae the {{interleid airtin|Gothic|en|Gothic_architecture}}, {{interlanguage link|Baroque|en|Baroque architecture}}, and {{Interleid airtin|industrial|en|Industrial Architecture}} eras seen in its ceities and touns. The region conteens mony historical meiths and [[Warld Heritage Steid|UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids]]. Silesia's mairches and naitional affiliation haes chyngit ower time, baith whan it wis a heirship aucht of [[Feudalism|noble housses]] and efter the rise of modren [[Naition state|nation-states]], resultin in a rowth of castles and stranghauds, particularly in the ''Jelenia Góra'' vailley.

First hauden bi {{interleid airtin|Great Moravia|en}} at the hint-end of the 9t century and {{interleid airtin|Bohemia|en}} in the airly 10t century, Silesia wis incorporat intae the airly Polish state, and efter its {{interleid airtin|division|en|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth}} in the 12t century it formit the Duchery of Silesia. As a result of farrer pairtin, it wis dividit intae individual ducheries, ruled bi diverse lines of the Polish {{interleid airtin|Piast dynasty|en|Silesian_Piasts}}. In the 14t century, it becam ane of the territories belanging the {{interleid airtin|Bohemian Croun Launds|en|Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown}} unner the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Empire of Rome]], whilk fell tae the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; housomever, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes (Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]], Sobieski) for formal Bohemian [[Feudalism|feus]]. As a result of the Silesian Weirs, the region wis taen bi {{interleid airtin|Prussia|en|Kingdom_of_Prussia}} frae [[Austrick|Austria]] in 1742 and syne became a pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] in 1871.

Efter [[Warld War I|Warld Weir I]], whan the Poles and the Czechs haed wun back their independence, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia became pairt of Poland follaein the decision of the Entente Pouers efter upsets bi Poles and the Iver Silesian plebiscite, while the lave of the umwhile Austrian pairts of Silesia wir daled atween [[Czechoslovakie|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland. Durin [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]], as a result of German occupation the haill region wis unner the owerance of [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1945, efter Warld Weir II, the maist of the German-held Silesia wis transferrit tae the jurisdiction of Poland bi the Potsdam Tryst atween the victorious Allies and became pairt of Poland. The smaw Lusatian skelp bewast the Oder–Neisse line, the whilk haed belanged Silesia syne 1815, became pairt of [[East Germany]].

As a result of the {{interleid airtin|forced population shifts|en|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}} of 1945–48, the day's indwallers of Silesia speaks the naitional leids of their respective kintras. Umwhile German-speakin Nether Silesia haes developed a new mell'd Polish dialeck and new-farrant graith. There is ongaun debate anent whither the Silesian leid, common in Iver Silesia, shid be considered a dialeck of [[Pols leid|Polish]] or a sindry langage. The Nether Silesian German dialeck is aweers of deein out ower the heids of its speakers' gettin herried out.

==Etymology==
The names of Silesia in different leids maist likely shares their etymology—[[Pols leid|Polish]]: ''Śląsk'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔ̃sk||Pl-Śląsk.ogg}}; [[German leid|German]]: ''Schlesien'' {{IPA|de|ˈʃleːzi̯ən||De-Schlesien.ogg}}; [[Czech leid|Czech]]: ''Slezsko'' {{IPA|cs|ˈslɛsko|}}; Nether Silesian: ''Schläsing''; Silesian: ''Ślōnsk'' {{IPA|szl|ɕlonsk|}}; Nether Sorbian: ''Šlazyńska'' {{IPA|dsb|ˈʃlazɨnʲska|}}; Iver Sorbian: ''Šleska'' {{IPA|hsb|ˈʃlɛska|}}; [[Slovak leid|Slovak]]: ''Sliezsko''; [[Laitin]], [[Spainish leid|Spainish]], [[Inglis leid|English]] and [[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''Silesia''; [[French leid|French]]: ''Silésie''; [[Dutch leid|Dutch]]: ''Silezië''; [[Italian leid|Italian]]: ''Slesia''. The names aa effeir tae the name of a river (nou kent as ''Ślęza'') and ben (''Ben Ślęża'') in mid-southren Silesia, that sair'd for a place of worship tae pagans afore {{interleid airtin|Christianization|en}}.

''Ślęża'' is listit as ane of the num'rous {{interleid airtin|Pre-Indo-European|en|Pre-Indo-European_languages}} topographic names in the region (tak a scance till {{interlanguage link|auld European hydronymy|en|Old European hydronymy}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zbigniew|first=Babik|date=2001|title=Najstarsza warstwa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich w granicach średniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny|journal=Uniwersitas, Kraków}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frae the wittins of a puckle scholars, the name ''Ślęża'' {{IPA|pl|ˈɕlɛ̃ʐa|}} or ''Ślęż'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛ̃ʂ|}} is sib tae the Auld Polish wirds ''ślęg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɛŋk|}} or ''śląg'' {{IPA|pl|ɕlɔŋk|}}, meanin dunkieness, moister, or humidity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fischer|first=Rudolf|date=2007|title=Onomastica slavogermanica|journal=Uniwersytet Wrocławski|volume=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; They differ wi the hypothesis that the name ''Śląsk'' haes its ruits in the name of the Silings tribe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jankuhn|first=Herbert|last2=Beck|first2=Heinrich|date=2006|others=et. al.|title=Wandalen|journal=Germanische Altertumskunde Online|language=the German|edition=2t|volume=33|quote=&quot;Da die Silingen offensichtlich ihren Namen im mittelalterlichen pagus silensis und dem mons slenz – möglicherweise mit dem Zobten gleichzusetzen [...] – hinterließen und damit einer ganzen Landschaft – Schlesien – den Namen gaben [...]&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the common Polish tung, &quot;''Śląsk''&quot; refers tae traditionally Polish Iver Silesia and the day's {{interleid_airtin|Silesian Voivodeship|en|Silesian_Voivodeship}}, but less tae Nether Silesia, the whilk is unalike frae Iver Silesia in mony pairts sin its population wis feckly speakin the German frae aroun mid-19t century on ontill 1945–48.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski|title=Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik|publisher=C.H.Beck|year=2003|page=183|language=the German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
[[File:Polska_960_-_992.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kairt of Poland wi Silesia (''Śląsk'') in the year 992 durin the maistry of Mieszko I]]
'''&lt;big&gt;Antiquity&lt;/big&gt;'''

In the fowert century BC frae the south, throu the ''Kłodzko Vailley'', the Celts made ingangins intil Silesia, and made hame around ''Ben Ślęża'' near modren [[Wrocław]], ''Oława'' and ''Strzelin''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:)|title=Historia Śląska|last2=M. Czapliński (red.)|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Germanic Lugii tribes wir first recordit within Silesia in the 1t century BC. The [[Wast Slavs]] and Lechites wan till the pairt roun about the 7t century,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=37-38}}&lt;/ref&gt; and bi the airly 9t century, their colonies haed become siccered. The local Wast Slavs stertit biggin boundary structures like the ''Silesian Przesieka'' and the ''Silesia Waws''. The easten mairch of Silesian sattlement wis situat bewast the ''Bytom'', and be-east ''[[Racibórz]]'' and ''Cieszyn''. East of this line wonned a sib Lechitic tribe kent as the Vistulans. Their northern mairch wis in the vailley of the ''Barycz River'', north of whilk bedd the Wastren Polans tribe that gied Poland its name.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=21-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''10t - 13t century'''&lt;/big&gt;

The first kent states in Silesia wir Greater Moravia and Bohemia. In the 10t century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporat Silesia intae the newly foundit Polish state. In 1000, the {{interleid airtin|Diocie of Wrocław|en|Archdiocese_of_Wrocław}} wis estaiblish't as the auldest [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] diocie in the region, and ane of the auldest diocies in Poland, thirled tae the Roman Catholic Airchdiocie of Gniezno. Poland repelled German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at ''Niemcza'' and in 1109 at ''Głogów''. Durin the {{interlanguage link|Division of Poland|en|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|}}, Silesia and the lave of the kintra wis dividit intae mony smawer ducheries ruled bi sindry Silesian dukes. In 1178, pairts of the Duchery of Kraków aroun Bytom, Oświęcim, [[Chrzanów]], and Siewierz wis transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts, tho their population wis feckly Vistulan and nae of Silesian stock.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Silesia_1172-1177.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Silesia in the fore-end of the  division of Poland, 1172–1177, Nether Silesia wi Lubusz Laund in orange, Iver Silesia in green and yallow.]]
{{interleid airtin|The Walloons|en|Walloons}} cam tae Silesia as ane of the foremaist fremmit immigrant groups in [[Poland]], maist likely makin hame in [[Wrocław]] frae the 12t century on, wi ither Walloon immigrants invitit bi Duke Henry the Bairdit in the airly 13t century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Zientara|first=Benedykt|title=Walonowie na Śląsku w XII i XIII wieku|publisher=Przegląd Historyczny|year=1975|volume=66/3|pages=353, 357|language=the Polish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syne the 13t century, German cultural and ethnic influence wuir up as a result of immigration frae the states of the [[Halie Romane Rik|Halie Empire of Rome]] whaur the German leid wis spoken.

The first giein of municipal richts in Poland haed taen place in the toun of [[Złotoryja]] bi Henry the Bairdit. Medieval municipal richts modeled efter Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska, baith estaiblish't bi Henry the Bairdit, became the found of the municipal form of government for a curnie ceities and touns in Poland, and twa of five local Polish forms of medieval toun richts. The Beuk of Henryków, the whilk conteens the airliest kent sentence written in the Polish leid, as weel as a document conteenin the auldest prented text in the Polish leid, wir creatit in Henryków and Wrocław in Silesia, respectively.

In 1241, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] cairried out their first invasion of Poland, resultin in widespreid pilget and mass flicht. They reived the feck of the region and whummle't the jyned Polish, Moravian and German troups heidit bi Duke Henry II the Guidly at the Stour of Legnica, the whilk teuk place at Legnickie Pole near the ceity of [[Legnica]]. Straicht efter the daith of Orda Khan, the Mongols decidit nae to bensel farrer intae Europe, but gaed back east tae tak pairt in the electioun of a new Grand Khan (heid yin).

Atween 1289 and 1292, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became ''suzerain'' of a puckle of the Iver Silesian ducheries. The Polish monarchs haedna gien ower their heirship richts tae Silesia ontil 1335.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=R. Żerelik(in:) M. Czpliński (red.)|title=Historia Śląska|year=2007|location=Wrocław|pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt; The province became pairt of the Bohemian Croun whilk wis pairt of the Halie Empire of Rome; houaniver, a wheen of ducheries bedd unner the maistry of Polish dukes frae the housses of Piast, [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] and Sobieski for formal Bohemian feus (a puckle ontil the 17t–18t centuries). Atween 1469 and 1490, Silesia was unner the maistry of Matthias Corvinus, wha claimed the Bohemian throne. In 1526 Silesia fell wi the Bohemian Croun tae the Habsburg monarchy.

'''&lt;big&gt;15t - 19t century&lt;/big&gt;'''

In the 15t century, a wheen chynges wir made tae the mairches of Silesia. Pairts of the territories that haed gotten transferrit tae the Silesian Piasts in 1178 wir coft bi the Polish kings in the saicont hauf of the 15t century (the Duchery of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchery of Zator in 1494). The Bytom pairt bedd in the aucht of the Silesian Piasts, tho it wis a pairt of the Diocie of Kraków.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The Duchery of Krosno Odrzańskie ({{Lang|de|Crossen}}) wis heired bi the Marquesy of Brandenburg in 1476 and wi the renunciation of King [[Ferdinand I, Haly Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became pairt and pertinent of Brandenburg. Atween 1645 and 1666, the Duchery of Opole and Racibórz wis hauden in wad bi the Polish Hous of Vasa in tocher of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata.
[[File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png|thumb|Launds of the Bohemian Croun atween 1635 and 1742, afore the maist of Silesia was gien ower tae [[Kinrick o Proushie|Prussia]]]]
[[File:Silesia-map.svg|left|thumb|Kairt of Austrian and Prussian Silesia wi modren naitional mairches: {{Legend|#00ffff|[[Austrian Silesia]], 1740}}{{Legend|#ffffff|[[Prussian Silesia]], 1871}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Oder]]}}]]
In 1742, the maist of Silesia wis taen wi King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]] in the Weir of the Austrian Succession, and wad become the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; ower the heids of this, Silesia became pairt of the [[German Empire|Empire of Germany]] whan it wis proclaimt in 1871. The Silesian capital Breslau became than ane of the muckle ceities in Germany. Breslau wis a centre of Jewish life in Germany and a wechty place of science (college) and industry (the makin of steam-ingines). German mass tourism stertit in the Silesian hielaunds (Hirschberg, Schneekoppe). 
[[File:Wrocław_Rynek_18_sm.jpg|left|thumb|279x279px|Typical Silesian baroque architectur in [[Wrocław]]]]
'''&lt;big&gt;20t century&lt;/big&gt;'''

Efter Warld Weir I, a pairt of Silesia, Iver Silesia, wis quarreled bi Germany and the newly independent Saicont Polish Republic. The League of Nations pat thegither a plebiscite tae sattle the maitter in 1921. It wad result in 60% of votes gettin cuissen for Germany and 40% for Poland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Die Provinz Oberschlesien Volksabstimmungen 1920 und 1922|url=https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html|url-status=live|language=the German}}&lt;/ref&gt; Follaein the third Silesian uprisin (1921), houaniver, the eastmaist pairt of Iver Silesia (as weel as Katowice), wi a feckly ethnic Polish population, wis gien tae Poland, becomin the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia intil Germany wis than dividit intae the provinces of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. Meantime, Austrian Silesia, the smaw pairt of Silesia keppit bi Austria efter the Silesian Weirs, wis maistly gien tae the new Czechoslovakia (becomin kent as Czech Silesia and Trans-Olza), tho maist of Cieszyn and laund tae the east of it gaed tae Poland.

Polish Silesia wis amang the foremaist regions tae be invadit durin Germany's 1939 sailyie on Poland, the whilk stertit [[Warld War II|Warld Weir II]]. Ane of the claimed ettles of Nazi German occupation, mairbetoken in Iver Silesia, wis the extermination of thaim wham the Nazis considered &quot;subhuman&quot;, viz the Jews and ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the than Polish pairt of Silesia wis underlien herryin outs, mass murther and deportation till {{interleid airtin|Nazi concentration camps|en|Nazi_concentration_camps}} and {{interleid airtin|forced lawbour|en|Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II}} camps, while the Germans war sattled in pursuit of {{interlanguage link|Lebensraum|en|Lebensraum}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Piotr Eberhardt|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|year=2006|location=Warsaw|pages=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Twa thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen wir murthered durin the {{interlanguage link|Intelligenzaktion Schlesien|en|Intelligenzakten}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=Institute of National Remembrance{{!}}IPN|year=2009|location=Warszawa|language=the Polish}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1940 as pairt of a {{interlanguage link|Germanization program aa ower the kintra|en|Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)}}. Silesia alsae houssed ane of the twa main weirtime centres whaur the Nazis wir conduckin medical pratticks on kidnappit Polish bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Uzarczyk|first=Kamila|title=Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras i ich realizacja na przykładzie Śląska w latach 1924-1944|date=2002|publisher=Wydawn, Adam Marszałek|isbn=978-83-7322-287-8|location=Toruń}}&lt;/ref&gt; Czech Silesia wis occupied bi Germany as pairt of Sudetenland. In Silesia, [[Nazi Germany]] operatit the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a wheen prisoner-of-weir camps for Allied POWs (amang thaim, the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), num'rous Nazi wards and thousands of forced lawbour camps, whilk teuk in a netwark of forced lawbour camps allenerly for Poles (''Polenlager''), subcamps of wards, POW camps and the Gross-Rosen and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps.

The [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam Collogue]] of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the mairch atween Germany and Poland, ontil a hindmaist peace collogue wi Germany cuid be hauden (the whilk niver teuk place).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781847790323|page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the hinner end of WWII, the Germans in Silesia teuk leg bail frae the battle grund, assumin they wad be able tae come back whan the weir wis bye. Housomever, they cuidna come back, and thaim that haed steyed wir herried out and a new Polish population, that teuk in fowk that wir herried out frae umwhile Easten Poland taen bi the Soviet Union and frae Mid Poland, jyned the lave of the native Polish indwallers frae the region. Efter 1945 and in 1946, nearhaund aa of the 4.5 million Silesians wi German ruits flichtit, or wir steekit in camps and herried out; amang thaim wir a wheen thousan German Jews that haed pitten ower the Holocaust and come back tae Silesia. The newly foundit Polish Unitit Wirkers' ''Pairty'' creatit a ''Ministry of the Recovered Territories'' that claimed the hauf of the available plou-grund for state-run collectivised fairms. Mony of the new Polish Silesians wha haed an ill-will at the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and fellness in occupation, nou haed an ill-will at the newly foundit Polish communist government for their population shiftin and mellin wi fairmin and industrial affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lukowski, Zawadski|first=Jerzy, Hubert|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278|title=A Concise History of Poland|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61857-1|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/278 278–280]|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;1945 - Praisent&lt;/big&gt;'''

The admeinistrative division of Silesia within Poland haes chyngit a wheen times syne 1945. Syne 1999, it haes been daled atween Lubusz Voivodeship, Nether Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is nou pairt of the Czech Republic, formin pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern pairt of the Olomouc Region. Germany keeps the Silesia-Lusatia region ({{Lang|de|Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz}} or {{Lang|de|Schlesische Oberlausitz}}) bewast the Neisse, whilk is pairt of the federal state of [[Saxony]].

== Ethnic History ==
[[File:Silesia_Language_Map_1905.png|thumb|Mither Tungs of Silesia, frae the wittins of the 1905 Census]]
Modren Silesia is inhabit bi [[Poles]], Silesians, [[Germans]], and Czechs. Germans first came till Silesia in the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Weinhold|first=Karl|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ|title=Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien|publisher=J. Engelhorn|year=1887|location=Stuttgart|language=the German}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lest Polish census in 2011 shawed that the Silesians are the mucklest ethnic or naitional minority in Poland, Germans bein the saicont; baith groups bide maistly in Iver Silesia. The Czech pairt of Silesia is inhabit bi Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles.

In the airly 19t century the population of the Prussian pairt of Silesia wis atween 2/3 and 3/4 German-speakin, atween 1/5 and 1/3 Polish-speakin, wi the Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews makin up the ither smawer minorities (tak a scance till Table 1. ablow).

Afore the Saicont Warld Weir, Silesia wis indwalled maistly bi Germans, wi Poles a muckle minority, formin a plurality in Iver Silesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gumpert&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jobst Gumpert|title=Polen, Deutschland|publisher=Callwey|year=1966|pages=138|language=the German}}&lt;/ref&gt; Silesia wis alsae the hame of Czech and Jewish minorities. The German population wis aften based in the ceities and in the laundward pairts tae the north and wast, whilst the Polish population wis maistly laundward and cuid be fund tae the east and tae the south.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hunt Tooley|first=T|date=1997|title=National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalidentity0000tool|journal=University of Nebraska Press|language=the English|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nationalidentity0000tool/page/17 17]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Table 1. Ethno-leid structure of Prussian Silesia in years 1787–1823
!Ethnic group
!frae. G. Hassel in 1819&lt;ref name=&quot;Georg Hassel&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hassel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&amp;pg=PA34|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823|pages=33–34|language=the German|quote=|first=Georg}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!%
!frae. S. Plater in 1823{{Sfn|Plater|1825}}
!%
!frae. T. Ładogórski in 1787&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ładogórski|first=Tadeusz|title=Ludność, in: Historia Śląska, vol. II: 1763–1850, part 1: 1763–1806|publisher=edited by W. Długoborski|year=1966|location=Wrocław|pages=150|language=the Polish}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!%
|-
|'''Germans'''
|1,561,570
|'''75.6'''
|1,550,000
|'''70.5'''
|1,303,300
|'''74.6'''
|-
|'''Poles'''
|444,000
|'''21.5'''
|600,000
|'''27.3'''
|401,900
|'''23.0'''
|-
|'''Sorbs'''
|24,500
|'''1.2'''
|30,000
|'''1.4'''
|900
|'''0.1'''
|-
|'''Czechs'''
|5,500
|'''0.3'''
|
|
|32,600
|'''1.9'''
|-
|'''Moravians'''
|12,000
|'''0.6'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Jews'''
|16,916
|'''0.8'''
|20,000
|'''0.9'''
|8,900
|'''0.5'''
|-
|'''Population'''
|'''c. 2.1&amp;nbsp;million'''
|'''100'''
|'''c. 2.2&amp;nbsp;million'''
|'''100'''
|'''c. 1.8&amp;nbsp;million'''
|'''100'''
|}
Ethnic structure of Prussian Iver Silesia ([[Opole]] regency) in the 19t century and the airly 20t century can be fund in Table 2.:
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot;
! colspan=&quot;18&quot; |Table 2. Nummers of Polish, German and ither indwallers (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)&lt;ref name=&quot;Georg Hassel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Weber1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer|year=1913|location=Berlin|language=the German}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kalisch|first=Johannes|last2=Bochinski|first2=Hans|date=1958|title=Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882|url=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|location=Leipzig|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Year
!1819
!1831
!1834
!1837
!1840
!1843
!1846
!1852
!1855
!1858
!1861
!1867
!1890
!1900
!1905
!1910
|-
|'''''Polish'''''
|377,100
'''(67.2%)'''
|418,837
'''(62.0%)'''
|468,691
'''(62.6%)'''
|495,362
'''(62.1%)'''
|525,395
'''(58.6%)'''
|540,402
'''(58.1%)'''
|568,582
'''(58.1%)'''
|584,293
'''(58.6%)'''
|590,248
'''(58.7%)'''
|612,849
'''(57.3%)'''
|665,865
'''(59.1%)'''
|742,153
'''(59.8%)'''
|918,728 '''(58.2%)'''
|1,048,230 '''(56.1%)'''
|1,158,805 '''(57.0%)'''
|Census, monolingual Polish: '''1,169,340''' '''(53.0%)'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Weber2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Paul Weber|url=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft|title=Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung|publisher=Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer|year=1913|location=Berlin|page=27|language=the German}}&lt;/ref&gt;
'''or up tae''' '''1,560,000''' thegither wi bilinguals
|-
|'''''German'''''
|162,600
'''(29.0%)'''
|257,852
'''(36.1%)'''
|266,399
'''(35.6%)'''
|290,168
'''(36.3%)'''
|330,099
'''(36.8%)'''
|348,094
'''(37.4%)'''
|364,175
'''(37.2%)'''
|363,990
'''(36.5%)'''
|366,562
'''(36.5%)'''
|406,950
'''(38.1%)'''
|409,218
'''(36.3%)'''
|457,545
'''(36.8%)'''
|566,523 '''(35.9%)'''
|684,397 '''(36.6%)'''
|757,200 '''(37.2%)'''
|'''884,045''' '''(40.0%)'''
|-
|'''''Ither'''''
|21,503
'''(3.8%)'''
|13,254
'''(1.9%)'''
|13,120
'''(1.8%)'''
|12,679
'''(1.6%)'''
|41,570
'''(4.6%)'''
|42,292
'''(4.5%)'''
|45,736
'''(4.7%)'''
|49,445
'''(4.9%)'''
|48,270
'''(4.8%)'''
|49,037
'''(4.6%)'''
|51,187
'''(4.6%)'''
|41,611
'''(3.4%)'''
|92,480
'''(5.9%)'''
|135,519
'''(7.3%)'''
|117,651
'''(5.8%)'''
|Population: 2,207,981
|}
The Austrian pairt of Silesia haed a mell'd German, Polish and Czech population, wi speakers of the Polish leid formin a plurality in Cieszyn Silesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Chromik|first=Grzegorz|title=Geschichte des deutsch-slawischen Sprachkontaktes im Teschener Schlesien|isbn=978-3-88246-398-9|pages=258–322|language=the German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Releigion====
[[File:Verbreitung_der_Konfessionen_im_deutschen_Reich.jpg|thumb|Confessions in the Empire of Germany (Catholic/Protestant; {{Circa|1890}}). Nether Silesia wis maistly Protestant, while Glatz (Kłodzko) and Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic.]]
Historically, Silesia wis about equally split atween the [[Catholic Kirk|Catholics]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (awmaist aa Lutherans). In an 1890 census taen in the German pairt, the Catholics made up a slicht plurality of 53%, while the ither 47% wir maist haund Lutheran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Meyers Konversationslexikon|volume=5. Ausgabe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Geographically speakin, Iver Silesia wis maistly Catholic binna for a puckle of pairts in the north-wast, that wir feckly Lutheran. Nether Silesia wis maistly Lutheran binna for the ''Glatzer Laund'' (nou kent as ''Kłodzko County''). Generally speakin, the population wis maistly Protestant in the wastern pairts, and it wad aften get mair Catholic the farrer east a body gaed. In Iver Silesia, Protestants wir thranged in muckler touns, and aften considered theirsells German. Efter Warld Weir II, the releigious demographics chyngit unco sair sin the Germans, wha constitutit the feck of the Protestant population, wir forcibly herried out. Poles, wha wir maistly Catholic, wir re-sattled in their steid. The day, Silesia bides feckly Catholic.

'''Jewish commonty'''

Bidin there syne the 12t century,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Demshuk|first=A|title=The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|pages=40}}&lt;/ref&gt; Silesia's Jewish commonty wis thranged about Wrocław and Iver Silesia, and nummert 48,003 (1.1% of the population) in 1890, fawin tae 44,985 bodies (0.9%) bi 1910.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=T|title=Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918|url=https://archive.org/details/silesiacentraleu0000kamu|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/silesiacentraleu0000kamu/page/173 173]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Polish East Iver Silesia, the nummer of Jews wis roun about 90,000–100,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Christopher R.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665301|title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers|date=2000-02-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77299-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, the commonty haed dree'd a wheen of localised herryin outs, for ensample their 1453 herryin out frae [[Wrocław]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=van Straten|first=J|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2011|pages=58}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atween 1712 and 1820 a tring of chiels wir cried Heid Rabbi of Silesia (&quot;''Landesrabbiner''&quot;): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|title=Silesia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7747-hirschberg|access-date=6 December 2017|website=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====&lt;big&gt;Eftercasts of Warld Weir II&lt;/big&gt;====
Efter the Germans invadit Poland in 1939, follaein {{interlanguage link|Nazi racial policy|en|Racial Policy of Nazi Germany}}, the Jewish fowk of Silesia wis underlien genocide wi executions obtemper'd bi Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. heidit bi ''Udo von Woyrsch'' and Einsatzgruppe I heidit bi ''Bruno Streckenbach'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Olkuśnik|first=Magdalena|title=Popularna encyklopedia powszechna|last2=Wójcik|first2=Elżbieta|year=2001|volume=10|pages=660}}&lt;/ref&gt; incarceration in ghettos, and ethnic cleansing of the General Government. In their ettles tae exterminate the Jews throu murther and ethnic cleansin, the Germans foundit the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps in the province of Silesia. Herryin outs wir cairried out apenly and souched in the local press.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Steinbacher|first=S|title=The murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia&quot;, in Cesarani, D. (2004) Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder,|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=110-138}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thaim sent tae ghettos wad frae 1942 on be herried out till concentration and wark camps.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Atween 5 Mey and 17 Juin, 20,000 Silesian Jews wir sent till Birkenau till gas chaumers and aa throu August 1942, atween 10,000 and 13,000 Silesian Jews wir murthert wi gassin at Auschwitz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Stanley|last2=Browning|first2=Christopher R.|date=2005|title=The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20034240|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=84|issue=1|pages=188|doi=10.2307/20034240|issn=0015-7120}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maist Jews in Silesia wir exterminated wi the Nazis. Efter the weir, Silesia became a muckle centre tae repatriation of the Jewish fowk that haed pitten ower Nazi German extermination in Poland,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Slucki|first=David|url=https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813552255|title=The International Jewish Labor Bund after 1945|date=2019-09-03|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-5225-5|pages=63}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the hairst of 1945, 15,000 Jews wir in Nether Silesia, maistly Polish Jews that haed come back frae territories nou belangin the Soviet Union,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Belah Guṭerman|first=|date=2011-03-01|title=A Narrow Bridge to Life: Jewish Forced Labor and Survival in the Gross-Rosen Camp System|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr012|journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies|volume=25|issue=1|pages=229|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcr012|issn=8756-6583}}&lt;/ref&gt; heezin in 1946 tae seiventy thousand&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kochavi|first=AJ|date=2001|title=Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States &amp; Jewish refugees, 1945–1948|url=https://archive.org/details/postholocaustpol00koch|journal=University of North Carolina Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/postholocaustpol00koch/page/176 176]}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Jewish survivors frae ither pairts of Poland wir relocatit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

The feck of Germans flichtit or wir herried out frae the day's Polish and Czech pairts of Silesia durin and efter Warld Weir II. Atween Juin 1945 and Januar 1947, 1.77&amp;nbsp;million Germans wir herried out frae Nether Silesia, and 310,000 frae Iver Silesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Klusmeyer|first=Douglas B.|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781845459697|title=Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany|last2=Papademetriou|first2=Demetrios G.|date=2022-09-29|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-969-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thir days, maist German Silesians and their affspring bides in the Federal Republic of Germany, mony of thaim in the [[Ruhr|Ruhr area]] wirkin as miners, like their forebeirs in Silesia. Ane of its maist namely but controversial preses wis the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] politician ''Herbert Hupka''.

The herryin out of Germans led tae rife unnerpopulation. The population of the toun of Głogów fell frae 33,500 tae 5,000, and atween 1939 and 1966 the population of Wrocław fell bi 25%. Ettles tae re-people Silesia didna come muckle speed in the 1940s and 1950s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fessenden|first=Helen|last2=Mazower|first2=Mark|date=1999|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20049489|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=78|issue=5|pages=223|doi=10.2307/20049489|issn=0015-7120}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Silesia's fowk didna rax tae pre-weir levels till the late 1970s. The Polish sattlers that re-peopled Silesia wir pairtly frae the umwhile Polish Easten Mairchlaunds, whilk wis taen bi the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939. Wrocław wis pairtly re-peopled wi bield-seekers frae the umwhile Polish ceity of [[Lviv|Lwów]].

==Geography==
[[File:Landkarte_von_Schlesien.jpg|thumb|First kairt of Silesia bi Martin Helwig, 1561; north at the bottom]]
[[File:Silesia_Physical_Map.png|thumb|Physical kairt of Silesia in 1905]]
The maist of Silesia is affeirinly flet, tho its southren mairch is maistly montanous. It is feckly locat in a swath rinnin alang baith braes of the iver and mid [[Oder|Oder (Odra)]] River, but it raxes eastle tae the iver Vistula. The region alsae taks in mony leaders of the ''Oder'', amang thaim is the ''Bóbr'' (and its leader the ''Kwisa''), the ''Barycz'' and the ''Nysa Kłodzka''. The [[Sudetes|Sudeten Bens]] rins alang the maist of the southren rind of the region, tho at its south-eastern extreme it raxes tae the Silesian Beskids and Moravian-Silesian Beskids, whilk belang the [[Carpathie Moontains|Carpathian Muntain Reenge]].

Historically, Silesia wis boundit tae the wast bi the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the laund bewast the Kwisa wis in Iver Lusatia (airlier ''Milsko''). Housomever, because pairt of Iver Lusatia wis taen in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany  ''[[Görlitz (destrict)|Görlitz]], Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis'' and neebourin pairts are considered pairts of historical Silesia. Thon destricks, alang wi Poland's Nether Silesian Voivodeship and pairts of Lubusz Voivodeship, mak up the geographic region of Nether Silesia.

Silesia haes underlien a seimilar notional raxin at its easten extreme. Historically, it raxed anelie the lenth of the Brynica River, whilk sinders it frae ''Zagłębie Dąbrowskie'' in Lesser Poland. Houaniver, tae mony Poles the day, Silesia (''Śląsk)'' is unnerstuid tae kiver aa the area about Katowice, as weel as Zagłębie. This interpretatioun is gien offeicial ratihabitation in the yaise of the name Silesian Voivodeship ({{lang|pl|województwo śląskie}}) for the province kiverin this area. In fack, the wird ''{{lang|pl|Śląsk}}'' in the Polish leid (whan yaised without qualificatioun) nou commonly refers allenarly tae this pairt (alsae kent as ''Górny Śląsk'' or Iver Silesia).

As weel as the Katowice airt, historical Iver Silesia alsae taks in the [[Opole]] region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia is made up of a pairt of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník Destrick in the Olomouc Region.

===Naitural resources===
Silesia is a pairt rife of resources and fowk. Syne the mid-18t century, coal haes gotten mined. The industry haed grown while Silesia wis pairt of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s unner the ''Fowk's Republic of Poland''. Durin this time, Silesia became ane of the warld's mucklest producers of coal, wi a record tonnage in 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &amp;#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The coal minin dwined durin the nixt twa decades, but haes worn up again follaein the end of Communist maistry.
[[File:KWK_Bolesław_Śmiały_01.jpg|thumb|Bolesław Śmiały Coal Mine, Łaziska Górne]]
The 41 coal mines in Silesia are maistly pairt of the Iver Silesian Coal Basin, whilk liggs in the Silesian Uplaund. The coalfield haes an area of about {{Convert|4,500|km2|mi2}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &amp;#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deposits in Nether Silesia hae kyth'd tae be a trauchle tae mak yaise of and the area's onprofitable mines wir steekit in 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;en.poland.gov.pl&quot; /&gt; In 2008, an upcuissen 35&amp;nbsp;billion tonnes of lignite fordels wir fund near Legnica, makin thaim some of the mucklest in the warld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mamy największe złoża węgla brunatnego na świecie|url=http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,82244,4820533.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503194935/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,4820533.html|archive-date=2012-05-03|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=Gazetawyborcza.pl|language=the Polish|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Frae the fowert century BC on, airn ore haes been mined in the uplaund pairts of Silesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;en.poland.gov.pl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources &amp;#124; poland.gov.pl|url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813164344/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Natural,Resources,310.html|archive-date=2011-08-13|access-date=19 November 2013|publisher=En.poland.gov.pl|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same period haed leid, capper, siller, and gowd minin. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mikulski|first=S.Z.|title=Late-Hercynian gold-bearing arsenic-polymetallic mineralization within Saxothuringian zone in the Polish Sudetes, Northeast Bohemian Massif, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century|publisher=CRC Press|year=2022|isbn=978-1-003-07750-3|location=London|pages=787-790}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[uranium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wise International &amp;#124; World Information Service on Energy|url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/439-440/poland.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053346/http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.antenna.nl%2Fwise%2F439-440%2Fpoland.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; hev alsae been mined in the region. Nether Silesia features lairge capper minin and processin atween the ceities of [[Legnica]], Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice. In the Middle Ages, gowd (Polish: ''złoto'') and siller (Polish: ''srebro'') wir mined in the region, whilk is refleckit in the names of the umwhile minin touns of [[Złotoryja]], Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra.

The region is kent for stane quarryin tae produce limestane, marl, mairble, and basalt.&lt;ref name=&quot;en.poland.gov.pl&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable col2right&quot;
|+'''Annwal throu-pit of minerals in Silesia'''
!Mineral name
!Throu-pit (tonnes)
!Ref.
|-
|Bituminous coal
|95,000,000
|
|-
|Capper
|571,000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 July 2011|title=Copper: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/copper/copper_t21.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Zinc
|160,000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 July 2004|title=Zinc: World Smelter Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/zinc/zinc_table18.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Siller
|1,200
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=Silver: World Mine Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silver/silver_table08.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Cadmium
|500
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 May 2012|title=Cadmium: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cadmium/cadmium_t5.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Leid
|70,000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 June 2005|title=Lead: World Refinery Production, By Country|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/lead/lead_t16.html|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
The region alsae haes a weel-daein lawbourage sector, the whilk produces cereals (wheat, rye, barley, aits, stuff), tatties, rapeseed, succar beets and siclike. Milk production is weel developed. The Opole Silesia haes for mony decades taen the tap spat in Poland for their indices of effective yaise of fairmin laund.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Samorząd Województwa Opolskiego|url=http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php?id=2009|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The montanous pairts of southren Silesia features mony significant and hertsome tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is maistly weel forestit. This is because greenness is generally heichly socht efter bi the local fowk, mairbetoken in the heichly industrialized pairts of Silesia.

==Demographics==
Silesia haes been historically diverse in aa pairts. Nouadays, the mucklest pairt of Silesia is locat in Poland; it is aften cried ane of the maist diverse pairts of the kintra.

The ''Unitit States Immigration Commission'', in its ''Dictionary of Races or Peoples'' (published in 1911, whan muckle thrangs of Silesians wir flittin till the Unitit States), held ''Silesian'' for a geographical (nae ethnic) term, beirin the indwallers of Silesia. The existence of baith Polish Silesian and German Silesian dialecks thereawa wis mintioned forbye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=William Paul|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105, 128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ceities and touns===
The follaein table taks in the ceities and touns in Silesia wi a population greater nor 20,000 (2026).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2025. As of 31 December (table IV)|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2025-as-of-31-december,3,39.html|access-date=2026-06-04|publisher=Statistics Poland|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-18|title=Population in municipalities as at 1. 1.|url=https://data.csu.gov.cz/datastat/data/VYBER/OBY02AT02|website=DataStat|publisher=Czech Statistical Office|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:1%;&quot; |
! style=&quot;width:1%;&quot; |
!Name
! style=&quot;width:6%;&quot; |Population
! style=&quot;width:11%;&quot; |Area
! style=&quot;width:4%;&quot; |Kintra
!Admeinistrative
! style=&quot;width:15%;&quot; |Historic subregion
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|1
|[[File:Herb_wroclaw.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''[[Wrocław]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |672,601
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|293|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether 
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|2
|[[File:Ostrava_CoA_CZ.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Ostrava'''*
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |280,853
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|214|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia/[[Moravie|Moravia]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|3
|[[File:Katowice_Herb.svg|center|31x31px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Katowice'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |277,415
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|165|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver 
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|4
|[[File:Gliwice_herb.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Gliwice'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |166,942
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|134|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|5
|[[File:POL_Bielsko-Biała_COA.svg|center|48x48px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Bielsko-Biała'''*
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |163,164
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|125|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver
Silesia/Lesser Poland
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|6
|[[File:POL_Zabrze_COA.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Zabrze'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |150,780
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|80|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|7
|[[File:Bytom_herb.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Bytom'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |144,598
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|69|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|8
|[[File:POL_Zielona_Góra_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Zielona Góra'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |138,476
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|58|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|9
|[[File:POL_Rybnik_COA.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''[[Rybnik]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |128,788
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|148|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|10
|[[File:POL_Ruda_Śląska_COA.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Ruda Śląska'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |127,601
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|78|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver 
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|11
|[[File:POL_Opole_COA.svg|center|34x34px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''[[Opole]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |126,623
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|97|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship
|Iver
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|12
|[[File:POL_Tychy_COA.svg|center|27x27px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Tychy'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |120,081
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|82|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|13
|[[File:Chorzów_herb.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Chorzów'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |98,418
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|33|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|14
|[[File:POL_Wałbrzych_COA.svg|center|31x31px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''[[Wałbrzych]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |97,546
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|85|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|15
|[[File:Legnica_herb.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''[[Legnica]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |89,919
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|56|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|16
|[[File:POL_Jastrzębie-Zdrój_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Jastrzębie-Zdrój'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |80,527
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|85|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver 
Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|17
|[[File:POL_Jelenia_Góra_COA_1.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Jelenia Góra'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |73,470
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|109|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|18
|[[File:POL_Mysłowice_COA.svg|center|32x32px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Mysłowice'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |70,160
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|66|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|19
|[[File:Havirov_CoA.png|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Havířov'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |67,998
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|32|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|20
|[[File:POL_Lubin_COA.svg|center|27x27px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Lubin'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |65,961
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|41|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|21
|[[File:POL_Siemianowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Siemianowice Śląskie'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |62,311
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|25|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|22
|[[File:POL_Żory_COA.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Żory'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |61,857
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|65|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|23
|[[File:Herb_TarnowskieGory.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Tarnowskie Góry'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |61,001
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|84|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|24
|[[File:POL_Głogów_COA.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Głogów'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |60,605
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|35|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|25
|[[File:Wappen_Goerlitz_vector.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Görlitz'''**
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |55,186
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|68|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|GER}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} [[Saxony]]
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|26
|[[File:Opava_CoA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Opava'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |54,881
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|91|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|27
|[[File:Frýdek_Místek_CoA_CZ.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Frýdek-Místek'''*
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |53,164
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|52|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia/Moravia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|28
|[[File:POL_Kędzierzyn-Koźle_COA.svg|center|31x31px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Kędzierzyn-Koźle'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |53,140
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|124|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|29
|[[File:POL_Świdnica_COA.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Świdnica'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |51,357
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|22|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|30
|[[File:POL_Piekary_Śląskie_COA.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Piekary Śląskie'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |51,030
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|40|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|31
|[[File:POL_Racibórz_COA.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''[[Racibórz]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |48,750
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|75|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|32
|[[File:Karwina_herb.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''[[Karviná]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |48,684
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|58|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|33
|[[File:POL_Świętochłowice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Świętochłowice'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |44,621
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|13|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|34
|[[File:POL_Wodzisław_Śląski_COA.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Wodzisław Śląski'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |44,017
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|50|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|35
|[[File:POL_Mikołów_COA.svg|center|32x32px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Mikołów'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |41,478
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|79|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|36
|[[File:POL_Nysa_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Nysa'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |39,887
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|27|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|37
|[[File:POL_Bolesławiec_COA_1.svg|center|31x31px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Bolesławiec'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |36,642
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|24|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|38
|[[File:POL_Nowa_Sól_COA.svg|center|31x31px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Nowa Sól'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |35,230
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|22|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|39
|[[File:Herb_Knurów-2018.png|center|31x31px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Knurów'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |34,919
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|34|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|40
|[[File:POL_Oleśnica_COA.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Oleśnica'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |34,676
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|21|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|41
|[[File:POL_Czechowice-Dziedzice_COA.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Czechowice-Dziedzice'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |34,564
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|33|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|42
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Třinec.svg|center|34x34px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Třinec'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |33,523
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|85|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|43
|[[File:POL_Oława_COA.svg|center|33x33px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Oława'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |32,928
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|27|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|44
|[[File:POL_Brzeg_COA.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Brzeg'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |32,724
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|15|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|45
|[[File:POL_Cieszyn_COA.svg|center|32x32px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Cieszyn'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |32,217
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|29|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|46
|[[File:Wappen_Hoyerswerda.PNG|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Hoyerswerda'''**
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |30,759
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|96|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|GER}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Flagicon|Saxony}} Saxony
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|47
|[[File:POL_Dzierżoniów_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Dzierżoniów'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |30,014
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|20|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|48
|[[File:POL_Zgorzelec_COA.svg|center|31x31px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Zgorzelec'''**
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |28,095
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|16|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|49
|[[File:POL_Bielawa_COA.svg|center|32x32px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Bielawa'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |27,480
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|36|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|50
|[[File:Orlová_znak.png|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Orlová'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |27,383
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|25|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|51
|[[File:POL_Lubliniec_COA.svg|center|28x28px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Lubliniec'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |22,931
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|89|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|52
|[[File:Cesky_Tesin_CoA.png|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Český Těšín'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |22,870
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|34|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|53
|[[File:POL_Żagań_COA.svg|center|32x32px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Żagań'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |22,800
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|40|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|54
|[[File:Krnov_znak.png|center|32x32px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Krnov'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |22,303
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|44|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|55
|[[File:POL_Orzesze_COA.svg|center|32x32px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Orzesze'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |22,242
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|84|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|56
|[[File:POL_Świebodzice_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Świebodzice'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |21,469
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|30|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|57
|[[File:POL_Kluczbork_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Kluczbork'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |21,232
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|12|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Opole Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|58
|[[File:POL_Polkowice_COA_2022.svg|center|27x27px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Polkowice'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |20,832
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|24|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Nether Silesian Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|59
|[[File:POL_Łaziska_Górne_COA.svg|center|29x29px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Łaziska Górne'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |20,826
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|21|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Silesian Voivodeship
|Iver Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|60
|[[File:POL_Świebodzin_COA.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Świebodzin'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |20,480
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|11|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|POL}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:POL_województwo_lubuskie_flag.svg|border|22x22px]] Lubusz Voivodeship
|Nether Silesia
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|61
|[[File:Bohumin_CoA_CZ.svg|center|30x30px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Bohumín'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |20,234
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Convert|31|km²|0}}
|{{Flagicon|CZE}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Flag_of_Moravian-Silesian_Region.svg|border|22x22px]] Moravian-Silesian Region
|Czech Silesia
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Anelie pairt in Silesia&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wrocław,_September_2022_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg|[[:en:Wrocław|Wrocław]]
File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg|[[:en:Ostrava|Ostrava]]
File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice_Rynek.jpg|[[:en:Katowice|Katowice]]
File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6588vik_Gliwice._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg|[[:en:Gliwice|Gliwice]]
File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Biała.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.JPG|[[:en:Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko-Biała]]
File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zabrze_post_office.jpg|[[:en:Zabrze|Zabrze]]
File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_2020.jpg|[[:en:Bytom|Bytom]]
File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_Górze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratusz_i_Stary_Rynek_w_Zielonej_G%C3%B3rze.jpg|[[:en:Zielona_Góra|Zielona Góra]]
File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Rybniku_1.JPG|[[:en:Rybnik|Rybnik]]
File:Plac_Jana_Pawła_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plac_Jana_Paw%C5%82a_II_w_Nowym_Bytomiu.jpg|[[:en:Ruda_Śląska|Ruda Śląska]]
File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opole_0001.7_-_widok_na_Stare_Miasto.jpg|[[:en:Opole|Opole]]
File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tychy_Stare._Rynek1.JPG|[[:en:Tychy|Tychy]]
File:Chorzów_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w_-_Teatr_Rozrywki_01.JPG|[[:en:Chorzów|Chorzów]]
File:Wałbrzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wa%C5%82brzych_-_Rynek_03.jpg|[[:en:Wałbrzych|Wałbrzych]]
File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legnica_-_Rynek_-_Dawny_Ratusz_01.jpg|[[:en:Legnica|Legnica]]
File:Pałac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Boryni_7.JPG|[[:en:Jastrzębie-Zdrój|Jastrzębie-Zdrój]]
File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horni-namesti1.jpg|[[:en:Opava|Opava]]
File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SM_Brzeg_Ratusz_2023_(1).jpg|[[:en:Brzeg|Brzeg]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Flags and coats of airms==
The signs of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia hae their founds in the signs of the Piasts of Nether Silesia and Iver Silesia. The coat of airms of Iver Silesia depicts the gowden earn on the blue shiel. The coat of airms of Nether Silesia depicts a bleck earn on a gowden (yallow) shiel.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEU_Oberschlesien_1926-1945_COA.svg|Blasoun of the Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Upper_Silesia|province of Iver Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945)
File:POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship|Blasoun of the Silesian Voivodeship]]
File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_COA.svg|[[:en:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship|The blasoun of the Opolskie Voivodeship]]
File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_I_Probus_herb.png|Blasoun of Duke [[:en:Henry_Probus|Henry Probus]]
File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Herzogtum_Schlesien.png|Blasoun of [[:en:Austrian_Silesia|Austrian Silesia]] (1742–1918)
File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Provinz_Niederschlesien.png|Prussian [[:en:Province_of_Lower_Silesia|province of Nether Silesia]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945)
File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_COA.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg|Blasoun of the [[:en:Lower_Silesia_Voivodeship|Nether Silesia Voivodeship]]
File:Znak_Slezska.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Znak_Slezska.svg|Blasoun of [[:en:Czech_Silesia|Czech Silesia]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;Flags wi their colors refers tae the blasoun of Silesia.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Oberschlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Iver Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945)
File:POL_województwo_śląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Silesia Voivodeship
File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Czech_Silesia.svg|Flag of the Austrian Silesia (1742–1918), and Czech Silesia
File:Flagge_Preußen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Schlesien.svg|[[:en:Flag_of_Silesia_and_Lower_Silesia|Flag of Prussian Nether Silesia province]] (1919–1938 and 1941–1945)
File:POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg|Flag of Nether Silesia Voivodeship
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Warld Heritage Steids==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-hover&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;160px&quot;&gt;
File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swidnica-_Kosciol_Pokoju_02.jpg|Kirks of Peace, Świdnica and Jawor
File:Wrocław_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg|Centennial Haa, [[Wrocław]]
File:SZTOLNIA_GŁĘBOKA_FRYDERYK_-_część_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastrąga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg|Historic Siller Mine, Tarnowskie Góry
File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Das_Neue_Schloss_im_Park.jpg|Muskau Pairk, Łęknica and Bad Muskau
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Sources==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Silesia|volume=25|pages=90–92}}
*  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Czapliński|editor1-first=Marek|editor2-last=Wiszewski|editor2-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Region Divided - Times of Nation-States (1918-1945)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=4|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-8-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Długajczyk|first=Edward|title=Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939|publisher=Śląsk|year=1993|isbn=83-85831-03-7|location=[[Katowice]]|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Dern Front on the Cieszyn Mairch: Intelligence and Sabotage, 1919–1939|author-link=Edward Długajczyk}}
*  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Wąs|editor2-first=Gabriela|encyclopedia=The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526-1740)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2014|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=2|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-6-5}}
*  {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Harc|editor1-first=Lucyna|editor2-last=Kulak|editor2-first=Teresa|encyclopedia=Silesia under the Authority of the Hohenzollerns (1741-1918)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/79021/Cuius_regio_vol_3.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=3|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-3-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Plater|first=Stanisław|url=https://obc.opole.pl/Content/8541/download/|title=Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i Litwę|publisher=Wilhelm Bogumił Korn|year=1825|location=Wrocław|language=the Polish|trans-title=Geography of the Easten Pairt of Europe, or Description of the Kintras inhaibitit bi Sindry Slavic Nations: Amang thaim Prussia, the Duchery of Posen, Prussian Silesia, Galicia, the Republic of Cracow, the Kinrick of Poland, and Lithuania|author-link=Stanisław Plater}}
*  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Przemysław|editor-first=Wiszewski|encyclopedia=The Long Formation of the Region (c. 1000–1526)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2013|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=1|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-927132-1-0}}
*  {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Wiszewski|editor-first=Przemysław|encyclopedia=Permanent Change - The New Region(s) of Silesia (1945-2015)|url=http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/76597/Cuius_regio_vol_5.pdf|access-date=18 March 2018|language=the English|year=2015|publisher=ebooki.com.pl|title=Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia|volume=5|location=Wrocław, Poland|isbn=978-83-942651-2-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zahradnik|first=Stanisław|title=Korzenie Zaolzia|last2=Marek Ryczkowski|publisher=PAI-press|year=1992|location=Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec|language=the Polish|trans-title=The Ruits of Zaolzie|oclc=177389723}}

==Wabsteid links==

* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727142251/http://brws.silesia-region.pl/indexang.php|date=27 July 2007|title=Silesia in Europe page}}
* [http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm Map of Silesia in 1763] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524121858/http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/silesia.htm |date=2006-05-24 }}
* [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/Schlesphoto.html Old postcards from Silesian towns]
* [http://www.schlesierland.de/index.html Photos from Silesian towns, villages and communities before 1946]
* [http://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-silesia What is Silesia?]
* [https://mapy.com/en/zakladni?q=Slezsko%20-%20s%20moravsk%C3%BDmi%20enkl%C3%A1vami&amp;source=area&amp;id=191266&amp;ds=1&amp;x=17.1035242&amp;y=50.7247522&amp;z=7 Borders of Silesia with Moravian enclaves] on Mapy.com

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Poland]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Economy]]
[[Category:Society]]
[[Category:Europe]]</text>
      <sha1>h1gj4c4cla2dj6og8wxj5lu9u42lcos</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/archivelog</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>234133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924737</id>
      <parentid>924710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T21:10:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>loggin</comment>
      <origin>924737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="895" sha1="if33geugtxbx4iomxmz0qlyodxa2esa" xml:space="preserve">== Log: ==&lt;!-- --&gt;

Updated 1 link(s) on Auld_Lang_Syne. Deleted: 0. Unreliable sources: 0.&lt;!-- --&gt;

Updated 0 link(s) on Eddie_Izzard. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.&lt;!-- --&gt;

Updated 0 link(s) on E. Deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.

NOTE: I thought it was a bug when I didn't add my updated articles in the Inglis-leid films category to here, but it was because I closed out too fast, which I won't do again. So here's the diffs: [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=924675 1][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella_(1950_film)&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=924674 2][https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_(2012_film)&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=924673 3]

[2026-10-16T22:20:15.803Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Iain Stirling. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.

[2026-10-17T21:09:04.788Z] Updated 0 link(s) on Portugal. deleted: 1. Unreliable sources: 0.</text>
      <sha1>if33geugtxbx4iomxmz0qlyodxa2esa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat/Israel-Hamas War</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>234139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>924743</id>
      <parentid>924715</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:48:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>making new section; started it, nowhere near finished but a nice start.</comment>
      <origin>924743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3524" sha1="o8rodqk6bxmlqsibjihrdp6vorqadc4" xml:space="preserve">The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
Will add later

== Effects o the war ==
Studies hae foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי &quot;חרבות ברזל&quot; לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>o8rodqk6bxmlqsibjihrdp6vorqadc4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924753</id>
      <parentid>924743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T01:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>addin content</comment>
      <origin>924753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5748" sha1="s607hjifktuxfr6jjfd18f0ui8vhir9" xml:space="preserve">The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
Will add later

== Effects o the war ==
Studies hae foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי &quot;חרבות ברזל&quot; לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baith sides haes commited war crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A UN inquiry foond that Israel deligberately targeted children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response tae war crimes commited bi Israel, an arrest warrent wis issued by the ICC fer Banjamin Netanyahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sooth Africae filed a case at the International court of justice alleging that Israel commited genocide in the war on 29 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>s607hjifktuxfr6jjfd18f0ui8vhir9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924754</id>
      <parentid>924753</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T01:38:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>mendit scots a bit; probably still some errors, but at least a bit better</comment>
      <origin>924754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5774" sha1="cza5x0ag9lvvodrk7ldunysoten76v7" xml:space="preserve">The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
Will add later

== Effects o the war ==
Studies hae foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי &quot;חרבות ברזל&quot; לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baith sides hae committed war crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cza5x0ag9lvvodrk7ldunysoten76v7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924755</id>
      <parentid>924754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T02:05:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>startit background section</comment>
      <origin>924755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6135" sha1="f6khc55pjenzeuzkwtugiejexu0esur" xml:space="preserve">The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
Israel an Gaza hae [[Gaza-Israel Wars|focht 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Effects o the war ==
Studies hae foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי &quot;חרבות ברזל&quot; לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baith sides hae committed war crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>f6khc55pjenzeuzkwtugiejexu0esur</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924756</id>
      <parentid>924755</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T02:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>924756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6137" sha1="5o09rkjgyevssu4ocry51fw35me7tib" xml:space="preserve">The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
Israel an Gaza hae [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Effects o the war ==
Studies hae foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי &quot;חרבות ברזל&quot; לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baith sides hae committed war crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5o09rkjgyevssu4ocry51fw35me7tib</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924757</id>
      <parentid>924756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T02:37:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>924757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6713" sha1="i5amkexytt1gz78nooay1uippr5yq38" xml:space="preserve">The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
Israel an Gaza hae [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sin the sae‑cried Nakba, Gaza haes been hauddit apairt fae muckle o the warld, an its economy haes aye been gey unstable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arar|first=Khalid|last2=Yehia|first2=Kussai|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Fadia|title=Reflections of the national narrative on the indigenous Palestinian minority in Israel|language=en|work=Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies|publisher=Palestinian Return Centre|url=https://prc.org.uk/en/post/3702/jprs-reflections-of-the-national-narrative-on-the-indigenous-palestinian-minority-in-israel|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Effects o the war ==
Studies hae foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי &quot;חרבות ברזל&quot; לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baith sides hae committed war crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>i5amkexytt1gz78nooay1uippr5yq38</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924758</id>
      <parentid>924757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T02:42:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>924758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6712" sha1="2a7razmukga970g19gy8szwj0147obt" xml:space="preserve">The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
Israel an Gaza hae [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sin the sae‑cried Nakba, Gaza haes been hauddit apairt fae muckle o the warld, an its economy haes aye been gey unstable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arar|first=Khalid|last2=Yehia|first2=Kussai|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Fadia|title=Reflections of the national narrative on the indigenous Palestinian minority in Israel|language=en|work=Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies|publisher=Palestinian Return Centre|url=https://prc.org.uk/en/post/3702/jprs-reflections-of-the-national-narrative-on-the-indigenous-palestinian-minority-in-israel|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Effects o the war ==
Studies hae foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי &quot;חרבות ברזל&quot; לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baith sides hae commitit war crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2a7razmukga970g19gy8szwj0147obt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>924759</id>
      <parentid>924758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T02:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grilledcheeseisgreat</username>
        <id>135002</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>924759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7098" sha1="4ozy0ujd7twk4dzq9hovkw5ay0wyr2a" xml:space="preserve">The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
Israel an Gaza hae [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sin the sae‑cried Nakba, Gaza haes been hauddit apairt fae muckle o the warld, an its economy haes aye been gey unstable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Arar|first=Khalid|last2=Yehia|first2=Kussai|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Fadia|title=Reflections of the national narrative on the indigenous Palestinian minority in Israel|language=en|work=Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies|publisher=Palestinian Return Centre|url=https://prc.org.uk/en/post/3702/jprs-reflections-of-the-national-narrative-on-the-indigenous-palestinian-minority-in-israel|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Effects o the war ==
Studies hae foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי &quot;חרבות ברזל&quot; לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baith sides hae commitit war crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The war has gien folk a hantle mair sympathy for the Palestinians, an the warld’s views hae realigned sair because o the conflick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shikaki|first=Khalil|date=2026|title=After Gaza: Enduring Consequences of the War and Palestinian Strategy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep78116|journal=Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research|via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4ozy0ujd7twk4dzq9hovkw5ay0wyr2a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>