Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4539 924800 913724 2026-10-19T00:27:16Z Munci 6841 redd up Scots, includin 'stone' 924800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Team sport played on ice}}{{Distinguish|hurling}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}{{Infobox sport|name=Curlin|image=Curling, overall view of the Tim Hortons Brier venue - Edmonton, Canada.jpg|imagesize=300|caption=Curlin gemms takkin place durin the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier|union=World Curlin Federation|nickname=Chess On Ice, The Roaring Game|first=In late medieval Scotland|registered=est. 1.5 million<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=ycn-10481401 |title=Curling Makes Gains in U.S. Popularity |date=19 November 2011 |work=[[Yahoo! Sports]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302012222/http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=ycn-10481401 |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>|clubs=|contact=Na|team=4 per team (2 in doubles)|mgender=Ay|category=Precision and accuracy|equipment=Curling brooms, stones (rocks), curling shoes|venue=Curling sheet|glossary=[[Glossary of curling]]|olympic={{plainlist| *First event in [[1924]] (retroactively made offeecial in 2006) *Demonstration sport in [[1932]], [[1988]] and [[1992]] *Offeecially eikit on in [[1998]]}}|paralympic=Wheelchair curlin offeeecially aikit on in [[2006]]}}'''Curlin''' is a [[sport]] played on ice atween twa teams o fower players. It is maist popular in Scotland an [[Canadae]]. Ilkane o the fower players on ony team is assigned ane position. Thare is a skip, vice (or third), the second, an the lead. The game is played on a sheet o ice wi twa "hooses" at ilka end. Thir hooses are made o fower circles, wi the middle circle cawed the "button". Thare are eicht rounds tae ilka game (cawed "ends"). Points are scored wi ilka stane closer than the opponent's closest stane tae the button coontin as ane point. Efter the ends are played, the team wi the maist points bears the gree. Ilka memmer o the team thraws twa stanes, wi the skip at the house guidin the stoaes until the lest twa stanes are tae be thrawn, i whilk case the skip traivels tae the ither end o the sheet an thraws thaim, wi the vice actin as the skip.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Olympic|date=5/11/2025|title=Curling: Olympic history, rules, latest updates and upcoming events for the Olympic sport|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/sports/curling/|url-status=live|website=Olympics}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Curling}} [[Category:Curlin| ]] [[Category:Olympic sports]] [[Category:Sports oreeginatin in Scotland]] [[Category:Preceesion sports]] [[Category:Team sports]] {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Sport}} sutsztb27gzbh86j5xd231qycy5s1fo 0 4892 924768 924762 2026-10-18T20:30:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 924768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox fitbaw club |fullname= Eintracht Frankfurt |nickname= Die Adler (Eagles), <br /> SGE (''Sportgemeinde Eintracht''), <br /> Launische Diva |clubname= Eintracht Frankfurt |founded= 8 Mairch, 1899 |owner= Eintracht Frankfurt e.V. |chairman= Mathias Beck |ground= [[Deutsche Bank Park]]<br /><small>(former Waldstadion)</small><br />[[Frankfurt]]<br />[[Germany]] |capacity= 60,100 | manager = [[Adi Hütter]] | league = {{German football updater|EinFrank}} | season = {{German football updater|EinFrank2}} | position = {{German football updater|EinFrank3}} | website = http://www.eintracht.de/ | pattern_la1 = _frankfurt2627h | pattern_b1 = _frankfurt2627h | pattern_ra1 = _frankfurt2627h | pattern_sh1 = _frankfurt2627h | pattern_so1 = _frankfurt2627hl | leftarm1 = 000000 | body1 = 000000 | rightarm1 = 000000 | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = 000000 | pattern_la2 = _frankfurt2627a | pattern_b2 = _frankfurt2627a | pattern_ra2 = _frankfurt2627a | pattern_sh2 = _arg26A | pattern_so2 = _adidasblackl | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _frankfurt2627t | pattern_b3 = _frankfurt2627t | pattern_ra3 = _frankfurt2627t | pattern_sh3 = _frankfurt2627t | pattern_so3 = _frankfurt2627tl }} '''Eintracht Frankfurt''', in [[Frankfurt]] , is ae [[Germany|German]] [[fitbaw]] club, that's competin in the [[Fußball-Bundesliga]] the nou, the heichest form o competeition in Germany. The team plays aw thair hame gemmes at [[Deutsche Bank Park]] (whiles kent as Waldstadion). == Honours == ===Domestic=== * '''[[Leet o German fitbaw champions|German Champions]]''' ** '''Winner (1):''' 1959 * '''[[German Cup]] ** '''Winner (5):''' 1973–74, 1974–75, 1980–81, 1987–88, 2017–18 **'''Runners-up (4)''': 1963–64, 2005–06, 2016–17, 2022–23 ===European=== * '''[[UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League / European Cup]]''' ** '''Runners-up (1):''' [[1959–60 European Cup|1959–60]] * '''[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League]] ** '''Winner (2):''' 1979–80, 2021–22 * '''[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]] ** '''Winner (1):''' 1966–67 ===Regional=== *'''[[Soothren German fitbaw championship]]''' **'''Champions (2)''': 1929–30, 1931–32, **'''Runners-up (4)''': 1912–13, 1913–14, 1927-28, 1930–31, *'''[[Oberliga Süd]]''' (I) **'''Champions (2)''': 1952–53, 1958–59 **'''Runners-up (3)''': 1953–54, 1960–61, 1961–62 *'''[[Nordkreis-Liga]]''' (I) **'''Champions (3)''': 1911–12, 1912–13, 1913–14 *'''[[Kreisliga Nordmain]]''' (I) **'''Champions (2)''': 1919–20, 1920–21 **'''Runners-up (1)''': 1921–22 *'''[[Bezirksliga Main-Hessen]]''' (I) **'''Champions (5)''': 1927–28, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32 **'''Runners-up (1)''': 1932–33 *'''[[Gauliga Südwest/Mainhessen]]''' (I) **'''Champions (1)''': 1937–38 **'''Runners-up (1)''': 1936–37 == Fremmit Airtins == * [http://www.eintracht.de Eintracht Frankfurt's - offeecial wabsteid] ([[German leid|German]] or [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]) {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Eintracht Frankfurt| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Germany|Frankfurt, Eintracht]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Hesse|Frankfurt, Eintracht]] [[Category:Sport in Frankfurt]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1899|Frankfurt, Eintracht]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Germany|Frankfurt, Eintracht]] [[Category:1899 establishments in Germany]] f3a1n05h0ynoun5utl90hj9pg276gn8 0 4980 924770 924752 2026-10-18T20:32:27Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 924770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic |common_name = Portugal |native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|nbsp=omit}} |image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg |symbol_width = 100px |national_anthem = "{{lang|pt|[[A Portuguesa]]}}"<br/> {{smaller|"The Portuguese Fowk"}}<br/> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]</div> |image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Europe]] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}} |capital = [[Lisbon]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |official_languages = [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] |regional_languages = [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]]{{Ref label|a|a}} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |style=line-height:1.2em<!--Note: Fix for mobile-->; |96.3% [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] |3.7% ithers}} |ethnic_groups_year = 2011 |demonym = Portuguese |government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Portugal|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[António José Seguro]] |leader_title2 = [[Leet o Preses o the Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly Preses]] |leader_name2 = [[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]] |leader_title3 = [[Prime Meenister o Portugal|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[Luís Montenegro]] |legislature = [[Assembly o the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly o the Republic]] |sovereignty_type = [[History o Portugal|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Coonty o Portugal#First coonty|Foundation]] |established_date1 = 868 |established_event2 = [[Coonty o Portugal#Seicont coonty|Re-foondin]] |established_date2 = 1095 |established_event3 = [[Battle o São Mamede|Sovereignty]] |established_date3 = 24 Juin 1128 |established_event4 = [[Kinrick o Portugal|Kinrick]] |established_date4 = 26 Julie 1139 |established_event5 = [[Treaty o Zamora|Recogneetion]] |established_date5 = 5 October 1143 |established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recogneetion]] |established_date6 = 23 Mey 1179 |established_event7 = [[Portuguese Restoration War|Restoration]] |established_date7 = 1 December 1640 |established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]] |established_date8 = 5 October 1910 |established_event9 = [[Carnation Revolution|Democratization]] |established_date9 = 25 Apryle 1974 |established_event10 = [[Portuguese Constitution|Present Constitution]]{{Ref label|b|b}} |established_date10 = 25 Apryle 1976 |established_event11 =[[Accession o Portugal tae the European Union|EEC accession]] |established_date11 = 1 Januar 1986 |area_km2 = 92,212 |area_rank = 111t |area_sq_mi = 35,603 |area_footnote = <ref>{{pt icon}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|title=Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto|work=Público|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831|archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> |percent_water = 0.5 | population_estimate_rank = 83rd | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} | population_census = 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}} | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 123.9 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $570.956&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PT">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=13 October 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 51st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $52,980<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 43rd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $375.197&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 47th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $34,815<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st | Gini = 30.9 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2025 | Gini_change = decrease<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> | HDI = 0.890 | HDI_rank = 40th | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}} |currency = [[Euro]]{{Ref label|c|c}} ([[Euro sign|€]]) |currency_code = EUR |time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])<br/> [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOT]] |utc_offset = −1 |utc_offset_DST = <!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time --> |DST_note = {{smaller|Note: [[Mainland Portugal]] an [[Madeira]] uise WET/WEST, the [[Azores]] uise AZOT/AZOST}} |time_zone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]+1)<br/> [[Atlantic/Azores|AZOST]] |antipodes = [[New Zealand]] an [[Paceefic Ocean]] |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy |drives_on = richt |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Portugal|+351]] |cctld = [[.pt]] |footnote_a = {{Note|a}} [[Mirandese leid|Mirandese]], spoken in some veelages o the municipality o [[Miranda do Douro]], wis offeecially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),<ref>{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015 | archive-date= 2002-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|<ref>[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal], europa.eu&nbsp;– [[European Commission]] wabsteid. Retrieved Januar 2007. Airtin updatit December 2015</ref>}} [[Portuguese Sign Leid]] is an aa recognised. |footnote_b = {{Note|b}} [[Constitution o Portugal|Portuguese Constitution adoptit in 1976]] wi several subsequent minor revisions, atween 1982 an 2005. |footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Afore 2002, the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]]. |area_magnitude = 1 E10 }} [[File:PortugalNumbered.png|thumb|Territorial organization]] '''Portugal''', offeecially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}),<ref group="note" name="A">In recognised minority [[leids o Portugal]]: :*{{lang-mwl|República Pertuesa}} </ref> is a [[sovereign state]] locatit maistly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in soothwastren Europe. It is the wastrenmaist kintra o mainland Europe, mairchit tae the wast an sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the north an east bi Spain. Its territory an aw includes the Atlantic [[airchipelagae]]s o the [[Azores]] an [[Madeira]], baith [[Autonomous regions o Portugal|autonomous regions]] wi thair awn regional govrenments. Portugal is the auldest state in the Iberian Peninsula an ane o the auldest in Europe, its territory haein been conteenously settled, invadit an focht ower syne [[Prehistoric Iberie|prehistoric times]]. The [[Pre-Celtic|Pre-Celts]], [[Celts]], [[Auncient Carthage|Carthaginians]] an [[Roman Republic|Romans]] war follaed bi the invasions o the [[Visigoths]] an [[Suebi]] [[Germanic fowks]]. Portugal as a kintra wis established in the Christian ''[[Reconquista]]'' agin the [[Moors]] that haed invadit the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD. Despite attempts at unthirldom syne its foondin as a kintra in 868,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Obras Completas de José Mattoso - Portugal Medieval: Novas intepretações; Vol. 8|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Círculo de Leitores|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> anerly efter the [[Battle o São Mamede|Battle o São Mamede in 1128]], whaur Portuguese forces led bi [[Afonso Henriques]] defeatit forces led bi his mither, [[Theresa o Portugal]], the [[Coonty o Portugal]] affirmed its sovereignty an Afonso Henriques styled hissel Prince o Portugal. He wad later be proclaimed [[King o Portugal]] at the [[Battle o Ourique|Battle o Ourique in 1139]] an wis recognised as sic bi [[Treaty o Zamora|neeburin kinricks in 1143.]]<ref>Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&lpg=1 ''Nation and identity in contemporary Europe''], p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}</ref> In the 15t an 16t yeirhunners, Portugal established the [[Portuguese Empire|first global empire]], becomin ane o the warld's major economic, poleetical an militar pouers.<ref>Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/|title=First global empire|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=18 April 2014}}</ref> In this period, the day referred tae as the [[Age o Diskivery]], Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably unner ryal patronage o Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] an King [[John II o Portugal|John II]], wi sic notable voyages as [[Bartolomeu Dias]]' sailin ayont the [[Cape o Guid Howp]] (1488), [[Vasco da Gama]]'s diskivery o the sea [[Portuguese Indie Armadas|route tae Indie]] (1497–98) an the European diskivery o Brazil (1500). In this time, Portugal monopolised the [[spice tred]], an the empire expandit wi militar campaigns in Asie. Houiver, events sic as the destruction o [[Lisbon]] in a [[Lisbon Yirdquauk|1755 yirdquauk]], the kintra's occupation in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], an the [[unthirldom o Brazil]] (1822), left Portugal crippelt frae war an diminished in its warld pouer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2020-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519213218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter the [[5 October 1910 revolution|1910 revolution]] deponed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable [[First Portuguese Republic|Portuguese First Republic]] wis established, later bein supersedit bi the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' richt-weeng authoritarian regime. Democracy wis restored efter the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, endin the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]. Shortly efter, unthirldom wis grantit tae awmaist aw [[Portuguese-speakin African kintras|its owerseas territories]]. The [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Macau|haundower o Macau tae Cheenae]] in 1999 merkit the end o whit can be conseedert the [[Portuguese Empire|langest-leeved colonial empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015|archive-date=2016-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719184718/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Portugal haes left a profoond cultural an airchitectural influence eathort the globe, a legacy o 300 million Portuguese speakers, an mony [[Portuguese-based creole leids|Portuguese-based creoles]]. A member o the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], Portugal wis an aw ane o the foondin members of [[NATO]], the [[eurozone]], the [[OECD]], an the [[Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]]. Portugal is a [[developit kintra]] wi a heicch-income [[advanced economy]], a [[developed mercat]], an heich [[leevin staundart]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045if_/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2014|title=World Economic Outlook April 2014|work=International Monetary Fund|date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|website=2.deloitte.com|format=PDF|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217if_/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by Country Each Year|website=Numbeo.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915101303/http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is ranked heichly in terms o [[LGBTI richts]] (6t in Europe),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|title=Country Ranking {{!}} Rainbow Europe|website=rainbow-europe.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=2015-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021106/https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Press Freedom Index|press freedom]] (14t), [[Social Progress Index|social progress]] (20t) an [[Legatum Prosperity Index|prosperity]] (25t). Wi its poleetical stability an law crime rates, it is rankit as [[Global Peace Index|the maist peacefu kintra in the EU an the 3rd in the warld]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/|title=Global Peace Index – Vision of Humanity|last=Humanity|first=Vision of|work=Vision of Humanity|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Addeetionally, it is a [[Leet o kintras bi Fragile States Index|sustainable state]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data|title=Fragile States Index 2017|publisher=Fund for Peace|accessdate=14 May 2017}}</ref> mainteenin a [[Unitar state|unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], a strang rule o law, an [[Corruption Perceptions Index|the lawest levels o corruption in soothren Europe]]. Portugal ranks abuin the [[OECD]] average in mathematics, science, an readin, haein been the kintra wi the maist expressive positive evolution ootthrou [[PISA]]'s studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://observador.pt/2016/12/06/pisa-alunos-portugueses-acima-da-media-da-ocde-pela-primeira-vez-em-15-anos/|title=PISA. Alunos portugueses acima da média da OCDE pela primeira vez em 15 anos|last=Carriço|first=Marlene|website=Observador|language=pt-PT|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> Awtho a [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]-majority kintra for maist o its history, modren Portugal is a [[secular state]] wi [[Warld Index o Moral Freedom|ane o the warld's heichest rates o moral freedom]]. It wis the first kintra tae abolish life impreesonment<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeimprisonment.eu/index.php/study-projet|title=Project|website=www.lifeimprisonment.eu|language=it-it|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> an ane o the earliest tae abolish caipital punishment. Practices sic as abortion, same-sex marriage an [[LGBT adoption|adoption]], [[Assistit reproductive technology|medically assisted insemination]] for single weemen an lesbian couples,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|title=Mulheres sozinhas já engravidam em Portugal|work=Jornal Expresso|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084428/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2017-05-06-Mulheres-sozinhas-ja-engravidam-em-Portugal|url-status=dead}}</ref> an altruistic [[Surrogacy laws bi kintra|surrogacy]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/ordem-dos-medicos-da-parecer-favoravel-ao-primeiro-pedido-de-gestacao-de-substituicao-8915467.html|title=Ordem Dos Médicos - Avó vai gerar o neto. Aprovado pedido de gestação de substituição|last=Group|first=Global Media|date=14 November 2017|work=DN|access-date=7 December 2017|language=pt-PT}}</ref> hae been legalised. In 2001, Portugal becam [[Drog policy o Portugal|the first kintra in the warld tae decriminalise the possession an consumption o aw illeecit drogs]], focusin on treatment an hairm reduction, wi signeeficant public heal gains.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it|title=Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?|last=Ferreira|first=Susana|date=5 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Soorces== * {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022}} |type=Census |isbn=978-989-25-0619-7 |issn=0872-6493 |publication-place=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |title=Censos 2021 - XVI recenseamento geral da população. VI recenseamento geral da habitação: resultados definitivos |trans-title=Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author=<!-- not stated --> |publication-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416185549if_/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=586659861&att_display=n&att_download=y |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes&PUBLICACOESpub_boui=65586079&PUBLICACOESmodo=2&xlang=en |access-date=20 May 2026|oclc=1380689122}} * {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=22 June 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=770295679&DESTAQUESmodo=2&tblci=GiB_bg21TjyJXVgz5nryvn4SEQCWsMLL6k098ZCCQyT0qiCvuUgoq8GTj6_O0_dYMPn7Xw&xlang=en|location=Lisbon |author=<!-- not stated --> |access-date=22 June 2026 |title=Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025|eissn=2184-4534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625205521/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=799790042&att_display=n&att_download=y|archive-date=25 June 2026|url-status=live}} * {{Cite report |doi=10.18356/9789211542639 |doi-access=free |author=United Nations Development Programme |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human development report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-154263-9 |issn=0969-4501 |eissn=2412-3129 |series=Human Development Report |publication-place=New York City}} {{Commonscat}} {{Kintras o the European Union (EU)}} [[Category:Portugal| ]] [[Category:Soothren European kintras]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras]] [[Category:Member states o the European Union]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Portuguese-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Republics]] {{Stub/Portugal}} iezr1ixcuq19k1mgdrgmcqsrwuff7hi 0 6141 924797 924692 2026-10-19T00:23:30Z Atlantic306 30244 removed archive today, 924797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= {{transl|ur|ISO|Urdu}} |nativename= {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ur|اردو}}}} Lashkari (لشکری) |pronunciation= {{IPA-hns|ˈʊrd̪u|lang}} |image= URDUARAB.PNG |imagesize= 200px |imagecaption= '''Urdu''' in [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] script <br>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]] style) |states= [[Pakistan]], [[Indie]], [[Bangladesh]] ("Bihari"), [[Nepal]]<!--, [[Mauritius]], [[Sooth Africae]]--><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd | title= Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Urdu | publisher=Ethnologue | accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> |speakers = 66 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |speakers2=Tot (only Urdu): 104 million (2010)<ref>{{cite web|last=Katsiavriades, Qureshi|first=Kryss, Talaat|title=The 30 Most Spoken Languages of the World|url=http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> <br>Tot (includin [[Hindi]]): 490 million (2010) |familycolor= Indo-European |fam2= [[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3= [[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4= [[Central zone]] |fam5= [[Wastren Hindi]] |fam6= [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]]<ref name= ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref> |fam7= Seann Punjabi<ref>Bailey, T. Grahame. "Urdu: the Name and the Language." The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1930): 391-400.</ref><ref>Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."</ref> |script= [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]])<br>[[Devanagari]]<br>[[Urdu Braille]] |nation= {{flag|Pakistan}}<br>{{flag|Indie}} (states o [[Jammu an Kashmir]],<br> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]]) |agency=[[Naitional Leid Authority]] (Pakistan);<br /> [[Naitional Cooncil for Promotion o Urdu Leid|Naitional Cooncil for Promotion <br>o Urdu Leid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/ |title=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |publisher=Urducouncil.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> (Indie) |iso1=ur|iso2=urd|iso3=urd|lingua=59-AAF-q (wi Hindi,<br>includin 58 varieties:<br> 59-AAF-qaa tae 59-AAF-qil) |map=Urdu_official-language_areas.png |mapcaption= {{legend|#FFCC2E|Areas where Urdu is offeecial or cooffeecial}} {{legend|#FDF72F|(Ither) areas whaur Hindi is offeecial}} }} '''Urdu''' {{IPA|ˈ|urdu}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''اُردُو'''}}}}, {{transl|ur|''Urdū''}}, {{IPA-hns|ʊrˈd̪u|pron|hi-Urdu.ogg}}), forby said '''Lashkari''' ('''لشکری''' ˈləʃkəri)<ref>http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf</ref>, is the heidmaist leid that is spak in [[Pakistan]]. It is in mony weys seemilar tae [[Hindi]] whan spak (the twa is mutually intelligable) tho it haes a different writin system that's taen frae the [[Arabic]]. There's 60-80 million native speakers, an 160 million tot. {{-}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Hindustani leid]] [[Category:Urdu|*]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] majznich37fu3kgw3f6bv7as8nntvvw 924799 924797 2026-10-19T00:27:05Z Atlantic306 30244 reduced dubious figure which is 200 million more than on the English wikipedia 924799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= {{transl|ur|ISO|Urdu}} |nativename= {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ur|اردو}}}} Lashkari (لشکری) |pronunciation= {{IPA-hns|ˈʊrd̪u|lang}} |image= URDUARAB.PNG |imagesize= 200px |imagecaption= '''Urdu''' in [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] script <br>([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]] style) |states= [[Pakistan]], [[Indie]], [[Bangladesh]] ("Bihari"), [[Nepal]]<!--, [[Mauritius]], [[Sooth Africae]]--><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd | title= Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Urdu | publisher=Ethnologue | accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> |speakers = 66 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |speakers2=Tot (only Urdu): 104 million (2010)<ref>{{cite web|last=Katsiavriades, Qureshi|first=Kryss, Talaat|title=The 30 Most Spoken Languages of the World|url=http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> <br> |familycolor= Indo-European |fam2= [[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3= [[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4= [[Central zone]] |fam5= [[Wastren Hindi]] |fam6= [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]]<ref name= ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref> |fam7= Seann Punjabi<ref>Bailey, T. Grahame. "Urdu: the Name and the Language." The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1930): 391-400.</ref><ref>Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."</ref> |script= [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]])<br>[[Devanagari]]<br>[[Urdu Braille]] |nation= {{flag|Pakistan}}<br>{{flag|Indie}} (states o [[Jammu an Kashmir]],<br> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]]) |agency=[[Naitional Leid Authority]] (Pakistan);<br /> [[Naitional Cooncil for Promotion o Urdu Leid|Naitional Cooncil for Promotion <br>o Urdu Leid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/ |title=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |publisher=Urducouncil.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> (Indie) |iso1=ur|iso2=urd|iso3=urd|lingua=59-AAF-q (wi Hindi,<br>includin 58 varieties:<br> 59-AAF-qaa tae 59-AAF-qil) |map=Urdu_official-language_areas.png |mapcaption= {{legend|#FFCC2E|Areas where Urdu is offeecial or cooffeecial}} {{legend|#FDF72F|(Ither) areas whaur Hindi is offeecial}} }} '''Urdu''' {{IPA|ˈ|urdu}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''اُردُو'''}}}}, {{transl|ur|''Urdū''}}, {{IPA-hns|ʊrˈd̪u|pron|hi-Urdu.ogg}}), forby said '''Lashkari''' ('''لشکری''' ˈləʃkəri)<ref>http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf</ref>, is the heidmaist leid that is spak in [[Pakistan]]. It is in mony weys seemilar tae [[Hindi]] whan spak (the twa is mutually intelligable) tho it haes a different writin system that's taen frae the [[Arabic]]. There's 60-80 million native speakers, an 160 million tot. {{-}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Hindustani leid]] [[Category:Urdu|*]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan leids]] n76r544nav8olv98sz2c582qgryrbc3 0 10982 924807 882136 2026-10-19T05:47:07Z Munci 6841 {{fixscots}} 924807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Vancouver |official_name = Vancouver |nickname = [[Elk-names o Vancouver|See airticle]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = "By Sea, Land, and Air We Prosper" |image_skyline = Vancouver photo montage.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Clockwise frae top: Downtown Vancouver as seen frae the soothren shore o False Creek, The [[University Endowment Lands]], [[Lions Gate Bridge]], a view frae [[Granville Street Bridge]], [[Burrard Bridge]], The Millennium Gate ([[Chinatown, Vancouver|Chinatown]]), an [[totem pole]]s in [[Stanley Park]] |image_flag = |alt=asdsad |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |citylogo_size = |image_map = GVRDVancouver.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o Vancouver athin [[Metro Vancouver]] in Breetish Columbie, Canada |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map= Canada British Columbia |pushpin_map_caption= Location o Vancouver in Breetish Columbie |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Canadae]] |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Breetish Columbie}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Canadae#Breetish Columbie|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Lawer Mainland]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Leet o Breetish Columbie Regional Destricts|Regional Destrict]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Metro Vancouver]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Gregor Robertson (politeecian)|Gregor Robertson]] ([[Veesion Vancouver]]) |leader_title1 = [[Vancouver City Council|City Council]] |leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title = '''Leet o Cooncillors''' |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1=[[Suzanne Anton]] ([[Nan-Partisan Association|NPA]]) |2=[[David Cadman]] ([[Coalition o Progressive Electors|COPE]]) |3=[[George Chow]] ([[Veesion Vancouver|Vision]]) |4=[[Heather Deal]] ([[Veesion Vancouver|Vision]]) |5=[[Kerry Jang]] ([[Veesion Vancouver|Vision]]) |6=[[Raymond Louie]] ([[Veesion Vancouver|Vision]]) |7=[[Geoff Meggs]] ([[Veesion Vancouver|Vision]]) |8=[[Andrea Reimer]] ([[Veesion Vancouver|Vision]]) |9=[[Tim Stevenson]] ([[Veesion Vancouver|Vision]]) |10=[[Ellen Woodsworth]] ([[Coalition o Progressive Electors|COPE]]) }} |leader_title3 = [[Members o the Canadian Hoose o Commons|MPs]] (Fed.) |leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |title = '''Leet o MPs''' |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = [[Don Davies]] ([[New Democratic Pairty|New Democrat]]) |2 = [[Libby Davies]] ([[New Democratic Pairty|New Democrat]]) |3 = [[Hedy Fry]] ([[Liberal Pairty o Canadae|Liberal]]) |4 = [[Joyce Murray]] ([[Leeberal Party o Canadae|Liberal]]) |5 = [[Wai Young]] ([[Conservative Pairty o Canadae|Conservative]]) }} |leader_title4 = [[Legislative Assembly o Breetish Columbie|MLAs]] (Prov.) |leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list |title = '''Leet o MLAs''' |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = [[Spencer Chandra Herbert]] ([[Breetish Columbie New Democratic Pairty|NDP]]) |2 = [[Christy Clark]] ([[Breetish Columbie Liberal Pairty|BC Lib]]) |3 = [[Adrian Dix]] ([[Breetish Columbie New Democratic Pairty|NDP]]) |4 = [[Mable Elmore]] ([[Breetish Columbie New Democratic Pairty|NDP]]) |5 = [[Colin Hansen]] ([[Breetish Columbie Liberal Pairty|BC Lib]]) |6 = [[Kash Heed]] ([[Breetish Columbie Liberal Pairty|BC Lib]]) |7 = [[Jenny Kwan]] ([[Breetish Columbie New Democratic Pairty|NDP]]) |8 = [[Margaret MacDiarmid]] ([[Breetish Columbie Liberal Pairty|BC Lib]]) |9 = [[Mary McNeil]] ([[Breetish Columbie Liberal Pairty|BC Lib]]) |10 = [[Shane Simpson]] ([[Breetish Columbie New Democratic Pairty|NDP]]) |11 = [[Moira Stilwell]] ([[Breetish Columbie Liberal Pairty|BC Lib]]) }} |established_title = Incorporatit |established_date = 1886 |named_for = [[George Vancouver]] |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 114.97 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = 2878.52 |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = [[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Census]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="SC2011">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=303&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=0&CMA=933 |title=StatsCan 2011 Census for Vancouver CMA |publisher=Statistics Canada |work=[[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Census data]] |accessdate=9 February 2012}} </ref> |population_note = |population_total =<!--CENSUS 2011 DATA ONLY, DO NOT USE ESTIMATES -->603,502 [[Leet o the 100 lairgest municipalities in Canadae bi population|(8t]]) |population_density_km2 = 5249 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro =<!--CENSUS 2011 DATA ONLY, DO NOT USE ESTIMATES -->2,313,328 ([[Leet o the 100 lairgest metropolitan auries in Canadae|3rd]]) |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] |population_blank1 = Vancouverite |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = [[Paceefic Staundart Time Zone|PST]] |utc_offset = −8 |timezone_DST = PDT |utc_offset_DST = −7 |coordinates = {{coord|49|15|N|123|6|W|region:CA-BC|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 0-152 |elevation_ft = 0-501 |postal_code_type = Postal code span |postal_code = V5K to V6Z |area_code = [[Area code 604|604]], [[Area code 778|778]] |blank_name = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] Map |blank_info = 092G03 |blank1_name = [[Geographical Names Board of Canada|GNBC]] Code |blank1_info = JBRIK |website = [http://vancouver.ca/ City of Vancouver] |footnotes = }} '''Vancouver''' ({{pron-en|væn.ˈkuːvər}}) is a coastal ceety locatit in the [[Lawer Mainland]] o [[Breetish Columbie]], [[Canadae]]. It is named for [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Breetish]] [[Caiptain]] [[George Vancouver]], who explored the aurie in the 1790s. The name ''Vancouver'' itself originates frae the [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] "van Coevorden", denotin somebody frae [[Coevorden]], a ceety in the [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_coevorden.htm|title=Coevorden|work=The History of Metropolitan Vancouver|author=Davis, Chuck|accessdate=2009-12-01|archive-date=2011-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610231756/http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_coevorden.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sister ceeties== The Ceety o Vancouver wis ane o the first ceeties in Canadae tae enter intae an internaitional [[twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceeties]] arrangement.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Smith, Patrick J. and Kennedy Stewart| year = 2003| url = http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/Arch/03/03-2/Kennedy_and_Stewart.pdf| format = PDF| title = Beavers and Cats Revisited: Creatures and Tenants versus Municipal Charter(s) and Home Rule| publisher = Queen's University, Institute of Intergovernmental Relations| accessdate = 2009-12-01| journal = | archive-date = 2011-07-26| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726045528/http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/Arch/03/03-2/Kennedy_and_Stewart.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> Special arrangements for cultural, social an economic benefits hae been creatit wi these sister ceeties.<ref name="aboutvancouver"> {{cite web | title = About Vancouver | publisher=City of Vancouver | url = http://vancouver.ca/aboutvan.htm | date=17 November 2009 | accessdate =1 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Vancouver">{{cite web|url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf|format=PDF|title=Vancouver Twinning Relationships|publisher=City of Vancouver|accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]] (1944) * {{Flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]] (1956) * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]] (1965)<ref name="Yokohama">{{cite web|url=http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html|title=Eight Cities/Six Ports: Yokohama's Sister Cities/Sister Ports|publisher=[http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/ycvb/index.html Yokohama Convention & Visitiors Bureau]|accessdate=2009-12-05|archive-date=2009-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Edinburgh]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] (1978) * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Guangzhou]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] (1985) |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Los Angeles]], [[United States]] (1986) * {{Flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Latacunga]], [[Ecuador]] (2005) * {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[Republic o Korea|Sooth Korea]] (2007) * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] (2010) * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Dalian]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] |} There are 21 municipalities in the Greater Vancouver Regional Destrict (GVRD). While each o these haes a separate municipal govrenment, the GVRD owersees common services athin the metropolitan aurie such as water, sewage, transportation, an regional pairks. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Vancouver| ]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Canadae]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Winter Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Commonweel Gemmes]] [[Category:Port settlements in Canadae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1867]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Fraser River]] {{Stub/Canadae}} {{Stub/Ceity}} pfinh735hbngdqubbnms1tjxc7udcgn 0 15270 924814 849933 2026-10-19T05:53:00Z Munci 6841 {{fixscots}} 924814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = State of São Paulo | native_name = | native_name_lang = pt<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. --> | settlement_type = [[States o Brazil|State]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Bandeira do estado de São Paulo.svg | flag_alt = | image_shield = Brasao Estado SaoPaulo Brasil.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = ''Pro Brasilia Fiant Eximia'' <small>([[Laitin]])<br /> "Let great things be done for Brazil"</small> | anthem = [[Bandeirantes Anthem]] | image_map = Brazil State SaoPaulo.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o State o São Paulo in Brazil | coordinates = {{coord|23|32|S|46|38|W|type:adm1st_region:BR-SP|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}} | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]] an Lairgest Ceety | seat = [[São Paulo]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Governor (Brazil)|Governor]] | leader_name = [[João Doria]] ([[PSDB]]) | leader_title1 = Vice Governor | leader_name1 = [[Rodrigo Garcia]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_total_km2 = 248209.4 | area_rank = [[Leet o Brazilian states bi aurie|12t]] | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas]</ref> | population_total = 41,252,160 | population_as_of = 2010 census | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_rank = [[Leet o Brazilian states bi population|1st]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_rank = [[Leet o Brazilian states bi population densitie|3rd]] | population_demonym = Paulista | population_note = | demographics_type1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = Year | demographics1_info1 = 2008 (IBGE) | demographics1_title2 = Total | demographics1_info2 = R$ 1,003,016,000,000 ([[Leet o Brazilian states bi gross domestic product|1st]]) | demographics1_title3 = Per caipita | demographics1_info3 = R$ 24,456 ([[Leet o Brazilian states bi gross domestic product|2nt]]) | demographics_type2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = Year | demographics2_info1 = 2005 | demographics2_title2 = Category | demographics2_info2 = 0.889 – <span style="color:green">heich</span> ([[Leet o Brazilian states bi Human Development Index|2nt]]) | timezone1 = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]] | utc_offset1 = -3 | timezone1_DST = [[Time in Brazil|BRST]] | utc_offset1_DST = -2 | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = 01000-000 to 19990-000 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:BR|BR-SP]] | website = [http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/] | footnotes = }} '''São Paulo''' ({{IPA-pt|sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu|-|Br-SaoPaulo.ogg}}) is a [[States o Brazil|state]] in [[Brazil]]. It is the major industrial an economic pouerhoose o the Brazilian economy. Named efter [[Saunt Paul]], São Paulo haes the mucklest [[population]], industrial pairk an economic production o the kintra. It is the richest state o Brazil. The caipital, [[São Paulo]], is an aa the mucklest ceety in [[Sooth Americae]]. Aften dubbed the "locomotive o Brazil", the state alane is responsible for 33.9% o Brazilian [[GDP]], being the state wi the heichest GDP. In addition tae increased GDP, São Paulo an aa haes the third heichest [[Human Development Index]], the seicont heichest [[GDP per capita]], the seicont lowest [[infant mortality]] rate an the fowerth lowest rate o [[illiteracy]] amang the states o Brazil. Wi ower forty million inhabitants, São Paulo is the maist populous state in Brazil an the third maist populous poleetical unit o Sooth Americae, anerlie surpassed bi that kintra an [[Colombie]], aheid o aw ither Sooth American kintras. Its population is mair diverse descends mainly frae Brazil an [[Portuguese fowk|Portuguese]] who wur the first [[Europe]]ans tae set eyes on Brazil an installed the first veelages in Brazil in exactly the state o Sao Paulo an [[Italian immigration tae Brazil|Italian immigrants]], [[Indigenous fowks o the Americas|Native Americans]], [[African fowk|Africans]] an ither muckle migratory flows, as [[Arabs]], [[Germans]], [[Spain]]gie an [[Japan]]ese. The caipital ceety is the saxt [[Warld's lairgest ceeties|lairgest ceety on the planet]] an its metropolitan aurie, wi 19,223,897 inhabitants, is the saxt mucklest urban agglomeration in the warld. Regions vera near the ceety o São Paulo are an aa metropolitan auries o the state, as [[Campinas]] an [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]; ither nearbi ceeties include urban auries in the conurbation process, as [[São José dos Campos]], [[Sorocaba]] an [[Jundiaí]]. The total population o these auries coupled wi the caipital - the so-cawed Expandit Metropolitan Complex - exceeds 29 million inhabitants, approximately 75% o the population o São Paulo state-wide. The metropolitan regions o Campinas an São Paulo nou form the first macro-metropolis in the soothren hemisphere, joinin 65 kintras that thegither are hame tae 12% o the population. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|São Paulo}} {{States o Brazil}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sao Paulo (State)}} [[Category:São Paulo (state)| ]] [[Category:States o Brazil]] olgi8sxw6focqpktfrwmm5w7uks6vuc 0 18257 924811 835270 2026-10-19T05:49:58Z Munci 6841 {{fixscots}} 924811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} '''Arab fowk''', kent as '''Arabs''' an aw ({{lang-ar|<big>عرب</big>}}, ''ʿarab''), are a [[panethnicity]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hgm2011.org/ghazi_tadmouri_-_abstract.html |title=Ghazi Tadmouri - Abstract |publisher=Hgm2011.org |date=2011-03-15 |accessdate=2011-07-18 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726145940/http://www.hgm2011.org/ghazi_tadmouri_-_abstract.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--Hiding the large list of references: <ref>http://histclo.com/country/cou-mea.html</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=40Zv8DC4g38C&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=arabs+panethnicity&source=bl&ots=h7x2ODT1_I&sig=kGTXpQAttO1BebQcOq2ZmOQXqv4&hl=en&ei=V4ZpTfCzK8mxhAeR-IihDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_latin_american_geography/summary/v007/7.2.miyares.html</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=iAPLHidx8MkC&pg=PA405&lpg=PA405#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>--> primarily livin in the [[Arab warld]] which is locatit in [[Wastren Asie]] an [[North Africae]]. Thay are [[identity (social science)|identified]] as such on ane or mair o [[genealogy|genealogical]], [[natural leid|linguistic]], or [[cultur]]al grunds,<ref name=Deng>Francis Mading Deng [http://books.google.com/books?id=iAPLHidx8MkC&pg=PA405 War of visions: conflict of identities in the Sudan], Brookings Institution Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8157-1793-8 p. 405</ref> wi tribal affiliations, an intra-tribal relationships playin an important pairt o Arab identity in tracin strynd o a naitional frae an [[Arab League|Arab state]].<ref>Nicholas S. Hopkins, Saad Eddin Ibrahim eds., ''Arab society: class, gender, power, and development'', American University in Cairo Press, 1997, p.6</ref> == Etymologie == The earliest documentit uise o the wird "Arab" as definin a group o fowk dates frae the 9t century BC in [[Assirie]] records which describe the indwallers o the Arabie Peninsula.<ref name=Retsop105>Jan Retsö [http://books.google.com/books?id=pUepRuQO8ZkC&pg=PA105 The Arabs in antiquity: their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads], Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-7007-1679-3, p. 105</ref> The maist popular Arab accoont hauds that the wird 'Arab' came frae an eponymous faither cried [[Yarab]], who wis supposedly the first tae speak Arabic. [[Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī|Al-Hamdani]] haed anither view; he states that Arabs wur cried Gh'''Arab''' (Wast in Semitic) bi Mesopotamians acause Arabs residit in Wastren Mesopotamie; the term wis then corruptit intae Arab. Yet anither view is held bi Al-Masudi that the wird Arabs wis initially applee'd tae the [[Ishmaelites]] o the "Arabah" valley. The ruit o the wird haes mony meanins in Semitic leids includin "wast/sunset," "desert," "mingle," "merchant," "raven" an are "comprehensible" wi aw o these haein varyin degrees o relevance tae the emergence o the name. It is an aa possible that some forms war [[metathesis (linguistics)|metathetical]] frae {{transl|sem|ʿ-B-R}} "muivin aroond" (Arabic {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ-B-R}} "traverse"), an hence, it is allegit, "nomadic." == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Arab}} *[http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/index.jsp Arab League (Arabic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509170538/http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/index.jsp |date=2006-05-09 }} [[Category:Arab| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Africae]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Muslim commonties]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Arab League]] [[Category:Semitic fowks]] [[Category:Auncient fowks]] sfwvcig1sqstyo1dfg0vshmdst5zgdt 0 19525 924802 846736 2026-10-19T00:40:51Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ replaced archive today 924802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bisbrooke''' is a veelage an [[ceevil parish]] in the coonty o [[Rutland]] in the [[East Midlands]] o [[Ingland]]. It is locatit aboot twa mile (3.2&nbsp;km) east o [[Uppingham]] close tae the [[A47 road|A47]]. In 2001, it haed a population o 219. The parish kirk o St John the Baptist dates frae 1871 in its present form, though the touer wis anerlie feenished in 1914. There are a number o fine gravestanes,<ref>[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-187534-headstone-to-nathaniel-clark-in-churchya Listed gravestone]</ref> which pre-date the present biggin. The ''Gate Inn'' is on ''Main Street''. Bisbrooke Hall is tae the north o the A47 athin the parish bundary but actually nearer tae the veelage o [[Glaston]]. The Hall wis substantially remodelled an extendit bi [[Baron Carbery|Lord Carbery]] aroond 1840. In the 1950s, "smaw-hauldins, orchards an vegetable patches jostle each ither in the sheltered hollaes o Bisbrooke” whaur “amaist iveryane grows an sells strawberries”; hintle o the fruit wis sent for jam-makkin. The veelage wis too unremarkable tae warrant an entry in [[Arthur Mee]]'s ''The King's England'' volume. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Bisbrooke}} * [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002647/http://www.rutnet.co.uk/pp/location/detail.asp?id=8 Archived veelage page on RutNet] * [http://www.bisbrookostriches.co.uk Bisbrooke Ostrich Farms] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20261019003135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/51/a4217951.shtml A Childhood in Wartime Bisbrooke (WW2 People's War)] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Veelages in Rutland]] dbplqc5u4h2vwcimlga9af42i7tvq5l 924803 924802 2026-10-19T00:41:09Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ typo fixed 924803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bisbrooke''' is a veelage an [[ceevil parish]] in the coonty o [[Rutland]] in the [[East Midlands]] o [[Ingland]]. It is locatit aboot twa mile (3.2&nbsp;km) east o [[Uppingham]] close tae the [[A47 road|A47]]. In 2001, it haed a population o 219. The parish kirk o St John the Baptist dates frae 1871 in its present form, though the touer wis anerlie feenished in 1914. There are a number o fine gravestanes,<ref>[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-187534-headstone-to-nathaniel-clark-in-churchya Listed gravestone]</ref> which pre-date the present biggin. The ''Gate Inn'' is on ''Main Street''. Bisbrooke Hall is tae the north o the A47 athin the parish bundary but actually nearer tae the veelage o [[Glaston]]. The Hall wis substantially remodelled an extendit bi [[Baron Carbery|Lord Carbery]] aroond 1840. In the 1950s, "smaw-hauldins, orchards an vegetable patches jostle each ither in the sheltered hollaes o Bisbrooke” whaur “amaist iveryane grows an sells strawberries”; hintle o the fruit wis sent for jam-makkin. The veelage wis too unremarkable tae warrant an entry in [[Arthur Mee]]'s ''The King's England'' volume. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Bisbrooke}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002647/http://www.rutnet.co.uk/pp/location/detail.asp?id=8 Archived veelage page on RutNet] * [http://www.bisbrookostriches.co.uk Bisbrooke Ostrich Farms] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20261019003135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/51/a4217951.shtml A Childhood in Wartime Bisbrooke (WW2 People's War)] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Veelages in Rutland]] 56za1ph1nwmqvqyllrn1wrjde25v9na 924804 924803 2026-10-19T00:41:57Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ removed spam link 924804 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bisbrooke''' is a veelage an [[ceevil parish]] in the coonty o [[Rutland]] in the [[East Midlands]] o [[Ingland]]. It is locatit aboot twa mile (3.2&nbsp;km) east o [[Uppingham]] close tae the [[A47 road|A47]]. In 2001, it haed a population o 219. The parish kirk o St John the Baptist dates frae 1871 in its present form, though the touer wis anerlie feenished in 1914. There are a number o fine gravestanes,<ref>[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-187534-headstone-to-nathaniel-clark-in-churchya Listed gravestone]</ref> which pre-date the present biggin. The ''Gate Inn'' is on ''Main Street''. Bisbrooke Hall is tae the north o the A47 athin the parish bundary but actually nearer tae the veelage o [[Glaston]]. The Hall wis substantially remodelled an extendit bi [[Baron Carbery|Lord Carbery]] aroond 1840. In the 1950s, "smaw-hauldins, orchards an vegetable patches jostle each ither in the sheltered hollaes o Bisbrooke” whaur “amaist iveryane grows an sells strawberries”; hintle o the fruit wis sent for jam-makkin. The veelage wis too unremarkable tae warrant an entry in [[Arthur Mee]]'s ''The King's England'' volume. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Bisbrooke}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002647/http://www.rutnet.co.uk/pp/location/detail.asp?id=8 Archived veelage page on RutNet] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20261019003135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/51/a4217951.shtml A Childhood in Wartime Bisbrooke (WW2 People's War)] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Veelages in Rutland]] t8atevmaaydohmpj6nlfxxfz2ex6r0r 924805 924804 2026-10-19T00:44:38Z CiphriusKane 74958 Nae attreibution gien fur quote an the singificance ae bein left oot a beuk isna clear 924805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bisbrooke''' is a clachan an [[ceevil parish]] in the coonty o [[Rutland]] in the [[East Midlands]] o [[Ingland]]. It is locatit aboot twa mile (3.2&nbsp;km) east o [[Uppingham]] close tae the [[A47 road|A47]]. In 2001, it haed a population o 219. The parish kirk o St John the Baptist dates frae 1871 in its present form, though the touer wis anerlie feenished in 1914. There are a number o fine gravestanes,<ref>[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-187534-headstone-to-nathaniel-clark-in-churchya Listed gravestone]</ref> which pre-date the present biggin. The ''Gate Inn'' is on ''Main Street''. Bisbrooke Hall is tae the north o the A47 athin the parish bundary but actually nearer tae the clachan o [[Glaston]]. The Hall wis substantially remodelled an stendit oot bi [[Baron Carbery|Lord Carbery]] aroond 1840. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Bisbrooke}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002647/http://www.rutnet.co.uk/pp/location/detail.asp?id=8 Archived veelage page on RutNet] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20261019003135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/51/a4217951.shtml A Childhood in Wartime Bisbrooke (WW2 People's War)] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Veelages in Rutland]] dzms2zus1jby7z8lrj1zh0lwl3ovxs3 0 36872 924813 825754 2026-10-19T05:51:24Z Munci 6841 {{fixscots}} 924813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Federal Dependencies |native_name = Dependencias Federales |settlement_type = Dependencies |image_flag = Federal dependencies of Venezuela's Flag.svg |image_shield = |image_map = Federal Dependencies in Venezuela (special marker).svg |map_caption = Location in Venezuela |established_title = Creatit |established_date = 1945 |seat_type = Caipital |seat = [[Los Roques]] |parts_type = Islands and Groups |p1 = [[Isla Aves|Aves Island]] (Isla de Aves) |p2 = [[Las Aves airchipelago]] (Archipiélago Las Aves) |p3 = [[Blanquilla Island]] (Isla La Blanquilla) |p4 = [[Islas Los Frailes|Los Frailes Islands]] (Islas los Frailes) |p5 = [[La Sola Island]] (Isla La Sola) |p6 = [[Patos Island (Venezuela)|Patos Island]] (Isla de Patos) |p7 = [[Los Hermanos airchipelago]] (Islas Los Hermanos) |p8 = [[Los Monjes airchipelago]] (Archipiélago Los Monjes) |p9 = [[La Orchila|Orchila Island]] (Isla La Orchila) |p10 = [[Los Roques airchipelago]] (Archipiélago Los Roques) |p11 = [[Los Testigos Islands]] (Islas Los Testigos) |p12 = [[La Tortuga Island]] (Isla La Tortuga) |area_total_km2 = 342 |population_total = 3,245 |population_as_of = 2007 |timezone1 = [[UTC-4:30]] |website = |footnotes = }} The '''Federal Dependencies o Venezuela''' ({{lang-es|Dependencias Federales de Venezuela|italic=yes}}) encompass aw o [[Venezuela]]'s aff shore islands in the [[Caribbean Sea]] an the [[Guwf o Venezuela]]. These islands, wi a total aurie o 342 square kilometres, are spairsely populatit - accordin tae offeecial sources anerlie 3,000 fowk live thare permanently, wi anither hunder frae [[Isla Margarita|Margarita Island]] who live thare seasonally tae engage in fishin. Local govrenment is unner the authority o the [[mayor]] o [[Caracas]].<ref>Vila, Marco Aurelio. 1967: Aspectos geográficos de las Dependencias Federales. Corporación Venezolana de Fomento. Caracas. 115p.</ref><ref>República de Venezuela y República Dominicana. 1981: Tratado de relimitación de áreas marinas y submarinas entre la República de Venezuela y República Dominicana. Ministerio de la Defensa. Caracas. 8p.</ref><ref>Cervigon, Fernando. 1995: Las Dependencias Federales. Academia Nacional de la Historia. Caracas. 193p.</ref><ref>Hernández Caballero, Serafín (Editor). 1998: Gran Enciclopedia de Venezuela. Editorial Globe, C.A. Caracas. 10 volúmenes. ISBN 980-6427-00-9 ISBN 980-6427-10-6</ref> ==Geography== The federal dependencies are composed o 600 islands an smawer formations; mony hae an aurie o less nor 10,000 square metres an are essentially simple rocks. The lairgest island, La Tortuga, accoonts for amaist hauf o the territory o the federal dependencies. Dependencias Federales stretch for {{convert|900|km|mi|abbr=on}} alang the coast frae ''Archipiélago Los Monjes'' in the wast at the [[Guwf o Venezuela]] tae ''Isla de Patos'' sootheast o [[Isla Margarita]] at the [[Guwf o Paria]] in the east. ===Principal Islands an Groups=== *[[Isla Aves|Aves Island]] (Isla de Aves) *[[Las Aves airchipelago]] (Archipiélago Las Aves) *[[Blanquilla Island]] (Isla La Blanquilla) *[[Islas Los Frailes|Los Frailes Islands]] (Islas los Frailes) *[[La Sola Island]] (Isla La Sola) *[[Patos Island (Venezuela)|Patos Island]] (Isla de Patos) *[[Los Hermanos airchipelago]] (Islas Los Hermanos) *[[Los Monjes airchipelago]] (Archipiélago Los Monjes) *[[La Orchila|Orchila Island]] (Isla La Orchila) *[[Los Roques airchipelago]] (Archipiélago Los Roques) *[[Los Testigos Islands]] (Islas Los Testigos) *[[La Tortuga Island]] (Isla La Tortuga) {| class="wikitable" |-style="background: #ffffff;" | colspan="6" align="center"|[[File:Federal Dependencies in Venezuela (numered).svg|600px]]<br /> Poleetical Map Federal Admeenistrative Agencies numberin based on the table o islands |- | style="background: #CCCccc;" align="right"|Nr. | style="background: #CCCccc;" | Island or group | style="background: #CCCccc;" |Surface<br />km² | style="background: #CCCccc;" |Population | style="background: #CCCccc;" |Members Islands | style="background: #CCCccc;" |Coordinates |- | style="background: #eeeeee;" colspan="6" align="left"|'''Athin the Continental Shelf''' |- |align="right" | 1||[[Los Monjes airchipelago]]||align="right" |0,20||align="right"|-||align="center" |<small>Monjes del Norte - Monje del Este - Monjes del Sur </small>||{{coord|12|21|N|70|55|W}} |- |align="right" | 2||[[La Tortuga Island]]||align="right" |156,60||align="right" |&nbsp;||align="center" |<small>Isla La Tortuga - Islas Los Tortuguillos - Cayo Herradura - Los Palanquines - Cayos de Ño Martín - Islote El Vapor - Cayos de Punta de Ranchos</small>||{{coord|10|55|N|80|31|W}} |- |align="right" | 3||[[La Sola Island]]||align="right" |0,01||align="right" |-||align="center" |<small>Isla La Sola</small>||{{coord|11|18|N|63|34|W}} |- |align="right" | 4||[[Los Testigos Islands]] ||align="right" |6,53||align="right" |197||align="center" |<small>Isla Conejo - Isla Iguana - Isla Morro Blanco - Isla Rajada - Isla Noroeste - Peñón de Fuera - Isla Testigo Grande</small>||{{coord|11|22|N|63|06|W}} |- |align="right" | 5||[[Islas Los Frailes|Los Frailes Islands]] ||align="right" |1,92||align="right" |-||align="center" |<small>Chepere - Guacaraida - Puerto Real - Nabobo - Cominoto - Macarare - Guairiare - Guacaraida - La Balandra - La Peche</small>||{{coord|11|12|N|63|44|W}} |- | style="background: #eeeeee;" colspan="6" align="left"|'''Outside of the Continental Shelf''' |- |align="right" | 6||[[Patos Island (Venezuela)|Patos Island]] (Este) ||align="right" |0,60||align="right" |5||align="center" |<small>Isla de Patos Este</small>||{{coord|10|38|N|61|52|W}} |- |align="right" | 7||[[Los Roques airchipelago]] ||align="right" |40,61||align="right" |1300||align="center" | <small>[[Gran Roque]] - Cayo Francisquí - Isla Larga - Nordisquí - Madrisquí - Crasquí - Dos Mosquises - Cayo Sal - Cayo Nube Verde - Cayo Grande - Noronquí - Espenquí - Cayo Carenero - Cayo Selesquí - Cayo Bequevé - Cayo de Agua - Cayo Grande </small>||{{coord|11|51|N|66|45|W}} |- |align="right" | 8||[[Blanquilla Island]] ||align="right" |64,53||align="right" |-||align="center" |<small>Isla La Blanquilla</small>||{{coord|11|50|N|64|35|W}} |- |align="right" | 9||[[Los Hermanos airchipelago]] ||align="right" |2,14||align="right" |-||align="center" |<small>La Orquilla - Isla Los Morochos - Isla Grueso - Isla Pico (ó Isla Pando) - Isla Fondeadero - Isla Chiquito</small>||{{coord|11|45|N|64|25|W}} |- |align="right" | 10||[[Orchila Island]] ||align="right" |40||align="right" |-||align="center" |<small>Isla La Orchila - Cayo Agua - Cayo Sal - Cayo Noreste</small>||{{coord|11|47|N|66|10|W}} |- |align="right" | 11||[[Las Aves airchipelago]] ||align="right" |3,35||align="right" |-||align="center" |<small>Isla Aves de Barlovento - Isla Tesoro - Cayo Bubi - Cayo de Las Bobas - Isla Aves de Sotavento - Isla Larga - Cayo Tirra - Isla Saquisaqui - Cayos de La Colonia - Isla Maceta - Cayo Sterna</small>||{{coord|12|00|N|67|40|W}} |- | style="background: #eeeeee;" colspan="6" align="left"|'''Abyssal ''' |- |align="right" | 12||[[Aves Island]] (Norte) ||align="right" |0,045||align="right" |-||align="center" |<small>Isla de Aves</small>||{{coord|15|40|N|67|37|W}} |- style="background: #cccccc;" |align="right" | &nbsp;||'''Federal Dependencies o Venezuela''||align="right" |342,25||align="right" |1651||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |} ==See an aw== *[[Leet o marine molluscs o Venezuela]] *[[Leet o Poriferans o Venezuela]] == References == {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} *[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub148/148sec02.pdf Sailing Directions] *[http://www.igvsb.gov.ve/site2007/images/mp/Dependecias_Federales.jpg Map of the Dependencias Federales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003122557/http://www.igvsb.gov.ve/site2007/images/mp/Dependecias_Federales.jpg |date=2008-10-03 }} {{Admeenistrative diveesions o Venezuela}} {{coord|12|21|N|70|55|W|display=title}} [[Category:Federal Dependencies o Venezuela| ]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1945]] [[Category:States o Venezuela|*Federal dependencies]] [[Category:Integral owerseas territories|Venezuela]] fl9bz37ys9ak2vm66io96uhm38ywsu9 0 42302 924796 910095 2026-10-19T00:16:13Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Chairts */ removed archive today, no internet archive alternative so left cn tag 924796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single <!-- See Wikipedia: WikiProject_Songs --> | Name = Gangnam Style | Cover = Gangnam Style Official Cover.png | Artist = [[PSY]] | Album = [[PSY 6 (Six Rules), Part 1]] | Released = {{Start date|2012|07|15}} | Format = [[CD single]], [[muisic dounlaid|digital dounlaid]] | Recorded = | Genre = [[K-pop]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher|first=Max|title=Visual music: How 'Gangnam Style' exploited K-pop's secret strength and overcame its biggest weakness|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/10/18/visual-music-how-gangnam-style-exploited-k-pops-secret-strength-and-overcame-its-biggest-weakness/|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Greg|title=Gangnam Style the UK's first K-pop number one|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/19658732|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> | Length = {{Duration|m=3|s=39}} | Label = [[YG Entertainment|YG]], [[Universal Republic Records|Universal Republic]], [[Schoolboy Records|Schoolboy]] | Writer = [[PSY|Park Jae-Sang]], [[Yoo Gun-hyung]]<ref name=billboard1007965212>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14288307 |title=Rap Songs 2012-10-20 |work=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] |date=October 1, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-12 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220541/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14288307 |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--- Billboard rap chart shows: P. Jae-Sang, Y. Gun-Hyung ---> | Producer = Park Jae-Sang, Yoo Gun-hyung<ref>{{cite album-notes |title=Gangnam Style |artist=[[PSY|Psy]] |year=2012 |url=http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=3945023 |publisher=[[Universal Republic]] }}</ref> | Chronology = PSY | Last single = "Korea"<br />(2012) | This single = "'''Gangnam Style'''"<br />(2012) | Next single = | Misc = }} "'''Gangnam Style'''" ({{lang-ko|강남스타일}}, {{IPA-ko|kaŋnam sɯtʰail|IPA}}) is a [[K-pop]] [[CD single|single]] by Sooth Korean musician [[PSY]]. The sang wis released on 15 Julie 2012, as the [[lead single]] o his saxt studio album ''[[PSY 6 (Six Rules), Part 1]]''. "Gangnam Style" debuted at nummer ane on the [[Gaon Chart]], the naitional record chairt o [[Sooth Korea]]. On 21 Dizember 2012, at aroond 3:50 [[UTC]], "Gangnam Style" became the first video in the history o the Internet tae be viewed mair nor 1 billion times.<ref name=billboardbillion>{{cite web|last=Gruger|first=William|title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style' Video Hits 1 Billion Views, Unprecedented Milestone |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/psy-s-gangnam-style-video-hits-1-billion-1008059152.story|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=21 December 2012}}</ref> As o 21 Dizember 2012, the muisic video haes been viewed ower 1 billion times on [[YouTube]],<ref name=officialvideo>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0 |title=PSY – GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일) M/V |format=YouTube |author=officialpsy |authorlink=Psy (rapper) |date=2012-11-08}}</ref> an is the steid's maist watched video efter surpassin [[Justin Bieber]]'s single "[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]."<ref name=lipshutz1>{{cite web |last=Lipshutz |first=Jason |title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style' Passes Justin Bieber's 'Baby' for YouTube Crown |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/psy-s-gangnam-style-passes-justin-bieber-1008026962.story |publisher=Billboard |accessdate=2012-11-24}}</ref><ref name=currentyoutubecharts>{{cite web |title=Charts - All categories - Most Viewed Videos - All Time | work=YouTube |url=http://www.youtube.com/charts/videos_views?t=a |accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Gangnam-Style-now-most-watched-video-on-YouTube/tabid/418/articleID/278067/Default.aspx |agency=Associated Press |work=3 News NZ |title=Gangnam Style now most-watched video on YouTube |date=2012-11-26 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The phrase "Gangnam Style" is a Korean [[neologism]] that refers tae a lifestyle associatit wi the [[Gangnam Destrict]] o [[Seoul]]. The sang an its accompanyin muisic video gaed [[viral video|viral]] in August 2012 an hae [[:en:Gangnam Style in popular culture|influencit popular cultur]] warldwide syne than. "Gangnam Style" receivit mixed tae positive reviews, wi praise goin tae its catchy beat an PSY's amusin dance muives (whilk thairsels hae acome a phenomenon) in the muisic video an durin live performances in various locations aroond the warld. On 20 September 2012, "Gangnam Style" wis recognisit bi ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the maist "likit" video in YouTube history.<ref name=guinness>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/9/gangnam-style-now-most-liked-video-in-youtube-history-44977/ |title='Gangnam Style' holds guinness world record for most 'liked' video in youtube history |date=September 20, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-21 |work=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref> It subsequently wan [[2012 MTV Europe Music Awards#Best Video|Best Video]] at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] hudden later that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 MTV EMA Winners |url=http://www.mtv.tv/news/2012-mtv-ema-winners/ |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> It became a springheid o [[parody|parodies]] an reaction videos bi mony different individuals, groups an organisations whiles inspirin flashmobs in [[Paris]], [[Roum]] an [[Milan]] wi tens o thoosans o pairticipants at ilka ane. Bi the end o 2012, the sang haed toppit the muisic chairts o mair nor 30 kintras includin Australie, Canadae, Fraunce, Germany, Italy, Roushie, Spain, an the Unitit Kinrick. Awbeit the sang's reception in Japan remained lukewarm, the sang toppit Cheenae's [[Baidu 500]] dounlaid leet an wis labelled bi state-controlled media as haein a "divine melody."<ref>{{cite web |title=洛阳版"神曲"《江南style》走红 演员全是网友 |language=Cheenese |url=http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/zfwq/2012-10/17/c_113395295.htm |agency=Xinhua News Agency |accessdate=October 26, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6C48DpfCc?url=http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/zfwq/2012-10/17/c_113395295.htm |archivedate=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Psy《江南style》公告牌排名第11 "马舞"蔓延全球 |url=http://ent.people.com.cn/n/2012/0920/c86955-19062701.html |date=September 20, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-25 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6C48zkyII?url=http://ent.people.com.cn/n/2012/0920/c86955-19062701.html |archivedate=2012-11-10 |newspaper=People's Daily |language=Cheenese |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psy brings Gangnam Style to Oz |url=http://www.vmusic.com.au/pages/main-menu/news/latest-news/psy-brings-gangnam-style-to-oz |work=Channel V Australia |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> As the sang continued tae rapidly gain popularity an ubiquity, its signatur dance muives wur performit bi mony notable poleetical leaders sic as U.S. Preses [[Barack Obama]], the Breetish Prime Meenister [[David Cameron]], an UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-Moon]], whae hailed the sang as a "force for warld peace".<ref name=france24>{{cite news | title = Gangnam style gets UN stamp of approval | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hqwu350VB9N5aQa2ueSrYqa-r4Ow?docId=CNG.130769094cf8bbda75b0c4e1cceda7aa.721 | agency = Agence France-Presse | date = October 9, 2012 | accessdate = 2012-10-09 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140228125530/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hqwu350VB9N5aQa2ueSrYqa-r4Ow?docId=CNG.130769094cf8bbda75b0c4e1cceda7aa.721 | archivedate = 2014-02-28 | url-status = live }}</ref> The sang's influence on poleetical activism wis exemplifee'd bi the cutty film ''[[Gangnam for Freedom]]''. It wis producit bi the Breetish sculptor [[Anish Kapoor]] tae advocate the [[freedom o speech|freedom o expression]] an haed subsequently wan the support o various human richts organisations includin [[Index on Censorship]] an [[Amnesty International]].<ref name=amnesty>{{cite web |title=Anish Kapoor's Gangnam style youtube film for Ai WeiWei |url=http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20462 |publisher=Amnesty International UK |date=2012-11-21 |accessdate=2013-08-31}}</ref> Accordin tae the Unitit Naitions' wittins diveesion, PSY haes acome an "internaitional sensation" throu his sang "Gangnam Style".<ref>{{cite web |title=From Korean pop music to skydiving to Earth – not-your-typical diplomatic meetings for UN Secretary-General |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43373&Cr=secretary-general&Cr1=#.UJodaWddDLQ |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2012-11-07}}</ref> ==Track leetin== {{tracklist |headline = Digital dounlaid |title1 = Gangnam Style |length1 = 3:37 }} {{tracklist |headline = German CD Single |title1 = Gangnam Style |length1 = 3:37 |title1 = Gangnam Style (Video) |length1 = 4:13 }} ==Chairts performance== The sang debuted at nummer sax on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100]] for the week o 28 Julie 2012.<ref name=Billboard-K-Pop-#6>{{cite web |title=Korea K-Pop Hot 100, Week of 28 July 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-07-28 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-20 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029011750/http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It than toppit the chairt the week efter,<ref name=Billboard-Benjamin/> an remained at nummer ane for five weeks.<ref name=Billboard-K-Pop>{{cite web |title=Korea K-Pop Hot 100, Week of September 2, 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100#/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-09-01 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-25 |archive-date=2014-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009162738/http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100#/charts/k-pop-hot-100?chartDate=2012-09-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the [[Gaon Single Chart]], the sang wis dounlaidit 816,000 times in its first week, an wis nummer ane for five weeks. {{As o|2012|09|22}}, the sang wis dounlaidit ower 2.8 million times in Sooth Korea. In the Unitit States, "Gangnam Style" debuted at nummer 74 on ''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]] wi 23,000 dounlaids sauld in the week endin o 8 September 2012, an twa weeks later reached nummer 25 wi 61,000 dounlaids;<ref name=bb0914>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/column/chartbeat/weekly-chart-notes-psy-adds-style-to-the-1007949392.story |title=Weekly Chart Notes: Psy Adds 'Style' to the Hot 100 |first=Gary |last=Trust |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=September 14, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-18}}</ref> previously, 57,000 copies wur dounlaidit in the US up tae 31 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/gangnam-style-helps-psy-dance-way-to-no-1007917752.story |title='Gangnam Style' Helps Psy Dance Way to No. 1 on Social 50 Chart |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |last=Gruger |first=William |date=August 31, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-17}}</ref> The sang rocketit tae nummer fower for the chairt week o 29 September, wi 188,000 dounlaids.<ref name=BB11>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/news/maroon-5-reaches-no-1-on-hot-100-with-one-1007953852.story |title=Maroon 5 Reaches No. 1 on Hot 100 with 'One More Night' |first=Gary |last=Trust |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=September 19, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-19}}</ref> On the issue date o 22 September, it debuted at nummer 64 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], becomin the seicont K-pop sang tae enter the chairt ahint the [[Wonder Girls]]' "[[Nobody (Wonder Girls sang)|Nobody]]" in 2009. In the same week, "Gangnam Style" debuted on the ''Billboard'' Pop Songs at nummer 28 an aw.<ref name=bb0914/> "Gangnam Style" haed, bi 11 October, sauld ane million dounlaids in the US.<ref>{{cite news |title='Gangnam Style' Reaches 1 Million Downloads in US |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/376707/gangnam-style-reaches-1-million-downloads-in-us |newspaper=Manila Bulletin |publisher=Manila Bulletin Publishing |date=October 11, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-20 |archive-date=2012-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014013509/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/376707/gangnam-style-reaches-1-million-downloads-in-us |url-status=dead }}</ref> In its seicont week on the Hot 100, "Gangnam Style" rose tae nummer 11.<ref name=BB11/> In its third week on the chairt, "Gangnam Style" rose tae nummer twa, ahint "[[One More Night (Maroon 5 soang)|One More Night]]" bi [[Maroon 5]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/maroon-5-still-tops-hot-100-psy-one-step-1007959552.story|work=Billboard|title=Maroon 5 Still Tops Hot 100, PSY One Step from No. 1|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=September 26, 2012|accessdate=2012-09-26}}</ref> For the week o 24 November, efter seiven weeks at nummer 2, the sang droppit tae nummer 5.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/maroon-5-s-one-more-night-ties-for-hot-100-1008015592.story|work=Billboard|title=Maroon 5's 'One More Night' Ties for Hot 100's Longest Lead This Year|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=November 14, 2012|accessdate=2012-11-14}}</ref> For the week o Dizember 22, the sang fell frae nummer 10 tae nummer 11.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/bruno-mars-makes-heaven-ly-ascent-to-no-1008047142.story|work=Billboard|title=Bruno Mars Makes 'Heaven'-ly Ascent to No. 1 on Hot 100|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=2012-12-12|accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref> The sang haes sauld 3,075,000 copies in the US as o Dizember 2012.<ref name="yahoo dec2012">{{cite news |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/chart-watch-extra-top-songs-195035394.html |title=Chart Watch Extra: The Year’s Top Songs |author=Paul Grein |work=Chart Watch |publisher=Yahoo Music |date=December 19, 2012 |accessdate= December 19, 2012 }}</ref> On 1 September 2012, "Gangnam Style" debuted on the [[UK Singles Chart]] at nummer 196;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/120901cluk.txt |title=Chart Log UK: New Entries Update (1.09.2012 – week 34) |publisher=Zobbel.de |accessdate=2012-09-04 |author=Zywietz, Tobias}}</ref> in its seicont week, the sang reached nummer 61. The next week, the sang rose up tae nummer 37. On 19 September, Greg James annooncit that the sang haed climbit 21 places tae nummer 16. On 21 September, the sang haed climbit frae 16 tae 6. The sang wis 22,000 copies ahint "[[Hall of Fame (sang)|Hall of Fame]]" bi [[The Script]] wi sales o "Gangnam Style" acceleratin bi a average o 20% ilka day that week.<ref>[http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/could-gangnam-style-hit-number-1-on-sunday-1601/ "Could Gangnam Style Hit Number 1 on Sunday?"] [[Official Charts Company]].</ref> The sang eventually reached nummer three in its third week on the chairt.<ref name="Kreisler 2012-09-26">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/gangnam-style-to-finally-conquer-the-uks-official-chart-1612/ |title=Gangnam Style to finally conquer the UK's Official Chart? |first=Lauren |last=Kreisler |publisher=The Official Charts Company |date=September 26, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-26}}</ref> The next midweek Official Chart Update, released on 26 September, indicatit that "Gangnam Style" wis on pace tae acome nummer ane on the next offeecial chairt, set for release on 30 September.<ref name="Kreisler 2012-09-26"/> The sang, as projectit, reached the tap spot on the offeecial 30 September chairt, makkin it the first K-pop single tae dae sae.<ref name="Kreisler 2012-09-30">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/gangnam-style-conquers-the-uk-officially-1614/ |title=Gangnam Style conquers the UK, officially |first=Lauren |last=Kreisler |publisher=The Official Charts Company |date=September 30, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-30}}</ref> On 21 August 2012, "Gangnam Style" chairtit nummer ane on the iTunes Music Video Charts, owertakkin Justin Bieber's "[[As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber sang)|As Long as You Love Me]]" an [[Katy Perry]]'s "[[Wide Awake (Katy Perry sang)|Wide Awake]]"; this feat is the first for ony Sooth Korean airtist.<ref name=WSJ-Baseball>{{cite news |title=Baseball Goes Gangnam Style |author=Woo, Jaeyeon |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/08/21/baseball-goes-gangnam-style/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company |date=August 21, 2012 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> Syne early September, the sang haes peakit on ''Billboard'''s YouTube Music Chart at nummer ane.<ref name=Billboard-YouTube>{{cite web |title=YouTube Music Chart, Week of 25 August 2012 |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/youtube?chartDate=2012-08-25 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref> ==Chairts an certifications== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Chairts=== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- !Chart (2012–13) !Peak<br />poseetion |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Australia|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=auschart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Austria|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-11|refname=autchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Flanders|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|refname=belflchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Wallonia|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|refname=belwachart}} |- ! scope="row" |Bulgarie ([[Internaitional Federation o the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|title=AIRPLAY TOP 5- 08.10.2012|url=http://www.bamp-bg.org/en/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nmc-charts/322-08102012-14102012.html|publisher=Bulgarian Association of the music producers|accessdate=November 1, 2012|archive-date=2012-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202124846/http://www.bamp-bg.org/en/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nmc-charts/322-08102012-14102012.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" |Colombia ([[National-Report]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Nacional: Semana 45. Del 05-11-2012 al 11-11-2012 |url=http://www.national-report.com/forms/init100s.php |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DWWB1ftL?url=http://national-report.com/forms/init100s.php |archivedate=2013-01-08 |language=Spanish |publisher=National-Report |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Czech Republic|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=42|accessdate=2012-10-23|year=2012|refname=czechart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Denmark|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-21|refname=dnkchart}} |- ! scope="row" |Europe ([[Euro Deegital Sangs]]){{citation needed|date=October 2026}} |style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Finland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-01|refname=finchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|France|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-08|refname=frachart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Germany|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style (2-track)|accessdate=2012-10-24|refname=gerchart}} |- ! scope="row" | Greece Deegital Sangs ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{cite web |title=Greece Billboard |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14123967 |accessdate=2012-09-29 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220535/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14123967 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row"|Honduras ([[Honduras Tap 50]])<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BBwZQIyg?url=http://tiempo.hn/fuzion/top-50 |title=Top 50 |url=http://tiempo.hn/fuzion/top-50 |date=October 4, 2012 |archivedate=2012-10-05 |language=Spanish |work=Fuzion |publisher=[[El Tiempo (Honduras)|El Tiempo]] |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Hungarydance|3|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=44|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-07}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Hungary|6|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=43|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-01|refname=hunchart}} |- ! scope="row" |Iceland ([[Tónlist]])<ref name="icechart">{{cite web |title=Netlistinn viku 41, 2012 |url=http://www.tonlist.is/Music/Chartlist/513/ |publisher=Tónlist |accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|3 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Ireland|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=40|year=2012|accessdate=2012-10-25|refname=irlchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Israelairplay|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=40|year=2012|accessdate=2012-10-04}} |- ! scope="row" |Italy ([[Federation o the Italian Muisic Industry|FIMI]])<ref name="itachart">{{cite web|title=FIMI – Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_digital.php?anno=2012&mese=10&id=381|publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|accessdate=December 8, 2012|archive-date=2014-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531173348/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_digital.php?anno=2012&mese=10&id=381|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboardjapanhot100|20|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23|refname=canadianhot100}} |- ! scope="row" |Lebanon ([[The Offeecial Lebanese Tap 20|Lebanese Tap 20]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Lebanese Top 20 Charts |url=http://www.olt20.com/Charts |publisher=The Official Lebanese Top 20 |date=October 14, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-14 |archive-date=2013-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225144415/http://www.webcitation.org/6BUDhwoKF |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" |Luxembourg ([[Luxembourg Deegital Sangs|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{cite web |title=Luxembourg Digital Songs 2012-10-13 |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14126057 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-09-30 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BD1kBMwq?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14126057 |archivedate=2012-10-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- !scope="row" |Mexican Airplay Chart (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/14126557 |title=Mexico Airplay |date=October 7, 2012 |work=Billboard |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202220528/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/14126557 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" |Mexico ([[Monitor Latino]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 20 General |url=http://radionotas.com/top-20/ml-mexico/ |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BgUDQeOK?url=http://radionotas.com/top-20/ml-mexico/ |archivedate=2012-10-25 |work=RadioNotas |publisher=Monitor Latino Media |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Dutch40|1|year=2012|week=41|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Dutch100|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-12-01|refname=nldmegachart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|New Zealand|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-14|refname=nzchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Norway|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=39|year=2012|accessdate=2012-09-28|refname=norchart}} |- ! scope="row" |Poland ([[Polis Muisic Charts|Top 5 Video Airplay]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/video.php?idlisty=818 |title=Top 5 video |publisher=[[ZPAV]] |work=[[Polish Music Charts|Polish Video Chart]] |accessdate=2012-11-01 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416120346/http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/video.php?idlisty=818 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Polishdance|6|chartid=917}} |- ! scope="row" | Portugal Digital Songs ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal Billboard |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14287517 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-10-10 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202221205/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14287517 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" |Romanie ([[Romanie Tap 100]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Airplay 100 (25 noiembrie 2012) |url=http://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/54/Airplay-100.html |publisher=[[Romanian Top 100]] |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|42 |- !scope="row"|Roushie ([[Roushie Muisic Charts|2M]])<ref>[http://lenta.ru/articles/2012/12/07/chart/ Саботаж: Российские музыкальные чарты. Недели 47 и 48 – 2012]. [[Lenta.ru]]. [[Rambler Media Group]]</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Scotland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|date=2012-10-06|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=scochart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Slovakia|7|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|week=47|year=2012|accessdate=2012-11-27|refname=svkchart}} |- ! scope="row"| South Korea ([[Gaon Single Chart|Gaon Digital Singles]])<ref name=Gaon>{{cite web |url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/total/list.gaon?nationGbn=T&termGbn=week&hitYear=2012&targetTime=30 |title=South Korean Gaon Chart – Week: July 15, 2012 to July 21, 2012 |language=Korean |publisher=[[Gaon Chart]] |accessdate=2012-08-10}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row"| South Korea (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100|K-Pop Hot 100]])<ref name=Billboard-Benjamin>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/480682/fall-in-love-with-psys-gangnam-style-korean-rapper-goes-viral |title=Fall in Love with Psy's 'Gangnam Style' – Korean Rapper Goes Viral |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=July 31, 2012 |work=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] |accessdate=2012-12-14}}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|1 |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Spain|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|year=2012|accessdate=2012-12-31|refname=espchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Sweden|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-09-23|refname=swechart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Switzerland|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-04|refname=suichart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|UK|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|date=2012-10-06|accessdate=2012-09-30|refname=ukchart}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboardhot100|2|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2012-10-15|artistid=1923937}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|10|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboardrapsongs|1|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23}} |- ! scope="row" {{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|3|artist=Psy|song=Gangnam Style|accessdate=2013-04-23|refname=danceclubplay}} |- ! scope="row" |Venezuela Tap 100 ([[Record Report]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 100 |url=http://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/?i=top100 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BrM7CfPf?url=http://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/?i=top100 |language=Spanish |work=[[Record Report]] |publisher=R.R. Digital C.A |date=November 3, 2012 |archivedate=2012-11-01 |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> | style="text-align:center"|47 |} {{col-2}} ===Sales an certifications=== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Australia|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=10|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|certref=<ref name="aria">{{cite web |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria-charts-accreditations-singles-2013.htm |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=2013-04-02}}</ref>|autocat=yes}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Austria|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2013-04-20}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Belgium|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2012-10-19}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Canada|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|salesamount=320,000|autocat=yes|certref=<ref name="musiccanada">{{cite web| url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Gangnam+Style&sa=Psy&smt=0| title=Canadian single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Music Canada]]| accessdate=2012-11-16| archive-date=2013-12-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225191630/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Gangnam+Style&sa=PSY&smt=0| url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|relmonth=09|certref=<ref name="ifpidnk">{{cite web |title=Certificeringer {{!}} ifpi.dk |url=http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=certificeringer&page=33 |publisher=[[IFPI Denmark]] |accessdate=2013-02-01 |language=Danish}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Germany|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Gowd|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2012-12-11|certref=<ref name="bvmi">{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Gangnam+Style&strInterpret=Psy&strTtArt=single&strAwards=checked| title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Psy; 'Gangnam Style')| publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]| language=German}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Italy|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|certref=<ref name="FIMI">{{cite web |title=Italian single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style |url=http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_512012.pdf |publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]] |accessdate=2013-01-07 |archive-date=2013-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123160128/http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_512012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|id=2101|autocat=yes|certref=<ref name="rianz">{{cite web| url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2110| title=New Zealand single certifications – Psy – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]| accessdate=2013-01-21| archive-date=2013-05-22| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522120345/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2110| url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Spain|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|certref=<ref>{{cite web |title=TOP 50 CANCIONES, SEMANA 03: del 14.01.2013 al 20.01.2013 |url=http://www.promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2013_03.pdf |publisher=[[PROMUSICAE]] |accessdate=2013-01-23 |archive-date=2013-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603040722/http://www.promusicae.es/files/listastonos/historial/TOP%2050%20CANCIONES%2013_03.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Sweden|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=3|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=41&dfom=20130213&newi=0&mode=list|title=Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 8, 22 februari 2013|language=Swadish|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=2013-02-22|archive-date=2013-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220447/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=41&dfom=20130213&newi=0&mode=list|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Switzerland|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=3|certyear=2013|relyear=2012|autocat=yes|accessdate=2013-03-14}} <!--- Do not update UK and US certifications until it will be updated officially on the BPI and RIAA searchable database. ---> {{Certification Table Entry|type=single|region=United Kingdom|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=―|nocat|salesamount=1,090,000|salesref=<ref name="uksales">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/1-billionth-singles-download-is-sold-in-the-uk-2152/|title=1 billionth singles download is sold in the UK!|first=Daniel|last=Lane|publisher=[[Official Charts Company|The Official UK Charts Company]]| date=April 9, 2013|accessdate=2013-04-10}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|artist=Psy|title=Gangnam Style|award=Platinum|number=4|certyear=2012|relyear=2012|certref=<ref name="riaa">{{cite web| url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Gangnam+Style%22| title=American single certifications – PSY – Gangnam Style| publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]| format=''If necessary'', ''click'' Advanced, ''then click'' Format, ''then select'' Single, ''then click'' SEARCH}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|salesamount=4,500,000|salesref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1558437/pink-powers-to-no-1-on-hot-100-with-just-give-me-a-reason|title=P!nk Powers to No. 1 On Hot 100 With 'Just Give Me A Reason'|first=Gary|last=Trust|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=April 17, 2013|accessdate=2013-04-17}}</ref>}} {{Certification Table Bottom|nounspecified=true}} ===Year-end charts=== {| class="wikitable" |- !scope="col"|Chart (2012) !scope="col"|Poseetion |- | Australie (ARIA Singles Chart)<ref name="ausyearend">{{cite web | url= http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2012.htm | title = ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2012 | publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] | accessdate = 2013-01-08}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- | Austrick (Ö3 Austria Tap 40)<ref>{{cite web | url= http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/singleyear/ | title= Ö3 Austria Top40 – Single Charts 2012 | publisher= [[Hitradio Ö3]] | accessdate= 2013-01-02 | archive-date= 2012-01-04 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120104112351/http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/singleyear/ | url-status= dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |- | Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2012&cat=s |publisher=[[Ultratop]]. Hung Medien | language = Dutch| accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Jaaroverzichten 2012 – Singles}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|7 |- | Belgium (Ultratop 40 Wallonia)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2012&cat=s |publisher=Ultratop. Hung Medien | language = French | accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Rapports Annuels 2012 – Singles}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|10 |- | Canada (Canadian Het 100)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/canadian-hot-100?begin=31&order=position| title=Best of 2012 – Canadian Hot 100| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation| date=December 14, 2012| accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|37 |- | Denmark (Hitlisten)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hitlisten.nu/default.asp?getreq=%2FTrack_Top-50_2012%2Epdf| title=Track 2012 | publisher=''[[IFPI Danmark]]'' | accessdate=2013-03-02}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |- | Fraunce (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2012 | title=Classement Singles – année 2012 | language=French | work=''[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]'' | publisher=GFK Music | accessdate=2013-02-14 | archive-date=2013-10-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014064915/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|4 |- | Germany (Media Control AG)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mix1.de/charts/jahrescharts-2012-singles.htm| title=Jahrescharts 2012| publisher=media control GfK| accessdate=2013-01-04| archive-date=2013-01-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120020347/http://www.mix1.de/charts/jahrescharts-2012-singles.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|8 |- | Hungary (Rádiós Tap 40)<ref>{{cite web |title=MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012|url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/radios/2012|publisher=[[Mahasz]] |language=hungarian |accessdate=2013-01-18}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|54 |- | Israel (Media Forest Radio Airplay)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mako.co.il/music-news/radio_airplay_chart/Article-d151b59786afb31006.htm&sCh=3d385dd2dd5d4110&pId=1080044444|title=most played songs of 2012 – By Medis Forest|publisher=mako.co.il|date=February 30, 2012|access-date=2021-08-31|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201121/http://www.mako.co.il/music-news/radio_airplay_chart/Article-d151b59786afb31006.htm%26sCh%3D3d385dd2dd5d4110%26pId%3D1080044444|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|31 |- | Italy (FIMI)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=77 | title=CLASSIFICHE ANNUALI 2012 FIMI GfK: DOMINA IL REPERTORIO ITALIANO | language=Italian | publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana | date=2013-01-29 | access-date=2013-05-20 | archive-date=2013-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117063538/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=77 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |- | Netherlands (Mega Single Tap 100)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2012&cat=s | publisher = [[Single Top 100|Mega Single Top 100]]. Hung Medien | accessdate = 2012-12-28 | title = Jaaroverzichten – Single 2012 | language = Dutch}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|5 |- | New Zealand (NZ Tap 40 Chart)<ref name="nzyearend">{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=2105|title=Top Selling Singles of 2012 – The Official New Zealand Music Chart|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] (RIANZ)|accessdate=2013-01-21|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522133836/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=2105|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|2 |- |Poland ([[Polis Society o the Phonographic Industry|ZPAV]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zpav.pl/aktualnosci.php?idaktualnosci=538 |title=TOP digital utworów - 2012 |publisher=[[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry|ZPAV]] |accessdate=2013-03-22}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|4 |- | Roushie (2M Tap 25 Deegital Tracks)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/articles/2012/12/28/chart/|title=Триумф нестыдной попсы (in Russian)| work=2M and Lenta.ru.| publisher=Rambler Media Group|accessdate=2012-12-29|date=December 28, 2012}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|6 |- | Sooth Korea (''Billboard'' K-Pop Het 100)<ref name="korhot100yearend">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/korea-hot-100|title=Best of 2012 – Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=2012-12-14|date=December 14, 2012}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|1 |- | Spain (PROMUSICAE Tap 50 Canciones)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202012.pdf |title=Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 |publisher=[[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]] |accessdate=2013-01-15 |archive-date=2013-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124102447/http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/canciones/Top%2050%20Canciones%20Anual%202012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |- | Swaden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=20120001&newi=0| title=Årslista Singlar – År 2012| work=[[Sverigetopplistan]]| publisher=[[Swedish Recording Industry Association|Grammofonleverantörernas förening]] (GLF)| accessdate=2013-01-23| archive-date=2013-05-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524165727/http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=43&dfom=20120001&newi=0| url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|18 |- | Swisserland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2012 | publisher =Schweizer Hitparade. Hung Medien | accessdate = 2012-12-31 | title = Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2012 | language = German}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|10 |- | UK (The Offeecial UK Singles Tap 100)<ref name="ukyearend">{{cite web |last=Lane |first=Dan |title=The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2012 revealed! |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-selling-singles-of-2012-revealed-1784/ |publisher=[[Official Charts Company|The Official UK Charts Company]] |date=January 2, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-02}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|6 |- | US (''Billboard'' Het 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/hot-100-songs?begin=41&order=position|title=Best of 2012 – Hot 100 Songs| work=Billboard| publisher=Rovi Corporation |accessdate=2012-12-14|date=December 14, 2012}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|47 |- | IFPI (Global tap sellin deegital singles o 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|title=Digital Music Report 2013|publisher=''[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]''|accessdate=2013-02-26|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190016/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|3 |} {{col-end}} ==Release history== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Kintra ! Date ! Format ! Label |- | Sooth Korea<ref>{{cite web |title=&#91;NEWS&#93; PSY releases cover & tracklist for 6th album 'Psy's Best Sixth' |url=http://www.dkpopnews.net/2012/07/news-psy-releases-cover-tracklist-for.html |publisher=Dkpopnews.com |accessdate=2012-10-13 |archive-date=2013-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420024650/http://www.dkpopnews.net/2012/07/news-psy-releases-cover-tracklist-for.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Julie 15, 2012 | rowspan=11| [[Music dounload|Deegital dounload]] | [[YG Entertainment]] |- | Argentinae<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/ar/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Argentina) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> | rowspan=7| September 4, 2012 | rowspan=11| [[Schuil Boy Records|Schoolboy]] / [[Universal Republic Records]] |- | Australie<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Australia) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Austrick<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/at/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Austria) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Brazil<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Brazil) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Czech Republic<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/cz/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Czech Republic) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Denmark<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896 |work=iTunes Store (Denmark) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> |- | Unitit Kinrick<ref>{{cite web |title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560409896?i=560409906&affId=1627785&ign-mpt=uo%3D4 |work=iTunes Store (United Kingdom) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2012-10-13}}</ref> |- | Unitit States<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (United States) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2012-10-13}}</ref> | rowspan=3| September 6, 2012 |- | Canadae<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&v0=WWW-NACA-ITUHOME-TOPMUSIC&ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (Canada) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref> |- | Mexico<ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style (강남스타일) – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/mx/album/gangnam-style-gangnamseutail/id560398387?i=560398388&l=en&ign-mpt=uo%3D2 |work=iTunes Store (Mexico) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref> |- | Germany | October 15, 2012 | [[CD single]] ([[Enhanced CD|enhanced]]) |- | Unitit States<ref>{{cite web| url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gangnam-style-2-legit-2-quit/id579938962| title=iTunes – Music – Gangnam Style / 2 Legit 2 Quit Mashup (feat. MC Hammer) – Single &#124;|work=iTunes Store (United States) |publisher=Apple, Inc. |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref> | November 19, 2012 | Deegital remix single | Universal Republic Records |} ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="note"}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category}} * {{YouTube|9bZkp7q19f0|"GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일)" music video}} * {{YouTube|wcLNteez3c4|"PSY (ft. HYUNA) 오빤 딱 내 스타일 M/V – Oppa Is Just My Style" music video}} * {{YouTube|9HPiBJBCOq8|"PSY – GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일) M/V Making Film"}} * Kirsten Acunaon: [http://www.businessinsider.com/gangnam-style-translation-2012-9 Here's the English Translation of "Gangnam Style"], ''[[Business Insider]]'', 19 September 2012 [[Category:2010s pop songs]] [[Category:2012 singles]] [[Category:Sangs aboot Seoul]] [[Category:K-pop songs]] [[Category:PSY sangs]] [[Category:Korean-leid sangs]] [[Category:Sooth Korean sangs]] [[Category:Internet memes]] [[Category:Viral videos]] [[Category:Novelty sangs]] [[Category:Republic Records singles]] [[Category:YG Entertainment singles]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Australie]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Austrick]] [[Category:Canadian Hot 100 nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Finland]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Germany]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Honduras]] [[Category:Mexican Airplay Chart nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Monitor Latino Top General nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in New Zealand]] [[Category:Nummer-ane singles in Norawa]] [[Category:UK Singles Chart nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Ultratop 50 Singles nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:YouTube muisic videos]] [[Category:Billboard Rap Songs nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Gangnam-gu]] [[Category:Gangnam Style]] fzd5e8veh1ogyasc49yxc2ow9ofecgl 0 45336 924806 906380 2026-10-19T00:45:18Z Atlantic306 30244 replaced archive today 924806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie|name=James Hogg|birth_place=Ettrick|birth_date=1770|death_date=21 November 1835|other names="Ettrick Shepherd"|occupation=bard and novellist, in Scots an Inglis}} '''James Hogg''' (Ettrick, [[1770]] – Ibidem 21 November [[1835]]) wes a [[Scotland|Scottish]] bard an novelist that skreivit in baith [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]].<ref>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=2168 Hughes, Gillian, 1995. "James Hogg". The Literary Encyclopedia]</ref> As a laddie he warkit as a hird an fairmhaan, an wes maistly self-educatit throu readin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/james-hogg |title=BBC |access-date=2013-02-01 |archive-date=2013-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111202914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mr8yj/profiles/james-hogg |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wes a frein o mony o the great skreivers o his day, includin [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]], o whae he later skreivit an unauthorisit biographie.<ref>Karl Miller, The Electric Shepherd: A Likeness of James Hogg, 2004</ref> He became widely kent as the "Ettrick Shepherd", a nickname unner whit some o his warks war publisht, an the character name he wes gien in the widely read series ''Noctes Ambrosianae'', publisht in ''Blackwood's Magazine''.<ref>Hogg, James (2004). Anecdotes of Scott. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. pp. v-vi. ISBN 0-7486-2085-0</ref> His novel ''The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner'' wes weil regardit bi the French writer André Gide and the-day is thocht te be ane o the greatest Scots novels. His ither warks include the lang poem ''The Queen's Wake'' (1813), his collection o sangs ''Jacobite Reliques'' (1819), an his twae novels ''The Three Perils of Man'' (1822), an ''The Three Perils of Woman'' (1823). == Buiks == * ''The Mountain Bard'' (1807) * ''The Forest Minstrel'' (1810) * ''The Queen's Wake'' (1813) * ''The Pilgrims of the Sun'' (1815) * ''Brownie of Bodsbeck'' (1817) * ''Jacobite Reliques'' (1819) * ''The Three Perils of Man'' (1822) * ''The Three Perils of Woman'' (1923) * ''The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner'' (1824) * ''Queen Hynde'' (1925) * ''Songs by the Ettrick Shephard'' (1831) * ''The Brownie of the Black Haggs'' (1828) * ''The Domestic Manner and Private Life of Sir Walter Scott'' (1834) * ''Tales and Sketches of the Ettrick Shepherd'' (1837) ==References== <references/>{{Stub/Makar}}{{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hogg, James}} [[Category:1770 births]] [[Category:1835 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Mairches]] [[Category:Lallans poets]] [[Category:Scots biografers]] [[Category:Scots non-feection writers]] [[Category:Scots men novelists]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots poleetical writers]] [[Category:Scots short story writers]] [[Category:Scots sangwriters]] [[Category:Yarrow Valley]] [[Category:19t-century Breetish novelists]] eqrcqyc4nemtspolnbtvb55u8cby1ku 0 45645 924810 826659 2026-10-19T05:48:44Z Munci 6841 {{fixscots}} 924810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Other uses}} {{Infobox deity|type=egyptian | image = Horus standing.svg | caption = | name = Horus | god_of = | hiro = | cult_center = [[Nekhen]], [[Edfu|Behdet Edfu]] | symbol = The [[Eye o Horus|wedjat eye]] | parents = [[Osiris]] an [[Isis]] in some meeths, an [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]] an [[Geb]] in ithers. | siblings = [[Osiris]], [[Isis]], [[Set (meethologie)|Set]], an [[Nephthys]] (in some accoonts) | uncle = [[Set (Mythology)|Set]] | consort = [[Hathor]] (in ane version) | offspring = [[Imset]]y, [[Hapi (son o Horus)|Hapi]], [[Duamutef]], [[Qebehsenuef]] an Ihy }} '''Horus''' is ane o the auldest an maist significant deities in [[auncient Egyptian releegion]], who wis worshippit frae at least the late [[Predynastic Egyp|Predynastic period]] throu tae [[Greco-Roman]] times. Different forms o Horus are recordit in history, an these are treatit as distinct gods bi Egyp specialists.<ref name="oxford">"The Oxford Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology", Edited by Donald B. Redford, Horus: by Edmund S. Meltzer, p164–168, Berkley, 2003, ISBN 0-425-19096-X</ref> These various forms mey possibly be different perceptions o the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic relationships are emphasisit, no necessarily in opposition but complementary tae ane anither, consistent wi hou the Auncient Egyptians viewed the multiple facets o reality.<ref>"The Oxford Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology", Edited by Donald B. Redford, p106 & p165, Berkley, 2003, ISBN 0-425-19096-X</ref> He wis maist aften depictit as a falcon, maist likely a [[Lanner falcon|lanner]] or [[peregrine falcon|peregrine]], or as a man wi a falcon heid.<ref>Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). ''The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt''. Thames & Hudson. p. 202.</ref> == References == {{reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Horus}} * [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/horus_sun.html&edu=high UCAR educational airticle aboot Horus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207031031/http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link%3D/mythology/horus_sun.html%26edu%3Dhigh |date=2009-02-07 }} {{Ancient Egyptian religion footer|collapsed}} [[Category:Egyptian gods]] [[Category:Solar gods]] [[Category:Sky an wather gods]] [[Category:Savior gods]] [[Category:War gods]] [[Category:Hellenistic Egyptian deities]] [[Category:Meethological birds o prey]] rkf6xf4yin35nryqg61pbchn5pvwtny 0 47518 924808 885873 2026-10-19T05:47:25Z Munci 6841 {{fixscots}} 924808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Asunción Nochixtlán |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] an toun |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield =Escudo asuncion nochixtlan.gif |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o the municipality in Oaxaca |pushpin_map = Mexico<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oaxaca]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =820.35 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =14676 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |coordinates = {{coord|17|27|N|97|13|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Asunción Nochixtlán''' is a toun an [[Municipalities o Oaxaca|municipality]] in [[Oaxaca]] in sooth-wastren [[Mexico]]. The municipality covers an aurie o 820.35&nbsp;km². It is pairt o the [[Nochixtlán Destrict, Oaxaca|Nochixtlán Destrict]] in the sootheast o the [[Mixteca Region, Oaxaca|Mixteca Region]]. The settlement, oreeginally cried Neochixtlán, wis foondit in 909 C.C., as a Mixtec militar zone, bi a ruler namit Ndazahuidandaa. Atween the years 1521-1522 the toun suffered different epidemics (cholera, measles, smawpox, an plague). This caused the abandonment o the aurie. The new Nochixtlán wis foondit bi Francisco Orozco on 1527. The economic activity o Nochixtlán is based on the agricultural, ranchin an commerce activities. As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population of 14,676.<ref name="encmuc">{{cite web|title=Asunción Nochixtlán|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20006a.htm|work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal]]|accessdate=June 12, 2009|archive-date=2007-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126053608/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20006a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 16t-century kirk, Santa María de la Asunción, is notable for a nummer o fine colonial-era ''santos'' (statues o the saunts).<ref>[http://www.aug.edu/augusta/santos/nochixtlan/index.html Santos in Oaxaca's Ancient Churches: Santa María de la Asunción Nochixtlán] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120722173814/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/santos/nochixtlan/index.html |date=2012-07-22 }}. Retrieved 2012-04-13.</ref> ==History== Neochixtlán wis foondit in 909 C.C., as a Mixtec militar zone, bi its ruler Ndazahuidandaa. Atween the years 1521-1522 the toun suffered different epidemics (cholera, measles, smawpox, an plague). This caused that the fowk livin thare abandoned the aurie. Efter this event, the new Nochixtlán wis foondit on 1527 bi Francisco Orozco. Francisco Orozco wis helpit bi 50 Mixtecs who survivit these diseases. Aw o thaim wur intellectuals, who did commerce activity an aw. For this raison the toun became known as "the traders' town". Thare is a meeth that in 997 C.C [[Quetzalcoatl]], arrivit tae the municipality. He wis a Mixtec God who disseminate the cultur, science an airt in this region. In 1997 wis the 1,000 anniversar o this event. That is why fowk expect something tae happen. On the same year (1997) Mexico achievit 75 year o public education. Its promoter wis Nochixtlán Abraham's son. Nochixtlán Abraham Castellanos Coronado, who wis a professor, writer, an filosopher, helpit tae develop the cultural values o this cultur.<ref name="encmuc"/> ==Economic activity== Asunción Nochixtlán haes twa principal economic sectors: Agricultur forms pairt o ane o these sectors. Wi the corn, bean an wheat harvest, agricultur is practice in a faimily level. The ither principal sector is ranchin. Asunción Nochixtlán is a municipality that forms pairt o the bovine ranchin production. In terms o commerce, Asunción Nochixtlán trades crafts. It haes grocery stores an aw, drugstores, furnitur stores an hardware stores. The facilities that Asunción Nochixtlán affers are: hotel service, guest hoose an motels. Accordin tae [[INEGI]] in 2000, the active economic population o this municipality is 5,037 persons, but anerlie 5,022 hae a job. O this amoont o fowk, the primar sector (agricultur, ranchin, fishin an huntin) haes 27%. The seicontar sector forms pairt wi a 25% an the third sector (commerce, tourism an services) is leadin the economic activity wi 48% o the active population.<ref name="encmuc"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Nochixtlán Destrict, Oaxaca}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Asuncion Nochixtlan}} [[Category:Municipalities o Oaxaca]] [[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]] supe1gxte0q0z8wpqoteasoh269poxs 0 48919 924789 884493 2026-10-19T00:05:36Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ replaced archive today with internet archive 924789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Ingland |region = London |official_name = Tottenham |london_borough = Haringey |constituency_westminster = [[Tottenham (UK Pairlament constituency)|Tottenham]] |post_town = LONDON |postcode_district = N15<br>N17 |postcode_area = N |dial_code = 020 |os_grid_reference = TQ3390 |coordinates = {{coord|51.605|-0.058|display=inline,title}} |static_image_name = Tottenham town hall 1.jpg |static_image_caption = <small>Tottenham Town Hall, sold to Newlon Housing and developed as a [http://unitedhouse.net/projects/id/1302255150 'community business enterprise space']</small> |charingX_distance_mi = 6.6 |charingX_direction = SSW }} '''Tottenham''' (<small>pronouncit</small> {{IPA-en|ˈtɒtənəm|}}) is an aurie o north [[Lunnon]] in the [[Lunnon Burgh o Haringey]], Ingland, situatit {{convert|6.6|mi|km|1}} north north east o [[Charing Cross]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 Tottenham: Growth before 1850] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235130/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015100227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a6095649.shtml World War Two memories (V2 rocket attack on Tottenham Grammar School)] * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081108010442/http://www.met.police.uk/history/tottenham_outrage.htm 1909 Tottenham Outrage] {{Commons category|Tottenham}} {{LB Haringey}} {{Lunnon Destricts}} [[Category:Auries o the London Borough of Haringey]] [[Category:Auries o Lunnon]] [[Category:History o the London Borough of Haringey]] [[Category:Auries o Lunnon leetit in the Domesday Book]] [[Category:Turkis commonties in the Unitit Kinrick]] gzkiq0krubx17ymr1m7h7wazi09jgc5 924791 924789 2026-10-19T00:06:40Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ removed red linked templates 924791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Ingland |region = London |official_name = Tottenham |london_borough = Haringey |constituency_westminster = [[Tottenham (UK Pairlament constituency)|Tottenham]] |post_town = LONDON |postcode_district = N15<br>N17 |postcode_area = N |dial_code = 020 |os_grid_reference = TQ3390 |coordinates = {{coord|51.605|-0.058|display=inline,title}} |static_image_name = Tottenham town hall 1.jpg |static_image_caption = <small>Tottenham Town Hall, sold to Newlon Housing and developed as a [http://unitedhouse.net/projects/id/1302255150 'community business enterprise space']</small> |charingX_distance_mi = 6.6 |charingX_direction = SSW }} '''Tottenham''' (<small>pronouncit</small> {{IPA-en|ˈtɒtənəm|}}) is an aurie o north [[Lunnon]] in the [[Lunnon Burgh o Haringey]], Ingland, situatit {{convert|6.6|mi|km|1}} north north east o [[Charing Cross]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 Tottenham: Growth before 1850] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235130/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015100227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a6095649.shtml World War Two memories (V2 rocket attack on Tottenham Grammar School)] * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081108010442/http://www.met.police.uk/history/tottenham_outrage.htm 1909 Tottenham Outrage] {{Commons category|Tottenham}} [[Category:Auries o the London Borough of Haringey]] [[Category:Auries o Lunnon]] [[Category:History o the London Borough of Haringey]] [[Category:Auries o Lunnon leetit in the Domesday Book]] [[Category:Turkis commonties in the Unitit Kinrick]] 44tsoq5qjfbsyq27s6ehviugxmk03db 924792 924791 2026-10-19T00:07:45Z Atlantic306 30244 removed red linked categories 924792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Ingland |region = London |official_name = Tottenham |london_borough = Haringey |constituency_westminster = [[Tottenham (UK Pairlament constituency)|Tottenham]] |post_town = LONDON |postcode_district = N15<br>N17 |postcode_area = N |dial_code = 020 |os_grid_reference = TQ3390 |coordinates = {{coord|51.605|-0.058|display=inline,title}} |static_image_name = Tottenham town hall 1.jpg |static_image_caption = <small>Tottenham Town Hall, sold to Newlon Housing and developed as a [http://unitedhouse.net/projects/id/1302255150 'community business enterprise space']</small> |charingX_distance_mi = 6.6 |charingX_direction = SSW }} '''Tottenham''' (<small>pronouncit</small> {{IPA-en|ˈtɒtənəm|}}) is an aurie o north [[Lunnon]] in the [[Lunnon Burgh o Haringey]], Ingland, situatit {{convert|6.6|mi|km|1}} north north east o [[Charing Cross]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 Tottenham: Growth before 1850] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235130/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015100227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a6095649.shtml World War Two memories (V2 rocket attack on Tottenham Grammar School)] * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081108010442/http://www.met.police.uk/history/tottenham_outrage.htm 1909 Tottenham Outrage] {{Commons category|Tottenham}} [[Category:Auries o Lunnon]] b8wwp0e9c451xcq6h645yp3zmii8fdb 924793 924792 2026-10-19T00:08:51Z Atlantic306 30244 removed dead link 924793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Ingland |region = London |official_name = Tottenham |london_borough = Haringey |constituency_westminster = [[Tottenham (UK Pairlament constituency)|Tottenham]] |post_town = LONDON |postcode_district = N15<br>N17 |postcode_area = N |dial_code = 020 |os_grid_reference = TQ3390 |coordinates = {{coord|51.605|-0.058|display=inline,title}} |static_image_name = Tottenham town hall 1.jpg |static_image_caption = Tottenham Town Hall, sold to Newlon Housing and developed as a community business enterprise space' |charingX_distance_mi = 6.6 |charingX_direction = SSW }} '''Tottenham''' (<small>pronouncit</small> {{IPA-en|ˈtɒtənəm|}}) is an aurie o north [[Lunnon]] in the [[Lunnon Burgh o Haringey]], Ingland, situatit {{convert|6.6|mi|km|1}} north north east o [[Charing Cross]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 Tottenham: Growth before 1850] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235130/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015100227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a6095649.shtml World War Two memories (V2 rocket attack on Tottenham Grammar School)] * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081108010442/http://www.met.police.uk/history/tottenham_outrage.htm 1909 Tottenham Outrage] {{Commons category|Tottenham}} [[Category:Auries o Lunnon]] 7bpj64njjy5dxjgwqnx5hrsd610urbb 924794 924793 2026-10-19T00:09:30Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed typo 924794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Ingland |region = London |official_name = Tottenham |london_borough = Haringey |constituency_westminster = [[Tottenham (UK Pairlament constituency)|Tottenham]] |post_town = LONDON |postcode_district = N15<br>N17 |postcode_area = N |dial_code = 020 |os_grid_reference = TQ3390 |coordinates = {{coord|51.605|-0.058|display=inline,title}} |static_image_name = Tottenham town hall 1.jpg |static_image_caption = Tottenham Town Hall, sold to Newlon Housing and developed as a community business enterprise space |charingX_distance_mi = 6.6 |charingX_direction = SSW }} '''Tottenham''' (<small>pronouncit</small> {{IPA-en|ˈtɒtənəm|}}) is an aurie o north [[Lunnon]] in the [[Lunnon Burgh o Haringey]], Ingland, situatit {{convert|6.6|mi|km|1}} north north east o [[Charing Cross]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 Tottenham: Growth before 1850] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235130/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015100227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a6095649.shtml World War Two memories (V2 rocket attack on Tottenham Grammar School)] * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081108010442/http://www.met.police.uk/history/tottenham_outrage.htm 1909 Tottenham Outrage] {{Commons category|Tottenham}} [[Category:Auries o Lunnon]] 9k5ypix69x4pe6w32gi2fhlzl4fid7a 924795 924794 2026-10-19T00:15:25Z CiphriusKane 74958 924795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Ingland |region = London |official_name = Tottenham |london_borough = Haringey |constituency_westminster = [[Tottenham (UK Pairlament constituency)|Tottenham]] |post_town = LONDON |postcode_district = N15<br>N17 |postcode_area = N |dial_code = 020 |os_grid_reference = TQ3390 |coordinates = {{coord|51.605|-0.058|display=inline,title}} |static_image_name = Tottenham town hall 1.jpg |static_image_caption = Tottenham Town Hall, selt tae Newlon Housing an developt as a community business enterprise space |charingX_distance_mi = 6.6 |charingX_direction = SSW }} '''Tottenham''' (<small>pronounced</small> {{IPA-en|ˈtɒtənəm|}}) is a airt o north [[Lunnon]] in the [[Lunnon Burgh o Haringey]], Ingland, situatit {{convert|6.6|mi|km|1}} north north east o [[Charing Cross]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 Tottenham: Growth before 1850] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235130/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26985 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015100227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a6095649.shtml World War Two memories (V2 rocket attack on Tottenham Grammar School)] * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081108010442/http://www.met.police.uk/history/tottenham_outrage.htm 1909 Tottenham Outrage] {{Commons category|Tottenham}} [[Category:Auries o Lunnon]] m1ulb6es6l35k5kvsdctu4xsl81fx2j 0 53536 924776 924652 2026-10-18T20:41:45Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 924776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Mohamed Morsi<br><small>{{lang|ar|محمد مرسى}}</small> |order1 = [[Leet o Preses o Egyp|5t]] |office1 = Preses o Egyp |vicepresident1 = [[Mahmoud Mekki]] <br><small>(16 August 2012 – 22 December 2012)</small><ref name=reu2212>{{cite news|title=Vice president quits as Egypt votes on constitution|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/22/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE8BL03X20121222|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=22 December 2012|archive-date=2013-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429132145/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/22/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE8BL03X20121222|url-status=dead}}</ref> |primeminister1 = [[Kamal Ganzouri]]<br>[[Hesham Qandil]] |term_start1 = 30 Juin 2012 |term_end1 = 3 Julie 2013 |predecessor1 = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]]<br><small>(actin)</small><br>[[Hosni Mubarak]]<ref name=pred1>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/30/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-egyptian-president?newsfeed=true|title=Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egyptian president|author=Conal Urquhart|date=30 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=pred2>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jpszTfIX0wjb-v5EuCrxubiahGWw?docId=ab4ee00f25a84113a306a80baeb947ce|title=Egypt votes for president tae succeed Mubarak|author=Hamza Hendawi|date=16 June 2012|agency=Associated Press|work=[[Google]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref><br><small>(preses)</small> |successor1 = [[Adly Mansour]] {{small|(Actin)}} |office2 = Secretar General o the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] |term_start2 = 30 Juin 2012 |term_end2 = 2 August 2012 |predecessor2 = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] <small>(Actin)</small> |successor2 = [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] |office3 = Chairman o the [[Freedom an Justice Pairty (Egyp)|Freedom an Justice Pairty]] |term_start3 = 30 Aprile 2011 |term_end3 = 24 Juin 2012 |predecessor3 = Poseetion established |successor3 = [[Saad El-Katatni]] |office4 = Member o the [[Fowk's Assembly o Egyp]] |term_start4 = 1 December 2000 |term_end4 = 12 December 2005 |predecessor4 = [[Numan Gumaa]] |successor4 = Mahmoud Abaza |birth_date = {{birth date|1951|8|8|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Al Sharqia Govrenorate|Sharqia]], [[Kinrick o Egyp|Egyp]] |death_date = 17 Juin 2019 (aged 67) |death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Egyp]] |spouse = [[Naglaa Mahmoud]] <small>(1979–present)</small> |children = 5 |party = [[Freedom an Justice Pairty (Egyp)|Freedom an Justice Pairty]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_06_24/79174954/|title=Morsi: Egypt's international commitments unchanged|newspaper=Voice of Russia|date=24 June 2012|agency=Information Telegraph Agency of Russia|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sJcmHOa?url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_06_24/79174954/|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref></small> |otherparty = [[Muslim Britherhuid]] |alma_mater = [[Cairo Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity o Soothren Californie]] |profession = [[Academia|Academic]] ([[Ingineerin]]) |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |signature = Muhammed Morsi Signature.png |footnotes = * Affice vacant frae 11 Februar 2011 tae 30 Juin 2012.<ref name=vacancy1>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2045328_2045338_2048789,00.html|title=Ruling Egypt After Mubarak: Presidential Contenders Emerge|author=Abigail Hauslohner|date=12 February 2011|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=1 July 2012|archive-date=2013-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521073607/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2045328_2045338_2048789,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=vacant2>{{cite web|url=http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2011/index.html|title=World Factbook 2011|year=2011|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=1 July 2012|archive-date=2013-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917220324/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2011/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} '''Mohamed Morsi'''<ref group="note">Regairdless o the pronunciation, an aw spelled: ''Muhammad, Mursi, Morsy''.</ref> ({{lang-ar|محمد محمد مرسى عيسى العياط}}, ALA-LC: ''Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ‘Īsá al-‘Ayyāṭ&nbsp;'' <!--Hidden note: this is the native Egyptian Arabic pronunciation. Please don't change it-->{{IPA-arz|mæˈħæmmæd mæˈħæmmæd ˈmoɾsi<!--Hidden note: not [ˈmʊrsi]--> ˈʕiːsæ (ʔe)l.ʕɑjˈjɑːtˤ|IPA}}; 8 August 1951 - 17 Juin 2019) wis a [[Egyp]]tian politeecian who servit as the [[Leet o Preses o Egyp|fift]] [[Preses o Egyp]], frae 30 Juin 2012 tae 3 Julie 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hcaoxxsaWchmy5h1hM-2lW5Ti4tw?docId=CNG.d5fb1a0d998bd400326ce03309e1b890.781|title=مرشح الاخوان المسلمين محمد مرسي اول رئيس لمصر بعد مبارك|language=Arabic|date=24 June 2012|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Google News|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sJoIhX0?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hcaoxxsaWchmy5h1hM-2lW5Ti4tw?docId=CNG.d5fb1a0d998bd400326ce03309e1b890.781|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohamed Morsi wis educatit in Egyptian public schuils an varsities; he wis later grantit a scholarship frae the Egyptian Govrenment tae prepare for a PhD degree in the Unitit States, Morsi wis a Member o Parliament in the [[Fowk's Assembly o Egyp]] frae 2000 tae 2005, an a leadin member in the [[Muslim Britherhuid]]. He acame Chairman o the [[Freedom an Juistice Pairty (Egyp)|Freedom an Justice Pairty]] (FJP) when it wis foondit bi the Muslim Britherhuid in the wake o the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]]. He stuid as the FJP's candidate for the [[Egyptian presidential election, 2012|Mey–Juin 2012 presidential election]]. On 24 Juin 2012, the election commission annoonced that Morsi wan Egyp's presidential runaff against [[Ahmed Shafik]], the last prime meenister unner deponed leader [[Hosni Mubarak]].<ref name=hewie>{{cite book|last=El-Hewie|first=Mohamed|title=Chain Reaction: Egypt's Revolt 2011 Illustrated|year=2011|publisher=Shaymaa|isbn=1461093953|pages=3–5}}</ref> Accordin tae offeecial results, Morsi teuk 51.7 percent o the vote while Shafik received 48.3%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim Brotherhood candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/|newspaper=Fox News|date=24 June 2012|accessdate=24 June 2012|archive-date=2012-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624193616/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As he haed promised durin his campaign, Morsi resigned frae his poseetion as the heid o the FJP efter his victory wis annoonced.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html?pagewanted=all|title=Named Egypt's Winner, Islamist Makes History|author=David D. Kirkpatrick|date=24 June 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sKYLZ5k?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html?_r=1|accessdate=12 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Efter Morsi grantit himself unleemitit pouers tae "protect" the naition in late November 2012,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hendawi|first=Hamza|url=http://www.salon.com/2012/11/28/egyptian_courts_suspend_work_to_protest_morsi_decrees/singleton/|title=Egyptian courts suspend work tae protest Morsi decrees|newspaper=Salon|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209125608/http://www.salon.com/2012/11/28/egyptian_courts_suspend_work_to_protest_morsi_decrees/singleton/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/28/power_grab_on_egypts_unions|title=Egyptian Labor between Morsi and Mubarak|author=Dina Bishara|publisher=Foreign Policy|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012|archive-date=2012-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023112/http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/28/power_grab_on_egypts_unions|url-status=dead}}</ref> an the pouer tae [[legislate]] wioot judicial owersicht or review o his acts, hunders o thoosands o protesters began demonstratin against him in the [[2012 Egyptian protests]].<ref>{{cite news|author=David D. Kirkpatrick|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html?pagewanted=2|title=President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt Said tae Prepare Martial Law Decree|location=Egypt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 April 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests tae presidential palace|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html|last1=McCrumen|first1=Stephanie|last2=Hauslohner|first2=Abigail|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=5 December 2012|accessdate=5 December 2012|archive-date=2013-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122004650/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree which haed expandit his presidential authority an removed judeecial review o his decrees, an Islamist offeecial said, but added that the effects o that declaration wad staund.<ref name=alarab912>{{cite news|title=Egypt’s Mursi annuls controversial decree, opposition says not enough|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html|accessdate=9 December 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=9 December 2012|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209000212/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[George Isaac (politeecian)|George Isaac]] o the [[Constitution Pairty (Egyp)|Constitution Pairty]] said that Morsi’s declaration did nae offer onything new, the [[Naitional Salvation Front (Egyp)|Naitional Salvation Front]] rejectit it as an attempt tae save face, an the [[6 Aprile Movement]] an Gamal Fahmi o the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed tae address the "fundamental" problem o the naitur o the assembly that wis tasked wi draftin the constitution.<ref name=alarab912/> On 30 Juin 2013, [[Julie 2013 Egyptian protests|mass protests]] eruptit athort Egyp cryin for the Preses's resignation. This wis follaed bi the airmy's threit that if the protesters' demands wur nae met bi 3 Julie it wad step in an big a road cairt for the kintra, while insistin that it did nae want tae rule the kintra.<ref>Abdelaziz, Salma (1 Julie 2013). "[http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 Egyptian military issues warning over protests]". CNN. Retrieved 1 Julie 2013.</ref> Some teuk this tae mean a militar coup, but the next day the airmy denied that thay wur referrin tae a possible militar coup.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Egyptian-army-issues-new-statement-denies-warning-of-coup/articleshow/20869255.cms</ref> The plan set up bi the militar includes suspendin the constitution, dissolvin the pairlament, an establishin a new admeenistration heidit bi the chief juistice.<ref>{{cite news|title=Outlines of Egypt army's post-Morsi plan emerge|url=http://news.yahoo.com/outlines-egypt-armys-post-morsi-plan-emerge-194532950.html|last1=Hendawi|first1=Hamza|last2=Michael|first2=Maggie|agency=Associated Press|date=2 July 2013|accessdate=2 July 2013|archive-date=2013-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705074101/http://news.yahoo.com/outlines-egypt-armys-post-morsi-plan-emerge-194532950.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Morsi wis declared unseatit on 3 Julie 2013 bi a cooncil consistin o the defense meenister [[Abdul Fatah Khalil Al-Sisi|Al-Sisi]], [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], the [[Ahmed el-Tayeb|Grand Imam o Al Azhar]], an the [[Pape Tawadros II o Alexandria|Coptic Pape]].<ref>http://m.guardiannews.com/world/middle-east-live/2013/jul/03/egypt-countdown-army-deadline-live</ref> Morsi wis reportit tae hae dee'd efter faintin while on trial on 17 Juin 2019; he wis 67.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thefamouscelebrity.com/mohamed-morsi-age-height-weightdeath/ |title=MOHAMED MORSI AGE, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, SON, WIFE, AND MORSI DEATH IN 2019 |access-date=2019-06-18 |archive-date=2019-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618041935/https://thefamouscelebrity.com/mohamed-morsi-age-height-weightdeath/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== <references group="note"/> {{Reflist}} {{Preses o Egyp}} {{NAMSecretar-General}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morsi, Mohamed}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2019 daiths]] [[Category:Mohamed Morsi|*]] [[Category:Preses o Egyp]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o Egyp]] [[Category:Secretaries-General o the Non-Aligned Muivement]] [[Category:Freedom an Juistice Pairty (Egyp) politeecians]] [[Category:Fowk o the Egyptian revolution o 2011]] [[Category:Leaders oustit bi a coup]] [[Category:2013 Egyptian coup d'état]] [[Category:Egyptian Muslim Britherheid members]] [[Category:Egyptian politeecians convictit o crimes]] [[Category:21st-century criminals]] [[Category:Egyptian preesoners sentenced tae daith]] [[Category:Preesoners sentenced tae daith bi Egyp]] [[Category:Egyptian ingineers]] [[Category:20t-century ingineers]] [[Category:Egyptian Sunni Muslims]] [[Category:20t-century Egyptian eddicators]] [[Category:Californie State Varsity, Northridge faculty]] [[Category:Zagazig Varsity faculty]] [[Category:USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni]] [[Category:Cairo Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sharqia Govrenorate]] [[Category:Egyptian expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Egyptian fowk that dee'd in preeson custody]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] g5jh403lj5e5qzu1yp3ewoqjg6mifvo 0 61692 924782 701865 2026-10-18T21:57:16Z ~2026-55864-52 138900 Fixed typo 924782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> | settlement_type = [[Ceety]] |image_skyline = Békéscsaba városháza.JPG |image_caption = Békéscsaba ceety hall |image_shield =HUN Békéscsaba Címer.svg |image_flag=Flag of Békéscsaba.svg |image_blank_emblem=Bekescsaba_rovastabla.png |blank_emblem_type=Ceety leemit sign (rovas script) |subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the warld|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{HUN}} |timezone=[[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset=+1 |timezone_DST=[[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST=+2 |pushpin_map =Hungary |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption =Location o Békéscsaba |pushpin_mapsize = |official_name=Békéscsaba |map=<!--<div style="position: relative">[[File:BékésMegye.png|275px]]<div style="position: absolute; left: 196px; top: 115px">[[File:Red Dot.gif]]</div></div>--> |subdivision_type1=[[Coonties o Hungary|Coonty]] |subdivision_name1=[[Békés (coonty)|Békés]] |area_total_km2=193.93 |population_total=62050 | population_rank =[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Hungary|16t]] |population_footnotes= |population_as_of=2011|population_density_km2=320 |postal_code_type=[[Postal code]] |postal_code=5600 |area_code=66 |coordinates = {{coord|46.679|21.091|region:HU|display=inline}} }} '''Békéscsaba''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈbeːkeːʃˌtʃɒbɒ}}; {{lang-de|Tschabe}}, {{lang-ro|Bichişciaba}}, {{lang-sk|Békešská Čaba}}) is a city in Southeast [[Hungary]], the caipital of the county [[Békés (coonty)|Békés]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Békéscsaba is [[toun twinnin|twinned]] wi: {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Beiuş]], [[Romanie]] *{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Mikkeli]], [[Finland]] *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Odorheiu Secuiesc]], [[Romanie]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Skoczów]], [[Poland]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Tarnowskie Góry]], [[Poland]] *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Trenčín]], [[Slovakie]] || *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Uzhhorod]], [[Ukraine]] *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Wittenberg]], [[Germany]] *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Zrenjanin]], [[Serbie]] *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Penza]], [[Roushie]] *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Salonta]], [[Romanie]] |} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bekescsaba}} [[Category:Coonty seats in Hungary]] [[Category:Populatit places in Békés coonty]] cy1ay34myj93oud8sz5ttcogi09x8rn 924783 924782 2026-10-18T22:02:41Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-55864-52, chynged back tae last version bi Thommy9 701865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> | settlement_type = [[Ceety]] |image_skyline = Békéscsaba városháza.JPG |image_caption = Békéscsaba ceety hall |image_shield =HUN Békéscsaba Címer.svg |image_flag=Flag of Békéscsaba.svg |image_blank_emblem=Bekescsaba_rovastabla.png |blank_emblem_type=Ceety leemit sign (rovas script) |subdivision_type = [[Kintras o the warld|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{HUN}} |timezone=[[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset=+1 |timezone_DST=[[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST=+2 |pushpin_map =Hungary |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption =Location o Békéscsaba |pushpin_mapsize = |official_name=Békéscsaba |map=<!--<div style="position: relative">[[File:BékésMegye.png|275px]]<div style="position: absolute; left: 196px; top: 115px">[[File:Red Dot.gif]]</div></div>--> |subdivision_type1=[[Coonties o Hungary|Coonty]] |subdivision_name1=[[Békés (coonty)|Békés]] |area_total_km2=193.93 |population_total=62050 | population_rank =[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Hungary|16t]] |population_footnotes= |population_as_of=2011|population_density_km2=320 |postal_code_type=[[Postal code]] |postal_code=5600 |area_code=66 |coordinates = {{coord|46.679|21.091|region:HU|display=inline}} }} '''Békéscsaba''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈbeːkeːʃˌtʃɒbɒ}}; {{lang-de|Tschabe}}, {{lang-ro|Bichişciaba}}, {{lang-sk|Békešská Čaba}}) is a ceety in Sootheast [[Hungary]], the caipital o the coonty [[Békés (coonty)|Békés]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Békéscsaba is [[toun twinnin|twinned]] wi: {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Beiuş]], [[Romanie]] *{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Mikkeli]], [[Finland]] *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Odorheiu Secuiesc]], [[Romanie]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Skoczów]], [[Poland]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Tarnowskie Góry]], [[Poland]] *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Trenčín]], [[Slovakie]] || *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Uzhhorod]], [[Ukraine]] *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Wittenberg]], [[Germany]] *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Zrenjanin]], [[Serbie]] *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Penza]], [[Roushie]] *{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Salonta]], [[Romanie]] |} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bekescsaba}} [[Category:Coonty seats in Hungary]] [[Category:Populatit places in Békés coonty]] erfzitytjb36lcbfczia669xlptm390 0 82334 924809 785243 2026-10-19T05:47:37Z Munci 6841 {{fixscots}} 924809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Molins de Rei | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | image_skyline = Castellciuró.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Castellciuró Castle. | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_shield = Escut de Molins de Rei.svg | shield_size = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | pushpin_map = Spain Catalonia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Catalonie | coordinates = {{coord|41|24|50|N|2|00|57|E|type:city|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Catalonie}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Province o Barcelona|Barcelona]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarques o Catalonie|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Baix Llobregat]] | established_title = | established_date = | leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Xavier Paz Penche | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 15.91 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 37 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 24067 | population_as_of = 2009 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Molinenc | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 08750 | area_code_type = | area_code = | website = {{official|http://www.molinsderei.cat}} | footnotes = }} '''Molins de Rei''' ({{IPA-ca|muˈɫinz ðə ˈrej}}) is a [[municipality]] locatit 18&nbsp;km frae [[Barcelona]]'s ceety centre, in the [[Comarques o Catalonie|''comarca'']] o [[Baix Llobregat]] in [[Catalonie]], [[Spain]]. It is situatit on the left bank o the [[Llobregat]] river, on the A-7 [[Motorwey|''autopista'']] frae [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] tae [[La Jonquera]] and the main N-II road. Its location haes made Molins de Rei a strategic an dynamic municipality, wi significant examples o commercial an industrial entrepreneurship. ==History== Its name, Molins de Rei (which means King's Mills), haes its oreegins in the ryal windmills that existit in this area, documentit as early as 1188. These mills wur biggit bi order o the King [[Alfonso II o Aragon|Alfonso II]], an their construction essentially established the municipality. Bi 1208, a pairish an kirk as well as a cemetery haed been biggit in the toun. In 1309, the toun wis pairt o the coonty o Pallars which belangit tae the coontess Sibil·la. When she dee'd, the toun changit awners tae Hugo de Arborea an later on, it wis transferred tae the convent o Santa Clara in [[Sardinie]] (Italy). Again in 1366, the land wur purchased bi Berenguer de Relat. In 1430, it wis again transferred tae Galceran de Requesens i de Santacoloma who biggit a palace in the veelage, visitit bi personalities o the time such as the Catholic Monarchs or Christopher Columbus. In 1763 a brig wis biggit tae cross the Llobregat river, bi order o the King Charles III o Spain. This brig turned the veelage intae a strategic location durin the [[Peninsular War]], an the toun wis subjectit tae grave attacks an fires in several occasions. Durin these attacks, several significant biggins wur destroyed, such as the Palace o Requesens. ==Main sichts== The Palace o Recasens, ruined bi a luitin durin the 19t hunderyear, dates frae the 15t hunderyear. Ootside the toun are the ruins of the Castellciuró castle, biggit in 1066—aiblins ower a previous [[Visigothic Kinrick|Visigoth]] fortification— an destroyed in 985 bi troops o [[al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir]]. Remains include a touer an pairts o the waws. The [[Romanesque airchitectur|Romanesque]] chapel o Sant Pere de Romaní, kent frae 1011, haes a rectangular shape, wi a [[barrel vault]]it ceilin, an a bell touer. == Transportation == The Molins de Rei [[train station]] is servit bi [[RENFE]] railwey lines R1 an R4 which run frequently tae an frae central [[Barcelona]], takkin roughly 25 minutes tae an frae [[Plaça Catalunya]]. Local [[bus]]es connect the toun tae central Barcelona an aw an syne it is in the [[Barcelona metropolitan aurie]], a tourist will be able tae fynd the distinctive yellae taxis in the square whaur the Avinguda de Barcelona an the Avinguda de València meet. In addeetion, the toun is servit bi the C-1413 road tae [[Sabadell]]. ==Twin touns== *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Lorca, Spain|Lorca]], Spain *{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Chinandega]], Nicaragua ==References== * Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan). {{br}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Molins de Rei |N = |NE = [[Sant Cugat del Vallès]] |E = [[Barcelona]] |SE = [[Sant Feliu de Llobregat]] |S = |SW = [[Sant Vicenç dels Horts]] |W = [[Pallejà]] |NW = [[El Papiol]] }} {{Baix Llobregat}} {{Municipalities in Barcelona}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Molins De Rei}} [[Category:Municipalities in Baix Llobregat]] mcta8ctkgw2u4ngi49hq5j5dnf3geqo 0 92422 924815 900639 2026-10-19T05:53:45Z Munci 6841 {{fixscots}} 924815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Las Cabras | settlement_type = [[Communes o Chile|Commune]] | other_name = | native_name = | image_skyline = | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = Flag | image_shield = | shield_alt = Coat o arms | image_map = Comuna de Las Cabras.svg | map_caption = Map o Las Cabras commune in the O'Higgins Region | map_alt = Map o Las Cabras commune in the O'Higgins Region | pushpin_map = Chile | pushpin_map_narrow = yes | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chile | coordinates_footnotes = | coor_pinpoint = ceety | coordinates = {{coord|34|17|30|S|71|18|35|W|region:CL-LI|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = [[Chile]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Chile|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[O'Higgins Region]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Chile|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Cachapoal Province]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Municipality]] | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Alcalde]] | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="INE">{{Cite web |url= http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |title= National Statistics Institute |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |language= es |archive-date= 2010-11-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101113145023/http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |url-status= dead }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 749.2 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 126 | population_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/> | population_total = 21798 | population_as_of = 2012 Census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_blank1_title = [[Urban aurie|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 7548 | population_blank2_title = [[landwart aurie|landwart]] | population_blank2 = 12694 | demographics_type1 = Sex | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/> | demographics1_title1 = Men | demographics1_info1 = 10,621 | demographics1_title2 = weemen | demographics1_info2 = 9,621 | timezone = [[Time in Chile|CLT]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |accessdate=26 September 2010 |title=Chile Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |archive-date=2010-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713071639/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | utc_offset = -4 | timezone_DST = [[Time in Chile|CLST]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |accessdate=26 September 2010 |title=Chile Summer Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |archive-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | utc_offset_DST = -3 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = (+56) 72 | website = {{URL|http://www.lascabrasmunicipalidad.cl/}} | footnotes = }} '''Las Cabras''' is a [[Chile]]an [[Communes o Chile|commune]] an ceety in [[Cachapoal Province]], [[O'Higgins Region]]. ==Demographics== According tae the 2002 [[census]] o the [[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute]], Las Cabras spans an aurie o {{convert|749.2|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} an haes 20,242 inhabitants (10,621 men an 9,621 weemen). o these, 7,548 (37.3%) lived in [[urban aurie]]s an 12,694 (62.7%) in [[landwart aurie]]s. The population grew bi 14.1% (2,504 persons) atween the 1992 an 2002 censuses.<ref name= "INE"/> ==Administration== As a commune, Las Cabras is a third-level [[admeenistrative diveesion o Chile]] administered bi a [[municipal cooncil]], headed bi an [[alcalde]] who is directly electit every fower year. Athin the [[electoral divisions o Chile]], Las Cabras is representit in the [[Chamber o Deputies o Chile|Chamber o Deputies]] bi Mrs. Alejandra Sepúlveda (PRI) an Mr. Javier Macaya (UDI) as pairt o the 34t electoral district, (thegither wi [[San Fernando, Chile|San Fernando]], [[Chimbarongo]], [[San Vicente, Chile|San Vicente]], [[Peumo]], [[Pichidegua]] an Las Cabras). The commune is representit in the [[Senate o Chile|Senate]] bi Andrés Chadwick Piñera (UDI) an Juan Pablo Letelier Morel (PS) as pairt o the 9t senatorial constituency (O'Higgins Region). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Communes in O'Higgins Region}} [[Category:Communes o Chile]] [[Category:Populatit places in Cachapoal Province]] g0lqq5tvx5h3ewpmgm7kakoniwf8x85 0 126982 924775 924685 2026-10-18T20:40:27Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 924775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Augustin-Louis Cauchy | image = Augustin-Louis Cauchy 1901.jpg | caption = Cauchy aroond 1840. Lithografie bi Zéphirin Belliard efter a pentin bi Jean Roller. | image_size = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date|1789|8|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Paris]], Fraunce | death_date = {{Death date and age|1857|5|23|1789|8|21|df=y}} | death_place = [[Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine|Sceaux]], Fraunce | nationality = [[Fraunce|French]] | field = [[Mathematics]] | occupation = [[Mathematician]] | work_institutions = [[École Centrale du Panthéon]] <br />[[École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] <br /> [[École polytechnique]] | alma_mater = [[École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] | doctoral_students = [[Francesco Faà di Bruno]]<br>[[Viktor Bunyakovsky]] | known_for = [[Leet o topics named efter Augustin-Louis Cauchy|See leet]] }} [[Baron]] '''Augustin-Louis Cauchy''' ({{IPA-fr|oɡysˈtɛ̃ lwi koˈʃi|lang}}; 21 August 1789 – 23 Mey 1857) wis a [[Fraunce|French]] [[mathematician]] reputit as a pioneer o [[mathematical analysis|analysis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chisholm|first=Hugh|date=1911|title=Cauchy, Augustin Louis|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cauchy,_Augustin_Louis|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-16|website=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en|journal=Encyclopædia Britannica|volume=5|pages=555–556|edition=11}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}}{{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cauchy, Augustin Louis}} [[Category:École Polytechnique alumni]] [[Category:École des Ponts ParisTech alumni]] [[Category:Corps des ponts]] [[Category:1789 births]] [[Category:1857 daiths]] [[Category:Varsity o Turin faculty]] [[Category:19t-century French mathematicians]] [[Category:Geometers]] [[Category:History o calculus]] [[Category:Mathematical analysts]] [[Category:Foreign Members o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Members o the French Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Textbeuk writers]] crims06sip97flqx5q1jm26uedh2gjy 0 131571 924812 799497 2026-10-19T05:51:04Z Munci 6841 redd up Scots 924812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox politician | name = Marcus Licinius Crassus | image = Bust of an unknown citizen in the realist republican tradition (Louvre MR 510).jpg | caption = Bust o Marcus Licinius Crassus frae [[the Louvre]], [[Paris]]. | birth_date = c. 112 BC <ref>''The Pimilico Dictionary of Classical Civilisations'': "These were dismantled during Lepidus’ youth, however, as a new generation of leaders, including Cicero(106-43BC), Pompey(106-48BC), Crassus (112-53BC) and Julius Caesar(100-44BC)"</ref> <ref>''Fall of the Roman Republic-Plutarch'': "Crassus (Abt 112-53BC)"</ref> | birth_place = [[Roman Republic]] | residence = | death_date = 53 BC (aged 59) | death_place = [[Harran|Carrhae]], [[Parthian Empire]] | office = [[Roman Govrenor|Governor]] o [[Roman Sirie]] | term_start = 54 BC | term_end = 53 BC | predecessor = [[Aulus Gabinius]] | successor = [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] | office2 = [[Leet o Roman Republican consuls|Consul]] o the [[Roman Republic]] | term_start2 = 55 BC | term_end2 = 54 BC | alongside2 = [[Pompey the Great]] | predecessor2 = [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] an [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 BC)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]] | successor2 = [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]] an [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)|Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus]] | office3 = [[Leet o Roman Republican consuls|Consul]] o the [[Roman Republic]] | term_start3 = 70 BC | term_end3 = 69 BC | alongside3 = [[Pompey]] | predecessor3 = [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura]] an [[Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes]] | successor3 = [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus]] an [[Quintus Hortensius]] | constituency = | party = | religion = | occupation = | majority = | spouse = Tertulla<ref name=Tertulla>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=William|author-link1=William Smith (lexicographer)|title= Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1939.html|volume=2|year= 1870}}, p.831</ref> | children = [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (quaestor)|Marcus Licinius Crassus]], [[Publius Licinius Crassus (son o triumvir)|Publius Licinius Crassus]] | website = | footnotes = }} '''Marcus Licinius Crassus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|æ|s|ə|s}}; [[Laitin]]: <small>M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS</small>;<ref>In [[Scots leid|Scots]]: "Marcus Licinius Crassus, son o Publius, grandson o Publius"</ref> c. 112 BC – 53 BC) wis a [[Roman Republic|Roman]] [[general]] an [[politeecian]] wha played a key role in the transformation o the [[Roman Republic]] intae the [[Roman Empire]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Licinius Crassus, Marcus}} [[Category:First Triumvirate]] [[Category:Julius Caesar]] [[Category:115 BC]] [[Category:53 BC]] [[Category:1st-century BC Romans]] [[Category:Auncient Roman generals|Crassus, Marcus Licinius]] [[Category:Roman generals killed in action]] [[Category:Roman Republican consuls]] [[Category:Roman Republican praetors]] [[Category:Roman censors]] [[Category:Senators o the Roman Republic]] [[Category:Licinii Crassi|Crassus, Marcus]] [[Category:Fowk o the Roman–Persie Wars]] [[Category:110s BC births]] [[Category:50s BC daiths]] pkdnqm8snpnkrzghpa4rm6apdpfcysq 924817 924812 2026-10-19T06:32:29Z CiphriusKane 74958 924817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox politician | name = Marcus Licinius Crassus | image = | caption = | birth_date = c. 112 BC <ref>''The Pimilico Dictionary of Classical Civilisations'': "These were dismantled during Lepidus’ youth, however, as a new generation of leaders, including Cicero(106-43BC), Pompey(106-48BC), Crassus (112-53BC) and Julius Caesar(100-44BC)"</ref> <ref>''Fall of the Roman Republic-Plutarch'': "Crassus (Abt 112-53BC)"</ref> | birth_place = [[Roman Republic]] | residence = | death_date = 53 BC (aged 59) | death_place = [[Harran|Carrhae]], [[Parthian Empire]] | office = [[Roman Govrenor|Governor]] o [[Roman Sirie]] | term_start = 54 BC | term_end = 53 BC | predecessor = [[Aulus Gabinius]] | successor = [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] | office2 = [[Leet o Roman Republican consuls|Consul]] o the [[Roman Republic]] | term_start2 = 55 BC | term_end2 = 54 BC | alongside2 = [[Pompey the Great]] | predecessor2 = [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] an [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 BC)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]] | successor2 = [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]] an [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)|Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus]] | office3 = [[Leet o Roman Republican consuls|Consul]] o the [[Roman Republic]] | term_start3 = 70 BC | term_end3 = 69 BC | alongside3 = [[Pompey]] | predecessor3 = [[Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura]] an [[Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes]] | successor3 = [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus]] an [[Quintus Hortensius]] | constituency = | party = | religion = | occupation = | majority = | spouse = Tertulla<ref name=Tertulla>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=William|author-link1=William Smith (lexicographer)|title= Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1939.html|volume=2|year= 1870}}, p.831</ref> | children = [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (quaestor)|Marcus Licinius Crassus]], [[Publius Licinius Crassus (son o triumvir)|Publius Licinius Crassus]] | website = | footnotes = }} '''Marcus Licinius Crassus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|æ|s|ə|s}}; [[Laitin]]: <small>M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS</small>;<ref>In [[Scots leid|Scots]]: "Marcus Licinius Crassus, son o Publius, grandson o Publius"</ref> c. 112 BC – 53 BC) wis a [[Roman Republic|Roman]] [[general]] an [[politeecian]] wha played a key role in the transformation o the [[Roman Republic]] intae the [[Roman Empire]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Licinius Crassus, Marcus}} [[Category:First Triumvirate]] [[Category:Julius Caesar]] [[Category:115 BC]] [[Category:53 BC]] [[Category:1st-century BC Romans]] [[Category:Auncient Roman generals|Crassus, Marcus Licinius]] [[Category:Roman generals killed in action]] [[Category:Roman Republican consuls]] [[Category:Roman Republican praetors]] [[Category:Roman censors]] [[Category:Senators o the Roman Republic]] [[Category:Licinii Crassi|Crassus, Marcus]] [[Category:Fowk o the Roman–Persie Wars]] [[Category:110s BC births]] [[Category:50s BC daiths]] mhhnwh3z42kr82e3xm816sts7ejkwp6 0 142773 924816 893492 2026-10-19T06:05:01Z ~2026-56064-03 138921 924816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = The Richt Honourable |name = Boris Johnson |honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MP}} |image = Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg |caption = Johnson as Prime Meenister, 2019 |office = [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |deputy = [[Dominic Raab]] |term_start = 24 Julie 2019 |term_end = 6 September 2022 |predecessor = [[Theresa May]] |successor = [[Liz Truss|Elizabeth Truss]] |office1 = Leader o the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] |term_start1 = 23 Julie 2019 |term_end1 = 5 September 2022 |predecessor1 = [[Theresa May]] |successor1 = [[Liz Truss|Elizabeth Truss]] |office2 = [[Secretar o State for Furrin an Commonweel Affairs]] |primeminister2 = [[Theresa May]] |term_start2 = 13 Julie 2016 |term_end2 = 9 Julie 2018 |predecessor2 = [[Philip Hammond]] |successor2 = [[Jeremy Hunt]] |office3 = 2nt [[Mayor o Lunnon]] |deputy3 = [[Richard Barnes (Breetish politeecian)|Richard Barnes]]<br>[[Victoria Borwick]]<br>[[Roger Evans]] |term_start3 = 4 Mey 2008 |term_end3 = 9 Mey 2016 |predecessor3 = [[Ken Livingstone]] |successor3 = [[Sadiq Khan]] |office4 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]<br>for [[Uxbridge an Sooth Ruislip (UK Pairlament constituency)|Uxbridge an Sooth Ruislip]] |term_start4 = 7 Mey 2015 |term_end4 = 12 Juin 2023 |predecessor4 = [[John Randall (Breetish politeecian)|John Randall]] |successor4 = |majority4 = 5,034 (10.8%) |office5 = Member o Pairlament<br>for [[Henley (UK Pairlament constituency)|Henley]] |term_start5 = 9 Juin 2001 |term_end5 = 4 Juin 2008 |predecessor5 = [[Michael Heseltine]] |successor5 = [[John Howell (politeecian)|John Howell]] |birth_name = Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|6|19|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Manhattan]], [[New York]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] |spouse = Allegra Mostyn-Owen {{small|(1987–1993)}}<br>[[Marina Wheeler]] {{small|(1993–present)}} |children = At least 6{{efn|Johnson haesna sayed how mony bairns he haes. He is kent tae hae fower bairns wi his saicont wife, Marina Wheeler; a fifth bairn frae a extramarital amour wi Helen MacIntyre; and a saxth bairn wi his fiancée Carrie Symonds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Proctor |first1=Kate |title=Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds announce birth of baby boy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/apr/29/boris-johnson-and-carrie-symonds-announce-birth-of-baby-boy |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=29 April 2020}}</ref> Thare hae been allegations o anither bairn fae anither extramarital amour while married tae Wheeler, but Johnson haesna gien comment on these.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchan |first1=Lizzy |title=Boris Johnson refuses to say how many children he has in live radio interview |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-children-single-mothers-general-election-brexit-a9225756.html |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=The Independent |date=29 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Johnson dodges LBC radio host's questions about his children |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/29/boris-johnson-dodges-lbc-radio-hosts-questions-about-his-children |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=29 November 2019}}</ref>}} |alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]] |religion = [[Kirk o Ingland]] |website = {{url|london.gov.uk/mayor|Govrenment wabsteid}} }} '''Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson''' (born 19 Juin 1964) is an Inglis politeecian, [[popular history|popular historian]] an [[jurnalist]] that haes sert as [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] an [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] leader frae Julie 2019 tae September 2022,<ref>{{cite news |title=Boris Johnson replaces Theresa May as the UK's new prime minister |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-49098630 |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=BBC News |date=25 July 2019}}</ref> an as [[Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[Uxbridge an Sooth Ruislip (UK Pairlament constituency)|Uxbridge an Sooth Ruislip]] frae 2015 tae his demission in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Mark|last1=Townsend|title=The view from Uxbridge: young voters battle to oust Johnson from his own seat|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/17/view-from-uxbridge-young-voters-battle-to-oust-boris-johnson|newspaper=The Observer|date=17 November 2019|issn=0029-7712|access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref> Johnson previously servit as Mayor o [[Lunnon]] (2008–2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Was Boris Johnson as successful as London mayor as he claims? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/12/was-boris-johnson-as-successful-as-london-mayor-as-he-claims |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=12 June 2019}}</ref> an [[Secretar o State for Furrin an Commonweel Affairs]] (2016<ref>{{cite news |title=Boris Johnson made foreign secretary by Theresa May |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36789972 |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=BBC News |date=13 July 2016}}</ref>–2018).<ref>{{cite news |title=Boris Johnson resigns as Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-44771278 |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=BBC News |date=9 July 2018}}</ref> He campaigned in favour o [[Brexit]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Birnbaum |first1=Michael |last2=Booth |first2=William |title=Boris Johnson campaigned for Brexit and against the E.U. Now Europe’s leaders are delighted by his victory. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/boris-johnson-campaigned-for-brexit-and-against-the-eu-now-europes-leaders-are-delighted-by-his-victory/2019/12/13/19722124-1d6c-11ea-977a-15a6710ed6da_story.html |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=Washington Post |date=13 December 2019}}</ref> an his comments hae aften brocht on controversy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bienkov |first1=Adam |title=Boris Johnson called gay men 'tank-topped bumboys' and black people 'piccaninnies' with 'watermelon smiles' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/boris-johnson-record-sexist-homophobic-and-racist-comments-bumboys-piccaninnies-2019-6 |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=9 June 2020}}</ref> == Candidacy for Prime Meenister == Boris Johnson conseestantly won the maist votes amang [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] MPs durin his candidacy for [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] in 2019;{{citation needed}} he defeatit [[Jeremy Hunt]] in the leadership election in Julie an succeedit [[Theresa May]] as [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] an [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] leader in Julie.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boris Johnson wins race to be Tory leader and PM |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-49084605 |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2019}}</ref> == Prime Meenister == Johnson's time as Prime Meenister wis dominatit bi [[Brexit]], the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] (alang wi the Partygate scandal), the [[2022 Roushian invasion o Ukraine]] an the Cost o Livin Crisis. He wis replacit bi [[Elizabeth Truss|Liz Truss]] in September 2022. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Boris}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:20t-century Protestants]] [[Category:21st-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:21st-century Protestants]] [[Category:Alumni o Balliol College, Oxford]] [[Category:American Anglicans]] [[Category:American magazine eeditors]] [[Category:American male writers]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Roushie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Swiss strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Turkis strynd]] [[Category:American poleetical writers]] [[Category:Breetish comedians]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Converts tae Anglicanism frae Roman Catholicism]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Daily Telegraph jurnalists]] [[Category:Inglis Anglicans]] [[Category:Inglis magazine eeditors]] [[Category:Inglis male writers]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o American strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Roushie-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Swiss strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Turkis strynd]] [[Category:Leaders o the Conservative Pairty (UK)]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Mayors o Lunnon]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi transport in Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Ashdown House]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Eton College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Camden (London borough)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Crouch End]] [[Category:Fowk frae Henley-on-Thames]] [[Category:Fowk frae Islington]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kensington]] [[Category:Fowk frae Maida Vale]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manhattan]] [[Category:Fowk frae Uccle]] [[Category:Politeecians frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Norwalk, Connecticut]] [[Category:Preses o the Oxford Union]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Recipients o the Paralympic Order]] [[Category:The Spectator eeditors]] [[Category:The Times fowk]] [[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]] [[Category:UK MPs 2005–2010]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Writers frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Writers frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Writers frae Norwalk, Connecticut]] {{stub}} 7c8d9w4zcupu2frelv2cfuqfha617ot 0 144931 924779 924556 2026-10-18T20:46:19Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 924779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox moontain | name = Goat Fell | other_name = Gaoda Bheinn | photo = Brodick Tideline - panoramio.jpg | photo_caption = Goat Fell as seen frae [[Brodick]] shore. | elevation_m = 874 | prominence_m = 874 | prominence_ref = <br><small>[[Leet o moontains o the Breetish Isles bi relative hicht|Ranked 16t]] in [[Breetish Isles]]</small> | parent_peak = ''nane'' - HP [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] | listing = [[Corbett (hill)|Corbett]], [[Marilyn (hill)|Marilyn]], [[Hardy (hill)|Hardy]], [[Leet o Scots cooncil auries bi heichest pynt|cooncil tap]] ([[North Ayrshire]]), [[Leet o Scots coonties bi heichest pynt|coonty tap]] ([[Coonty o Bute|Bute]]) | map = Scotland North Ayrshire | location = [[Isle o Arran]], [[North Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]] | coordinates = {{coord|55|37|33.5|N|5|11|26|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | grid_ref_UK = NR991415 | topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Explorer'' 361; ''Landrangers'' 62, 69 }} '''Goat Fell''' (merked as '''Goatfell''' bi the [[Ordnance Survey]]; [[Scots Gaelic]]: '''Gaoda Bheinn''') is the heichest pynt on the [[Isle o Arran]]. {{Stub/Scotland}} [[Category:Corbetts]] [[Category:Marilyns o Scotland]] [[Category:Hardys o Scotland]] [[Category:Moontains an hills o the Scots islands]] [[Category:Isle o Arran]] [[Category:Heichest pynts o historic Scots coonties]] [[Category:Moontains an hills o North Ayrshire]] r3qodqvqe2dzhu1tatfsmc4ctquxd5g 0 154518 924773 924713 2026-10-18T20:37:29Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 dmy 924773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{noscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Jim Carrey | image = Jim Carrey 2010.jpg | caption = Carrey in 2010 | birth_name = James Eugene Carrey | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|1|17|mf=yes}} | birth_place = [[Newmarket, Ontario|Newmarket]], [[Ontario]], [[Canadae]] | occupation = {{hlist|Staund-up comedian|actor|director|producer|screenwriter}} | nationality = Canadian | citizenship = Canadian (1962–present)<br />American (2004–present) | years active = 1981–2028 | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Melissa Womer|March 28, 1987|1995|reason=divorced}} * {{marriage|[[Lauren Holly]]|September 23, 1996|1997|reason=divorced}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox comedian|embed=yes | medium = {{hlist|[[Staund-up comedy|Staund-up]]|[[film]]|[[television]]}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Observational comedy]]|[[physical comedy]]|[[surreal humour]]}} | subject = {{hlist|[[Everyday life]]|[[popular cultur]]|[[politics]]|[[celebrity|celebrities]]}} }} | website = {{URL|jimcarrey.com}} | signature = Firma de Jim Carrey.svg }} '''James Eugene ''' "'''Jim'''" '''Carrey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ær|i}}; born 17 Januar 1962)<ref name=cbcbirth>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1962-funny-man-jim-carrey-born-in-newmarket-ont |title=1962: Funny man Jim Carrey born in Newmarket, Ont. |publisher=CBC |accessdate=April 15, 2016 |quote=On this day in history, Jan. 17, 1962, James Eugene Carrey was born in Newmarket, Ont. |archivedate=April 15, 2016 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160415170248/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1962-funny-man-jim-carrey-born-in-newmarket-ont |dead-url=no}}</ref> is a [[Canadae|Canadian]] stand-up comedian, actor, director, producer, writer, sangster, dancer, impressionist, vyce airtist, an comedian. He is kent fur his heichly energetic [[slapstick]] performances.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shanlin|first=Calum|title=Throwback Thursday: Jim Carrey at 20|url=http://www.cbc.ca/live/throwback-thursday-jim-carrey-at-20.html|publisher=CBC|accessdate=April 25, 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Carrey, Jim}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American male comedians]] [[Category:American sketch comedians]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American impressionists (enterteeners)]] [[Category:Canadian male comedians]] [[Category:Canadian sketch comedians]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian film producers]] [[Category:Canadian impressionists (entertainers)]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o American strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Canadian stand-up comedians]] [[Category:Canadian televeesion writers]] [[Category:Comedians frae Ontario]] [[Category:Franco-Ontarian fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Toronto]] [[Category:Male actors frae Ontario]] [[Category:Fowk frae Burlington, Ontario]] [[Category:Fowk frae Newmarket, Ontario]] [[Category:Fowk frae Scarborough, Toronto]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] [[Category:Transcendental Meditation practeetioners]] [[Category:Autism activists]] [[Category:Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian writers]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] {{stub}} 1p6bbyuok6vdhg2teljn2tztlttxknc 924774 924773 2026-10-18T20:39:16Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 924774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{noscots}} {{Infobox bodie | name = Jim Carrey | image = Jim Carrey 2010.jpg | caption = Carrey in 2010 | birth_name = James Eugene Carrey | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|1|17|mf=yes}} | birth_place = [[Newmarket, Ontario|Newmarket]], [[Ontario]], Canadae | occupation = {{hlist|Staund-up comedian|actor|director|producer|screenwriter}} | nationality = Canadian | citizenship = Canadian (1962–present)<br />American (2004–present) | years active = 1981–2028 | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Melissa Womer|March 28, 1987|1995|reason=divorced}} * {{marriage|[[Lauren Holly]]|September 23, 1996|1997|reason=divorced}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox comedian|embed=yes | medium = {{hlist|[[Staund-up comedy|Staund-up]]|[[film]]|[[telly]]}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Observational comedy]]|[[pheesical comedy]]|[[surreal humour]]}} | subject = {{hlist|[[Everyday life]]|[[popular cultur]]|[[politics]]|[[celebrity|celebrities]]}} }} | website = {{URL|jimcarrey.com}} | signature = Firma de Jim Carrey.svg }} '''James Eugene ''' "'''Jim'''" '''Carrey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ær|i}}; born 17 Januar 1962)<ref name=cbcbirth>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1962-funny-man-jim-carrey-born-in-newmarket-ont |title=1962: Funny man Jim Carrey born in Newmarket, Ont. |publisher=CBC |accessdate=April 15, 2016 |quote=On this day in history, Jan. 17, 1962, James Eugene Carrey was born in Newmarket, Ont. |archivedate=April 15, 2016 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160415170248/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1962-funny-man-jim-carrey-born-in-newmarket-ont |dead-url=no}}</ref> is a [[Canadae|Canadian]] stand-up comedian, actor, director, producer, writer, sangster, dancer, impressionist, vyce airtist, an comedian. He is kent fur his heichly energetic [[slapstick]] performances.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shanlin|first=Calum|title=Throwback Thursday: Jim Carrey at 20|url=http://www.cbc.ca/live/throwback-thursday-jim-carrey-at-20.html|publisher=CBC|accessdate=April 25, 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Carrey, Jim}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:American male comedians]] [[Category:American sketch comedians]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American impressionists (enterteeners)]] [[Category:Canadian male comedians]] [[Category:Canadian sketch comedians]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian film producers]] [[Category:Canadian impressionists (entertainers)]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o American strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Canadian stand-up comedians]] [[Category:Canadian televeesion writers]] [[Category:Comedians frae Ontario]] [[Category:Franco-Ontarian fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Toronto]] [[Category:Male actors frae Ontario]] [[Category:Fowk frae Burlington, Ontario]] [[Category:Fowk frae Newmarket, Ontario]] [[Category:Fowk frae Scarborough, Toronto]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] [[Category:Transcendental Meditation practeetioners]] [[Category:Autism activists]] [[Category:Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion writers]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian writers]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:20t-century American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] {{stub}} lxxmv59t4ovkb13jq2n6dooskuj1wba 0 198343 924778 924549 2026-10-18T20:45:22Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 924778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ceevil conflict|title=2018 Gaza border protests|partof=[[Gaza–Israel conflict]]|image=File:Gaza Strip map2.svg|caption=Map of the Gaza Strip|date=30 March 2018 – 27 December 2019|place=[[Gaza Strip]], near the [[Israel–Gaza barrier|Israeli border]]|goals=* Lifting the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/13/c_137109039.htm|title=Palestinians carry on rallies in Gaza on third consecutive Friday – Xinhua – English.news.cn|agency=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428182331/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/13/c_137109039.htm|url-status=dead}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/13/c_137109039.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-14 |archive-date=2018-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428182331/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/13/c_137109039.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Achieving the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-palestinians-protests-shooting/israeli-forces-kill-three-gaza-border-protesters-wound-400-medics-idUSKBN1HY205?il=0|title=Israeli forces kill three Gaza border protesters, wound 600: medics|first=Nidal|last=al-Mughrabi}}</ref>|side1={{flag|Gaza Strip}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.svg}} [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg}} [[Hamas]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg}} [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] * <!--Please do not add a non-free image here--> [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] * Unaffiliated protesters|side2={{flag|Israel}} * {{Armed forces|Israel}} * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Israel Border Police.svg}} [[Israel Border Police]] * [[Israel Fire and Rescue Services]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/kite-from-gaza-sets-fire-to-wheat-field-in-israel/|title=Kite from Gaza sets fire to wheat field in Israel|last=Ari Gross|first=Judah|date=18 April 2018|website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>|units2=[[Gaza Division|143rd "Fire Fox" (Territorial) Division ]]<br />reinforced with two brigades and special units,<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/four-wounded-on-gaza-border-w-bank-palestinians-march-in-solidarity-1.5963866 11 Wounded at Israel-Gaza Border as Palestinians March in West Bank in Solidarity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417162659/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/four-wounded-on-gaza-border-w-bank-palestinians-march-in-solidarity-1.5963866 |date=2018-04-17 }}, Haaretz, 1 April 2018</ref> including [[Maglan]].<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-releases-details-of-how-it-prevented-a-Hamas-border-crossing-from-Gaza-556484 IDF RELEASES DETAILS OF HOW IT PREVENTED A HAMAS BORDER CROSSING FROM GAZA], 15 May 2018, ''The Jerusalem Post''</ref>|casualties1=112 dead and over 13,190 injured<ref name=wounded>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/gaza-protest-latest-updates-180406092506561.html|title=Gaza protests: All the latest updates |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> (as of 21 May 2018)|casualties2=1 slightly wounded<ref name="Guardian20180515">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/14/israel-tells-palestinians-they-are-risking-lives-in-us-embassy-protests Israel faces outcry over Gaza killings during Jerusalem embassy protests], Guardian, 15 May 2018, "Until this week, no Israeli had been harmed since protests began on 30 March. An IDF spokesman, Lt Col Jonathan Conricus, said one soldier had been “slightly wounded by shrapnel” on Monday but he did not have details on the source of the injury."</ref>}}On 30 Mairch 2018, a sax-week campaign componed o a series o protests wis launched at the [[Gaza Strip]], neist the [[Gaza-Israel barrier|Gaza-Israel mairch]].<ref name="NY2"/><ref name="NY2">{{Cite web}}</ref> Cawed bi [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] organisers the "'''Great Mairch o Return'''", the protests demand that [[Palestinian refugees]] an thair descendants be alloued tae return tae whit is nou Israel.<ref>David M. Halbfinger, Iyad Abuheweila, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protests.html ‘One Dead Amid Violence in 3rd Week of Protests at Gaza-Israel Fence,’] ''The New York Times'' 13 April 2018.’They are objecting to Israel's 11-year-old blockade of Gaza and seeking to revive international interest in Palestinian claims of a right of return to the lands they were displaced from in 1948.’</ref><ref name="Toameh">Khaled Abu Toameh, [https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-vows-gaza-protests-to-continue-until-they-return-to-all-of-palestine/’ Hamas vows Gaza protests last until Palestinians return to all of Palestine,’] The Times of Israel 9 April 2018.’The protests are an uprising for "Jerusalem, Palestine, and the right of return," he said, referring to the demand that Palestinian refugees and their descendants be allowed to return to their former homes in Israel.’</ref><ref>Adam Rasgon, [https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Masses-of-Gazans-head-to-border-fence-to-demand-right-of-return-547367 ‘Masses of Gazans head to border area for 'right of return' says organizer,’] ''The Jerusalem Post'' 28 March 2018.’Masses of Palestinians are expected to come to the Gaza border on Friday and move into tents there for a planned six-week-long protest "to demand the right of return to the homes and villages that they were expelled from in 1948," Ahmad Abu Ratima, an organizer of the protest, told The Jerusalem Post.'</ref> Thay are awso protestin the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade o the Gaza Strip]] an the [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|muivin o the Unitit States Embassy in Israel frae Tel Aviv tae Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> Veeolence durin the protests resultit in some o the deedliest days o the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] syne the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|2014 Gaza War]].<ref name=":38">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/gaza-protests-take-off-ahead-of-new-us-embassy-inauguration-in-jerusalem/2018/05/14/eb6396ae-56e4-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html|title=Israelis kill more than 50 Palestinians in Gaza protests, health officials say|last=Morris|first=Loveday|date=14 May 2018|work=The Washington Post|access-date=14 May 2018|last2=Balousha|first2=Hazem|issn=0190-8286|ref=WP14May}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaza mairch protests, 2018}} [[Category:2018 in Israel]] [[Category:2018 in the Gaza Strip|Mairch protests]] [[Category:2010s protests]] [[Category:Mairch 2018 events in Asie]] [[Category:Apryle 2018 events in Asie]] [[Category:Mey 2018 events in Asie]] [[Category:Israel–Gaza Strip border|2018 protests]] [[Category:Protests in the Gaza Strip|2018 mairch protests]] [[Category:Creeminal rock-thrawin]] teo3ag4ylgkg0x156onnywm2h182qub 0 200121 924771 924716 2026-10-18T20:34:20Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 924771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Iain Stirling | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|1|27|df=y}} | partner = [[Laura Whitmore]] | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | birth_name = Iain Andrew Stirling | years_active= 2007–present | occupation = Comedian, presenter, Master of Puns, The Wizard of Wit | known = {{nowrap|''[[CBBC]]'' (2009–13, 2015)<br/>''[[Scoop (TV series)|Scoop]]'' (2010)<br/>''[[All Over the Place (TV series)|All Over the Place]]'' (2011–15; 2017)<br/>''[[12 Again]]'' (2012–13)<br/>''[[The Dog Ate My Homework (TV series)|The Dog Ate My Homework]]'' (2014–)<br/>''[[Love Island (2015 TV series)|Love Island]]'' (2015–)<br>''CelebAbility'' (2017–)}} }} '''Iain Andrew Stirling''' (born 27 Januar 1988)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jack |first1=Lauren |title=Who is Love Island voice Iain Stirling? |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/iain-stirling-love-island-voice-scottish-4170012 |access-date=16 October 2026 |work=The Scotsman |date=5 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> is a Scots comedian, writer an telly presenter frae [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stirling, Iain}} [[Category:Scots stand-up comedians]] [[Category:Scots televeesion presenters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Fowk eddicated at Liberton High School]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] iryxnjtjyxffk5sbtxkuq1y886i9xqn 0 203263 924818 867175 2026-10-19T06:34:57Z ~2026-56064-03 138921 924818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] |name = Sir Jacob Rees-Mogg |image = Jacob Rees-Mogg MP.jpg | office = [[Leader o the Hoose o Commons]]<br>[[Laird Preses o the Cooncil]] | primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]] | term_start = 24 Julie 2019 | term_end = 8 Februar 2022 | predecessor = [[Mel Stride]] | successor = [[Mark Spencer (politeecian)|Mark Spencer]] | office2 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[North East Somerset (UK Pairlament constituency)|North East Somerset]] | term_start2 = 6 Mey 2010 | term_end2 = 30 Mey 2024 | predecessor2 = ''Constituency creautit'' | successor2 = ''Constituency abolishit'' | majority2 = 10,235 (18.9%) |birth_name=Jacob William Rees-Mogg |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|5|24|df=y}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Hammersmith]], [[Lunnon]], Ingland}} |death_date = |death_place = | signature = |party = [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] |spouse = {{marriage|Helena de Chair|2007}} |relatives = [[William Rees-Mogg]] {{small|(faither)}}<br />[[Annunziata Rees-Mogg|Annunziata Glanville]] {{small|(''née'' Rees-Mogg; sister)}}<br />[[Lady Juliet Tadgell]] {{small|(mither-in-law)}} |children = 6 |education = [[Eton College]] |alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Oxford]] }} '''Sir Jacob William Rees-Mogg''' (born 24 Mey 1969) is a Breetish politeecian wha servit as the [[Member o pairlament|Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[North East Somerset (UK Pairlament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2010|general election o 2010]] until 2024. He is kent for his strangly conservative an pro-[[Brexit]] views, an his public persona. He is Chairman o the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]]'s European Research Group. His present post is as Meenister for Brexit Opportunities syne 8 Februar 2022. He wis knichtit i [[Boris Johnson]]'s 2022 resignation honours for political an public service. He studiit at Eton College an then read history at Trinity College, Oxford, where he wis librarian o the Oxford Union. He regrettit no havin studiit classics. After Oxford he workit at several prestigious investment firms. He then travelit tae [[Hong Kong]] tae join Lloyd George Management. I Hong Kong he wis a guid friend o governor Christopher Patten an wis a regular at government house. He returnit england tae found Somerset Capital Management wi the help o Crispin Odey before enterin parliament. He is the son o Laird William Rees-Mogg, the former editor o [[The Times]]. Rees-Mogg, known for his upper-class persona has at various times both describit himself as a "man o the people" an rejectit thon description, saying: "the 'man o the people' act is the heicht o condescension".He is marriit tae Helena Wentworth Fitzwilliam de Chair, the dauchter o politician an historian Somerset de Chair an Lady Juliet tadgell. an they have 6 children. Rees-mogg resides at his estate i somerset an owns property i [[London]]. He is currently a television presenter on [[GB News]] an recently starrit wi his family i the reality tv show 'Meet the Rees-Moggs'. Rees-Mogg enjoys the english kintra side an kintra sports. He is a practicin Roman Catholic. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rees-Mogg, Jacob}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Oxford]] [[Category:Breetish monarchists]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o American strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Eton College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hammersmith]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mendip Destrict]] [[Category:Politics o Bath an North East Somerset]] [[Category:Politics o Somerset]] [[Category:Rees-Mogg faimily]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Breetish anti-abortion activists]] 8q90qqknfaiv7mm5gm2n98bljdit1m5 924819 924818 2026-10-19T06:37:22Z ~2026-56064-03 138921 924819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] |name = Sir Jacob Rees-Mogg |image = Jacob Rees-Mogg MP.jpg | office = [[Leader o the Hoose o Commons]]<br>[[Laird Preses o the Cooncil]] | primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]] | term_start = 24 Julie 2019 | term_end = 8 Februar 2022 | predecessor = [[Mel Stride]] | successor = [[Mark Spencer (politeecian)|Mark Spencer]] | office2 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[North East Somerset (UK Pairlament constituency)|North East Somerset]] | term_start2 = 6 Mey 2010 | term_end2 = 30 Mey 2024 | predecessor2 = ''Constituency creautit'' | successor2 = ''Constituency abolishit'' | majority2 = 10,235 (18.9%) |birth_name=Jacob William Rees-Mogg |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|5|24|df=y}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Hammersmith]], [[Lunnon]], Ingland}} |death_date = |death_place = | signature = |party = [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] |spouse = {{marriage|Helena de Chair|2007}} |relatives = [[William Rees-Mogg]] {{small|(faither)}}<br />[[Annunziata Rees-Mogg|Annunziata Glanville]] {{small|(''née'' Rees-Mogg; sister)}}<br />[[Lady Juliet Tadgell]] {{small|(mither-in-law)}} |children = 6 |education = [[Eton College]] |alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Oxford]] }} '''Sir Jacob William Rees-Mogg''' (born 24 Mey 1969) is a Breetish politeecian wha servit as the [[Member o pairlament|Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[North East Somerset (UK Pairlament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2010|general election o 2010]] until 2024. He is kent for his strangly conservative an pro-[[Brexit]] views, an his public persona. He is Chairman o the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]]'s European Research Group. his most recent government post wis as Meenister for Brexit Opportunities from 8 Februar 2022 til 25 October 2022. He wis knichtit i [[Boris Johnson]]'s 2022 resignation honours for political an public service. He studiit at Eton College an then read history at Trinity College, Oxford, where he wis librarian o the Oxford Union. He regrettit no havin studiit classics. After Oxford he workit at several prestigious investment firms. He then travelit tae [[Hong Kong]] tae join Lloyd George Management. I Hong Kong he wis a guid friend o governor Christopher Patten an wis a regular at government house. He returnit england tae found Somerset Capital Management wi the help o Crispin Odey before enterin parliament. He is the son o Laird William Rees-Mogg, the former editor o [[The Times]]. Rees-Mogg, known for his upper-class persona has at various times both describit himself as a "man o the people" an rejectit thon description, saying: "the 'man o the people' act is the heicht o condescension".He is marriit tae Helena Wentworth Fitzwilliam de Chair, the dauchter o politician an historian Somerset de Chair an Lady Juliet tadgell. an they have 6 children. Rees-mogg resides at his estate i somerset an owns property i [[London]]. He is currently a television presenter on [[GB News]] an recently starrit wi his family i the reality tv show 'Meet the Rees-Moggs'. Rees-Mogg enjoys the english kintra side an kintra sports. He is a practicin Roman Catholic. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rees-Mogg, Jacob}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Oxford]] [[Category:Breetish monarchists]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o American strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Eton College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hammersmith]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mendip Destrict]] [[Category:Politics o Bath an North East Somerset]] [[Category:Politics o Somerset]] [[Category:Rees-Mogg faimily]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Breetish anti-abortion activists]] 1ahbimcammiv0sge6sg4hwg9ggobpf4 924820 924819 2026-10-19T06:37:58Z ~2026-56064-03 138921 924820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] |name = Sir Jacob Rees-Mogg |image = Jacob Rees-Mogg MP.jpg | office = [[Leader o the Hoose o Commons]]<br>[[Laird Preses o the Cooncil]] | primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]] | term_start = 24 Julie 2019 | term_end = 8 Februar 2022 | predecessor = [[Mel Stride]] | successor = [[Mark Spencer (politeecian)|Mark Spencer]] | office2 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[North East Somerset (UK Pairlament constituency)|North East Somerset]] | term_start2 = 6 Mey 2010 | term_end2 = 30 Mey 2024 | predecessor2 = ''Constituency creautit'' | successor2 = ''Constituency abolishit'' | majority2 = 10,235 (18.9%) |birth_name=Jacob William Rees-Mogg |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|5|24|df=y}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Hammersmith]], [[Lunnon]], Ingland}} |death_date = |death_place = | signature = |party = [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] |spouse = {{marriage|Helena de Chair|2007}} |relatives = [[William Rees-Mogg]] {{small|(faither)}}<br />[[Annunziata Rees-Mogg|Annunziata Glanville]] {{small|(''née'' Rees-Mogg; sister)}}<br />[[Lady Juliet Tadgell]] {{small|(mither-in-law)}} |children = 6 |education = [[Eton College]] |alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Oxford]] }} '''Sir Jacob William Rees-Mogg''' (born 24 Mey 1969) is a Breetish politeecian wha servit as the [[Member o pairlament|Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[North East Somerset (UK Pairlament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2010|general election o 2010]] until 2024. He is kent for his strangly conservative an pro-[[Brexit]] views, an his public persona. He is Chairman o the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]]'s European Research Group. his most recent government post wis as Meenister for Brexit Opportunities from 8 Februar 2022 til 25 October 2022. He wis knichtit i [[Boris Johnson]]'s 2022 resignation honours for political an public service. He studiit at Eton College an then read history at Trinity College, Oxford, where he wis librarian o the Oxford Union. He regrettit no havin studiit classics. After Oxford he workit at several prestigious investment firms. He then travelit tae [[Hong Kong]] tae join Lloyd George Management. I Hong Kong he wis a guid friend o governor Christopher Patten an wis a regular at government house. He returnit england tae found Somerset Capital Management wi the help o Crispin Odey before enterin parliament. He is the son o Laird William Rees-Mogg, the former editor o [[The Times]]. Rees-Mogg, known for his upper-class persona has at various times both describit himself as a "man o the people" an rejectit thon description, saying: "the 'man o the people' act is the heicht o condescension". He is marriit tae Helena Wentworth Fitzwilliam de Chair, the dauchter o politician an historian Somerset de Chair an Lady Juliet tadgell. an they have 6 children. Rees-mogg resides at his estate i somerset an owns property i [[London]]. He is currently a television presenter on [[GB News]] an recently starrit wi his family i the reality tv show 'Meet the Rees-Moggs'. Rees-Mogg enjoys the english kintra side an kintra sports. He is a practicin Roman Catholic. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rees-Mogg, Jacob}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Oxford]] [[Category:Breetish monarchists]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o American strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Eton College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hammersmith]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mendip Destrict]] [[Category:Politics o Bath an North East Somerset]] [[Category:Politics o Somerset]] [[Category:Rees-Mogg faimily]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Breetish anti-abortion activists]] t3m17p8ecyh2gm46dfusqvjhvfqc68t 924821 924820 2026-10-19T06:39:42Z ~2026-56064-03 138921 924821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] |name = Sir Jacob Rees-Mogg |image = Jacob Rees-Mogg MP.jpg | office = [[Leader o the Hoose o Commons]]<br>[[Laird Preses o the Cooncil]] | primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]] | term_start = 24 Julie 2019 | term_end = 8 Februar 2022 | predecessor = [[Mel Stride]] | successor = [[Mark Spencer (politeecian)|Mark Spencer]] | office2 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[North East Somerset (UK Pairlament constituency)|North East Somerset]] | term_start2 = 6 Mey 2010 | term_end2 = 30 Mey 2024 | predecessor2 = ''Constituency creautit'' | successor2 = ''Constituency abolishit'' | majority2 = 10,235 (18.9%) |birth_name=Jacob William Rees-Mogg |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|5|24|df=y}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Hammersmith]], [[Lunnon]], Ingland}} |death_date = |death_place = | signature = |party = [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] |spouse = {{marriage|Helena de Chair|2007}} |relatives = [[William Rees-Mogg]] {{small|(faither)}}<br />[[Annunziata Rees-Mogg|Annunziata Glanville]] {{small|(''née'' Rees-Mogg; sister)}}<br />[[Lady Juliet Tadgell]] {{small|(mither-in-law)}} |children = 6 |education = [[Eton College]] |alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Oxford]] |religion = [[Catholic Kirk]] }} '''Sir Jacob William Rees-Mogg''' (born 24 Mey 1969) is a Breetish politeecian wha servit as the [[Member o pairlament|Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[North East Somerset (UK Pairlament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2010|general election o 2010]] until 2024. He is kent for his strangly conservative an pro-[[Brexit]] views, an his public persona. He is Chairman o the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]]'s European Research Group. his most recent government post wis as Meenister for Brexit Opportunities from 8 Februar 2022 til 25 October 2022. He wis knichtit i [[Boris Johnson]]'s 2022 resignation honours for political an public service. He studiit at Eton College an then read history at Trinity College, Oxford, where he wis librarian o the Oxford Union. He regrettit no havin studiit classics. After Oxford he workit at several prestigious investment firms. He then travelit tae [[Hong Kong]] tae join Lloyd George Management. I Hong Kong he wis a guid friend o governor Christopher Patten an wis a regular at government house. He returnit england tae found Somerset Capital Management wi the help o Crispin Odey before enterin parliament. He is the son o Laird William Rees-Mogg, the former editor o [[The Times]]. Rees-Mogg, known for his upper-class persona has at various times both describit himself as a "man o the people" an rejectit thon description, saying: "the 'man o the people' act is the heicht o condescension". He is marriit tae Helena Wentworth Fitzwilliam de Chair, the dauchter o politician an historian Somerset de Chair an Lady Juliet tadgell. an they have 6 children. Rees-mogg resides at his estate i somerset an owns property i [[London]]. He is currently a television presenter on [[GB News]] an recently starrit wi his family i the reality tv show 'Meet the Rees-Moggs'. Rees-Mogg enjoys the english kintra side an kintra sports. He is a practicin Roman Catholic. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rees-Mogg, Jacob}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Oxford]] [[Category:Breetish monarchists]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Creetics o the European Union]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o American strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Eton College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Hammersmith]] [[Category:Fowk frae Mendip Destrict]] [[Category:Politics o Bath an North East Somerset]] [[Category:Politics o Somerset]] [[Category:Rees-Mogg faimily]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Breetish anti-abortion activists]] 651t6fm626kdj6hat7buqs2bgvbefix 2 214224 924787 854422 2026-10-19T00:00:54Z Atlantic306 30244 /* References */ removed archive today as it is banned on Wikipedia, no alternative found on internet archive 924787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cue sport}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox sport | image = Snooker table selby.JPG | imagesize = 300px | caption = Three-time warld champion [[Mark Selby]] playing a practice game | union = [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association|WPBSA]]<br />[[International Billiards an Snooker Federation|IBSF]] | first = 1870 i Indie | contact = Non-contact | category = [[Cue sports|Cue sport]] | equipment = Snooker table, [[Billiard ball#Snooker|snooker balls]], [[cue stick]], triangle, chalk | venue = Snooker table | olympic = [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] recognition<ref name="Snookerolympic" /> | IWGA = [[2001 World Games|2001]]{{snds}}present }} '''Snooker''' (pronountit {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|s|n|uː|k|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|s|n|ʊ|k|ər}})<ref name="Macmillan British" /><ref name="Macmillan American" /> i a [[cue sports|cue sport]] tha originatit amang [[British Armie]] officer stationed i [[Indie]] i the second hauf o the 19t century. It is played on a rectangular table covered wi a green cloth (or "[[baize]]"), wi [[Billiard table#Pockets 2|pockets]] at each o the fower corners an i the middle o each lang side. Uisin a [[cue stick]] an 21 coloured bawls, players must strike the white bawl (or "cue bawl") tae pot or pocket tha remainin bawls i the correct sequence, accumulatin pynts fur each pot. An individual gemme (or frame), is won bi the player scoring the maist pynts. A match i won when a player wins a predetermined batch o frames. Snooker gained identity in 1884 when armie officer [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]], stationed in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]], devised a set o rules that combined {{ill|pyramid|en|pyramid pool}} and {{ill|black puil|en|black pool}}. The wird ''snooker'' wis a lang-uised military term fur inexperienced or first-year personnel. The gemme grew i popularity i the United Kingdom, an the [[Billiards Association an Control Club]] wis formed i 1919. It i noo governed bi the [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association]] (WPBSA). The [[Warld Snooker Championship]] haes taken place syne [[1927 Warld Snooker Championship|1927]]. [[Joe Davis]], a key figure i the early growthe o the sport, won the championship 15 straucht times atween 1927 and 1946. The "modern era" began in 1969 efter the broadcaster [[BBC]] commissioned the snooker televeesion show ''[[Pot Black]]'' an later began tae air the Warld Championship in [[1978 Warld Snooker Championship|1978]]. Key figures i the gemme war [[Ray Reardon]] i the 1970s, [[Steve Davis]] i the 1980s, an [[Stephen Hendry]] i the 1990s, each winnin sax or mair Warld championships. Syne 2000, [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] haes won the maist Warld titles, wi five. Top professional players noo compete regularly aroond the warld and earn millions o pounds on the [[Warld Snooker Tour]], which features players frae across the warld. ==History== [[File:Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain.png|thumb|right|upright|[[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]], a British Army officer who devised the gemme an its rules in the late 19t century]] The origin o snooker dates back tae the latter hauf o the 19t century.<ref name="origins" /> In the 1870s, [[English billiards]] wis a popular activity amang [[British Army]] officers stationed i [[Indie]], an several variations o the gemme war devised during this time.<ref name="origins" /> Ane variation that originatit a the officers' mess o the 11t [[Devonshire Regiment]] in 1875<ref name="heritage2008" /> combined the rules o two [[pocket billiards]] games: {{ill|pyramid|en|pyramid pool}} an {{ill|black puil|en|black pool}}.<ref name="Neville Chamberlain disambiguation" /><ref name="FullHistory" /> The umwhile wis played wi 15 reid coloured bawls poseetioned i a triangle, while the latter involved the potting o designatit bawls.<ref name="FullHistory" /><ref name="Shamos 1994" /> The gemme wis developit i 1884 when its first set o rules wis finalised bi [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]],{{efn|not the [[Neville Chamberlain|Prime Minister]] of the same name}} an English army officer who helped develop and popularise the gemme at Stone House in [[Ooty]] on a table biggit bi Burroughes & Watts that wis brought ower bi boat.<ref name="telegraph2014" /> The wird ''snooker'' wis a slang term fur first-year cadets and inexperienced military personnel, but Chamberlain wad eften uise it fur the performance o ane o his fellae officers a the table.<ref name="origins" /> In 1887, snooker wis gien its first definit reference i England i a copy o ''[[Sporting Life (British newspaper)|Sporting Life]]'' which caused a growthe in popularity.<ref name="heritage2008" /> Chamberlain came out as the gemme's inventor in a letter tae ''[[The Field (magazine)|The Field]]'' published on 19 Mairch 1938, 63 years efter the fact.<ref name="heritage2008" /> Snooker grew i popularity across the Indian colonies an the United Kingdom, but it remained a gemme mainly fur the gentry, an mony gentlemen's clubs that haed a billiards table wad nae allou non-members inside tae play.<ref name="heritage2008" /> Tae accommodate the growin interest, smawer an mair open snooker-specific clubs war formed.<ref name="heritage2008" /> In 1919, the Billiards Association an the Billiards Control Buird merged tae form the [[Billiards Association an Control Club]] (BA&CC) an a new, staundart set o rules fur snooker first became offeecial.{{sfn|Gadsby|Williams|2012|p=8}} In [[1927 Warld Snooker Championship|1927]] the first [[Warld Snooker Championship]] wis organised bi [[Joe Davis]].<ref name="origins" />{{efn|The event wis known then a the Professional Snooker Championship.<ref name="ProfessionalChampionship" />}} Davis, a professional [[English billiards]] an snooker player, moved the gemme frae a pastime tae a professional activity.<ref name="CnVTimeline" /> Davis won every warld championship until 1946, when he retired frae the championships.<ref name="5J29x" /> The gemme went intae a decline throu the 1950s and 1960s wi little interest generatit ootside o thae who played.<ref name="smhday6" /><ref name="FullHistory" /> In 1959, Davis introduced a variation o the gemme kent as "[[Snooker Plus]]" tae try tae improve the gemme's popularity bi addin two extra colours, but this failed tae gain interest.<ref name=day1>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Glasgow Herald]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p3dAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2895%2C8253550 |date=27 October 1959 |page=10 |title=Snooker Plus |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505071329/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p3dAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2895,8253550 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=27 October 1959 |page=17 |title=J Davis launches Snooker Plus}}</ref> In 1969, [[David Attenborough]] commissioned the snooker televeesion series ''[[Pot Black]]'' tae demonstrate the potential o colour televeesion, wi the green table and multi-coloured bawls bein ideal fur showin off the advantages o colour broadcastin.<ref name="FullHistory" /><ref name="news_BBCS" /><ref name="Cue China" /> The series became a ratings success and wis fur a time the second-maist popular show on [[BBC Two]].<ref name="FCS-PB" /> Interest i the gemme increased an the [[1978 Warld Snooker Championship]] wis the first tae be fully televised.<ref name="commonwealth" /><ref name="OTT-40" /> The gemme quickly became a mainstream gemme i the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="GuardianThatch" /> [[Ireland]] an much o the Commonwealth, an haes enjoyed much success syne the late 1970s, wi maist o the rankin toornaments bein televised.<ref name="FullHistory" /> Bi the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] a tot o 18.5&nbsp;million viewer watched the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] atween [[Dennis Taylor]] and [[Steve Davis]], a record viewership fur the United Kingdom fur ony broadcast efter midnight.<ref name="dsoH1" /><ref name="inde_Grea" /> In the early 2000s, a ban on tobacco advertisin led tae a decrease i the nummer o professional tournamen,<ref name="GuardianSponsor" /> wi professional toornaments bein cut tae anly 15 events i 2003, frae 22 i 1999.<ref name="snoo_WWWS" /><ref name="snoo_WWWS_GThzD" /> Houiver, the popularity o the gemme in Asia, wi emerging talents sic as [[Liang Wenbo]] and mair established players sic as [[Ding Junhui]] an [[Marco Fu]], boosted the sport i the Far East.<ref name="BeebDing2" /><ref name="BeebDing1" /> Bi 2007, the BBC dedicated 400 oors tae snooker coverage, compared tae juist 14 minutes 40 years earlier.<ref name="gE3Ec" /> In 2010, promoter [[Barry Hearn]] gained a controllin interest in Warld Snooker Ltd. an the [[Warld Snooker Tour]], pledging tae revitalise the "moribund" professional gemme.<ref name="fUEoB" /><ref name="peHgu" /><ref name="theg_Barr" /> Syne this time, the nummer o professional toornaments haes increased, wi 44 events i the 2019/20 season.<ref name="snoo_Cale" /> Events hae an aw been made tae be mair suitable fur televeesion broadcasts, sic a the [[Snooker Shoot-Out]], a timed, ane-{{cuegloss|frame}} toornament.<ref name="worl_2019" /> Prize money fur professional events haes an aw increased, wi tap players makin several million pounds during thair careers.<ref name="IFuYf" /> The winner o the [[2020 Warld Snooker Championship]] will receive £500,000 out o a tot fund o £2,395,000.<ref name="Prize" /> ==Rules== ===Objective=== [[File:Snooker table drawing 2.svg|thumb|Snooker table wi bawls placed i thair startin poseetion. At the stairt o the gemme, the cue ball (white) mai be placed anywhere i the semicircle, kent as the "D".]] [[File:To pot the red.jpg|thumb|A gemme played on a hauf-size table. The player i strikin at the cue ball tae pot a reid ball intae the corner pocket.]] The objective o the gemme i tae score mair pynts than ane's opponent bi pottin bawls in the correct order. At the stairt o a frame, the bawls are poseetioned as shawn i Figure A, an the players then tak turns hittin shots bi strikin the "cue bawl" wi the [[cue stick]], thair aim bein tae pot ane o the reid bawls (or "red") intae a pocket and tharebi score a pynt. Failure tae mak contact wi the reid constitutes a fowl shot.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> If the striker pots a reid, he or she must then pot ane o the sax "colours". If the player successfully pots a colour, the value o that ball i added tae the player's score, an the ball i returned tae its stairtin poseetion on the table. Efter that, the player must pot anither reid, then anither colour, in sequence. This process continues until the striker fails tae pot the desired ball, at which pynt the opponen comes tae the table tae play the next shot.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> The act o scorin sequentially in this manner i tae mak a brak (see scoring ablo).<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> [[File:Snooker brak.ogv|thumb|Computer simulation o a snooker brak-off shot]] The gemme continues in this manner until all reds are potted and anly the sax colours are left on the table.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> At this pynt the colours must be potted in the order frae least tae maist valuable bawl, as per the table tae the right. The shots are: yellow (two pynts), green (three pynts), brown (fower pynts), blue (five pynts), pink (sax pynts) and black (seiven pynts), the balls nae bein returned tae play.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> When the final ball i potted, the player wi mair pynts wins.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> If the scores are equal when all the balls hae been potted, the black i placed back on its spot as a [[tiebraker]]. In this situation, cried re-spotted black, the black ball i placed on its designated spot an the cue ball is played as ball in haund. The referee then tosses a coin an the winner decides which player goes first. The frame continues until ane o the players pots the black ball or commits a foul.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> A player mey an aw concede a frame while on strike if he or she thinks thare are nae eneuch pynts available on the table tae beat the opponen's score. In professional snooker this i a common occurrence.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /><ref name="rule_Snoo" /> Professional and competitive amateur matches are officiated bi a referee. The referee an aw replaces the colours on the table when necessar and calls out how mony pynts the player haes scored during a brak.<ref name="Scorboard" /> Professional players uisually play the gemme in a sporting manner, declaring fouls which thay hae committed but the referee haes missed,<ref name="belf_Mark" /> acknowledging good shots frae thair opponent, an holding up a haund tae apologise fur fortunate shots, kent as "flukes".<ref name="belf_Mark" /> ===Scoring=== Pynts in snooker are gained frae potting the correct balls in sequence. The tot nummer o consecutive pynts (excluding fouls) that a player amasses during ane veesit tae the table is kent as a brak. A player attaining a brak o 15, fur ensaumple, coud hae reached it bi potting a reid then a black, then a reid then a pink, afore failing tae pot the next reid. A [[maximum brak]] in snooker is achieved bi potting all reds wi blacks then all colours, yielding 147 pynts; this i eften kent as a "147" or juist as a "maximum".<ref name="BBC147" /> {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="2"| Colour ! Value |- |Red |bgcolor="#ff0000" style="width:2ex;"| |1 pynt |- |Yellow |bgcolor="#ffff00"| |2 pynts |- |Green |bgcolor="#00c000"| |3 pynts |- |Brown |bgcolor="#996633"| |4 pynts |- |Blue |bgcolor="#0000ff"| |5 pynts |- |Pink |bgcolor="#fb5f87"| |6 pynts |- |Black |bgcolor="#000000"| |7 pynts |} Pynts mey an aw be scored in a gemme when a player's opponent fouls. A foul can occur fur various reasons, maist commonly fur failing tae hit the correct ball (e.g. hitting a colour first when the player wis attemptin tae hit a reid), or fur sending the cue bawl intae a pocket. The umwhile mey occur when the player fails tae escape frae a "snooker"&nbsp;– a situation in which the previous player leaves the cue ball poseetioned sic that no legal bawl can be struck directly wiout obstruction bi an illegal bawl. Pynts gained frae a foul vary frae a minimum o fower tae a maximum o seiven if the black bawl i involved.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> A foul shot that leaves no valid shot fur the opponent can leave them a "free bawl". A free bawl allows a player tae uise ony ither coloured ball in place o the shot thay war supposed tae play. Daein sae wi all 15 reid bawls in play can result in a brak exceeding a maximum, wi the heichest possible bein a [[Maximum brak#braks exceeding 147|155 brak]], achieved via the opponen leavin a free bawl, wi the black bein potted as the additional colour, an then potting 15 reds and blacks wi the colours.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> {{ill|Jamie Cope|en}} haes the distinction o bein the first player in snooker history tae post a verified 155 brak, achieved in a practice frame in 2005, wi ither players sic as {{ill|Alex Higgins|en}} an aw claiming tae hae made a seemilar brak.<ref name="belf_Alex" /><ref name="pund_147I" /> Ane gemme, frae the balls in thair stairtin poseetion until the last bawl i potted, is cried a "frame". A match generally consists o a predetermined nummer o frames an the player who wins the maist frames wins the match. Most professional matches require a player tae win five frames, an are cried "best-of-nine" in reference tae the maximum possible nummer o frames. toornament finals are uisually best-o-17 or best-o-19, while the warld championship uses langer matches&nbsp;– rangin frae best-o-19 in the qualifiers an the first roond up tae best-o-35 fur the final (first tae 18), and is played ower fower sessions o play held ower two days.<ref name="BBCWSN1" /> ==Governance and tournaments== The [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association]] (WPBSA, an aw kent as Warld Snooker), fountit in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association,<ref name="wpbsafounding" /> i the governing body fur the professional competeetion.<ref name="biggestbrak" /><ref name="infighting2" /><ref name="infighting3" /> The amateur gemme (includin youth competeetion) is governed bi the [[International Billiards and Snooker Federation]] (IBSF).<ref name="ibsf" /> Events held specifically fur women and events fur seniors are handled bi Warld Snooker unner [[World Women's Snooker]] an the [[World Seniors Tour]], respectively.<ref name="LANCS" /><ref name="J3Vse" /><ref name="worl_WPBS" /> ===Tournaments=== ====Professional==== Professional snooker players play on the Warld Snooker Tour. Events on the Tour are anly open tae players on the Tour and selected amateur players, but maist events require qualification. Players can qualify fur the Tour aither bi bein heich eneuch on the Warld rankins frae prior seasons, winnin continental championships, or throu the [[Challenge Tour (snooker)|Challenge Tour]] or {{ill|Q School|de}} events.<ref name="qualifortour" /> Players on the Tour generally gain two-year participation fur the events.<ref name="qualifortour" /> The Tour an aw haes an offeecial Warld rankins scheme, wi anly players on the Tour receiving a rankin. {{ill|Ranking points|en|Snooker world rankings}}, earned bi players throu thair performances ower the previous two seasons, determine the current Warld rankins.<ref name="WSrankingchart" /> A player's rankin determines what level o qualification he or she requires fur specific toornaments. The elite o professional snooker are generally regartit as the "top-16" rankin players.<ref name="top16-1" /> Thay are nae required tae pre-qualify fur some o the toornaments, sic as the [[Shanghai Masters (snooker)|Shanghai Masters]], the [[Masters (snooker)|Masters]] an the Warld Snooker Championship.<ref name="top16-2" /> Certaint ither events, sic as thae in the [[Coral Cup (snooker)|Coral Cup series]], uise the ane-year rankin leet tae qualify; thir uise the results o the current season tae denote participants.<ref name="news_Cora" /> Currently, the Tour contains 125 players, wi players aither in the tap-64 on the offeecial rankin leet, or finishing as ane o the tap aicht prize money earners during the maist recent season, guaranteed a tour place fur the next season, this bein assessed efter the Warld Championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wpbsa.com/tour-survival-2019-five-to-go/ |title=Tour Survival 2019: Five to Go |publisher=World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|date= |website=wpbsa.com |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> [[File:World Snooker Championship Trophy edited.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Warld Snooker Championship]] trophy]] The auldest professional snooker toornament is the Warld Championship,<ref name="wsc1" /> held annually syne 1927 (except during [[World War II]] and atween 1958 and 1963).<ref name="World Snooker list" /><ref name="vDR55" /> The toornament haes been held at the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]], England, syne 1977, an wis sponsored bi [[Imperial Tobacco|Embassy]] frae 1976 tae 2005.<ref name="GuardianSponsor" /> Syne the ban on advertisin tobacco products, the championships hae been sponsored bi betting companies.<ref name="sponsor" /><ref name="Np1Uq" /><ref name="cgzeF" /> The Warld Championship i the maist heichly valued prize in professional snooker<ref name="wcvalue" /> i terms o financial reward (£500,000 fur the winner, formerly £300,000), rankin pynts an prestige.<ref name="wcprizemoney" /><ref name="earnings_and_era_dominance" /> It is televised extensively in the UK bi the [[BBC]]<ref name="bbc_deal" /> an gains significant coverage in Europe on [[Eurosport]]<ref name="eurosport_deal" /> an in East Asia on [[CCTV-5]].<ref name="worl_Tour" /> The Warld Championships is pairt o the [[Triple Crown (snooker)|Triple Crown]] alang wi the [[UK Championship (snooker)|UK Championship]] an the non-rankin Masters.<ref name="dottmasters" /> Thir events are valued bi some players as the maist prestigious, an are an aw some o the auldest competitions. Winnin all three events is a difficult task, an haes anly been done bi 11 players.<ref name="QqJ6D" /><ref name="top16-1" /><ref name="dottmasters" /> Wi some events haein been criticised fur matches takkin too lang,<ref name="yawn" /> an alternative series o timed toornaments haes been organised bi {{ill|Matchroom Sport|en}} chairman {{ill|Barry Hearn|en}}. The shot-timed {{ill|Premier League Snooker|en}} wis established, wi seiven players invitit tae compete at regular United Kingdom venues, televised on [[Sky Sports]].<ref name="earnings_and_era_dominance" /> Players haed twinty-five seconds tae tak each shot, wi five time-outs per player per match. While some success wis achieved wi this format, it generally did nae receive the same amount o press attention or status as the regular rankin toornaments.<ref name="yawn" /> This event haes been taken out o the tour syne 2013, when the {{ill|Champion of Champions|en|Champion of Champions (snooker)}} wis established.<ref name="en.e_O'Su" /> The Champion o Champions sea players qualify bi virtue o winnin ither events in the season, wi 16 champions competin.<ref name="cham_Cham" />{{efn|Under certain circumstances, some runners-up participate at the event.<ref name="cham_Cham" /> }} In 2015, the Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association submitted an unsuccessful bid fur snooker tae be played at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan.<ref name="ghz8N" /><ref name="eN1gH" /> Anither bid haes been put forrit fur [[2024 Summer Olympics]] throu the Warld Snooker Federation, foondit in 2017.<ref name="KpBpW" /><ref name="T9wCo" /> A trial fur the format fur cue sports tae be played at the 2024 games wis put forrit at the {{ill|2019 Warld Team Trophy|en|2019 World Team Trophy (cue sports)}}, an aw featurin [[nine-ball]] an [[carom billiards]].<ref name="azbi_Inau" /> Snooker haes been contested at the [[Warld Games]] syne 2001, an wis included as an event at the 2019 Africaen Games.<ref name="jtHKc" /><ref name="eN7hQ" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1074080/snooker-to-feature-as-medal-event-at-2019-african-games-in-morocco|title=Snooker to feature as medal event at 2019 African Games in Morocco|date=11 January 2019|publisher=Inside the Games|accessdate=8 December 2019|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802213523/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1074080/snooker-to-feature-as-medal-event-at-2019-african-games-in-morocco|first=Michael|last=Pavitt}}</ref> ===Criticisms=== Several players, sic as Ronnie O'Sullivan, [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] and {{ill|Steve Davis|en}}, hae warned that thare are too mony toornaments durin the season, an that players risk burnin out.<ref name="JrHL1" /> In 2012, O'Sullivan played fewer toornaments in order tae spend mair time wi his childer, an ended the 2012–13 season ranked 19t in the warld.<ref name="JrHL1" /> Furthermore, he did nae play ony toornament in 2013 except the Warld Championship, which he won.<ref name="JrHL1" /> O'Sullivan haes suggestit that a "brakaway tour" wi fewer events wad be beneficial tae the sport, but as o 2019 no sic tour haes been organised.<ref name="bbc._Ronn" /> Some leagues hae allowed clubs tae refuse tae accept women players in toornaments.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="bIhfn" /> League committee leadership defended the practice, saying, "If we lose two of these clubs [wi the men-only policies] we would lose four teams and we can't afford to lose four teams otherwise we would hae no league."<ref name=":0" /> A Warld Women's Snooker spokesperson said, "It is disappointing and unacceptable that in 2019 that players such as {{ill|Rebecca Kenna|en}} hae been the victim of antiquated discriminatory practices."<ref name=":1" /> The [[All-Party Parliamentary Group]] said, "The group believes that being prevented from playing in a club because of gender is archaic."<ref name=":1" /> ==Equipment== [[File:London - Royal Automobile Club - 3024.jpg|thumb|right|Cue-tip chalk, cue, white chalk-buird chalk, an a sliding score-keeper]] The [[#Equipment|Accessories]] uised fur snooker include chalk fur the tip o the cue, rests o various sorts uised fur playin shots that canna be played bi haund, a triangle tae rack the reds, an a scoreboard. Ane drawback o snooker on a full-size ({{convert|12|×|6|ft|cm|abbr=on|disp=sqbr|0}}) table i the size o the room ({{convert|22|x|16|ft|m|disp=sqbr}}), which i the minimum required fur comfortable cueing room on all sides.<ref name="roomsize" /> This leemits the nummer o locations in which the gemme can easy be played. While puil tables are common tae mony pubs, snooker tends tae be played aither in private surroundins or in public snooker halls. The gemme can an aw be played on smawer tables uisin fewer reid bawls. Variant table sizes include {{convert|10|×|5|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|9|×|4.5|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|8|×|4|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|6|×|3|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}} (the smallest fur realistic play) an {{convert|4|×|2|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}. Smawer tables can come in a variety o styles, sic as fold-away or dining-table convertible.<ref name="snoo_Pool" /> A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an [[abacus]] and records the score fur each frame in units and twenties an the frame scores. Thay are teepically attached tae a wall bi the snooker table. A semple scoring bead is an aw whiles uised, cried a "scoring string", or "scoring wire".<ref name="Scorboard" /> Each bead (segment o the string) represents a single pynt. Snooker players teepically muive ane or several beads wi thair cue.<ref name="Scorboard" /> The playin surface, 356.9&nbsp;cm (11&nbsp;feet 8.5&nbsp;inches) bi 177.8&nbsp;cm (5&nbsp;feet 10&nbsp;inches) fur a staundart full-size table, wi sax pocket holes, ane at each corner an ane at the centre o each o the langer side cushions.<ref name="equipment">{{Cite web |title=Cuesport equipment |author= |work=ActiveSG |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url= https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Billiards-and-Snooker/How-To-Play/Billiards-and-Snooker-for-Beginners/Cuesport-equipment |quote=}}</ref> The fully oo cloth is uisually green, wi a directional nap running frae the baulk end o the table towards the end wi the black bawl spot. The cloth is eften cried "baize"; awtho true baize is a lawer quality cloth whiles uised on puil tables. The nap will affect the direction o the cue ball dependin on which direction the cue ball is shot and an aw on whether left or right side (spin) is placed on the ball. Even if the cue bawl is hit in exactly the same wey, the nap will cause a different effect dependin on whether the bawl is hit doun table (towards the black ball spot) or up table (towards the baulk line). The cloth on a snooker table i nae vacuumed, as this can destroy the nap. The cloth is brushed in a straucht line frae the baulk end tae the far end wi multiple brush strokes that are straucht in direction (i.e. nae across the table). Some table men will an aw then drag a dampened cloth wrapped aroond a short piece o buird (lik a [[Dimensional lumber#Dimensional lumber|two bi fower]]), or straucht back o a brush tae collect ony remainin fine dust and help lay the nap doun. The table is then ironed. Strachan cloth, uised in offeecial snooker toornaments, i 100% oo. Some ither cloths include a smaw percentage o nylon.<ref name="ILdhT" /><ref name="Cues Cues" /> ==Notable players== {{See also|Century brak#List of players wi over 100 century braks|l2=List of snooker players wi over 100 century braks}} [[File:Stephen Maguire, Ronnie O’Sullivan, and Michaela Tabb at German Masters Snooker Final (DerHexer) 2012-02-05 05 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] haes won the maist woald titles in the 21st century (in 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2013).]] In the professional era that began wi [[Joe Davis]] in the 1930s and continues until the present day, a relatively smaw nummer o players hae succeeded at the tap level.<ref name="number1" /><ref name="hardwork" /> Joe Davis wis warld champion fur twinty years, retiring unbeaten efter claiming his fifteenth warld title in 1946 when the toornament wis reinstated efter the [[Second Warld War]].<ref name="Joe Davis">{{cite web| last= Turner| first= Chris| title= Player Profile – Joe Davis OBE| publisher= Chris Turner's Snooker Archive| url= http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Players/DavisJ.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510053844/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Players/DavisJ.html|archivedate=10 May 2012| accessdate= 15 June 2011}}</ref> Davis wis unbeaten in Warld Championship play, an wis anly ever beaten fower times in his entire life, wi all fower defeats coming efter his Warld Championship retirement and inflicted bi his ain brither {{ill|Fred Davis|en|Fred Davis (snooker player)}}.<ref name="Joe Davis"/> He did lose matches in handicapped toornaments, but on level terms thir fower defeats war the anly losses o his entire career.<ref name="2QWfZ" /> He wis an aw warld billiards champion.<ref name="Joe Davis"/> It is regarded as heichly unlikely that anyone will ever dominate the gemme tae this level again.<ref name="tw9Wu" /> Efter Davis retired frae Warld Championship play, the next dominant force wis his younger brither Fred Davis, who haed lost the {{ill|1940 Warld Snooker Championship|en|1940 World Snooker Championship}} final tae Joe.<ref name="Joe Davis"/> Bi 1947, Fred Davis wis deemed ready bi his brither tae tak ower the mantle, but lost the warld final tae the Scotsman [[Walter Donaldson]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Davis just misses world record |work=Western Daily Press |date=22 October 1947 |accessdate=18 March 2016 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000513/19471022/013/0002 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Davis and Donaldson wad contest the next fower finals. Efter the abandonment o the Warld Championship in 1953, wi the 1952 final boycotted bi British professionals, the [[Warld Professional Match-play Championship]] became the unofficial warld championship.<ref name="D80WD" /> Fred Davis won the event every year until its penultimate ane, in 1957, which he did nae enter.<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Turner|first=Chris|title=World Professional Championship|url=http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/world.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416080933/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/world.html|archivedate=16 April 2013|work=cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk|publisher=Chris Turner's Snooker Archive|accessdate=24 February 2011}}</ref> [[John Pulman]] wis the maist successfu player o the 1960s, when the [[1964–68 World Snooker Championships|warld championship]] wis contested on a challenge basis.<ref name=GSC1964>{{cite web|title=World Championship 1964|url=http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-world-championship-1964.asp|publisher=Global Snooker|accessdate=19 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310181405/http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-world-championship-1964.asp|archive-date=2011-03-10|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> Houiver, when the toornament reverted tae a knockout formula in 1969, he did nae prosper. [[Ray Reardon]] became the dominant force in the 1970s, winnin sax titles (1970, 1973–1976 and 1978), wi [[John Spencer (snooker player)|John Spencer]] winnin three.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nunns |first=Hector |title=Before the Crucible |url=http://www.inside-snooker.com/snooker/2014/4/8/before-the-crucible |publisher=Inside Snooker |accessdate=29 January 2016 |date=8 April 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204210827/http://www.inside-snooker.com/snooker/2014/4/8/before-the-crucible |archivedate=4 February 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=24 April 1976 |page=15 |title=Snooker – Reardon's a class above rest}}</ref> [[Steve Davis]]' first warld title in 1981 made him anly the 11t Warld champion syne 1927, includin the winner o the boycotted 1952 title, Horace Lindrum.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=21 April 1981 |page=1 |title=Champion at 23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=7 April 1981 |page=10 |title=Snooker – Davis can beat the system}}</ref> Davis wad win sax Warld Championships (1981, 1983, 1984 and 1987–1989), and competit in the maist watched snooker match ever, the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] final wi [[Dennis Taylor]].<ref name="BBC 1985 bbf">{{cite news|title=1985: The black ball final|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=4 May 2011|date=18 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928235825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm|archivedate=28 September 2013}}</ref> [[Stephen Hendry]] became the 14t in 1990 and dominated throu the 1990s, winnin seiven titles (1990, 1992–1996 and 1999).<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk"/><ref name="Global Snooker">{{cite web|title=World Championship – Roll of Honour|url=http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-tournaments-archive-world-championship-roll-of-honour.asp|publisher=Global Snooker|accessdate=18 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222034318/http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-tournaments-archive-world-championship-roll-of-honour.asp|archivedate=22 February 2012}}</ref> [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] is the closest tae dominance in the modren era, haein won the title on five occasions in the 21st century (2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2013).<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk"/> [[Mark Williams]] haes won three times (2000, 2003 and 2018) and [[John Higgins]] fower times (1998, 2007, 2009 and 2011), but syne the beginnin o the century, thare haes nae been a dominant force lik in previous decades, an the modren era haes seen mony players playin tae a seemilar staundart, insteid o ane player raisin the bar. Davis, fur ensaumple, won mair rankin toornaments than the rest o the tap-64 players put thegither bi 1985. Bi retaining his title in 2013, O'Sullivan became the first player tae successfully defend the Warld Championship syne Hendry in 1996 ([[Mark Selby]] wad an aw dae this in 2017).<ref name="World Champions" /> ==See also== * [[Snooker season 2019/2020]] * [[Ladies World Snooker Championship]]<!--Should be integrated into the main text, with information on women in the sport; this article is pretty much a sausage party. The words "women" or "woman" appear nowhere in it other than this comment.--> == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == === Citations === {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Snookerolympic">{{Cite news |title=Snooker bids to be included in 2020 Olympics in Tokyo |author= |newspaper=BBC Sport |date= 22 January 2015|access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/30942350 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808061802/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/30942350 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Macmillan British">{{cite web |title=Pronunciation of ''snooker'' |work=Macmillan Dictionary |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/snooker |publisher=Macmillan Publishers<!--"Publishers" should not be removed; this is a different company than the US-based Macmillan Publishing, since 1896.--> |location=London, UK |accessdate=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415162427/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/snooker |archivedate=15 April 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Macmillan American">{{cite web |title=American pronunciation of ''snooker'' |work=Macmillan Dictionary |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/snooker |publisher=op. cit. |accessdate=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512225433/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/snooker |archivedate=12 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Neville Chamberlain disambiguation">{{cite book |last1=Moreman |first1=T. R. |chapter=Chamberlain, Sir Neville Francis Fitzgerald (1856–1944), army officer and inventor of snooker |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/73766}}</ref> <ref name="earnings_and_era_dominance">{{Cite news |title= Where does Ronnie rank?|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=21 February 2005|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4283589.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601033451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4283589.stm|archive-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="BeebDing2">{{Cite news |title= China in Ding's hands|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=22 January 2007|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6288739.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827174441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6288739.stm|archive-date=27 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="origins">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-vernacular-11-snooker-1089731.html |first=Chris |last=Maume |title=Sporting Vernacular 11. Snooker |work=The Independent |date=25 April 1999 |accessdate=25 February 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083228/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-vernacular-11-snooker-1089731.html |archivedate=11 February 2017}}</ref> <ref name="heritage2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.snookerheritage.co.uk/normans-articles/days-of-old/origins-of-snooker/ |title=Origins of Snooker |first=Peter |last=Clare |date=2008 |publisher=Snooker Heritage |accessdate=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103150005/http://snookerheritage.co.uk/normans-articles/days-of-old/origins-of-snooker/ |archivedate=3 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph2014">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/Ooty-India-back-in-time-to-the-birthplace-of-snooker/ |title=Ooty, India: back in time to the birthplace of snooker |date=16 June 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |first=Martin |last=Hughes-Games |accessdate=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321074803/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/Ooty-India-back-in-time-to-the-birthplace-of-snooker/ |archivedate=21 March 2017}}</ref> <ref name="CnVTimeline">{{Cite web |title=Cues n Views - History Page, timeline |last=Smith |first=John A |work=cuesnviews.co.uk |date= |access-date=24 February 2007 |url=http://www.cuesnviews.co.uk/Snooker/timeline.htm |language= |quote=Joe Davis will reinvent this after-dinner pastime and become world champion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216115629/http://www.cuesnviews.co.uk/Snooker/timeline.htm |archive-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> <ref name="news_BBCS">{{Cite news |title= Pot Black returns|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=27 October 2005|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4382776.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117104945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4382776.stm|archive-date=17 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Cue China">{{Cite magazine |title=2008 Summer Journey - TIME |author= |magazine=TIME.com |date=19 June 2008 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815672,00.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813223355/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815672,00.html |archive-date=13 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="FCS-PB">{{cite web |first=Frank |last=Callan |title=Pot Black Ratings |work=FCSnooker.co.uk |date=15 March 2007 |url=http://www.fcsnooker.co.uk/general%20interest/pot_black.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315035635/http://www.fcsnooker.co.uk/general%20interest/pot_black.html |archive-date=15 March 2007 |access-date=13 November 2017 |quote=Surprisingly, the programme raced to second place in the BBC2 ratings}}</ref> <ref name="commonwealth">{{Cite news |title= World Championships 2002 {{!}} Take snooker to the world|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=5 May 2002|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/world_champs_2002/1959780.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225160919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/world_champs_2002/1959780.stm|archive-date=25 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="OTT-40">{{cite web |url=http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/features/bbc2/forty2.htm |title=1978&nbsp;– The World Snooker Championships |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427132655/http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/features/bbc2/forty2.htm |archive-date=27 April 2006 |date=27 April 2006 |quote=By 1977, though, a new lighting system had been devised, allowing the players to be seen clearly without problems and, the following year, Aubrey Singer agreed to cover the World Championships all the way through, with an hour of highlights every day for 16 days |access-date=24 February 2007}})</ref> <ref name="GuardianThatch">{{Cite web |title=Paul MacInnes: Can an alice band save snooker? |last=MacInnes |first=Paul |work=the Guardian |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/feb/10/football.newsstory |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722062340/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/feb/10/football.newsstory |archive-date=22 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="GuardianSponsor">{{Cite web |title=Snooker: World championship finds new sponsors |author= |work=the Guardian |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/19/snooker.gdnsport31 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325161804/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/19/snooker.gdnsport31 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="BeebDing1">{{Cite news |title=Could Ding be snooker's saviour?|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=4 April 2005|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4408523.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127141717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/4408523.stm|archive-date=27 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="wsrulessnooker">{{cite web |title=Official Rules of the Games of Snooker and English Billiards |url=http://www.wpbsa.com/sites/default/files/uploads/official_rules_edited_05.11.14_web_version_1.pdf |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|The World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association Limited]] |date=November 2014 |accessdate=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084316/http://www.wpbsa.com/sites/default/files/uploads/official_rules_edited_05.11.14_web_version_1.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=}}</ref> <ref name="rule_Snoo">{{Cite web |title=Snooker for beginners |author= |work=Snooker rules and refereeing |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://www.rulesofsnooker.com/snooker-for-beginners.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013735/http://www.rulesofsnooker.com/snooker-for-beginners.html |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="BBC147">{{Cite news |title= Ding compiles maximum at Masters |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=14 January 2007 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6260923.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207225605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6260923.stm |archive-date=7 February 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="belf_Alex">{{Cite news |title=Alex Higgins: A 155 brak impossible? Not for Higgy - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |author= |newspaper=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/alex-higgins/alex-higgins-a-155-brak-impossible-not-for-higgy-28548775.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508102333/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/alex-higgins/alex-higgins-a-155-brak-impossible-not-for-higgy-28548775.html |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="pund_147I">{{Cite web |title=147 Is Not Snooker's Maximum brak |author= |work=Pundit Arena |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://punditarena.com/uncategorized/bbarry/147-is-not-snookers-maximum-brak/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013406/http://punditarena.com/uncategorized/bbarry/147-is-not-snookers-maximum-brak/ |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="BBCWSN1">{{Cite news |title= World title victory delights Dott |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=2 May 2006 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307030914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |archive-date=7 March 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="belf_Mark">{{Cite news |title=Mark Allen pockets £70k Scottish Open title with a 'nice fluke' - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |author= |newspaper=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/snooker/mark-allen-pockets-70k-scottish-open-title-with-a-nice-fluke-37632011.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013259/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/snooker/mark-allen-pockets-70k-scottish-open-title-with-a-nice-fluke-37632011.html |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="roomsize">Peter Ietswaart, {{cite web |url=http://www.thurstonsnooker.co.uk/Pages/Snookerfaq.html |author=Ietswaart, Peter |title=Thurston Snooker Table makers |quote=Recommended room size for full size table 22&nbsp;ft × 16&nbsp;ft |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503151323/http://www.thurstonsnooker.co.uk/Pages/Snookerfaq.html |archive-date=3 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="snoo_Pool">{{Cite web |title=Pool Table Room Size Guide - Snooker & Pool Table Company Ltd |author= |work=snookerandpooltablecompany.com |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.snookerandpooltablecompany.com/room-size-guide.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051405/https://www.snookerandpooltablecompany.com/room-size-guide.html |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Scorboard">{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/snooker/Scoreboard.html |title=What is Scoreboard in Snooker? Definition and Meaning |publisher=sportsdefinitions.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060047/http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/snooker/Scoreboard.html |archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wpbsafounding">{{Cite news |title= WPBSA v TSN |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=16 February 2001 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1174311.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030101203136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1174311.stm |archive-date=1 January 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="biggestbrak">{{Cite news |title=Snooker's biggest brak |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=7 December 2000 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1059298.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217035813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1059298.stm |archive-date=17 December 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="infighting2">{{Cite news |title=Snooker authorities survive bid |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=13 November 2002 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2459069.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526051838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2459069.stm |archive-date=26 May 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="infighting3">{{Cite news |title= Snooker at the crossroads |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=14 November 2002 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2478413.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040711122138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2478413.stm |archive-date=11 July 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ibsf">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibsf.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=120 |title=About Us |work=IBSF.info |publisher=[[International Billiards and Snooker Federation]] |date=2017 |access-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812003050/http://www.ibsf.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=120 |archivedate=12 August 2017}}</ref> <ref name="WSrankingchart">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/pdfs/WSAPointsSchedule0910.pdf |title=Professional Tour ranking points |publisher=World Snooker |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> <ref name="top16-1">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/5234798.stm |title=Swail targeting place in top 16 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=1 August 2006 |accessdate=25 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name="top16-2">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2000/uk_championship_snooker/1039775.stm |title=The Seeds of Success |publisher=BBC Sport |date=24 November 2000 |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018072104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2000/uk_championship_snooker/1039775.stm |archive-date=25 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name="wsc1">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |title=World title victory delights Dott |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307030914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |archive-date=7 March 2007 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2 May 2006 |accessdate=25 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name="sponsor">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/7544214.stm |title=Huge financial blow hits snooker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413043257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/7544214.stm |archive-date=13 April 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008}}</ref> <ref name="wcvalue">{{cite web 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<ref name="eurosport_deal">{{cite web |url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,,1762954,00.html |title=Eurosport pots TV snooker rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901023629/http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,,1762954,00.html |archive-date=1 September 2007 |publisher=he Guardian |date=27 April 2006 |access-date=25 February 2007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="dottmasters">{{cite web |url=http://sport.independent.co.uk/general/article2154851.ece |title=An email conversation with Graeme Dott: 'We need an Abramovich to take the game to a new level |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119182025/https://sport.independent.co.uk/general/article2154851.ece |archive-date=19 November 2007 |publisher=The Independent |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=25 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name="yawn">Ronay, B. {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,1932634,00.html |author=Ronay, B |title=Too dull to miss |publisher=The Guardian |date=27 October 2006 |access-date=25 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-47710362 |title=Snooker player quits over 'men-only' rule |date=26 March 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812185051/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-47710362 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-47726687 |title=MPs call for end to men-only snooker clubs |date=27 March 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812183542/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-47726687 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="number1">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/1980218.stm|title=O'Sullivan in exalted company|publisher=BBC Sport|date=10 May 2002|access-date=25 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030827090701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/1980218.stm|archive-date=11 May 2002}}</ref> <ref name="hardwork">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/special_events/snooker/newsid_3986000/3986151.stm|title=Putting in the practice|author=Hunter, Paul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215033918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/special_events/snooker/newsid_3986000/3986151.stm |archive-date=15 December 2015|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 November 2004|access-date=25 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name="World Champions">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/world_championship10_history.htm?tid=154|title=World Snooker Championship&nbsp;– History|publisher=World Snooker|access-date=9 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528154608/http://www.worldsnooker.com/world_championship10_history.htm?tid=154 |archive-date=28 May 2010}}</ref> <ref name="SGame">{{cite web |title=Definitions of terms used in Snooker and English Billiards (search for snooker plus) |url=http://www.snookergames.co.uk/glossary7.html |publisher=snookergames.co.uk |accessdate=9 April 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201131329/http://www.snookergames.co.uk/glossary7.html |archivedate=1 February 2014}}</ref> <ref name="dsoH1">{{Cite news |title=1985: The black ball final|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=18 April 2003|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030924005037/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm|archive-date=24 September 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="gE3Ec">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/sports/othersports/16spencer.html |title=John Spencer, 71, Dies; Helped Popularize Snooker |date=16 July 2006 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423040650/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/16/sports/othersports/16spencer.html |archive-date=23 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="fUEoB">{{Cite news |title= Barry Hearn wins vote to take control of World Snooker |author= |work=BBC |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/8712167.stm |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923132449/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/8712167.stm |archive-date=23 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="peHgu">{{Cite news |title=Barry Hearn: World Snooker chief on how he saved the sport |author= |newspaper=BBC Sport |date=27 November 2013 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/25108165 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034358/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/25108165 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref 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|publisher=The Independent |date=7 May 2012}}</ref> <ref name="bIhfn">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-47732213 |title='You're a girl, you can't play snooker at the Crucible' |last=Horsburgh |first=Lynette |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808232844/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-47732213 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ILdhT">{{cite web |url=http://www.wsptextiles.com/strachan-snooker-cloths |title=Strachan snooker cloths - WSP Textiles - Billiard and Tennis cloths |author=Milliken Industrials Limited - Woollen Speciality Products |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209060450/http://www.wsptextiles.com/strachan-snooker-cloths |archivedate=9 February 2016}}</ref> <ref name="2QWfZ">{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Fred |date=1979 |title=Talking Snooker |location=London |publisher=A and C Black |isbn=0713619910}}</ref> <ref name="tw9Wu">{{cite book |last=Everton |first=Clive |date=1986 |title=The History of Snooker and Billiards |publisher=Partridge Press |location=Haywards Heath|page= |isbn=1852250135 }}</ref> <ref name="D80WD">{{cite book |last=Everton |first=Clive |date=1982 |title=Guinness Book of Snooker |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |isbn=978-0851122564 }}</ref> <ref name="8NWyU">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Glasgow Herald]] |date=27 October 1959 |page=10 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p3dAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2895,8253550&dq=snooker-plus&hl=en |title=Snooker Plus |accessdate=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020352/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p3dAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2895,8253550&dq=snooker-plus&hl=en |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ProfessionalChampionship">{{cite news |title=Professional snooker |work=Dundee Courier |date=13 November 1926 |accessdate=21 January 2016 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000568/19261113/110/0006 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="smhday6">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZvlXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uOcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5826%2C3589905 |date=11 March 1968 |page=12 |title=Snooker win to Pulman |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301135415/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZvlXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uOcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5826%2C3589905 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="FullHistory">{{Cite web |title=Full History of Snooker - WPBSA |author= |work=WPBSA |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.wpbsa.com/about/history/full-history-of-snooker/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810132854/http://www.wpbsa.com/about/history/full-history-of-snooker/ |archive-date=10 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="inde_Grea">{{Cite web |title=Great Sporting Moments: Dennis Taylor defeats Steve Davis 18–17 at the |work=The Independent |date=12 July 2009 |access-date=4 September 2019 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/great-sporting-moments-dennis-taylor-defeats-steve-davis-18-17-at-the-crucible-1741225.html}}</ref> <ref name="snoo_WWWS">{{Cite web |title=WWW Snooker: Tournament Diary 1998/99 |author= |work=snooker.org |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/Trn/9899/diary9899.shtml |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213172612/http://www.snooker.org/Trn/9899/diary9899.shtml |archive-date=13 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="snoo_WWWS_GThzD">{{Cite web |title=WWW Snooker: The 2003/2004 Season |author= |work=snooker.org |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/trn/0304/ |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67oAU7qAv?url=http://www.snooker.org/trn/0304/ |archive-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="theg_Barr">{{Cite web |title=Barry Hearn wins vote to take control of World Snooker |author= |work=the Guardian |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/jun/02/barry-hearn-world-snooker |quote=}}</ref> <ref name="snoo_Cale">{{Cite web |title=Calendar 2019/2020 - snooker.org |work=snooker.org |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?season=2019&template=2 |language=no |quote=}}</ref> <ref name="worl_2019">{{Cite web |title=2019 BetVictor Shoot Out - World Snooker |author= |work=World Snooker |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/tickets/2019-snooker-shoot-out/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711043029/http://www.worldsnooker.com/tickets/2019-snooker-shoot-out/ |archive-date=11 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Prize">{{Cite web |title=2019–2020 Season Summary |author= |work=worldsnooker.com |date= |access-date=30 July 2019 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Click-here-for-the-full-prize-money-schedule-2.pdf |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719025727/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Click-here-for-the-full-prize-money-schedule-2.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="5J29x">{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=7 October 1946 |page=8 |title=Billiards and Snooker – J Davis retires}}</ref> <ref name="Shamos 1994">{{cite book |last1=Shamos |first1=Mike |title=Pool |url=https://archive.org/details/poolhistorystrat0000sham |url-access=registration |date=1994 |publisher=Friedman Fairfax |location=New York City |ref=Shamos 1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/poolhistorystrat0000sham/page/50 50]}}</ref> <ref name="IFuYf">{{Cite news |title=World Snooker prize money increase highlights growth, says Barry Hearn |author= |newspaper=BBC Sport |date=8 July 2019 |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/48909960 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829000907/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/48909960 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="qualifortour">{{Cite web |title=Main Tour Qualification 2019/20 - WPBSA |author= |work=WPBSA |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.wpbsa.com/main-tour-qualification-2019-20/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407182559/https://www.wpbsa.com/main-tour-qualification-2019-20/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="news_Cora">{{Cite web |title=Coral Cup: World Grand Prix first on the agenda for new competition |author= |work=Coral News |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://news.coral.co.uk/other/snooker/coral-cup-snooker/coral-cup-world-grand-prix-first-on-the-agenda-for-new-competition.html |quote=}}</ref> <ref name="World Snooker list">{{cite web |title=History of the World Snooker Championship |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWorldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0,,13165~2306123,00.html |work=worldsnooker.com |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] |accessdate=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315202302/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/BetfredcomWorldChampionshipTournamentsArticle/0%2C%2C13165~2306123%2C00.html |archive-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="worl_Tour">{{Cite web |title=Tournament Broadcasters 2019-20 - World Snooker |author= |work=World Snooker |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments-broadcasters-2019-20/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628205251/http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments-broadcasters-2019-20/ |archive-date=28 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="en.e_O'Su">{{Cite web |title=O'Sullivan excited by new Champion of Champions event |author= |work=ESPN.co.uk |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://en.espn.co.uk/snooker/sport/story/258923.html |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721145126/http://en.espn.co.uk/snooker/sport/story/258923.html |archive-date=21 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="cham_Cham">{{Cite web |title=Champion of Champions Qualifying Criteria Confirmed - Champion of Champions Snooker |author= |work=Champion of Champions Snooker |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.championofchampionssnooker.co.uk/champion-champions-qualifying-criteria-confirmed/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013150233/http://www.championofchampionssnooker.co.uk/champion-champions-qualifying-criteria-confirmed/ |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="azbi_Inau">{{Cite web |title=Inaugural World Team Trophy Sees 24 of the Best Cuesports Champions Assemble in Paris |author= |work=azbilliards.com |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.azbilliards.com/news/stories/14452-inaugural-world-team-trophy-sees-24-of-the-best-cuesports-champions-assemble-in-paris/ |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085806/https://www.azbilliards.com/news/stories/14452-inaugural-world-team-trophy-sees-24-of-the-best-cuesports-champions-assemble-in-paris/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc._Ronn">{{Cite web |title=Ronnie O'Sullivan 'ready to go' with brakaway snooker tour |author= |work=BBC Sport |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/46419267 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820190307/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/46419267 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="vDR55">{{cite web |title=Embassy World Championship |url=http://www.snookerscene.co.uk/page.php?id=36 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124071753/http://www.snookerscene.co.uk/page.php?id=36 |archivedate=24 January 2013 |publisher=Snooker Scene |accessdate=9 May 2012}}</ref> <ref name="QqJ6D">{{cite book |last=Eric |first=Hayton |title=The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker: The Complete Record & History |year=2004 |publisher=Rose Villa Publications |location=London |isbn=0-9548549-0-X |page=11}}</ref> <ref name="jtHKc">{{cite web |title=Billiards/Snooker/Men/ |url=http://www.pref.akita.jp/tiiki/wg2001/result_/eng/re0130.html |publisher=World Games 2001 Akita |accessdate=21 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020319022044/http://www.pref.akita.jp/tiiki/wg2001/result_/eng/re0130.html |archivedate=19 March 2002}}</ref> <ref name="eN7hQ">{{cite web |title=Snooker Results (Men) |url=http://sports123.com/snk/results/mwg-2001.html |publisher=Sports123.com |accessdate=23 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222050119/http://sports123.com/snk/results/mwg-2001.html |archivedate=22 February 2009}}</ref> <ref name="LANCS">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Women's Billiards. Association Formed to Control the Championships. |url= |magazine=Lancashire Evening Post |location=p.10 |publisher= |date=1 October 1931 |access-date=|via=The British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 21 August 2019.}}</ref> <ref name="worl_WPBS">{{Cite web |title=WPBSA World Seniors Tour - World Snooker |author= |work=World Snooker |date=3 May 2018 |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/wpbsa-world-seniors-tour/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003113215/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wpbsa-world-seniors-tour/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="J3Vse">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=No interference |url= |magazine=Gloucestershire Echo |location=p.5 |publisher= |date=30 November 1933 |access-date=|via=The British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 21 August 2019.}}</ref> }} === Sources === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Snooker's World Champions: Masters of the Baize |first1=Paul |last1=Gadsby |first2=Luke |last2=Williams |year=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-780-57715-9 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons and category|Snooker}} {{Wiktionar|Snooker}} * [http://www.cuesports.club/ Cuesports.club] * [http://www.worldsnooker.com/ Warld Snooker Limited] * [http://www.wpbsa.com/ Warld Professional Billiards & Snooker Association] * [http://www.ibsf.info/ International Billiards & Snooker Federation] * [http://www.ebsa.tv/ European Billiards & Snooker Association] * [http://www.sinucasinuca.com.br/historia/ History of Billiards in Brazil] <nowiki> [[Category:Snooker| ]] [[Category:Individual sports]] [[Category:Indoor sports]] [[Category:Sports originating in South Asia]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] </nowiki> 2ob3v9kn3mo92b01sz0dvy7cicpdnhc 924788 924787 2026-10-19T00:01:34Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Equipment */ removed archive today 924788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Cue sport}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox sport | image = Snooker table selby.JPG | imagesize = 300px | caption = Three-time warld champion [[Mark Selby]] playing a practice game | union = [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association|WPBSA]]<br />[[International Billiards an Snooker Federation|IBSF]] | first = 1870 i Indie | contact = Non-contact | category = [[Cue sports|Cue sport]] | equipment = Snooker table, [[Billiard ball#Snooker|snooker balls]], [[cue stick]], triangle, chalk | venue = Snooker table | olympic = [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] recognition<ref name="Snookerolympic" /> | IWGA = [[2001 World Games|2001]]{{snds}}present }} '''Snooker''' (pronountit {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|s|n|uː|k|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|s|n|ʊ|k|ər}})<ref name="Macmillan British" /><ref name="Macmillan American" /> i a [[cue sports|cue sport]] tha originatit amang [[British Armie]] officer stationed i [[Indie]] i the second hauf o the 19t century. It is played on a rectangular table covered wi a green cloth (or "[[baize]]"), wi [[Billiard table#Pockets 2|pockets]] at each o the fower corners an i the middle o each lang side. Uisin a [[cue stick]] an 21 coloured bawls, players must strike the white bawl (or "cue bawl") tae pot or pocket tha remainin bawls i the correct sequence, accumulatin pynts fur each pot. An individual gemme (or frame), is won bi the player scoring the maist pynts. A match i won when a player wins a predetermined batch o frames. Snooker gained identity in 1884 when armie officer [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]], stationed in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]], devised a set o rules that combined {{ill|pyramid|en|pyramid pool}} and {{ill|black puil|en|black pool}}. The wird ''snooker'' wis a lang-uised military term fur inexperienced or first-year personnel. The gemme grew i popularity i the United Kingdom, an the [[Billiards Association an Control Club]] wis formed i 1919. It i noo governed bi the [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association]] (WPBSA). The [[Warld Snooker Championship]] haes taken place syne [[1927 Warld Snooker Championship|1927]]. [[Joe Davis]], a key figure i the early growthe o the sport, won the championship 15 straucht times atween 1927 and 1946. The "modern era" began in 1969 efter the broadcaster [[BBC]] commissioned the snooker televeesion show ''[[Pot Black]]'' an later began tae air the Warld Championship in [[1978 Warld Snooker Championship|1978]]. Key figures i the gemme war [[Ray Reardon]] i the 1970s, [[Steve Davis]] i the 1980s, an [[Stephen Hendry]] i the 1990s, each winnin sax or mair Warld championships. Syne 2000, [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] haes won the maist Warld titles, wi five. Top professional players noo compete regularly aroond the warld and earn millions o pounds on the [[Warld Snooker Tour]], which features players frae across the warld. ==History== [[File:Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain.png|thumb|right|upright|[[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]], a British Army officer who devised the gemme an its rules in the late 19t century]] The origin o snooker dates back tae the latter hauf o the 19t century.<ref name="origins" /> In the 1870s, [[English billiards]] wis a popular activity amang [[British Army]] officers stationed i [[Indie]], an several variations o the gemme war devised during this time.<ref name="origins" /> Ane variation that originatit a the officers' mess o the 11t [[Devonshire Regiment]] in 1875<ref name="heritage2008" /> combined the rules o two [[pocket billiards]] games: {{ill|pyramid|en|pyramid pool}} an {{ill|black puil|en|black pool}}.<ref name="Neville Chamberlain disambiguation" /><ref name="FullHistory" /> The umwhile wis played wi 15 reid coloured bawls poseetioned i a triangle, while the latter involved the potting o designatit bawls.<ref name="FullHistory" /><ref name="Shamos 1994" /> The gemme wis developit i 1884 when its first set o rules wis finalised bi [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]],{{efn|not the [[Neville Chamberlain|Prime Minister]] of the same name}} an English army officer who helped develop and popularise the gemme at Stone House in [[Ooty]] on a table biggit bi Burroughes & Watts that wis brought ower bi boat.<ref name="telegraph2014" /> The wird ''snooker'' wis a slang term fur first-year cadets and inexperienced military personnel, but Chamberlain wad eften uise it fur the performance o ane o his fellae officers a the table.<ref name="origins" /> In 1887, snooker wis gien its first definit reference i England i a copy o ''[[Sporting Life (British newspaper)|Sporting Life]]'' which caused a growthe in popularity.<ref name="heritage2008" /> Chamberlain came out as the gemme's inventor in a letter tae ''[[The Field (magazine)|The Field]]'' published on 19 Mairch 1938, 63 years efter the fact.<ref name="heritage2008" /> Snooker grew i popularity across the Indian colonies an the United Kingdom, but it remained a gemme mainly fur the gentry, an mony gentlemen's clubs that haed a billiards table wad nae allou non-members inside tae play.<ref name="heritage2008" /> Tae accommodate the growin interest, smawer an mair open snooker-specific clubs war formed.<ref name="heritage2008" /> In 1919, the Billiards Association an the Billiards Control Buird merged tae form the [[Billiards Association an Control Club]] (BA&CC) an a new, staundart set o rules fur snooker first became offeecial.{{sfn|Gadsby|Williams|2012|p=8}} In [[1927 Warld Snooker Championship|1927]] the first [[Warld Snooker Championship]] wis organised bi [[Joe Davis]].<ref name="origins" />{{efn|The event wis known then a the Professional Snooker Championship.<ref name="ProfessionalChampionship" />}} Davis, a professional [[English billiards]] an snooker player, moved the gemme frae a pastime tae a professional activity.<ref name="CnVTimeline" /> Davis won every warld championship until 1946, when he retired frae the championships.<ref name="5J29x" /> The gemme went intae a decline throu the 1950s and 1960s wi little interest generatit ootside o thae who played.<ref name="smhday6" /><ref name="FullHistory" /> In 1959, Davis introduced a variation o the gemme kent as "[[Snooker Plus]]" tae try tae improve the gemme's popularity bi addin two extra colours, but this failed tae gain interest.<ref name=day1>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Glasgow Herald]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p3dAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2895%2C8253550 |date=27 October 1959 |page=10 |title=Snooker Plus |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505071329/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p3dAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2895,8253550 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=27 October 1959 |page=17 |title=J Davis launches Snooker Plus}}</ref> In 1969, [[David Attenborough]] commissioned the snooker televeesion series ''[[Pot Black]]'' tae demonstrate the potential o colour televeesion, wi the green table and multi-coloured bawls bein ideal fur showin off the advantages o colour broadcastin.<ref name="FullHistory" /><ref name="news_BBCS" /><ref name="Cue China" /> The series became a ratings success and wis fur a time the second-maist popular show on [[BBC Two]].<ref name="FCS-PB" /> Interest i the gemme increased an the [[1978 Warld Snooker Championship]] wis the first tae be fully televised.<ref name="commonwealth" /><ref name="OTT-40" /> The gemme quickly became a mainstream gemme i the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="GuardianThatch" /> [[Ireland]] an much o the Commonwealth, an haes enjoyed much success syne the late 1970s, wi maist o the rankin toornaments bein televised.<ref name="FullHistory" /> Bi the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] a tot o 18.5&nbsp;million viewer watched the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] atween [[Dennis Taylor]] and [[Steve Davis]], a record viewership fur the United Kingdom fur ony broadcast efter midnight.<ref name="dsoH1" /><ref name="inde_Grea" /> In the early 2000s, a ban on tobacco advertisin led tae a decrease i the nummer o professional tournamen,<ref name="GuardianSponsor" /> wi professional toornaments bein cut tae anly 15 events i 2003, frae 22 i 1999.<ref name="snoo_WWWS" /><ref name="snoo_WWWS_GThzD" /> Houiver, the popularity o the gemme in Asia, wi emerging talents sic as [[Liang Wenbo]] and mair established players sic as [[Ding Junhui]] an [[Marco Fu]], boosted the sport i the Far East.<ref name="BeebDing2" /><ref name="BeebDing1" /> Bi 2007, the BBC dedicated 400 oors tae snooker coverage, compared tae juist 14 minutes 40 years earlier.<ref name="gE3Ec" /> In 2010, promoter [[Barry Hearn]] gained a controllin interest in Warld Snooker Ltd. an the [[Warld Snooker Tour]], pledging tae revitalise the "moribund" professional gemme.<ref name="fUEoB" /><ref name="peHgu" /><ref name="theg_Barr" /> Syne this time, the nummer o professional toornaments haes increased, wi 44 events i the 2019/20 season.<ref name="snoo_Cale" /> Events hae an aw been made tae be mair suitable fur televeesion broadcasts, sic a the [[Snooker Shoot-Out]], a timed, ane-{{cuegloss|frame}} toornament.<ref name="worl_2019" /> Prize money fur professional events haes an aw increased, wi tap players makin several million pounds during thair careers.<ref name="IFuYf" /> The winner o the [[2020 Warld Snooker Championship]] will receive £500,000 out o a tot fund o £2,395,000.<ref name="Prize" /> ==Rules== ===Objective=== [[File:Snooker table drawing 2.svg|thumb|Snooker table wi bawls placed i thair startin poseetion. At the stairt o the gemme, the cue ball (white) mai be placed anywhere i the semicircle, kent as the "D".]] [[File:To pot the red.jpg|thumb|A gemme played on a hauf-size table. The player i strikin at the cue ball tae pot a reid ball intae the corner pocket.]] The objective o the gemme i tae score mair pynts than ane's opponent bi pottin bawls in the correct order. At the stairt o a frame, the bawls are poseetioned as shawn i Figure A, an the players then tak turns hittin shots bi strikin the "cue bawl" wi the [[cue stick]], thair aim bein tae pot ane o the reid bawls (or "red") intae a pocket and tharebi score a pynt. Failure tae mak contact wi the reid constitutes a fowl shot.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> If the striker pots a reid, he or she must then pot ane o the sax "colours". If the player successfully pots a colour, the value o that ball i added tae the player's score, an the ball i returned tae its stairtin poseetion on the table. Efter that, the player must pot anither reid, then anither colour, in sequence. This process continues until the striker fails tae pot the desired ball, at which pynt the opponen comes tae the table tae play the next shot.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> The act o scorin sequentially in this manner i tae mak a brak (see scoring ablo).<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> [[File:Snooker brak.ogv|thumb|Computer simulation o a snooker brak-off shot]] The gemme continues in this manner until all reds are potted and anly the sax colours are left on the table.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> At this pynt the colours must be potted in the order frae least tae maist valuable bawl, as per the table tae the right. The shots are: yellow (two pynts), green (three pynts), brown (fower pynts), blue (five pynts), pink (sax pynts) and black (seiven pynts), the balls nae bein returned tae play.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> When the final ball i potted, the player wi mair pynts wins.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> If the scores are equal when all the balls hae been potted, the black i placed back on its spot as a [[tiebraker]]. In this situation, cried re-spotted black, the black ball i placed on its designated spot an the cue ball is played as ball in haund. The referee then tosses a coin an the winner decides which player goes first. The frame continues until ane o the players pots the black ball or commits a foul.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> A player mey an aw concede a frame while on strike if he or she thinks thare are nae eneuch pynts available on the table tae beat the opponen's score. In professional snooker this i a common occurrence.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /><ref name="rule_Snoo" /> Professional and competitive amateur matches are officiated bi a referee. The referee an aw replaces the colours on the table when necessar and calls out how mony pynts the player haes scored during a brak.<ref name="Scorboard" /> Professional players uisually play the gemme in a sporting manner, declaring fouls which thay hae committed but the referee haes missed,<ref name="belf_Mark" /> acknowledging good shots frae thair opponent, an holding up a haund tae apologise fur fortunate shots, kent as "flukes".<ref name="belf_Mark" /> ===Scoring=== Pynts in snooker are gained frae potting the correct balls in sequence. The tot nummer o consecutive pynts (excluding fouls) that a player amasses during ane veesit tae the table is kent as a brak. A player attaining a brak o 15, fur ensaumple, coud hae reached it bi potting a reid then a black, then a reid then a pink, afore failing tae pot the next reid. A [[maximum brak]] in snooker is achieved bi potting all reds wi blacks then all colours, yielding 147 pynts; this i eften kent as a "147" or juist as a "maximum".<ref name="BBC147" /> {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="2"| Colour ! Value |- |Red |bgcolor="#ff0000" style="width:2ex;"| |1 pynt |- |Yellow |bgcolor="#ffff00"| |2 pynts |- |Green |bgcolor="#00c000"| |3 pynts |- |Brown |bgcolor="#996633"| |4 pynts |- |Blue |bgcolor="#0000ff"| |5 pynts |- |Pink |bgcolor="#fb5f87"| |6 pynts |- |Black |bgcolor="#000000"| |7 pynts |} Pynts mey an aw be scored in a gemme when a player's opponent fouls. A foul can occur fur various reasons, maist commonly fur failing tae hit the correct ball (e.g. hitting a colour first when the player wis attemptin tae hit a reid), or fur sending the cue bawl intae a pocket. The umwhile mey occur when the player fails tae escape frae a "snooker"&nbsp;– a situation in which the previous player leaves the cue ball poseetioned sic that no legal bawl can be struck directly wiout obstruction bi an illegal bawl. Pynts gained frae a foul vary frae a minimum o fower tae a maximum o seiven if the black bawl i involved.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> A foul shot that leaves no valid shot fur the opponent can leave them a "free bawl". A free bawl allows a player tae uise ony ither coloured ball in place o the shot thay war supposed tae play. Daein sae wi all 15 reid bawls in play can result in a brak exceeding a maximum, wi the heichest possible bein a [[Maximum brak#braks exceeding 147|155 brak]], achieved via the opponen leavin a free bawl, wi the black bein potted as the additional colour, an then potting 15 reds and blacks wi the colours.<ref name="wsrulessnooker" /> {{ill|Jamie Cope|en}} haes the distinction o bein the first player in snooker history tae post a verified 155 brak, achieved in a practice frame in 2005, wi ither players sic as {{ill|Alex Higgins|en}} an aw claiming tae hae made a seemilar brak.<ref name="belf_Alex" /><ref name="pund_147I" /> Ane gemme, frae the balls in thair stairtin poseetion until the last bawl i potted, is cried a "frame". A match generally consists o a predetermined nummer o frames an the player who wins the maist frames wins the match. Most professional matches require a player tae win five frames, an are cried "best-of-nine" in reference tae the maximum possible nummer o frames. toornament finals are uisually best-o-17 or best-o-19, while the warld championship uses langer matches&nbsp;– rangin frae best-o-19 in the qualifiers an the first roond up tae best-o-35 fur the final (first tae 18), and is played ower fower sessions o play held ower two days.<ref name="BBCWSN1" /> ==Governance and tournaments== The [[Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association]] (WPBSA, an aw kent as Warld Snooker), fountit in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association,<ref name="wpbsafounding" /> i the governing body fur the professional competeetion.<ref name="biggestbrak" /><ref name="infighting2" /><ref name="infighting3" /> The amateur gemme (includin youth competeetion) is governed bi the [[International Billiards and Snooker Federation]] (IBSF).<ref name="ibsf" /> Events held specifically fur women and events fur seniors are handled bi Warld Snooker unner [[World Women's Snooker]] an the [[World Seniors Tour]], respectively.<ref name="LANCS" /><ref name="J3Vse" /><ref name="worl_WPBS" /> ===Tournaments=== ====Professional==== Professional snooker players play on the Warld Snooker Tour. Events on the Tour are anly open tae players on the Tour and selected amateur players, but maist events require qualification. Players can qualify fur the Tour aither bi bein heich eneuch on the Warld rankins frae prior seasons, winnin continental championships, or throu the [[Challenge Tour (snooker)|Challenge Tour]] or {{ill|Q School|de}} events.<ref name="qualifortour" /> Players on the Tour generally gain two-year participation fur the events.<ref name="qualifortour" /> The Tour an aw haes an offeecial Warld rankins scheme, wi anly players on the Tour receiving a rankin. {{ill|Ranking points|en|Snooker world rankings}}, earned bi players throu thair performances ower the previous two seasons, determine the current Warld rankins.<ref name="WSrankingchart" /> A player's rankin determines what level o qualification he or she requires fur specific toornaments. The elite o professional snooker are generally regartit as the "top-16" rankin players.<ref name="top16-1" /> Thay are nae required tae pre-qualify fur some o the toornaments, sic as the [[Shanghai Masters (snooker)|Shanghai Masters]], the [[Masters (snooker)|Masters]] an the Warld Snooker Championship.<ref name="top16-2" /> Certaint ither events, sic as thae in the [[Coral Cup (snooker)|Coral Cup series]], uise the ane-year rankin leet tae qualify; thir uise the results o the current season tae denote participants.<ref name="news_Cora" /> Currently, the Tour contains 125 players, wi players aither in the tap-64 on the offeecial rankin leet, or finishing as ane o the tap aicht prize money earners during the maist recent season, guaranteed a tour place fur the next season, this bein assessed efter the Warld Championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wpbsa.com/tour-survival-2019-five-to-go/ |title=Tour Survival 2019: Five to Go |publisher=World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|date= |website=wpbsa.com |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> [[File:World Snooker Championship Trophy edited.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Warld Snooker Championship]] trophy]] The auldest professional snooker toornament is the Warld Championship,<ref name="wsc1" /> held annually syne 1927 (except during [[World War II]] and atween 1958 and 1963).<ref name="World Snooker list" /><ref name="vDR55" /> The toornament haes been held at the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]], England, syne 1977, an wis sponsored bi [[Imperial Tobacco|Embassy]] frae 1976 tae 2005.<ref name="GuardianSponsor" /> Syne the ban on advertisin tobacco products, the championships hae been sponsored bi betting companies.<ref name="sponsor" /><ref name="Np1Uq" /><ref name="cgzeF" /> The Warld Championship i the maist heichly valued prize in professional snooker<ref name="wcvalue" /> i terms o financial reward (£500,000 fur the winner, formerly £300,000), rankin pynts an prestige.<ref name="wcprizemoney" /><ref name="earnings_and_era_dominance" /> It is televised extensively in the UK bi the [[BBC]]<ref name="bbc_deal" /> an gains significant coverage in Europe on [[Eurosport]]<ref name="eurosport_deal" /> an in East Asia on [[CCTV-5]].<ref name="worl_Tour" /> The Warld Championships is pairt o the [[Triple Crown (snooker)|Triple Crown]] alang wi the [[UK Championship (snooker)|UK Championship]] an the non-rankin Masters.<ref name="dottmasters" /> Thir events are valued bi some players as the maist prestigious, an are an aw some o the auldest competitions. Winnin all three events is a difficult task, an haes anly been done bi 11 players.<ref name="QqJ6D" /><ref name="top16-1" /><ref name="dottmasters" /> Wi some events haein been criticised fur matches takkin too lang,<ref name="yawn" /> an alternative series o timed toornaments haes been organised bi {{ill|Matchroom Sport|en}} chairman {{ill|Barry Hearn|en}}. The shot-timed {{ill|Premier League Snooker|en}} wis established, wi seiven players invitit tae compete at regular United Kingdom venues, televised on [[Sky Sports]].<ref name="earnings_and_era_dominance" /> Players haed twinty-five seconds tae tak each shot, wi five time-outs per player per match. While some success wis achieved wi this format, it generally did nae receive the same amount o press attention or status as the regular rankin toornaments.<ref name="yawn" /> This event haes been taken out o the tour syne 2013, when the {{ill|Champion of Champions|en|Champion of Champions (snooker)}} wis established.<ref name="en.e_O'Su" /> The Champion o Champions sea players qualify bi virtue o winnin ither events in the season, wi 16 champions competin.<ref name="cham_Cham" />{{efn|Under certain circumstances, some runners-up participate at the event.<ref name="cham_Cham" /> }} In 2015, the Warld Professional Billiards and Snooker Association submitted an unsuccessful bid fur snooker tae be played at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan.<ref name="ghz8N" /><ref name="eN1gH" /> Anither bid haes been put forrit fur [[2024 Summer Olympics]] throu the Warld Snooker Federation, foondit in 2017.<ref name="KpBpW" /><ref name="T9wCo" /> A trial fur the format fur cue sports tae be played at the 2024 games wis put forrit at the {{ill|2019 Warld Team Trophy|en|2019 World Team Trophy (cue sports)}}, an aw featurin [[nine-ball]] an [[carom billiards]].<ref name="azbi_Inau" /> Snooker haes been contested at the [[Warld Games]] syne 2001, an wis included as an event at the 2019 Africaen Games.<ref name="jtHKc" /><ref name="eN7hQ" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1074080/snooker-to-feature-as-medal-event-at-2019-african-games-in-morocco|title=Snooker to feature as medal event at 2019 African Games in Morocco|date=11 January 2019|publisher=Inside the Games|accessdate=8 December 2019|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802213523/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1074080/snooker-to-feature-as-medal-event-at-2019-african-games-in-morocco|first=Michael|last=Pavitt}}</ref> ===Criticisms=== Several players, sic as Ronnie O'Sullivan, [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] and {{ill|Steve Davis|en}}, hae warned that thare are too mony toornaments durin the season, an that players risk burnin out.<ref name="JrHL1" /> In 2012, O'Sullivan played fewer toornaments in order tae spend mair time wi his childer, an ended the 2012–13 season ranked 19t in the warld.<ref name="JrHL1" /> Furthermore, he did nae play ony toornament in 2013 except the Warld Championship, which he won.<ref name="JrHL1" /> O'Sullivan haes suggestit that a "brakaway tour" wi fewer events wad be beneficial tae the sport, but as o 2019 no sic tour haes been organised.<ref name="bbc._Ronn" /> Some leagues hae allowed clubs tae refuse tae accept women players in toornaments.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="bIhfn" /> League committee leadership defended the practice, saying, "If we lose two of these clubs [wi the men-only policies] we would lose four teams and we can't afford to lose four teams otherwise we would hae no league."<ref name=":0" /> A Warld Women's Snooker spokesperson said, "It is disappointing and unacceptable that in 2019 that players such as {{ill|Rebecca Kenna|en}} hae been the victim of antiquated discriminatory practices."<ref name=":1" /> The [[All-Party Parliamentary Group]] said, "The group believes that being prevented from playing in a club because of gender is archaic."<ref name=":1" /> ==Equipment== [[File:London - Royal Automobile Club - 3024.jpg|thumb|right|Cue-tip chalk, cue, white chalk-buird chalk, an a sliding score-keeper]] The [[#Equipment|Accessories]] uised fur snooker include chalk fur the tip o the cue, rests o various sorts uised fur playin shots that canna be played bi haund, a triangle tae rack the reds, an a scoreboard. Ane drawback o snooker on a full-size ({{convert|12|×|6|ft|cm|abbr=on|disp=sqbr|0}}) table i the size o the room ({{convert|22|x|16|ft|m|disp=sqbr}}), which i the minimum required fur comfortable cueing room on all sides.<ref name="roomsize" /> This leemits the nummer o locations in which the gemme can easy be played. While puil tables are common tae mony pubs, snooker tends tae be played aither in private surroundins or in public snooker halls. The gemme can an aw be played on smawer tables uisin fewer reid bawls. Variant table sizes include {{convert|10|×|5|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|9|×|4.5|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|8|×|4|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|6|×|3|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}} (the smallest fur realistic play) an {{convert|4|×|2|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}. Smawer tables can come in a variety o styles, sic as fold-away or dining-table convertible.<ref name="snoo_Pool" /> A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an [[abacus]] and records the score fur each frame in units and twenties an the frame scores. Thay are teepically attached tae a wall bi the snooker table. A semple scoring bead is an aw whiles uised, cried a "scoring string", or "scoring wire".<ref name="Scorboard" /> Each bead (segment o the string) represents a single pynt. Snooker players teepically muive ane or several beads wi thair cue.<ref name="Scorboard" /> The playin surface, 356.9&nbsp;cm (11&nbsp;feet 8.5&nbsp;inches) bi 177.8&nbsp;cm (5&nbsp;feet 10&nbsp;inches) fur a staundart full-size table, wi sax pocket holes, ane at each corner an ane at the centre o each o the langer side cushions.<ref name="equipment">{{Cite web |title=Cuesport equipment |author= |work=ActiveSG |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url= https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Billiards-and-Snooker/How-To-Play/Billiards-and-Snooker-for-Beginners/Cuesport-equipment |quote=}}</ref> The fully oo cloth is uisually green, wi a directional nap running frae the baulk end o the table towards the end wi the black bawl spot. The cloth is eften cried "baize"; awtho true baize is a lawer quality cloth whiles uised on puil tables. The nap will affect the direction o the cue ball dependin on which direction the cue ball is shot and an aw on whether left or right side (spin) is placed on the ball. Even if the cue bawl is hit in exactly the same wey, the nap will cause a different effect dependin on whether the bawl is hit doun table (towards the black ball spot) or up table (towards the baulk line). The cloth on a snooker table i nae vacuumed, as this can destroy the nap. The cloth is brushed in a straucht line frae the baulk end tae the far end wi multiple brush strokes that are straucht in direction (i.e. nae across the table). Some table men will an aw then drag a dampened cloth wrapped aroond a short piece o buird (lik a [[Dimensional lumber#Dimensional lumber|two bi fower]]), or straucht back o a brush tae collect ony remainin fine dust and help lay the nap doun. The table is then ironed. Strachan cloth, uised in offeecial snooker toornaments, i 100% oo. Some ither cloths include a smaw percentage o nylon.<ref name="ILdhT" /> ==Notable players== {{See also|Century brak#List of players wi over 100 century braks|l2=List of snooker players wi over 100 century braks}} [[File:Stephen Maguire, Ronnie O’Sullivan, and Michaela Tabb at German Masters Snooker Final (DerHexer) 2012-02-05 05 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] haes won the maist woald titles in the 21st century (in 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2013).]] In the professional era that began wi [[Joe Davis]] in the 1930s and continues until the present day, a relatively smaw nummer o players hae succeeded at the tap level.<ref name="number1" /><ref name="hardwork" /> Joe Davis wis warld champion fur twinty years, retiring unbeaten efter claiming his fifteenth warld title in 1946 when the toornament wis reinstated efter the [[Second Warld War]].<ref name="Joe Davis">{{cite web| last= Turner| first= Chris| title= Player Profile – Joe Davis OBE| publisher= Chris Turner's Snooker Archive| url= http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Players/DavisJ.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510053844/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Players/DavisJ.html|archivedate=10 May 2012| accessdate= 15 June 2011}}</ref> Davis wis unbeaten in Warld Championship play, an wis anly ever beaten fower times in his entire life, wi all fower defeats coming efter his Warld Championship retirement and inflicted bi his ain brither {{ill|Fred Davis|en|Fred Davis (snooker player)}}.<ref name="Joe Davis"/> He did lose matches in handicapped toornaments, but on level terms thir fower defeats war the anly losses o his entire career.<ref name="2QWfZ" /> He wis an aw warld billiards champion.<ref name="Joe Davis"/> It is regarded as heichly unlikely that anyone will ever dominate the gemme tae this level again.<ref name="tw9Wu" /> Efter Davis retired frae Warld Championship play, the next dominant force wis his younger brither Fred Davis, who haed lost the {{ill|1940 Warld Snooker Championship|en|1940 World Snooker Championship}} final tae Joe.<ref name="Joe Davis"/> Bi 1947, Fred Davis wis deemed ready bi his brither tae tak ower the mantle, but lost the warld final tae the Scotsman [[Walter Donaldson]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Davis just misses world record |work=Western Daily Press |date=22 October 1947 |accessdate=18 March 2016 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000513/19471022/013/0002 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Davis and Donaldson wad contest the next fower finals. Efter the abandonment o the Warld Championship in 1953, wi the 1952 final boycotted bi British professionals, the [[Warld Professional Match-play Championship]] became the unofficial warld championship.<ref name="D80WD" /> Fred Davis won the event every year until its penultimate ane, in 1957, which he did nae enter.<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Turner|first=Chris|title=World Professional Championship|url=http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/world.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416080933/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/world.html|archivedate=16 April 2013|work=cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk|publisher=Chris Turner's Snooker Archive|accessdate=24 February 2011}}</ref> [[John Pulman]] wis the maist successfu player o the 1960s, when the [[1964–68 World Snooker Championships|warld championship]] wis contested on a challenge basis.<ref name=GSC1964>{{cite web|title=World Championship 1964|url=http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-world-championship-1964.asp|publisher=Global Snooker|accessdate=19 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310181405/http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-world-championship-1964.asp|archive-date=2011-03-10|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> Houiver, when the toornament reverted tae a knockout formula in 1969, he did nae prosper. [[Ray Reardon]] became the dominant force in the 1970s, winnin sax titles (1970, 1973–1976 and 1978), wi [[John Spencer (snooker player)|John Spencer]] winnin three.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nunns |first=Hector |title=Before the Crucible |url=http://www.inside-snooker.com/snooker/2014/4/8/before-the-crucible |publisher=Inside Snooker |accessdate=29 January 2016 |date=8 April 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204210827/http://www.inside-snooker.com/snooker/2014/4/8/before-the-crucible |archivedate=4 February 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=24 April 1976 |page=15 |title=Snooker – Reardon's a class above rest}}</ref> [[Steve Davis]]' first warld title in 1981 made him anly the 11t Warld champion syne 1927, includin the winner o the boycotted 1952 title, Horace Lindrum.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=21 April 1981 |page=1 |title=Champion at 23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times |date=7 April 1981 |page=10 |title=Snooker – Davis can beat the system}}</ref> Davis wad win sax Warld Championships (1981, 1983, 1984 and 1987–1989), and competit in the maist watched snooker match ever, the [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] final wi [[Dennis Taylor]].<ref name="BBC 1985 bbf">{{cite news|title=1985: The black ball final|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=4 May 2011|date=18 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928235825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/2953933.stm|archivedate=28 September 2013}}</ref> [[Stephen Hendry]] became the 14t in 1990 and dominated throu the 1990s, winnin seiven titles (1990, 1992–1996 and 1999).<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk"/><ref name="Global Snooker">{{cite web|title=World Championship – Roll of Honour|url=http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-tournaments-archive-world-championship-roll-of-honour.asp|publisher=Global Snooker|accessdate=18 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222034318/http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-tournaments-archive-world-championship-roll-of-honour.asp|archivedate=22 February 2012}}</ref> [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] is the closest tae dominance in the modren era, haein won the title on five occasions in the 21st century (2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2013).<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk"/> [[Mark Williams]] haes won three times (2000, 2003 and 2018) and [[John Higgins]] fower times (1998, 2007, 2009 and 2011), but syne the beginnin o the century, thare haes nae been a dominant force lik in previous decades, an the modren era haes seen mony players playin tae a seemilar staundart, insteid o ane player raisin the bar. Davis, fur ensaumple, won mair rankin toornaments than the rest o the tap-64 players put thegither bi 1985. Bi retaining his title in 2013, O'Sullivan became the first player tae successfully defend the Warld Championship syne Hendry in 1996 ([[Mark Selby]] wad an aw dae this in 2017).<ref name="World Champions" /> ==See also== * [[Snooker season 2019/2020]] * [[Ladies World Snooker Championship]]<!--Should be integrated into the main text, with information on women in the sport; this article is pretty much a sausage party. The words "women" or "woman" appear nowhere in it other than this comment.--> == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == === Citations === {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Snookerolympic">{{Cite news |title=Snooker bids to be included in 2020 Olympics in Tokyo |author= |newspaper=BBC Sport |date= 22 January 2015|access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/30942350 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808061802/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/30942350 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Macmillan British">{{cite web |title=Pronunciation of ''snooker'' |work=Macmillan Dictionary |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/snooker |publisher=Macmillan Publishers<!--"Publishers" should not be removed; this is a different company than the US-based Macmillan Publishing, since 1896.--> |location=London, UK |accessdate=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415162427/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/snooker |archivedate=15 April 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Macmillan American">{{cite web |title=American pronunciation of ''snooker'' |work=Macmillan Dictionary |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/snooker |publisher=op. cit. |accessdate=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512225433/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/snooker |archivedate=12 May 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Neville Chamberlain disambiguation">{{cite book |last1=Moreman |first1=T. R. |chapter=Chamberlain, Sir Neville Francis Fitzgerald (1856–1944), army officer and inventor of snooker |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/73766}}</ref> <ref name="earnings_and_era_dominance">{{Cite news |title= Where does Ronnie rank?|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=21 February 2005|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4283589.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601033451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4283589.stm|archive-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="BeebDing2">{{Cite news |title= China in Ding's hands|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=22 January 2007|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6288739.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827174441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6288739.stm|archive-date=27 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="origins">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-vernacular-11-snooker-1089731.html |first=Chris |last=Maume |title=Sporting Vernacular 11. Snooker |work=The Independent |date=25 April 1999 |accessdate=25 February 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083228/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-vernacular-11-snooker-1089731.html |archivedate=11 February 2017}}</ref> <ref name="heritage2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.snookerheritage.co.uk/normans-articles/days-of-old/origins-of-snooker/ |title=Origins of Snooker |first=Peter |last=Clare |date=2008 |publisher=Snooker Heritage |accessdate=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103150005/http://snookerheritage.co.uk/normans-articles/days-of-old/origins-of-snooker/ |archivedate=3 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph2014">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/Ooty-India-back-in-time-to-the-birthplace-of-snooker/ |title=Ooty, India: back in time to the birthplace of snooker |date=16 June 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |first=Martin |last=Hughes-Games |accessdate=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321074803/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/Ooty-India-back-in-time-to-the-birthplace-of-snooker/ |archivedate=21 March 2017}}</ref> <ref name="CnVTimeline">{{Cite web |title=Cues n Views - History Page, timeline |last=Smith |first=John A |work=cuesnviews.co.uk |date= |access-date=24 February 2007 |url=http://www.cuesnviews.co.uk/Snooker/timeline.htm |language= |quote=Joe Davis will reinvent this after-dinner pastime and become world champion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216115629/http://www.cuesnviews.co.uk/Snooker/timeline.htm |archive-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> <ref name="news_BBCS">{{Cite news |title= Pot Black returns|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=27 October 2005|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4382776.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117104945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4382776.stm|archive-date=17 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Cue China">{{Cite magazine |title=2008 Summer Journey - TIME |author= |magazine=TIME.com |date=19 June 2008 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815672,00.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813223355/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815672,00.html |archive-date=13 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="FCS-PB">{{cite web |first=Frank |last=Callan |title=Pot Black Ratings |work=FCSnooker.co.uk |date=15 March 2007 |url=http://www.fcsnooker.co.uk/general%20interest/pot_black.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315035635/http://www.fcsnooker.co.uk/general%20interest/pot_black.html |archive-date=15 March 2007 |access-date=13 November 2017 |quote=Surprisingly, the programme raced to second place in the BBC2 ratings}}</ref> <ref name="commonwealth">{{Cite news |title= World Championships 2002 {{!}} Take snooker to the world|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=5 May 2002|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/world_champs_2002/1959780.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225160919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/world_champs_2002/1959780.stm|archive-date=25 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="OTT-40">{{cite web |url=http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/features/bbc2/forty2.htm |title=1978&nbsp;– The World Snooker Championships |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427132655/http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/features/bbc2/forty2.htm |archive-date=27 April 2006 |date=27 April 2006 |quote=By 1977, though, a new lighting system had been devised, allowing the players to be seen clearly without problems and, the following year, Aubrey Singer agreed to cover the World Championships all the way through, with an hour of highlights every day for 16 days |access-date=24 February 2007}})</ref> <ref name="GuardianThatch">{{Cite web |title=Paul MacInnes: Can an alice band save snooker? |last=MacInnes |first=Paul |work=the Guardian |date= |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/feb/10/football.newsstory |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722062340/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/feb/10/football.newsstory |archive-date=22 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="GuardianSponsor">{{Cite web |title=Snooker: World championship finds new sponsors |author= |work=the Guardian |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/19/snooker.gdnsport31 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325161804/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/19/snooker.gdnsport31 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="BeebDing1">{{Cite news |title=Could Ding be snooker's saviour?|author=|work=news.bbc.co.uk|date=4 April 2005|access-date=31 January 2019|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4408523.stm|language=|quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127141717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/4408523.stm|archive-date=27 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="wsrulessnooker">{{cite web |title=Official Rules of the Games of Snooker and English Billiards |url=http://www.wpbsa.com/sites/default/files/uploads/official_rules_edited_05.11.14_web_version_1.pdf |publisher=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|The World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association Limited]] |date=November 2014 |accessdate=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084316/http://www.wpbsa.com/sites/default/files/uploads/official_rules_edited_05.11.14_web_version_1.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=}}</ref> <ref name="rule_Snoo">{{Cite web |title=Snooker for beginners |author= |work=Snooker rules and refereeing |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://www.rulesofsnooker.com/snooker-for-beginners.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013735/http://www.rulesofsnooker.com/snooker-for-beginners.html |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="BBC147">{{Cite news |title= Ding compiles maximum at Masters |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=14 January 2007 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6260923.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207225605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6260923.stm |archive-date=7 February 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="belf_Alex">{{Cite news |title=Alex Higgins: A 155 brak impossible? Not for Higgy - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |author= |newspaper=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/alex-higgins/alex-higgins-a-155-brak-impossible-not-for-higgy-28548775.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508102333/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/alex-higgins/alex-higgins-a-155-brak-impossible-not-for-higgy-28548775.html |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="pund_147I">{{Cite web |title=147 Is Not Snooker's Maximum brak |author= |work=Pundit Arena |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://punditarena.com/uncategorized/bbarry/147-is-not-snookers-maximum-brak/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013406/http://punditarena.com/uncategorized/bbarry/147-is-not-snookers-maximum-brak/ |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="BBCWSN1">{{Cite news |title= World title victory delights Dott |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=2 May 2006 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307030914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |archive-date=7 March 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="belf_Mark">{{Cite news |title=Mark Allen pockets £70k Scottish Open title with a 'nice fluke' - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |author= |newspaper=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/snooker/mark-allen-pockets-70k-scottish-open-title-with-a-nice-fluke-37632011.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013259/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/snooker/mark-allen-pockets-70k-scottish-open-title-with-a-nice-fluke-37632011.html |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="roomsize">Peter Ietswaart, {{cite web |url=http://www.thurstonsnooker.co.uk/Pages/Snookerfaq.html |author=Ietswaart, Peter |title=Thurston Snooker Table makers |quote=Recommended room size for full size table 22&nbsp;ft × 16&nbsp;ft |access-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503151323/http://www.thurstonsnooker.co.uk/Pages/Snookerfaq.html |archive-date=3 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="snoo_Pool">{{Cite web |title=Pool Table Room Size Guide - Snooker & Pool Table Company Ltd |author= |work=snookerandpooltablecompany.com |date= |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=https://www.snookerandpooltablecompany.com/room-size-guide.html |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051405/https://www.snookerandpooltablecompany.com/room-size-guide.html |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Scorboard">{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/snooker/Scoreboard.html |title=What is Scoreboard in Snooker? Definition and Meaning |publisher=sportsdefinitions.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060047/http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/snooker/Scoreboard.html |archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wpbsafounding">{{Cite news |title= WPBSA v TSN |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=16 February 2001 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1174311.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030101203136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1174311.stm |archive-date=1 January 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="biggestbrak">{{Cite news |title=Snooker's biggest brak |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=7 December 2000 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1059298.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217035813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1059298.stm |archive-date=17 December 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="infighting2">{{Cite news |title=Snooker authorities survive bid |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=13 November 2002 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2459069.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526051838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2459069.stm |archive-date=26 May 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="infighting3">{{Cite news |title= Snooker at the crossroads |author= |work=news.bbc.co.uk |date=14 November 2002 |access-date=31 January 2019 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2478413.stm |language= |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040711122138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/2478413.stm |archive-date=11 July 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ibsf">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibsf.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=120 |title=About Us 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018072104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2000/uk_championship_snooker/1039775.stm |archive-date=25 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name="wsc1">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |title=World title victory delights Dott |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307030914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4963842.stm |archive-date=7 March 2007 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2 May 2006 |accessdate=25 February 2007}}</ref> <ref name="sponsor">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/7544214.stm |title=Huge financial blow hits snooker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413043257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/7544214.stm |archive-date=13 April 2009 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008}}</ref> <ref name="wcvalue">{{cite web 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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020319022044/http://www.pref.akita.jp/tiiki/wg2001/result_/eng/re0130.html |archivedate=19 March 2002}}</ref> <ref name="eN7hQ">{{cite web |title=Snooker Results (Men) |url=http://sports123.com/snk/results/mwg-2001.html |publisher=Sports123.com |accessdate=23 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222050119/http://sports123.com/snk/results/mwg-2001.html |archivedate=22 February 2009}}</ref> <ref name="LANCS">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Women's Billiards. Association Formed to Control the Championships. |url= |magazine=Lancashire Evening Post |location=p.10 |publisher= |date=1 October 1931 |access-date=|via=The British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 21 August 2019.}}</ref> <ref name="worl_WPBS">{{Cite web |title=WPBSA World Seniors Tour - World Snooker |author= |work=World Snooker |date=3 May 2018 |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/wpbsa-world-seniors-tour/ |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003113215/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wpbsa-world-seniors-tour/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="J3Vse">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=No interference |url= |magazine=Gloucestershire Echo |location=p.5 |publisher= |date=30 November 1933 |access-date=|via=The British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 21 August 2019.}}</ref> }} === Sources === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Snooker's World Champions: Masters of the Baize |first1=Paul |last1=Gadsby |first2=Luke |last2=Williams |year=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-780-57715-9 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons and category|Snooker}} {{Wiktionar|Snooker}} * [http://www.cuesports.club/ Cuesports.club] * [http://www.worldsnooker.com/ Warld Snooker Limited] * [http://www.wpbsa.com/ Warld Professional Billiards & Snooker Association] * [http://www.ibsf.info/ International Billiards & Snooker Federation] * [http://www.ebsa.tv/ European Billiards & Snooker Association] * [http://www.sinucasinuca.com.br/historia/ History of Billiards in Brazil] <nowiki> [[Category:Snooker| ]] [[Category:Individual sports]] [[Category:Indoor sports]] [[Category:Sports originating in South Asia]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] </nowiki> b4sa7gy0l7js00upcuwp6ms7robjd9g 4 223455 924763 924408 2026-10-18T14:11:17Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 924763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . } |links=red_only |thumb=100 |columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Name ! ! eemage ! date o birth ! date o daith ! place o birth |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Margaret Curran]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Elaine Smith]] | | [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-07 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Nicol Stephen]] | | [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-31 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-11-28 | [[Sooth Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Phil Gallie]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-03 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-01-24 | [[Portsmouth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-25 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-29 | [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Andrew Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-19 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06-17 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Donald Gorrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-02 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-25 | [[Breetish Raj]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[George Reid]] | | [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-04 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-08-12 | [[Tullibody]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Andrew Arbuckle]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-12-25 | [[Fife]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Wendy Alexander]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Andy Kerr]] | | [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-17 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Tommy Sheridan]] | | [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-07 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Rhona Brankin]] | | [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-01-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Sarah Boyack]] | | [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-16 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Eleanor Scott]] | | [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-07-23 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Johann Lamont]] | | [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-11 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Cathie Craigie]] | | [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-14 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-09-10 | [[Stirlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Jackie Baillie]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-15 | | [[Hong Kong]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Annabel Goldie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Susan Deacon]] | | [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-02 | | [[Musselburrae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Fergus Ewing]] | | [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Alex Fergusson]] | | [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-04-08 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-07-31 | [[Leswalt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Stewart Stevenson]] | | [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-10-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Rob Gibson]] | | [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[John Swinburne]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-07-04 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-01 | [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Alasdair Morgan]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-21 | | [[Aiberfeldy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Cathy Jamieson]] | | [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-03 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[Janis Hughes]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[Bill Butler]] | | [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-03-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Scott Barrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-10 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Brian Monteith]] | | [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Bristow Muldoon]] | | [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[George Lyon]] | | [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-16 | | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[Bruce McFee]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-09 | [[Johnstoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[Cathy Peattie]] | | [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-11-24 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[Charlie Gordon]] | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-28 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[Christopher Harvie]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[David McLetchie]] | | [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-06 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-08-12 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[David Stewart]] | | [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Dave Thompson]] | | [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-20 | | [[Lossiemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[David Whitton]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-22 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[Derek Brownlee]] | | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-10 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Des McNulty]] | | [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-28 | | [[Stockport]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[John Farquhar Munro]] | | [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-08-26 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-26 | [[Glen Shiel]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[Jim Tolson]] | | [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-26 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Duncan McNeil]] | | [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-07 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Mary Mulligan]] | | [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-12 | | [[Liverpuil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Marilyn Livingstone]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-09-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Marlyn Glen]] | | [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Elaine Murray]] | | [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-22 | | [[Hitchin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Tavish Scott]] | | [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-06 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Karen Whitefield]] | | [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-08 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Nora Radcliffe]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-04 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Patricia Ferguson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Trish Godman]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-31 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-07-21 | [[Gouan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Paul Martin]] | | [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Pauline McNeill]] | | [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-12 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Peter Peacock]] | | [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Richard Baker]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Robert Brown]] | | [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-25 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[Ross Finnie]] | | [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-02-11 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Sylvia Jackson]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-03 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-07-27 | [[Lincolnshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Ted Brocklebank]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-24 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[Michael McMahon]] | | [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-18 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Alex Johnstone]] | | [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-07-31 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-12-07 | [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[Allan Wilson]] | | [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-05 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Hugh Henry]] | | [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Nanette Milne]] | | [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Tom McCabe]] | | [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-28 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-04-19 | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Angus MacKay]] | | [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Ian Jenkins]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-18 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-29 | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Rhoda Grant]] | | [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-26 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[Brian Fitzpatrick]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[John Young]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-21 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-03 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[Campbell Martin]] | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-10 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[Chris Ballance]] | | [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-07 | | [[Worcester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Christine May]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-23 | | [[Dublin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Shiona Baird]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-14 | | [[Hereford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[David Davidson]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-25 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-06-14 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Dave Petrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-10 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-08-31 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[Dennis Canavan]] | | [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | | [[Coudenbeith]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[Maureen Macmillan]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-09 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[Euan Robson]] | | [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-02-17 | | [[Northren Ingland]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[Helen Eadie]] | | [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-07 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-09 | [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Mike Rumbles]] | | [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-06-10 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Gordon Jackson]] | | [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-05 | | [[Ardrussan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[Rosemary Byrne]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-03 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[Frank McAveety]] | | [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Mark Ballard]] | | [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-27 | | [[Leeds]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Iain Smith]] | | [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-01 | | [[Gateside]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Alasdair Morrison]] | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-18 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[Irene Oldfather]] | | [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-06 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Jamie McGrigor]] | | [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-10-19 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-20 | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Jean Turner]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-12-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[Jeremy Purvis]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-15 | | [[Berrick|Berik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[John Home Robertson]] | | [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-12-05 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[John Scott]] | | [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-06-07 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[Karen Gillon]] | | [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-18 | | [[Jethart]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Kate Maclean]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-16 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[Keith Raffan]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-06-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[Lewis Macdonald]] | | [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-01-01 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[Malcolm Chisholm]] | | [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-03-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Margaret Jamieson]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Margaret Mitchell]] | | [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-15 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Margaret Smith]] | | [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-02-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Mark Ruskell]] | | [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-14 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Mary Scanlon]] | | [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-05-25 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-01 | | [[Cammuslang]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Mike Pringle]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-25 | | [[Northern Rhodesia]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Murdo Fraser]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Murray Tosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-01 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Nigel Don]] | | [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-16 | | [[London Borough of Sutton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[Ian McKee]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-04-02 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Liz Smith]] | | [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Claire Baker]] | | [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-04 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[Iain Gray]] | | [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-06-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[Gavin Brown]] | | [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-04 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | | [[Oswestry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[James Kelly]] | | [[File:James Kelly MSP, May 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[Hugh O'Donnell]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[Jim Hume]] | | [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-04 | | [[Peebles]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[John Lamont]] | | [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-04-15 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[John Park]] | | [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-14 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[John Wilson]] | | [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-28 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[Michael Russell]] | | [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-09 | | [[Bromley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[Richard Simpson]] | | [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-22 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[Stefan Tymkewycz]] | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-09-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Alison McInnes]] | | [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-17 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[Bashir Ahmad]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-02-12 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-06 | [[Amritsar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Bill Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-12-11 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Chic Brodie]] | | [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-08 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-24 | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Dennis Robertson]] | | [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-08-14 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[Drew Smith]] | | [[File:Drew Smith MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 20th century | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Graeme Pearson]] | | [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-04-01 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[Hanzala Malik]] | | [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-26 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-12-14 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[Margaret McCulloch]] | | [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-09 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[Jean Urquhart]] | | [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-17 | | [[Wast Lowden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[Jim Eadie]] | | [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[John Pentland]] | | [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[Siobhan McMahon]] | | [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-04 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[Marco Biagi]] | | [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-31 | | [[The Vale]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[Margaret McDougall]] | | [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[Mike MacKenzie]] | | [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-18 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[Paul Wheelhouse]] | | [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | [[Bilfawst|Belfast]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Alison Johnstone]] | | [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-10-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[Cara Hilton]] | | [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[Cameron Buchanan]] | | [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-06-24 | [[Woking]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Lesley Brennan]] | | [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Ben Wallace]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-05-15 | | [[Farnborough]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Henry McLeish]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-06-15 | | [[Methul]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Colin Campbell]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-08-31 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-11 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Duncan Hamilton]] | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[Elaine Thomson]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[John McAllion]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-13 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[Lyndsay McIntosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[Fiona McLeod]] | | [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-12-03 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[Ian Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11-23 | | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Lloyd Quinan]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-04-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[Irene McGugan]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | [[Angus]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[Kay Ullrich]] | | [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-05-05 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-01-04 | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[Keith Harding]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-11-21 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-11-15 | [[Chipping Norton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[Nick Johnston]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-01-05 | | [[Filey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[Sam Galbraith]] | | [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-18 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-08-18 | [[Clitheroe]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[Andrew Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Lanrik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Margaret Burgess]] | | [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-12-07 | | [[Ayrshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[James Dornan]] | | [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[Joan McAlpine]] | | [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-28 | | [[Gourock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Angus MacDonald]] | | [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-11 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Anne McTaggart]] | | [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-30 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[Bill Kidd]] | | [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[Bill Walker]] | | [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-31 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Bob Doris]] | | [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-11 | | [[Vale of Leven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[Neil Findlay]] | | [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-06 | | [[Brocksburn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[Roderick Campbell]] | | [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-06-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[Claudia Beamish]] | | [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-09 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Colin Beattie]] | | [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-17 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[Graeme Dey]] | | [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-10-29 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[Gordon MacDonald]] | | [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-01-02 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[Neil Bibby]] | | [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Jenny Marra]] | | [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-06 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[Mark Griffin]] | | [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[Mary Fee]] | | [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-03-23 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[Colin Keir]] | | [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-12-09 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Jayne Baxter]] | | [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-11-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[Alex Rowley]] | | [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-30 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Brian Whittle]] | | [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-26 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Rachael Hamilton]] | | [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-09 | | [[Herefordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Oliver Mundell]] | | [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-01 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Finlay Carson]] | | [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-10-18 | | [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Gordon Lindhurst]] | | [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Ross Greer]] | | [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-01 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Alexander Burnett]] | | [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-30 | | [[Banchry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Ross Thomson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-09-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Colin Smyth]] | | [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Kate Forbes]] | | [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-06 | | [[Dingwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Edward Mountain]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-19 | | [[Moray]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Jamie Greene]] | | [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-19 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Maurice Golden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Maurice Golden MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-12 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Maurice Corry]] | | [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Monica Lennon]] | | [[File:Monica Lennon MSP 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Alison Harris]] | | [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[Graham Simpson]] | | [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]] | | [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-22 | | [[Hertfordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[Ash Regan]] | | [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Ben Macpherson]] | | [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1980s | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Ivan McKee]] | | [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09 | | [[Milligs Mill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Annie Wells]] | | [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-02-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Daniel Johnson]] | | [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-09-03 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[Peter Chapman]] | | [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-13 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[Miles Briggs]] | | [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Preston]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Donald Cameron]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-11-26 | | [[St Mary's Hospital]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Liam Kerr]] | | [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-23 | | [[Chester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[Jeremy Balfour]] | | [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[Bill Bowman]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Michelle Ballantyne]] | | [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-28 | | [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]] | | [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-10-08 | | [[Oxford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[Tom Mason]] | | [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-31 | | [[Bishop's Stortford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[Beatrice Wishart]] | | [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Lerook]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Jackie Dunbar]] | | [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | [[Peterheid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Marie McNair]] | | [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1976 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[Paul McLennan]] | | [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Collette Stevenson]] | | [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-15 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Evelyn Tweed]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[Natalie Don]] | | [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[Katy Clark]] | | [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-03 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[Foysol Choudhury]] | | [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-01-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[Michelle Thomson]] | | [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-11 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Martin Whitfield]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[Jenni Minto]] | | [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11 | | [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[Audrey Nicoll]] | | [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[Jim Fairlie]] | | [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[Stephanie Callaghan]] | | [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Elena Whitham]] | | [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[Kaukab Stewart]] | | [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967<br/>1968 | | [[Pakistan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[Emma Roddick]] | | [[File:Emma Roddick 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[Sandesh Gulhane]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[Mercedes Villalba]] | | [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | [[Bristol]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Sue Webber]] | | [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[Michael Marra]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michael Marra (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Paul O'Kane]] | | [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-21 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[Karen Adam]] | | [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-07 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[Sharon Dowey]] | | [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<br/>1970 | | [[Girvan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Davy Russell]] | | [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s<br/>1962 | | [[Quarter]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[Calum Kerr]] | | | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-05 | | [[Gallae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[Heather Anderson]] | | [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-31 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[Gillian Mackay]] | | [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[Ariane Burgess]] | | [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-11-20 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[Meghan Gallacher]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-17 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Craig Hoy]] | | [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Douglas Lumsden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Lumsden MP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Carol Mochan]] | | [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Màiri McAllan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[Malcolm Offord]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-09-05 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[David Smith]] | | | | | [[Cardiff–South Wales Valleys metropolitan area]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[Jenny Young]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[James Adams]] | | [[File:Official portrait of James Adams MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | [[Fraserburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Alex Kerr]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Laura Mitchell]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[Kate Nevens]] | | [[File:Kate Nevens, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[Roz McCall]] | | [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] | | [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Pam Gosal]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Tess White]] | | [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-02-18 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Thomas Kerr]] | | [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[Mark Simpson]] | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[Laura Moodie]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[Colm Merrick]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[Julie MacDougall]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[Katherine Sangster]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[Tim Eagle]] | | [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[David Kirkwood]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Holly Bruce]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[Irshad Ahmed]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Michelle Campbell]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[Adam Harley]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[Simita Kumar]] | | [[File:Equalities & International Development Minister - 55282125442.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[Iris Duane]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[Duncan Dunlop]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[Cara McKee]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[Helen McDade]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[Q Manivannan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Q Manivannan MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<br/>1997 | | [[Tamil Nadu]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[Katie Hagmann]] | | [[File:Katie Hagmann, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-04 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[Jack Middleton]] | | [[File:Jack Middleton, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[Zen Ghani]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[Duncan Massey]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]] | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]] | | [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-01 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[Angela Ross]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Amanda Bland]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]] | | [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Jamie Langan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[Kim Schmulian]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Lloyd Melville]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[Senga Beresford]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Mandy Lindsay]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[Max Bannerman]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[Kristopher Leask]] | | [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[Vic Currie]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[Morven-May MacCallum]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[Dawn Black]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[Kate Campbell]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[David Barratt]] | | [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[Gary Bouse]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[Andrew Baxter]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[Donald MacKinnon]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[Joe Fagan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Joe Fagan (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | [[Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[David Green]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[Joe Long]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[Pauline Stafford]] | | | | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} aai57p73zpy46nmghf4239qchpwmr8r 1 225056 924764 924760 2026-10-18T15:29:54Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Leid Uiss in this airticle */ Replie 924764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == Leid Uiss in this airticle == A bettert the leid uiss in this airticle. A uised the Northern Subject Rule. This isnae a mistak, it's a featur o Scots. A uised the form 'cheenge' at isnae jist attestit on the Online Scots Dictionar but on the DSL an aw. Same is suithfast fur 'athort' an 'conter'. 'Seestem' is attestit in a citaiton. The anerly raison 'aurie' is absent frae DSL is acause the dooble r version is present. [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 10:08, 18 October 2026 (UTC) :Gin ye scrieve ae airticle, ye kin pit in the NSR, bit it's nae itsel ae intergral pairt o Scots an a ken sum spikkers aat dinna eese it (e.g. Cobra; [[Atari Jaguar]] disna eese NSR fur exemple). Mony o the ither edits wis changes fur the sake o changes, an a'm gey shuir aat sum o the spellins wisna eesed richt (aurie his a specific meanin an a'm gey shuir thir canna be eesed bi itsel an needs a qualifier lik thir daiths, as wis the case in yer edit). Aiblins a'm wrang anent conter. As fur seestem, aat is a rare spellin aat isna aft eese an is changes fur the sake ae changes, as system is eesed in Scots anaa an mair aft at aat. It's nae illegal ti eese the letter Y in Scots [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:29, 18 October 2026 (UTC) tejoaggl5z5bxs3ce84i6olc6ddjv1x 924784 924764 2026-10-18T22:36:12Z Munci 6841 /* Leid Uiss in this airticle */ Repone 924784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == Leid Uiss in this airticle == A bettert the leid uiss in this airticle. A uised the Northern Subject Rule. This isnae a mistak, it's a featur o Scots. A uised the form 'cheenge' at isnae jist attestit on the Online Scots Dictionar but on the DSL an aw. Same is suithfast fur 'athort' an 'conter'. 'Seestem' is attestit in a citaiton. The anerly raison 'aurie' is absent frae DSL is acause the dooble r version is present. [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 10:08, 18 October 2026 (UTC) :Gin ye scrieve ae airticle, ye kin pit in the NSR, bit it's nae itsel ae intergral pairt o Scots an a ken sum spikkers aat dinna eese it (e.g. Cobra; [[Atari Jaguar]] disna eese NSR fur exemple). Mony o the ither edits wis changes fur the sake o changes, an a'm gey shuir aat sum o the spellins wisna eesed richt (aurie his a specific meanin an a'm gey shuir thir canna be eesed bi itsel an needs a qualifier lik thir daiths, as wis the case in yer edit). Aiblins a'm wrang anent conter. As fur seestem, aat is a rare spellin aat isna aft eese an is changes fur the sake ae changes, as system is eesed in Scots anaa an mair aft at aat. It's nae illegal ti eese the letter Y in Scots [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:29, 18 October 2026 (UTC) ::Thenk ye fur answer. A unnerstaun better at ye'r sayin some chynges wis superfluous, nae necessarly at thay dinnae exist. As fur speceefics, 1° ye'r richt at 'thir' sudnae be uised it that contex an yer solution o 'that' is better. 2° 'wynd' an 'kye' is insaumples o Scots wirds wi 'y' in thaim. [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 22:36, 18 October 2026 (UTC) 5vuvzc4arcc8bvv0ioy0wihrzl475rs 0 228099 924785 881589 2026-10-18T23:48:34Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Early life an thrift */ removed archive today, internet archive doesnt have the necessary page saved so leaving citation needed tag 924785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Anas Sarwar|successor1=[[Jim Murphy]]|alma_mater=[[University o Glesga]]|relatives=[[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar|Mohammad Sarwar]] (faither)|children=3|spouse={{marriage|Furheen Ashrif|2006}}|party=[[Scots Labour]]|birth_place=[[Glesga]], Scotland|birth_date={{birth date and age|1983|3|14|df=y}}|successor3=[[Kezia Dugdale]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Shadow posts |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office2 = [[Cabinet Secretary for the Constitution, Europe and External Affairs|Scots Labour Spokesbodie for the Constitution]] | leader2 = [[Richard Leonard]]<br />[[Jackie Baillie]] (Acting) | term_start2 = 16 November 2020 | term_end2 = 1 March 2021 | predecessor2 = [[Alex Rowley]] | successor2 = [[Colin Smyth]] | office4 = [[Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport|Scots Labour Spokesbodie for Health and Sport]] | leader4 = [[Kezia Dugdale]]<br>[[Richard Leonard]] | term_start4 = 25 Mey 2016 | term_end4 = 4 October 2018 | predecessor4 = [[Jenny Marra]] | successor4 = [[Monica Lennon]] | office5 = [[Department for International Development|Shadow Minister for International Development]] | leader5 = [[Ed Miliband]] | term_start5 = 5 November 2014 | term_end5 = 8 May 2015 | predecessor5 = [[Alison McGovern]] | successor5 = [[Mike Kane]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Parliamentary offices |cont=yes |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office6 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]<br />for [[Glesga (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Glesga]]<br />{{nobold|(1 o 7 Regional MSPs)}} | term_start6 = 5 Mey 2016 | term_end6 = | predecessor6 = | successor6 = | office7 = [[Member o Pairlament (UK)|Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[Glesga Central (UK Pairlament constituency)|Glesga Central]] | term_start7 = 6 Mey 2010 | term_end7 = 30 Mairch 2015 | predecessor7 = [[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar|Mohammad Sarwar]] | successor7 = [[Alison Thewliss]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }}|predecessor3=[[Johann Lamont]]|term_end3=13 December 2014|term_start3=17 December 2011|leader3=[[Johann Lamont]]|office3=[[Scottish Labour#Deputy Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty|Deputy Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty]]|predecessor1=[[Johann Lamont]]|honorific-suffix=[[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]|term_end1=13 December 2014|term_start1=24 October 2014|1namedata1=[[Ed Miliband]]|1blankname1=[[Leader o the Labor Pairty (UK)|UK&nbsp;party&nbsp;leader]]|termlabel1=[[2014 Scots Labour leadership election|Actin]]|predecessor=[[Richard Leonard]]|deputy=[[Jackie Baillie]]|1namedata=[[Keir Starmer]]|1blankname=[[Leader o the Labor Pairty (UK)|UK&nbsp;party&nbsp;leader]]|term_end=|term_start=27 February 2021|office=[[Scottish Labour#Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty|Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty]]|image=[[File:Anas Sarwar MSP.jpg|220px]]|website={{Official URL}}}}'''Anas Sarwar''' (born 14 Mairch 1983) is a Scots politician that haes serrt as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty sin 2021. He haes been a [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament]] (MSP) fur the Glesga region sin [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016]], haein been Member o Parliament (MP) fur Glesga Central frae [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010]] til [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015]]. Ideologically, he identifies as a Brownite. Born in [[Glesga]] tae Pakistani [[Muslim]] parents, Sarwar got his scuilin at Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil an studied general dentistry at the [[Glesga Varsity|University o Glesga]]. He wirkit in [[Paisley]] as a dentist til he wis eleckit as Memmer o Pairlament fur the Glesga Central seat at the [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010 general election]] whan he succeedit his reteerin faither, Mohammad Sarwar. In his time in the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]], he serrt as Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty frae 2011 til 2014. Sarwar lost his seat tae the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP) at the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]]. Efter depairtin [[Wastmeenster|Wastmeinster]], he wis eleckit at the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016 Scottish Parliament election]] on the Glesga regional leet. He stuid fur pairty heidship at the 2017 Scots Labour leadership election but lost tae [[Richard Leonard]], an wis eleckit as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty in the 2021 leadership election. == Early life an thrift == Sarwar wis born on the 14 Mairch 1983 in [[Glesga]] tae Perveen an Mohammad Sarwar, baith Pakistani [[Muslim]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anas Sarwar|work=Democracy Live|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/58360.stm|url-status=dead|access-date=25 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322042434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/58360.stm|archive-date=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=2009-08-03|title=Dynastic Glaswegian keen to prove he is his own man|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/aug/03/anas-sarwar-labour|access-date=2018-01-20|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U251464|access-date=13 March 2012|publisher=Ukwhoswho.com}}</ref> He is the youngest o fower bairns angot his scuilin at Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil, a independent schuil in Glesga. He graduatit frae the [[Glesga Varsity|University o Glesga]] wi a degree in general dentistry in 2005, becomin an [[Naitional Heal Service|NHS]] general dentist in [[Paisley]] until 2010 whan he wis eleckit as an MP.<ref name="sdmag-20100830" /> Sarwar becam a memmer o Scots Labour at the age o 16 an wis an executive memmer o Scottish Young Labour.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} He later jynt the [[Co-operative Pairty|Co-operative Party]], Fabian Society, trade unions Unite an Community an pressure group Progress, whaur he serrt as a vice-chair.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Progress annual conference 2011 – Progress – News and debate from the progressive community|url=http://www.progressonline.org.uk/2011/03/29/progress-annual-conference-2011/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810232129/http://www.progressonline.org.uk/2011/03/29/progress-annual-conference-2011/|archive-date=10 August 2016|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> == Political career == === 2007 Scots Pairlament election === Fur the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2007|2007 Scottish Parliament election]], Sarwar wis waled tae staund as the heidmaist regional leet candidate fur the Glesga region.<ref name="anassarwar1">{{Cite web|title=Biography " Anas Sarwar MP &#124; Working Hard for Glasgow Central|url=http://www.anassarwar.org/official/?page_id=297|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803012735/http://www.anassarwar.org/official/?page_id=297|archive-date=3 August 2012|access-date=13 March 2012|publisher=Anassarwar.org}}</ref> He wis a memmer o Labour's Scottish Policy Forum that wis responsible fur makin the Scots Labour Pairty manifesto fur that election, but wi nae success.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peterkin|first=Tom|date=18 December 2011|title=Anas Sarwar is the brightest of the bright young things – Politics|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-brightest-bright-young-things-1650356|access-date=13 March 2012|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> === Memmer o Pairlament: 2010–2015 === Sarwar wis eleckit at the [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010 general election]] as MP fur Glesga Central, succeedin his faither Mohammad Sarwar, the first-iver [[Muslim]] MP in the UK, winnin wi a greater majority nor the last election.<ref name="anassarwar1" /> He wis eleckit bi colleagues tae serr on the International Development Select Committee. Furren policy an international development wis amang his pairlamentary interests, wi speciefic areas o concern bein [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] an Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitaker|first=Andrew|title='I never thought I'd have to fight a political battle for my own country', says Labour MP|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk-news/i-never-thought-id-have-fight-political-battle-my-own-country-says-labour-mp-2473120|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> He wis co-chair o the All Party Parliamentary Group on anti-corruption as weel, an wis a memmer o the Welfare Reform Bill Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2009|title=Anas Sarwar|url=http://www.scottishlabour.org.uk/anas|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111060858/http://www.scottishlabour.org.uk/anas|archive-date=11 January 2012|access-date=13 March 2012|publisher=Scottish Labour}}</ref> In Januar 2013, Sarwar wis awairdit the Politician of the Year awaird at the British Muslim Awards.<ref name="asianimage1">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2013|title=Winners honoured at British Muslim Awards|publisher=Asian Image|url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/10197507.Winners_honoured_at_British_Muslim_Awards/|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Sarwar teuk a strang line in atteckin baith the "Bedroom Tax" an the Scots Guvernment fur its failure tae lessen its waur effecks. In a vote on its repeal, Sarwar wis in [[Pakistan]], giein a speak tae students at Hajvery University, an sicweys wis paired aff wi a [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative]] MP, cancellin oot the twa votes. He wis criticised fur his absence bi the [[Scots National Pairty|SNP]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edward|first=Rhiannon|date=14 November 2013|title=Scots Labour MPs slammed after bedroom tax no-show|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/scots-labour-mps-slammed-after-bedroom-tax-no-show-1-3189157|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> In 2014, Sarwar wis criticised fur walin tae pit his son tae Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil, a independent scuil an the selsame schuil that he hissel got his scuilin at, raither nor a state schuil. [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]] John Wilson statit: "Anas Sarwar ance again shaws the hypocrisy o the Labour Pairty – speakin o social justice and stickin up for public services while sendin his ain wean tae a private scuil."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hutcheon|first=Paul|date=26 January 2014|title=Labour's deputy leader under fire for sending son to Glasgow private school|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/labours-deputy-leader-under-fire-for-sending-son-to-glasgow-private-school.23269520|access-date=27 February 2021|website=The Herald}}</ref> Frae the 5 November 2014 til the 8 Mey 2015, Sarwar wis Labour's Shadae Meenister fur International Development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anas Sarwar given new Labour international role|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/scottish-labour-deputy-leader-anas-sarwar-promoted-to-shadow-cabinet.1415217814|website=Herald Scotland}}</ref> In Januar 2015, he wis awairdit the Spirit of Britain awaird at that yeir's British Muslim Awards.<ref name="asianimage2">{{Cite news|date=23 January 2015|title=British Muslim Awards 2015 finalists unveiled|publisher=Asian Image|url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/business/11745550.British_Muslim_Awards_2015_finalists_unveiled/|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=2015-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730005602/http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/business/11745550.British_Muslim_Awards_2015_finalists_unveiled/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], he lost his Glesga Central seat tae [[Alison Thewliss]] o the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP). === Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty: 2011–2014 === [[File:United_with_Labour_launch.jpg|left|thumb|Margaret Curran, Sarwar, Johann Lamont an [[Gordon Brown]] at the launch o United with Labour]] In December 2011, Sarwar wis eleckit Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty gettin 51.10% o the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 December 2011|title=Johann Lamont named new Scottish Labour leader|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-16217972}}</ref> In 2012, he wis appyntit tae co-ordinate Scots Labour's [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|2014 Scots independence referendum]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferguson|first=Mark|date=16 December 2012|title=Anas Sarwar to co-ordinate Labour's Scottish Referendum Campaign|url=https://labourlist.org/2012/12/anas-sarwar-to-co-ordinate-labours-scottish-referendum-campaign/|website=LabourList}}</ref> The campaign, alang wi Better Together, wis ultimately successfu, wi Scotland votin 55% tae 45% tae bide in the Unitit Kinrick. Houaniver, Scots Labour wis near pit oot in a SNP laundslide victory at the 2015 general election. Follaein the demittin o Johann Lamont on the 25 October 2014, Sarwar becam actin leader til a new leader wis eleckit. On the 30 October, he pat forrit his demission as deputy leader at a Labour Pairty dinner in [[Glesga]]. In November 2020, Sarwar wis makit Scots Labour Spokesbody fur the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PA Media|date=2020-11-16|title=Anas Sarwar returns to Labour frontbench in reshuffle https://news.stv.tv/politics/anas-sarwar-returns-to-labour-frontbench-in-reshuffle|website=STV News|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Early tenure as Member of the Scottish Parliament: 2016–2021 === [[File:Anas_Sarwar_MSP.jpg|thumb|Offeicial pairlamentary portrait, 2016]] Sarwar wis eleckit as a addietional memmer in the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016 Scots Pairlament election]] fur the Glesga region. In 2016, he wis makit Scots Labour Spokesbody fur Health and Sport. In September 2017, he annunced his candidacy fur the Scots Labour leadership follaein the demission o [[Kezia Dugdale]].<ref name="bbc-20170904">{{Cite news|date=4 September 2017|title=MSP Anas Sarwar launches Scottish Labour leadership bid|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41146997|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> He lost tae his opponent, [[Richard Leonard]]. On the 4 October 2018, he wis sacked frae his posietion as Health and Sport Spokesperson, statin he haed ainly lairnt o the sackin on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BBC Scotland|date=2018-10-04|title=Sarwar and Baillie out in Scottish Labour reshuffle|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-45749855|access-date=2018-10-04|website=BBC News}}</ref> In the 2017 leadership election, [[Ruglen|Rutherglen]] coonciller Davie McLachlan wis alleged tae hae said "Scotland wadna vote for a broun Muslim Paki". In Apryle 2019, Sarwar's case agin McLachlan wis due tae be heard bi the National Constitutional Committee but wis drappit on a technicality, for Sarwar haednae gien his case athin a nairae timescale that haed been gien oot at short notice. Richard Leonard acknawledged the process wis flawed an the committee wid need tae be reformt tae jouk seemlar incidents.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Andrews|first=Kieran|date=2 May 2019|title=Richard Leonard: Labour complaints procedure flawed|language=en|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/richard-leonard-labour-complaints-procedure-flawed-9xl78sjr8|access-date=5 June 2019|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In November 2019, Sarwar wis gien access tae a leaked report frae 2015 that haed consiedert infection controls at Queen Elizabeth University Hospital tae be at "high risk". 10-year-auld patient Milly Main deet in the hospital in 2017 frae a watter infection, while she wis thare tae win abuin her leukaemia. Sarwar raised the leaked report's findins in a Scots Pairlament debate whaur he wis critical o NHS Greater Glesga and Clyde fur nae closin certain hospital wairds despite the report's findins. As Main wis constituent o his, he requestit on behauf o Main's mitther a repone frae [[First Meenister o Scotland|First Mienister]] [[Nicola Sturgeon]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-29|title='Milly would be here' had hospital followed advice|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-50596004|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref> === Director o Sarwar Foundation: 2019–present === In Mairch 2019, Sarwar becam Director o the Sarwar Foundation (umwhilie, UCare Foundation), a chairity that operates in Pakistan. === Heidship o the Scots Labour Pairty: 2021–the noo === Efter the demission o Richard Leonard in 2021, Sarwar wis eleckit as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty, takin 57.56% o the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodgers|first=Sienna|date=2021-02-27|title=Anas Sarwar elected as new leader of Scottish Labour Party|url=https://labourlist.org/2021/02/anas-sarwar-elected-as-new-leader-of-scottish-labour-party/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sarwar an some in the media jaloused this makit him the first ethnic minority body tae be the heid o a major UK political pairty,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=27 February 2021|title=Anas Sarwar wins Scottish Labour leadership election|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/feb/27/anas-sarwar-wins-scottish-labour-leadership-election|access-date=28 February 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> awtho ''The Spectator'' pyntit tae political leaders o [[Jews|Jewish]] strynd siclike as Benjamin Disraeli, Michael Howard an [[Ed Miliband]] while acknawledgin he wis the first [[Muslim]] an body o Aisian strynd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daisley|first=Stephen|date=27 February 2021|title=Can Anas Sarwar save Scottish Labour?|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/can-anas-sarwar-restore-scottish-labour-|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-27|website=The Spectator}}</ref> Sarwar wis waled tae staund agin [[Nicola Sturgeon]] in Glesga Soothside at the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2021|2021 Scots Pairlament election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davidson|first=Gina|date=1 March 2021|title=Anas Sarwar reveals Labour frontbench to take party into election|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-reveals-labour-frontbench-to-take-party-into-election-3150578|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref> == Ideology == Descrieved as bein on the political richt o the Labour Pairty, Sarwar identifies as a Brownite an haes been critical o baith [[Tony Blair]] an [[Jeremy Corbyn]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=2017-09-20|title=Scottish Labour candidate Anas Sarwar laughs off 'neoliberal Blairite' tag|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/20/scottish-labour-candidate-anas-sarwar-laughs-off-neoliberal-blairite-tag|access-date=2019-08-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He says umwhile Prime Mienister [[Gordon Brown]] is ane o his political heroes. Sarwar haes been gey critical o the [[Iraq War]], cawin it "the warst furrin policy decision in my lifetime".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rampen|first=Julia|date=13 October 2017|title=Scottish Labour leadership hopeful Anas Sarwar: "I'm the anti-establishment candidate"|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/scotland/2017/10/scottish-labour-leadership-hopeful-anas-sarwar-im-anti-establishment|access-date=27 February 2021|website=New Statesman}}</ref> Sarwar wis agin [[Brexit|leavin]] the [[European Union]] an threapit the UK needit tae bide in the single mercat for tae conter the Conservatives' austerity policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarwar|first=Anas|date=13 October 2017|title=Anas Sarwar: Tackling austerity means we must stay in the single market forever|url=https://labourlist.org/2017/10/anas-sarwar-tackling-austerity-means-we-must-stay-in-the-single-market-forever/|access-date=27 February 2021|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> Despite haein criticised Corbyn in the bygane, Sarwar threapit that his economic plans wid be "faur mair progressive and radicaler" nor thae policies o Corbyn an [[John McDonnell (politeecian)|John McDonnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodgers|first=Sienna|date=10 February 2021|title=Sarwar: Scottish Labour's tax policies "will be more radical than Corbyn's"|url=https://labourlist.org/2021/02/sarwar-scottish-labours-tax-policies-will-be-more-radical-than-corbyns/|access-date=27 February 2021|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Personal life == Sarwar is mairit on Furheen, that wirks as an [[Naitional Heal Service|NHS]] dentist, an thay hae three bairns.<ref name="sdmag-20100830">{{Cite news|date=30 August 2010|title=A question of politics|work=Scottish Dental magazine|url=http://sdmag.co.uk/2010/08/30/question_of_politics/|access-date=29 October 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://sdmag.co.uk/2010/08/30/question_of_politics/ "A question of politics"]. ''Scottish Dental magazine''. 30 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="bbc-20170923">{{Cite news|date=23 September 2017|title=Anas Sarwar relinquishes shares in family firm|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41372373|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> He is a Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 September 2017|title=Anas Sarwar - My Unionism will never be in doubt|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-my-unionism-will-never-be-in-doubt-1-4563064|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> He awns a quarter share o his faimily's cash an cairy halesale business; his share wis valued in 2016 as wirth atween £2.7 million an £4.8 million.<ref name="heraldscotland-20170831">{{Cite news|last=Gordon|first=Tom|date=31 August 2017|title=Labour frontrunner faces backlash over wealth, schooling and opposition to Corbyn|work=The Herald|location=Scotland|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15504860.Labour_frontrunner_faces_backlash_over_wealth__schooling_and_opposition_to_Corbyn/|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> In September 2017, Sarwar transferrt his shareholding tae a discretionary trust fur the benefit of his three bairns, sae's he cidna personally access the assets or dividends. == References == {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Pakistani strynd]] [[Category:Scots Muslims]] [[Category:Scots Labour Pairty MPs]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Labour MSPs]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Glesga]] ovrwnm9xu8sbklh34t0h4fi1wdzgky8 924786 924785 2026-10-18T23:51:29Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Political career */ removed 2 x archive today, left cn tags 924786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Anas Sarwar|successor1=[[Jim Murphy]]|alma_mater=[[University o Glesga]]|relatives=[[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar|Mohammad Sarwar]] (faither)|children=3|spouse={{marriage|Furheen Ashrif|2006}}|party=[[Scots Labour]]|birth_place=[[Glesga]], Scotland|birth_date={{birth date and age|1983|3|14|df=y}}|successor3=[[Kezia Dugdale]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Shadow posts |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office2 = [[Cabinet Secretary for the Constitution, Europe and External Affairs|Scots Labour Spokesbodie for the Constitution]] | leader2 = [[Richard Leonard]]<br />[[Jackie Baillie]] (Acting) | term_start2 = 16 November 2020 | term_end2 = 1 March 2021 | predecessor2 = [[Alex Rowley]] | successor2 = [[Colin Smyth]] | office4 = [[Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport|Scots Labour Spokesbodie for Health and Sport]] | leader4 = [[Kezia Dugdale]]<br>[[Richard Leonard]] | term_start4 = 25 Mey 2016 | term_end4 = 4 October 2018 | predecessor4 = [[Jenny Marra]] | successor4 = [[Monica Lennon]] | office5 = [[Department for International Development|Shadow Minister for International Development]] | leader5 = [[Ed Miliband]] | term_start5 = 5 November 2014 | term_end5 = 8 May 2015 | predecessor5 = [[Alison McGovern]] | successor5 = [[Mike Kane]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Parliamentary offices |cont=yes |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office6 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]<br />for [[Glesga (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Glesga]]<br />{{nobold|(1 o 7 Regional MSPs)}} | term_start6 = 5 Mey 2016 | term_end6 = | predecessor6 = | successor6 = | office7 = [[Member o Pairlament (UK)|Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[Glesga Central (UK Pairlament constituency)|Glesga Central]] | term_start7 = 6 Mey 2010 | term_end7 = 30 Mairch 2015 | predecessor7 = [[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar|Mohammad Sarwar]] | successor7 = [[Alison Thewliss]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }}|predecessor3=[[Johann Lamont]]|term_end3=13 December 2014|term_start3=17 December 2011|leader3=[[Johann Lamont]]|office3=[[Scottish Labour#Deputy Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty|Deputy Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty]]|predecessor1=[[Johann Lamont]]|honorific-suffix=[[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]|term_end1=13 December 2014|term_start1=24 October 2014|1namedata1=[[Ed Miliband]]|1blankname1=[[Leader o the Labor Pairty (UK)|UK&nbsp;party&nbsp;leader]]|termlabel1=[[2014 Scots Labour leadership election|Actin]]|predecessor=[[Richard Leonard]]|deputy=[[Jackie Baillie]]|1namedata=[[Keir Starmer]]|1blankname=[[Leader o the Labor Pairty (UK)|UK&nbsp;party&nbsp;leader]]|term_end=|term_start=27 February 2021|office=[[Scottish Labour#Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty|Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty]]|image=[[File:Anas Sarwar MSP.jpg|220px]]|website={{Official URL}}}}'''Anas Sarwar''' (born 14 Mairch 1983) is a Scots politician that haes serrt as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty sin 2021. He haes been a [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament]] (MSP) fur the Glesga region sin [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016]], haein been Member o Parliament (MP) fur Glesga Central frae [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010]] til [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015]]. Ideologically, he identifies as a Brownite. Born in [[Glesga]] tae Pakistani [[Muslim]] parents, Sarwar got his scuilin at Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil an studied general dentistry at the [[Glesga Varsity|University o Glesga]]. He wirkit in [[Paisley]] as a dentist til he wis eleckit as Memmer o Pairlament fur the Glesga Central seat at the [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010 general election]] whan he succeedit his reteerin faither, Mohammad Sarwar. In his time in the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]], he serrt as Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty frae 2011 til 2014. Sarwar lost his seat tae the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP) at the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]]. Efter depairtin [[Wastmeenster|Wastmeinster]], he wis eleckit at the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016 Scottish Parliament election]] on the Glesga regional leet. He stuid fur pairty heidship at the 2017 Scots Labour leadership election but lost tae [[Richard Leonard]], an wis eleckit as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty in the 2021 leadership election. == Early life an thrift == Sarwar wis born on the 14 Mairch 1983 in [[Glesga]] tae Perveen an Mohammad Sarwar, baith Pakistani [[Muslim]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anas Sarwar|work=Democracy Live|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/58360.stm|url-status=dead|access-date=25 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322042434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/58360.stm|archive-date=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=2009-08-03|title=Dynastic Glaswegian keen to prove he is his own man|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/aug/03/anas-sarwar-labour|access-date=2018-01-20|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U251464|access-date=13 March 2012|publisher=Ukwhoswho.com}}</ref> He is the youngest o fower bairns angot his scuilin at Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil, a independent schuil in Glesga. He graduatit frae the [[Glesga Varsity|University o Glesga]] wi a degree in general dentistry in 2005, becomin an [[Naitional Heal Service|NHS]] general dentist in [[Paisley]] until 2010 whan he wis eleckit as an MP.<ref name="sdmag-20100830" /> Sarwar becam a memmer o Scots Labour at the age o 16 an wis an executive memmer o Scottish Young Labour.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} He later jynt the [[Co-operative Pairty|Co-operative Party]], Fabian Society, trade unions Unite an Community an pressure group Progress, whaur he serrt as a vice-chair.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Progress annual conference 2011 – Progress – News and debate from the progressive community|url=http://www.progressonline.org.uk/2011/03/29/progress-annual-conference-2011/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810232129/http://www.progressonline.org.uk/2011/03/29/progress-annual-conference-2011/|archive-date=10 August 2016|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> == Political career == === 2007 Scots Pairlament election === Fur the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2007|2007 Scottish Parliament election]], Sarwar wis waled tae staund as the heidmaist regional leet candidate fur the Glesga region.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} He wis a memmer o Labour's Scottish Policy Forum that wis responsible fur makin the Scots Labour Pairty manifesto fur that election, but wi nae success.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peterkin|first=Tom|date=18 December 2011|title=Anas Sarwar is the brightest of the bright young things – Politics|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-brightest-bright-young-things-1650356|access-date=13 March 2012|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> === Memmer o Pairlament: 2010–2015 === Sarwar wis eleckit at the [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010 general election]] as MP fur Glesga Central, succeedin his faither Mohammad Sarwar, the first-iver [[Muslim]] MP in the UK, winnin wi a greater majority nor the last election.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} He wis eleckit bi colleagues tae serr on the International Development Select Committee. Furren policy an international development wis amang his pairlamentary interests, wi speciefic areas o concern bein [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] an Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitaker|first=Andrew|title='I never thought I'd have to fight a political battle for my own country', says Labour MP|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk-news/i-never-thought-id-have-fight-political-battle-my-own-country-says-labour-mp-2473120|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> He wis co-chair o the All Party Parliamentary Group on anti-corruption as weel, an wis a memmer o the Welfare Reform Bill Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2009|title=Anas Sarwar|url=http://www.scottishlabour.org.uk/anas|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111060858/http://www.scottishlabour.org.uk/anas|archive-date=11 January 2012|access-date=13 March 2012|publisher=Scottish Labour}}</ref> In Januar 2013, Sarwar wis awairdit the Politician of the Year awaird at the British Muslim Awards.<ref name="asianimage1">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2013|title=Winners honoured at British Muslim Awards|publisher=Asian Image|url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/10197507.Winners_honoured_at_British_Muslim_Awards/|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Sarwar teuk a strang line in atteckin baith the "Bedroom Tax" an the Scots Guvernment fur its failure tae lessen its waur effecks. In a vote on its repeal, Sarwar wis in [[Pakistan]], giein a speak tae students at Hajvery University, an sicweys wis paired aff wi a [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative]] MP, cancellin oot the twa votes. He wis criticised fur his absence bi the [[Scots National Pairty|SNP]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edward|first=Rhiannon|date=14 November 2013|title=Scots Labour MPs slammed after bedroom tax no-show|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/scots-labour-mps-slammed-after-bedroom-tax-no-show-1-3189157|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> In 2014, Sarwar wis criticised fur walin tae pit his son tae Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil, a independent scuil an the selsame schuil that he hissel got his scuilin at, raither nor a state schuil. [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]] John Wilson statit: "Anas Sarwar ance again shaws the hypocrisy o the Labour Pairty – speakin o social justice and stickin up for public services while sendin his ain wean tae a private scuil."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hutcheon|first=Paul|date=26 January 2014|title=Labour's deputy leader under fire for sending son to Glasgow private school|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/labours-deputy-leader-under-fire-for-sending-son-to-glasgow-private-school.23269520|access-date=27 February 2021|website=The Herald}}</ref> Frae the 5 November 2014 til the 8 Mey 2015, Sarwar wis Labour's Shadae Meenister fur International Development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anas Sarwar given new Labour international role|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/scottish-labour-deputy-leader-anas-sarwar-promoted-to-shadow-cabinet.1415217814|website=Herald Scotland}}</ref> In Januar 2015, he wis awairdit the Spirit of Britain awaird at that yeir's British Muslim Awards.<ref name="asianimage2">{{Cite news|date=23 January 2015|title=British Muslim Awards 2015 finalists unveiled|publisher=Asian Image|url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/business/11745550.British_Muslim_Awards_2015_finalists_unveiled/|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=2015-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730005602/http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/business/11745550.British_Muslim_Awards_2015_finalists_unveiled/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], he lost his Glesga Central seat tae [[Alison Thewliss]] o the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP). === Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty: 2011–2014 === [[File:United_with_Labour_launch.jpg|left|thumb|Margaret Curran, Sarwar, Johann Lamont an [[Gordon Brown]] at the launch o United with Labour]] In December 2011, Sarwar wis eleckit Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty gettin 51.10% o the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 December 2011|title=Johann Lamont named new Scottish Labour leader|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-16217972}}</ref> In 2012, he wis appyntit tae co-ordinate Scots Labour's [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|2014 Scots independence referendum]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferguson|first=Mark|date=16 December 2012|title=Anas Sarwar to co-ordinate Labour's Scottish Referendum Campaign|url=https://labourlist.org/2012/12/anas-sarwar-to-co-ordinate-labours-scottish-referendum-campaign/|website=LabourList}}</ref> The campaign, alang wi Better Together, wis ultimately successfu, wi Scotland votin 55% tae 45% tae bide in the Unitit Kinrick. Houaniver, Scots Labour wis near pit oot in a SNP laundslide victory at the 2015 general election. Follaein the demittin o Johann Lamont on the 25 October 2014, Sarwar becam actin leader til a new leader wis eleckit. On the 30 October, he pat forrit his demission as deputy leader at a Labour Pairty dinner in [[Glesga]]. In November 2020, Sarwar wis makit Scots Labour Spokesbody fur the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PA Media|date=2020-11-16|title=Anas Sarwar returns to Labour frontbench in reshuffle https://news.stv.tv/politics/anas-sarwar-returns-to-labour-frontbench-in-reshuffle|website=STV News|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Early tenure as Member of the Scottish Parliament: 2016–2021 === [[File:Anas_Sarwar_MSP.jpg|thumb|Offeicial pairlamentary portrait, 2016]] Sarwar wis eleckit as a addietional memmer in the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016 Scots Pairlament election]] fur the Glesga region. In 2016, he wis makit Scots Labour Spokesbody fur Health and Sport. In September 2017, he annunced his candidacy fur the Scots Labour leadership follaein the demission o [[Kezia Dugdale]].<ref name="bbc-20170904">{{Cite news|date=4 September 2017|title=MSP Anas Sarwar launches Scottish Labour leadership bid|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41146997|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> He lost tae his opponent, [[Richard Leonard]]. On the 4 October 2018, he wis sacked frae his posietion as Health and Sport Spokesperson, statin he haed ainly lairnt o the sackin on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BBC Scotland|date=2018-10-04|title=Sarwar and Baillie out in Scottish Labour reshuffle|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-45749855|access-date=2018-10-04|website=BBC News}}</ref> In the 2017 leadership election, [[Ruglen|Rutherglen]] coonciller Davie McLachlan wis alleged tae hae said "Scotland wadna vote for a broun Muslim Paki". In Apryle 2019, Sarwar's case agin McLachlan wis due tae be heard bi the National Constitutional Committee but wis drappit on a technicality, for Sarwar haednae gien his case athin a nairae timescale that haed been gien oot at short notice. Richard Leonard acknawledged the process wis flawed an the committee wid need tae be reformt tae jouk seemlar incidents.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Andrews|first=Kieran|date=2 May 2019|title=Richard Leonard: Labour complaints procedure flawed|language=en|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/richard-leonard-labour-complaints-procedure-flawed-9xl78sjr8|access-date=5 June 2019|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In November 2019, Sarwar wis gien access tae a leaked report frae 2015 that haed consiedert infection controls at Queen Elizabeth University Hospital tae be at "high risk". 10-year-auld patient Milly Main deet in the hospital in 2017 frae a watter infection, while she wis thare tae win abuin her leukaemia. Sarwar raised the leaked report's findins in a Scots Pairlament debate whaur he wis critical o NHS Greater Glesga and Clyde fur nae closin certain hospital wairds despite the report's findins. As Main wis constituent o his, he requestit on behauf o Main's mitther a repone frae [[First Meenister o Scotland|First Mienister]] [[Nicola Sturgeon]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-29|title='Milly would be here' had hospital followed advice|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-50596004|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref> === Director o Sarwar Foundation: 2019–present === In Mairch 2019, Sarwar becam Director o the Sarwar Foundation (umwhilie, UCare Foundation), a chairity that operates in Pakistan. === Heidship o the Scots Labour Pairty: 2021–the noo === Efter the demission o Richard Leonard in 2021, Sarwar wis eleckit as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty, takin 57.56% o the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodgers|first=Sienna|date=2021-02-27|title=Anas Sarwar elected as new leader of Scottish Labour Party|url=https://labourlist.org/2021/02/anas-sarwar-elected-as-new-leader-of-scottish-labour-party/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sarwar an some in the media jaloused this makit him the first ethnic minority body tae be the heid o a major UK political pairty,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=27 February 2021|title=Anas Sarwar wins Scottish Labour leadership election|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/feb/27/anas-sarwar-wins-scottish-labour-leadership-election|access-date=28 February 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> awtho ''The Spectator'' pyntit tae political leaders o [[Jews|Jewish]] strynd siclike as Benjamin Disraeli, Michael Howard an [[Ed Miliband]] while acknawledgin he wis the first [[Muslim]] an body o Aisian strynd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daisley|first=Stephen|date=27 February 2021|title=Can Anas Sarwar save Scottish Labour?|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/can-anas-sarwar-restore-scottish-labour-|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-27|website=The Spectator}}</ref> Sarwar wis waled tae staund agin [[Nicola Sturgeon]] in Glesga Soothside at the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2021|2021 Scots Pairlament election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davidson|first=Gina|date=1 March 2021|title=Anas Sarwar reveals Labour frontbench to take party into election|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-reveals-labour-frontbench-to-take-party-into-election-3150578|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref> == Ideology == Descrieved as bein on the political richt o the Labour Pairty, Sarwar identifies as a Brownite an haes been critical o baith [[Tony Blair]] an [[Jeremy Corbyn]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=2017-09-20|title=Scottish Labour candidate Anas Sarwar laughs off 'neoliberal Blairite' tag|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/20/scottish-labour-candidate-anas-sarwar-laughs-off-neoliberal-blairite-tag|access-date=2019-08-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He says umwhile Prime Mienister [[Gordon Brown]] is ane o his political heroes. Sarwar haes been gey critical o the [[Iraq War]], cawin it "the warst furrin policy decision in my lifetime".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rampen|first=Julia|date=13 October 2017|title=Scottish Labour leadership hopeful Anas Sarwar: "I'm the anti-establishment candidate"|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/scotland/2017/10/scottish-labour-leadership-hopeful-anas-sarwar-im-anti-establishment|access-date=27 February 2021|website=New Statesman}}</ref> Sarwar wis agin [[Brexit|leavin]] the [[European Union]] an threapit the UK needit tae bide in the single mercat for tae conter the Conservatives' austerity policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarwar|first=Anas|date=13 October 2017|title=Anas Sarwar: Tackling austerity means we must stay in the single market forever|url=https://labourlist.org/2017/10/anas-sarwar-tackling-austerity-means-we-must-stay-in-the-single-market-forever/|access-date=27 February 2021|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> Despite haein criticised Corbyn in the bygane, Sarwar threapit that his economic plans wid be "faur mair progressive and radicaler" nor thae policies o Corbyn an [[John McDonnell (politeecian)|John McDonnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodgers|first=Sienna|date=10 February 2021|title=Sarwar: Scottish Labour's tax policies "will be more radical than Corbyn's"|url=https://labourlist.org/2021/02/sarwar-scottish-labours-tax-policies-will-be-more-radical-than-corbyns/|access-date=27 February 2021|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Personal life == Sarwar is mairit on Furheen, that wirks as an [[Naitional Heal Service|NHS]] dentist, an thay hae three bairns.<ref name="sdmag-20100830">{{Cite news|date=30 August 2010|title=A question of politics|work=Scottish Dental magazine|url=http://sdmag.co.uk/2010/08/30/question_of_politics/|access-date=29 October 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://sdmag.co.uk/2010/08/30/question_of_politics/ "A question of politics"]. ''Scottish Dental magazine''. 30 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="bbc-20170923">{{Cite news|date=23 September 2017|title=Anas Sarwar relinquishes shares in family firm|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41372373|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> He is a Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 September 2017|title=Anas Sarwar - My Unionism will never be in doubt|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-my-unionism-will-never-be-in-doubt-1-4563064|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> He awns a quarter share o his faimily's cash an cairy halesale business; his share wis valued in 2016 as wirth atween £2.7 million an £4.8 million.<ref name="heraldscotland-20170831">{{Cite news|last=Gordon|first=Tom|date=31 August 2017|title=Labour frontrunner faces backlash over wealth, schooling and opposition to Corbyn|work=The Herald|location=Scotland|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15504860.Labour_frontrunner_faces_backlash_over_wealth__schooling_and_opposition_to_Corbyn/|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> In September 2017, Sarwar transferrt his shareholding tae a discretionary trust fur the benefit of his three bairns, sae's he cidna personally access the assets or dividends. == References == {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Pakistani strynd]] [[Category:Scots Muslims]] [[Category:Scots Labour Pairty MPs]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Labour MSPs]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Glesga]] azubl7a6081nd84zhgrdd155gs7vxax 924790 924786 2026-10-19T00:06:24Z CiphriusKane 74958 924790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Anas Sarwar|successor1=[[Jim Murphy]]|alma_mater=[[University o Glesga]]|relatives=[[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar|Mohammad Sarwar]] (faither)|children=3|spouse={{marriage|Furheen Ashrif|2006}}|party=[[Scots Labour]]|birth_place=[[Glesga]], Scotland|birth_date={{birth date and age|1983|3|14|df=y}}|successor3=[[Kezia Dugdale]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Shadow posts |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office2 = [[Cabinet Secretary for the Constitution, Europe and External Affairs|Scots Labour Spokesbodie for the Constitution]] | leader2 = [[Richard Leonard]]<br />[[Jackie Baillie]] (Acting) | term_start2 = 16 November 2020 | term_end2 = 1 March 2021 | predecessor2 = [[Alex Rowley]] | successor2 = [[Colin Smyth]] | office4 = [[Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport|Scots Labour Spokesbodie for Health and Sport]] | leader4 = [[Kezia Dugdale]]<br>[[Richard Leonard]] | term_start4 = 25 Mey 2016 | term_end4 = 4 October 2018 | predecessor4 = [[Jenny Marra]] | successor4 = [[Monica Lennon]] | office5 = [[Department for International Development|Shadow Minister for International Development]] | leader5 = [[Ed Miliband]] | term_start5 = 5 November 2014 | term_end5 = 8 May 2015 | predecessor5 = [[Alison McGovern]] | successor5 = [[Mike Kane]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Parliamentary offices |cont=yes |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office6 = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament]]<br />for [[Glesga (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Glesga]]<br />{{nobold|(1 o 7 Regional MSPs)}} | term_start6 = 5 Mey 2016 | term_end6 = | predecessor6 = | successor6 = | office7 = [[Member o Pairlament (UK)|Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[Glesga Central (UK Pairlament constituency)|Glesga Central]] | term_start7 = 6 Mey 2010 | term_end7 = 30 Mairch 2015 | predecessor7 = [[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar|Mohammad Sarwar]] | successor7 = [[Alison Thewliss]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }}|predecessor3=[[Johann Lamont]]|term_end3=13 December 2014|term_start3=17 December 2011|leader3=[[Johann Lamont]]|office3=[[Scottish Labour#Deputy Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty|Deputy Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty]]|predecessor1=[[Johann Lamont]]|honorific-suffix=[[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]|term_end1=13 December 2014|term_start1=24 October 2014|1namedata1=[[Ed Miliband]]|1blankname1=[[Leader o the Labor Pairty (UK)|UK&nbsp;party&nbsp;leader]]|termlabel1=[[2014 Scots Labour leadership election|Actin]]|predecessor=[[Richard Leonard]]|deputy=[[Jackie Baillie]]|1namedata=[[Keir Starmer]]|1blankname=[[Leader o the Labor Pairty (UK)|UK&nbsp;party&nbsp;leader]]|term_end=|term_start=27 February 2021|office=[[Scottish Labour#Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty|Leader o the Scots Labor Pairty]]|image=[[File:Anas Sarwar MSP.jpg|220px]]|website={{Official URL}}}}'''Anas Sarwar''' (born 14 Mairch 1983) is a Scots politician that haes serrt as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty sin 2021. He haes been a [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament]] (MSP) fur the Glesga region sin [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016]], haein been Member o Parliament (MP) fur Glesga Central frae [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010]] til [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015]]. Ideologically, he identifies as a Brownite. Born in [[Glesga]] tae Pakistani [[Muslim]] parents, Sarwar got his scuilin at Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil an studied general dentistry at the [[Glesga Varsity|University o Glesga]]. He wirkit in [[Paisley]] as a dentist til he wis eleckit as Memmer o Pairlament fur the Glesga Central seat at the [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010 general election]] whan he succeedit his reteerin faither, Mohammad Sarwar. In his time in the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]], he serrt as Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty frae 2011 til 2014. Sarwar lost his seat tae the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP) at the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]]. Efter depairtin [[Wastmeenster|Wastmeinster]], he wis eleckit at the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016 Scottish Parliament election]] on the Glesga regional leet. He stuid fur pairty heidship at the 2017 Scots Labour leadership election but lost tae [[Richard Leonard]], an wis eleckit as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty in the 2021 leadership election. == Early life an thrift == Sarwar wis born on the 14 Mairch 1983 in [[Glesga]] tae Perveen an Mohammad Sarwar, baith Pakistani [[Muslim]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anas Sarwar|work=Democracy Live|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/58360.stm|url-status=dead|access-date=25 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322042434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/58360.stm|archive-date=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=2009-08-03|title=Dynastic Glaswegian keen to prove he is his own man|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/aug/03/anas-sarwar-labour|access-date=2018-01-20|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U251464|access-date=13 March 2012|publisher=Ukwhoswho.com}}</ref> He is the youngest o fower bairns angot his scuilin at Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil, a independent schuil in Glesga. He graduatit frae the [[Glesga Varsity|University o Glesga]] wi a degree in general dentistry in 2005, becomin an [[Naitional Heal Service|NHS]] general dentist in [[Paisley]] until 2010 whan he wis eleckit as an MP.<ref name="sdmag-20100830" /> Sarwar becam a memmer o Scots Labour at the age o 16 an wis an executive memmer o Scottish Young Labour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Scottish Labour leader Anas Sarwar? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c6pp9el37jjo |access-date=19 October 2026 |work=BBC News |date=2 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peterkin |first1=Tom |title=Anas Sarwar is the brightest of the bright young things |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-is-the-brightest-of-the-bright-young-things-1650356 |access-date=18 October 2026 |work=The Scotsman |date=18 December 2011 |language=en}}</ref> He later jynt the [[Co-operative Pairty|Co-operative Party]], Fabian Society, trade unions Unite an Community an pressure group Progress, whaur he serrt as a vice-chair.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Progress annual conference 2011 – Progress – News and debate from the progressive community|url=http://www.progressonline.org.uk/2011/03/29/progress-annual-conference-2011/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810232129/http://www.progressonline.org.uk/2011/03/29/progress-annual-conference-2011/|archive-date=10 August 2016|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> == Political career == === 2007 Scots Pairlament election === Fur the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2007|2007 Scottish Parliament election]], Sarwar wis waled tae staund as the heidmaist regional leet candidate fur the Glesga region.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} He wis a memmer o Labour's Scottish Policy Forum that wis responsible fur makin the Scots Labour Pairty manifesto fur that election, but wi nae success.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peterkin|first=Tom|date=18 December 2011|title=Anas Sarwar is the brightest of the bright young things – Politics|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-brightest-bright-young-things-1650356|access-date=13 March 2012|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> === Memmer o Pairlament: 2010–2015 === Sarwar wis eleckit at the [[2010 Unitit Kinrick general election|2010 general election]] as MP fur Glesga Central, succeedin his faither Mohammad Sarwar, the first-iver [[Muslim]] MP in the UK, winnin wi a greater majority nor the last election.{{citation needed|date=October 2026}} He wis eleckit bi colleagues tae serr on the International Development Select Committee. Furren policy an international development wis amang his pairlamentary interests, wi speciefic areas o concern bein [[State o Palestine|Palestine]] an Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitaker|first=Andrew|title='I never thought I'd have to fight a political battle for my own country', says Labour MP|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk-news/i-never-thought-id-have-fight-political-battle-my-own-country-says-labour-mp-2473120|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> He wis co-chair o the All Party Parliamentary Group on anti-corruption as weel, an wis a memmer o the Welfare Reform Bill Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2009|title=Anas Sarwar|url=http://www.scottishlabour.org.uk/anas|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111060858/http://www.scottishlabour.org.uk/anas|archive-date=11 January 2012|access-date=13 March 2012|publisher=Scottish Labour}}</ref> In Januar 2013, Sarwar wis awairdit the Politician of the Year awaird at the British Muslim Awards.<ref name="asianimage1">{{Cite news|date=31 January 2013|title=Winners honoured at British Muslim Awards|publisher=Asian Image|url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/10197507.Winners_honoured_at_British_Muslim_Awards/|access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Sarwar teuk a strang line in atteckin baith the "Bedroom Tax" an the Scots Guvernment fur its failure tae lessen its waur effecks. In a vote on its repeal, Sarwar wis in [[Pakistan]], giein a speak tae students at Hajvery University, an sicweys wis paired aff wi a [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative]] MP, cancellin oot the twa votes. He wis criticised fur his absence bi the [[Scots National Pairty|SNP]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edward|first=Rhiannon|date=14 November 2013|title=Scots Labour MPs slammed after bedroom tax no-show|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/scots-labour-mps-slammed-after-bedroom-tax-no-show-1-3189157|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> In 2014, Sarwar wis criticised fur walin tae pit his son tae Hutchesons' Grammar Scuil, a independent scuil an the selsame schuil that he hissel got his scuilin at, raither nor a state schuil. [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]] John Wilson statit: "Anas Sarwar ance again shaws the hypocrisy o the Labour Pairty – speakin o social justice and stickin up for public services while sendin his ain wean tae a private scuil."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hutcheon|first=Paul|date=26 January 2014|title=Labour's deputy leader under fire for sending son to Glasgow private school|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/labours-deputy-leader-under-fire-for-sending-son-to-glasgow-private-school.23269520|access-date=27 February 2021|website=The Herald}}</ref> Frae the 5 November 2014 til the 8 Mey 2015, Sarwar wis Labour's Shadae Meenister fur International Development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anas Sarwar given new Labour international role|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/scottish-labour-deputy-leader-anas-sarwar-promoted-to-shadow-cabinet.1415217814|website=Herald Scotland}}</ref> In Januar 2015, he wis awairdit the Spirit of Britain awaird at that yeir's British Muslim Awards.<ref name="asianimage2">{{Cite news|date=23 January 2015|title=British Muslim Awards 2015 finalists unveiled|publisher=Asian Image|url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/business/11745550.British_Muslim_Awards_2015_finalists_unveiled/|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=2015-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730005602/http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/business/11745550.British_Muslim_Awards_2015_finalists_unveiled/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|2015 general election]], he lost his Glesga Central seat tae [[Alison Thewliss]] o the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP). === Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty: 2011–2014 === [[File:United_with_Labour_launch.jpg|left|thumb|Margaret Curran, Sarwar, Johann Lamont an [[Gordon Brown]] at the launch o United with Labour]] In December 2011, Sarwar wis eleckit Deputy Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty gettin 51.10% o the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 December 2011|title=Johann Lamont named new Scottish Labour leader|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-16217972}}</ref> In 2012, he wis appyntit tae co-ordinate Scots Labour's [[Scots independence referendum, 2014|2014 Scots independence referendum]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferguson|first=Mark|date=16 December 2012|title=Anas Sarwar to co-ordinate Labour's Scottish Referendum Campaign|url=https://labourlist.org/2012/12/anas-sarwar-to-co-ordinate-labours-scottish-referendum-campaign/|website=LabourList}}</ref> The campaign, alang wi Better Together, wis ultimately successfu, wi Scotland votin 55% tae 45% tae bide in the Unitit Kinrick. Houaniver, Scots Labour wis near pit oot in a SNP laundslide victory at the 2015 general election. Follaein the demittin o Johann Lamont on the 25 October 2014, Sarwar becam actin leader til a new leader wis eleckit. On the 30 October, he pat forrit his demission as deputy leader at a Labour Pairty dinner in [[Glesga]]. In November 2020, Sarwar wis makit Scots Labour Spokesbody fur the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PA Media|date=2020-11-16|title=Anas Sarwar returns to Labour frontbench in reshuffle https://news.stv.tv/politics/anas-sarwar-returns-to-labour-frontbench-in-reshuffle|website=STV News|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Early tenure as Member of the Scottish Parliament: 2016–2021 === [[File:Anas_Sarwar_MSP.jpg|thumb|Offeicial pairlamentary portrait, 2016]] Sarwar wis eleckit as a addietional memmer in the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2016|2016 Scots Pairlament election]] fur the Glesga region. In 2016, he wis makit Scots Labour Spokesbody fur Health and Sport. In September 2017, he annunced his candidacy fur the Scots Labour leadership follaein the demission o [[Kezia Dugdale]].<ref name="bbc-20170904">{{Cite news|date=4 September 2017|title=MSP Anas Sarwar launches Scottish Labour leadership bid|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41146997|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> He lost tae his opponent, [[Richard Leonard]]. On the 4 October 2018, he wis sacked frae his posietion as Health and Sport Spokesperson, statin he haed ainly lairnt o the sackin on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BBC Scotland|date=2018-10-04|title=Sarwar and Baillie out in Scottish Labour reshuffle|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-45749855|access-date=2018-10-04|website=BBC News}}</ref> In the 2017 leadership election, [[Ruglen|Rutherglen]] coonciller Davie McLachlan wis alleged tae hae said "Scotland wadna vote for a broun Muslim Paki". In Apryle 2019, Sarwar's case agin McLachlan wis due tae be heard bi the National Constitutional Committee but wis drappit on a technicality, for Sarwar haednae gien his case athin a nairae timescale that haed been gien oot at short notice. Richard Leonard acknawledged the process wis flawed an the committee wid need tae be reformt tae jouk seemlar incidents.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Andrews|first=Kieran|date=2 May 2019|title=Richard Leonard: Labour complaints procedure flawed|language=en|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/richard-leonard-labour-complaints-procedure-flawed-9xl78sjr8|access-date=5 June 2019|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In November 2019, Sarwar wis gien access tae a leaked report frae 2015 that haed consiedert infection controls at Queen Elizabeth University Hospital tae be at "high risk". 10-year-auld patient Milly Main deet in the hospital in 2017 frae a watter infection, while she wis thare tae win abuin her leukaemia. Sarwar raised the leaked report's findins in a Scots Pairlament debate whaur he wis critical o NHS Greater Glesga and Clyde fur nae closin certain hospital wairds despite the report's findins. As Main wis constituent o his, he requestit on behauf o Main's mitther a repone frae [[First Meenister o Scotland|First Mienister]] [[Nicola Sturgeon]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-29|title='Milly would be here' had hospital followed advice|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-50596004|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref> === Director o Sarwar Foundation: 2019–present === In Mairch 2019, Sarwar becam Director o the Sarwar Foundation (umwhilie, UCare Foundation), a chairity that operates in Pakistan. === Heidship o the Scots Labour Pairty: 2021–2026 === Efter the demission o Richard Leonard in 2021, Sarwar wis eleckit as Leader o the Scots Labour Pairty, takin 57.56% o the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodgers|first=Sienna|date=2021-02-27|title=Anas Sarwar elected as new leader of Scottish Labour Party|url=https://labourlist.org/2021/02/anas-sarwar-elected-as-new-leader-of-scottish-labour-party/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sarwar an some in the media jaloused this makit him the first ethnic minority body tae be the heid o a major UK political pairty,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=27 February 2021|title=Anas Sarwar wins Scottish Labour leadership election|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/feb/27/anas-sarwar-wins-scottish-labour-leadership-election|access-date=28 February 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> awtho ''The Spectator'' pyntit tae political leaders o [[Jews|Jewish]] strynd siclike as Benjamin Disraeli, Michael Howard an [[Ed Miliband]] while acknawledgin he wis the first [[Muslim]] an body o Aisian strynd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daisley|first=Stephen|date=27 February 2021|title=Can Anas Sarwar save Scottish Labour?|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/can-anas-sarwar-restore-scottish-labour-|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-27|website=The Spectator}}</ref> Sarwar wis waled tae staund agin [[Nicola Sturgeon]] in Glesga Soothside at the [[Scots Pairlament election, 2021|2021 Scots Pairlament election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davidson|first=Gina|date=1 March 2021|title=Anas Sarwar reveals Labour frontbench to take party into election|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-reveals-labour-frontbench-to-take-party-into-election-3150578|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref> In Julie 2026, Sarwar demittit fae the heidship tae tak up a seat in the Hoose o Lairds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pease |first1=Victoria |title=Sarwar: Burnham FM comments weren't an attack, the SNP should work with him |url=https://news.stv.tv/politics/anas-sarwar-says-andy-burnhams-swinney-comments-werent-an-attack-at-labour-conference |access-date=19 October 2026 |work=STV News |date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Ideology == Descrieved as bein on the political richt o the Labour Pairty, Sarwar identifies as a Brownite an haes been critical o baith [[Tony Blair]] an [[Jeremy Corbyn]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carrell|first=Severin|date=2017-09-20|title=Scottish Labour candidate Anas Sarwar laughs off 'neoliberal Blairite' tag|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/20/scottish-labour-candidate-anas-sarwar-laughs-off-neoliberal-blairite-tag|access-date=2019-08-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He says umwhile Prime Mienister [[Gordon Brown]] is ane o his political heroes. Sarwar haes been gey critical o the [[Iraq War]], cawin it "the warst furrin policy decision in my lifetime".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rampen|first=Julia|date=13 October 2017|title=Scottish Labour leadership hopeful Anas Sarwar: "I'm the anti-establishment candidate"|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/scotland/2017/10/scottish-labour-leadership-hopeful-anas-sarwar-im-anti-establishment|access-date=27 February 2021|website=New Statesman}}</ref> Sarwar wis agin [[Brexit|leavin]] the [[European Union]] an threapit the UK needit tae bide in the single mercat for tae conter the Conservatives' austerity policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarwar|first=Anas|date=13 October 2017|title=Anas Sarwar: Tackling austerity means we must stay in the single market forever|url=https://labourlist.org/2017/10/anas-sarwar-tackling-austerity-means-we-must-stay-in-the-single-market-forever/|access-date=27 February 2021|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> Despite haein criticised Corbyn in the bygane, Sarwar threapit that his economic plans wid be "faur mair progressive and radicaler" nor thae policies o Corbyn an [[John McDonnell (politeecian)|John McDonnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodgers|first=Sienna|date=10 February 2021|title=Sarwar: Scottish Labour's tax policies "will be more radical than Corbyn's"|url=https://labourlist.org/2021/02/sarwar-scottish-labours-tax-policies-will-be-more-radical-than-corbyns/|access-date=27 February 2021|website=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Personal life == Sarwar is mairit on Furheen, that wirks as an [[Naitional Heal Service|NHS]] dentist, an thay hae three bairns.<ref name="sdmag-20100830">{{Cite news|date=30 August 2010|title=A question of politics|work=Scottish Dental magazine|url=http://sdmag.co.uk/2010/08/30/question_of_politics/|access-date=29 October 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://sdmag.co.uk/2010/08/30/question_of_politics/ "A question of politics"]. ''Scottish Dental magazine''. 30 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="bbc-20170923">{{Cite news|date=23 September 2017|title=Anas Sarwar relinquishes shares in family firm|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41372373|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> He is a Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 September 2017|title=Anas Sarwar - My Unionism will never be in doubt|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/anas-sarwar-my-unionism-will-never-be-in-doubt-1-4563064|website=The Scotsman}}</ref> He awns a quarter share o his faimily's cash an cairy halesale business; his share wis valued in 2016 as wirth atween £2.7 million an £4.8 million.<ref name="heraldscotland-20170831">{{Cite news|last=Gordon|first=Tom|date=31 August 2017|title=Labour frontrunner faces backlash over wealth, schooling and opposition to Corbyn|work=The Herald|location=Scotland|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15504860.Labour_frontrunner_faces_backlash_over_wealth__schooling_and_opposition_to_Corbyn/|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> In September 2017, Sarwar transferrt his shareholding tae a discretionary trust fur the benefit of his three bairns, sae's he cidna personally access the assets or dividends. == References == {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:Scots fowk o Pakistani strynd]] [[Category:Scots Muslims]] [[Category:Scots Labour Pairty MPs]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Labour MSPs]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Politeecians frae Glesga]] tjw9aphcvjp7af18ksd4xq60uqfjchm 3 232728 924780 924578 2026-10-18T20:53:13Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 /* Noticed something interesting */ Replie 924780 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Hullo, a'll dae it whan a hae time. A'm aye wirkin on mony airticles, an whan a'v finished thaim, a'll creaut yer Bambi airticle. If a kin, a will dae it on Monanday or Tysday o the comin week. Hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:12, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) :::Jist a heids ap, the eeser aat postit iss message is a LTA aat's been globally lockit fur abuiss [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:23, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Walcomin fowks == Hey, fan yer giein fowks the walcom template kin ye pit "subst:" afore it? It shid leuk lik <nowiki>{{subst:walcome}}</nowiki>. Same applies fur aa collogue templates siclik wairnins. Iss pits the tex o the template on the page, meanin aat it'll nae be affeckit bi later changes ti the template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:09, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Hey @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], thank ye fur lettin me ken, it's fixed nou! Coud ye gie me the ither templates tae pit in uiser collogues? In pairticulair, the ane tae wairn a uiser nae tae replace Scots tex wi Inglis; that wad be helpfu. Thank ye ! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:58, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{subst:uw-english1}} ::{{subst:uw-vandalism1}} ::{{subst:uw-disruptive1}} ::</nowiki> ::Gin ye dae a rake fur "Template:uw" there'll be sum ithers [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:22, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Wairnin fowks == Hey Fan ye wairn fowk, ainly dae een at a time please. It's nae a strike system an pilin on multiple wairnins afore they kin tak tent o the first defeats the purpose o the wairnin, ti gie the eeser a chance ti change their behaviour. Gie them time ti actual read the wairnin in futur please. Gin need be, ye kin aye skip lawer wairnins (there's e'en <nowiki>{{Warn3}}</nowiki> fur obvious vandals), sae jist a uw-disruptive2 wid hae sufficed fur the Messi eeser. Gif ye'v ony forder speirins feel free ti sey an aa aat jazz. FFIW, a'd near blockit them as nae bein here ti contreibut bit a doot they'll be back. Seems lik they wis jist wintin ti write a blog post an they'v effeckivly deen aat sae nae need ti prevent forder edits [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:28, 30 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Thanks fur lettin me ken, nixt time a'll gie thaim sum time tae leuk intae it. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:12, 30 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Twathree things == Hey A'd appreciate it gin ye'd nae wairn fowks fan a revert them an dinna wairn them masel. A kin wairn fowks fine an aften a wale nae ti dae sae acause a'm howpin they'd see the revert/edit summar an figur oot fit they did wrang, or it's a ae-aff instance aat's nae wirth fashin ower an makkin ae unnecessary page fur. Plus the leid in the wairnins gies aff the impression aat yer the een daein the reverts Second, kin ye try an combine the nummer ae minor edits aat ye dae? There's really nae need fur stuff lik [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harald_V_o_Norawa&diff=922151&oldid=922144 iss] ti tak seivin edits, espeicial in a five meenit timespan. There's a "scance ower" button fur a raeson, an e'en a preview button aat shaws the changes on the same page. A'd appreciate gif ye'd eese it An a'd howp aat a'd nae hae ti sey iss, bit tak tent ti provide references fur the airticles aat ye create, espeicial gin it contains controversial material. Accusin sumbidy ae distributin CP athoot ony references wid be grunds fur a block gin it persistit [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:01, 30 August 2026 (UTC) :Hey @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], :A thocht a wis daein the richt thing bi postin wairnins semply tae inform uisers; frae nou on, a will uise edit summaries tae pynt oot issues an will anly post a wairnin on a uiser's collogue page if the problem persists. :In the futur, a will group ma edits as ye requestit; a unnerstaund the pynt ye are makin. :Regairdin the references, a gree—a shoud hae includit thaim. A owersettit the tex directly frae the Inglis Wikipaedia airticle an saw yer edit, but a didna re-eik the tex acause it lackit references, even tho soorces existit in the Inglis version. Frae nou on, a will include references richt awey afore muivin on tae create anither airticle. :Lik ye, a semply want tae mak a positive contreibution tae the Scots Wikipaedia; a unnerstaund whit ye’v seyed, an a will avoid makin thir mistaks in the futur. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:21, 3 September 2026 (UTC) ::Yer free ti wairn fowks aat ye revert as seen as ye like, jis let me wairn them masel gin a revert them is aa. Ye hae yer style an a hae mine, an a'd nae force mine on yers an jis dinna wint ye forcin yers on mine. ::An a anely realised later aat it wis ae owersettin. Yer free ti re-eik the text a teuk oot as lang as ye soorce it, e'en gin ye jis copypaste the soorce fae enwiki (tho a'd ask aat ye dooble chack the soorce gin ye dae aat an update the reference access date, acause sumtimes their soorcin kin fail verification or suitability). Aiblins eese yer uiserspace sae ye kin wirk on yer owersettins til yer hairt's content. ::An jis ti mak it clear, gin ye dae ae edit then see summat else needin sortit later or ye dae multiple muckel edits, aat's fine; a'v deen aat masel an a'v seen Atlantic tak oot seevral bad refs ower multiple edits acause they'r likely gangin doon the list. It's jis multiple smaa edits in a short timeframe aat it's spammy/problematic [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:13, 4 September 2026 (UTC) :::A'm sairy, a didna mean tae push ma awn wirkin weys on ye. A ken it wisna richt ava, an a'm awfu sairy fur aw the edits afore iss that caused ony fash. Please ken a deeply respeck yer contreibutions an yer haurd wirk fur iss Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:07, 5 September 2026 (UTC) == Yves Pignot == Hello A'v flit ae airticle ye makkit, Yves Pignot, ti yer eeserspace ([[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78/Yves Pignot]]) as it is haley unsuitable as it staunds. It's the sort o airticle aat cid hae been X1 deletit gin it'd been makkit afore the wikistooshie, an the ainly raeson a didna pit it ti VfD wis acause there is likely room ti impreeve the airticle. A'd sey try the French airticle ([[:fr:Yves Pignot]]) tho aat airticle is lackin soorces [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:44, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], :A gree wi ye, an a'm shuir the airtin kin be impruived. A will mak the necessar chynges based on the French Wikipaedia airtin an leuk intae eikit ither soorces. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 12:16, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Noticed something interesting == I noticed that Scots using "overset" as a word for translate. I guess that is Old Norse influenced, because the Swedish equivalent is "översätt". Pronounced like, in English spelling rules, "oo-ver-set". And it also directly translates to "over set" in English. [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 17:24, 15 October 2026 (UTC) :Sorry, I meant "owerset". [[Uiser:Grilledcheeseisgreat|Grilledcheeseisgreat]] ([[Uiser collogue:Grilledcheeseisgreat|tauk]]) 20:53, 18 October 2026 (UTC) iolc4qzmz02486i68kxlcf31motjdhl 2 234139 924765 924759 2026-10-18T19:34:04Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 northern subject rules 924765 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}</ref> gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}</ref> [[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> == Background == Israel an Gaza haes [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}</ref> Sin the sae‑cried Nakba, Gaza haes been hauddit apairt fae muckle o the warld, an its economy haes aye been gey unstable.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arar|first=Khalid|last2=Yehia|first2=Kussai|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Fadia|title=Reflections of the national narrative on the indigenous Palestinian minority in Israel|language=en|work=Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies|publisher=Palestinian Return Centre|url=https://prc.org.uk/en/post/3702/jprs-reflections-of-the-national-narrative-on-the-indigenous-palestinian-minority-in-israel|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Effects o the war == Studies haes foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי "חרבות ברזל" לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> Baith sides haes commitit war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}</ref> A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}</ref> In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> The war has gien folk a hantle mair sympathy for the Palestinians, an the warld’s views haes realigned sair because o the conflick.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shikaki|first=Khalil|date=2026|title=After Gaza: Enduring Consequences of the War and Palestinian Strategy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep78116|journal=Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research|via=JSTOR}}</ref> == References == i1a6yfon89il53j3q5u0u60gou9lir8 924766 924765 2026-10-18T20:08:59Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 addit casualties section 924766 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Killed in Gaza {{!}} Palestine Datasets|url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=data.techforpalestine.org|language=en}}</ref> gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}</ref> [[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> == Background == Israel an Gaza haes [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}</ref> Sin the sae‑cried Nakba, Gaza haes been hauddit apairt fae muckle o the warld, an its economy haes aye been gey unstable.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arar|first=Khalid|last2=Yehia|first2=Kussai|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Fadia|title=Reflections of the national narrative on the indigenous Palestinian minority in Israel|language=en|work=Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies|publisher=Palestinian Return Centre|url=https://prc.org.uk/en/post/3702/jprs-reflections-of-the-national-narrative-on-the-indigenous-palestinian-minority-in-israel|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Effects o the war == Studies haes foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי "חרבות ברזל" לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> Baith sides haes commitit war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}</ref> A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}</ref> In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> The war has gien folk a hantle mair sympathy for the Palestinians, an the warld’s views haes realigned sair because o the conflick.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shikaki|first=Khalil|date=2026|title=After Gaza: Enduring Consequences of the War and Palestinian Strategy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep78116|journal=Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research|via=JSTOR}}</ref> === Casualties === The war haes caused gey muckle casualties for both sides, civilian deaths is muckle higher than military ones an aw. According tae the Gazan Health Ministry, 74,000 civilians has died in the war.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2026-09-27|title=Palestinian death toll in Gaza war passes 74,000, and other Mideast news|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-iran-israel-yemen-september-27-2026-96b100178557a28f51e2ad4f74539699|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> Injuries tae civilians haes surpassed 175,000,<ref name=":1" /> wi indirect deaths possibly muckle higher.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloxham|first=Donald|date=2026-04-03|title=The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|publisher=Routledge|volume=28|issue=2|pages=294–319|doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546|issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Accordin tae Israel, 1,200 Hamas militants hae dee'd,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hamas terrorist who took part in October 7 attack among 3 operatives killed in Gaza, IDF says|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-terrorist-who-took-part-in-october-7-attack-among-3-operatives-killed-in-gaza-idf-says/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724155712/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-terrorist-who-took-part-in-october-7-attack-among-3-operatives-killed-in-gaza-idf-says/|archive-date=2026-07-24|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> 200 hae been taen captive an aw.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> On the Israeli side, at least 802 civilians haes dee'd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swords of Iron: Civilian Casualties|url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/swords-of-iron-civilian-casualties|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=gov.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-28|title=Contractor killed in Gaza identified as Kobi Avitan, 39-year-old father of 3, from Eilat|language=en|work=ynetglobal|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1hqhjldye|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724155235/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1hqhjldye|archive-date=2026-07-24}}</ref> At least 1,115 Israeli security forces haes been killt,<ref>{{Cite news|title=1,152 security personnel killed, 885 children bereaved: Two years on from Oct. 7, Defense Ministry data shows the toll of war|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/1152-security-personnel-killed-since-oct-7-defense-ministry-releases-data-on-countrys-fallen/|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Hamas took 251 hostages from Israel into Gaza. What happened to them?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/hamas-hostages-israel-war-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-18|website=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> mair than 13,500 civilians and sodgers haes been woondit an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Benson/TPS-IL|first=Pesach|date=2024-01-22|title=13,572 Israelis injured since Oct. 7|url=https://www.jns.org/israel-news/13572-israelis-injured-since-oct-7|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=Jewish News Syndicate|language=en-US}}</ref> Hamas, at the stairt o the war, took 251 Israelis hostage, o which 85 haes dee'd.<ref name=":2" /> On 26 January 2026, the last o the hostages war returned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Trump, world leaders gather in Egypt for ceasefire deal signing with Netanyahu absent|url=https://abcnews.com/International/trump-world-leaders-gather-egypt-ceasefire-deal-signing/story?id=126477199|access-date=2026-10-18|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> == References == lzqzutgirdsqvju6gbh7ketyq0s3m0v 924781 924766 2026-10-18T21:09:00Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 not gonna cite tech for palestine, because it isn't very reliable and the article covers casualties later anyway 924781 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Israel-Hamas War''' is a war in the Israeli–Palestinian conflick. It hae killt tens o thoosands, gey crackit Benjamin Netanyahu's reputation an aw. It stairtit in 2023, whan [[Hamas]] lencht the [[October 7 attacks|October 7 Attacks]]. Israel occupies aboot 60% o the [[Gaza Strip]] the nou.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-09-02|title=Netanyahu says Israel ‘not retreating’ during Gaza visit|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-we-are-not-retreating-during-gaza-visit|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0585-3923}}</ref> [[Israel]]'s deeds hae been cried a genocide, that Israel denies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Speri|first=Alice|date=2024-12-20|title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> There hae been twa ceasefires, tho baith o thaim hae fawin throu. Faimin hae wrackit Gaza sin the beginnin o the war.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-18|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|access-date=2026-10-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Untangling the Reality of Famine in Gaza|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-15|website=Refugees International|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Unitit States]] haes gien Israel gey muckle aid, but hivna gotten intae the war.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren P.|last2=Youssef|first2=Nancy A.|date=2024-03-31|title=Exclusive {{!}} U.S. and Israel’s ‘Unprecedented’ Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/|access-date=2026-10-15|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> == Background == Israel an Gaza haes [[Gaza-Israel Wars|fechtit 15 wars]] sin the beginnin o the Israel-Palestine conflick.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2024-03-18|title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=1950-6244}}</ref> Sin the sae‑cried Nakba, Gaza haes been hauddit apairt fae muckle o the warld, an its economy haes aye been gey unstable.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arar|first=Khalid|last2=Yehia|first2=Kussai|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Fadia|title=Reflections of the national narrative on the indigenous Palestinian minority in Israel|language=en|work=Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies|publisher=Palestinian Return Centre|url=https://prc.org.uk/en/post/3702/jprs-reflections-of-the-national-narrative-on-the-indigenous-palestinian-minority-in-israel|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Effects o the war == Studies haes foond that aboot 12% o Israeli sodgers in the war war unfit for militar service,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-05-07|title=מחקר: 12% מחיילי "חרבות ברזל" לא כשירים נפשית לשוב ללחימה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-05-07/ty-article/.premium/00000196-a703-d1bb-a5d6-a7f7cd840|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> an aboot 50% o reservists wi PTSD cuidna get back tae their wark an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Efrati|first=Ido|date=2025-10-30|title=מחקר: כ-50% מהמילואימניקים עם תסמיני פוסט־טראומה מתקשים לשוב לעבודה|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/health/2025-10-30/ty-article/.premium/0000019a-2acd-d856-a9ff-6eef57910000|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-17|website=Haaretz Hebrew|language=he}}</ref> Baith sides haes commitit war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-17|title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9|archive-date=2023-10-18}}</ref> A UN inquiry foond that Israel haed deliberately taigert bairns.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Sally|date=2026-06-28|title=Gaza: Israel “deliberately targeted” children, UN inquiry finds|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=393|pages=e100092|doi=10.1136/bmj-2026-100092|issn=1756-1833}}</ref> In response tae the war crimes Israel is alleged tae hae committed, the ICC issued an arrest warrent for Benjamin Netanyahu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-20|title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|last2=Bayer|first2=Lili|last3=Livingstone|first3=Helen|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2024-05-20|title=Israeli ministers condemn ICC arrest warrant call as ‘scandalous’ – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/20/iran-helicopter-crash-live-updates-ebrahim-raisi-iranian-president-search-and-rescue-middle-east-crisis-latest-news|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sooth Africae haes brocht a case afore the International Court o Justice, alleagin that Israel committed genocide in the war, on 29 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roelf|first=Wendell|last2=Sterling|first2=Toby|date=2023-12-29|title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> The war has gien folk a hantle mair sympathy for the Palestinians, an the warld’s views haes realigned sair because o the conflick.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shikaki|first=Khalil|date=2026|title=After Gaza: Enduring Consequences of the War and Palestinian Strategy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep78116|journal=Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research|via=JSTOR}}</ref> === Casualties === The war haes caused gey muckle casualties for both sides, civilian deaths is muckle higher than military ones an aw. According tae the Gazan Health Ministry, 74,000 civilians has died in the war.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2026-09-27|title=Palestinian death toll in Gaza war passes 74,000, and other Mideast news|language=en|work=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-iran-israel-yemen-september-27-2026-96b100178557a28f51e2ad4f74539699|access-date=2026-10-18}}</ref> Injuries tae civilians haes surpassed 175,000,<ref name=":1" /> wi indirect deaths possibly muckle higher.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloxham|first=Donald|date=2026-04-03|title=The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|publisher=Routledge|volume=28|issue=2|pages=294–319|doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546|issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Accordin tae Israel, 1,200 Hamas militants hae dee'd,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hamas terrorist who took part in October 7 attack among 3 operatives killed in Gaza, IDF says|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-terrorist-who-took-part-in-october-7-attack-among-3-operatives-killed-in-gaza-idf-says/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724155712/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-terrorist-who-took-part-in-october-7-attack-among-3-operatives-killed-in-gaza-idf-says/|archive-date=2026-07-24|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> 200 hae been taen captive an aw.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> On the Israeli side, at least 802 civilians haes dee'd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swords of Iron: Civilian Casualties|url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/swords-of-iron-civilian-casualties|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=gov.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-28|title=Contractor killed in Gaza identified as Kobi Avitan, 39-year-old father of 3, from Eilat|language=en|work=ynetglobal|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1hqhjldye|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724155235/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1hqhjldye|archive-date=2026-07-24}}</ref> At least 1,115 Israeli security forces haes been killt,<ref>{{Cite news|title=1,152 security personnel killed, 885 children bereaved: Two years on from Oct. 7, Defense Ministry data shows the toll of war|language=en-US|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/1152-security-personnel-killed-since-oct-7-defense-ministry-releases-data-on-countrys-fallen/|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Hamas took 251 hostages from Israel into Gaza. What happened to them?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/hamas-hostages-israel-war-gaza/|access-date=2026-10-18|website=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> mair than 13,500 civilians and sodgers haes been woondit an aw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Benson/TPS-IL|first=Pesach|date=2024-01-22|title=13,572 Israelis injured since Oct. 7|url=https://www.jns.org/israel-news/13572-israelis-injured-since-oct-7|url-status=live|access-date=2026-10-18|website=Jewish News Syndicate|language=en-US}}</ref> Hamas, at the stairt o the war, took 251 Israelis hostage, o which 85 haes dee'd.<ref name=":2" /> On 26 January 2026, the last o the hostages war returned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Trump, world leaders gather in Egypt for ceasefire deal signing with Netanyahu absent|url=https://abcnews.com/International/trump-world-leaders-gather-egypt-ceasefire-deal-signing/story?id=126477199|access-date=2026-10-18|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> == References == f276fp8w0s8tgxazidrl5d5blmwrs5b 3 234144 924767 2026-10-18T20:28:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 924767 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, İmmortalance, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/İmmortalance|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 20:28, 18 October 2026 (UTC) kwouhx5ezpmh0j1a5xqrh5v4kovu4wp 3 234145 924769 2026-10-18T20:31:03Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 924769 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Maxtomdingo, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Maxtomdingo|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 20:31, 18 October 2026 (UTC) oxs8i5s4r767d92co7lyukdmtyothsb 0 234146 924772 2026-10-18T20:35:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Reguidin tae [[Iain Stirling]] 924772 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Iain Stirling]] dxrfc2hlqqdh2ow922lsa4lyu3iisya 3 234147 924777 2026-10-18T20:43:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 924777 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, MayaDr, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/MayaDr|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 20:42, 18 October 2026 (UTC) 1dznhb09q2v8jskp78oqktrp5mxq26q 2 234148 924798 2026-10-19T00:25:36Z DonaldandDouglas1959 138906 Made page wi "{{Short description|1997 film bi Don Bluth an Gary Goldman}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox film | name = Anastasia | image = Anastasia-don-bluth.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Don Bluth]] * [[Gary Goldman]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Don Bluth * Gary Goldman }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Susan Gauthier * Bruce Graham * [[Bob Tzudiker]] * [[Noni White]] }} {{Infobox|decat=y..." 924798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1997 film bi Don Bluth an Gary Goldman}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox film | name = Anastasia | image = Anastasia-don-bluth.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Don Bluth]] * [[Gary Goldman]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Don Bluth * Gary Goldman }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Susan Gauthier * Bruce Graham * [[Bob Tzudiker]] * [[Noni White]] }} {{Infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1=Adaptation by|data1=[[Eric Tuchman]]}} | based_on = {{Plainlist| * {{based on|''[[Anastasia (1956 film)|Anastasia]]''|[[Arthur Laurents]]}} * {{based on|''[[Anastasia (play)|Anastasia]]''|[[Marcelle Maurette]]}} }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Meg Ryan]] * [[John Cusack]] * [[Kelsey Grammer]] * [[Christopher Lloyd]] * [[Hank Azaria]] * [[Bernadette Peters]] * [[Kirsten Dunst]] * [[Angela Lansbury]] }} | music = [[David Newman (composer)|David Newman]] | editing = {{Plainlist| * Bob Bender * Fiona Trayler }} | studio = [[Fox Family Films]]{{cite news|last=Petrikin|first=Chris|title=Fox renamed that toon|url=[https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/](https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/)|access-date=February 11, 2022|work=Variety|date=February 18, 1998|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204814/https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/](https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204814/https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/)|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=[https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60495-ANASTASIA](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60495-ANASTASIA)|title=Anastasia (1997)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|accessdate=December 26, 2021|archive-date=December 26, 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211226061905/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60495-ANASTASIA](https://web.archive.org/web/20211226061905/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60495-ANASTASIA)|url-status=live}} [[Fox Animation Studios]] | distributor = [[20th Century Fox]] | released = {{Film date|1997|11|14|[[Ziegfeld Theater]]|1997|11|21|United States}} | runtime = 94 meenits{{cite web|title=''ANASTASIA'' (U)|url=[https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anastasia-1998-4](https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anastasia-1998-4)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=December 5, 1997|access-date=March 19, 2013|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070343/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anastasia-1998](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070343/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anastasia-1998)|archive-date=October 6, 2014}} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $53 meelion{{cite the numbers|id=Anastasia |title=Anastasia (1997)|access-date=August 1, 2023}}{{cite web |title=Ask Us |url=[http://www.donbluth.com/askus/](http://www.donbluth.com/askus/) |website=DonBluth.com |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000914193143/http://www.donbluth.com/askus/](https://web.archive.org/web/20000914193143/http://www.donbluth.com/askus/) |archive-date=2000-09-14 |quote=Anastasia was 53 million |url-status=dead}} | gross = $140 meelion }} '''''Anastasia''''' is a 1997 American animatit musical [[historical fantasy]] film directit and produced bi [[Don Bluth]] and [[Gary Goldman]] frae a screenplay bi Susan Gauthier, Bruce Graham, [[Bob Tzudiker]], and [[Noni White]], and based on a story adaptation bi [[Eric Tuchman]]. It featurt sangs written bi [[Stephen Flaherty]] and [[Lynn Ahrens]], and a [[Film score|musical score]] componed bi [[David Newman (composer)|David Newman]]. The film starns the vyces o [[Meg Ryan]], [[John Cusack]], [[Kelsey Grammer]], [[Christopher Lloyd]], [[Hank Azaria]], [[Bernadette Peters]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], and [[Angela Lansbury]]. Set in an alternate 1926, it follaes an [[amnesia]]c [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Anastasia Romanov]] as she gangs on a jiney tae diskiver her past. ''Anastasia'' was the first [[20th Century Fox]] animatit featur film tae be produced bi its awn animation diveesion, [[20th Century Fox Animation]], throu [[Fox Animation Studios]]. The film premiered in New York City on November 14, 1997, and was released in the Unitit States on November 21. It received generally positive reviews frae creetics, wha praised the animation, vyce performaces, and soundtrack. ''Anastasia'' grossed $140 meelion warldwide, makin it the maist profitable film frae Bluth and Fox Animation Studios. It received nominations for several awairds, includin for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Sang]] ("[[Journey to the Past]]"). The success o ''Anastasia'' spawned a franchise, includin a [[Bartok the Magnificent|direct-to-video spin-aff]] in 1999 and a [[Anastasia (musical)|stage musical adaptation]] in 2016. ==Plot== In 1916, at a baase in [[Saint Petersburg]], Roushie, celebratin the tricentennial o the [[Romanov]] dynasty, [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dowager Empress Marie]] gies a muisic box and a necklace as pairtin gifts tae her youngest granddochter, [[Grand Duchess Anastasia]]. The baase is interrupted bi [[Grigori Rasputin]], wha selt his saul for the pouer tae destroy the Romanovs and starts the [[ Roushie Revolution]]. As the pailace is attacked, Marie and Anastasia flee, but Anastasia draps her muisic box and tumbles, tintin her memorie. Ten year later, a con man named Dimitri and his pairtner Vlad look for an Anastasia leuk-alike sae they can collect a 10 meelion rouble reward aff Marie. In the meantime, a grown-up Anastasia (noo cawed "Anya") leaves her orphanage and heids for Paris tae finn her past. Dimitri and Vlad diskiver her and, noticin her ununcny regemblance tae the real princess, tak her alang. Rasputin, survivin in [[limbo]], sends his demonic minions and his bat, Bartok, tae destroy her, but Anya and her freens mak it to Paris, whaur Anya and Dimitri faa in luve. Anya meets Marie, and throu the muisic box and a personal recarnation, Marie recognises her as the real Anastasia. Awtho Dimitri turns doon the reward money, he and Anastasia eventually realize their luve for ane anither as Rasputin is defeatit and destroit once and for aw. == Vyce cast == * [[Meg Ryan]] as [[Anya (Anastasia)|Anya]] / [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Anastasia]] [[Liz Callaway]] provides the singin vyce for Anya. [[Kirsten Dunst]] provides the spikin vyce for young Anastasia. [[Lacey Chabert]] provides the singin vyce for young Anastasia. * [[John Cusack]] as Dimitri [[Jonathan Dokuchitz]] provides the singin vyce for Dimitri. * [[Kelsey Grammer]] as Vladimir "Vlad" Vasilovich * [[Christopher Lloyd]] as [[Grigori Rasputin]] [[Jim Cummings]] provides the singin vyce of Rasputin.{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Jim|title=Has Disney Been 'Lion' About Jeremy Irons' Singing Voice?|url=[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/lion-king-voice-actors_b_968140.html](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/lion-king-voice-actors_b_968140.html)|access-date=June 7, 2013|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=September 19, 2011|archive-date=September 25, 2014|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140925165607/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/lion-king-voice-actors_b_968140.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20140925165607/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/lion-king-voice-actors_b_968140.html)|url-status=live}} * [[Hank Azaria]] as Bartok * [[Angela Lansbury]] as [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dowager Empress Marie]] * [[Bernadette Peters]] as Sophie Stanislovskievna Somorkov-Smirnoff ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1997 films]] [[Category:American animated films]] [[Category:1990s musical films]] 6h3lakmz5qz392z4it0j6gqezxif2dp 924801 924798 2026-10-19T00:36:31Z CiphriusKane 74958 CiphriusKane flittit page [[Anastasia (1997 film)]] til [[Uiser:DonaldandDouglas1959/Anastasia (1997 film)]] athoot leain ae reguidal: Nae fit fur mainspace; spellin an graimmar errors an broken refs, an clearly copypastit fae the enwiki airticle 924798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1997 film bi Don Bluth an Gary Goldman}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox film | name = Anastasia | image = Anastasia-don-bluth.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Don Bluth]] * [[Gary Goldman]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Don Bluth * Gary Goldman }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Susan Gauthier * Bruce Graham * [[Bob Tzudiker]] * [[Noni White]] }} {{Infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1=Adaptation by|data1=[[Eric Tuchman]]}} | based_on = {{Plainlist| * {{based on|''[[Anastasia (1956 film)|Anastasia]]''|[[Arthur Laurents]]}} * {{based on|''[[Anastasia (play)|Anastasia]]''|[[Marcelle Maurette]]}} }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Meg Ryan]] * [[John Cusack]] * [[Kelsey Grammer]] * [[Christopher Lloyd]] * [[Hank Azaria]] * [[Bernadette Peters]] * [[Kirsten Dunst]] * [[Angela Lansbury]] }} | music = [[David Newman (composer)|David Newman]] | editing = {{Plainlist| * Bob Bender * Fiona Trayler }} | studio = [[Fox Family Films]]{{cite news|last=Petrikin|first=Chris|title=Fox renamed that toon|url=[https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/](https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/)|access-date=February 11, 2022|work=Variety|date=February 18, 1998|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204814/https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/](https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204814/https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fox-renamed-that-toon-1117467902/)|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=[https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60495-ANASTASIA](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60495-ANASTASIA)|title=Anastasia (1997)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|accessdate=December 26, 2021|archive-date=December 26, 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211226061905/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60495-ANASTASIA](https://web.archive.org/web/20211226061905/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60495-ANASTASIA)|url-status=live}} [[Fox Animation Studios]] | distributor = [[20th Century Fox]] | released = {{Film date|1997|11|14|[[Ziegfeld Theater]]|1997|11|21|United States}} | runtime = 94 meenits{{cite web|title=''ANASTASIA'' (U)|url=[https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anastasia-1998-4](https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anastasia-1998-4)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=December 5, 1997|access-date=March 19, 2013|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070343/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anastasia-1998](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070343/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anastasia-1998)|archive-date=October 6, 2014}} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = $53 meelion{{cite the numbers|id=Anastasia |title=Anastasia (1997)|access-date=August 1, 2023}}{{cite web |title=Ask Us |url=[http://www.donbluth.com/askus/](http://www.donbluth.com/askus/) |website=DonBluth.com |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000914193143/http://www.donbluth.com/askus/](https://web.archive.org/web/20000914193143/http://www.donbluth.com/askus/) |archive-date=2000-09-14 |quote=Anastasia was 53 million |url-status=dead}} | gross = $140 meelion }} '''''Anastasia''''' is a 1997 American animatit musical [[historical fantasy]] film directit and produced bi [[Don Bluth]] and [[Gary Goldman]] frae a screenplay bi Susan Gauthier, Bruce Graham, [[Bob Tzudiker]], and [[Noni White]], and based on a story adaptation bi [[Eric Tuchman]]. It featurt sangs written bi [[Stephen Flaherty]] and [[Lynn Ahrens]], and a [[Film score|musical score]] componed bi [[David Newman (composer)|David Newman]]. The film starns the vyces o [[Meg Ryan]], [[John Cusack]], [[Kelsey Grammer]], [[Christopher Lloyd]], [[Hank Azaria]], [[Bernadette Peters]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], and [[Angela Lansbury]]. Set in an alternate 1926, it follaes an [[amnesia]]c [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Anastasia Romanov]] as she gangs on a jiney tae diskiver her past. ''Anastasia'' was the first [[20th Century Fox]] animatit featur film tae be produced bi its awn animation diveesion, [[20th Century Fox Animation]], throu [[Fox Animation Studios]]. The film premiered in New York City on November 14, 1997, and was released in the Unitit States on November 21. It received generally positive reviews frae creetics, wha praised the animation, vyce performaces, and soundtrack. ''Anastasia'' grossed $140 meelion warldwide, makin it the maist profitable film frae Bluth and Fox Animation Studios. It received nominations for several awairds, includin for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Sang]] ("[[Journey to the Past]]"). The success o ''Anastasia'' spawned a franchise, includin a [[Bartok the Magnificent|direct-to-video spin-aff]] in 1999 and a [[Anastasia (musical)|stage musical adaptation]] in 2016. ==Plot== In 1916, at a baase in [[Saint Petersburg]], Roushie, celebratin the tricentennial o the [[Romanov]] dynasty, [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dowager Empress Marie]] gies a muisic box and a necklace as pairtin gifts tae her youngest granddochter, [[Grand Duchess Anastasia]]. The baase is interrupted bi [[Grigori Rasputin]], wha selt his saul for the pouer tae destroy the Romanovs and starts the [[ Roushie Revolution]]. As the pailace is attacked, Marie and Anastasia flee, but Anastasia draps her muisic box and tumbles, tintin her memorie. Ten year later, a con man named Dimitri and his pairtner Vlad look for an Anastasia leuk-alike sae they can collect a 10 meelion rouble reward aff Marie. In the meantime, a grown-up Anastasia (noo cawed "Anya") leaves her orphanage and heids for Paris tae finn her past. Dimitri and Vlad diskiver her and, noticin her ununcny regemblance tae the real princess, tak her alang. Rasputin, survivin in [[limbo]], sends his demonic minions and his bat, Bartok, tae destroy her, but Anya and her freens mak it to Paris, whaur Anya and Dimitri faa in luve. Anya meets Marie, and throu the muisic box and a personal recarnation, Marie recognises her as the real Anastasia. Awtho Dimitri turns doon the reward money, he and Anastasia eventually realize their luve for ane anither as Rasputin is defeatit and destroit once and for aw. == Vyce cast == * [[Meg Ryan]] as [[Anya (Anastasia)|Anya]] / [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Anastasia]] [[Liz Callaway]] provides the singin vyce for Anya. [[Kirsten Dunst]] provides the spikin vyce for young Anastasia. [[Lacey Chabert]] provides the singin vyce for young Anastasia. * [[John Cusack]] as Dimitri [[Jonathan Dokuchitz]] provides the singin vyce for Dimitri. * [[Kelsey Grammer]] as Vladimir "Vlad" Vasilovich * [[Christopher Lloyd]] as [[Grigori Rasputin]] [[Jim Cummings]] provides the singin vyce of Rasputin.{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Jim|title=Has Disney Been 'Lion' About Jeremy Irons' Singing Voice?|url=[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/lion-king-voice-actors_b_968140.html](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/lion-king-voice-actors_b_968140.html)|access-date=June 7, 2013|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=September 19, 2011|archive-date=September 25, 2014|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140925165607/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/lion-king-voice-actors_b_968140.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20140925165607/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/lion-king-voice-actors_b_968140.html)|url-status=live}} * [[Hank Azaria]] as Bartok * [[Angela Lansbury]] as [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dowager Empress Marie]] * [[Bernadette Peters]] as Sophie Stanislovskievna Somorkov-Smirnoff ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1997 films]] [[Category:American animated films]] [[Category:1990s musical films]] 6h3lakmz5qz392z4it0j6gqezxif2dp