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Camminu de paza
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Su '''Camminu de paza''' est sa galàssia a sa cale apartenet su [[Sistema solari|sistema solare]]; est sa galàssia pro antonomàsia, ca su nùmene derivat de su gregu ''galaxias'', latteo, impreadu in època [[Limba grega|grega]] pro la designare.
In base a sos istùdios prus reghentes paret chi sa Galàssia siat, dae unu puntu de bista -in manera istrinta- morfològicu, una [[galàssia a ispirale istangada]], overas una galàssia assentada dae unu nùcleu rugradu dae un'istrutura a forma de istanga de sa cale naschent sos bratzos de ispirale chi sighint un'andanta logarìtmica; est su membru printzipale, paris cun sa [[Galàssia de Andromeda]], de su Grupu Locale, un'ammenta de galàssias chi cumprendet, ultres a sas duas in antis tzitadas, sa [[Galàssia de su Triàngulu]] e una chimbantina de galàssias minores, printzipalmente [[nanas]].
In base a sos istùdios prus reghentes paret chi sa Galàssia siat, dae unu puntu de bista istrintamente morfològicu, una galàssia a ispirale istangada, overas una galàssia assentada dae unu nùcleu rugradu dae un'istrutura a forma de istanga de sa cale si dipartono sos bratzos de ispirale chi sighint un'andanta logaritmico; est su membru printzipale, paris cun sa Galàssia de Andromeda, de su Grupu Locale, un'ammenta de galàssias chi cumprendet, ultres a sas duas in manera pretzedente tzitadas, sa Galàssia de su Triàngulu e una cinquantina de galàssias minores, printzipalmente nanas.
In s'astronomia osservativa, su tèrmine designat sa leca banda luminosa biancastra dae s'aspetu de late (o de paza) chi rugrat in manera diagonale s'isfera de su chelu, formada dae sos [[Istedda|isteddos]] e dae sas [[Nebulosa|nebulosidades]] situadas in su discu galàticu matessi. Su Caminu de paza est prus brillante in diretzione de sa costellatzione de su Sagitàriu, ue s'agatat su tzentru galàticu, su cale no est però visìbile a càusa de sa surzidura de sa lughe a banda de sas prùeres carcas presentes in cussa diretzione.
In su cursu de s'istòria medas mitos e legendas sunt sortos pro ispiegare s'orìgine de su Caminu de paza: de su late de Era chi allatat Eracle in sa mitologia grega a su Gange etèreu de s'Ìndia; immaginada dae Democrito e dae sos astrònomos àrabos comente a un'iscia de isteddos larganos, est istadu reconnotu comente a tale de [[Galileo Galilei]] e, de sighida, dae istudiosos e filòsofos comente a [[Immanuel Kant]], William Herschel e Lord Rosse.
== Osservatzione dae sa Terra ==
[[File:Perseid_Meteor.jpg|thumb|Su Camminu de Paza de s'emisferu boreale; si distinghet s'asterismu de su [[Triàngulu istiale|Triàn]]<nowiki/>gulu istiale, mentras est bene visìbile sa Fenditura de su Tzignu, una longa fasca iscura chi dividit s'iscia crara de su Camminu de Paza in sensu longitudinale]]
[[File:ESO-VLT-Laser-phot-33a-07.jpg|thumb|Su Camminu de Paza in su chelu in manera piessigna iscuru subra su Cerro Paranal]]
Osservende su Camminu de Paza dae sa [[Terra]], isterrijadu in unu de sos bratzos suos de ispirale, issa aparit in su chelu noturnu comente a una fasca crara de lughe bianca chi cursat de rugradis s'intrea furriada de su chelu, ue s'acaddat unu nùmeru de isteddos majore chi in sas àteras àreas de su chelu e chi aparit de aspetu lebiamente diferente a segunda de s'emisferu in cale nche s'agatat. Numerosas interrutziones in sa continuidade sua sunt causadas dae sa presèntzia in prus puntos de nebulosas iscuras e prùeres chi iscurant sa lughe de sos isteddos prus larganos. Su tratu prus luminosu torrat a rùere intre sas costellatziones de Ofiuco, Iscorpione e Sagittario, est a nàrrere in diretzione de su tzentru galàticu; numerosos unos àteros puntos brillantes si disponent a nord e a sud de su tzentru, in piessignu su tratu costituidu dae su Bratzu de su Tzignu, in s'omònima costellatzione, e de su Bratzu de sa Carena-Sagittario, in sa costellatzione de sa Carena.<ref name="bracci">{{cita libro|cognome=Tirion, Sinnott|titolo=Sky Atlas 2000.0 - Second Edition|editore=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-933346-90-5}}</ref>
In manera relativa a s'ecuadore de su chelu, su Camminu de Paza colat in s'estremu suo a nord in sa costellatzione de Cassiopea e in s'estremu a sud in sa costellatzione de sa Croce de su Sud. Custu disponimentu est dèpidu a su mannu inclinu relativu intre su pranu orbitale de sa [[Terra]] (s'eclittica, overas su pranu fundamentale de su Sistema Solare) e su pranu ecuatoriale de sa Galàssia. In realidade, a càusa de su fenòmenu de sa precessione de sos ecuinòtzios, custu inclinu de su Camminu de Paza vàriat in manera sensìbile a segunda de sas èpocas, creschende o diminuinde si s'asse de rotatzione terrestre s'acùrtziat o s'istèsiat de sa matessi iscia de su Camminu de Paza; in s'època nostra, s'inclinu suo est in lenta ma costante crèschida. In s'època precessionale oposta a sa nostra (tra 13 000 annos o fintzas 13 000 annos faghet), s'inclinu de su Camminu de Paza diminuit.<ref name="prec">{{tzita web | tìtulu=La precessione | url=http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Iprecess.htm | atzessu=30 de abrile de su 2008}}</ref><ref name="prec2">{{tzita web | tìtulu=Corso di astronomia teorica - La precessione | url=http://www.astroarte.it/astronomia/corso/precessione.htm | atzessu=2 de maju de su 2008 | urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804115523/http://www.astroarte.it/astronomia/corso/precessione.htm | dataarchìviu=2008-08-04 | urlmortu=eja}}</ref>
== Notas ==
<references />
[[Categoria:Astronomia]]
nz75vuc6warl2dafluydg4fucm0jsc2
Montologia
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{{LSC}}[[File:Peruvianterracefarmers.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Relatziones èssere umanu-ambiente in sas [[Andes]] [[Perù|peruvianas]].]]
[[File:Sunset at Kucherla lake.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Lagu Kucherla]] in sos [[Montes Altai]].]]
[[File:Andorra la Vella 3.JPG|thumb|right|270px|[[Andorra la Vella]], capitale de un'istadu de monte in sos [[Pireneos]].]]
[[File:Taktshang.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Paro Taktsang]], unu monastèriu himalayanu in [[Bhutan]].]]
[[File:The night view of Kofu City.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Kōfu]], una tzitade giaponesa de monte.]]
Sa '''Montologia''' o '''istùdios de sos montes''', mutida traditzionalmente fintzas ''orologia''<ref>{{Tzita web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orology|tìtulu=Definition of OROLOGY|situ=www.merriam-webster.com|limba=en|atzessu=2020-09-26}}</ref> (dae su [[Grèghia|gregu]] ''oros'', ὄρος, pro 'monte' e ''logos'', λόγος), est unu campu de chirca chi si cuntzentrat in sos tretos de sa [[superfìtzie terrestre]] cugugiados dae [[paesàgiu|paesàgios]] de [[monte|montes]].
==Àreas de monte==
Sunt istadas isvilupadas maneras medas pro definire sas àreas ''montanas''. Mentras unos cantos impreant una diferèntzia altitudinale de 300 [[metru|m]] a s'internu de un'àrea, pro definire cussa zona comente montagnina,<ref>{{Tzita publicatzione|nùmene=Axel|sambenadu=Borsdorf|data=2014|tìtulu=Editorial|rivista=eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research)|volume=5|nùmeru=1|pp=3–4|limba=en|atzessu=2020-09-26|doi=10.1553/eco.mont-5-1s3|url=http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/?arp=0x002e4f3b}}</ref> àteros cunsìderant sas diferèntzias de 1000 m o prus,<ref>{{Tzita web|url=http://www.unep.org/maweb/documents/document.293.aspx.pdf|tìtulu=Mountain Systems|situ=UNEP|limba=en|atzessu=2020-09-26|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112633/http://www.unep.org/maweb/documents/document.293.aspx.pdf|dataarchìviu=2016-03-04|urlmortu=eja}}</ref> a segunda de sa zona. In prus, unos includent sa betada pro definire sas regiones montanas, escludende gasi sas zonas artas (a esèmpiu s'Altipianu andinu o s'Altipianu tibetanu), zonas a s'ispissu bìdidas comente a montagninas. Una definitzione prus pragmàtica ma ùtile est istada proposta dae s'Istitutu Natzionale de Istatìstica (ISTAT), chi classìfica sas comunas comente a zonas montanas.
* si nessi de s'80% de su territòriu issoro est situadu in subra de ≥ 600 m [[in su livellu de su mare]], e/o
* si tenent una diferèntzia altitudinale de 600 m (o prus) a s'internu de sos cunfines amministrativos issoro.<ref>{{Tzita web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/147760|tìtulu=Precisazione sulla classificazione dei comuni montani|situ=www.istat.it|data=2015-02-05|limba=it|atzessu=2020-09-26}}</ref>
Su [[Programma ambientale de sas Natziones Unidas]] at prodùidu una mapa de sas zonas montanas de totu su mundu; impreende una cumbinatzione de critèrios, at inclùdidu sas regiones cun
* elevatziones dae sos 300 a sos 1000 m e campu de elevatzione locale > 300 m;
* elevatziones dae sos 1000 a sos 1500 m e pendèntzia [[≥]] 5[[°]] o campu de elevatzione locale > 300 m;
* elevatziones dae sos 1500 a sos 2500 m e pendèntzia ≥ 2°;
* elevatziones dae sos 2500 m o prus.
==Focus==
====Definitzione ampra====
In unu sensu prus ampru, sa chirca in sos montes est cunsiderada una chirca ''in sas'' regiones de montagna: pro esempru, istùdios disciplinares in subra de [[pranta|prantas (botànica)]] himalayanas, rocas [[Andes|andinas]], [[tzitade|tzitades]] alpinas, o [[grupos ètnicos]] carpàticos. Est paragonàbile a sa chirca chi si cuntzentrat in subra de s'[[Àrticu]] e s'[[Antàrticu]].
====Definitzione istrinta====
In sensu prus istrintu, sa chirca in sos montes si cuntzentrat ''in sas'' regiones de monte, sa descritzione issoro e s'acrarimentu de s'[[Geografia integrada|interatzione èssere umanu-ambiente]] e s'[[isvilupu sostenibile|isvilupu sostenìbile]] ([[normativu]]) de custas àreas. Sa chirca montana definida gasi si còllocat intre sas [[iscièntzias naturales]], sas [[iscièntzias sotziales]] e sas [[iscièntzias umanas]]. Basende·si supra sos traballos de [[Alexander von Humboldt]] in sas [[Andes]], sa [[geografia|geografia montana]] e s'[[ecologia de su paesàgiu]] sunt cunsiderados setores de istùdiu fundamentales; nointames, contribuidos de importu mannu benint dae s'[[antropologia]], sa [[geologia]], s'[[economia]], s'[[istòria]] o sa [[pianificatzione de su territòriu]]. Pro fàghere unu resumu, una chirca montana definida in modu restritivu àplicat un'acostamentu regionale interdisciplinàriu e integrativu. [[Olav Slaymaker|Slaymaker]] resumet:
{{Tzitatzione|S'iscièntzia de sa montologia [...] partit dae su reconnoschimentu de s'importu de sa verticalidade, elementu distintivu de sas regiones montanas, chi imponet su controllu verticale de su sistema produtivu; dae sa marginalidade, chi derivat de su potentziale agrìculu bassu; dae sa tzentralidade de sos mecanismos de pòdere e de violèntzia; dae sa crèschida e de s'espansione de sa populatzione; dae sa religione e de su mitu, espressadu in sos montes che a logos sacros. Sa montologia ponet s'atzentu in s'ecologia de su restàuru pro inclùdere sa rivegetatzione, sa riabilitatzione, sa bonìfica e su recùperu de sa forma e de sa funtzione de su paesàgiu pèrdidu [...]. Sos efetos ecològicos de su paesàgiu sunt dispostos longu sas fascas altitudinales e costituint sa base pro una cumprensione prus cumpleta de sos habitats crìticos pro sa cunservatzione e s'isvilupu. Custu acostamentu si basat in su presupostu chi sas comunidades de climax s'insertant in una fasca altitudinale istrinta.<ref>{{tzita publicatzione | sambenadu = Slaymaker | nùmene = O. | annu = 2007 | tìtulu = The potential contribution of geomorphology to tropical mountain development: The case of the MANRECUR project | url = | journal = Geomorphology | volume = 87 | nùmeru = 1–2| pàginas = 90–100 |limba=en | doi = 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.044 | bibcode = 2007Geomo..87...90S }}</ref>}}
==Denumenatzione==
Sos istùdios de sos montes o ''orologia'' - de non confùndere cun [[orografia]] -, benint a bortas denominados ''montologia''. Custu tèrmine derivat de sa ''geoecologia de monte'' de Carl Troll - sa geoecologia est sa tradutzione inglesa de Troll de su tedescu ''[[Ecologia de su paesàgiu|Landschaftsökologie]]''- e est aparta in un'incontru in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] in su 1977.<ref>{{cite journal|autore=|nùmene=SJ|sambenadu=Neustadtl|annu=1977|tìtulu=Montology: the Ecology of Mountains|journal=Technology Review|volume=79|nùmeru=8|limba=en|doi=|url=|pàginas=64–66}}</ref> Dae tando, istudiosos che a Jack D. Ives, Bruno Messerli e Robert E. Rhoades ant sustentadu s'isvilupu de sa montologia che a una chirca interdisciplinària in subra de sos montes. Su tèrmine montologia est istadu inclùdidu in su [[Oxford English Dictionary]] in su 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|tìtulu=New words list December 2002|url=http://www.oed.com/public/update0212/december-2002-update|limba=en}}</ref> Definit sa montologia comente:
{{Tzitatzione|S'istùdiu de sos montes; in piessignu s'istùdiu interdisciplinàriu de sos aspetos fìsicos, chìmicos, geològicos e biològicos de sas regiones de monte; (fintzas) s'istùdiu de sos istiles de vida e de sas economias de sas sotziedades chi bivent in custas regiones.<ref>{{Tzita web | url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/montology | tìtulu=Montology | Meaning of Montology by Lexico | limba=en | urlmortu=eja }}</ref>}}
De un'ala, su tèrmine ''montologia'' est istadu criticadu pro neghe de sa mescolàntzia de su [[limba latina|latinu]] (''mōns'', [[Plurale|pl.]] ''montēs'') e de su [[limba grega|grecu]] (''logos''). De s'àtera, però, custu est fintzas su casu bene atzetadu in medas disciplinas diferentes giai consolidadas che a sa [[glatziologia]] o a sa [[sotziologia]].
===Rivistas de istùdios de sos montes===
S'elencu chi sighit cumprendet sas rivistas peer-reviewed chi si cuntzentrant in subra de sa chirca in monte e sunt abertas siat a sas iscièntzias naturales chi a sas sotziales:
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%;" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;" | Rivistas inditzizadas dae ìnditzes de tzitatzione
|-
| Mountain Research and Development
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]], [[Web of Science|Web of Science (SCIE)]]
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
* [http://www.mrd-journal.org situ ufitziale]
|-
| Journal of Mountain Science
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]], [[Web of Science|Web of Science (SCIE)]]
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
* [http://jms.imde.ac.cn situ ufitziale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928225909/http://jms.imde.ac.cn/ |date=2021-09-28 }}
|-
| Journal of Alpine Research / Revue de géographie alpine
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]], [[Web of Science|Web of Science (SSCI)]]
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]], [[limba frantzesa|frantzesu]], [[limba tedesca|tedescu]], [[limba italiana|italianu]], [[limba ispagnola|ispagnolu]]
* [http://rga.revues.org situ ufitziale]
|-
| eco.mont
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]], [[Web of Science|Web of Science (SCIE)]]
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
* [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/ecomont situ ufitziale]
|-
| Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas
|
* inditzizada in [[Web of Science|Web of Science (ESCI)]]
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]], [[limba ispagnola|ispagnolu]]
* [https://huajsapata.unap.edu.pe/index.php/ria/index situ ufitziale]
|-
| Appalachian Journal
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]], [[Web of Science|Web of Science (AHCI)]]
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
* [http://appjournal.appstate.edu situ ufitziale]
|-
| Pirineos
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]]
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]], [[limba ispagnola|ispagnolu]]
* [http://pirineos.revistas.csic.es situ ufitziale]
|-
| Histoire des Alpes – Storia delle Alpi – Geschichte der Alpen
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]]
* artìculos in [[limba frantzesa|frantzesu]], [[limba tedesca|tedescu]], [[limba italiana|italianu]]
* [http://www.labisalp.arc.usi.ch/it/pubblicazioni/histoire-des-alpes-storia-delle-alpi-geschichte-der-alpen situ ufitziale]
|-
| HIMALAYA
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]]
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
* [http://www.himalayajournal.org situ ufitziale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608235621/https://himalayajournal.org/ |date=2021-06-08 }}
|-
|Устойчивое развитие горных территорий / Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories
|
* inditzizada in [[SCOPUS]], [[Russian Science Citation Index|RSCI]]
* artìculos in [[limba rusa|rusu]], [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
*[http://naukagor.ru/en-gb/ situ ufitziale]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;" | Rivistas no inditzizadas dae ìnditzes de tzitatzione
|-
| Bulletin de l’Institut français d’études andines
|
* artìculos in [[limba ispagnola|ispagnolu]], [[limba frantzesa|frantzesu]]
* [http://bifea.revues.org situ ufitziale]
|-
| Himalayan Journal of Sciences
|
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
* [http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/HJS situ ufitziale]
|-
| Revista Andina
|
* artìculos in [[limba ispagnola|ispgnolu]]
* [http://revistaandinacbc.com situ ufitziale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224706/http://revistaandinacbc.com/ |date=2021-04-14 }}
|-
| L’Italia Forestale e Montana / Italian Journal of Forest and Mountain Environments
|
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]], [[limba italiana|italianu]]
* [http://ojs.aisf.it/index.php/ifm situ ufitziale]
|-
| Beskydy – The Beskids Bulletin
|
* artìculos in [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
* [http://beskydy.mendelu.cz situ ufitziale]
|-
| Journal of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans
|
* artìculos in [[limba bùlgara|bùlgaru]], [[limba inglesa|inglesu]]
* [http://rimsa.eu/index.php/journal/ situ ufitziale]
|-
| Mountain Research
|
* artìculos in [[limba tzinesa|tzinesu]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200925022320/http://shandixb.paperonce.org/ situ ufitziale]
|}
==Càstia fintzas==
* [https://www.mrd-journal.org/ Mountain Research and Development]
* [http://jms.imde.ac.cn Journal of Mountain Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928225909/http://jms.imde.ac.cn/ |date=2021-09-28 }}
* [https://ecomont.mountainresearch.at/ eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management]
==Sitos web==
* [http://mri.scnatweb.ch/ MRI Mountain Research Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221145607/http://www.mri.scnatweb.ch/ |date=2020-02-21 }}
* [http://www.mtnforum.org/ The Mountain Forum]
* [http://community.aag.org/mountaingeography/home AAG Mountain Geography Specialty Group]
* [https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/igf/ Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research]
==Àteras leturas==
* {{Tzita publicatzione | sambenadu = Borsdorf | nùmene = A. | sambenadu2 = Braun | nùmene2 = V. | annu = 2008 | tìtulu = The European and Global Dimension of Mountain Research: An Overview | url = | journal = Revue de géographie alpine | volume = 96 | nùmeru = 4| pàginas = 117–129 | doi = 10.4000/rga.630 | doi-access = free }}
* {{Tzita publicatzione | sambenadu = Debarbieux | nùmene = B. | sambenadu2 = Price | nùmene2 = M. F. | annu = 2008 | tìtulu = Representing Mountains: From Local and National to Global Common Good | url = https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:3978/ATTACHMENT01 | journal = Geopolitics | volume = 13 | nùmeru = 1 | pàginas = 148–168 | doi = 10.1080/14650040701783375 | atzessu = 2020-09-26 | dataarchìviu = 2022-08-23 | urlarchìviu = https://web.archive.org/web/20220823004322/https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/files/downloads/0/0/0/0/3/9/7/8/unige_3978_attachment01.pdf | urlmortu = eja }}
* {{Tzita publicatzione | sambenadu = Haller| nùmene = A. | sambenadu2 = Branca | nùmene2 = D. | annu = 2020 | tìtulu = Montología: una perspectiva de montaña hacia la investigación transdisciplinaria y el desarrollo sustentable | url = https://huajsapata.unap.edu.pe/index.php/ria/article/view/193/172| journal = Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas | volume = 22 | nùmeru = 4| pàginas = 313–322 | doi = https://doi.org/10.18271/ria.2020.193 }}
* {{Tzita publicatzione | sambenadu = Ives | nùmene = J. D. | sambenadu2 = Messerli | nùmene2 = B. | annu = 1999 | tìtulu = AD 2002 Declared by United Nations as "International Year of the Mountains" | url = | journal = Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research | volume = 31 | nùmeru = 3| pàginas = 11–213 | doi = 10.2307/1552249 | jstor = 1552249 }}
* {{Tzita publicatzione | sambenadu = Sarmiento | nùmene = F. O. | sambenadu2 = Ibarra | nùmene2 = J. T. | sambenadu3 = Barreau | nùmene3 = A. | sambenadu4 = Pizarro | nùmene4 = J. C. | sambenadu5 = Rozzi | nùmene5 = R. | sambenadu6 = González | nùmene6 = J. A. | sambenadu7 = Frolich | nùmene7 = L.F. | annu = 2017 | tìtulu = Applied Montology Using Critical Biogeography in the Andes | url = | journal = Annals of the American Association of Geographers | volume = 107 | nùmeru = 2| pàginas = 416–428 | doi = https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1260438 }}
* {{Tzita publicatzione | sambenadu = Sarmiento | nùmene = F. O. | annu = 2020 | tìtulu = Montology manifesto: echoes towards a transdisciplinary science of mountains | url = | journal = Journal of Mountain Science | volume = 17 | nùmeru = 10| pàginas = 2512–2527 | doi = https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5536-2}}
== Riferimentos ==
<references />{{Artìculu de su mese|nadale/idas|2020}}
[[Categoria:Geografia]]
[[Categoria:Ecologia]]
8x1pe21r6inxti531sz2rfusbvpqaen
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{{Bortadu dae|en|Mountain research|25/09/2020|980216544}}
== Ligàmenes esternos modificados (Austu 2021) ==
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Istados pro tassu de suitzìdiu
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{{Variant|LSC}}[[File:Percentuale_di_morti_per_suicidio_nel_mondo.png|thumb|300x300px|Pertzentuale de mortes pro suitzìdiu in su mundu<ref>[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-deaths-suicide]</ref>]]
Belle una de 5.000–15.000 persones morit cada annu pro [[suitzìdiu]] (1,5% de totu sos detzessos in su 2016), cun unu tassu de 10,5 cada 100.000 bividores, in falada cunfrontu a sos 11,6 de su 2008.<ref name="WHO2019Epi">{{Tzita web|url=http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/|tìtulu=Suicide across the world (2016)|data=27 cabudanni 2019|atzessu=2019-10-16}}</ref><ref name="NEJM2020">{{Tzita publicatzione|autore=Ropper Allan H., Fazel Seena, Runeson Bo,|data=16 ghennàrgiu 2020|rivista=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|pp=266–274|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944}}</ref><ref>{{Tzita web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/10/world/science-health-world/one-suicide-every-40-seconds-urges-action/|tìtulu=With one suicide every 40 seconds, WHO urges action|data=2019-09-10|atzessu=2020-05-18|dataarchìviu=2020-06-30|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630050218/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/10/world/science-health-world/one-suicide-every-40-seconds-urges-action/|urlmortu=eja}}</ref><ref name="SuicideInTheWorld2008">{{Tzita publicatzione|data=martzu 2012|rivista=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]]|volume=9|pp=760–71|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760|PMID=22690161}}</ref> In sos paisos a intrera arta, sos tassos de cumportamentos suitzidiàrios intre òmines e fèminas diferint meda cunfrontu a cussos de su restu de su mundu: mancari sas fèminas sunt prus manosas a pensamentos suitzidiàrios, sos tassos de suitzìdiu sunt prus artos meda in sos òmines (su suitzìdiu in sos òmines l'ant dessinidu che a una “epidèmia muda”).<ref name="WHO2002">{{Tzita web|url=http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/factsheets/en/selfdirectedviolfacts.pdf|tìtulu=Self-directed violence|autore=OMS}}</ref><ref name="RouIntHand2016">{{Tzita libru|autore=John R. Cutcliffe (Editor), José Santos (Editor), Paul S. Links (Editor), Juveria Zaheer (Editor)|tìtulu=Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Suicide Research|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jYlmAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=gender+paradox+suicidal+behavior#v=onepage&q=gender%20paradox%20suicidal%20behavior&f=false|annu=2016|editore=Routledge|limba=en|ISBN=978-1-134-45929-2}}</ref><ref name="EncGenSoc2009">{{Tzita libru|autore=Jodi O'Brien (Editor)|tìtulu=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society (p. 817)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Lr91AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT869&lpg=PT869&dq=gender+paradox+suicidal+behavior#v=onepage&q&f=false|annu=2009|editore=SAGE Publications|limba=en|ISBN=978-1-4522-6602-2}}</ref><ref name="BCMJ2011">{{Tzita web|url=https://www.bcmj.org/articles/silent-epidemic-male-suicide|tìtulu=The silent epidemic of male suicide|autore=Dan Bilsker, PhD, Jennifer White, EdD|editore=[[BCMJ]]|data=2011}}</ref> S'Europa est sa regione de su mundu in ue acontessent prus suitzidios, cando chi in su Mediterràneu orientale nde acontessent prus pagos.<ref name="WHO2015_Crude">{{Tzita web|url=http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|tìtulu=2015 Suicide rates per (100 000 population) Crude rates Data by WHO region|editore=OMS|atzessu=26 martzu 2018}}</ref><ref name="EuropeHighest">{{Tzita web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2017/05/18/suicide-rate-is-highest-in-europe-un-health-agency-report|tìtulu=Suicide rate is highest in Europe: UN health agency report|data=18 maju 2017}}</ref>
Cunforma a un'istùdiu de su 2019, sos tassos globales de detzessu pro chie si bochit dae perisse sunt menguados de sa de tres partes intre su 1990 e su 2016, s'interi chi su nùmeru assolutu de detzessos pro suitzìdiu est in manera efetiva crèschidu de su 6,7%, dae 762.000 a 817.000 s'annu. In su totu, sos tassos sunt istados de unos 16 detzessos onni 100.000 òmines e 7 detzessos onni 100.000 fèminas in su 2016: in sas fèminas s'est fintzas averiguada una majore reduida cunfrontu a sos [[Òmine|òmines]] peri sa simana de istùdiu subra inditada.
Bidas sas reghentes publicatziones de s'OMS, s'[[Stigmatizzazione (iscièntzias sotziales)|istimma]] (piessignu) sotziale, su [[tabù]] (proibidura) de chistionare a sa franca de suitzìdiu e sa disponibilidade bàscia de datos giughent a una calidade ateramente bàscia de sos datos disponìbiles siat pro su suitzìdiu siat pro sas tentadas de suitzìdiu: "dada sa sensibilidade de su suitzìdiu - e s'illegalidade de su cumportamentu suitzidiàriu in unos cantos paisos - si podet dare chi su sutavaloramentu e sa classificatzione faddida siant problemas de asserva majore pro su suitzìdiu cunfrontu a sa prus parte de sas àteras cajones de morte".<ref name="WHO2002"/><ref>{{Tzita web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|tìtulu=Suicide - Challenges and obstacles|data=austu 2017}}</ref>
{{Tzitatzione|A sa larga in su mundu, su suitzìdiu benit istimmatizadu e cundennadu pro resones religiosas o culturales. In tzertos paisos, su cumportamentu suitzidiàriu est unu reatu chi si podet punire cunforma a sa lege. Su suitzìdiu est duncas a s'ispissu un'atu cuadu inghiriadu de tabù (proibidura) e podet pro cussu èssere non reconnotu, classificadu in manera faddida o sutràidu abidentemente a sos registros de sos mortos.<ref name="WHO2002"/>|[[Organizatzione Mundiale de sa Salude]] (2002)}}
== Lista pro grupos regionales de s'OMS ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+'''Tassos de suitzìdiu in su 2016 (cada 100 000 abitantes)'''<ref name="CrudeRates">{{tzita web|url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.MHSUICIDEREGv?lang=en|editore=OMS|data=2018|tìtulu=Suicide rates, crude - Data by WHO region, 2015 (agiornamentu Abrile 2018)}}</ref><ref>{{tzita web|url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.MHSUICIDEASDRREGv?lang=en|editore=OMS (archiviare su 17 de ghennàrgiu 2018)|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117104117/http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.MHSUICIDEASDRREGv?lang=en|tìtulu=Suicide rates, agdustandardized - Data by WHO Region|annu=2015|atzessu=13 abrile 2017|urlmortu=nono}}</ref>
!Gruppo regionale OMS
!Tassu
!Tasso istandardizadu pro edade
!Tassu Òmines
!Tassu Fèminas
!Raportu Òmines–Fèminas
|-
| data-sort-value="a4" |<div align="left">Europa</div>
|'''15,4'''
|12,85
|24,7
|6,6
|3,74
|-
| data-sort-value="a2" |<div align="left">Sud-est asiàticu</div>
|'''13,2'''
|13,40
|14,8
|11,6
|1,28
|-
| data-sort-value="a1" |<div align="left">Mundu</div>
|'''10,6'''
|10,53
|13,5
|7,7
|1,75
|-
| data-sort-value="a5" |<div align="left">Patzìficu otzidentale</div>
|'''10,2'''
|8,45
|10,9
|9,4
|1,16
|-
| data-sort-value="a6" |<div align="left">Amèricas</div>
|'''9,8'''
|9,25
|15,1
|4,6
|3,28
|-
| data-sort-value="a3" |<div align="left">Àfrica</div>
|'''7,4'''
|11,96
|9,9
|4,8
|2,06
|-
| data-sort-value="a7" |<div align="left">Mediterràneu orientale </div>
|'''3,9'''
|4,30
|5,1
|2,7
|1,89
|}
== Metodologia ==
Sos tassos de suitzìdiu maschile e feminile sunt carculados partende dae su totale de sa populatzione maschile e de su totale de sa populatzione feminile (est a nàrrere, a esèmpiu pro sos òmines, su nùmeru totale de sos suitzidas in sos òmines est partzidu pro sa populatzione maschile totale).
Su tassu globale de sos suitzidas est basadu subra de su nùmeru totale de sos suitzidas, partzidu pro sa populatzione totale in càmbiu de pigare in manera simpre sa mèdia de sos tassos de suitzìdiu maschile e feminile, ca su raportu intre sos sessos in sa parte manna de sos istados no est 1 a 1.
Sa colunna Annu inditat s'annu de sos datos prus reghentes a disponimentu pro su Paisu.
== Lista fata pro mèdiu de datos chi benint dae fontes e annos diferentes (1985-2016) ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+'''Suitzìdios cada 100.000 abitantes a s'annu'''<ref>Unless otherwise stated all statistics are from WHO: {{tzita web|url=http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide_rates/en/|editore=[[World Health Organization]]|tìtulu=Suicide rates per 100,000 by country, year and sex (Table)|atzessu=26 ghennàrgiu 2012|annu=2011|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122021659/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide_rates/en/}}</ref>
!Positzione
!Istadu
!Òmines
!Fèminas
!Mèdia
!Annu
|-
|1
| style="text-align:left;" |{{GRL}}
|116,9
|45,0
|83,0
|2011<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://bank.stat.gl/dialog/statfile.asp?Lang=1|tìtulu=Statistics Greenland}}</ref>
|-
|2
| style="text-align:left;" |{{KOR}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://kostat.go.kr/portal/english/news/1/25/4/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=330671|editore=Statistics Korea|tìtulu=Causes of Death Statistics in 2013|annu=2013|atzessu=23 cabudanni 2014|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027235900/http://kostat.go.kr/portal/english/news/1/25/4/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=330671}}</ref>
|39,8
|17,3
|28,5
|2013
|-
|3
| style="text-align:left;" |{{LTU}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.vpsc.lt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=14%3Asaviudybi-statistika&id=49%3Asaviudybi-danis-lietuvoje-1930-40-ir-1986-2008-metais&Itemid=24|editore=Valstybinis psichikos sveikatos centras|tìtulu=Savižudybių statistika;|atzessu=9 cabudanni 2013}}</ref>
|54,45
|7,84
|28,27
|2016<ref name=":0">{{tzita web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=0&pcode=tps00122&language=en|tìtulu=Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table|situ=ec.europa.eu|atzessu=7 maju 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
| style="text-align:left;" |{{GUY}}<ref name="varnik2012">{{Doi|10.3390/ijerph9030760}}</ref>
|39,0
|13,4
|26,4
|2006
|-
|5
| style="text-align:left;" |{{KAZ}}<ref name="varnik2012" />
|43,0
|9,4
|25,6
|2008
|-
|6
| style="text-align:left;" |{{LKA}}
|34,8
|9,24
|21,3
|2011<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.sljol.info/index.php/SLJPSYC/article/download/5131/4100|tìtulu=Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry Vol 3(2) December 2012|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019130455/http://www.sljol.info/index.php/SLJPSYC/article/download/5131/4100}}</ref>
|-
|7
| style="text-align:left;" |{{JPN}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/geppo/nengai13/dl/gaikyou25.pdf|editore=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare|p=11|tìtulu=平成25年人口動態統計月報年計(概数)の概況|titolotradotto=2013 Population Survey Report|annu=2014}}</ref>
|29,7
|12,2
|20,7
|2013
|-
|8
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BLR}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/indicators/doclad/2013_1/16.pdf|editore=Belstat|tìtulu=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus (for 2012);|atzessu=3 nadale 2012|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233328/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/indicators/doclad/2013_1/16.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{tzita web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/indicators/doclad/2013_1/16.pdf|editore=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus|tìtulu=The Demographic situation;|annu=2012|atzessu=3 nadale 2013|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233328/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/indicators/doclad/2013_1/16.pdf}}</ref>
|
|
|20,5
|2012
|-
|9
| style="text-align:left;" |{{UKR}}<ref>Хаустова О. О. {{tzita testu|url=http://uvnpn.p.fl2.fo.ru/file/chunk63/2389842/85834/%D0%A3%D0%92%D0%9F%D0%9D%202013-%E2%84%96-4-%D1%81%D1%822%20%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.pdf|tìtulu=Самогубства та побутова смертність в Україні: підсумки 2012 року|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312225136/http://uvnpn.p.fl2.fo.ru/file/chunk63/2389842/85834/%D0%A3%D0%92%D0%9F%D0%9D%202013-%E2%84%96-4-%D1%81%D1%822%20%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.pdf#}} // Український вісник психоневрології. — 2013. — В. 4 (77). — Т. 21. — С. 12-18.</ref>
|
|
|19,8
|2012
|-
|10
| style="text-align:left;" |{{LVA}}
|34,17
|6,62
|18,56
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|11
| style="text-align:left;" |{{RUS}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2014/demo/edn12-14.htm|editore=Rosstat|data=2 febbraio 2014|tìtulu=Rosstat|atzessu=2 freàrgiu 2014|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202174059/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2014/demo/edn12-14.htm|urlmortu=eja}}</ref>
|
|
|18,2
|2014
|-
|12
| style="text-align:left;" |{{SVN}}<ref>Unless otherwise stated all statistics are from WHO: {{tzita web|url=http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide_rates/en/|editore=[[Statistični urad Republike Slovenije.]]|tìtulu=Suicide rates per 100,000 by country, year and sex (Table)|atzessu=26 ghennàrgiu 2012|annu=2011|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122021659/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide_rates/en/}}</ref>
|30,7
|7,12
|18,09
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|13
| style="text-align:left;" |{{HUN}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001c.html|editore=Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH)|tìtulu=KSH Stadat database, causes of death (1949-2013)|atzessu=31 santugaine 2014}}</ref>
|30,86
|8,21
|17,98
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|14
| style="text-align:left;" |{{MDA}}
|
|
|17,6
|2008
|-
|15
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BEL}}
|25,53
|9,51
|17,11
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|16
| style="text-align:left;" |{{URY}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/1117598-grave-preocupacion-por-tasa-en-alza-de-165-suicidios-cada-100-000-habitantes|tìtulu=Grave preocupación por tasa en alza de 16,5 suicidios cada {{formatnum:100000}} habitantes}}</ref>
|
|
|16,5
|2012
|-
|17
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BTN}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/suicide/by-country/|data=16 nadale 2011|tìtulu=World Suicide Death Rate Rankings (WHO)|formato=PDF|atzessu=2024-03-28|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913053232/http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/suicide/by-country/|dataarchìviu=2014-09-13|urlmortu=eja}}</ref>
|
|
|16,2
|2011
|-
|18
| style="text-align:left;" |{{HRV}}
|27,1
|7,22
|16
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|19
|{{LIE}}
|10,26
|20,87
|15,59
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|20
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ZAF}}<ref>This data is for urban areas only. {{tzita noas|autore2=Lucie Laflamme|data=freàrgiu 2006|nùmene=Stephanie|sambenadu=Burrows|tìtulu=Suicide Mortality in South Africa|publicatzione=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology}} http://www.springerlink.com/content/px7v1186u51k738w{{Ligàmene interrùmpidu}} The data available for the whole of South Africa in 2007 are: men 1,4; women 0,4; total 0,9 (source: WHO)</ref>
|
|
|15,4
|2005
|-
|21
| style="text-align:left;" |{{TWN}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DisplayStatisticFile.aspx?d=85451&s=1|tìtulu=Causes of death, Department of Health, Taiwan|formato=XLS|atzessu=20 maju 2013|urlmortu=eja}}</ref>
|20,5
|9,7
|15,1
|2011
|-
|22
| style="text-align:left;" |{{SUR}}
|23,9
|4,8
|14,4
|2005
|-
|23
| style="text-align:left;" |{{EST}}
|26,35
|5,1
|14,31
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|24
| style="text-align:left;" |{{FIN}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/ksyyt/2012/ksyyt_2012_2013-12-30_tie_001_en.html|data=30 nadale 2013|tìtulu=Causes of death 2012, Statistics Finland}}</ref>
|22,98
|6,06
|14,26
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|25
| style="text-align:left;" |{{AUT}}
|22,72
|6,42
|13,69
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|26
| style="text-align:left;" |{{SRB}}
|21,77
|6,68
|13,52
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|27
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BIH}}<ref name="SRNA">{{tzita noas|url=http://pressrs.ba/sr/vesti/vesti_dana/story/13986/BiH%3A+Pro%C5%A1le+godine+ubilo+se+507+lica,+od+%C4%8Dega+16+maloletnika.html|giornale=SRNA|data=16 abrile 2012|sambenadu=SRNA|tìtulu=BiH: Prošle godine ubilo se 507 lica, od čega 16 maloletnika|atzessu=4 nadale 2012|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927131931/http://pressrs.ba/sr/vesti/vesti_dana/story/13986/BiH%3A+Pro%C5%A1le+godine+ubilo+se+507+lica,+od+%C4%8Dega+16+maloletnika.html}}</ref>
|
|
|13,3
|2011
|-
|28
| style="text-align:left;" |{{FRA}}
|21,97
|5,86
|13,22
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|29
| style="text-align:left;" |{{CZE}}
|21,78
|4,75
|12,57
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|30
| style="text-align:left;" |{{USA}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=https://www.afsp.org/understanding-suicide/facts-and-figures|tìtulu=Facts and Figures<!-- Titolo generato automaticamente -->|atzessu=24 freàrgiu 2015|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423173454/http://www.afsp.org/understanding-suicide/facts-and-figures|urlmortu=eja}}</ref>
|20,3
|5,4
|12,5
|2012
|-
|31
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ISL}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=https://secure.mbl.is/mm/frettir/innlent/2010/09/21/36_fellu_fyrir_eigin_hendi/|editore=Morgunblaðið|tìtulu=36 died from own hand|atzessu=21 cabudanni 2010|situ=Hagstofa Íslands/Statistical Bureau of Iceland|annu=2010}}</ref>
|21,66
|2,93
|12,39
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|32
| style="text-align:left;" |{{CUB}}
|19,0
|5,5
|12,3
|2008
|-
|33
| style="text-align:left;" |{{HKG}}<ref>{{tzita testu|url=http://csrp.hku.hk/web/eng/statistics.asp?id=205|tìtulu=Statistics.|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225231618/http://csrp.hku.hk/web/eng/statistics.asp?id=205}} ''Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention.'' 2013.</ref>
|16,2
|8,8
|12,3
|2011
|-
|34
| style="text-align:left;" |{{POL}}
|22,84
|3,02
|12,28
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|35
| style="text-align:left;" |{{CHE}}
|19,18
|6,0
|12,19
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|36
| style="text-align:left;" |{{NOR}}
|16,48
|7,74
|12,08
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|37
| style="text-align:left;" |{{SWE}}
|16,5
|7,14
|11,73
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|38
| style="text-align:left;" |{{CAN}}
|16,9
|5,3
|11,5
|2009<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/hlth66d-eng.htm|tìtulu=Suicides and suicide rate, by sex and by age group, Canada}}</ref>
|-
|39
| style="text-align:left;" |{{NZL}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/suicide-facts-deaths-intentional-self-harm-hospitalisations-2010_0.pdf|tìtulu=Suicide Facts: Deaths and intentional self-harm hospitalisations 2010|formato=PDF|atzessu=6 giugno 2013|dataarchìviu=2013-09-28|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928160223/http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/suicide-facts-deaths-intentional-self-harm-hospitalisations-2010_0.pdf|urlmortu=eja}}</ref>
|17,0
|6,4
|11,5
|2010
|-
|40
| style="text-align:left;" |{{DEU}}<ref>https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Gesundheit/Todesursachen/Todesursachen2120400127004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile</ref>
|18,21
|5,37
|11,29
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|41
| style="text-align:left;" |{{NLD}}
|15,74
|7,12
|11,28
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|42
| style="text-align:left;" |{{CHL}}
|18,2
|4,2
|11,2
|2007
|-
|43
| style="text-align:left;" |{{TTO}}
|17,9
|3,8
|10,7
|2006
|-
|44
| style="text-align:left;" |{{IND}}
|13,0
|7,8
|10,5
|2009
|-
|45
| style="text-align:left;" |{{SGP}}
|13,3
|7,3
|10,3
|2012<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.samaritans.org.sg/National-Statistics.pdf|sambenadu=Samaritians of Singapore|tìtulu=Suicide Statistics in Singapore|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203702/http://www.samaritans.org.sg/National-Statistics.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|46
| style="text-align:left;" |{{DNK}}
|15,82
|4,96
|10,19
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|47
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ROU}}
|18,16
|3,06
|10,15
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|48
| style="text-align:left;" |{{AUS}}<ref>{{tzita testu|url=http://www.mindframe-media.info/for-media/reporting-suicide/facts-and-stats|tìtulu=Overview of suicide in Australia.|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401064231/http://www.mindframe-media.info/for-media/reporting-suicide/facts-and-stats}} ''Mindframe.'' 2013.</ref>
|15,3
|4,8
|10,0
|2011
|-
|49
| style="text-align:left;" |{{LUX}}
|14,23
|4,75
|9,38
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|50
| style="text-align:left;" |{{IRL}}
|15,23
|3,65
|9,37
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|51
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BGR}}
|15,84
|4,03
|9,24
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|52
| style="text-align:left;" |{{PRT}}
|15,44
|3,82
|8,95
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|53
| style="text-align:left;" |{{KGZ}}
|14,1
|3,6
|8,8
|2009
|-
|54
| style="text-align:left;" |{{TKM}}
|13,8
|3,5
|8,6
|1998
|-
|55
| style="text-align:left;" |{{SLV}}
|12,9
|3,6
|8,0
|2008
|-
|56
| style="text-align:left;" |{{MKD}}
|12,6
|3,9
|8,0
|2009
|-
|57
| style="text-align:left;" |{{CHN}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/webmanager/wkfiles/8398_1_paper.pdf|tìtulu=中国自杀率下降趋势的社会学分析|atzessu=24 freàrgiu 2015|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726035744/http://www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/webmanager/wkfiles/8398_1_paper.pdf|urlmortu=eja}}</ref><ref>[ {{tzita testu|url=https://www.economist.com/node/21605942/|tìtulu=A dramatic decline in suicides: Back from the edge}}</ref>
|8,3
|7,6
|7,9
|2006
|-
|58
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ZWE}}
|10,6
|5,2
|7,9
|1990
|-
|59
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ARG}}
|12,6
|3,0
|7,7
|2008
|-
|60
|{{SVK}}
|13,69
|2,15
|7,48
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|61
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ESP}}
|11,74
|3,65
|7,41
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|62
| style="text-align:left;" |{{GBR}}
|11,31
|3,33
|7,23
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|63
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ECU}}
|10,5
|3,6
|7,1
|2009
|-
|64
| style="text-align:left;" |{{MUS}}
|11,8
|1,9
|6,8
|2008
|-
|65
| style="text-align:left;" |{{CRI}}
|10,2
|1,9
|6,1
|2009
|-
|66
| style="text-align:left;" |{{THA}}
|9,5
|2,7
|6,1
|2011<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.dmh.go.th/report/suicide/english|tìtulu=Suicide Rates: Thailand|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195947/http://www.dmh.go.th/report/suicide/english/}}</ref>
|-
|67
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ITA}}
|9,83
|2,4
|5,85
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|68
| style="text-align:left;" |{{MNG}}
|8,6
|3,1
|5,85
|2011
|-
|69
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ISR}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.health.gov.il/PublicationsFiles/loss_2011.pdf|tìtulu=Adobe Acrobat - loss_2011.pdf|formato=PDF|atzessu=9 cabudanni 2013}}</ref>
|9,9
|2,1
|5,8
|2007
|-
|70
| style="text-align:left;" |{{NIC}}
|9,0
|2,6
|5,8
|2006
|-
|71
| style="text-align:left;" |{{PAN}}
|9,0
|1,9
|5,5
|2008
|-
|72
| style="text-align:left;" |{{MLT}}<!-- New WHO data Jun-2010 -->
|8,92
|1,69
|5,33
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|73
| style="text-align:left;" |{{COL}}
|7,9
|2,0
|4,9
|2007
|-
|74
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BRA}}
|7,7
|2,0
|4,8
|2008
|-
|75
| style="text-align:left;" |{{IRN}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.lmo.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=2563|tìtulu=Iranian Legal Medicine Organization|annu=2013|atzessu=24 freàrgiu 2015|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112050119/http://www.lmo.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=2563#|urlmortu=eja}} ''{{tzita testu|url=http://www.lmo.ir|tìtulu=سازمان پزشکی قانونی کشور ::}}''</ref><ref>{{tzita web|url=http://baharnewspaper.com/News/92/06/24/19171.html|tìtulu=Tehran has the highest rate of suicide in Iran.|annu=2013|atzessu=24 freàrgiu 2015|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920005750/http://baharnewspaper.com/News/92/06/24/19171.html|urlmortu=eja}} ''Bahar Newspaper''</ref>
|3.9
|2.1
|4,8
|2013
|-
|76
| style="text-align:left;" |{{UZB}}
|7,0
|2,3
|4,7
|2005
|-
|77
| style="text-align:left;" |{{KHM}}
|
|
|4,6
|2008
|-
|78
| style="text-align:left;" |{{GEO}}
|7,1
|1,7
|4,3
|2009
|-
|79
| style="text-align:left;" |{{GRC}}
|7,55
|1,41
|4,29
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|80
| style="text-align:left;" |{{TUR}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16049|editore=http://www.tuik.gov.tr|tìtulu=TÜİK İntihar İstatistikleri|atzessu=24 freàrgiu 2015|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216182748/http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16049|urlmortu=eja}}</ref>
|
|
|4,19
|2013
|-
|81
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ALB}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide_rates/en/index.html|editore=Who.int|data=7 nadale 2009|tìtulu=WHO | Suicide rates per 100,000 by country, year and sex (Table)|atzessu=30 cabudanni 2010}}</ref>
|4,7
|3,3
|4,0
|2003
|-
|82
| style="text-align:left;" |{{MEX}}
|6,8
|1,3
|4,0
|2008
|-
|83
| style="text-align:left;" |{{CYP}}
|6,87
|1,12
|3,89
|2016<ref name=":0" />
|-
|84
| style="text-align:left;" |{{HND|honduras=}}<ref>{{tzita web|url=http://iudpas.org/pdf/Boletines/Nacional/NEd24EneDic2011.pdf|editore=IUDPAS|data= 2011-03-01|tìtulu=Mortalidad y otros (Mortality and others)|atzessu=22 ghennàrgiu 2013|urlmortu=eja|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928151404/http://iudpas.org/pdf/Boletines/Nacional/NEd24EneDic2011.pdf}}</ref>
|
|
|3,84
|2011
|-
|85
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BHR}}
|4,0
|3,5
|3,8
|2006
|-
|86
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BLZ}}
|6,6
|0,7
|3,7
|2008
|-
|87
| style="text-align:left;" |{{VCT}}
|5,4
|1,9
|3,7
|2008
|-
|88
| style="text-align:left;" |{{GTM}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|5,6
|1,7
|3,6
|2008
|-
|89
| style="text-align:left;" |{{PRY}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|5,1
|2,0
|3,6
|2008
|-
|90
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BRB}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|7,3
|0,0
|3,5
|2006
|-
|91
| style="text-align:left;" |{{VEN}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|5,3
|1,2
|3,2
|2007
|-
|92
| style="text-align:left;" |{{PHL}}
|4,5
|1,0
|2,75
|2005<ref>{{tzita testu|GulfNews.com<!-- Titolo generato automaticamente -->|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/philippines/suicide-rate-has-steadily-risen-in-philippines-for-21-years-report-1.1049675|tìtulu=Suicide rate has steadily risen in Philippines for 21 years — report}}</ref>
|-
|93
| style="text-align:left;" |{{TJK}}
|2,9
|2,3
|2,6
|2001
|-
|94
| style="text-align:left;" |{{LCA}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|4,9
|0,0
|2,4
|2005
|-
|95
| style="text-align:left;" |{{DOM}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|3,9
|0,7
|2,3
|2005
|-
|96
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ARM}}
|2,8
|1,1
|1,9
|2008
|-
|97
| style="text-align:left;" |{{KWT}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|1.9
|1.7
|1,8
|2009
|-
|98
| style="text-align:left;" |{{BHS}}
|1,9
|0,6
|1,2
|2005
|-
|99
| style="text-align:left;" |{{PAK}}<ref>Based on a population of 180,4 million in 2012 ({{tzita testu|tìtulu=Population Reference Bureau|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf12/2012-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf}}), a sex ratio of 1,06 males/female (CIA World Factbook, 2013) and figures from '{{tzita testu|tìtulu=State of Human Rights in 2012|url=http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/AR2012.pdf|atzessu=24 freàrgiu 2015|urlarchìviu=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319211934/http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/AR2012.pdf|urlmortu=eja}}' by the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]]: {{formatnum:1976}} persons committed suicide in 2012 across the country of which 626 were women.</ref>
|1,45
|0,71
|1,1
|2012
|-
|100
| style="text-align:left;" |{{PER}}
|1,1
|0,6
|0,9
|2000
|-
|101
| style="text-align:left;" |{{STP}}
|0,0
|1,8
|0,9
|1987
|-
|102
| style="text-align:left;" |{{AZE}}
|1,0
|0,3
|0,6
|2007
|-
|103
| style="text-align:left;" |{{MDV}}<!-- New WHO data Jun-2010 -->
|0,7
|0,0
|0,3
|2005
|-
|104
| style="text-align:left;" |{{EGY}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|0,1
|0,0
|0,1
|2009
|-
|105
| style="text-align:left;" |{{JAM}}
|0,3
|0,0
|0,1
|1990
|-
|106
| style="text-align:left;" |{{JOR}}<ref>http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/jord.pdf</ref>
|0,2
|0,0
|0,1
|2008
|-
|107
| style="text-align:left;" |{{NPL}}
|0,1
|0,0
|0,1
|2003
|-
|108
| style="text-align:left;" |{{SYR}}
|0,2
|0,0
|0,1
|1985
|-
|109
| style="text-align:left;" |{{ATG}}
|0,0
|0,0
|0,0
|1995
|-
|110
| style="text-align:left;" |{{GRD}}<!-- New WHO data 2011 -->
|0,0
|0,0
|0,0
|2008
|-
|111
| style="text-align:left;" |{{HTI}}
|0,0
|0,0
|0,0
|2003
|-
|112
| style="text-align:left;" |{{KNA}}
|0,0
|0,0
|0,0
|1995
|}
== Riferimentos ==
<references responsive="" />
== Artìculos ligados ==
* [[Suitzìdiu]]
[[Categoria:Sotziedade]]
[[Categoria:Geografia]]
lnkl7pm3xlfwj2w2ua1e8sm4jcqs23f
Cuntierra:Istados pro tassu de suitzìdiu
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== Sos "Istados" ==
Si non so tropu afainadu los apo a annàghere deo. Comente si siat, su tìtulu faeddat de tzertos Istados chi in s'artìculu originale bi sunt a intro de una tauledda: cumbido chie si siat a pònnere sa tabella in chistione cun sos Istados fintzas a in antis chi lu fatza deo etotu. Est su tema tzentrale in pràtica. [[Usuàriu:Astore grogu|Astore grogu]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:Astore grogu|cuntierra]]) 22:18, 22 Mar 2024 (CET)
:Salude @[[Usuàriu:Astore grogu|Astore grogu]], bene bènnidu in sa Wikipedia sarda, e gràtzias medas pro su traballu bellu tuo! Ab, si in sas dies chi benint apo a tènnere unu pagu de tempus e non l'as a àere fatu giai tue, mi nd'apo a ocupare deo. [[Usuàriu:L2212|L2212]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:L2212|cuntierra]]) 23:13, 27 Mar 2024 (CET)
:@[[Usuàriu:Astore grogu|Astore grogu]] fatu! [[Usuàriu:L2212|L2212]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:L2212|cuntierra]]) 20:05, 28 Mar 2024 (CET)
::Salude @[[Usuàriu:L2212|L2212]] ti torro gràtzias pro s'agiudu, as fatu unu traballu bonu e de importu mannu. E gràtzias pro s'acasàgiu. [[Usuàriu:Astore grogu|Astore grogu]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:Astore grogu|cuntierra]]) 22:25, 28 Mar 2024 (CET)
== Ligàmenes esternos modificados (Martzu 2024) ==
Salude a totus,
Como como apo modificadu in manera automàtica 1 ligàmene(s) esternu(os) in [[Istados pro tassu de suitzìdiu]].
Pro praghere averguade [https://sc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=183471 sa modìfica mea]. Si tenides preguntas o bisongiades chi su robot ignoret sos ligàmenes o sa pàgina de su totu, bisitade [[:m:InternetArchiveBot/FAQ|custa pàgina de sas PF]] pro àteras informatziones. Apo fatu custas modìficas:
*Archìviu https://web.archive.org/web/20200630050218/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/10/world/science-health-world/one-suicide-every-40-seconds-urges-action/ annantu a https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/10/world/science-health-world/one-suicide-every-40-seconds-urges-action/
.
Pompiade·bos sas preguntas fitianas pro informatziones in subra de s’acontzu de sos errores cun su robot.
Adiosu - [[Usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|cuntierra]]) 14:37, 24 Mar 2024 (CET)
== Ligàmenes esternos modificados (Abrile 2024) ==
Salude a totus,
Como como apo modificadu in manera automàtica 1 ligàmene(s) esternu(os) in [[Istados pro tassu de suitzìdiu]].
Pro praghere averguade [https://sc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=183752 sa modìfica mea]. Si tenides preguntas o bisongiades chi su robot ignoret sos ligàmenes o sa pàgina de su totu, bisitade [[:m:InternetArchiveBot/FAQ|custa pàgina de sas PF]] pro àteras informatziones. Apo fatu custas modìficas:
*Archìviu https://web.archive.org/web/20130928160223/http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/suicide-facts-deaths-intentional-self-harm-hospitalisations-2010_0.pdf annantu a http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/suicide-facts-deaths-intentional-self-harm-hospitalisations-2010_0.pdf
.
Pompiade·bos sas preguntas fitianas pro informatziones in subra de s’acontzu de sos errores cun su robot.
Adiosu - [[Usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|cuntierra]]) 06:10, 3 Abr 2024 (CEST)
== Ligàmenes esternos modificados (Santugaine 2026) ==
Salude a totus,
Como como apo modificadu in manera automàtica 1 ligàmene(s) esternu(os) in [[Istados pro tassu de suitzìdiu]].
Pro praghere averguade [https://sc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=190890 sa modìfica mea]. Si tenides preguntas o bisongiades chi su robot ignoret sos ligàmenes o sa pàgina de su totu, bisitade [[:m:InternetArchiveBot/FAQ|custa pàgina de sas PF]] pro àteras informatziones. Apo fatu custas modìficas:
*Archìviu https://web.archive.org/web/20140913053232/http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/suicide/by-country/ annantu a http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/suicide/by-country/
.
Pompiade·bos sas preguntas fitianas pro informatziones in subra de s’acontzu de sos errores cun su robot.
Adiosu - [[Usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|cuntierra]]) 04:23, 1 Stg 2026 (CEST)
4mk1lccecb6726aa5cd8uws3v043u6y
A Foras - Contra a s'ocupatzione militare de sa Sardigna
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Sarvende 1 fonte(es) e etichetende·nde 0 comente morta(as).) #IABot (v2.0.9.6
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{{CAM}}'''A Foras - Contra a s'ocupatzione militare de sa Sardigna''', o prus connotu cumenti ''A Foras'', est un atobiu de personas, assòtzius, comitaus, cumunis e organizatzionis puliticas chi gherrant contra s'ocupatzioni militari de sa [[Sardigna]]. <ref>{{Tzita web|url=https://www.unionesarda.it/multimedia/contro-l-occupazione-militare-della-sardegna-il-riarmo-globale-e-i-crimini-di-guerra-il-2-giugno-la-protesta-di-a-foras-w8jqs0ue|tìtulu="Contro l'occupazione militare della Sardegna, il riarmo globale e i crimini di guerra": il 2 giugno la protesta di A Foras|situ=L'Unione Sarda.it|data=2025-05-28|limba=it|atzessu=2025-07-15}}</ref>
S'atobiu generali o [[Sardigna|Natzionali]] de A Foras est cuncordau in ''nodus territorialis'' chi funt presentis in is citadis de [[Casteddu]] (''Nodu de Casteddu''), [[Tàtari]] (''Nodu de su Norte Sardigna'') e [[Nùgoro]] (''Nodu de tzentru Sardigna'').
== Riferimentos ==
<references/>
==Ligamenes==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250919095919/https://aforas.noblogs.org/chi-siamo-aforas/ Giàssu ufitziali]
* [https://www.facebook.com/aforas2016/ Pàgina de Facebook]
*[https://www.instagram.com/__a_foras__/ Perfilu de Instagram]
pli9mw6t25vxjlfd2rtxe76hhx2tjbj
Cuntierra:A Foras - Contra a s'ocupatzione militare de sa Sardigna
1
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2026-10-01T00:08:53Z
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Notìfica de fontes modificadas chi bisòngiant de una revisione) #IABot (v2.0.9.6
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== Ligàmenes esternos modificados (Santugaine 2026) ==
Salude a totus,
Como como apo modificadu in manera automàtica 1 ligàmene(s) esternu(os) in [[A Foras - Contra a s'ocupatzione militare de sa Sardigna]].
Pro praghere averguade [https://sc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=190886 sa modìfica mea]. Si tenides preguntas o bisongiades chi su robot ignoret sos ligàmenes o sa pàgina de su totu, bisitade [[:m:InternetArchiveBot/FAQ|custa pàgina de sas PF]] pro àteras informatziones. Apo fatu custas modìficas:
*Archìviu https://web.archive.org/web/20250919095919/https://aforas.noblogs.org/chi-siamo-aforas/ annantu a https://aforas.noblogs.org/chi-siamo-aforas/
.
Pompiade·bos sas preguntas fitianas pro informatziones in subra de s’acontzu de sos errores cun su robot.
Adiosu - [[Usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|cuntierra]]) 02:08, 1 Stg 2026 (CEST)
buimkeaf8f4ndm3ll18scoglqfe87ak
Cuntierra:Camminu de paza
1
23613
190889
2026-10-01T01:16:14Z
InternetArchiveBot
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Notìfica de fontes modificadas chi bisòngiant de una revisione) #IABot (v2.0.9.6
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== Ligàmenes esternos modificados (Santugaine 2026) ==
Salude a totus,
Como como apo modificadu in manera automàtica 1 ligàmene(s) esternu(os) in [[Camminu de paza]].
Pro praghere averguade [https://sc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=190888 sa modìfica mea]. Si tenides preguntas o bisongiades chi su robot ignoret sos ligàmenes o sa pàgina de su totu, bisitade [[:m:InternetArchiveBot/FAQ|custa pàgina de sas PF]] pro àteras informatziones. Apo fatu custas modìficas:
*Archìviu https://web.archive.org/web/20080804115523/http://www.astroarte.it/astronomia/corso/precessione.htm annantu a http://www.astroarte.it/astronomia/corso/precessione.htm
.
Pompiade·bos sas preguntas fitianas pro informatziones in subra de s’acontzu de sos errores cun su robot.
Adiosu - [[Usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] ([[Cuntierra usuàriu:InternetArchiveBot|cuntierra]]) 03:16, 1 Stg 2026 (CEST)
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